NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0052n.06

No. 22-5297

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JOSHUA E. PREECE,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

KENTUCKY

OPINION

Before: COLE, NALBANDIAN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.

NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. Joshua Preece, a Deputy Sheriff in Bath County, 

Kentucky, pleaded guilty under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) to inducing a minor to engage in sexually 

explicit conduct to produce a visual depiction. As part of his sentence, he received a Guidelines 

enhancement for being a repeat and dangerous sex offender against minors. He argues that the 

court improperly relied on Guidelines commentary in applying the enhancement and thus in 

calculating his sentencing range. We disagree and affirm.

I. Facts

On November 5, 2018, Bath County Deputy Sheriff Joshua Preece answered a call about a 

17-year-old girl who was reportedly out of control. According to her mother, the Minor Victim 

(“MV”) suffered from severe anxiety disorder. Preece told MV’s mother that he could do nothing 

because MV was a minor. But he asked if he could take MV somewhere else for the night “so 

everyone could calm down.” (R. 34, Plea Agreement, PageID 213, Page 2) MV’s mother 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

“reluctantly” agreed that Preece could transport MV to a friend’s house. (R. 34, Plea Agreement, 

PageID 213, Page 2)

Preece picked up MV from her home that night. He deliberately drove past her friend’s 

house to a barn in a remote area. Once there, he began talking to MV about sexual topics. He 

proceeded to sexually assault her in the car. 

After the assault, Preece drove MV to her friend’s house. He asked for her phone number, 

but she gave him her Snapchat account information instead. He then messaged her with a request 

for photos, and she sent a picture of her breasts. He requested more explicit photos, so she sent 

him two of her vagina.

MV reported this occurrence to her mother and grandmother the next day. MV’s mother 

requested an investigation at the Bath County Attorney’s Office that same day. The Bath County 

Attorney requested the Kentucky State Police investigate and secured a search warrant. While the 

warrant was being executed, Preece admitted to transporting MV, but denied abusing her and 

having a Snapchat account. A search of Preece’s phone revealed that he had a Snapchat account 

and that he had been communicating with MV via Snapchat. And MV wasn’t Preece’s only victim. 

Investigators discovered that multiple self-identified minors had sent Preece sexually explicit 

photographs via the Whisper app. 

II. Procedural Posture

Based on this investigation, a federal grand jury indicted Preece on 18 counts. Nine of the 

counts related to inducing a minor to produce sexually explicit images under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a) 

& (e) (Counts 1-9). And nine other counts related to the receipt of child pornography under 

18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(2) & (b)(1) (Counts 10–18).
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

Preece pleaded guilty to Count 1 as well as a forfeiture allegation, and the government 

dismissed the other charges. As part of his plea, Preece admitted to the facts of MV’s abuse and 

that his phone contained images of other self-identified minors. The Probation Department 

prepared a Pre-Sentence Report (PSR) based on the plea. The PSR recommended that Preece 

receive several sentencing enhancements. 

The issue here is probation’s recommendation that Preece receive a five-point enhancement 

as a repeat and dangerous sex offender against minors, under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b).1 The 

government argued that the court could consider Preece’s conduct toward victims other than MV 

in applying the enhancement even though the government had dropped those charges as part of 

Preece’s plea agreement.

2

 

Preece objected. He argued, as he does here, that because “his offense conduct occurred 

on a single day and involved a single victim, Mr. Preece’s relevant conduct does not establish the 

‘pattern of activity’ necessary to trigger the enhancement.” (R. 45, Preece Sentencing Memo, 

PageID 285–86; Page 5–6) The Probation Department declined to revise its recommendation. It 

found that the uncharged offenses against other minor victims justified the enhancement. 

At sentencing, the district court rejected Preece’s interpretation and determined that the 

§ 4B1.5(b) enhancement applied. The district court found the commentary in § 4B1.5 of the 

Guidelines particularly persuasive. Comment 4(B)(ii) of the Guidelines states that 

1

In the plea agreement, the parties stated that they disagreed “as to the applicability of United 

States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) § 4Bl.5(b), the 5 level enhancement which applies if the 

Defendant ‘engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct.’” (R. 34, Plea 

Agreement, PageID 214–15, Page 3–4)

2 The PSR at first assigned Preece an offense level of 42. Preece had a criminal history category 

of I. But following Preece’s objection, the Probation Department found that a two-level 

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(b)(3) did not apply, and the court agreed. 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

“An occasion of prohibited sexual conduct may be considered for purposes of subsection 

(b) without regard to whether the occasion (I) occurred during the course of the instant 

offense; or (II) resulted in a conviction for the conduct that occurred on that occasion.”

Finding that Preece had an offense level of 40 and a criminal history category of 1, the 

court calculated Preece’s Guidelines range as 292 to 365 months, subject to a statutory maximum 

sentence of 360 months. The court sentenced Preece to 300 months imprisonment followed by 

supervised release for life. Preece timely appealed. 

III. Standard of Review

In considering a district court’s calculation of the advisory Guidelines range, “we review 

the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusion de novo.” United States 

v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 763 (6th Cir. 2007). We grant “due deference to the district court’s

application of the Guidelines to facts.” United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 537, 539–40 (6th Cir. 

2008) (quotation omitted). But we subject “the district court’s legal interpretation of the 

Guidelines, including mixed questions of law and fact,” to de novo review. United States v. Settle, 

414 F.3d 629, 630 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). A district court’s application of facts to the 

Guidelines is a mixed question of law and fact. United States v. Sand, 948 F.3d 709, 713 (6th Cir. 

2020) (citation omitted).

IV. Analysis

The Sentencing Guidelines require us to first identify the guideline section corresponding 

to the defendant based on the offense of conviction, and then to determine the offense level 

considering the defendant’s relevant conduct. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2; see also United States v. Gill, 

348 F.3d 147, 151 (6th Cir. 2003). Preece was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). And the 

applicable offense Guideline is U.S.S.G § 2G2.1. See U.S.S.G. App. A. In addition to the relevant 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

offense conduct, the defendant’s offense-level calculation also includes any adjustments, like the 

enhancement at issue here. 

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 directs the court how to determine relevant conduct at each stage of the 

sentencing process. ‘Relevant conduct,’ as described in § 1B1.3, reads in relevant part: 

(a) Chapters Two (Offense Conduct) and Three (Adjustments). Unless otherwise 

specified, (i) the base offense level where the guideline specifies more than one 

base offense level, (ii) specific offense characteristics and (iii) cross references in 

Chapter Two, and (iv) adjustments in Chapter Three, shall be determined on the 

basis of the following:

(1) (A) all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, 

induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant; . . .

(2) solely with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require 

grouping of multiple counts, all acts and omissions described in subdivisions (1)(A) 

and (1)(B) above that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme 

or plan as the offense of conviction; . . .

(b) Chapters Four (Criminal History and Criminal Livelihood) and Five 

(Determining the Sentence). Factors in Chapters Four and Five that establish the 

guideline range shall be determined on the basis of the conduct and information 

specified in the respective guidelines.

The Guideline’s text controls its scope. United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382, 387 (6th Cir. 2019) 

(en banc) (per curiam). Here, the relevant sentencing enhancement is in Chapter Four. 

So we turn to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5. Under that provision, the sentencing court applies a fivepoint enhancement when it finds that “the defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving 

prohibited sexual conduct.” Id. § 4B1.5(b). To understand the terms of this section of the 

Guidelines, we may turn to the commentary, as long as the commentary does not add to the 

offenses specified in the statutory text or interpret terms in a way that expands the application of 

the Guidelines beyond what the text supports. Havis, 927 F.3d at 386; United States v. Riccardi, 

989 F.3d 476, 479–80 (6th Cir. 2021); see also United States v. Hollon, 948 F.3d 753, 757 (6th 

Cir. 2020). The commentary of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 specifies that a court can find that a defendant 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

engaged in a pattern of activity if “on at least two separate occasions, the defendant engaged in 

prohibited sexual conduct with a minor.” Id. § 4B1.5(b) cmt 4(B)(i). And “[a]n occasion of 

prohibited sexual conduct may be considered for purposes of subsection (b) without regard to 

whether the occasion . . . resulted in a conviction for the conduct that occurred on that occasion.” 

Id. § 4B1.5(b) cmt 4(B)(ii). 

Here, the district court determined that Preece satisfies the requirements for the five-point 

enhancement based on his assault of MV as well as his inducement or attempted inducement of 

other minors to engage in sexually explicit conduct.3 The district court must find relevant conduct 

by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Rankin, 929 F.3d 399, 407 (6th Cir. 2019)

(citing United States v. White, 551 F.3d 381, 383–84 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc)). But as long as 

that standard is satisfied, the conduct can be charged, uncharged, dismissed, or even acquitted. Id.;

see also United States v. Corp, 668 F.3d 379, 391–92 (6th Cir. 2012); United States v. Brown, 

327 F. App’x 526, 536–37 (6th Cir. 2006).

At sentencing, the government presented evidence that Preece had engaged in prohibited 

sexual conduct with another minor on at least two occasions.4 Indeed, Preece had originally been 

indicted on eight additional counts involving depictions of sexually explicit conduct of minors. 

And his offense of conviction provides one occasion of prohibited sexual conduct. See United 

States v. Wandahsega, 924 F.3d 868, 886 (6thCir. 2019) (“Binding caselaw also supports the 

proposition that the two required occasions of prohibited sexual conduct for § 4B1.5(b)(1)’s 

enhancement may include the instant offense of conviction.”) (collecting cases). 

3

In his plea, Preece admits that images of self-identified minors were found on his phone. He 

does not challenge the court’s factual findings about the other minor victims.

4 The indictment and the Probation Department identified at least 8 additional instances in which 

Preece engaged in prohibited sexual conduct. 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

The district court held that this evidence was sufficient to justify the five-point 

enhancement. In doing so, the court noted that “[U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)] applies, [and] that the 

commentary is of assistance[.]” (R. 56, Preece Sentencing, PageID 383, Page 25) The district 

court’s application of the enhancement here is also consistent with our precedent, which has 

permitted a pattern finding based on charged though not convicted conduct involving prohibited 

sexual conduct with multiple minor victims, like here.

5

 See Corp, 668 F.3d at 391–92 (holding 

that a pattern of activity existed based on three instances of prohibited sexual activity: the 

defendant’s charged conduct, conduct related to a previous conviction, and an image of an 

unidentified girl who appeared to be a minor); see also Brown, 327 F. App’x at 536–37 (holding

that the district court appropriately applied the enhancement based on the defendant’s exploitation 

of at least one of his step-granddaughters and another victim). So we may consider Preece’s 

conduct against the other minor victims for purposes of a U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b) enhancement. 

Preece’s main argument is that the trial court improperly applied the § 4Bl.5(b) 

enhancement because the court should only have considered acts that occurred during the 

commission of his offense of conviction. Because all of the conduct underlying his conviction 

occurred in a single day and only involved one victim, he argues that it could not justify a repeat 

and dangerous sex offender enhancement. 

Preece’s argument is based on a misunderstanding of the Guidelines calculation. At 

sentencing, Preece described the calculations as “an order of operations.” (R. 56, PageID 382, 

5 We have likewise held that this enhancement may apply when a defendant engages in repeated 

acts of prohibited sexual conduct with a single minor victim. See United States v. Paauwe, 968 

F.3d 614, 618 (6th Cir. 2020) (“In enhancing the sentence of one engaged in a ‘pattern of activity,’

§ 4B1.5 took aim at multiplicity in acts, not multiplicity in victims.”); United States v. Brattain, 

539 F.3d 445, 448 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that the “the plain language of § 4B1.5(b)(1) and its 

application note” made clear that the enhancement could apply when a defendant engaged in 

prohibited sexual conduct against a single victim more than once).
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

Page 24) In approaching sentencing, he claims “[w]e start at the beginning and we go through 

each chapter. But the things that we do earlier in the guidelines, we have to continue to abide by 

those principles as we move forward through the other sections.” (R. 56, PageID 382–83, Page 

24–25) In other words, Preece argues that his sentence must be determined by 1) identifying the 

conviction statute, 2) determining the relevant conduct that applies to the offense of conviction 

under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, and 3) considering any other enhancements, but in doing so applying the 

relevant conduct standard identified in step 2. Preece’s order of operation is not a problem per se–

the problem is the limitation that he places on what conduct can be considered in applying his 

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 enhancement.

Preece assumes that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a) governs the determination of relevant conduct 

pertaining to his U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 enhancement. The crux of Preece’s argument stems from 

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3’s grouping distinction. Under § 1B1.3, if a defendant commits an offense when 

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts, the Guidelines authorize the 

sentencing court to consider “all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, 

commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant” that were “part of the same 

course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction[.]” U.S.S.G 

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), (a)(2). But when the defendant’s offense does not permit grouping, the court 

may only consider acts and omissions that “occurred during the commission of the offense of 

conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection or 

responsibility for that offense.” U.S.S.G § 1B1.3(a)(1).

6

 

6 Because the clause describing the narrow application of relevant conduct is placed immediately 

after the discussion of relevant conduct in cases of joint criminal liability in § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), it 

might seem that these restrictions only apply in that context. A more natural reading of the text, 

however, is that § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A) outlines the acts of solo defendants that may be considered, that 

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) does likewise in the context of joint criminal liability, and that the clause 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

Preece’s offense of conviction falls under U.S.S.G § 2G2.1, which is one of the Guidelines 

that covers sexual exploitation of a minor. Such offenses “are explicitly excluded from 

§ 3D1.2(d)’s multiple-count grouping rule[.]” United States v. Schock, 862 F.3d 563, 567 (6th Cir. 

2017). Preece argues that because his “offense of conviction” was not one for which grouping 

applied, the court had to take the narrow view of relevant conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 in 

applying the § 4B1.5 enhancement.7 He argues that the court is “really only supposed to be looking 

at what happened related to Count 1.” (R. 56, Preece Sentencing, PageID 371, Page 13) 

Preece’s approach, however, misses a key step in the analysis. True enough, we must first 

identify the offense of conviction, and then we turn to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 to evaluate the relevant 

conduct. But, as we previously noted, the text of § 1B1.3 distinguishes between calculations made 

under Chapters Two and Three, see U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a), and those made under Chapters Four and 

Five, see id. § 1B1.3(b). If the sentencing enhancement at issue had its roots in Chapters Two or 

Three, we would be restricted to considering the narrower definition of relevant conduct under 

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. The enhancement here, however, is found in Chapter Four. And “[f]actors in 

Chapters Four and Five that establish the guideline range shall be determined on the basis of the 

conduct and information specified in the respective guidelines.” Id. § 1B1.3(b). This means that 

describing the timeline in which such conduct may be considered applies to both. See Antonin 

Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 156 (2012) (“[M]aterial 

contained in unindented text relates to all the following or preceding indented subparts.”). This is 

also consistent with our practice. See, e.g., United States v. Schock, 862 F.3d 563, 567 (6th Cir. 

2017) (applying the narrow definition of relevant conduct in a case with a single defendant); United 

States v. Hodge, 805 F.3d 675, 681 (6th Cir. 2015) (considering the narrow definition of relevant 

conduct in a case with a single defendant).

7 As Preece notes, no grouping took place with regards to his sentence. Instead, he argues that the 

fact that his offense was one for which grouping could not theoretically apply determined that it 

fell within § 1B1.3’s narrow conception of relevant conduct.
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

rather than look to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a) to determine the relevant conduct for Preece’s 

enhancement, we must look to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5.

Admittedly, our circuit has not explicitly addressed the relationship between § 1B1.3 and 

§ 4B1.5. But our practice makes clear that we consider Chapter Four enhancements separately 

from the offense of conviction. For instance, in Schock, we applied the narrow reading of 

§ 1B1.3(a) to the consideration of a § 2G2.1(d)(1) enhancement. 862 F.3d at 567. Because the 

court was applying a sentencing enhancement under Chapter Two of the Guidelines, it 

appropriately applied the narrow framework. But in Corp, we did not take this approach. Like 

Preece, Corp pleaded guilty to a single count under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). 668 F.3d at 382. Still, 

the court considered conduct from a separate conviction and uncharged conduct in applying the 

§ 4B1.5(b) sentencing enhancement without confining itself to the narrow approach of § 1B1.3(a). 

Id. at 391–92. And our sister circuits have held that where Chapter Four factors are considered, 

the relevant conduct limitations of § 1B1.3(a) do not apply. See, e.g., United States v. GaffneyKessell, 772 F.3d 97, 100 n.6 (1st Cir. 2014); United States v. Schrode, 839 F.3d 545, 552 (7th Cir. 

2016).

Preece relies on his understanding of relevant conduct to argue that the district court 

contradicted the Sixth Circuit’s recent en banc decision in United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382. 

In Havis, we held that Application Note 1 to § 4B1.2(b) impermissibly allowed a sentencing court 

to include attempt crimes in the list of controlled substance offenses when applying the 

enhancement, because the Guideline itself would not bear that construction. 927 F.3d at 386–87. 

We observed that while commentary in the Guidelines may be used to interpret a provision, it may 

not be used to add to the offenses listed in the Guidelines. Id. This is because, unlike the 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

Guidelines themselves, the commentary “never passes through the gauntlets of congressional 

review or notice and comment.” Id. at 386.

Preece argues that the court’s consideration of the § 4B1.5 commentary impermissibly 

expanded his relevant conduct based on an application note rather than the text of a Guidelines 

provision. This, he argues, was a violation of Havis. But Preece reads too much into Havis. As 

we have explained, we use the text of the Guidelines (here, § 1B1.3(b)) to direct the sentencing 

judge to the relevant sentencing provision (here, § 4B1.5(b)), at which point he then interprets the 

text of the sentencing provision. At no point does this lead us to expand upon the Guidelines text. 

Preece’s logic seems to suggest that because the court turned to the commentary of § 4B1.5, and 

because its reading of that commentary allowed it to consider more conduct than a narrow reading 

of § 1B1.3(a) would allow, it impermissibly expanded the scope of the Guidelines. But the text of 

the Guidelines makes clear that § 4B1.5(b), not § 1B1.3(a), controlled the court’s reading of 

relevant conduct. So the district court’s decision is consistent with Havis.

And the district court’s interpretation of the § 4B1.5 commentary also does not conflict 

with Havis. Again, Havis states that we may not use the commentary to expand the meaning of 

the Guidelines beyond what the text will allow. Havis, 927 F.3d at 386–87. But we may consider 

commentary for interpretive guidance. Id. at 386 (“[A]pplication notes are to be interpretations 

of, not additions to, the Guidelines themselves.” (citation and alterations omitted)). And since 

Havis, we have held that “[t]his Court should . . . treat the commentary to the Guidelines as 

authoritative.” Hollon, 948 F.3d at 757 (quoting United States v. Chriswell, 401 F.3d 459, 463 

(6th Cir. 2005)).8 

8 Of course, the commentary is only authoritative when it does not expand the meaning of the 

Guidelines beyond what the text will allow. And we have recognized that impermissible expansion 

does not only occur when the commentary adds offenses that the Guidelines text does not list, but 
No. 22-5297, United States v. Preece

Without the limiting language of U.S.S.G § 1B1.3(a)(1), the text of § 4B1.5(b) does not 

limit a sentencing court to considering only the offense of conviction. Instead, § 4B1.5(b) applies 

to a defendant who engages in a “pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct.” And 

we have found that uncharged conduct may be considered as relevant “activity involving 

prohibited sexual conduct” in applying a § 4B1.5(b) sentencing enhancement. Corp, 668 F.3d at 

391–92. The court’s use of the commentary to determine that Preece’s uncharged conduct could 

be considered did not impermissibly expand the scope of § 4B1.5(b) relevant conduct. 

V. Conclusion

Because the district court did not err in applying the § 4B1.5(b) sentencing enhancement, 

we AFFIRM Preece’s sentence.

also when it is used to interpret terms in the Guidelines in a way the text does not support. Riccardi, 

989 F.3d at 479–80.