The Industrial Utility 

of Public Water 

Supplies in the 

United States, 1952

Part 2. States West of the Mississippi River

By E. W. LOHR and S. K. LOVE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.75 (paper cover)
ERRATA SHEET -- WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300

Titles for figures 1 (p. U>), 2 (p. 30), and 3 (p. 33) were (Knitted 

and should read as follows:

Figure 1. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness 

from large public supplies in the United States, 1952*

Figure 2. Percent of population using water of different treatment 

from public supplies for 1,313> of the larger cities ,in the 

United States, 193>2 

Figure 3.--Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for 

the larger cities in the United States, 193>2.
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ........................................................... 1

Introduction ........................................................ 2

Acknowledgments ................................................... 3

Division of work .................................................... 3

Analyses of water from public supplies................................ 5

Sources of analyses ............................................... 5

Collection of samples ............................................. 5

Applicability of analyses ........................................... 6

Expression of results ............................................. 7

Composition of natural waters ........................................ 8

Mineral constituents in solution..................................... 8

Silica........................................................ 8

Aluminum.................................................... 8

Iron ......................................................... 8

Manganese ................................................... 9

Calcium and magnesium ....................................... 9

Sodium and potassium ......................................... 9

Carbonate and bicarbonate ..................................... 9

Sulf ate....................................................... 9

Chloride ..................................................... 10

Fluoride ..................................................... 10

Nitrate....................................................... 10

Dissolved solids .............................................. 10

Properties and characteristics of water ............................. 10

Color........................................................ 10

Hydrogen-ion concentration .................................... 11

Specific conductance .......................................... 11

Turbidity..................................................... 11

Temperature ................................................. 12

Corrosiveness, causes, prevention ............................ 12

Hardness .................................................... 12

Hardness of public water supplies 13

Ranges in hardness................................................ 14

Weighted average hardness......................................... 16

Average hardness................................................. 22

Median hardness.................................................. 25

Sources and treatment of public water supplies ......................... 28

Natural surface water ............................................. 30

Treated surface water ..'........................................... 30

Ground water..................................................... 31

Mixed supplies ................................................... 31

Physical plant facilities ........................................... 31

Treatment of water.................................................. 33

Natural purification ............................................... 33

Filtration ........................................................ 34

Rapid sand filtration ............................................ 34

Plain sedimentation ........................................... 34

Coagulation................................................... 34

Mixing and settling basins, filters ............................... 35

Slow sand filtration ............................................. 35

Disinfection ...................................................... 36

Adjustment of pH ................................................. 36

ni
IV CONTENTS

Treatment of water Continued Page

Tastes and odors................................................... 35

Iron and manganese removal ........................................ 37

Municipal softening ................................................ 33

Fluorides and fluoridation........................................... 39

Industrial treatment of water from public supplies ....................... 40

Boiler feed water .................................................. 40

Scale, corrosion, embrittlement, foaming and priming............... 41

Softening........................................................ 42

Internal treatment................................................ 42

Water for industrial processes ...................................... 43

Domestic treatment of water from public supplies ....................... 45

Publications......................................................... 45

Water-supply papers ............................................. 46

Cooperative reports.............................................. 45

U. S. Geological Survey circulars ................................. 45

References.......................................................... 47

Descriptions arid analyses of public water supplies in the States west of

the Mississippi River ........................................ 50

Arizona........................................................... 50

Arkansas ......................................................... g2

California..................................................... ... 84

Colorado.......................................................... 145

Idaho ............................................................. 154

Iowa.............................................................. 166

Kansas ........................................................... 191

Louisiana ......................................................... 211

Minnesota ........................................................ 225

Missouri.......................................................... 242

Montana .......................................................... 260

Nebraska ......................................................... 270

Nevada s.......................................................... 280

New Mexico ....................................................... 286

North Dakota ...................................................... 297

Oklahoma ........................................................ 305

Oregon ........................................................... 327

South Dakota ...................................................... 337

Texas............................................................. 345

Utah.............................................................. 421

Washington........................................................ 432

Wyoming.......................................................... 443

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Plate 1. Weighted average hardness, by States, of finished water from 

public supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. ............................................. 21

2. Weighted average hardness, by States, of raw water from public

supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 21

3. Percent of population, by States, served from public supplies

with water having hardness of 100 parts per million or less for

1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. ......... 21

4. Average hardness, by States, of finished water from public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 23

5. Average hardness, by States, of raw water from public supplies

for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. ...... 24
CONTENTS

Page 

Figure 1. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from

large public supplies in the United States, 1952. ........... 15

2. Percent of population using water of different treatment from 

public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. .......................................... 30

3. Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger

cities in the United States, 1952. ......................... 33

TABLES

Page 

Table 1. Sources of analyses in this report .......................... 5

2. Number of persons using water in different ranges of hardness 

from public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the 

United States, 1952...................................... 14

3.. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from 

public supplies, including mixed supplies, for 1, 315 of the 

larger cities in the United States, 1952. ................... 15

4. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from 

public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952............................................ 15

5. Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public

supplies in each State, 1952. ............................ 17

6. Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public

supplies of States bordering the Great Lakes, 1952. ........ 18

7. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States bordering the Great Lakes, 1952. .......... 18

8. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies in each State, 1952. ............................... 20

9. Population served, and the percent of population served with 

water from public supplies having hardness of 100 parts per 

million or less for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952............................................ 21

10. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of

finished water for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United

States, 1952. ......................................... 23

11. Number of supplies, and average hai "jess, by States, of raw

water for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 24

12. Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median

hardness of finished water, by States, for 1, 315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952. ......................... 26

13. Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median 

hardness of raw water, by States, for 1, 315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952. ........................ 26

14. Summary of data on hardness of public water supplies, by

States, for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 27

15. Source and treatment of the public water supplies of 1, 315 of the

larger cities in the United States, 1952. .................. 29

16. Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger

cities in the United States, 1952. ......................... 32

17. Number of places and population, in thousands, using water

with different quantities of fluoride from large public supplies

in the United States, 1951. ............................... 40

18. Suggested water-quality tolerance for boiler feed water ....... 41

19. Industrial requirements for water........................... 43

20. Suggested water-quality tolerances. ........................ 44

ABSTRACT

Public water supplies are utilized extensively by industries for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The requirements as to quality of water for each industry are specific, therefore information 

on the quality or chemical character of the water supply is essential not only in the location of industrial plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of products.

Data are given in this report on the water supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities (or places) throughout the United States. The population of these cities represents 58.3 percent of the total population 

(1950 census), and more than 90 percent of the total urban population, of the United States. Part 1 of 

the report contains data for 819 cities east of the Mississippi River, and part 2 includes data for 416 

cities west of the river. All cities of 15,000 or more population and many cities of smaller population 

are included.

The information given for each place includes, in most instances, population of the place; ownership, 

source, and treatment of supply; storage facilities for both raw and finished water; and chemical analyses of the supplies.

The chemical quality of a water affects its industrial utility. A total of 2, 506 chemical analyses of 

the supplies for the places included are shown. Surface-water supplies, generally, are more variable 

in composition than ground-water supplies, but contain less mineral matter in solution. Many of the 

treated public supplies require further treatment to make them satisfactory for some industrial uses. 

Of the total of 1,315 places included in the report, 711 receive surface-water supplies; 472 receive 

ground-water supplies, and 132 receive mixed supplies. The" population served by these supplies is 

about 88,000,000, of which about 71,000,000 receive surface-water supplies and 17,000,000 groundwater supplies.

Harduess of water supplies with respect to industrial use is given much attention. The hardness of 

the large public supplies ranges from less than 5 parts per million to about 700 parts. About 52,000,000 

people are furnished with water having hardness of 100 parts per million or less.

The weighted average hardness (average hardness of supplies weighted according to the population 

served) of finished water of surface supplies is 82 parts per million; of ground supplies, 162 parts; and 

of all supplies, 97 parts. The weighted average hardnesses of raw water of surface, ground, and all 

supplies are 96,200, and 116 parts per million, respectively.

The average hardness (based on the average hardness of each supply and the number of supplies) of 

finished water of surface supplies is 85 parts per million; of ground supplies, 164 parts; and of all supplies, 121 parts. The average hardnesses of the raw water supplies are 94, 192 and 139 parts per million, respectively.

The median hardness of finished water of all supplies is 91 parts per million, and of the raw water 

supplies, 90 parts.

The treatment of a public water supply is planned principally to give a water that is bacterially safe 

for public use, and to eliminate or minimize certain undesirable characteristics of the water.' Of the 

supplies for the places in this report, a total of 117 (3 surface supplies and 114 ground supplies) receive 

no treatment; 393 supplies receive no treatment other than chlorination; and the remainder receive treatment in addition to chlorination. The supplies for 171 cities are softened. Rapid sand filter plants are 

in use for 533 cities, exclusive of those in use at places where the water is softened. Slow sand-filter 

plants are in use at 35 places. A population of about 40,000,000 is served with water from these filter 

plants.

The total number of treatment plants, exclusive of facilities for chlorination, for most of the places 

in this report is 660. The total capacity of these plants in millions of gallons per day is 10, 694.

A total of 693 places report raw-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 2,460,346 millions 

of gallons; a total of 1,081 places report finished-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 

24, 557 millions of gallons.

Investigations by others have shown that a definite relationship exists between fluoride in drinking 

*ater and the incidence of dental caries in the teeth of children. A total of about 85 percent of the popJlation served from the large public supplies receive water having a fluoride concentration in the range 

Df 0.0 to 0. 5 part per million. Few large public supplies contain fluoride in concentrations in excess of 

3 parts per million. A total of 155 places of those included in the report received fluoridated water in 

1955.

1
2 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

INTRODUCTION

The most valuable of all our natural resources, except for the land itself, is 

water. Generally taken for granted and considered practically inexhaustible during the 19th century, water is today one of the most actively managed of all our 

natural resources. Large sums of money are spent each year for surveys, rec'- 

lamation, conservation, power development, and flood control.

Water is different from most minerals in that it is fluid and active. Moreover, 

its chemical character is ever changing, not only because of natural processes in 

its trip from clouds to seas but also because of the myriad activities of man. Water supply is a complex problem, and it is of extreme importance to communities, 

agriculture, industries, and commerce. Without water these things could not exist; nor could life itself.

An adequate water supply of either ground water or surface water, or both, is 

often a prime requisite in the selection of sites for industrial plants. It is estimated that American industry in 1950 used 7 5 billion gallons of water per day from 

private sources and about 6 billion gallons per day from public water supplies. 

Furthermore, industries require a process water of specific characteristics or 

standards of quality. For example, process water used in .the manufacture of textiles must be practically free of suspended matter, iron, and color and must be very 

low in dissolved minerals, especially calcium and magnesium. Specific requirements of quality for process water in certain industries are so exactingthat extensive treatment for many natural waters is usually necessary to make them suitable 

for use. Therefore, an important factor in the selection of sites for industries, in 

addition to an adequate supply of water, is the specific quality of the supply.

Information as to the chemical character of the water is essential not only in 

the location of many industrial plants but also to the distribution of the products 

manufactured. The manufacturer of water-softening equipment would not expect 

to find a ready market for his product in an area where the water supplies are soft. 

The need for materials and appliances for control of corrosion in water pipes, and 

the selection of boiler-plant and water-softening equipment will be influenced by 

the chemical character of the water.

Many of the water-supply papers of the U. S. Geological Survey and reports 

made in cooperation with State agencies contain considerable information relating 

to the chemical quality of water in the United States. See page 46 for the partial 

list. Among these are the annual "quality of surface water" reports beginning in 

October 1941, which give the results of comprehensive investigations in different 

areas of the country for the year named. Other reports give the results of comprehensive investigations within a State, among which are those dealing with the 

public water supplies; still others give information on the geology and the occurrence and availability of ground-water supplies with brief discussions of the chemical character of the water encountered in the area of investigation.

Reports' showing the chemical character of the public water supplies of the 

larger cities of the United States were published in 1923 and 1934. The last published report, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, contains data for 670 

of the larger cities, representing 46 percent of the total population of the United 

States. It has filled an important need in the field of water-supply engineering. 

The insistent demand for more current information and a more extended coverage 

has led to the present report. Descriptive and analytical data for about 7 5 percent 

of all the places that are included in the two volumes of this report have been published in a recent series of nine Geological Survey circulars, each circular covering a prescribed section of the country. The present report gives data for 1,315 

places, representing 58. 3 percent of the total population of the United States. It 

includes data for all places of 15, 000 or more population, 80 percent or more of 

the total urban population of each State, and at least 10 places for each State except Delaware. Many places of less than 15, 000 population are included in order 

that either 80 per cent of the total urban population of the State or 10 places for each 

State might be represented. It was felt that the use of the above criteria for the
INTRODUCTION 3

selection of the places to be included in the report would give adequate representation for each State.

Part 1 of the report includes data for 819 places in the 26 States and the District of Columbia east of the Mississippi River; part 2, for 496 places in the 22 

States west of the Mississippi. The text material and illustrations and the form 

of the tables are identical in both parts of the report and apply to the country as a 

whole. The statements made in regard to the supplies as a whole and to other subjects are generally applicable in each part of the report.

An important part of this report is the descriptive and analytical data pertaining to the water supplies of the individual places. Although not as complete and 

representative as desired in some instances, these data are intended to show conditions as they existed at the time of collection. From the data as presented inferences and conclusions can be drawn as to the general character of the water and 

its general usability for many industrial purposes. In the use of the data, it must 

be borne in mind that many supplies from surface sources are quite variable in 

composition; that ground-water supplies are more uniform in composition than surface supplies; and that most of the analytical data relate to the treated or finished 

water as served to the consumers, although much information is given as to the 

character of the raw-water supplies.

The general discussion of hardness and the illustrations and tables with reference to the distribution and use of water of different hardness are of considerable 

value or importance in the report, since hardness is a characteristic of water that 

affects both the domestic and industrial use of water. Caution is necessary in the 

use of generalized data relative to the hardness of public water supplies, when 

location of industrial plants or industrial activities require more specific data as 

to the chemical character of the water supplies.

Fluoride occurring naturally in water supplies and the fluoridation of public 

water supplies, because of the effects of fluoride on the incidence of dental caries 

in the teeth of growing children and not because of the effects on the industrial use 

of the water, are discussed at some length.

Discussions of the various aspects of water supply and treatment are necessarily brief in this report. Fuller and detailed discussions are to be found in papers and books on the subjects.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

State departments of health, city and waterworks officials^ private water companies, and commercial laboratories furnished many analyses, water-supply and 

water-plant data on forms prepared by the Quality of Water Branch for the purpose, and collected samples of water for analysis. (See table 1.) For these data 

and assistance grateful acknowledgment is made.

Many of the personnel of the Surf ace Water Branch and the Ground Water Branch, 

Water Resources Division, assisted in obtaining data in certain areas pertaining 

to the supplies and collecting samples for analysis. Grateful acknowledgment is 

made for this cooperation and assistance.

DIVISION OF WORK

This report is the result of the efforts of many of the personnel of the Quality 

of Water Branch of the Geological Survey under the general supervision of S. K. 

Love, chief, Quality of Water Branch. The efforts of the various members of the 

branch who participated in the work were coordinated by E. W. Lohr, chemist, 

who also reviewed and compiled all data submitted by the district offices of the 

branch, wrote the body of the text, and was mainly responsible for the tables and 

illustrations.

The analyses made by the Geological Survey for inclusion in the report were 

made in the district laboratories by the Quality of Water Branch in different sections of the country under the immediate supervision of the district chemists at
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

the time. The district offices also collected other data pertaining to the supplies 

in the States comprising their districts. The States comprising the different districts, the location of the district offices, and the personnel in charge at the time 

the work was in progress, are named below.

State

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Mississippi 

Missouri (part) 

Tennessee

California

Connecticut

District of Columbia

Florida

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

Rhode Island

Vermont

Colorado (part) 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Minnesota 

Missouri (part) 

Montana (part) 

Nebraska 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Wyoming (part)

Arizona 

Colorado (part) 

New Mexico

Georgia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Michigan

Ohio

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Kansas (part) 

Oklahoma

District or Regional Office

I. S. T. Building, University 

of Arkansas, 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

G. A. Billingsley 

J. W. Geurin

2520 Marconi Avenue, 

Sacramento 21, Calif. 

I. W. Walling

General Services Administration Bldg., 

Washington 25, D. C. 

S. K. Love 

W. F. White 

E. W. Lohr

510 Rudge Guenzel Bldg. 

Lincoln 8, Nebr. 

P. C. Benedict 

H. A. Swenson

P. O. Box 293, University Station, 

Albuquerque, N. Mex. 

J. D. Hem

P. O. Box 5668, 

Raleigh, N. C. 

F. H. Pauszek

2822 East Main Street, 

Columbus, Ohio 

W. L. Lamar 

P. N. Brown

P. O. Box 4355, 

Oklahoma City, Okla. 

T. B. Dover
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

State

Delaware 

Pennsylvania

Louisiana 

Texas

Colorado (part) 

Idaho

Montana (part) 

Nevada 

Oregon 

Utah

Washington 

Wyoming (part)

Virginia

District or Regional Office

1302 Custom House, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

N. H. Beamer 

E. F. McCarren

302 West 15th St., 

Austin, Tex. 

B. Irelan 

J. R. Avrett

P. O. Box2657, 

Fort Douglas, 

Salt Lake City, 

Utah

C. S. Howard 

R. T. Kiser

P. O. Box 1488, 

University Station, 

Charlottesville, Va. 

J. G. Connor

ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

SOURCES OF ANALYSES

Most of the analyses in this report were made during its preparation in the 

laboratories associated with the District offices of the Quality of Water Branch 

of the Geological Survey. Analyses from other sources were freely used as indicated in table 1. The lack of space prohibits giving the names of the individual 

analysts, although the names of the laboratories making or furnishing the analyses 

are given in the tables of analyses for the individual places.

Table 1. --Distribution of sources of analyses used

Source

U. S. Geological Survey laboratories: 

This report .................................

Commercial laboratories ......................

Totals ..........

Number 

of 

analyses

1,781

185

268

155

117

2.506

Number 

of 

places

1,008

56

107

109

35

1.315

Many analyses and other data not printed in this report were available. These 

analyses and data were valuable aids in the selection of the analyses and data which 

are printed.

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

Many samples for analysis were collected by the personnel of the Quality of 

Water Branch and other members of the Water Resources Division of the Geological Survey. Other samples were collected in containers furnished by the Geolog-
6 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

ical Survey by waterworks, city, and health-department officials. At many places 

samples were collected of bothraw- and finished-water supplies especially at those 

places where the treatment of the raw water was extensive or where the water was 

softened. Many samples of finished water were collected at the treatment plants 

of the individual cities; other samples were collected from city taps of the distribution systems. The samples collected are considered to be representative of the 

supplies at the time of collection.

APPLICABILITY OF ANALYSES

The analyses made by the Geological Survey used in this report were made by 

methods developed by the Quality of Water Branch or adapted from methods in 

general use for the mineral analysis of water. (Am. Pub. Health Assoc., 1946; 

Am. Soc. for Testing Materials, 1947). The analyses made by other laboratories 

were carefully examined for possible errors in order that the information given 

might be reliable. The reporting of these analyses has been made to conform to 

the Geological Survey method of reporting the results of water analysis and any 

difference in the analyses as published and originally submitted is because of this. 

Many waterworks laboratories make daily determinations of alkalinity, pH, and 

hardness which give some indications as to the extremes in chemical composition 

of the supplies. These data are given in the tables of analyses whenever they were 

available. Every effort has been made to give reliable information as to the chemical character of the water supplies at the time the analyses were made and 

throughout the year.

Single analyses of supplies from lakes and large reservoirs represent fairly 

well the chemical character of the water throughout the year, but for many supplies taken directly from streams or from small impounding reservoirs a single 

analysis will not represent the character of the water for the year. It may so happen that the single analysis will represent about the average character of the water 

for the year. Many streams are very variable in character not only with the seasons but with rapid changes in stage. Obviously a single analysis of such streams 

will not show the extremes in chemical composition of the water, and many analyses of daily samples or frequent samples are necessary to show the composition of 

the water throughout the year.

Some waterworks laboratories make complete analyses of composites of daily 

samples. Where available, averages of these analyses are given in the tjable of 

analyses. Averages of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for a period of a year are shown for a number of supplies. Analyses of composites of daily 

samples with the maximum and minimum content of dissolved solids are shown in 

a few instances. The single analyses and other analyses taken together with the 

analytical data furnished by the waterworks laboratories give reliable information 

as to the chemical character of many surface-water and treated-water supplies.

For many places that have several sources of supply, analyses are usually 

given representative of the several sources or of the combined sources. It is obvious that if different sections of a city are served by different sources, an analysis of a sample collected in one section of the city may not represent the character of the water served in the other section or the entire city. Statements in the 

descriptive data for the supplies of these places are made to show the percent of 

supply from each source. In many instances it was not possible to give analyses 

of each of the sources of supply.

Ground water, in general, is much more uniform in composition than surface 

water. A single analysis may suffice to show the general character of the water 

throughout the year not only for a single source but also for multiple sources furnishing water of similar composition. However, many places obtain public supplies from several wells or groups of wells in several well fields that differ considerably in chemical composition. Sometimes water from these various sources 

is pumped directly into the distribution system in different sections of the city. 

Sometimes groups of wells or individual wells are pumped at different times. For 

most such supplies analyses are selected to show the character of the water of the 

entire supply, or the several sources of supply, or the range or differences in
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 7

composition of the water from the individual wells or several groups of wells. It 

is obviously necessary to consider the descriptions of the sources of supply, the 

percent of supply obtained from each source, and the analyses of the supplies in 

order to evaluate or plan in connection with the use of the data of such groundwater supplies.

EXPRESSION OF RESULTS

The dissolved mineral constituents are reported in parts per million. A part 

per million is a unit of weight of a constituent in a million unit weights of water. 

Equivalents per million, though not given in this report, are sometimes preferred 

to the expression of results in parts per million. An equivalent per million is a 

unit chemical combining weight of a constituent in a million unit weights of water. 

Equivalents per millionfor any constituent are obtained by dividing the concentration of the constituent in parts per million by the chemical combining weight of the 

constituent. For convenience in making this conversion the reciprocals of chemical combining weights of the most commonly reported constituents are given in the 

following table:

Constituent Factor Constituent Factor

Iron (F+++)............ 0. 0537 Carbonate (CO3 ")....... 0. 3333

Manganese (Mn++)...... . 0364 Bicarbonate (HCO3~)..... . 0164

Calcium (Ca++) ........ . 0499 Sulfate (SO4 ") .......... . 0208

Magnesium (Mg++) ..... . 0822 Chloride (Cl") .......... . 0282

Sodium (Na+) .......... . 0435 Fluoride (F~) ........... . 0526

Potassium (K+) ........ .0256 Nitrate (NO3 ~) .......... .0161

Results in parts per million can be converted to grains per United States gallon by dividing by 17.12

A calculated quantity of sodium and potassium as sodium, given in some analyses, is the quantity of sodium needed in addition to the calcium and magnesium to 

balance the anions.

Total hardness as used in this report means, in most instances, the hardness 

expressed as calcium carbonate caused by calcium and magnesium in the water; 

it is obtained by calculation from the results of determination of these two constituents by either gravimetric or volumetric methods. In a few instances, other 

substances such as aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium, and free acid, which 

also cause hardness, have been included in the calculations. Many determinations 

of hardness made at waterworks treatment plants are made with soap solutions, 

and such results for total hardness tend to be lower generally and less accurate 

than those obtained by calculation. The volumetric test for hardness using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is much more reliable and is rapidly replacing the 

soap test (Connors, 1950). Hardness is further discussed on pages 12, 13-28.

Color is expressed in units of the platinum cobalt scale proposed by Hazen 

(1892, p. 427-428).

Hydrogen-ion concentration is expressed on the pH scale.

Specific-conductance values are expressed as micromhos per centimeter at 

25°C. In many reports conductance is designated by the letter "K"', and values 

expressed as above maybe written Kx 106 at 25°C. A micromho is a millionth 

of a reciprocal ohm.

Turbidity is expressed as units of turbidity on the silica scale (U. S. Geological 

Survey, 1902).

Alkalinity as reported in the tables of determinations made at treatment plants 

is expressed as calcium carbonate. Acidity, in some instances, is shown in these 

tables as a minus alkalinity.
8 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS

All natural waters contain dissolved mineral matter. Water in contact with 

soils and rocks evenfor only afew hours will dissolve some mineral matter. The 

quantity of mineral matter dissolved by a natural water depends primarily on the 

type of rocks and soils with which the water comes in contact and the length of the 

contact. Some streams are fed by both surface runoff and ground water from 

springs and seeps. Such streams reflect the chemical character of the more concentrated ground water during dry periods and are more dilute during periods of 

heavy surface runoff. Ground water usually contains more dissolved mineral matter than surface runoff for it remains in contact with soils and rocks for longer 

periods of time. The concentration of dissolved solids in a river water may be 

increased by drainage from mines and oil fields, by discharge of industrial and 

municipal wastes into the streams, and in irrigated-areas by return drain waters.

The mineral constituents and physical properties of the raw and treated supplies in the tables of analyses are those that affect thfe value of the water for most 

purposes. The analyses generally include results for silica, iron, manganese, 

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium (or sodium and potassium together as sodium), carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, dissolved solids, and hardness. Results for color, pH, specific conductance, turbidity, and 

temperature are reported in many others. The source and significance of the constituents and properties of water supplies are discussed in the following paragraphs.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN SOLUTION

Silica (SiO2). --The element silicon is not found free in nature but it occurs as 

silica in sand, in quartz, and as silicates in feldspar, kaolinite, and other minerals. 

Silica is dissolved from practically all rocks. Its state in solution in natural water is not definitely known, but it is assumed to be colloidal, and it does not enter 

into the ionic balance between the acids and bases of a water analysis.

Many natural surface waters, especially lakes, contain less than 5 parts per 

million and few contain more than 30 parts per million. Well waters generally 

contain more silica than surface waters, but comparatively few contain more than 

50 parts per million.

Silica affects the industrial use of water because it contributes to the formation 

of boiler scale, or it may help to cement other scale-forming substances into a 

hard scale; it is usually removed from feed water for high-pressure boilers. Silica also forms troublesome deposits on the blades of steam turbines.

The silica in the treated water of a public supply is usually less than in the raw 

water if in the treatment process coagulation and filtration are employed. The 

use of activated silica as a coagulant, either alone or in conjunction with alum, 

will not increase the silica content of the treated water.

Aluminum (Al). Although aluminum is relatively abundant in many rocks and 

ores some of which are readily soluble, aluminum is present only in negligible 

quantities in most natural waters for it precipitates from the waters. Acid waters 

and water that has been in contact with certain types of rocks or ores may contain 

considerable quantities of aluminum. Aluminum contributes to hardness in water 

and may be deposited as scale in boilers. It is not reported in the tables of analyses. In a few samples the aluminum content is indicated by footnotes.

Iron (Fe). --Iron is dissolved from practically all rocks, and practically all 

natural water supplies contain iron in solution. Surf ace waters, unless acid, rarely 

contain more than several tenths of a part per million. Acid waters may carry 

relatively large quantities. Iron in water upon being exposed to air is readily oxidized to ferric hydroxide which will readily settle out of a surface supply unless 

acid; therefore surface waters generally carry relatively small quantities of iron.

Many ground waters may carry several parts per million of iron. Such waters 

on exposure to air become turbid with ferric hydroxide as a result of the oxidation
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 9

of the iron. The ferric iron will settle out and the water will eventually clear up 

if it is quiescent. Iron in solution will cause reddish-brown stains on white enamel ware, porcelain fixtures, and fabrics washed in these ground waters, which are 

objectionable also for other domestic and industrial uses.

Many natural waters may be corrosive to the supply system, dissolving sufficient quantities of iron from the pipes to be objectionable in the use of the water 

for many purposes. Much of the iron in natural waters is removed by the treatment as practiced at the modern water-purification plants, but sometimes such 

treatment will leave the waters corrosive so that they will dissolve objectionable 

quantities of iron from pipes in the supply system or household installations.

Manganese (Mn). --Manganese is found in many natural waters, sometimes in 

appreciable quantities. Water impounded in large reservoirs may contain manganese that has been dissolved from the mud on the bottom of the reservoir. Some 

ground waters may-contain very objectionable quantities of manganese. Waters 

that contain appreciable quantities of manganese usually contain also objectionable 

quantities of iron. Manganese is especially objectionable in water used in laundering and textile manufacturing, for it causes dark-brown stains on the fabrics. It 

will also stain porcelain fixtures. Water supplies containing objectionable quantities of manganese require special treatment for its removal.

Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Calcium and magnesium are dissolved 

from many rocks but more particularly from limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. 

Limestone, which is primarily calcium carbonate, and dolomite and dolomitic 

limestone made up of both calcium and magnesium carbonates are readily soluble 

in water containing carbon dioxide. Caves and solutions channels in these rocks 

are the result of this action of water. Comparatively large quantities 'of calcium 

are also dissolved from gypsum (calcium sulfate). Calcium is frequently the principal basic constituent in waters that contain relatively small quantities of dissolved solids and are soft waters. Calcium and magnesium are the most universally characteristic constituents of natural waters.

Calcium and magnesium cause hardness in water and contribute to the formation of boiler scale and deposits in hot-water heaters and pipes and in water systems. The calcium and magnesium content and hardness of waters used for public 

supplies greatly affect the industrial value of the waters.

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The very active metals sodium and potassium 

are not found free in nature, but their compounds are relatively abundant in the 

earth's crust and are highly soluble in water. Sodium and potassium are found in 

all natural waters. Natural waters that contain only 3 or 4 parts of the two together 

are likely to contain about equal quantities of each. As the total quantity of these 

constituents increases the proportion of sodium becomes much greater. Waters 

carrying from 40 to 50 parts per million of the two'may carry one-fourth or onetenth of the quantity as potassium; waters containing more sodium may even have 

a smaller proportion of potassium.

Some well waters that carry moderate quantities of dissolved material in passage through the earth may undergo base exchange and change from hard waters to 

soft waters. These waters may contain several hundred parts per million of sodium bicarbonate. Waters in arid and semiarid regions are likely to carry considerable quantities of sodium salts, usually sulfate and chloride. Streams that 

receive drainage from irrigated lands may carry several thousands parts per million of sodium sulfate. The quantity of sodium and potassium found in the water of 

most public supplies has comparatively little effect on the industrial use of the 

water.

Carbonate (COJ and bicarbonate (HCOa). Carbonate as such is present in relatively few natural waters. Some waters that have been treated with lime contain 

carbonate or even hydroxide. Free carbon dioxide in rain water increased by a 

larger amount from decaying organic matter in percolating water, in lakes, and 

in streams in contact with carbonate rocks or calcareous material is converted into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is the chief anion in a great many natural waters and 

in most of the waters used for public supplies. Waters that have been in contact 

with granitic rocks and rocks of similar characteristics usually contain less than 

50 parts per million of bicarbonate and frequently less than 25 parts, whereas those 

that have been in contact with carbonate rocks may contain as much as 500 parts.
10 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Carbonate and bicarbonate are often reported as alkalinity which is expressed as 

calcium carbonate. One part of alkalinity as calcium carbonate corresponds to 

1. 22 parts of bicarbonate.

Sulfate (SOj. --Sulfate is present in most natural waters, although in many it 

may be a relatively small quantity. Sulfate may be dissolved in relatively large 

quantities from beds of gypsum and shale. Some surface waters receiving acid 

mine drainage may contain considerable quantities of sulfate some of which may 

be the result of oxidation of the sulfides of iron. Water in arid or semiarid regions may contain relatively large quantities of sodium sulfate.

Sulfate in waters that contain much calcium and magnesium contributes to the 

formation of hard scale in steam boilers and affects the use of waters in other industrial processes. Aluminum sulfate as a coagulant in the treatment of public 

supplies increases the sulfate content and decreases the bicarbonate content of the 

water.

Chloride (Cl). --Chloride is found in practically all natural waters, although 

many surface waters contain only a few parts per million. Streams in arid or 

semiarid regions may contain several hundred parts per million of chloride especially if they drain areas where chlorides occur in natural deposits or have been 

concentrated in soils through evaporation processes. Sewage increases the chloride content of river waters. Drainage from oil wells or other deep wells, salt 

springs, and industrial wastes may add large quantities of chloride to stream waters. Most public supplies from surface sources contain less than 25 parts per 

million of chloride. Ground waters usually contain larger quantities than surface 

waters and some public-supply wells may contain as much as 100 parts per million. The larger quantities of chloride may affect the industrial use of the water.

Fluoride (F). --Fluoride occurs in nature in fluorspar, cryolite, and in both 

sedimentary and igneous rocks. In most natural surface waters it is present only 

in very small concentrations; in ground waters it is present in larger concentrations, in some waters as much as several parts per million. Fluoride in water 

supplies in relation to the dental defect known as mottled enamel and fluoridation 

and natural fluorides in relation to the prevention of dental caries is discussed on 

page 39 . The fluoride content of public water supplies may be of little importance as far as the industrial use of the water is concerned.

Nitrate (NO3). Nitrate is considered the final oxidation product of nitrogenous 

matter and its presence in water supplies of more than several parts per million 

may indicate previous contamination by sewage or other organic matter. The effect of nitrate present in most public water supplies on the industrial use of the 

water is practically negligible. Studies indicate that nitrate in excess of about 44 

parts per million in drinking water may be a contributing factor or the cause of a 

condition in infants known as methemoglobinemia("blue babies"). (Waring, 1949).

Dissolved solids. The results reported as dissolved solids represent approximately the total quantity of dissolved mineral matter in each water analyzed. 

(Howard, 1933, p. 4-6). The quantity of dissolved solids in most instances was 

determined by evaporating a given volume of water, drying the residue at some 

definite temperature (180°C, by U. S. Geol. Survey), and weighing the dried residue. In some instances the quantity reported was obtained by a summation, of the 

individual constituents shown in the analysis, bicarbonate being included as carbonate. This summation of constituents for dissolved solids is indicated by a footnote in the tables of analyses. Relatively few supplies of places in this report contain more than 500 parts per million of dissolved solids and many of them have 

less than 100 parts. Ground-water supplies usually contain more dissolved material than surface water supplies. Part of the material reported as dissolved solids 

in colored waters is organic matter, which is not shown in the analyses.

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

Color. --Color, in water analysis, refers to the appearance of water that is 

free of suspended material. Many turbid waters that appear yellow, red, or brown 

have little color after the suspended material is removed. Color in natural waters 

is almost entirely the result of extraction of coloring matter from decaying roots,
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 11

stems, leaves, and other organic materials in the water and in the ground. Swamp 

waters may have as much as 200 or 300 units of color. Industrial wastes may add 

color to water. Color in most public supplies is rather negligible. A color of less 

than 10 units usually passes unnoticed. Some impounded supplies if not filtered 

may have appreciable color. Color is objectionable in the use of the water for 

some industrial purposes.

Hydrogen-ion concentration. Hydrogen-ion concentration in an aqueous solution or in water on the pH scale is represented by a number which is the negative 

logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration in moles per liter of solution. The 

pH range is from 0 to 14. A solution with a pH of 7 is said to be neutral. Progressive values of pH below 7 denote increasing acidity, and progressive values 

above 7 denote increasing alkalinity. The pH values are logarithmic, for example, 

a water with a pH of 6 has 10 times the concentration of hydrogen ions as one with 

a pH of 7.

There is a definite relationship between pH and acidity although acidity should 

not be confused with pH, for a water with a pH value of 6. 0 may have a low total 

acidity whereas another highly buffered water having a pH of 7 may have a high 

total acidity. Acidity is the results of the effects of a combination of substances 

and conditions in water, and may be defined as the power of the water to neutralize hydroxyl ions. Acidity is usually caused by the presence of free carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and salts of strong acids .and weak bases.

A definite relationship also exists in waters between pHand alkalinity (carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide).- (Langelier, 1946.) Alkalinity in a water may 

be defined as its power to neutralize hydrogen ions. Alkalinity is caused by the 

presence of carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides and, to a lesser degree, by silicates, phosphates, borates, and organic substances. Although pH values and 

alkalinity are interrelated.high alkalinity may not be necessarily associated with high 

pH values; for example, a relative dilute water with a pH of 7 may have a low total 

alkalinity, whereas, a buffered water with a pH of 6. 0 may have a high total alkalinity. The combined effects of the several substances and conditions in the water 

affect the relationship between alkalinity and pH values.

The pH value of most natural water ranges between 6 and 8. Waters containing 

free mineral acids have pH values below 4. 5. Some ground waters have pH values 

above 8, some below 6. On account of the relation between the pHof water and its 

corrosive properties, many water-treatment plants make final adjustment of the 

pH of the supplies to prevent or minimize corrosion in the distribution system and 

household installations. The pH values of public supplies have a very considerable 

and definite bearing on the utility of the supplies for many industrial purposes.

Specific conductance (K X 1Q6 at 25°C). --The specific conductance of a water 

is a measure of its capacity to conduct an electric current. The conductance varies 

with the concentration and degree of ionization of the different minerals in solution 

and with the temperature of the water. It furnishes a rough measure of the mineral content of the water but does not give any indication of the relative quantities 

of the constituents in solution. It is useful in following the changes in the total 

quantity of dissolved minerals in a water through a series of samples.

Turbidity. --Turbidity of water is due to suspended matter such as clay, silt, 

finely divided organic matter, microscopic organisms, and any such similar material. The terms "turbidity" and "suspended matter" are not synonymous or 

equivalent expressions. Turbidity is an expression of an optical approximation of 

the suspended matter, based on the similarity of the interference of the suspended 

matter to the passage of light rays through a water sample when compared with 

standard samples of recorded turbidity. The standard unit of turbidity is considered as that produced by one part per million of diatomaceous earth or fuller's 

earth (silica) in distilled water.

Practically all public supplies that are filtered are free from noticeable turbidity or suspended matter. A few unfiltered supplies and those that contain enough iron to give an appreciable precipitate on exposure to air may show noticeable turbidities. Suspended matter in surface-water supplies is usually a much 

more variable quantity than dissolved solids and must be taken into consideration 

in any utilization of the unfiltered supplies.
12 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Temperature. --The results for temperature in the tables of analyses are shown 

in degrees Fahrenheit and represent the temperature of samples at the time of 

collection. In a few instances results for temperature are shown that were obtained at the treatment plants.

Corrosiveness, causes and prevention. --Corrosiveness of a water isthatproperty which makes the water aggressive to metal surfaces and frequently results 

in "red water" caused by solution of iron, although all red-water troubles may 

not be the result of corrosion. As discussed previously, many well waters contain considerable quantities of iron in solution and when these supplies are exposed 

to the air the iron separates out as a precipitate. Some of this precipitate may be 

carried along in the mains and pipes in suspension in the water giving red-water 

effects. Corrosive waters causes the deterioration of water pipes, steam boilers, 

and water-heating equipment. Many waters that do not appreciably attack coldwater lines may aggressively attack hot-water lines.

The phenomena of corrosion are not thoroughly understood (Speller, 1951). 

The active agents in water aside from the solvent action of water itself are acids, 

substances which upon hydrolysis or decomposition produce acid reactions, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide. The problem of prevention of corrosion, therefore, is the problem of controlling these active agents or minimizing 

their effects. Books and papers have been written on various aspects of the problem. (Proc. A. S. T. M., 1940; Betz and Betz, 1953).

The principal methods used in the treatment of municipal water supplies to 

prevent corrosion and red-water trouble involve treatment to maintain proper alkalinity, pH values and stability in the treated waters. (Amer. Water Work Assoc., 

1950; Baker, 1948). Effluent from filter plants where alum is used in the treatment, many unfiltered supplies, and some naturally soft supplies, contain free 

carbon dioxide and have low pH values, may aggressively corrode metal surfaces 

in distribution mains and plumbing installations, producing red-water troubles, 

pitting, and tuberculation. To increase the alkalinity and to raise the pH values, 

agents such as lime or soda ash are added to the supplies before they enter the 

distribution system. Where the supplies are softened, the alkalinity and residual 

hardness can be controlled so that the effluent may be left in a slightly unstable 

condition with respect to calcium carbonate, and a light protective coating of calcium carbonate may be deposited in the mains of the distribution system (Langelier, 

1936). A stability test may indicate whether a water is corrosive or will form a 

protective film (Enslow, 1939).

Deaerators anddegasifiersforthe removal of dissolved gases are used to some 

extent in the treatment of boiler feed waters and in private installations (Powell 

and Burns, 1936; Powell, Bacon, and Lill, 1946). Aeration removes to some extent carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, although in the treatment of public water 

supplies this process is used more for the purpose of removal of iron and of tastes 

and odors than for corrosion control.

Phosphates, metaphosphates, and silicates, classed as anodic inhibitors, are 

used to some extent in the treatment of public supplies and in industrial and private 

installations for prevention of corrosion. The compounds are effective because 

'not only do they neutralize the agents of corrosion but also, it is thought, they 

form protective films on the metal surfaces. Sodium hexametaphosphate has been 

found not only to be effective in stopping corrosion but also to promote removal of 

corrosion products from pipelines (Rice, 1947).

Corrosion inside of steel tanks and standpipes may be prevented by a process 

known as cathodic protection. Special electrical equipment is required which in 

operation reverses the electrochemical processes setup in the corrosion of metal, 

thereby rendering the metal surface passive (Pallo, 1948).

Hardness. --Hardness of water is that characteristic or quality shown by water 

containing certain substances in solution. Calcium and magnesium are the principal constituents causing hardness. Other substances, such as aluminum, iron, 

manganese, strontium, zinc, and free acid also cause hardness, but most of these 

are not present in water supplies in sufficient quantities to affect appreciably the 

hardness.

The terms "carbonate" and "noncarDonate" hardness are roughly equivalent to 

or are used in the same sense as the older terms "temporary" and "permanent"
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 13

hardness. Carbonate hardness refers to the hardness in equivalence with carbonate and bicarbonate; noncarbonate hardness to the remainder of the hardness. A 

water has no noncarbonate hardness if the total hardness does not exceed in chemical equivalence the carbonate and bicarbonate (the alkalinity) present in the water. 

Waters of high noncarbonate hardness usually contain large quantities of calcium 

and magnesium sulfates, chlorides, or nitrates in solution. The character of scale 

formed in steam boiler sis affected by the relation of carbonate to noncarbonate 

hardness. The selection of the proper methods for softening is based largely on 

the type and degree of hardness present in the waters.

Hardness in water in respect to both domestic and industrial use receives great 

attention. In domestic use hardness is recognized by the difficulty in obtaining a 

lather without an excessive consumption of soap; the insoluble, sticky curd that 

results with the use of soap, and the scale formed in vessels in which the water is 

boiled. Industry gives great attention to hardness in water supplies because of its 

effects in the various processes of manufacturing and on the manufactured product, 

and because of the scale deposited in the use of hard water in hot-water pipes, hotwater heaters, and steam boilers, resulting in economic loss through loss of heat 

transfer, increased fuel consumption, and breakdown of equipment. Large sums 

of money are expended in softening supplies to make them suitable for both domestic and industrial uses.

HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

Data relating to the hardness of the water of the larger public supplies of the 

United States as shown in the descriptive and analytical data for each place are 

summarized in a number of tables and illustrations. Most of these data relate to 

the supplies as served to consumers representing water of natural hardness and 

water of which the hardness has been changed by treatment including softening. 

The data shown relate to only 58.8 percent of the total population of the United 

Stated. The percent of population represented by each of more than half of the 

States is much less than the total for the whole country. Furthermore, in several 

of the summaries the average hardness of the State is used which does not show 

any extremes in the hardness of the supplies within the State. The extremes in 

the hardness of the supplies in some States are much greater than in others, although the average hardness for those States may not be any higher than for a State 

where the ranges in the hardness are not so great. Furthermore, it must be borne 

in mind that the smaller municipalities, which are not represented in the report 

and consequently are not in the summaries, obtain their supplies for the most part 

from ground-water sources whose supplies generally are harder than surface waters. Therefore, it is important that the base data of these summaries be kept in 

mind when making any conclusions or inferences relative to the distribution of water of certain hardness as shown by the hardness of the larger public water supplies of the country.

These summaries of data on hardness are based on the average hardness of a 

supply for a year. In some instances only meager analytical data were available 

to show the hardness of the supply for a year. In these instances an average for 

hardness was selected, based on known factors, such as the sources of the supply whether from a large or a small stream, or from lakes, reservoirs, wells, 

or springs, the time of year the sample or samples for analysis were collected, 

and the general knowledge of the hardness of water supplies in the locale of the supply in question. The average hardness used for many places with varying hardness was that furnished by the waterworks laboratories. The average hardness of 

those places furnished from more than one source where not mixed prior to distribution was based on the hardness of the supplies and the percent furnished from 

each source. In some instances the total population of a place was divided according to the percent of supply from each source so that the proper tabulation could be 

made as to population and hardness. For those places furnished with ground water from several sources of supply with different hardness, proper evaluation for 

an average hardness was based on the percent of supply from each source and the 

hardness of each supply. For a few places furnished with both ground and surface
14 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

water, the population using each had to be estimated in the tabulations where division was necessary.

RANGES IN HAEDNESS

Table 2 shows the number of persons, in thousands using water of different 

ranges of hardness from larger public supplies in the United States. It gives no 

information as to the distribution of hard water by area or locality. The table is 

reasonably accurate as to the use of water in different ranges of hardness by the 

consumers indicated, which represent about 90 percent of the total urban population of the United States.

Table 2. --Number of persons using water in different ranges of hardness from 

public supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952.

1-10 .......

11-20

21-30 ......

31-40 , . .

41-50 ......

51-60 ......

61-80 ......

81-100

101-120 ....

121-140 ....

141-160 ....

161-180 ....

181-200 ....

201-250 ....

251-300 ....

301-350 ....

351-400 ....

401-450 ....

451-500 ....

501-550 ....

551-600 ....

601-650 ....

651-700 ....

Population (thousands)

Surface 

water

1,344

5,673

11,632

3,680

2,482

3,709

4,794

9,561

5,524

12,266

831

355

358

977

935

185

12

--

10

--

--

--

16

Ground 

water

434

397

471

706

550

910

647

1,482

1,075

550

1,253

312

304

1,707

1,142

706

848

516

200

26

85

40

34

Mixed 

supplies

109

219

252

297

353

222

1,097

1,067

602

2,863

247

385

681

125

388

176

--

4

--

Total

1,887

6,289

12,355

4,683

3,385

4,841

6,538

12,110

7,201

15,679

2,331

1,052

1,343

2,809

2,465

1,067

860

516

210

26

89

40

50

Accumulative 

total

1,887

8,176

20,531

25,214

28,599

33,440

39,978

52,088

59,289

74,968

77,299

78,351

79,694

82, 503

84,968

86,035

86,895

87,411

87,621

87,647

87,736

87,776

87,826

The table is not necessarily accurate as to the use of water in different ranges 

of hardness by the total population of the United States, because only 58. 3 percent 

of the total population is represented and the supplies are treated supplies, many 

 of which are softened. The significant things to note about the table are the relative proportion of numbers of people using water in the lower ranges from surface-water sources and from ground-water sources and how this proportion changes 

with respect to the supplies in the upper ranges of hardness. The proportions of 

users of surface water and ground water .for the total population of the country 

probably are very different from the proportions here shown for the users of the 

larger public supplies.

The data for hardness summarized in table 2 are further summarized in tables 

3 and 4. Table 4 is similar to table 3 with the exception that the mixed supplies 

shown in table 3 have been separated into surface-water and ground-water supplies 

according to the percentage of supply from each source and the average hardness 

of each supply. The number of ranges for hardness in these two tables has been 

decreased from 23 shown in table 2 to four. It is significant that a large population is served with water in the range of hardness from 1 to 60 parts per million,
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 15

and in the ranges of hardness above 120 parts per million, ranges where softening 

is profitable and necessary for many domestic and industrial uses. These data are 

shown graphically on figure 1.

Table 3. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from public 

supplies, including mixed supplies, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United

States, 1952

Range in hardness 

(ppm)

1-60 ...............

61-120 .............

121-180 ............

180+ ...............

Population (thousands)

Surface water

28,520 

19,879 

13,452 

2,493

64,344

Ground water

3,468 

3,204 

2,115 

5,608

14,395

mixed supplies

1,452 

2,766 

3,495 

1,374

9,087

Total

33,440 

25,849 

19,062 

9,475

87,826

Table 4. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from public 

supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

Range in hardness 

(ppm)

1-60 .....................

61-120....................

121-180 ..................

180+ .....................

Population (thousands)

Surface water

29,776 

21,727 

16,529 

2,921

70,953

Ground water

3,987 

3,761 

2,667 

6,458

16,873

Total

33,763 

25,488 

19, 196 

9,379

87,826

Less than 61 6I-I2O I2I-I8O More than ISO 

HARDNESS, IN PARTS PER MILLION
16 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS

The data for hardness of the larger public water supplies of the United States 

are summarized in a different way in table 5. This table shows the weighted average hardness of both surface-water supplies and ground-water supplies, and 

both supplies combined for each State. To calculate the weighted-average hardness for the surface-water supplies of a State, the average hardness of each surface-water supply was multiplied by the population served by that supply; the sum 

of the products thus obtained was then divided by the total number of people served 

by the surface-water supplies. The weighted-average hardness for the groundwater supplies was obtained in the same way. Then the weighted average hardness for all supplies for the State was obtained by dividing the total of all the products by the total population served in the State. Thus the weighted average hardness of all supplies of a State represents the average hardness of each supply 

weighted according to the population served by that supply.

The data thus summarized in table 5 gives valuable information as to the distribution of hard water not so much within each State but for all the States. In 

some States the range in hardness of the supplies is not large, whereas in others 

the range is considerable. No supply in the State of Connecticut included in the 

report had a hardness of more than 60 parts per million. Only one place from 

each of the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Rhode Island, had a 

hardness of more than 60 parts per million. For a few States the range in hardness for the supplies extended from not less than 80 parts to well over 500 parts. 

The range in hardness of the supplies for the places in Texas is from 4 to 700 

parts.

The weighted average hardness of the supplies for the States, Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin, bordering on the Great 

Lakes is influenced by the hardness of the supplies taken from these lakes. The 

weighted-average hardness for each of these States except New York is decreased 

by the weighted average hardness of the supplies taken from the Great Lakes. The 

weighted average hardness of the supplies in Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin 

are influenced more than in the other States, because about 50 percent of. the population of Illinois and Michigan and about 30 percent of the population of Wisconsin 

are represented by the population of the places included in this report. The weighted average of the" supplies not taken from the lakes in these three States is much 

higher than the weighted average for the whole State and is probably much nearer 

the average of the supplies not included in the report.

The weighted average hardness for New York State is increased by the hardness of the supplies from lakes Erie and Huron, although the weighted average for 

the whole State is influenced more by the supply of New York City than all other 

supplies in the State combined that are included in the report. No other supplies 

in the whole country influence the weighted-average hardness of the State as much 

as the supplies for New York City and Chicago influence the weighted average for 

New York and Illinois. Data on the weighted-average hardness for the States 

named above are summarized in tables 6 and 7 for both finished and raw water.
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 17

Table 5 . Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public supplies in each State, 1952

State

District of Columbia . . 

Florida ..............

Idaho ................

New York ...........

North Dakota .........

Ohio ................

South Carolina .......

Utah ................

West Virginia ........

Wyoming ............

United States ......

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO, 

(ppm)

52 

200 

36 

107 

107 

29 

53 

96 

104 

24 

92 

135 

194 

138 

163 

101 

72 

20 

48 

20 

100 

74 

73 

100 

100 

261 

79 

16 

54 

73 

46 

33 

111 

120 

119 

14 

84 

33 

17 

136 

84 

120 

171 

52 

60 

22 

71 

128 

123

82

Population served

Thousands

878 

167 

355 

7,962 

754 

1,481 

128 

803 

262 

1,237 

84 

4,901 

1,310 

429 

423 

916 

871 

388 

1,677 

3,314 

3,359 

1,012 

161 

2,099 

205 

264 

54 

194 

2,886 

50 

10, 660 

1,194 

104 

3,952 

774 

644 

6,387 

672 

619 

67 

790 

1,971 

194 

103 

1,466 

1,029 

541 

1,095 

71

70, 953

Percent 

of population of 

State

28.7 

22.2 

18.6 

75.2 

56.9 

73.7 

40.3 

100 

9.4 

35.9 

14.3 

56.3 

33.3 

16.3 

22.2 

31.1 

32.4 

42.4 

71.6 

70.7 

52.7 

33.9 

7.4 

53.0 

34.8 

19.9 

33.5 

36.3 

59.7 

7.4 

71.8 

29.4 

16.8 

49.7 

34.6 

42.3 

60.9 

84.9 

29.1 

10.2 

24.0 

25.6 

28.2 

27.2 

44.2 

43.2 

27.0 

31.9 

24.3

47.1

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaC03 

(ppm)

68 

225 

54 

164

42 

81

127 

114 

135 

348 

334 

265 

190 

108 

57 

22 

27 

54 

218 

261 

24 

184 

226 

232 

204 

56 

135 

274 

112 

66 

296 

284 

163 

37 

128 

26 

25 

394 

50 

143 

212 

59 

151 

118 

170 

250 

223

162

Population served

Thousands

271 

271 

187 

1,945

23 

44

1,218 

294 

142 

549 

571 

592 

380 

47 

332 

23 

34 

330 

510 

282 

36) 

157 

39 

247 

42 

83 

988 

222 

1,122 

57 

49 

899 

122 

114 

320 

42 

125 

114 

543 

1,890 

179 

21 

93 

308 

108 

519 

64

16,873

Percent 

of population of 

State

8.8 

36.2 

9.8 

18.4

1.2 

13.7

44.0 

8.6 

24.2 

6.3 

14.5 

22.6 

20.0 

1.6 

12.4 

2.5 

1.4 

7.0 

8.0 

9.5 

16.6 

4.0 

6.6 

18.7 

26.5 

15.6 

20.4 

32.6 

7.6 

1.4 

7.9 

11.3 

5.5 

7.5 

3.0 

5.2 

5.9 

17.5 

16.5 

24.5 

25.9 

5.6 

2.8 

13.0 

5.4 

15.1 

22.3

11.2

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO, 

(ppm)

55 

216 

42 

118 

107 

29 

60 

96 

123 

41 

119 

156 

237 

212 

176 

102 

68 

20 

' 48 

23 

115 

114 

39 

106 

120 

247 

135 

28 

75 

237 

52 

34 

170 

150 

125 

17 

86 

32 

18 

299 

70 

132 

191 

53 

65 

44 

88 

167 

171

97

Population served

Thousands

1,149 

438 

542 

9,907 

754 

1,504 

172 

803 

1,480 

1,531 

226 

5,450 

1,881 

1,021 

803 

963 

1,203 

411 

1,711 

3,644 

3,869 

1,294 

522 

2,256 

244 

511 

96 

277 

3,874 

272 

11,782 

1,251 

153 

4,851 

896 

758 

6,707 

714 

740 

181 

1,333 

3,861 

373 

124 

1,559 

1,337 

649 

1,614 

135

87,826

Percent 

of population of 

State

37.5. 

58.4 

28.4 

93.6 

56.9 

74.9 

54.0 

100 

53.4 

44.5 

38.5 

62.6 

47.8 

38.9 

42.2 

32.7 

44.8 

44.9 

73.0 

77.7 

60.7 

43.4 

24.0 

57.0 

41.4 

38.6 

60.0 

51.9 

80.1 

40.0 

79.4 

30.8 

24.7 

61.0 

40.1 

49.8 

63.9 

90.1 

35.0 

27.7 

40.5 

50.1 

. 54.1 

32.8 

47.0 56.2- 

32.4 

47.0 

46.6

58.3
18 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

jTable 6. Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public supplies of States bordering

the Great Lakes, 1952

Illinois: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . 

Whole State ........

Indiana: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Michigan: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Minnesota: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

New York: 

Supplied from Great

New York City. .....

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Ohio: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Wisconsin: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

133 

143 

135

136 

213 

194

100 

89 

100

46 

77 

74

125 

30 

70 

46

130 

111 

120

128 

120 

128

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

645 

4,901

326 

984 

1,310

3,158 

201 

3,359

107 

905 

1,012

964 

7,800 

1,896 

10,660

1,901 

2,051 

3,952

1,006 

89 

1,095

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

7.4 

56.3

8.3 

25.0 

33.3

49.5 

3.2 

52.7

3.6 

30.3 

33.9

6.5 

52.6 

12.7 

71.8

23.9 

25.8 

49.7

29.3 

2.6 

31.9

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

348 

348

334 

334

218 

218

261 

261

143 

87 

112

284 

284

250 

250

Population served

Thousands

549 

549

571 

571

510 

510

282 

282

500 

622 

1,122

900 

900

519 

519

Percent 

of population of 

State

6.3 

6.3

14.5 

14.5

8.0 

8.0

9.5 

9.5

3.4 

4.2 

7.6

11.3 

11.3

15.1 

15.1

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

133 

237 

156

136 

258 

237

100 

182 

115

46 

121 

114

125 

37 

75 

52

130 

164 

150

128 

231 

167

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

1,194 

5,450

326 

1,555 

1,881

3,158 

711 

3,869

107 

1,197 

1,294

964 

8,300 

2,518 

11,782

1,901 

2,950 

4,851

1,006 

608 

1,614

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

13.7 

62.6

8.3 

29.5 

47.8

49.5 

11.2 

60.7

3.6 

39.8 

43.4

6.5 

56.0 

16.9 

79.4

23.9 

37.1 

61.0

29.3 

17.7 

47.0

Table 7. --Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States Bordering the

the Great Lakes, 1952

Illinois : 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Indiana: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . .

Michigan: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

131 

177 

137

135 

230 

206

103 

278 

113

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

646 

4,902

326 

984 

1,310

3,158 

201 

3.359

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

7.4 

56.3

8.3 

25.0 

33.3

49.5 

3.2 

52.7

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO, 

(ppm)

384 

384

354 

354

314 

314

Population served

Thousands

549 

549

571 

571

510 

510

Percent 

of population of 

State

6.3 

6.3

14.5 

14.5

8.0 

8.0

All supplies

.Hard- 

 ness 

as 

CaCO, 

(ppm)

131 

272 

162

135 

275 

251

103 

304 

140

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

1,194 

5,450

326

1,555 

1,881

3,158 

711 

3,869

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

13.7 

62.6

8.3 

39.5 

47.8

49.5 

11.2 

60.7
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 19

Table 7. --Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States bordering the 

the Great Lakes, 1952--Continued

Minnesota: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . .

New York: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State . .

Ohio: 

Supplied from Lake 

Erie ..............

Remainder of State . .

Wisconsin: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaC03 

(ppm)

44 

162 

150

124 

30 

71 

46

128 

149 

139

129 

172 

132

Population served

Thousands

107 

905 

1,012

964 

7,800 

1,895 

10,659

1,901 

2,051 

3,952

1,006 

89 

1,095

Percent 

of population of 

State

3.6 

30.3 

33.9

6.5 

52.6 

12.7 

71.8

23.9 

25.8 

49.7

29.3 

2.6 

31.9

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

275 

275

143 

87 

112

358 

358

253 

253

Population served

Thousands

282 

282

500 

622 

1,122

899 

899

519 

519

Percent 

of population of 

State

9.5 

9.5

3.4 

4.2 

7.6

11.3 

11.3

15.1 

15.1

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

44 

188 

177

124 

37 

75 

52

128 

213 

179

129 

241 

171

Population-served

Thousands

107 

1,187 

1,294

964 

8,300 

2,518 

11,782

1,901 

2,950 

4,851

1,006 

608 

1,614

Percent 

of population of 

State

3. 6 

39.8 

43.4

6.5 

56.0 

16.9 

79.4

23.9 

37.1 

61.0

29.3 

17.7 

47.0

The weighted average hardness for the supplies of 670 places in the United 

States in Water-Supply Paper 658 in 1932 was 102 parts per million; for the supplies in 1,315 places in this report, it is 97 parts. This difference of 5 parts in 

the hardness may seem difficult to explain when it is realized that the supplies of 

the more than 600 places included in this report and not included in the report in 

1932, are comparatively small places and many obtain their supplies from ground 

water which has a much higher average hardness generally than surface waters. 

This decrease in the hardness is readily explained by changes in the sources of 

supply to water of lower hardness affecting a rather large part of the population, 

and by an increase, in practice, of softening of supplies. Some of the places where 

changes in the hardness of the supplies have been effected are Little Rock, Flint, 

Minneapolis, St. Paul, Kansas City (Mo.), Oklahoma City, Toledo, Wichita, and 

the metropolitan area of Southern California, In 1932 the number of places with 

softened supplies was 40; in this report of the same 670 places mentioned inWaterSupply Paper 658 the number of places with softened supplies is 85.

The weighted average hardness for the surface-water supplies in the report in 

1932 was 85 parts per million; in this report it is 82 parts. The weighted average 

hardnesses for the ground-water supplies are 191 and 162 parts per million respectively. The decreases in the weighted average hardness of both surface and 

ground-water supplies are explained as above for the decrease in the weighted 

average for all the supplies for the country. Although the decrease in hardness 

of the ground-water supplies is much greater than in the surface-water supplies, 

this decrease has less weight in decreasing the weighted average for all supplies 

than the decrease in the surface supplies because the ground-water supplies represent only 11.2 percent of the total population, the surface supplies, 47.1 percent.

Data on weighted average hardness for the raw-water supplies are shown in 

table 8 in the same manner as they are shown in table 5 for the water supplies as 

served tothe consumers. Aver age-hardness values for the raw supplies were obtained in the same manner as for the supplies as served to the consumers, although 

more estimates were made for the raw water averages of the individual supplies
20 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLES, 1952

than for the finished water supplies.

An examination of the tables shows the weighted average hardness of the rawwater supplies for the United States to be 116 parts per million as compared to 97 

parts for the finished-water supplies; 96 parts for raw surface-water supplies as 

compared to82 parts for the finished surface-water supplies; and200parts for the 

raw ground-water supplies as compared to 162 parts for the finished ground-water 

supplies.

Table 8. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies in each State, i952

State

District of Columbia . .

Ohio ................

Wyoming ............

United States ......

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

40 

200 

23 

184 

110 

27 

55 

84 

95 

15 

90 

137 

206 

210 

221 

107 

108 

18 

38 

19 

113 

150 

56 

126 

101 

261 

101 

16 

51 

76 

46 

23 

255 

139 

150 

13 

86 

21 

17 

253 

77 

162 

171 

52 

48 

24 

66 

132 

114

96

Population served

Thousands

878 

167 

355 

7,962 

754 

1,481 

128 

803 

262 

1,237 

84 

4,901 

1,310 

429 

423 

916 

871 

388 

1,677 

3,314 

3,359 

1,012 

161 

2,099 

205 

264 

54 

194 

2,886 

50 

10,660 

1,194 

104 

3,952 

774 

644 

6,387 

672 

615 

67 

790 

1,971 

194 

103 

1,466 

1,029 

541 

1,095 

71

70, 953

Percent 

of population of 

State

28.7 

22.2 

18.6 

75.2 

56.9 

73.7 

40.3 

100 

9.4 

35.9 

14.3 

56.3 

33.3 

16.3 

22.2 

31.1 

32.4 

42.4 

71.6 

70.7 

52.7 

33.9 

7.4 

53.0 

34.8 

19.9 

33.5 

36.3 

59.7 

7.4 

71.8 

29.4 

16.8 

49.7 

34.6 

42.3 

60.9 

84.9 

29.1 

10.2 

24.0 

25.6 

28.2 

27.2 

44.2 

43.2 

27.0 

31.9 

24.3

47.1

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCOj 

(ppm)

67 

225 

60 

206

42 

56

242 

167 

135 

384 

354 

342 

271 

291 

84 

22 

27 

53 

314 

275 

20 

228 

224 

239 

204 

58 

137 

282 

112 

123 

345 

358 

224 

37 

200 

25 

23 

426 

49 

144 

212 

59 

157 

118 

185 

253 

233

200

Population served

Thousands

271 

271 

187 

1,945

23

44

1,218 

294 

142 

549 

571 

592 

380 

47 

332 

23 

34 

330 

510 

282 

361 

157 

39 

247 

42 

83 

988 

222 

1,122 

57 

49 

899 

122 

114 

320 

42 

125 

114 

543 

1,890 

179 

21 

93 

308 

108 

519 

64

16,873

Percent 

of population of 

State

8.8 

36.2 

9.8 

18.4

1.2 

13.7

44.0 

8.6 

24.2 

6.3 

14.5 

22.6 

20.0 

1.6 

12.4 

2.5 

1.4 

7.0 

8.0 

9.5 

16.6 

4.0 

6.6 

18.7 

26.5 

15.6 

20.4 

32.6 

7.6 

1.4 

7.9 

11.3 

5.5 

7.5 

3.0 

5.3 

5.9 

17.5 

16.5 

24.5 

25.9 

5.6 

2.8 

13.0 

5.4 

15.1 

22.3

11.2

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

47 

215 

36 

188 

110 

27 

55 

84 

216 

44 

119 

162 

251 

286 

245 

116 

101 

18 

38 

22 

140 

177 

31 

133 

121 

250 

147 

29 

73 

244 

52 

28 

283 

179 

160 

15 

91 

21 

18 

362 

66 

153 

191 

53 

54 

45 

86 

171 

171

116

Population served

Thousands

1,149 

438 

542 

9,907 

754 

1,504 

172 

803 

1,480 

1,531 

226 

5,450 

1,881 

1,021 

803 

963 

1,203 

411 

1,711 

3,644 

3,869 

1,294 

522 

2,256. 

244 

511 

96 

277 

3,874 

272 

11,782 

1,251 

153 

4,851 

896 

758 

6,707 

714 

740 

181 

1,333 

3,861 

373 

124 

1,559 

1,337 

649 

1,614 

.135

87,826

Percent, 

of population of 

State

37.5 

58.4 

28.4 

93.6 

56.9 

74.9 

54.0 

100 

53.4 

44.5 

38.5 

62.6 

47.8 

38.9 

42.2 

32.7 

44.8 

44.9 

73.0 

77.7 

60.7 

43.4 

24.0 

57.0 

41.4 

38.6 

60.0 

51.9 

80.1 

40.0 

79.4 

30.8 

24.7 

61.0 

40.1 

49.8 

63.9 

90.1 

35.0 

27.7 

40.5 

50.1 

54.1 

32.8 

47.0 

56.2 

32.4 

47.0 

46.6

58.3
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 21

Further examination of the tables shows that for six States the hardness reported 

for the raw-water supplies is the same as for the finished-water supplies. For 17 

States where soft water supplies are generally found the weighted average hardness 

of the raw-water supplies is less than the finished-water supplies, indicating the 

addition of lime in the treatment of the raw-water supplies for pH adjustment and 

corrosion control; and for 19 States where hard-water supplies are more general, 

the hardness of the raw-water supplies is considerably higher than the finishedwater supplies, indicating that softening was part of the treatment of the raw-water 

supplies in those areas.

The data on weighted average hardness in table 5 are further summarized on 

plate 1 and table 8 on plate 2. The States are separated into four groups according 

to the weighted average hardness of the supplies of each State and are shown on the 

maps by shaded patterns representing the four groups or ranges of hardness. These 

maps of weighted-average hardness of supplies by States have definite limitations, 

but they show, in a general way, the areas where water in definite ranges of hardness is found. It is obvious that hardness of water supplies does not follow State 

lines; moreover, each State, with one exception, has supplies with hardness that 

exceed the limits of the ranges of hardness for the particular group into which it 

falls. The map for the weighted average hardness of the raw-water supplies more 

nearly represents the average hardness of the natural waters than the map for the 

weighted average hardness of the finished-water supplies.

The classification of water supplies as soft, moderately hard, hard, and very 

hard is rather unsatisfactory even where the domestic use of the water is concerned, 

and much more so with respect to the industrial use of the water. Water with a 

hardness of 100 parts per million may be called a soft water by one accustomed to 

using a water with 300 or 400 parts of hardness, whereas, one accustomed to using 

a water with less than 50 parts hardness may call water with a hardness of 100 

parts rather hard. A water with a hardness of 100 parts is not soft in terms of 

soap consumption in cleansing, washing, and laundering operations. About 60 percent of the population of the places in this report are furnished with water having a 

hardness of 100 parts per million or less. (See table 9 and plate 3.)

Table 9. --Population served, and the percent of population served with water from public supplies having hardness of 100 parts per million or less for 1,315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952

State

Florida ...........

TWTif*V*icpan

Montana ...........

Population 

served 

(thousands)

1,065

32

509

2,643

183

1,504

155

803

857

1,382

140

215

135

396

155

627

1 1QQ

411

1,711

3,644

3,078

1,012

472

1,594

111

Percent

92.7

7.3

93.9

26.7

24.3

100

90.1

100

57.9

90.3

61.9

3

Q

7.2

38.8

1Q 1

65.1

Qd 9

100

100

100

79.6

78.2

90.4

70.7

45.5

State

Nevada .. .......

Ohio .............

Rhode Island ......

pT< f*nn0QQ00

TttTraci

Utah .............

Virginia

West Virginia .....

Total ...........

Population 

served 

(thousands)

0

44

252

2,686

35

10, 187

1,236

46

957

638

758

3,580

714

731

33

1,064

2,012

0

112

1,524

1,135

473

133

61

52,378

Percent

0

45.8

91.0

69.3

12.9

86.5

98.8

30.1

19.7

71.2

100

53.4

100

98.8

18.2

79.8

52.1

0

90.3

97.8

84.9

72.9

8.2

45.2

59.6
22 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

The limitations of quality with respect to the hardness of water supplies for 

industrial use are so varied that any general classification would not be feasible 

or satisfactory, A supply with a hardness of 60 parts per million may be satisfactory for one or several industries and not satisfactory for others. The grouping of the supplies in this report into four groups or ranges of hardness follows 

the pattern used in Water-Supply Paper 658 and is convenient for comparison; the 

grouping does not fit any industrial classification. Some other grouping may be 

more practical or satisfactory than the above.

For the finished-water supplies 17 States fall into the first group, 1 to 60 parts 

per million of hardness; 14 States and the District of Columbia fall into the second group, 61 to 120 parts of hardness; 10 States fall into the third group, 121 to 

180 parts of hardness; and 7 States fall into the group, above 180 parts of hardness. In the second group 3 States (California, Idaho, and Montana) have weightedaverage hardnesses near the maximum for the group, and a total of 9 States and 

the District of Columbia have weighted average hardnesses above 90 parts. In 

the third group 4 States (Kansas, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) have 

weighted average hardnesses around 170 parts or near the upper range of hardness for the group.

For the raw-water supplies, the States fall into the four groups as follows: 

18 States in the first group; 8 States and the District of Columbia in the second 

group; 11 States in the third group; and 11 States in the last group. The significant fact in this grouping of the States according to the weighted average hardness 

of the finished-water supplies and the raw-water supplies is the difference in the 

number of States falling into the second and last groups. Supplies that have been 

softened generally fall in with the group with 61 to 120 parts of hardness, and 

raw-water supplies most likely to be softened fall in the third and last groups. 

This difference in the number of States in the second group has been the result of 

softening of supplies with hardness not only above 180 parts but also those with 

hardness in the upper ranges of the third group.

AVERAGE HARDNESS

Further summaries of data on the hardness of the finished-water supplies for 

the places in this report are shown in table 10 and plate 4. Table 10 shows the 

average hardness of both finished surface-water and ground-water supplies 

and also of both supplies combined for each State, based on the number of supplies shown in the table for each State. It is realized that for some of the States 

the averages are based on too few or insufficient data--for example, no groundwater supplies are included in the average for Colorado, and only one surface 

supply is included in the average for Nebraska.

These arithmetical averages for the States as a whole are slightly higher than 

the weighted average hardness, for a small place has the same weight as a large 

place in the arithmetical averages and the larger places in many States are the 

ones that have the softer supplies or receive softened supplies, and consequently 

have more weight in a weighted average. The average hardness for the United 

States is 121 parts compared to 97 parts for the weighted average.

. The grouping of the States for plate 4 according to the four ranges of hardness 

differs considerably from the grouping for plate 1 of weighted averages. The number of States in the group of 1 to 60 parts per million of hardness and the group of 

above 180 parts for plate 4 is 12 and 13, respectively, as compared to 17 and 7 

for plate 1. The number of States in the other two groups is about the same, but 

the States making up the groups are different.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 1

HARDNESS, IN FARTS PER MILLION

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF FINISHED WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES FOR 1,315

OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 ( Face p. 22) No. 1

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 2

MASS

More than 180 > Location af cities

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF RAW WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES FOR 1,315 OF

THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 (Face p. ZZ) No. Z

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 3

liiiii.

r.::Q: ' :::::: vfT^'fr^V'TTTTrT-TT: : : : :

j.r-r-untisco .. .v ........................................ ..i

:::::::::: ::::-::\.::::::::::::: I:::::::::::::::::::.-*:::: J :*::::: '&: : : N::: :::: :::::::::::::;:: : ; ::::"/

More than 75 percent Location of cities

PERCENT OF POPULATION, BY STATES, SERVED FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES WITH WATER HAVING HARDNESS OF 100

PARTS PER MILLION OR LESS FOR 1,315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 303739 °' 54(Facep' 22) No' 3

HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 23

Table 10. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of finished 

water for 1,315 of the larger cities of the United States, 1952

State

Alabama .........

District of

Florida .........

Illinois ..........

Iowa ............

Massachusetts . . .

Nevada ..........

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey ......

North Carolina . . . 

North Dakota ..... 

Ohio ............

Pennsylvania ..... 

Rhode Island .....

South Carolina . . . 

South Dakota ..... 

Tennessee .......

Texas ...........

Utah. ............

Vermont .........

Washington ......

West Virginia ....

Wyoming ........

United States . . .

Surface supplies

Number

15 

5 

13 

29 

12 

20 

2

1 

5 

16 

7 

20 

15 

13 

13 

18 

6 

13 

9 

33 

19 

5 

3 

16 

10 

1 

4 

7 

18 

3 

44 

38 

6 

26 

20 

11 

54 

8 

21 

5 

13 

34 

3 

8 

25 

14 

16 

9 

6

712

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

46 

186 

51 

132 

106 

29 

61

96 

90 

31 

68 

133 

182 

140 

134 

97 

70 

23 

44 

28 

107 

78 

81 

125 

90 

261 

132 

17 

58 

87 

77 

35 

128 

123 

174 

28 

71 

38 

23 

154 

89 

162 

196 

57 

49 

32 

71 

120 

195

85

Ground supplies

Number

8 

20 

15 

57

3

7

24 

17 

li 

14 

20 

24 

15 

3 

11 

2 

2 

14 

14 

18 

20 

7 

6 

12 

6 

4 

22 

11 

19 

4 

5 

16 

8 

4 

11 

4 

14 

8 

9 

46 

12 

4 

7 

9 

5 

15 

7

594

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

70 

215 

70 

176

42 

76

112 

114 

172 

324 

338 

274 

229 

128 

60 

42 

26 

56 

216 

265 

28 

173 

202 

253 

168 

50 

104 

321 

104 

76 

275 

202 

156 

50 

127 

28 

22 

379 

86 

125 

222 

79 

140 

82 

168 

240 

225

164

All supplies

Number

23 

25 

28 

86 

12 

23 

9

1 

29 

33 

18 

34 

35 

37 

28 

21 

17 

15 

11 

47 

33 

23 

23 

23 

16 

13 

10 

11 

40 

14 

63 

42 

11 

42 

28 

15 

65 

12 

35 

13 

22 

80 

15 

12 

32 

23 

21 

24 

13

1,306

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

54 

210 

61 

161 

106 

30 

74

96 

108 

75 

132 

212 

271 

227 

185 

101 

64 

23 

40 

36 

153 

224 

35 

140 

132 

254 

154 

30 

83 

271 

85 

39 

195 

153 

i69 

34 

80 

34 

22 

292 

88 

140 

217 

64 

69 

53 

94 

195 

211

121
24 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Further data on average hardness of the raw-water supplies of places in this report are shown in table 11 and plate 5. The results for average hardness of the 

raw-water supplies in table 11 were obtained in the same manner as for table 10 

of the finished-water supplies. The averages for some of the States in table 10 differ only to a small degree, being either higher or lower, from the weighted averages of the raw-water supplies as shown in table 8, whereas for other States the 

two averages differ considerably. The average hardness for the United States is 

139 parts as compared to 116 parts for the weighted average.

The arrangement of the States into the four groups, according to the ranges of 

average hardness as shown in plate 5, differs considerably as to the number falling 

into each group and as to the States making up each group, from the groupings made 

according to the weighted average hardness as shown on plate 2. The greatest difference as to number of States is in the two groups of the higher ranges of hardness, 121 to 180 parts and above 180 parts, respectively. In these two groups there 

are 4 States and 19 States respectively, as compared to 11 and 11 in the same groups 

for plate 2.

The data on hardness as summarized in table 11 and plate 5 when compared with 

those summarized in table 10 plate 4 also reveal important difference in the values 

for average hardness of the raw and finished supplies of the individual States and 

the grouping of the States into the four groups or ranges of hardness. The data as 

summarized in table 11 and plate 5 give more nearly accurate information as to the 

average hardness of the natural waters of the States than the data on average hardness weighted according to population or changed by reason of the treatment of the 

supplies, summarized in the preceding tables and illustrations. Plate 5 is a reasonably accurate representation of the areas of soft and hard waters in the United 

States.

Table 11. --Numoer of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of raw water lor

State

Colorado ........

Dpi QU/J1TP

District of

Florida .........

Illinois ..........

Maine ...........

Maryland .....

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan. ........

Mississippi ......

Surface supplies

Number

15 

5 

13 

32 

12 

19 

2

1 

5 

16 

7 

19 

17 

13 

13 

18 

6 

13 

8 

33 

19 

5 

3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

30 

183 

38 

150 

107 

26 

45

84 

75 

24 

65 

174 

199 

195 

210 

92 

87 

20 

36 

24 

135 

148 

61

Ground supplies

Number

9 

20 

15 

56

3

7

24 

18 

11 

14 

21 

24 

15 

3 

11 

2 

3 

14 

14 

18 

20

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

72 

215 

80 

189

42 

72

252 

126 

172 

358 

352 

355 

307 

206 

112 

22 

30 

58 

298 

280 

34

All supplies

Number

24 

25 

28 

88 

12 

22 

9

1 

29 

34 

18 

33 

38 

37 

28 

21 

17 

15 

11 

47 

33 

23 

23

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

46 

209 

61 

175 

107 

28 

66

84 

222 

78 

131 

252 

284 

299 

262 

109 

103 

21 

34 

34 

204 

251 

37
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 4

More than ISO Location of cities

AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF FINISHED WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

FOR 1,315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 ( Face p. Z4) No. 1

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 5

HARDNESS, IN PARTS PER MILLION

AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF RAW WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

FOR 1,315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 ( Face p. 24) No. 2

HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 25

Table li. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of raw water for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952 --Continued

State

Nebraska ........

WAV aria

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey ......

T^AW IMTAiripn

"MAU/ YnTlr

North Carolina . . . 

North Dakota ..... 

Ohio ............

Oklahoma ........

Pennsylvania .... 

Rhode Island ..... 

South Carolina . . . 

South Dakota .....

Utah ............

ViTCrinia

Washington. ......

West Virginia .... 

Wisconsin .......

United States . . .

Surface supplies

Number

16 

10 

1 

4 

7 

18 

3 

44 

38 

6 

26 

20 

11 

54 

8 

21 

5

ia

34 

3 

8 

25 

14 

16 

9 

6

714

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

163 

106 

261 

182 

17 

54 

89 

78 

22 

231 

i60 

176 

26 

70 

31 

18 

256 

85 

177 

196 

57 

43 

33 

62 

142 

173

94

Ground supplies

Number

7 

6 

12 

6 

4 

22 

11 

19 

4 

5 

17 

8 

4 

12 

5 

14 

8 

9 

46 

12 

4 

9 

9 

5 

15 

7

602

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)'

247 

193 

267 

168 

55 

110 

337 

106 

126 

300 

361 

246 

50 

172 

26 

19 

452 

84 

126 

222 

79 

141 

83 

202 

239 

247

192

All supplies

Number

23 

16 

13 

10 

11 

40 

14 

63 

42

n

43 

28 

15 

66 

13 

35 

13 

22 

80 

15 

12 

34 

23 

21 

24 

13

1,316

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

189 

139 

267 

174 

31 

85 

284 

87 

32 

262 

240 

196 

33 

89 

29 

19 

392 

85 

148 

217 

64 

69 

52 

95 

203 

213

139

MEDIAN HARDNESS

Data on the average hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 1, 315 of 

the larger cities of the United States are summarized in a different way in table 12 

for finished-water supplies and in table 13 for raw-water supplies than in the preceding tables. These two tables in addition to showing the median of the average 

hardnesses of the supplies of each State, show the range in average hardness of 

the supplies of each State based on the number of supplies indicated in each table. 

The number of supplies shown for each State may not necessarily coincide with 

the number of cities for each State included in the report, because a number 6f 

cities in several States are supplied from a single source of supply, and conversely, one city may have several sources of supply.
26 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 12. --Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median hardness of finished water, 

by States, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Montana .............

Number 

of 

supplies

23

OK

28

86

12

90

9

1

29

33

IA

35

17

28

91

17

15

11

47

33

9*1

23

23

16

Range 

in 

hardness

14-115

12-500

11-250

18-561

11-317

11-46

24-144

20-274

8-354

80-565

76-640

83-632

75-548

2 1 51

8-82

3-85

8-80

43-405

46-464

2-150

16-404

Median 

hardness

49

185

45

152

68

19

61

96

91

50

125

144

286

1 Q9

130

107

76

18

35

39

132

241

23

120

121

State

Utah .............

West Virginia

Number 

of 

supplies

13

10

11

40

14

63

42

11

42

28

15

65

12

35

13

22

80

15

12

32

23

21

24

13

Range 

in 

hardness

112-37,0

33-320

10-121

10-251

30-626

7-292

6-113

81-406

46-427

8-675

9-95

5-256

17-83

3-107

70-672

19-177

4-700

152-349

16-121

8-295

12-155

28-264

50-500

12-575

Median 

hardness

274

162

21

67

168

82

36

152

120

130

36

72

30

17

255

79

96

198

58

45

46

70

131

170

Table 13. --Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median hardness of raw water, by 

States, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Illinois ..............

Montana .............

Number 

of 

supplies

24

25

28

88

12

99

9

9Q

9A

18

33

38

37

28

21

17

15

11

47

33

23

23

23

16

Range 

in 

hardness

7-115

12-500

10-250

18-561

11-308

11-46

22-144

12-1,060

10-360

8 OCA

126-565

112-640

96-632

115-548

12-350

2-395

8-63

3-80

8-95

4.o_Anc

AAAC.A

3-226

55-317

3-404

Median 

hardness

41

190

35

167

64

28

35

84

200

225

285

268

95H

100

90

18

32

28

250

9fl

183

144

State

Number 

of 

supplies

13

10

11

40

14

63

42

11

43

28

15

66

13

35

13

22

80

15

12

34

23

21

24

13

Range 

in 

hardness

155-370

33-320

10-121

5-251

35-626

7-292

6-195

51-445

95-677

8-700

8-95

5-314

10-68

3-107

193-673

25-161

4-700

152-349

16-121

7-330

12-155

16-264

50-500

12-700

Median 

hardness

284

202

21

66

212

81

23

257

217

134

35

68

26

16

281

86

126

198

57

44

46

87

168

150
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 27

The range in hardness as shown in these two tables is the range in the average 

hardnesses for the number of supplies as indicated for each State. No intent is 

made to show the range in hardness of the individual supplies of each city. The 

tables show that for some States the range in average hardness of the supplies is 

comparatively small, whereas for other States it is large. The lower limits of 

the range in average hardness for all the States for finished-water supplies range 

from 2 to 152 parts, the upper limits from 46 to 700 parts. For the raw-water 

supplies, the lower limits of the range in average hardness for all the States is 2 

to 193 parts; the upper limits, 46 to 1,060 parts. The ranges in average hardnesses, as here shown for the public water supplies included in this report for 

each State, tend to emphasize the fact that erroneous conclusions may be drawn 

from averages of hardness for each State.

The median of the - average hardnesses is that value below which there are as 

many supplies with hardness less than the median as there are supplies with hardness greater than the median. The difference between the average hardness and 

the median indicates the difference in balance of the hardnesses of supplies with 

less and greater hardness than the median.

All data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for the places included in this report are shown in summary table 14, in which are summarized 

the data on weighted average hardness, average hardness, and median hardness.

Table i4. --Summary of data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Alabama ........

Connecticut .....

District of 

Columbia ..... 

Florida ........

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan .......

Mississippi .....

New Hampshire . 

New Jersey ..... 

New Mexico ..... 

New York .......

Finished water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

55 

2i6 

42 

118 

107 

21 

60

96 

123 

41 

119 

156 

237 

212 

176 

102 

68 

20 

48 

23 

115 

114 

39 

106 

120 

247 

135 

28 

75 

237 

52

Average 

hardness

56 

208 

61 

160 

106 

29 

75

96 

91 

76 

136 

215 

272 

235 

185 

101 

64 

23 

40 

36 

160 

224 

35 

i41 

137 

254 

154 

30 

86 

271 

74

Median 

hardness

49 

185 

45 

152 

68 

32 

61

96 

91 

50 

125 

144 

286 

192 

130 

107 

76 

18 

35 

39 

132 

241 

23 

120 

121 

274 

162 

21 

67 

168 

82

Raw water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

47 

215 

36 

188 

110 

27 

55

84 

216 

44 

119 

162 

251 

286 

245 

116 

101 

18 

38 

22 

140 

177 

31 

133 

121 

250 

147 

29 

73 

244 

52

Average 

hardness

46 

209 

61 

187 

89 

28 

66

84 

222 

78 

131 

252 

284 

299 

262 

109 

103 

21 

34 

34 

207 

251 

37 

188 

139 

267 

174 

31 

85 

284 

87

Median 

hardness

41 

190 

35 

167 

64 

28 

35

84 

200 

48 

105 

225 

285 

268 

250 

100 

90 

18 

32 

28 

185 

250 

20 

183 

144 

284 

202 

21 

66 

212 

81
28 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 14. Summary fcf data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, i952--Continued

State

North Carolina . . 

North Dakota .... 

Ohio ...........

f}rt*tmn

Pennsylvania . . . 

Rhode Island . . . 

South Carolina . . 

South Dakota ....

Texas ..........

Utah ...........

Vermont ........

Washington ..... 

West Virginia . . .

Wyoming .......

United States . .

Finished water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

34 

170 

150 

125 

17 

86 

32 

18 

299 

70 

132 

191 

53 

65 

44 

88 

167 

171

97

Average 

hardness

38 

192 

155 

169 

37 

81 

34 

22 

292 

86 

144 

217 

64 

70 

52 

94 

195 

211

121

Median 

hardness

36 

152 

120 

130 

36 

72 

30 

17 

255 

79 

96 

198 

58 

45 

46 

70 

131 

170

91

Raw water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

28 

283 

179 

160 

15 

91 

21 

18 

362 

66 

153 

19i 

53 

54 

45 

86 

171 

171

116

Average 

hardness

32 

262 

240 

196 

33 

89 

29 

19 

392 

85 

148 

217 

64 

69 

52 

100 

203 

221

139

Median 

hardness

23

257 

217 

134 

35 

68 

26 

16 

281 

86 

126 

198 

57 

44 

46 

87 

168 

150

90

SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

Table 15 is a tabulation of data as to sources and general methods of treatment relative to the public water supplies of the larger cities of the United States 

in 1952. The data for the table were taken from those shown for the supply for 

each place in the report.
SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 29

Table 15. Source and treatment of the public water supplies for 1,315 of the 

.larger cities in the United States, 1952

Source and treatment

Surface water: 

No treatment ..........................

Slow sand filtration ....................

Softening 

With lime ...........................

With lime-soda ash ...................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Ground water (wells, infiltration galleries, 

and springs): 

No treatment ...........................

Slow sand filtration ....................

Rapid sand filtration ...................

Softening 

With lime ...........................

With lime-soda ash ...................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Total ground-water supplies ..........

Mixed supplies (surface and ground water) : 

No treatment ..........................

No treatment other than chlorination .....

Iron and manganese removal ............

Slow sand filtration ......

Rapid sand filtration ...................

Softening 

With lime ............................

With lime-soda ash ...................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Total mixed supplies ................

Total all softened supplies ........

Total all supplies ................

Number of 

places

3 

143 

28 

459

44 

31 

3

78

711

114 

213 

64 

0 

16

31 

20 

14

65

472

0 

37 

2 

7 

58

10 

12 

6

28

132

171

1.315

Population served

Thousands

"95 

18,095 

3,348 

32,867

3,917 

3,163 

2,859

9,939

64,344

2,025 

7,335 

2,594 

0 

463

1, 114 

524 

340

1,978

14,395

0 

3,631 

41 

132 

2,694

1,164 

1,096 

329

2,589

9,087

14, 506

87.826

Percent

0.1 

28.1 

5.2 

51.1

6.1 

4.9 

4.5

15.5

100.0

14.1 

51.0 

18.0 

0 

3.2

7.7 

3.6 

2.4

13.7

100.0

0 

40.0 

.4 

1.4 

29.7

12.8 12. 1* 

3.6

28.5

100.0

16.5

100.0

Percent of 

population of 

United States

0.1 

12.0 

2.2 

21.8

2.6 

2.1 

1.9

6.6

42.7

1.4 

4.9 

1.7 

0 

.3 .

.7 

.4 

.2

1.3

9.6

0 

2.4 

.0 

.1 

1.8

.8 

.7 

.2

1.7

6.0

9.6

58.3
30 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

NATURAL SURFACE WATER

Of the 711 places included in this report that are supplied with surface water 

only, 3 receive no treatment and 143 receive no treatment other than chlorination. 

See table 15 and fig. 2. The population thus served represents 28. 2 percent of the 

population served with surface supplies only, and 12 percent of the total population of the United States. Falling into this category are some of the largest public 

supplies of the country. These supplies are usually taken from large lakes or from 

impounding reservoirs on streams that drain protected uninhabited watersheds. 

The storage capacity of these lakes and reservoirs is usually so large in relation 

to demand that sufficient time is given for the settling of any suspended matter and 

for natural purification. The growth of algae in these open bodies of water can be 

very troublesome.

Many of these waters are soft and contain small quantities of mineral matter 

in solution. Some may have little color, others may be highly colored. The lack 

of hardness and dissolved minerals are desirable characteristics as far as domestic use and many industrial uses are concerned, but on the other hand these waters 

are likely to be corrosive and may cause trouble in service mains and plumbing 

installations. Some of the waters that are not corrosive may be equally troublesome because of their hardness and mineral content.

The current trend is to treat public supplies so as to make them not only safe 

for drinking from a sanitary point of view but more satisfactory for general use and 

to protect expensive water-supply systems from corrosion and resultant troubles.

SURFACE WATER 

f. 15.5 percent a. O.I percent

GROUND WATER 

f. 13.7 percent a. 14.1 percent

MIXED SUPPLIES

Of) percent

e. 0.0 percent c. 5.2 percent d. 3.2 percent~c. O.O percent e. 0.4 percent c. 1.4 percent

a. No treatment

b. No treatment other than chlorinatian

c. Slow sand filtration

d. Rapid sand filtration 

e.lron and manganese removal 

f.Softening and filtration

TREATED SURFACE WATER

A total of 487 places of all the places supplies with surface water included in 

this report were furnished with water filtered through sand filters, exclusive of 

those supplies filtered in conjunction with softening. Of the population supplied 

with filtered water, 5. 2 percent received water from slow sand filters, and 51.1 

percent, from rapid sandfilters. Seventy-eight of the surface water supplies were 

softened. These softened supplies represented 15. 5 percent of population furnished 

with surface water only.

A total of 71.4 percent of the population served with surface water received 

water that was given more treatment than just chlorination. The above total does 

not include the surface water mixed with ground water and classed as mixed supplies.
SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 31

GROUND WATER

Ground water, although used exclusively by only 472 of the places included in 

this report is used by the greater part of the rural population of the country and 

by the smaller cities and towns. Ground water is less subjectto changes in chemical composition than surface water, is generally clearer, and is cooler in summer. On the other hand, ground water usually contains more dissolved mineral 

matter and frequently objectionable quantities of iron. Supplies from shallow 

sources and springs are sometimes subject to pollution.

The population served exclusively by ground-water supplies of the places in 

this report represents 16. 4 percent of the total population of the 1,315 places, 

andonly9. 6percent of the total population of the country. Of the 472 places served with ground water, 114 places received water with no treatment; 213 places 

received water with no treatment other than chlorination. The population of these 

327 places represents about 65 percent of the total population served exclusively 

with ground water. Sixty-five places were served with softened water, the population of which places represents about 14 percent of the total population served 

with ground water.

MIXED SUPPLIES

The population of 132 of the 1, 315 places in this report was furnished with supplies, classedas mixed, from both surface and ground sources. In some instances 

the water from one source was not mixed with that from the other before entering 

the city mains; in other instances the water from the two sources was mixed prior 

to entering the mains. In some instances one or more sections of a city was furnished with water from one source, while at the same time other sections were 

furnished water from the other source. Ground water made up about 27 percent 

of the total supply of these places furnished with mixed supplies. The population 

served with mixed supplies is about 10 percent of the total population of the 1, 315 

places included in this report and 6.0 percent of the population of the country.

M-?st of these places received water which was given more treatment than 

chlorniation. Most of the supplies were filtered or softened. In some instances 

one part of the supply received no treatment other than chlorination, whereas the 

other part received more treatment.

PHYSICAL PLANT FACILITIES

Data relative to the physical plant facilities for treatment, raw-water storage, 

and finished-water storage for most of the places included in this report, are 

shown in table 16 and graphically in figure 3. Facilities for chlorination only are 

not included in the statistics relative to the number and capacities of the treat - 

mentplants. For afew placesthe capacities of thetreatmentplants are notshown. 

Facilities for the storage of raw and finished water are included for all places 

included in the report for which storage data are shown. For some places storage data were not available or were not reported. In the tabulation of the data, 

chlorinated water is considered finished water. Many large cities, the supplies 

of which are taken from natural lakes or from large streams, have few facilities 

for raw-water storage and have no particular need for them. Many places taking 

their supplies from wells have few facilities for raw-water storage since many 

such supplies are pumped directly into the distribution systems.
32 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 16. --Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger cities 

in the United States, 1952

State

California .... 

Colorado .....

Connecticut . . .

District of 

Columbia .... 

Florida ......

Idaho .........

Illinois .......

Louisiana .....

Massachusetts

Minnesota .... 

Mississippi . . .

Nevada ......

New Hampshire 

New Jersey . . . 

New Mexico . . .

North Carolina 

North Dakota . . 

Ohio .........

Pennsylvania . . 

Rhode Island . . 

South Carolina 

South Dakota . . 

Tennessee .... 

Texas ....

Utah .........

Vermont ......

Washington. . . . West Virginia . 

Wisconsin. .... 

Wyoming .....

Total .......

Treatment plants

Number 

of 

plants

15 

5 

20 

17 

7 

10 

5

2 

17 

19 

4 

21 

23 

19 

17 

16 

11 

4 

8 

13 

18 

8 

9 

18 

4 

4 

1 

3 

15 

2 

36 

39 

7 

31 

21 

6 

35 

5 

22 

8 

16 

36 

0 

1 

24 

4 

18 

12 

4

660

Total 

capacity 

(mgd)

139 

43 

74 

652 

242 

115 

6

225 

217 

217 

19 

494 

317 

136 

150 

222 

185 

20 

315 

116 

889 

349 

35 

503 

53 

123 

2 

6 

300 

4 

498 

187 

26 

888 

161 

45 

936 

111 

94 

27 

212 

605 

0 

6 

257 

24 

133 

293 

23

10,694

Raw -water storage

Number 

of 

places

11 

9 

7 

55 

15 

21 

5

1 

10 

16 

11 

10 

13 

15 

9 

11 

6 

8 

10 

52 

10 

5 

7 

14 

11 

7 

7 

7 

36 

9 

30 

27 

4 

28 

18 

6 

36 

15 

20 

2 

2 

33 

9 

8 

19 

8 

8 

7 

5

693

Capacity 

(mg)

5,736 

8,598 

17,498 

621,233 

187,354 

113,154 

100

560 

766 

1,238 

3,015 

15,631 

7,993 

2,404 

1,039 

3,058 

40 

8,774 

59,036 

562, 570 

1,641 

6,755 

1,209 

4,176 

18,279 

96 

119 

9,536 

54 

2,851 

377,798 

48,856 

7 

32, 164 

107,974 

15 

49,028 

6,440 

5,483 

3,876 

2 

119,719 

1,685 

1,606 

30,564 

8,371 

1,501 

20 

724

2,460,346

Finished-water storage

Number 

of 

places

24 

9 

26 

39 

7 

11 

6

1 

24 

29 

7 

41 

30 

30 

19 

21 

13 

17 

11 

50 

38 

20 

18 

28 

6 

5 

3 

7 

50 

9 

51 

40 

10 

46 

24 

15 

45 

15 

29 

11 

19 

65 

4 

5 

30 

19 

21 

26 

7

1,081

Capacity 

(mg)

61 

172 

74 

1,956 

221 

1,260 

4

118 

59 

78 

22 

789 

141 

125 

10 

164 

45 

162 

847 

2,570 

288 

223 

28 

379 

33 

95 

7 

85 

1 

47 

5,225 

169 

191 

686 

128 

385 

2,502 

93 

75 

38 

156 

497 

66 

56 

3,222 

755 

60 

140 

49

24,557
TREATMENT OF WATER 33

400

300

en

UJ

IJ200 

o

100

1

o o

O 

(0 §1

ift . '

Q o

2 gist

§ PoOl c

« 2 2 r ^ 3 § f

TREATMENT-PL A NT CAPACITY RAW-WATER STORAGE FINISHED-WATER STORAGE 

MGD MILLION GALLONS MILLION GALLONS

TREATMENT OF WATER

The treatment of water for public supplies is comprehensively discussed in 

technical books expressly written for that purpose (Amer. Waterworks Assoc., 

1950; Hopkins, 1948; Nordell, 1951). Improvements in the design of waterworks 

equipment and installations and the processes involved in the treatment and purification of water supplies are generally reported in the Journal of the American 

Water Works Association and other waterworks publications of a technical or professional nature. Statistics and descriptions have been collected for practically 

all public water-supply systems and purifications plants of the country. (U. S. 

Public Health Service, 1948).

The general discussions in this report relative to the treatment of public water 

supplies are of necessity brief and are intended to be mainly explanatory in character as to the data contained herein. The descriptions given of the treatment of 

some of the individual supplies are incomplete, and others are lacking in detail, 

but it is hoped that the descriptions that are given will be of some aid to those 

using the report, and of value in the interpretation and Evaluation of the analytical 

data for each supply.

NATURAL PURIFICATION

It is generally recognized that waters impounded in artificial lakes and reservoirs improve in quality from storage. Suspended matter settles out, and the 

amount of color and the number of pathogenic and other bacteria decrease. On 

the other hand, conditions are favorable for the growth of algae and other microorganisms. Sanitary conditions within the catchment area of such supplies are
34 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

usually carefully controlled to prevent pollution of the supply.

On account of the great increase in urban population and industrial development, and the resultant pollution of many streams, relatively few places depend 

on natural purification of their supplies. Chlorine is regularly applied as a safety 

measure to those supplies that have no other treatment than natural purification.

FILTRATION

Filtration, simply defined, is a process of clearing a liquid of suspended material. Filtration in water treatment and purification is of extreme importance. 

Sand is usually the filtering medium, and the two principal types of filters are 

rapid sand filters and slow sand filters. The essential difference between filtration by means of rapid sand filters and slow sand filters is in the treatment of the 

raw water preceding filtration, the rate of filtration, and the method of cleaning 

the filters. The preliminary treatment of the raw water is important in the efficient operation of filters of both types. The rate of filtration is as much as 50 

times more rapid in the rapid sand filter than in the slow sand filter. The rapid 

sand filter is cleansed or is washed by re versing the flow of water through the filtering medium, and the slow sand filter by removing and cleaning the top layer of 

sand.

Other filtering media and other types of filters are used in the treatment of 

water. Crushed and graded anthracite coal is sometimes used instead of sand and 

gravel. The rate of filtration through anthracite coal is more rapid than through 

sand, and the velocity needed for the wash water is lower, but coal is more expensive than sand and gravel. Pressure types of filters with upward or downward 

flow are used as opposed to the sand filters with gravity flow. Pressure filters 

may be horizontal as well as vertical in design. Pretreatment of the water is as 

necessary for the pressure filters as it is for the more conventional type sand 

filter.

RAPID SAND FILTRATION

The essential processes in the treatment of water where rapid sand filters are 

concerned are coagulation and sedimentation preceding filtration.

Plain sedimentation. Plain or primary sedimentation, differentiated from 

that which follows after the addition of the coagulants to the raw water, is accomplished at many plants by allowing the raw water to stand in large basins or reservoirs for a length of time sufficient for the greater quantity of the suspended 

material to settle out. Finely divided and colloidal materials do not readily settle out, making it necessary to add coagulants before the filtration process. Plain 

sedimentation is an important preliminary step in the treatment of turbid waters 

even where rapid sand filters are used and is absolutely essential where slow 

sand filters are used, if coagulation is not used prior to filtration. Earlier this 

was the only treatment given surface waters, but the current practice is not to 

rely on plain sedimentation as a means of water purification. Impounded reservoir supplies are usually chlorinated as an added precaution when no other treatment is given.

Provisions are usually necessary for the removal of the settled material from 

reservoirs and basins by operation of sluice gates or other means. Capacity of 

reservoirs can be greatly lessened by this settled material and the useful life of 

the reservoir limited.

Coagulation. To settle out the finely divided solid material, colloidal material, and bacteria and other micro-organisms, it is necessary to apply coagulants 

to the raw water after plain sedimentation. The most commonly used coagulant 

is aluminum sulfate, referred to as alum. Ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate are 

less commonly used. Other coagulants are ferric chloride, sodium aluminate, 

sodium silicate, and bentonite. Lime and soda ash as conditioning agents are 

frequently used in conjunction with coagulants. Activated silica, originally sug-
TREATMENT OF WATER 35

gested by Baylis(1937) as an aid in coagulation, is finding increasing use as a coagulant in softening plants (Black, 1948) and in other treatment plants (Hay, 1944). 

Different coagulants have specific merits which must be recognized in selecting 

the ones to be used. Coagulants, either in dry or liquid form, are fed to the raw 

water by various regulating feeding devices. The ease in handling and application 

of the coagulant is sometimes an important consideration in the selection of the 

coagulant to be used.

The addition of alum in the coagulation process increases the sulfate content, 

reduces the alkalinity of the water, and tends to leave the water somewhat corrosive. The increase in the sulfate content of the water is of minor significance in 

the industrial use of the water. The adjustment of the pH of the water is usually 

necessary before delivery to the mains.

The action of the coagulant is to clump together the suspended material, so 

that it and most of the coagulant may settle out prior to filtration. Proper coagulation and subsequent settling are very important in the efficient operation of the 

modern rapid sand filtration plant. The quantity or dosage of coagulant to be added 

to the raw water was based formerly on the turbidity, later on the alkalinity of the 

water. Current practice is to determine the proper dosage by trial. Turbidity, 

pH, temperature of the water, and length of time of mixing are factors to be considered in determining the proper dosage. Finely divided suspended material is 

more difficult to coagulate than larger particles. Good coagulation is obtained 

only at definite pH ranges, and in some waters adjustment of pH is necessary. 

Length of time of mixing and temperature of the water affect coagulation and flocculation, and consequently the dosage required. The variable character of a water and the different types of waters must be considered; strict laboratory control 

is necessary throughout the whole treatment process.

Mixing and settling basins, filters. --There are various types of mixing basins, 

the function of which are to mix the chemicals with the water quickly and uniformly 

so as to bring about the proper flocculation of the coagulant and to keep the water 

in motion a certain length of time before it enters the settling basins or sedimentation basins. The coagulated water is detained in the settling basins to allow the 

floe to settle out. The design and arrangement of the settling basins are such that 

this settled floe or sludge can be removed continuously or periodically. The water 

finally enters the filters from the settling basins practically free of suspended matter and floe and a great many bacteria and micro-organisms.

The rapid sand filter is usually rectangular in shape, filled to the desired depth 

with graded gravel and sand, equipped with a system of underdrains to carry off 

the filtered water, and a means of washing by an upward flow of water.

The rate of flow of water through the filter is usually 2 to 3 gallons per minute 

per square foot of filter surface. The filtering rate and loss of head at most modern plants are recorded automatically.' Washing is necessary when there is loss 

of head and flow of water through the filter. The washing process consists basically in an upward flow of water through the filter bed at such velocity that the filtering sand layer is agitated sufficiently to clean it of the material to be removed 

yptvithout appreciable loss of filter sand. Mechanical means of agitating the sand 

are sometimes employed during the washing process. The efficient operation of 

rapid sand filters requires constant attention to give an effluent of high quality.

SLOW SAND FILTRATION

Slow sand filters are the older type of sand filters and are often referred to as 

the European type, as compared with the rapid sand filters or the American type.

The filtering units are usually of large size requiring much more space, and 

therefore construction costs are much greater than for rapid sand filters of the 

same capacity. The rates of filtration range from 2 to 10 million gallons per acre 

of sand surface per day as compared to the 125 million gallons or more of the rapid sand filter.

Filtration by slow sand filters is definitely limited to waters of low turbidity, 

usually less than 20 parts (silica standard), of low color, and of low bacterial load. 

Water from lakes and large reservoirs may be filtered by slow sand filters without
36 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

pretreatment.

Slow sand filters are efficient in the removal of taste and odor because biological activity in the filters changes the forms of nitrogen and destroys some forms 

of organic matter. They can be operated with a minimum of attention. Because 

of construction costs and the lack of adaptability to waters of changing characteristics and to modifications of treatment of the water, few slow sand filters are 

being installed today.

DISINFECTION

Chlorine is the chief reagent used in the disinfection of water supplies and is 

added before delivery of the water to the mains. The quantity of chlorine to be 

added for effective disinfection depends upon the chlorine demand of the water. 

This quantity must satisfy the chlorine demand and leave a residual of free available chlorine of about 0.1 to 0. 3 part per million. The chlorine residual can be 

conveniently determined by the well-known ortho-tolidine or ortho-tolidine arsenite test. Once the chlorine residual required for a water, determined by bacteriological check, is known, the chlorine dosage can be controlled to meet this 

requirement by an automatic feeding device, Excessive chlorination can thus be 

avoided.

Other agents used in the disinfection of water are chloride of lime, hypochlorites, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ammonia in conjunction with chlorine, ozone, and ultra-violet light. Some of these agents find special application where 

control of tastes and odors are concerned> or where the volume of water to be 

treated is not large.

Prechlorination is practiced in many modern water-treatment plants. Numerous benefits result from the practice and in some instances it is a necessity, 

especially where control of tastes and odors are involved in the treatment scheme. 

In practice the chlorine may be added to the water before or with the coagulant. 

Prechlorination may find special application in waters softened with lime.

Superchlorination is practiced at some plants where the water is heavily polluted or contains taste-producing compounds. If the chlorine is added greatly in 

excess of the chlorine demand of the water, dechlorination, usually with sulfur 

dioxide or some of its derivatives, should follow to remove the surplus chlorine 

before the water enters the mains.

Chlorination does not normally affect the industrial value of the water except 

as it may affect the taste or odor.

ADJUSTMENT OF pH

Some adjustment of the pH of the water is usually necessary either during the 

main treatment process or before the filter effluent enters the mains. Finished 

water of too low pH will aggressively attack iron mains, resulting in the water 

carrying in solution troublesome quantities of iron, and damage to the mains by 

pitting and tuberculation. Lime or soda ash is usually used to adjust the pH of 

the water so that it will not be corrosive. Carbon dioxide is also used to adjust 

the pH of lime softened waters.

TASTES AND ODORS

One of the requirements of a good drinking water is that it be free of tastes 

and odors. Tastes and odors do not seriously affect the industrial use of water 

except in the food and beverage industries.

Tastes and odors in public water supplies may be divided into two general classes 

--those caused by plant growths of the algal type and those that are due to sewage 

and to polluting wastes from industrial plants such as coke, gasworks, oil refinery, 

and cannery. The tastes and odors resulting from the growth and destruction of algae are usually accompanied by those resulting from decaying vegetation, such as
TREATMENT OF WATER 37

leaves, grass, and roots, and from bacterial slimes. The tastes and odors resulting from sewage and industrial pollution may be due to the tastes and odors of the 

polluting substances themselves or may be produced as a direct result of the presence of these substances in the water in the treatment process. These tastes and 

odors may be described as organic, medicated, or phenolic.

Various methods are used in the prevention and elimination of tastes and odors. 

Aeration is sufficient in some instances. Effective algicides are copper sulfate 

and chlorine, the latter either in elemental form or as calcium hypochlorite. But 

it must be emphasized that the growth of algae should be prevented or controlled, 

for the tastes and colors resulting from too great a destruction of algae is often 

worse than those produced by the algae in their life cycle. Activated carbon, usually added along with coagulants, is used at many plants. It may also be applied 

to reservoirs. Heavy application' of chlorine in prechlorination or superchlorination is used in preventing so-called phenolic tastes as well as those resulting from 

heavy pollution. Ammonia, in conjunction with chlorine, also is used for the same 

purpose. In recent years chlorine dioxide is finding increasing application in the 

prevention and control of tastes and odors. (Aston, 1950.) The whole problem of 

prevention and elimination of tastes and odors is complicated.

IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL

Surface-water supplies, generally, have very little iron in solution. Some 

streams, however, receiving industrial wastes or acid mine drainage may carry 

objectionable quantities of iron and manganese as well. Some surface waters containing complex organic acids or substances may carry in solution considerable 

quantities of iron.

Many ground waters contain considerable quantities of iron dissolved from soil 

and rock material by carbon dioxide in solution in the water, in the absence of oxygen, as ferrous carbonate. Iron in solution as a result of oxidation of iron pyrites is present as ferrous sulfate. Organic acids in ground water may contribute 

to the solution of the iron. Many ground waters containing considerable quantities 

of iron frequently contain objectionable quantities of manganese.

The occurrence of iron in ground waters cannot be predicted with any degree of 

certainty. Samples of water from wells of about the same depth and in close proximity may differ decidedly in their iron content.

The principle of iron removal is simple but no single method may be entirely 

satisfactory because of the presence of other constituents, such as organic matter, 

manganese, and carbon dioxide. Iron in solution in the water in the ferrous condition is oxidized by aeration to ferric hydrate, which settles out. Surface-water 

supplies, because of natural aeration, require very little attention to iron removal. 

The regular treatment that is given most surface supplies and the aeration incident 

thereto is generally sufficient to remove most of the iron. If the water is softened, 

both iron and manganese are removed in the process. Some treated waters may 

dissolve iron from the distribution mains and service pipes.

Aeration followed by settling, and filtration through sand or fine gravel, will 

generally remove iron from most ground waters. Aeration not only brings the iron 

in water in contact with dissolved oxygen but releases carbon dioxide also, thus the 

precipitation of the iron is hastened. Aeration and oxidation may be accomplished 

by means of sprays, cascades, perforated trays, contact beds of coke, broken 

pebbles, coal, or some such material.

Manganese is not oxidized as readily as iron and a method of treatment that 

may be effective for iron removal may not be satisfactory for manganese removal. 

Manganese may be oxidized by chlorine, and catalytic manganese dioxide (Zapffe, 

1933) deposited on contact beds of coke, coal, crushed stone, and the like. Such 

treatment followed by filtration effectively removes manganese. Carefully planned 

treatment is necessary for satisfactory removal of both iron and manganese (Nordell, 1951.)

Cation-exchange units will remove iron and manganese from waters provided 

the iron and manganese are in the soluble reduced state. Any prior oxidation of 

the iron before the water enters the exchange unit will result in the deposition of
38 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

oxidized iron on the exchanger, thus interfering with its effective action. These 

units are adaptable to the treatment of some well waters.

MUNICIPAL SOFTENING

Numerous data are available showing the value of the use of soft water and 

softened water supplies relative to soap consumption (Olson, 1939). The savings 

resulting from decreased soap consumption in many instances are sufficient to 

pay for the cost of softening the whole supply. Savings from decreased soap consumption is only one of the values resulting from the use of a softened public water supply. Many industries require soft process water and would be attracted to 

places where adequate supplies of such water are available.

The practice of softening of public water supplies is not new. (Baker, 1948.) 

It might be said as far as this country is concerned that it centered at Columbus, 

Ohio, because of the research carried on and the practices developed at the plant 

at that city. (Hoover, 1927, 1928, 1943.) The practice of softening public supplies has increased considerably since 1932. (Olson, 1945.)

A number of factors are involved in the proper selection of the method of softening water supplies, chief of which are the physical and chemical characteristics 

of the water and the extent of the reduction of the hardness. The softening process involves the removal by chemical precipitation or cation exchange of those 

substances in the water, principally calcium and magnesium, that cause hardness.

The larger municipalities use lime or the lime-soda ash process in softening 

their supplies. Lime is effective in removing carbonate hardness but soda ash in 

addition to lime is usually used to remove noncarbonate hardness. Excess lime 

servesthe same purpose as soda ash in the excess lime treatment process. These 

methods of softening are used where the water generally requires filtration, volume demand is large, and competent technical supervision is provided.

Lime-softened waters are unstable (Hoover, 1942) being supersaturated with 

the normal carbonates of calcium and magnesium, and require recarbonation to 

prevent these carbonates from crystallizing out on the sand grains of afilter eventually destroying its effectiveness as a filter, or in the mains of the distribution 

system, lessening its capacity. When excess lime is used in the softening process, the softened water contains caustic alkalinity, and carbon dioxide is usually 

used to neutralize the excess lime. Phosphates are also used in stabilizing limesoftened waters.

The cation-exchange method of softening (Streicher and Bowers, 1950) involves 

the exchange of calcium and magnesium in the water for sodium in the exchange 

material. The exchange material when exhausted is regenerated with a solution 

of sodium chloride (common salt). Sea water or natural brines are used at a few 

plants. The operation of a cation-exchange softening plant requires less attention 

and less expert control than a lime or lime-soda ash softening plant. It is adaptable to those supplies where the water is relatively free of suspended matter and 

excessive quantities of iron and manganese and where the volume demand is not 

generally large.

It is not practical or desirable to soften a supply completely, although this is 

possible with a cation-exchange softener. At a few places this type of softener is 

used in conjunction with lime softening, employing what is known as split treatment. (Streicher, 1945.) Split treatment is used also in softening some groundwater supplies. In this method of treatment a portion of a supply may be completely softened by cation exchange, and then raw water, unsoftened water, or 

partially softened water may be mixed with it in such volume as to produce an effluent of a definite hardness.

Lime reduces the quantity of dissolved solids in water in the softening process; 

soda ash and cation exchangers do not.

The equipment required in water-softening plants using lime approximates 

that used in the filtrations plants of the rapid sand type. Greater facilities for 

handling chemicals are needed; some means for the production of carbon dioxide 

are required; and facilities for handling sludge are necessary. (American Water 

Works Assn., 1949). Some plants are recalcining the sludge and reusing the
TREATMENT OF WATER 39

lime or selling it for agriculture use.

Data in Water Supply Paper 658 in 1932 showed that of the 670 places in that 

report, 40 were furnished with softened water, representing a total population of 

4,065, 000, 7. 2 percent of the total population of the 670 places, and 3. 4 percent 

of the total population of the country. Data in table 11 of this report show that 171 

places are furnished with softened water, representing a total population of 

14, 506, 000, or 16. 5 percent of the total population of the 1, 315 places in this report and 9. 6 percent of the total population of the country. Of the 670 places in 

Water Supply Paper 658 and also in this report, 85 places now have softened supplies. Thus 86 of the total of 171 places that have softened supplies are among 

the 645 places in this report but not in Water Supply Paper 658. These 645 places 

are small in population in comparison with the 670 places.

In this report the hardness of the public supplies that are softened ranges from 

less than 50 parts per million to about 150 parts. For many large supplies the 

hardness ranges between 70 and 85 parts. About one-third of the total population 

of the places in this report that receive softened water, receive water having a 

hardness greater than 100 parts per million. Many laundries and industrial plants 

require softer water than that furnished as public supplies and find it profitable 

and necessary to further soften. Municipalities can well afford to give more attention to softening of supplies to effect greater economies and satisfaction in the 

use of the water.

FLUORIDES AND FLUORIDATION

It was discovered about two decades ago that fluoride in drinking water caused 

the dental defect known as mottled enamel. (Churchill, 1931; Smith, Lantz, and 

Smith, 1931.) Through much study and observation as a result of this discovery 

the limit of fluoride concentration, below which mottling does not usually occur, 

was fairly well established. (Dean, 1936.) It was observed also that the prevalence of dental caries in areas where mottled enamel was endemic was no greater, 

in many instances less, than in areas where fluoride was not naturally present in 

the water supplies. (Dean, 1938.) Further study and observations along this line 

by Dean and his associates showed that there was a very definite relationship between fluoride in the water supplies and the prevalence of dental caries in the permanent teeth of children. (Dean, Jay, Arnold, and Elvove, 1941.) These and other 

studies showed that fluoride concentrations of about 1.0 to 1. 5 parts per million 

in the water supplies, concentrations below which mottling of the enamel does not 

usually occur, greatly lessened the incidence of dental caries in the permanent 

teeth of children using the water. Other investigations showed also that fluoride 

compounds topically applied to the tooth surfaces of children's teeth lessened the 

incidence of caries (Knutson and Armstrong, 1943).

The results of these numerous studies and investigations naturally led to the 

question of fluoridation of water supplies in order to preventer lessen the incidence 

of caries in the permanent teeth of children. Fluoridation has much support from 

dental and health associations. (Amer. Water Works Assn., 1952). In a news 

release of June 1, 1950, Assistant Surgeon General Bruce D. Forsyth of the U. 

S. Public Health Service, said:

"Artificial fluoridation of communal water supplies has been found to be effective 

in reducing the incidence and prevalence of dental caries among children as does 

water naturally containing fluorides. As a result of new evidence from its Grand 

Rapids project where community water has been fluoridated since January 25, 

1945, the Public Health Service has now altered its basic policy to read: 'Using 

scientific methods and procedures, communities desiring to fluoridate their communal water supplies should be strongly urged to do so' ".

The compounds now most generally used for fluoridating public water supplies 

are sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride. Sodium fluoride is much more 

soluble than sodium silicofluoride, but it is much more costly per unit weight. 

Hydrofluosilicic acid is less frequently used, and hydrofluoric acid is rarely used. 

Because hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive, its application requires considerable care.
40 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

The quantity of fluoride added to the water supply is such that the concentration 

as the fluoride ion generally ranges between 0. 7 and 1. 3 parts per million. The 

quantity of fluoride ingested by an individual will depend upon the quantity of water 

used by the individual and the fluoride content of the water. This quantity is further related to climatic conditions and the characteristics of the individual as to 

need for water. Some supplies may require only 0. 7 part per million, whereas 

others may require nearly up to the permissible maximum of 1. 5 parts. (U. S. 

Public Health, 1946.) The quantity of fluoride naturally present in the supply 

must be taken into account in fluoridating the supply. Some fluoride is removed 

by alum in the coagulation process in the regular treatment of public supplies 

and a larger quantity if the supply is softened, therefore, the application of the 

fluoride should be at such place in the treatment scheme so as not to be removed.

The practice of f luoridation has gained considerable impetus in the past 2 years 

(1951-52). At the time of the collection of most of the data on the supplies for the 

places in this report about 70 supplies were being fluoridated or facilities were 

under construction for fluoridating. However, since the collection of the data, 

and as of the end of the year 1952, reliable statistics (Amer. Water Works Assn., 

1953) indicate that of the places in this report 155 were receiving fluoridated water, representing a population of about 12 million people or about 14 percent of 

the total population of all the places included in this report.

Table 17 shows the number of places and the population using water with different concentrations of fluoride from large public supplies at the time of the collection of these data. The table shows among other things that about 85 percent 

of the total population of the places in this report used water with a concentration 

of fluoride in the range of 0. 0 to 0. 5 part per million. A population of about 7 

million people used water with a concentration of fluoride in the range of 0. 6 to 

1. 5 parts per millions. Such a range of concentration of fluoride will include 

practically all those supplies that were being fluoridated at the time and in addition those supplies with natural fluoride of that range of concentration.

Table 17. --Number of places and population, in thousands, using water with different quantities of fluoride from large public supplies in the United States, 1952

fluoride 

(ppm)

<0. 6

.6-1.0

1.1-1.5

1.6-2.0

2.1-3.0

>3.0

Not reported

Total

Surface supplies

Places

628

39

10

2

1

31

711

Population

55,604

3,991

412

34

65

4,238

64,344

Ground supplies

Places

368

56

16

9

5

6

12

472

Population

10,661

2,120

302

164

149

136

863

14,395

Mixed supplies

Places

117

6

3

--

6

132

Population

8,538

132

52

--

365

9,087

All supplies

Places

1,113

101

29

11

6

6

49

1,315

Population

74,803

6,243

766

198

214

136

5,466

87,826

Percent 

of 

total

85.2

7.1

.9

.2

.2

.2

6.2

100

INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

The treatment that is given to a public water supply is planned primarily to 

give a water that is safe to drink and that is free from pathogenic bacteria, without too much regard for other uses of the water. The water maybe generally satisfactory for most domestic uses, but many public supplies are far from satisfactory for many industrial uses. The additional treatment that may be required 

may range from almost nothing to that which includes sand filtration, softening, 

and corrosion control.

BOILER FEED WATER

One of the common uses of water from public supplies is in steam boilers for
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER 41

the production of power and heat. Large boilers carrying high steam temperatures and pressures require water of rather exacting standards of quality. Table 

18 suggests quality-tolerance limits for boiler-feed waters.

Table 18. Suggested water-quality tolerance for boiler-feed water a/

Oxygen consumed ...............

Dissolved oxygen b/. ............

Hydrogen sulf ide (H2S) .........

Total hardness as CaCO3 .......

Silica (SiOa) ..................

Bicarbonate (HCO3) b/. .........

Carbonate (CO3) ..............

Hydroxide (OH) ................

Total solids d/ ................

Turbidity .....................

Color ........................

Sulf ate -carbonate ratio 

(A. S. M. E.) (Na2SO4 :Na2CO3) 

pH value (minimum). ...........

Allowable limits, in parts per million, for 

indicated pressure in Ib/sq. in.

<T150

15 

1.4

c/5 

80 

5 

40 

50 

200 

50 

3,000-500

20 

80

1:1

8.0

150-250

10 

.14 

c/3 

40 

.5 

20 

30 

100 

40 

2,500-500

10 

40

2:1

8.4

250-400

4 

.0 

0 

10 

.05 

5 

5 

40 

30 

1,500-100

5 

5

3-:l 

9.0

>400

3 

.0 

0 

2 

.01 

1 

0 

20 

15 

50

1 

2

3:1 

9.6

a/Moore, E. E., Progress report of the committee on quality tolerances of water for industrial uses: New England Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, 

p. 263, 1940.

b/Limits applicable only to feed water entering boiler, not to original water 

supply.

c/Except when odor in live steam would be objectionable.

d/Depends on design of boiler.

The treatment of boiler water has received much attention generally. Details 

on the methods of treating water supplies for boiler feed, and on boiler-operating 

practices are found in books and papers on the subject. (Brown, 1946; Betz, 

1953).

SCALE, CORROSION, EMBRITTLEMENT, FOAMING, AND PRIMING

Scaling in boilers and indirectly hardness in water supplies receive much attention in the treatment of boiler-feed waters. Scale consists of mineral deposits on boiler surfaces; it is composed principally of compounds of calcium and 

magnesium with usually smaller quantities of other substances such as silica and 

iron. Mineral matter in the boiler-feed water becomes greatly concentrated in 

the boiler; slightly soluble substances precipitate, and under the influence of heat, 

may be baked on the boiler surfaces as scale or carried as sludge in the boiler 

water.

Scale formed as a result of carbonate hardness in the water is usually more 

porous and less adherent than the scale formed as a result of noncarbonate -hardness minerals. Both may become hard and adherent because of the presence of 

some cementing material like silica or from conditions prevailing in the boiler. 

Silica scale, itself, is hard and adherent and of low thermal conductivity. Much 

use is made of phosphate compounds in the treatment of boiler waters in scale 

prevention and control. Silica may be removed by magnesium compounds in conjunction with hot lime or hot lime-soda softening.

Corrosion would result in a boiler from the use of a water containing noncarbonate hardness caused by the chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium 

or by free acid. Such waters are rarely served to the public or used in boilers
42 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

without treatment. Dissolved gases--oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia originally 

present in the boiler water, in the returned condensate, or formed as a result of 

the treatment, may corrode boilers. These gases may be removed by aeration or 

by daerating heaters. Controlled "causticity" or hydroxide concentration in boiler 

waters is important in the prevention of corrosion.

"Caustic embrittlement" or cracking of the boiler plate, a controversial subject for many years, may result from maintaining too high a causticity in the boiler water or from the use of waters containing considerable quantities of sodium 

bicarbonate or carbonate either originally present or as a result of treatment. 

It has been regarded by some as fundamentally due to poor boiler construction. 

The development of the embrittlement detector by the U. S. Bureau of Mines has 

facilitated the study of caustic embrittlement. (Schroeder and Berk, 1941.)

To prevent this type of failure, emphasis was formerly placed on the proper 

ratio of sulfate to carbonate in the boiler water; later investigations, however, 

have shown that the recommended ratios may not necessarily protect against embrittlement. (Berk and Schroeder, 1943.) Sodium nitrate and quebracho tannin 

(Bureau of Mines, 1951) are successfully used to prevent this type of failure. Simultaneous control of pH and of phosphate concentration in the boiler water may 

prevent embrittlement and is applicable where the water is primarily evaporated 

makeup or condensate.

Foaming and priming, associated activities in boiler waters, are attributed to 

a number of causes, some of which may be in the structural design and operation 

of the boiler itself. Foaming is generally attributed to too great a concentration 

in the water of soluble compounds of sodium and the presence of finely divided 

solids in suspension in the water. The standard method of controlling this condition, although sometimes not the most economical, is by blowdown to reduce the 

concentration of dissolved solids and to remove some of the sludge. Effective organic antifoam agents, such as polymerized esters, alcohols, and amides, have 

been developed in recent years. The insolubility of some of these agents in water 

makes it necessary to disperse them with other agents in feeding. Priming is usually the result of careless operation of the boiler.

SOFTENING

Municipal supplies when softened with lime and soda ash may contain anywhere 

from 25 to 100 parts per million or more of hardness. It is possible with the use 

of the cation-exchange type of softener to produce a completely softened water. 

However, for economical reasons this is rarely done in practice, except in the 

split treatment or in conjunction with lime softening. Many municipal supplies, 

even when softened, therefore, require softening for satisfactory use in boilers. 

The methods of softening employed may be hot lime, hot lime-soda ash, hot phosphate, and cation exchange. The method selected depends upon a number of factors, chief of which are character of the water, volume of water required, further treatment necessary after softening, and the conditions under which the boilers are operated.

INTERNAL TREATMENT

The practice of introducing chemicals in the water within the boiler to condition the water or make its use possible is known as internal treatment. (Blanning 

and Rich, 1934.) The practice began because of the inadequacy, in part, of the 

lime-soda softening or because of no treatment at all of waters used in boilers. 

Hardly any external treatment is adequate protection against scale formation of 

some kind; therefore the necessity for internal treatment.

These boiler compounds are both inorganic and organic in composition. They 

are used for the control of concentrations of carbonate and silica to prevent scale 

formation, corrosion, and such. The phosphate compounds, for example, are 

much used in the treatment of water that has already been softened with lime and
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER 43

soda ash, or not softened at all, to further soften it and to prevent the formation 

of calcium scale in the boiler. Organic compounds such as tannin, lignin, agar, 

and starches are used in internal treatment. They are thought to have a dispersing action on inorganic precipitates or to exert to some extent a coating action on 

inorganic precipitates, decreasing their tendency to cohere and also adhere to the 

boiler surface.

Internal treatment may be used successfully where the water supply is only 

moderately hard and the boiler is operated at a moderate pressure and not at too 

high a rating. Internal treatment, rather than being a "cure all" for boiler operation difficulties, should supplement the rather thorough external treatment of the 

boiler water.

WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

The use of huge volumes of water by industry demonstrates the extreme importance of water to industry, whether the water is used as an ingredient in the 

production of other materials, as a cleansing agent, or for cooling. Each industry requires a process water of characteristics peculiar to that industry, therefore, the requirements as to quality of process water are so varied that a water 

or a method of treatment that is entirely adequate for one process may not be suitable for another. (Nordell, 1951.) The following tables set forth some requirements as to both quantity and quality of water for a number of industrial uses.

Table 19. Industrial requ

Item

Airplane eneine

Brewing:

Buildings: 

Office ................

Laundries:

Restaurants ..........

Canning:

Beans:

Grapefruit: 

Juice ...............

Peaches, pears .......

Pumpkin, squash ......

Distilling, grain: 

Combined wastes ......

Evaporator condensate . 

Distilling, molasses ..... 

Distilling, cooling water. .

Meat:

Stockyards ............

a/Jordan, H. E. , Industri 

b/Per day.

Unit

person ............

meal .............

 100 cases No. 2 cans

I l.OOObu. grain 

1 mashed 

1,000 gal. 100 proof 

1,000 gal. 100 proof 

kw

100 hogs killed .... 

1 acre ............

Water required 

(gal. per unit)

50,000-125,000 

100 

160 

7-10

470 

80

b/27-45 

b/135-350 

b/350-525

4.3-5.7 

3 

0.5-4.0 

160

8, 000 

7,000

3,500 

25,000 

3,500 

2,500 

2,500

500 

5,600 

6,500 

2,500 

2,500 

300 

16,000 

12, 500

7,000 

I 750 

750 

360,000

600,000

8,400 

120, 000 

80 

100+ 

7-10 

1,000

550 

550 

160

al requirements for water: American Wa 

systems, 120,000 for nonrecirculating s

Item

Milk: 

Receiving station 

Bottling works . . 

Cheese factory .

Condensery .... 

Dry milk factory 

General dairy. . .

Oil refining ....... 

Paper: 

Paper mill ......

Strawboard ......

Paper pulp: 

Ground wood. ....

Steam power. ......

Tanning: 

Vegetable .......

Textile: 

Cotton:

Desizmg ......

Bleaching ....... 

Souring

Mercerizing. .... 

Dyeing: 

Basic .......

Vat ...........

Developed ..... 

Naphthol ...... 

Aniline black . . 

Print works .....

Rayon manufacture . 

Rayon hosiery ..... 

Woolens ..........

Unit

100 bbl. crude .....

1 i.

}

ton of coal .........

18e>lb. rawhide....

1,000 Ib. processed

1,000 Ib. produced.. 

1 , 000 produced ..... 

1,000 Ib. finished ..

Water required 

(gal. per unit)

r 180 

250 

200 

110 

150 

150 

340 

L 22 

18,000 

77, 000

( 39,000 

1 14,000 

26,000 

I 83,000

5,000 

{85,000 

64, 000 

60, 000 

fc/1 

0.1 

2.4 

50,000 

500 

c/60, 000-120, 000 

0.5

800 

800

820 

1,750 

1,240 

300 

3,400 

30, COO

18,000 

6,400 

19,000 

5,400 

'14,400 

4,800 

15,600 

4,500 

6 

8 

135,000-160,000 

9,000 

70,000

ter Works Assoc. , v. 38, p. 66-67, 1946. 

ys terns.
44 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 20. Suggested 

(Allowable limits

water-quality toleranci 

in parts per million)

Industry or use

Air conditioning

Baking

Brewing:

Light beer

Dark beer

Canning:

Legumes

General

Carbonated

beverages

Confectionery

Cooling

Food: General

Ice

Laundnring

Plastics, clear,

uncolored

Paper and pulp:

Groundwood

Kr alt pulp

Soda and sulfite

High-grade

light papers

Rayon (viscose):

Pulp prodnction

Manufacture

Tanning

Textiles: General

Dyeing

Wool scouring

Cotton bandage

Turbidity

--

10

10

10

10

10

2

50

10

5

2

SO

25

IS

5

5

.3

20

5

5

5

Color

-.

10

-.

-.

10

_.

-.

5

--

2

20

IS

10

5

5

._

10-100

20

5-20

70

9

Hardness 

as CaCO,

~

25-75

250

50

,-

50

180

100

100

50

8

55

50-135

_.

--

Iron 

(Fe)

c/0. 5

K/.2

K/.l

£/. 1

E/.2

£/.2

.2

E/.2

C/.5

K/.2 sy.2 sy.2

C/.02

c/i.o

C/.2

£/.!

c/.l

C/.05

.0

S/.2

.29

C/.25

S/1.0

S/.2

Manganese 

(Mn)

0.5

.2

.1

.1

.2

.2

.2

.2

.5

. 2

.2

.2

.02

.5

.1

.05

.05

.03

.0

.2

.25

.25

1.0

.2

Total 

solids

500

1,000

..

850

100

._

--

200

300

200

200

too

_.

--

__

200

--

Alkalinity 

as CaCO,

.-

75

ISO

__

50-100

__

--

--

total 50;

hydroxide 8

total 135;

hydroxide 8

_

..

--

Odor, 

Taste

low

lowlow

low

low

low

low

low

. --

low

low

.-

..

_.

low

Hydrogen 

sulfide

1

.2

.2

.2

1

1

.2

.2

5

--

--

_.

--

Other requirements b/

No corrosiveness, slime formation.

P.

P. NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 6. 5-7. 0. )

P. NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 7. 0 or

more).

P.

P.

 P. Organic color plus oxygen consumed

less than 10 ppm.

P. pH above 7. 0 for hard candy.

No corrosiveness, slime formation.

P.

P. SlOj less than 10 ppm.

No grit, corrosiveness.

A1,O3 less than 8 ppm, SiO, less than 25

ppm, Cu less than 5 ppm.

pH 7. 8 to 8. 3,

Constant composition. Residual alumina

less than 0. 5 ppm.

a/Moore, E. W. , Progress repor 

Jour. , v. 54, p. 271, 1940. 

b/P indicates thnt potable wnter, 

c/Limit given applies to both iron

ittee on quality toler: es of water for industrial uses: New England Wnter Works Assoc.

Service standards, is necessary, 

nganese.

Water that is used in the processing of foods and beverages must be safe for 

drinking, that is, free of pathogenic bacteria. Water that is used in washing and 

rinsing of food products prior to the actual processing should be free of pathogenic 

bacteria and other organisms that might subsequently cause food spoilage.

The most common improvement made in water from public supplies for use in 

industrial processes is softening. Softening may be accomplished by the methods 

used for boiler waters plus any other treatment necessary to meet specific requirements. Softening by cation exchange is practicable and profitable for laundries.

Water used for baking should be free of substances that might produce undesirable tastes, odors, and colors.- Too much hardness in the water retards fermentation processes, although some calcium is necessary for some yeast action, 

and too little softens the gluten resulting in soggy bread. Water of zero hardness 

is used in making certain bakery products.

The quality of the water used in brewing (Pozen, 1940) affects considerably the 

final product. Waters low in alkalinity and comparatively high in calcium sulfate 

are desirable. Moderate quantities of chlorides also seem to be beneficial. Water used in the production of carbonated beverages should be free of suspended 

matter, color, tastes and odors, iron, manganese, and must be low in alkalinity 

because of the acid nature of the product. (Gullo, 1951.)

Process water for canning and freezing of foods should be free of tastes and 

odors, color, organic matter, iron, and manganese. Hardness causes toughening of some foods, such as peas and beans, and may cause deposits on others. 

(Lancefield, 1938.)

Water used in the manufacture of ice should be free of iron, manganese, tastes 

and odors, and should be low in dissolved solids. (West, 1944.) Calcium and 

magnesium can be rather easily removed, but the remaining salts are almost as 

troublesome as calcium. The use of demineralizing resins or distillation may be 

resorted to in order to remove certain elements not removed in ordinary treatment. The upper concentrations limits of minerals in water used in ice manufacture will depend to some extent on the practices followed in the actual freezing 

process itself.
DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER 45

Process water used in the manufacture of textiles and fine paper should be 

practically free of suspended matter, color, iron, and manganese. Iron and manganese cause staining, and color may be adsorbed resulting in an inferior product 

(Miller, 1944). Hardness interferes in washing operations, dyeing of fabrics, and 

in sizing of paper, although it is reported that some hardness is desirable in water used for scouring of wool.

Corrosion and scaling would result from the use of many public water supplies 

in cooling systems (Powell, 1948.) Corrosion may be lessened by the adjustment 

of the pHof the supply and the use of protective coatings for the pipes. Scale formation may be minimized by the use of organic inhibitors such as tannin or by 

treatment with phosphates and silicates.

DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

The treatment given to public water supplies undoubtedly is receiving more 

attention today than ever before. Domestic users and industry in general have 

more or less indirectly demanded this increased attention to treatment. The sanitary conditions of many streams and lakes are such that increased treatment of 

the supplies is required to make them satisfactory as public supplies. Many public supplies may be further improved by treatment for household use.

Hardness is objectionable in many public supplies and the installation of domestic softeners is often desirable as a -matter of economy and satisfaction in the 

use of the water. The savings resulting from softening in decreased soap consumption, smaller plumbing repair bills, and longer life of hot-water heating 

equipment often more than pay for such equipment. Even where public supplies 

are softened in very hard water areas it is often desirable to further soften them 

in the home.

The cation-exchange type of softener is especially adapted for use in homes. 

Low cost of installation and simplicity of operation, in some types automatic, are 

attractive features, aside from the fact of being capable of delivering completely 

softened water which is so desirable in cleaning and laundering. The sodium cation exchanger in operation removes calcium and magnesium from the water in 

exchange for the sodium in the exchange material. This reaction is reversible. 

When the exchange material's capacity for softening is exhausted, it is regenerated by treating the exchange material with a solution of sodium chloride( common 

salt). Sodium from the salt solution is taken up by the exchange material and 

calcium and magnesium are released. Excess salt solution is washed out and the 

exchanger is ready again for softening.

Where public supplies are not softened, softening or conditioning agents, such 

as ammonia, borax, sodium carbonate, and such are much used in cleansing and 

laundering in the home. Trisodium sodium phosphate under various trade names 

is much used in this respect. Synthetic detergents, "soapless soaps", have recently been developed and are finding special application not only in the home but 

in industry as'well. These agents, in common with soaps, possess properties of 

wetting, dispersing, and emulsifying, although they may not be equally effective 

for all three purposes. They are produced in greater variety than soaps, more 

specifically suited to an express purpose under a variety of conditions, are finding ready markets, and are replacing soaps for many purposes. (Larson, 1949.)

Home equipment is available from plumbing establishments and manufacters 

of water-conditioning equipment for control of corrosion in water pipes to prevent 

"red water" troubles. Most of these are designed to raise the pH of the water 

supply to make it less aggressive to metal surfaces.

Equipment or devices for elimination of tastes and odors may be used to some 

extent in homes, although it is not generally practicable to do much in a home to 

improve the taste or odor of a public supply.
46 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

PUBLICATIONS

The following reports contain information relating to the quality of the surface 

water of the United States and to the public water supplies of the United States and 

of several States. The reports were prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey or 

by the Survey with cooperating State agencies. Most of the reports listed are available for consultation in the larger public and institutional libraries. Copies of 

Geological Survey publications, except circulars, still in print may be purchased 

from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 

25, D. C., who will furnish lists and prices upon request. Publications out of 

print are preceded by an asterisk. Circulars may be obtained free of charge on 

application to the Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C., as 

long as stocks are available.

WATER-SUPPLY PAPERS

658. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932.

912. Industrial utility of public water supplies in Georgia, 1940.

942. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1941.

950. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1942.

970. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1943.

1022. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1944.

1030. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1945.

1047. Public water supplies in Eastern Texas.

1050. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1946.

1069. Public water supplies in Central and North-Central Texas.

1070. Public water supplies in Southern Texas.

1102. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1947.

1106. Public water supplies in Western Texas.

1132. (Parts 1-6) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1948.

1133. (Parts 7-14) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1948.

1162. (Parts 1-6) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1949.

1163. (Parts 7-14) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1949.

COOPERATIVE REPORTS

Public water supplies of Arkansas. Research Series No. 11, Univ. of Arkansas,

Bureau of Research, Fayetteville, Ark. 1947. 

Public surface-water supplies in North Carolina, Progress report No. 1, North

Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. 1947. 

Public ground-water supplies in North Carolina, Progress report No. 2, North

Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. 1949. 

Public water supplies in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board,

'(Division of Water Resources), Oklahoma City, Okla. 1951. 

Circ. 287. Public and industrial water supplies of the Jackson Purchase Region,

Ky. 

Circ. 299. Public and industrial water supplies of the Blue Grass Region, Ky.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULARS

*197. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the East South Central 

States, 1952.

*203. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Mountain States, 1952.

*206. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the West North Central 

States, 1952.
REFERENCES 47

*221. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the West South Central 

States, 1952.

*232. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Pacific States, 1952.

*253. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the East North Central 

' States, 1952.

*269. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the South Atlantic States, 

1952.

*283. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Middle Atlantic States, 

1952.

*288. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the New England States, 

1952.

REFERENCES

American Public Health Association, 1946, Standard methods for the examination 

of water and sewage, 9th ed., New York, N. Y.

American Society for Testing Materials, 1940, A review of data on the relationship of corrosivity of water to its chemical analysis: Am. Soc. for Testing 

Mat., Proc., v. 40, p. 1317.

*1947, Standards Part III-A, Nonmetallic Materials, 1946; Am. Soc. for 

Testing Mat., Philadelphia, Pa.

American Water Works Association, 1949, Disposal of softening plant wastescommittee report: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 41, p. 819.

*Committee report, 1953, Census of fluoridation in the United States and 

Canada, 1952: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 45, no. 8.

American Water Works Association, Inc., 1950, Water quality and treatment 2d 

ed.: New York, N. Y..

*1952, Fluoridation of public waters supplies: Willing Water, no. 19, New

York, N. Y. 

Aston, Royden N., 1950, Developments in the chlorine dioxide process: Am.

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 151. 

Baker, M. N., 1948, The Quest for pure water: Am. Water Works Assoc., New

York, N. Y. 

Baylis, John R., 1937, Silicates as aids to coagulation: Am. Water Works Assoc.

Jour., v. 29, p. 1355. 

Berk, A. A., and Schroeder, W. C., 1943, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Trans., v. 65,

p. 701. 

Betz, W. H. and L. D., 1953, Handbook, Industrial water conditioning, 4th ed.:

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Black, A. P., 1948, The chemistry of -water treatment: II Softening: Water &

Sewage Works, v. 95, p. 211. 

Blanning, H. K., and Rich, A. D., 1934, Boiler feed and boiler water softening:

Nickerson & Collins Co., Chicago. 

Brown, K. W., 1946, Boiler water quality and treatment: Am. Water Works

Assoc. Jour., v. 38, p. 973. 

Churchill, H. V., 1931, Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United

States: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, v. 23, p. 996-998.

Connors, J. J., 1950, Advances in chemical and colorimetric methods: Am: Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 33. 

Dean, H. T., 1936, Chronic endemic dental fluorosis: Am. Med. Assoc. Jour.,

v. 107, p. 1269-1272.

*1938, Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries: Public Health 

Reports, v. 53, p. 1443-1452.

Dean, H. T., Jay, Philip, Arnold, F. A., Jr., and Elvove, Elias, 1941, Domestic water and dental caries: Public Health Reports, v. 56, p. 716.

Enslow, L. H., 1939, The continuous stability indicator: Water Works & Sewage, 

v. 86, p. 107.

Goldman, Louis, 1951, Boiler-water treatment manual for federal-plant operators: 

Bureau of Mines, Handbook 5.
48 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Gullo, Stephen J., 1951, Water requirements for soft drink industry and quality

control: Pepsi-Cola Company. 

Hay, Harold R., 1944, Water purification methods involving sodium silicates:

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 36, p. 626. 

Hazen, Alien, 1892, A new color standard for natural waters: Am. Chem. Tour.,

v. 12, p. 427-428. 

Hoover, C. P., 1927, Use of lime in water softening and purification: Ind. and

Eng. Chem. v. 19, p. 567-570. 

 1928, Developments in water softening: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour.,

v. 20, p. 642-652.

-1942, Stabilization of lime-softened waters: Am. Waters Works Assoc.

Jour., v. 34, p. 1425.

-1943, Water supply and treatment, 5th ed.: Natl. Lime Assoc., Bull. 211,

Washington, D. C.

Hopkins, Edward S., 1948, Water purification control 3d ed.: Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.

Howard, C. S., 1933, Determination of dissolved solids in water analyses: Ind. 

and Eng. Chemistry, Anal. ed., v. 5, p. 4-6.

Knutson, John W., and Armstrong, Wallace D., 1943, The effect of topically applied sodium fluoride on dental caries experience: Public Health Reports, v. 

58, p. 1701-1715.

Lancefield, S., 1938, Water for the canning factory: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., v. 30, p. 167.

Langelier, W. F., 1936, The analytical control of anti-corrosion water treatment: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 28, p. 1500-1521.

 1946, Chemical equilibria in water treatment: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., v. 38, no. 2.

Larson, T. E., 1949, Synthetic detergents: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 

41, p. 315-321.

Miller, L., 1944, Water for textile processing, quality and treatment: Cotton, 

v. 108, 7, p. 85.

Nordell, Eskel, 1951, Water treatment for industrial and other uses: Reinhold 

Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y.

Olson, H. M., 1939, Benefits and savings from softened water for municipal supply: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 31, p. 607.

 1945, 1944 Census of U. S. municipal water softening plants: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 37, no. 6.

Pallo, Peter E., 1948, Cathodic protection of steel water tanks: Am. Waterworks 

Assoc. Jour., v. 40, p. 495.

Powell, S. T., 1948, Some aspects of the requirements for the quality of water 

for industrial uses: Sewage Works Jour., v. 20, p. 36.

Powell, S. T., Bacon, H. E., and Lill, J. R., 1946, Recent developments in corrosion control: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 38, p. 169.

Powell, S. T., and Burns, H. S., 1936, Vacuum deaeration: Chem. and Met. 

Eng., v. 43, p. 180.

Pozen, M. A., 1940, Water in the brewery: Mod. Brew. Age, v. 23, p. 67.

Rice, O., 1947, Corrosion control with Calgon: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 39, p. 503.

Schroeder, W. C., and Berk, A. A., 1941, Intercrystalline cracking of boiler 

steel and its prevention: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 443.

Smith, M. C., Lantz, E. M., and Smith, H. V., 1931, The cause of mottled enamel, a defect of human teeth: Ariz. Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 32.

Speller, F. N., 1951, Corrosion, causes and prevention: 3d ed.: McGraw-Hill 

Book Co., New York.

Streicher, Lee, 1945, Operating experiences at La Verne softening plant: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 37, no. 5.

Streicher, Lee, and Bowers, A. E. 1950, Cation exchangers for municipal water 

softening: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 81.

U. S. Geological Survey, 1902, Div. Hydrography Circ. 8.
REFERENCES 49

U. S. Public Health, 1946, Drinking water standards: Public Health Reports, v.

61, p, 11. (Reprint no. 2697.) 

U. S. Public Health Service, 1948, Inventory of water and sewage facilities in the

United States: Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Waring, F. Holman, 1949, Significance of nitrates in water supplies: Am. Water

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 72, no. 2. 

West, Philip W., 1944, The ice industry: Chemical and Engineering News, v. 22,

p. 718. 

Zapffe, Carl, 1933, The history of manganese in water supplies and methods for

its removal: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 25, p. 655.
50 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE STATES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

ARIZONA

AMPHITHEATER 

(Population, 12,664)

Ownership: (See Tucson.)

DOUGLAS

(Population, 9,442)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban area and can supply water to Agua

Prieta, Mex. (population, estimated 6, 000) in emergencies. Total population

regularly served, about 21, 000. 

Source: 6 wells. Five closely spaced wells, each 340 ft deep, near Phelps Dodge

Corp. smelter, 1 mile west of town; 1 well, 320 ft deep, in Overlook addition.

The yield of each of the wells is reported to be 1, 000 gpm. Three wells are

regularly used and the other three are held in reserve for emergencies. Most

of the supply comes from the main well field. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Elevated tanks, 900, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Main 

well 

field a

91

OQ

6

fi

£t* ^ 

9OC

2

0

21 

lori

1 Q.9

 > o

1

Q

930

Overlook 

addition 

well

97

.07

41

1 Q

46

 > n

0

OOQ

cc

14

1.0

19

330

Tntal . ............

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Main 

well 

field a

OK

0

0

Q Q

1,600

IK.

Sept. 12,

1951

Overlook 

addition 

well

176

0

0

7.7

cork

73

Sept. 12,

1951

a Composite.

FLAGSTAFF 

(Population, 6,771)

Ownership: Municipal; serves also suburban areas. Total population served, 

about 11,000.

Source: Lake Mary (storage reservoir in Walnut Canyon, 8| miles southeast of 

Flagstaff). Additional supply from spring flow and small amount of surface 

runoff entering two 50, 000, 000 gal equalizing reservoirs north of city.

Treatment: Lake Mary supply: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH 

with lime. Spring supply: chlorination. Copper sulfate is added at times to 

control algae.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 700, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Mary, 8, 000, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Equalizing reservoirs, 100, 000, 000 gal.
ARIZONA 51

FLAGSTAFF--Continued

Finished water from Lake Mary supply enters the equalizing reservoirs during 

periods of low consumption and is mixed with spring flow before use. About 

two-thirds of the total supply was obtained from Lake Mary in 1950. The 

proportion obtained from the two sources varies from year to year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...............

Sulfate (SO4)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Lake Mary 

(raw water)

4.4

1.1

8

c

3 7

2.0

1.8

0

37

5.6

.8

9

.4

67

97

6

55

7.1

73.2

100

QQ

Feb. 5, 1952

Lake Mary 

(finished water)

2.7

.16

1 Q

4.2

1.8

1.7

0

40

Qn

2.2

.1

.3

88

65

32

4

8.0

139

oq

Feb. 5, 1952

Springs 

(raw water)

15

.02

 } 4

.8

1.4

3.2

0

15

 j n

.8

.4

1 Q

36

19

0

Q

6.8

37.4

CO

July 31, 1951

GLENDALE 

(Population, 8,179)

Ownership: Municipal; serves also suburban areas. Total population served,

about 12, 000. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 1, 710, 1,000, 700, 700, and 810 ft deep. The yield of

the wells is reported, to be 1, 200, 700, 500, 350, and 600 gpm. Well 5 is

held in reserve for emergencies. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 450, 000 gal.

Partial analyses of samples indicate that the water from wells 2 and 4 is similar 

in chemical composition to that of well 3; that from well 5 is high in dissolved 

solids and nitrate.
52 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GLENDALE Continued

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) 

Date drilled .........

DA** /* Ant f\t Qlltinl V

Well 1

21

00

19

4

0

\121

0 

85

94

111

.6

2.0

420

Well 2

23

.00

27

on

61

0 

138

55

73

.6

7.8

334

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Nf\n /* Q i*Vmn si t o

Color ...... .............

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 1

65

0

8.1

713

95

Sept. 19,

1951

1/710

16

40

Well 2

1 RO

36

7.8

578

78

Sept. 19,

1951

700

16

20

GLOBE 

(Population, 6,419)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban area outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 7,900.

Source: 9 wells: 3 dug wells (1, 2, 3) 80, 235, and 80 ft deep near Pinal Creek 2 

miles southeast of Globe, reported to yield 300, 500, and 300 gpm; 6 drilled 

wells, most of which are south of town, 500 to 695 ft deep, reported to yield 

250, 150, 169, 80, 280, and 70 gpm. Emergency supply, Old Dominion mine 

(abandoned) controlled by Miami Copper Co., Miami, Arizona.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.

The dissolved solids in the water from the other wells ranges from about 275 to 

near 500 ppm.
ARIZONA 53

GLOBE--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids..,..

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Well 1

45 

11

\ 30

0 

1 el

46

in

.4

5.8

Pine 

Street 

Well

oo

.00

45

17

41

0 

ocq

oo

on

9

0

304

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 1

Ibb 

16

""

TXAO

Apr. 12,

1946

ou

t7O""lrrrr

25

Pine 

Street 

Well

lO£

0

1

1 . «/

U1U

71

Sept. 11,

1951

530

15

MESA

(Population, 16,790) 

Ownership: Municipal; serves also suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 18, 000.

Source: 4 wells (4 to 7) 450, 500, 500, and 700 ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1,800, 1,800, 1, 900, and 2,100 gpm, respectively. Well 4 is 

used for emergency service only. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Storage: 300, 000 gal.

Water from three continuously used wells is similar in composition to that from 

well 5. Water from emergency service well is reported to be'considerably 

higher in dissolved solids.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 5

oc

nc

CO

AA

* A G

4.0

0 

184

90

OCC

.0

2

0

683

Well 7

__

0

1 Qfi

957

--

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

M.TJ pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK /"> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 5

235

84

0

7.7

1,180

65

Sept. 19,

1951

Well 7

7.7

1,170

65

Sept. 19,

1951
54 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MESA--Continued

Depth (feet) ...............................................................

Diameter (inches) .......................................................

Date drilled ..............................................................

Percent of supply .......................................................

Well 5

500

20

30

Well 7

700

20

1951

MORENCI 

(Population, 6,541)

Ownership: The Morenci Water and Electric Company, Morenci.

Source: 2 dug shafts (interconnected) 460 ft deep and 1 drilled well 750 ft deep, all

in Eagle Creek canyon 4 miles east of Morenci. The water as pumped from the

wells is hot.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Storage: Reservoir, 4,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Storage 

Reservoir 

Tap

40

.01

 

36

\

V 80

0

258

£U

48

O . £t

Q7Q

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Storage 

Reservoir 

Tap

140

0

q

8

n

604

90

Sept. 12,

1QC1

NOGALES 

(Population, 6,153)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a small area in Mexico. Estimated total

population supplied, 6, 500. System can serve as emergency supply for Nogales, 

Mexico (Population, 30,000).

Source: Wells and infiltration gallery along Santa Cruz River 6 mi. east of Nogales.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

Analysis represents composite of water from all sources as furnished to consumers.
ARIZONA 55

NOGALES Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

1C

.01

68 

11

\ 34

J n 0.

278

38

10

.4

6.0

333

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

914

0

7.8

530

R4

Sept. 13,

1951

PHOENIX 

(Population, 106,818)

Ownership: Municipal; serves also a large suburban area. Total population 

served, about 156, 000.

Suburban Pump and Water Co., Phoenix, Ariz.; serves the suburban communities of Sunnyslope and South Phoenix and other areas outside the 

corporate limits. Estimated population served, 32,000. 

North Central Avenue Water Utilities Co., Phoenix, Ariz.; serves suburban

area north of Phoenix. Estimated population served, 10,000. 

Mariposa Water Utilities Co.,Phoenix, Ariz.; serves suburban areas north

and northwest of the city. Estimated population served, 10,000. 

Total population served, all supplies, 208, 000.

Source: Municipal; Verde River (Bartlett Reservoir) about 50 miles northeast of 

Phoenix; 14 wells, all less than 100 ft deep and reported to yield a total of 

3, 000, 000 gpd, and one infiltration gallery along the Verde River near Fort 

McDowell, 33 miles northeast of Phoenix, comprising the Verde system; 8 

wells near Scottsdale, 11 miles east of Phoenix, each 500 ft deep and reported 

to yield a capacity total of 20, 000, 000 gpd. Emergency supply, 12 wells, in 

downtown Phoenix, all about 300 ft deep and reported to yield 18,000, 000 gpd. 

Suburban Pump and Water Co. 18 wells, 169 to 600 ft deep with a reported

average yield of 430 gpm. 

North Central Avenue Water Utilities Co. 5 wells (1 to 5),300 to 506 ft deep,.

with a reported average yield of 880 gpm.

Mariposa Water Utilities Co., Phoenix, Ariz. 10 wells (includes 1 standby 

and 1 under construction, 1951), 200 to 600 ft deep with a reported average yield of 400 gpm.

Treatment: Municipal, Verde River; lime, coagulation with alum and ferric sulfate, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, carbon dioxide, 

and chlorination. Ground water, chlorination only. 

Suburban Pump and Water Co. supply, chlorination. 

North Central Avenue Water Utilities Co. supply, none. 

Mariposa Water Utilities Co. supply, none.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Municipal, Verde River, 30, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: The city's right to withdraw water from Bartlett Reservoir 

is by agreement with the Salt River Valley Users Association and amounts 

available depend on storage in that and other reservoirs, and other factors.
56 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PHOENIX- -Continued

Finished-water or water as supplied to consumers storage: Municipal, reservoirs, 

55,000,000 gal.

Suburban Pump and Water Co., two reservoirs, 325,000 and 525, 000 gal. 

North Central Avenue Water Utilities Co., reservoir, 300,000 gal. 

Mariposa Water Utilities Co. 300, 000 gal (30,000 gal pressure tank on each 

well).

About 90 percent of the municipal supplies used in 1950 came from Verde well 

fields and Bartlett Reservoir. The water treatment plant is located near Fort 

Me Do well.

Analyses: A, represents combined flow of water from surface water treatment 

plant and Verde well field (infiltration gallery included). B, represents composite of Verde system water and water from Scottsdale wells as supplied to 

city at time of sampling. The Scottsdale wells furnish water of higher dissolved solids content and hardness than the Verde system. The dissolved solids for the Scottsdale wells is reported to range from 746 to 1, 560 ppm, and 

the hardness, from 396 to 564 ppm. The dissolved solids for downtown 

Phoenix wells is reported to range from 985 to 2,020 ppm, and the hardness 

from 350 to 711 ppm. C, represents water from a well at 16th Ave. and 

Purdue Ave. (Sunnyslope) of the Suburban Pump and Water Co. supply. .Partial analyses of samples from six other wells of this supply showed a range in 

dissolved solids from'about 300 to 1,200 ppm. D, represents water from reservoir pumped into by all the wells of the supply of the North Central Avenue 

Water Utilities Co. E, represents water from Camelback No. 1 well, 7th Ave. 

and Camelback Road, of the supply of the Mariyosa Water Utilities Co. Most 

of the other wells in this system yield water considerably higher in dissolved 

solids than the one sampled.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfc) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

ralrinm (O) ,../ a ,,.., .

 Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOs) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

A

17

.01

40

oo

28

0

187 

64

on

.4

2 Q

oqn

inn

5

7.7

473

c c

Qant 1 ft

1951

B

94

.01

CO

OQ

71

0

223

oo

84

fi Q

470

O44

GO

4

7 ft

790

CQ

Sept. 18, 

1951

C

97

.01

QO

DC

55

0

165 

oo

1 fifi

.1

on

con

qco

4

7

Q

985

72

Sept. 18,

1951

D

97

no

77

cc

147

0

270

19°.

999

OQ

QQ7

499

£U£

7 Q

1,490

no

Sept. 18,

1951

E

oc

.01

AC

41

48

0

154 

43

GO

475

OQ1

155

7 Q

813

7ft

Sept. 18,

1951
ARIZONA 

PHOENIX Continued

57

Depth (feet) ..............................................

Diameter (inches) ......................................

Date drilled .............................................

DA^f^ont' rvf fiiinnl v

c

OTC

ift

 ""

D

 _

E

c on

10

_«.

PRESCOTT 

(Population, 6,764)

Ownership: Municipal.; supplies also suburban areas.. Total population supplied, 

about 14,000.

Source: Surface system (25 percent of supply in 1950) includes one reservoir on 

Hassayampa River about 5 miles south of Prescott, and two reservoirs on 

Bannion Creek about 2 miles south of Prescott. Ground water system (75 percent of supply in 1950) includes infiltration gallery on Granite Creek just north 

of Prescott, and two wells in Chino Valley 15 miles north of Prescott. The 

wells are 700 and 550 ft deep, and reported to yield 1,100 and 1,850 gpm, respectively. More than 25 percent of the supply is normally obtained from the 

surface system.

Treatment: (Surface system only) Prechlorination, coagulation with ferric chloride, activated carbon, sedimentation, slow sand filtration, postchlorination, 

and ammoniation. Well supply, chlorination only.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,700,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Total 290,000,000 gal. Hassayampa Reservoir, 21,500,000 

gal; Upper Bannion Creek Reservoir, 200,000, 000 gal; Lower Bannion Creek 

Reservoir (Goldwater Lake), 67, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Surface 

supply a

17

.05

33

10

11

7.4 

 0 

90

fiQ

13

.2

3.4

207

Well 1

79

.05

25 

10

17

4.2 

0 

151

6.6

7.0

.4

3.0

219

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color*..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Surface 

supply a

1 Q£

62

0

7 °.

qqn

Sept. 20,

1951

Well 1

104

0

0

8

n

OCA

Sept. 20,

1951

700

1 C

a Finished water.
58 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TEMPE

(Population, 7,684) 

Ownership: Municipal; serves also suburban areas. Total population served,

about 10, 000. 

Source: 3 wells, one at Apache Blvd. and Hudson Manor (depth 420 ft), one at

College Ave. and S. P. R. R. tracks (depth 513 ft), and one (standby) at

College Ave. and 7th Street (depth 238 ft). The yield of the wells is reported

to be 2,400, 1,700, and 1, 700 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: One reservoir, 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well a.

28 

. 14

60 

28 

115 

5.0 

0 

150 

52 

238 

.2 

2.8 

661

Wellb

27 

.21

95 

37 

259 

5.2 

0 

450 

103 

338 

.2 

14 

1,100

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal .........

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

nH

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ................................................................

Date drilled ..............................................................

Percent of suoolv ........................................................

Well a

264 

142

0

7.7

1,110

71 

Sept. 19, 

1951

420 

20 

1950 

±50

Wellb

389 

20

0

7.4

1,910

65 

Sept. 19, 

1951

513 

20

±50

a Apache Blvd. and Hudson Manor. 

b College Ave. and R. R. tracks.

TUCSON 

(Population, 45,454)

Ownership: Municipal; serves also parts of the suburban communities of Amphitheater and Wakefield and other suburban areas. Total population served, 

about 75, 000.

Suburban area (east and northeast of corporate limits of the city) served by 

Vista Water Co., Eastside Water Co., Polar Water Co., and Lansdale 

Water Co., all owned by one local group. Each company has separate 

wells and distribution system for the area it serves. Total population 

served, about 19,500.

Source: Municipal; 20 wells, 200 to 510 ft deep in North Side well field; 16 wells, 

118 to 476 ft deep in South Side well field. Only three wells in the North Side 

well field are under 300 ft in depth, and only five in the South Side well field 

are under 200 ft.

Suburban area; Vista Water Co. 2 wells, each 200 ft deep; Eastside Water 

Co. 7 wells, 210 to 339 ft deep; Polar Water Co. 8 wells, 200 to 318 ft 

deep; Lansdale Water Co. 3 wells (depths not reported). 

Treatment: Municipal supply, chlorination; private water-companies supply,

none.

Storage: Municipal, 5 reservoirs and 4 elevated tanks, 14,200,000 gal; private 

companies, elevated tanks, 100,000 gal.
ARIZONA 

TUCSON--Continued

59

North Side plant serves area east of Park or Tyndall Avenues. South Side plant 

serves area west of Park or Tyndall Avenues.

The analyses show reasonably well the composition of the water served by the two 

well fields and the private companies in the respective areas of the city proper and the suburban area designated.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts oer million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na).......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ . ................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ. ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOg) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

North Side 

plant 3

32 

.00

40 

6.5

33

0 

166 

39 

11 

.3 

6.9 

255

126 

0

1

8.0

382

80 

Sept. 14, 

1951

South Side 

reservoir at 

Osborn&18th

34 

.00

65 

14

78

0 

253 

129 

31 

.9 

2.7 

484

220 

12

1

8.0

736

76 

Sept. 14, 

1951

Depth (feet) .............................. .................. . ..

Diameter (inches)........ ... .

Date drilled ............................. .......... ..

Percent of supply ............ ......

Polar Water 

Co. well 1

27 

.00

34 

6.0

26

0 

157 

17 

8.5 

.3 

10 

210

110 

0

1 

8.1

320

80 

Sept. 14, 

1951

200 

8 

1937

East Side 

Water Co. 

well 2

28 

.00

29 

5.2

20

0 

139 

9.4 

6.5 

.3 

5.5 

177

94 

0

1 

8.1

264

84 

Sept. 14, 

1951

280 

12 

1932

Ownership: (See Tucson.)

WAKE FIELD 

(Population, 8,906)
60 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WINSLOW 

(Population, 6,518)

Ownership: Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Co.; supplies also suburban 

area outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 9, 000.

Source: Clear Creek (flow diverted into reservoir).

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

filtration, addition of polyphosphate (Calgon), chlorination, and ammoniation. ,

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,350,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 7,000, 000 gal.

The flow of Clear Creek is diverted into the reservoir"? miles southeast .of Winslow. The treatment plant is near the reservoir.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7 "*

.03

48

£t 1 

OOQ

4.0

0

91 5

40

KOK

1.4

1,120

Finished 

water

6

0

(M

44

£t 1 

OAO

 } 0

7

01ft

49

KOK

.1

2

ft

1,110

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). . ............ .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

55

5

8 1

2,090

A 11 nr 1

1 Q51

Finished 

water

001

38

o

8.4

2,110

** **&. * ,

1QC1
ARIZONA 61

YUMA 

(Population, 9,145)

Ownership: Arizona Edison Co.; serves also West Yuma and other suburban 

areas. Total population served, about 20, 000.

Source: Colorado River (direct diversion). Standby diversion facilities on Yuma 

Main Canal.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, copper sulfate added to control algae in settling basins when needed, sand filtration (4 rapid and 3 slow sand filters), and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

Flow in Colorado River at Yuma is regulated by large reservoirs, and the chemical 

luality of the water is nearly constant for long periods. Analysis represents 

weighted-average concentration of dissolved matter in the river water as determined by daily sampling of the Yun.1 Main Canal for the period Oct. 1, 1949 

to Sept. 30, 1950.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCO ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4X... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

PH..... ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection...................

Colorado 

River 

(raw water)

13

.05

84

27

88

2.9

0

163

265

75

.3

1.4

637

320

187

__

985

1949-50

Raw water 

(at plant)

__

__

__

__

161

92

--

__

1,070

Sept. 17, 1951

Finished 

water

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

155

93

__

--

__

1,070

Sept. 17, 1951
62 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ARKADELPHIA, ARKANSAS 

(Population, 6,819)

Ownership: Arkadelphia Water Co. (General Water Works Corp.).

Source: Ouachita River.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 700, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 440,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located on the bank of Ouachita River about 300 yd east of

Ouachita College athletic field. 

Analyses of samples collected daily from the Ouachita River at Arkadelphia show

there is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the

year, but the dissolved solids is usually low.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CQJ .....

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

6.41 *>

8. 1

£t» ±. 

A 0

1.7

0

OQ

7.4

4. 1

. 1

1.4

54

Finished 

water

4.8

.05

.01

19

2

0

 j n

1.1

boa

O£

3.8

. 1

1.1

84

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

29

6

__

76.7

__

__

Finished 

water

59

27

6

8.6

126

2

60

Dec. 4,

1951

aAverage of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples collected at 

Arkadelphia for the year October 1950 to September 1951. 

Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3).

BATES VILLE 

(Population, 6,414)

Ownership: General Water Works Corporation, Pine Bluff, Ark.

Source: White River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 550,000 gal.

The treatment plant is on South Central Avenue near the river.

There is considerable variation in the chemical composition of the water throughout the year. The analyses represent water of about maximum content of dissolved solids and maximum hardness.
ARKANSAS 63

BATESVILLE--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7 a

CO

.00

36

J. £t

1 17

1.4 

0 

164

J. U

2

0

.1

£ . rr

151

Finished 

water

5.6

 £O

.00

44

i £

. i

J. £i

0 

148

oc

.1

£. 1

188-

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color...................

-_TT pH. ........ ...... ........

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Raw 

water

5

7 

n fi

oe;7

on

Nov. 21,

1 Qt^l

Finished 

water

OO

4

7.4

OCQ

1

40

Nov. 21, 

incji

BENTON

,.,,.., (Population, 6,277) Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Saline River.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,350, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is at 417 Hazel Street.

Analyses of samples collected daily from the Saline River at Benton show there is

some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the year, but

the dissolved solids is usually low.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

16

4.1.

0

CO

. £t

2

0

Jl tl

75

Finished 

water 

[city tap)

4.6

 JL £t

.00

18

4.0

 U

.7

0

1 0

3

0

t &

.4 

79.

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total u.. ..............

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .. .........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

6

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

C1

21

10 

7 9

1 OQ

0

48

1 QCI

a Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples collected from the 

river at Highway bridge, 2 miles west of Benton for the year Oct. 1950-Sept. 1951.
64 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BLYTHEVILLE 

(Population, 16,234)

Ownership: Blytheville Water Co.

Source: 3 wells (3 to 5), each 1, 500 ft deep and reported to yield 1, 200, 1,800, 

andl,800gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration (spray and contact beds), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 850, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Well 4

10

2.6

7.7 

1 9

29

3.4

0 

98

11

2.5

.0

.8

118

Finished 

watera

Q Q

f\(*

7.3

O 0

 in

5. 1

0 

101

10 } n

.0

.8

118

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color......"....".....

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 4

97

0

6.6

189

77

May 22,

i Qcn

1,500

10

1938

finished 

watera

97

0

7.6

195

7K

Any* 9 &.

1946

Composite.

CAMDEN 

(Population, 11,372)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Ouachita River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

' filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 750, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1, 100, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at end of East Washington St. The treatment plant 

capacity will be increased by 1, 500,000 gpd within 9 months. Analyses of 

daily samples collected from the Ouachita River at Camden show some variation in chemical character, but the dissolved solids is usually low.
ARKANSAS 65

CAMDEN Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

9

0

4">

7.3

1

0

11

o n

0

Ofi

6

4

17

.1

1.7

81

Finished 

water'5

A K

. 11

.00

17 

2c

8

c

1 1

0 

 in

«> >

1C

0

.4

92

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

"N/*m/* o t*Vmn 9 *fr A

Color........".........

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OC /I \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

26

5

7.3

114

1946-47

Finished 

water b

53

28

7

7.5

148

2

62

Dec. 4,

1951

aAverage of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples collected at 

Camden for the year October 1946 to September 1947. 

b City tap.

CONWAY 

(Population, 8,610)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Cadron Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,150,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located about 6 miles northwest of Conway. There is some 

variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the year, but the 

dissolved solids at all times is low.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.6 

.25 

.00 

3.0 

1.6 

2.0 

1.3 

0 

13 

2.6 

2.8 

.1 

2.7 

32

Finished 

water3-

6.5 

.31 

.00 

6.2 

1.2 

2.2 

1.8 

0 

10 

11 

4.8 

.1 

1.0 

40

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal .. ............

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC /-I \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

14 

3

27 

6.6

32.8 

4 

47 

Nov. 21, 

1951

Finished 

water3-

20 

12

5 

6.9

57.0 

1 

53 

Nov. 21, 

1951

a City tap.
66 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EL DORADO 

(Population, 23,076)

Ownership: El Dorado Water Co.

Source: 6 wells (2, 6 to 10), 160, 720, 725, 700, 718, and 737 ft deep. The yield 

of the wells is reported to be 570, (well 6, not reported), 630, 1,050, 300, and 

1, 000 gpm. Wells 6 and 9 are for auxiliary or emergency supply.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).... .............

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

PH.. .....................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity.............................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoolv ..................

Well 2

40

3. 1

7.4

3.8

9.5

4.4

0

17

20

18

.0

. 1

114

34

20

6.8

133

65

Nov. 28, 1945

160

1926

Well 10

10

.02

o o

.6

106

1.5

9

213

.8

36

. 1

. 1

275

8

0

8. 1

454

74

Nov. 28, 1945

737

15-10

1945

Wells 

(city tap) a

18

.02

4.0

1.7

\ 102

4

224

.8

33

.2

1.5

286

17

0

__

Feb. 15, 1950

aAnalyzed by U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda. Md.

FAYETTEVILLE 

(Population, 17,091)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the communities of Combs, Farmington, 

Greenland, and Johnson. Total population supplied, about 20,100.

Source: West Fork White River (impounded), two-thirds of supply; Clear Creek 

(impounded), one-third of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Wilson 

Lake.

Treatment: West Fork White River: coagulation with lime and iron salts, sedimentation, slow anthrafilt filtration, and chlorination. Clear Creek: coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, slow anthrafilt filtration, and 

chlorination.
ARKANSAS 67

FA YETTEVILLE- -Continued

Rated capacity of treatment plants: West Fork White River plant, 2, 000, 000 gpd;

Clear Creek plant, 1,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Not known. 

Finished-water storage: West Fork White River reservoir, 3, 750, 000 gal; Clear

Creek reservoir, 1,000, 000 gal.

West Fork White River treatment plant is located on Mount Sequoyah in Fayetteville. Clear Creek treatment plant is 4 miles north of Fayetteville on 

Johnson Road. The plants supply different sections of the city and the only 

mixing of the finished water from the two sources is that which might occur 

in the distribution mains.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)a

S 0

OQ

.00

4U

1.5

Q 1

1.5

0

68

19

4.8

. 1

4.0

93

Hardness as CaCOu*

Total

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap) a

71

15

5

7.3

153

1

60

npf ^ 1 QS 1

L AtU. S. G. S. laboratory, Bureau of Research, University of Arkansas.

FORREST CITY 

(Population, 7,607)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 530, 502, and 530 ft deep, and reported to yield 450, 350, 

and 750 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation (upward flow cylindrical tanks), recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, OuO, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2, 250, 000 gal.
68 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FORREST CITY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).................

Sulfate (SO^.... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH........... ............................

Specific conductance

Turbidity.............................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Percent of suoolv. ..................

Well 1

24

1.7

CQ

23

6.7

4. 1

0

297

5.3

6.0

0

.5

274

239

0

7.0

407

64

June 26, 1946

530

8

1937

Well 2

27

1.2

s<?

21

11

4.1

0

287

3.3

7.0

.0

.2

268

219

0

7.0

359

64

June 26, 1946

502

8

1935

Finished water 

(city tap)

22

.32

.00

11

17

12

1.4

7

106

17

5.0

.3

.3

148

97

0

7

8.7

219

2

S?

Dec. 26, 1951

FORT SMITH 

(Population, 47,942)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Alma, Camp Chaffee, Mountainburg, Van 

Buren, and other communities. Total population supplied, about 72,300.

Source: Clear Creek impounded in Lake Fort Smith, approximately 22 miles 

northeast of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with iron salts and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Fort Smith, 3, 900,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 23, 000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 1 mile north of Mountainburg.
ARKANSAS

FORT SMITH--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

69

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO*) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

7.6 

.02

3.6 

1.3 

2.1 

.3 

0 

18 

3.0 

1.5 

.1 

1.3 

31

Finished 

water ^

6.6 

.20 

.00 

9.1 

1.6 

1.6 

.4 

0 

22 

12 

2.5 

.1 

,& 

59

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

14 

0

10 

6.8

41.0

July 27, 

1949

Finished 

water b

29 

11

20

7.7

71.2 

3 

41 

Dec. 27, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

13 

21

Max

20 

34

Min

9 

13

PH

Av

6.7 

8.9

Max

7.1 

9.4

Min

6.3 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

23 

48

Max

29 

60

Min

15 

28

Turbidity

Av

22 

0

Max

152 

0

Min

3 

0

aCollected at spillway, Lake Fort Smith. 

bCity tap.

HELENA 

(Population, 11,236)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban area. Total population supplied,

12,000. 

Source: 3 wells (NW, NE, and SE), 493, 612, and 495 ft deep, and reported to

yield 750, 750, and 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination,and Calgon and soda ash for corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,460,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1, 550,000 gal.
70 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HELENA--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

NW well 

(raw 

water)

^u

. U 1

12

 y

-L V*7

7

f*

0

 J «7~

Ot/

479

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

£1 «7

. oo 

.00

10

4.0

1 C.C.

3

r0

ODo

74

.7

472

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

None arbonate ......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

NW well 

(raw 

water)

46

0

7.4

QQQ

G.G.

June 27,

1946

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

40

0

8

r\

74 Q

1

56

Dec. 26,

1QS1

HOPE

(Population, 8,605) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5), 1,480, 620, 620, 620, and 1,500 ft deep. The yield of

the wells is reported to be 292, 147, 156, 340, and 250 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination (average residual 0.15 ppm). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,800, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 786, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO8 ) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Well 1

8

n

1 C

3 4

1 9

410

3

Q

9Q

517 

44

OQ9

2

1,060

14

0

8.2

1,880

100

Oct. 26,

1945

Well 2

17

1Q

91

Q 4

1 1S

Q n

0

267 

46

O ft

.6

.0

376

66

0

8.3

622

78

Oct. 26,

1945

Well 3

17

. 11

1 C

o q

9 Q

0

260

KO

41

.4

.0

386

CO

0

8. 1

635

78

Oct. 26,

1945

Well 4

19

9S

91

4.0

107

3

O

0

264 

40

91

.0

.0

361

CO

0

__

8.1

593

78

Oct. 26,

1945

Well 5

Q Q

.07

1 Q

444

1 C

10

549 

44

QOfl

9 O

3.6

1, 120

10

0

7

8.4

1,920

98

Mar. 27,

1951
ARKANSAS 

HOPE - -Continued

71

Depth (feet) ..... . .......

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

1,480

8-6-4

1918

Well 2

620

8

1933

Well 3

62d

8

1933

Well 4

620

10

1943

Well 5

1,500

12-8

1950

HOT SPRINGS 

(Population, 29,307)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 artificial lakes (Hot Springs, Dillion, Bethel, and Sanderson).

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4 lakes. 

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap) .

4.5

.18

.00

11 

1 ^

1.7

.5

a22

12

4.0

.1

.0 

50

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

33

15

7

8.8

76.5

2

--

Dec. 3,

1951

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ). 

JONESBORO 

(Population, 16,310)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Nettleton. Total population supplied, about

17,700. 

Source: Swells (1, 2, Lamarr St., Culberhouse, and Johnson St.), 132, 150, 215,

and 150 ft deep (depth not reported on Johnson St. well). The yield of the wells

is reported to be 1,000, 800, 1,200, 1,100, and 900 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, ammoniation, chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 500, 000 gal; ground reservoir,

1, 000, 000 gal.
72 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JONESBORO--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

FtonfVi ifaat\

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

<D^sr*/>dnt' f\f Qimnl v .

Well 1

26 

.09

12 

7.0 

17 

1.8 

0 

62 

26

14 

.0 

2.8 

141

59 

8

6.5 

217

61 

May 3, 1950

132 

10 

1929

Well 2

26 

.15

19 

9.4 

13 

2.9 

0 

96 

15

13 

.0 

.8 

150

86 

7

7.0 

230

61 

May 3, 1950

150 

10 

1929

Lamarr 

well

32 

.10

12 

4.0 

11 

1.4 

0 

64 

3.6

9.5 

.0 

8.6 

122

46 

0

6.7 

165

60 

May 3, 1950.

215 

10 

1530

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

27 

.06

19 

9.4 

18 

1.6

a87 

26 

18 

.1 

3.2 

165

86 

15

8.4 

2C3

Apr. 25, 1946

alncludes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (COS ).

LITTLE ROCK 

(Population, 105,213)

Ownership: Little Rock Municipal Water Works. Supplies also Cammack Village, 

North Little Rock, Park Hill, and other suburban areas. Total population 

supplied, about 164, 700.

Source: Alum Fork of Saline River impounded in Lake Winona, 33 miles west of 

the city. The watershed is uninhabited and lies almost wholly within the 

Ouachita National Forest. Arkansas River, emergency supply.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, alkali for the adjustment of pH, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 23, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Winona, 13, 500, 000, 000 gal; auxiliary reservoir, 

92, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 10, 200, 000 gal.

Raw water is delivered to the treatment plant, located in the city, by gravity flow. 

The elevation of the treatment plant is such that the major portion of the distribution system is also served by gravity.
ARKANSAS 73

LITTLE ROCK--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

3

C

2.4

1 9

1.0

0 

10

.0

2.0

.0

25

Finished 

water b

4 ^

.14

.00

4.5 

1.7

2

1

.4

0

IK

4 Q

3 n

1.0

. 1

31

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

11

3

qc

7.1

10

Jan. 18,

1951

Finished 

water b

18

6

19

7.1

46.9

1

58

Dec. 26,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water _.

 ±1 

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

7 

14

Max

10 

22

Min

5 

8

PH

Av

6.5 

8.3

Max

7.2 

9.7

Min

6.1 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

20

Max

18 

30

Min

8 

12

Turbidity

Av

14 

0

Max

40 

0

Min

5 

0

a Analyzed by Little Rock Water Department. 

b City tap.

MAGNOLIA 

(Population, 6,918)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 435, 428, 410, and 425 ft deep, and reported to yield

320, 380, 468, and 500 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 811,000 gal.
74 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MAGNOLIA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)...........................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SO^.... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.. .....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection...................

Plonth tfc*c*t\

Date drilled ........................

Well 3

10

09

8

0

1.6

CO

4

R

ai qo

is

5.0

.0

0'

91S

29

0

8.5

338

Jan. 17, 1946

410

Well 4

1 9

.08

5

n

.8

86

i q

3-9 IP,

8 Q

6.0

.1

0

9^(1

17

0

8.3

359

71

IJov. 8, 1950

i qci

Finished water 

(city tap)

11

.14

.00

7

0

1.8

7S

9 1

0

16

7 9

.8

994

97

0

7

7.9

348

2

CQ

Dec. 4, 1951

alncludes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).

MALVERN 

(Population, 8,072)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a small number of people outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 8, 120. 

Source: Ouachita River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 960, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located on Front Street near Missouri Pacific Depot in

Malvern. Analyses of composites of daily samples collected from the Ouachita River near Malvern show a variation in chemical character, but the dissolved solids is low.
ARKANSAS 75

MALVERN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

7 R

(\A

.00

6.3 

1.5

4.6

1.0

Q

OQ

4 ^

2.6

Q

1 Q

48

Finished 

water*5

0 C

1Q

.00

13 

? 1

2

K

0

9Q

1Q

0 O

. 1

61

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

watera

??

1

7.4

CA Q

1Q4R 47

Finished 

water'3

41

1 Q

u

7.4

QQ R

0

46

T\rt.-» A

1QK1

aAverage of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples from the Ouachita 

River near Malvern for the year October 1946 to September 1947. 

bCity tap.

NEWPORT 

(Population, 6,254)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (East 1, West 2, and 3) each 103 ft deep, and reported to yield

550, 500, andl,600gpm, respectively. White River, emergency supply. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with soda ash and lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,450, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 450,000 gal.

The well field and treatment plant are located west of U. S. Highway 67 bridge, 

three-fourths of a mile from the center of the city.
76 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWPORT - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

East well 1

36 

1.7

37 

8.2 

13 

1.8 

0 

162 

5.1 

12 

.3 

.2 

202

126 

0

7.5 

283

Aug. 2, 

1946

103 

8 

1930

West well 2

26 

5.4

50 

10 

28 

1.6 

0 

203 

12 

35 

.0 

1.2 

268

166 

0

7.7 

450

Apr. 5, 

1946

103 

8 

1930

Well 3

34 

6.5 

.51 

46 

11 

8.7 

2.0 

0 

178 

8.6 

13 

.1 

1.5 

213

160 

14

6 

7.0

309 

1 

61 v Nov. 21, 

1951

103 

12 

1950

Finished 

water 

(composite)

34 

.50 

.00 

35 

9.8 

8.6 

1.9 

0 

135 

9.5 

16 

.1 

1.0 

182

128 

17

5 

8.1

260 

1 

52 

Nov. 21, 

1951

NORTH LITTLE ROCK 

(Population, 44,097)

Ownership: Supplied by Little Rock (see Little Rock.)

PARAGOULD 

(Population, 9,668)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 500, 505, and 507 ft deep, and reported to yield 1,000,

900, and 900 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 250, 000 gal.
ARKANSAS 77

PARAGOULD Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

14

1.0

3.2

1 C

CO

3 9

9

162

1.4

°. 9

. 1

183

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

14

0

8.2

288

Apr. 25,

1946

aComposite sample, wells 1 and 2.

PINE BLUFF 

(Population, 37,162)

Ownership: General Waterworks Corp.

Source: 3 wells (8 to 10), 835-850, 838, and 835-850 ft deep, and reported to

yield 1,250, 1^000, andl,050gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid anthrafilt filtration, sedimentation, polyphosphate

(Calgon) for corrosion control, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,170, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 13, 000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

mfaornAGiiim ("Mfo\

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Well 8

12 

3.3

7.0 

2.3 

12 

6.9 

0 

65 

3.3 

2.8 

.4 

.2 

80

27 

0

'Well 9

12 

14

11 

3.3 

11 

7.2 

0 

82 

.6 

3.0 

.4 

.2 

89

41 

0

Well 10

13 

3.3

7.0 

2.2 

14 

6.4 

0 

70 

3.7 

2.5 

.4 

.2 

85

26 

0

Finished 

water 

(composite)

18 

.64 

.00 

6.9 

2.7 

13 

6.3 

0 

67 

4.2 

2.8 

.3 

.7 

92

28 

0
78 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PINE BLUFF, Analyses Continued

Color...............................

pH. ...... ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

r\4 o TYi pi"ot* ^inf*hoQ\

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 8

7 Q

119

Nov. 8,

1945

OO C OC n

1 C

1QQQ

Well 9

7 Q

139

Nov. 8,

1945

QOQ

24-16-10

1 Q9Q

Well 10

8

n

132

Nov. 8,

1945

QO c ocn

24-16-10

IQ/l C

Finished 

water 

(composite)

6.8

125 

o

76

T>or» 9fi

1951

RUSSELLVILLE 

(Population, 8, 166)

Ownership: Russellville Water Co.

Source: Illinois Bayou.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with lime and alum, Calgon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,400, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 743,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located about 5 miles north of the city, just off U. S. Highway 64. There is some variation in the chemical character of the water during 

the year but the dissolved solids is low at all times.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.3

.25

.00

. b 

1.4

1.4

1.0

0 

14

2.4

1.8

.2

1.0

29

Finished 

water

4.5

.25

.00

jy , o

o n

1.9

.8

0 

17

15

3.0

.3

2.2

53

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH...... .................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Raw 

water

IK

3

on

6.8

on Q

0

47

Nov. 21,

1951

Finished 

water

QQ

19

19

7.1

69.6

5

RQ

Nov. 21,.

1 QC1
ARKANSAS 79

SEARCY 

(Population, 6,024)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bald Knob and Judsonia. Total population

supplied, about 9, 200. 

Source: Little Red River. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentat'jn, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 070, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 2^ miles'north of Searcy. Analyses of daily samples 

collected from the Little Red River near Heber Springs show a variation in 

chemical character of the water, but the dissolved solids is low.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6 Q

. AO

5.2

. b 

1.5

0

1 Q

3

Q

9 n

.1

1

Q

34

Finished 

water

5 7

.41

17

1. o 

1.5

4

1 Q

£t £t

A C

.1

70

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Color...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

90

6 Q

49 0

9

Afi

Nov. 21,

1 Q^l

Finished 

water

"if)

9Q

4

8

Q

1 f\Q

I

4.K

Nov. 21,

1 QR1

SPRINGDALE 

(Population, 5,835)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban area. Total population supplied, 

about 5, 950.

Source: Shiloh Spring. Emergency supply, lake fed by spring.

Treatment: Coagulation-with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid anthrafilt filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,150, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 585,000 gal.
80 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

SPRINGDALE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.9 

.05 

.00 

37 

2.9 

5.4 

1.2 

0 

103 

7.4 

8.5 

.2 

13 

146

Finished 

water

9.9 

.21 

.00 

41 

3.1 

5.4 

1.3 

0 

114 

7.7 

9.8 

.1 

14 

157

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

104 

20

16 

7.0

220 

8 

59 

Dec. 6, 

1951

finished 

water

115 

22

8

7.7

244 

9 

60 

Dec. 6, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 a

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

105

Max

110 

154

Min

45 

50

PH

Av

7.1

7.7

Max

7.2 

7.8

Min

6.9

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115 

133

Max

154 

162

Min

52 

72

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a Year ending Nov. 30, 195L

STUTTGART 

(Population, 7,276) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 125,' 125, and 850 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 400, 200, and 1,100 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 265,000 gal.

ANALYSES' 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4X... ......... ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Well 1

24

1.1

55

12

27

1.6

0

266

16

8.5

.1

.0

279

187

0

Well 3

1.0

2.8

28

12

32

7.0

0

190

1.8

28

.0

.2

213

119

0

3 wells 

(conposite)

28

.74

.02

72

17

28

1.2

0

326

23

14

.2

.1

348

250

0
ARKANSAS 81

STUTTGART, Analyses, Continued

Color...................................

PH.. .....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Diameter (inches) .......;...........

Date drilled ..........................

Well 1

7.6

438

__

__

July 17, 1946

125

Well 3

8.1

387

__

__

July 17, 1946

850

6

1946

3 wells 

(composite)

10

7.4

540

2

48

Dec. 26, 1951

TEXARKANA 

(Population, 40, 628; 15, 875 in Arkansas)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 42, 628. 

Source: 3 well fields and 1 impounding reservoir: Arkansas Station, 22 wells

ranging in depth from 40 ft to 50 ft; Texas Station, 12 wells ranging in depth

from 40 ft to 50 ft; Bringle Station (used for emergency), 6 wells each about

37 ft deep; and Bringle Lake (Clear Creek impounded). 

Treatment: Wells: aeration, alkali for adjustment of pH, and chlorination. Lake:

prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorination, and carbonation at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,075, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal.

The Arkansas Station well field is near East 9th St. and Jefferson Ave.; 

Texas Station is about 1 mile west of Texarkana; Bringle Station, 6 miles 

northwest of Texarkana; and the impounding reservoir, at Bringle Station 

well field.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ........... .

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Raw

water a

5 1

n°.

9.3

2.7

5.5

4.2

0

34 

3.0

14

.2

.5

68

34

Arkansa

Raw 

water

OQ

.48

f)K

7.6

R 1

1 Q

2.5

0

31 

5.6

33

. 1

12

151

40

14

5 Station

Finished 

water

oc

1 Q

.01

17

5.6

on

2.6

16

18 

5.7

36

.1

13

176

65

*)A

waterb

no

.01

0 A

1 *)

7.4

2.5

0

10 

3.0

8.0

.0

9.4

71

11

Finished

water0

Ofi

.11

16

4.4

1 Q

2.8

0

55 

2.0

37

.2

2.5

149

58

10

a Bringle Lake. t> Texas Station. c Bringle Station.
82 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TEXARKANA, Analyses--Continued

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Raw

water a

6.6

115

__

3ept. 22,

1943

Arkansa

Raw

water

5

5.8

199 

2

66

Dec. 4,

1951

s Station

Finished 

water

8

Q 1

235

4

65

Dec. 4

1951

water b

5.6

64.0

Sept 22

1943

water c

6

{*

220

Sept. 22,

1943

aBringle Lake. b Texas Station. c Bringle Station.

VAN HUREN 

(Population, 6,413)

Ownership: Supplied by Fort Smith. (See Fort Smith.)

WEST HELENA 

(Population, 6,107)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 7,100.

Source: 3 wells (4 to 6) 621, 623, and 621 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 750, 250-300, and 750 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, addition of lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None,,

Finished-water storage: 365,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ..

Well 5

1 "i

 GO

 51

9.4

1 /*Q

6.5

0 

K49

94

.0

2

526

Wells 

(finished 

water)

00

 £t\J

.00

OQ

11 

1 CQ

6 Q

0

CO &

2 0

 54

.0

1 ^

540

Hardness as CaCOs:

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate......

Color...............-".

PH. ..................... .

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC (1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 5

 ( 1/3

0

7 "i

980

67

June 27,

1946

COQ

oc 1 n

1000

Wells 

finished 

water)

1 1 K

0

10

7.8

040

o

62

Dec. 26,

1951
ARKANSAS 83

WEST MEMPHIS 

(Population, 9,112)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), each 1, 509 ft deep.

to be 300, 800, and 1, 500 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 400,000 gal.

The yield of the wells is reported

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) .........

Well 1

10

9"=»

3.3 

1.0

41

O K

0

ion

3

0

1 9

.0

1.1

125

Well 2

11

1 a

2.6

Q

AC

1 ^

0

K C

Q f|

.0

.7

131

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ........ ......

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 1

19

0

7

c

1QC

76

Nov. 2,

1CMC

1,509

10-6

1929

Well 2

f

10

0

7.4

OQO

MC

Mar. 8,

1950

1,509

10

1946
84 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALAMEDA, CALIFORNIA

(Population, 64,430) 

Ownership:, East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

ALBANY 

(Population, 17,590)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

ALHAMBRA 

(Population, 51,359)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 9 wells ranging in depth from 300 to 872 ft . The yield of the wells is reported to be from 900 to 3,150 gpm. Emergency supply from wells owned by 

California Water and Telephone Co., South Pasadena.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs and tanks, 27, 675, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... ... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2

__

.04

.00

oc

7.0

19

0

129 

21

13

.8

11

221

115

7.4

317

...

Feb. 9,

1951

734

30-18-16

1931

Well 8

no

.00

40

10

25

0

154 

17

26

.5

20

261

143

17

7.3

389

_ 

Feb. 9,

1951

764

30-20-16

1935

Well 12

 _

.02

.DO

42

11

23

146 

24

27

.4

19

262

149

00

7.3

400

__

Feb. 9,

1951

862

20

1948

Longden 

Well

__

.0

.00

36

7.8

28

0

132 

26

17

.8

21

238

123

1C

7.3

371

__

Feb. 9,

1951

778

28-20

1926

Garfield ft 

Reservoir

__

.00

.00

53

15

27

 * -*

151 

40

46

.5

36

326

196

79

7.8

535

__

Feb. 9,

1951

-

Receives water from Wells 8, Longden, and Garfield.
CALIFORNIA 85

ALISAL 

(Population, 16,714)

Ownership: Pacific Gas & Electric Co., Adcock Water Co. , and Alisal Heights 

Water Co. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. supplies about 9,450 people in Alisal 

and all of Salinas; Adcock Water Co. supplies about 6, 500 people in the eastern 

part of Alisal; Alisal Heights Water Co. supplies about 800 people in the western part of Alisal. Total population supplied, about 30,700.

Source: Pacific Gas & Electric Co.: 8 wells 342 to 668 ft deep; yield reported to 

be from 500 to 1, 260 gpm; Adcock Water Co.: 3 wells (5 to 7) 515, 501, and 

380 ft deep; yield reported to be 550, 750, and 475 gpm; Alisal Heights Water 

Co. : 2 wells (1 and 2) 221 and 182 ft deep; yield of each well reported to be 320 

gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 200,000 gal; Adcock Water Co.: elevated 

tanks, 14,000 gal; Alisal Heights Water Co.: elevated tanks, 4, 500 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. .................. .s. ....... ......

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Clay Street 

well a

.0 

.0

4Q

99

CO

0

1QR

O 1

rjf*

.0

 ) K

d^s7

919

K>1

0

7.4

Mar. 24

1950

OvL

14

A.V£I*±

Well 6b

 JC

.0

40

10

oc

0

. o

40

.4

9 S

OCO

1 SI

10

0

7

/»

420

67

May 16,

1952

501

14

X \J^ 1

Well 7b

44

.0

 in

19

49

3

/j

0

141

1 £t

on

.4

19

OOQ

14 >

Ofi

0

8 1

519

65

Mav ***«, y * 16, v J

1952

ooU

14

i.«7<3<3

Well 1 c

.0

.0

41

14

47

0

107

L&

84

.0

99

 } ) )

1 on

48

6

Q

Mar. 6,

1950

£t£*L

L£t

1946

a Pacific Gas & Electric Co.

b Adcock Water Co.; analysis by Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.

c Alisal Heights Water Co.

d Sum of determined constituents.
86 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ARCADIA 

(Population, 23,066)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells ranging in depth from 462 to 862 ft. The yield of the wells

ranges from 500 to 3, 600 gpm. Emergency supply from wells owned by

Southern California Water Co. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 10, 500, 000 gal.

Analyses indicate that there is considerable variation in the character of the water 

from the individual wells of approximately same depth and at different depths. 

The analyses selected show the range in dissolved solids and hardness in the 

water from the different wells.

ANALYSES 

. (Analyses, in parts per million, by Pomeroy & Assoc., Pasadena, Calif.)

Silica (SiQg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCC^: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ..............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Orange 

Grove 

Well 1A

11

26

5.2

50

1.7

156

48

13

1.0

5.6

b 238

86

0

7.5

__

Feb. 7,

1951

462

22

1921

Orange 

Grove 

Well 4A

1 9

44

14

33

1.8

187

60

15

.8

7.4

b280

167

14

7.5

__

Feb. 7,

1951

466

16

1921

Longden 

Well l a

18

48

11

13

3.0

201

11

7.0

.4

13

234

164

0

7.6

355 

1.1

May 8,

1951

550

26

1Q97

Camino 

Real 

Well 1

14

39

11

19

1.5

182*

21

9.3

.9

2.5 D 208

143

0

7.8

__

Feb. 7,

1951

714

?n

1040

Rancho 

Well 8

14

_

79

24

18

2.1

204

121

14

.8

u 28 b 401

296

128

7.4

__

Feb. 7,

1951

Analyzed by California State Dept. of Public Health. 

b Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 87

BAKERSFIELD 

(Population, 34,784)

Ownership: California Water Service Co.; supplies East Bakersfield and other 

consumers outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 81, 000.

Source: 78 wells ranging in depth from 60 to 682 ft. The yield of the wells 

(data on 44 wells) is reported to range from 160 to 1, 250 gpm, and to average 

716 gal.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs, 10,300, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (SiOg).... .....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 

79-01

14

f\Q

.04

 &

Oft

85

11

7

c

b l!5'

1 a

0

7.0

180

Ort 97

1950

615

16

1949

Well 

70-01

£i\J

.01

(\a

o ti

11C

1 C

10

o 1

b ^7

70

0

7.0

253

Sept. 11,

1950

300

16

1948

Well 

7-06

^1 

.04

.01

04

7

0

£1

149

94

iq

1 Q

90 R

1 1 D

1

7.0

339

Apr. 23,

1951

250

16

1946

Well 

11-03

£t 1

.00

.01

CO

14

07

9OR

co

00

 4 C

v, 16 bo4 o

014

44

7.0

572

Anr 9^

1951

240

16

1941

__

Range of 

constituents a

9

00

t\f\ CO

.00- 1.7

5

*O 1 9D

1.0 - 75

10 -171

KQ OKfl

6.2 -384

5 -411

.0 - 35

108 -1,010

18 -628

6.6 8.3

180 1,620

__ ...

1948 - 1951

60 - 682

__

a Based on 78 analyses (1 analysis from each well) made between 1948 and 1951. 

Mean values: hardness, 108 ppm; dissolved solids, 218 ppm; specific conductance, 

354 micromhos.

b Sum of determined constituents.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BELL 

(Population, 15,430)

Ownership: Southern California Water Co. 

Source: 4 wells, 540, 586, 490, and 950 ft deep.

ed to be 585, 275, 1,200, and 1,070 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 250, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

The yield of the wells is report-

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled .........

Watson 

Well

J.U

.00 

.0

57

1U

O 1

6

J.U7

on

OK

b328

Wells a

\.&

 \JO

.0

57

14

O 1

0

6OO

46

ft 1

3310

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Watson 

Well

904

OQ

8

O

Apr. 26,

1QK1

4QO

1 £

1946

Wells a

901

5

7 Q

May 12,

1948

100

a Composite.

b Sum of determined constituents.

BERKELEY 

(Population, 113,805)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

BEVERLY HILLS 

(Population, 29,032)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also West Hollywood. Total population supplied, 

about 41,000.

Source: 17 wells ranging in depth from 90 to 702 ft (83 percent of supply); Colorado River (17 percent of supply; 22 percent in 1952), furnished by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (see Los Angeles.) The yield of 

the wells is reported to range from 100 to 900 gpm, and to average 540 gal.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with excess lime, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,171, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 18,780,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 89

BEVERLY HILLS Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Beverly Hills)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color.... .................... .......

PH................ ...................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

rvSn rmoi"AY* ^inf*h AC\

Date drilled .....................

Percent of surmlv ...............

Franklin 

Well 9

10 

0

61 

27

> 47 ..

281 

72 

30 

1.2 

18 

*405

263 

32

600

Spring, 

1951

90 

16 

1921

Tatum 

Well 1-A

27 

.15

50 

30

158

415 

106 

100 

.4

a 676

248 

0

7.5 

1,050

Spring, 

1951

400 

16 

1930

City 

Well 1-A

35 

0

76 

39

195

517 

79 

190 

.3

a 868

350 

0

7.2 

1,380

Spring, 

1951

411 

16 

1948

Melrose 

MWell

23 

0

31 

9

186

371 

43 

120 

.5

a 594

114 

0

8.0 

1.000

Spring, 

1951

600 

16 

1948

a Sum of determined constituents.
90 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BEVERLY HILLS Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Beverly Hills)

Silica (SiO.,) ......................

Iron (Fe). ....... ...................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ............

Sulfate (SOJ ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitratp (NO \

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Plant 1 

(raw water)

20 

.20

75 

30

\ 148

398 

108 

138

.4

a 716

310 

0

7.5 

1,100

October,

1951

Plant 1 

(finished 

water)

20 

.10

25 

26

148

207 

110 

148

.4

a 580

170 

0

8.2 

920

October, 

1951

Plant 2 

(raw water)

12 

.20

42 

16

160

403 

68 

84 

.6

a 581

170 

0

8.0 

920

October, 

1951

Plant 2 

(finished 

water)

12 

.20

22 

12

159

303 

70 

90 

.6

a515

102 

0

8.1 

840

October, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water. '?.......

Finished water F^. 

Raw water. 9.......

Finished water c. .

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

330 

176 

330 

250

Min

300 

150 

304 

230

PH

Av

--

Max Min

7.6 

8.1 

8.0 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

320 

168 

172 

106

Min

300 

160 

164 

98

Turbidity

Av Max

~

Min

Sum of determined constituents* a

b Plant 1. 

c Plant 2.

« BURBANK 

(Population, 78,577)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells (3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 to 15) ranging in depth from 180 to 790 ft, 98 

percent of supply; Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 2 percent of supply (5 percent in 1952), (see Los 

Angeles.) The yield of the wells is reported to range from 500 to 2,860 gpm.

Treatment: The well water is not treated. Colorado River water is softened and 

filtered by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Raw-water storage: Approximately 35, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --
CALIFORNIA 91

BURBANK- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles)

Silica (Si<V... .............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 4

£t\J

0

0

f*n

1 fi

QO

0

975

40

24

10

*354

941

7 5

Sept.

1951

1 C

La£tt±

Well 7

J. V

0

0

tic

17

qo

0

975

4Q

pc;

1 9

aQfi9

ooc:

10

7.4

Sept.

1951

/JO A

£i\J

J.«7O «7

Well 10

£|O

0

0

KO

14

QK

0

949

47

19

.5

aqnc

1 R1

0

7 Q

Sept.

1951

coo

6\J

Well 11

94

0

0

51

1 *t

1Q

0

1fiQ

46

1 a

c

a 9RQ

1RQ

O*±

7 Q

Sept.

1951

£t\J

Well 14

1Q

0

0

50

14

QI

0

999

41

16

4

a 9R4

1 Q9

0

7.8

Sept.

1951

£|V

1«7OV

a Sum of determined constituents.

BURLINGAME 

(Population, 19,886)

Ownership: Municipal. -

Source: Water purchased from City of San Francisco: Crystal Springs Reservoir

(93 percent of supply) and Pilarcitos Reservoir (7 percent of supply). (See

San Francisco.) 

Treatment: Water from Crystal Springs Reservoir is chlorinated by City of San

Francisco. Water from Pilarcitos Reservoir is chlorinated by City of Burlingame. 

Finished-water storage: 3,550,000 gal.

CHULA VISTA 

(Population, 15,927)

Ownership: California Water and Telephone Co. (See National City.)
92 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITtCD STATES, 1952

COMPTON 

(Population, 47,991)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 49, 000.

Source: 9 wells (1, 2, 6, and 8 to 13), 256, 282, 280, 717, 642, 466, 640, 410, 

and 738 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 630, 790, 360, 740, 

1,200, 1,080, 2,000, 450, andl,350gpm. Emergency supply from the Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. (See Los Angeles.)

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs, 6, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO,) . .

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Hardness as CaCO9: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

.03

.0

57

12

40

0

212

71

22

.4

.0

336

191

i p

7.9

0

Mar. 21,

1951

256

12

1920

Well 6

.17

.0

07

18

48

0

256

126

40

.4

.0

505

294

pi

7.6

0

Mar. 21,

1951

280

8

1880

Well 9

__

.08

.0

51

6.7

44

0

173

88

15

.3

.0

315

154

19

8.2

0

Mar. 21,

1951

642

28-16

1947

Well 10

_-_

.03

.0

58

12

27

0

210

65

26

.4

.1

387

219

47

7.8

0

Mar. 21,

1951

466

16

1947

Well 11

_ _

.04

.0

58

10

43

5

205

71

21

.3

.0

400

187

10

8.3

0

Mar. 21,

1951

640

16

1948

CONTRA COSTA DISTRICT 

(Population, )

Ownership: California Water Service Co. ; supplies Concord, Crockett, Port 

Chicago, and San Ramon Valley. Total population supplied, about 63,000.

Source: San Joaquin River through the Contra Costa Canal (47 percent of supply), 

Sacramento River (45 percent of supply), Port Chicago wells (5 percent of supply), and other wells (3 percent of supply). There is an emergency connection 

with the East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)
CALIFORNIA 93

CONTRA COSTA DISTRICT Continued

Treatment: Surface water: prechiormation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment 

of pH with soda ash or lime. Water from the Galindo wells is softened with zeolite.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5, 590,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). .............. ........

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C» )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Galindo 

Well 

2-37

oc

.06

.10

46

36

41

279

cc

38

.1

11 C 391

262

34

7.9

__

Feb. 8,

1950

Government 

Ranch Well 

1-03

01

.15

1P

41

31

119

288

7Q

113

.1

11 C 557

230

0

7.5

__

Jan. 23,

1950

Mallard 

Reservoir 

(raw water)^

8

.93

.13

26

22

65

0

107

Cf\

103

0

.6 C 338

155

68

0

7.2

Jan. 3

1950

Finished 

water b

8

.10

.11

30

19

56

__

112

77

70

.0

3.7 C 319

152

61

_ 

8;0

--

1949

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

92

Max

238

Min

88

PH

Av

7.5 

8.0

Max

7.9

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

155 

152

Max

262

Min

152

Turbidity

Av

_

Max

__

Min

^Surface waters.

b Composite sample, distribution system.

c Sum of determined constituents.
94 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CULVER CITY 

(Population, 19,720)

Ownership: Southern California Water Co. ; supplies also about 4,100 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 23,800.

Source: 10 wells. Sentney Plant: wells (5 to 8, 10, and 12), 266, 810, 287, 320, 

290, and 650 ft deep; Pacific Plant: well (4), 335 ft deep; Sepulveda Plant: 

well (3), 300 ft deep; Manning Plant: wells (4 and 5), 304 and 855 ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to range from 135 to 1,150 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with ferrous chloride, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,350,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Smith-Emery Co., Los Angeles, Calif.)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ........... ...........

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ.. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH................... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Sentney 

Wells

19

f\C

M

Q'?

49

Q 1?

0

O Cf\

151

on

a 646

389

94

8.0

Mar. 27,

1950

266-810

14-18

1931-1946

Pacific 

Well

14

.1

M

1 1 R

46

44

0

9QQ

QQ

a 665

474

231

7.8

_

Anr* 7

1950

335

16

1932

Sepulveda 

Well

1 9

9R

19

106

4Q

qc

0

366

1 QQ

125

a 756

467

166

8.0

__

Apr. 7,

1950

300

16

1Q^R

Manning 

Wells

1 9

r»4

.00

87

 in

46

0

Q7

43

a 481

340

64

7.6

__

June 2,

1950

304-855

10-14

1938-1944

Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 95

DALY CITY 

(Population, 15,191)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,300.

Source: 6 wells (1, 6 to 10) 256, 400, 500, 500, 500, and 522 ft de^p; yield reported to be 55, 300, 300, 350, 300, and 1,000 gpm. The wells furnish 82 percent 

of the total supply. Auxiliary supply from San Andres Reservoir. (See San 

Francisco.)

Treatment: The well water is not treated. Water from San Francisco.is chlorinated by City of San Francisco.

Storage: 3 reservoirs, 3, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na).......................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOa) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C,) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 1

9 0

.0

1>)

1 9

 34

0

QO

LA 

Ol

.0

 31

ooc

82

6

7.4

Nnv 9Q

1950

occ

14

1908

Well 7

.0

.0

14

19

 34

0

1 no

8

n

46

.0

5.5

999

o c

1

7.1

Nov. 29,

1950

500

L£I

1 «7O t

Well 8

.0

.0

1Q

19

 *,1

0

Q1^

6

r\

44

.0

4.4

909

81

6

7 Q

Nov. 29, 

1950

500

j.^

lyoo

Well 10

 3 n

.0

14

14

00

0

QQ

8 Q

4R

.0

1 ^

910

91

1 9

7 <t

Nov. 29, 

1950

coo

14

X */^ J7

EAST BAKERSFIELD 

(Population, 38, 177)

Ownership: California Water Service Co. (See Bakersfield.)
96 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EAST LOS ANGELES 

(Population, 92,100)

Ownership: California Water Service Co.

Source: 43 wells ranging in depth from 276 to 815 ft.

wells is around 500 ft. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8,140,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

The depth of most of the

(Analysis, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dpnth ffooH

rtata Hi-illo/H

Percent of supply ...........

Typical 

composite 

of wells

28

.04

.0

57 

17

37

0

206

55

46

Q

.0

a <?49

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Typical 

composite 

of wells

91 9

A 1)

7 Q

1950

100

a Sum of determined constituents.

EL CERRITO 

(Population, 18,011)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

jflURSKA 

(Population, 23,058)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 8, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 31,000.

Source: Mad River (diversion dam); emergency supply, 3 deep wells. 

Treatment: Prechlorination; coagulation with alum, sodium aluminate, and lime;

sedimentation, chlorination, and rapid sand filtration. Copper (Cuprose) for

control of algae.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Approximately 750, 000,000 gal impounded behind Mad River

Dam. 

Finished-water storage: 2,125, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 97

E UREKA - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Mad 

River a

0.4

.0

20

. y

2

0

0 

70

4 3

5.4

.0

.0 C 73

Wellsb

n 9

.0

14

14

Ort

0 

107

.0

Oft

.0

3

e

c * 5 C 134

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

PH»»...................

Specific conductance

(mlcromhos at

n c.)..... ......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Mad 

River a

AC

-

8

n

1950

Wells b

QO

1 . 57

0

June 14,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951-52

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

50 

40

Max

110 

95

Min

20 

8

pH

Av

--

Max

«...

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

50 

60

Max

120 

118

Min

36 

33

Turbidity

Av

...

Max

2000 

50

Min

5 

5

a Finished water except for final chlorination.

b Hawthorne Street wells.

c Sum of determined constituents.

FRESNO 

(Population, 91,669)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 16,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 108, 000. 

Source: 45 wells ranging in depth from 80 to 319 ft. The depths of most of the

wells are between 100 and 200 ft. The yield of the wells is reported to range

from 1,000 to 2,425 gpm, and to average 1, 4.89. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 880, 000 gal.
98 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FRESNO--Continued 

ANALYSES

yAnalyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca.) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bic ar bonate (HCO3 )......

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2

7<j

09

<J4

1Q

OQ

c q

0

909

i<j

90

.0

97

OOA

163

0

7

7.8

451 

0

Oct. 17,

1951

142

20

1922

Well 3

en

.01

9ft

17

91

c o

0

1 70

9

0

1 Q

.0

99

OO£

140

0

K

7.6

378 

1

Oct. 17,

1951

123

18

1023

Well 24

71

.0

1 *>

8

0

1 Q

o 4

0

101

Q fi

6.8

.0

14

909

79

0

10

7.7

231 

3

Oct. 17,

1951

162

18

1925

Well 27

7<j

.0

1 ft

11

1 a

4.4

0

110

8.4

8 A

.0

14

01 7

98

0

3

7.6

269 

0

Opt 17

1951

130

18

--

Well 32 a

58

.01

.00

OK

14

99

4 1

0

174

1 1

18

.1

K 4

236

120

0

7.6

May 2,

1947

182

20

1941

Analyzed by Twining Laboratories, Fresno, Calif.

GLENDALE 

(Population, 95,702)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 96,100.

Source: 11 wells (Grandview 1 to 4, 6, 9 to 12, and Glorietta 3 and 4) ranging in 

depth from 180 to 640 ft and Verdugo Stream, about 99 percent of supply. The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 835 to 3,190 gpm, and averages 

2,117 gpm. Most of the supply is from the wells. Auxiliary supply (about 1 

percent of the total; 7 percent in 1952), Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. (See Los Angeles.)

Treatment: None (Colorado River water is softened and filtered by Metropolitan 

Water District of Southern California). (See Los Angeles.)

Storage: 170, 000, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA

GLENDALE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Grandview 

Well 6

en

.00

R4

14

R7

0

000

7°.

39

.4

5 7

b354

193

10

7.7

628

__

Oct. 19,

1951

476

18

1923

Grandview 

Well 11

1 ^

.00

KO

1°.

00

0

914.

cc

14

.4

H 1>4 

0074

183

7

7.9

491

__

Oct. 19,

1951

640

18

1929

Grandview 

Wells a

1Q

0

EC

19

71

0

04.0

67

R1

0 K

D 399

189

0

7.7

Nov. 29,

1949

__

__

__

--

Glorietta 

Well 3

3

0

no

OC

14

on

0

14Q

oo

14

.4

OC K 26 "211

150

OQ

7.1

389

Oct. 19,

1951

180

16

1928

Verdugo 

Stream

CO

.00

R4.

01

oc

0

1 QQ

on

00

K

K 1° b 308

ooo

r*rj

6.8

545

Oct. 19,

1951

aAnalyzed by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles, Calif, 

of determined constituents.

HAWTHORNE 

(Population, 16,316)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,150 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 19, 500. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 4, 6 to 8) 569, 679, 760, 670, 490, 500, and 532 ft deep.

The yield of the wells is reported to range from 328 to 750 gpm. Emergency

supply from the Lennox system of the Southern California Water Company. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with ferric chloride, softening with

excess lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 550,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.
100 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HAWTHORNE- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

31 

0 

0 

12. 

8.0 

82

44 

109 

7.0 

52

.0 

a 290

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

TlPiYinf»T*aHiT*A (V \

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

63 

0

8.9

February, 

1950

a Sum of determined constituents.

HUNTINGTON PARK 

(Population, 29,450)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: -11 wells ranging in depth from 510 to 1, 550 ft. The yield of the wells is 

reported to range from 200 to 1,440 gpm. Emergency supply from wells 

owned by Southern California Water Co. in Bell and Maywood.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 7,442, 000 gal.

The weighted average hardness and dissolved solids of the water served are 228 

ppm and 365 ppm, respectively.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3)...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Well 2

15

n1}

.00

72

23

c4

1 Q

216

75

.4

a 7.1

a 479

287

110

Well 6

Of\

.00

.00

oc

47

60

1:4

248

OfXK

89

.4

.4

747

408

205

Well 7

23

.00

.05

48

15

42

3.0

193 

76

22

.3

.8

349

181

23

Well 10

14

.00

.00

47

20

44

2.4

201 

82

24

.4

3.5

373

201

35

Well 12

17

.04

.00

46

13

45

2.3

204 

69

23

.4

.0

345

170

3

a Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 

HUNTINGTON PARK, Analyses Continued

101

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2

7.4

824 

< 1

Sept. 25,

1951

533

12

1920

Well 6

7.5

1,000

< 1

Sept. 25,

1951

756

12

1908

Well 7

7.7

518 

<: 1

Sept. 26,

1951

984

12

1909

Well 10

7.7

548 <' 1

- --

Sept. 25,

1951

1,200

18

1937

Well 12

7.8

521

^ 1

Sept. 25,

1951

1,504

14

1945

INGLEWOOD 

(Population, 46,185) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 46,300. 

Source: About 25 wells ranging in depth from 282 to 798 ft. Most of the wells are

under 500 ft in depth. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Storage: 4,800,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Carl Wilson)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na).r.. ...................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg)... ..........

Sulfate (SOJ ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Wells 9, 

11, 19, 24a

19

.0

.0

71

14

52

0

249

94

32

.0

h 1 ' 8

b 406

235

31

0

7.7

0

__

Oct. 26,

1949

Well 

22

19

.0

.0

84

24

67

__

0

261

70

115

__

h ? b 515

308

94

0

7.3

0

Oct. 26,

1949

Well 

29

19

.08

.0

77

21

79

__

0

281

79

87

__

h 18

b 51fi

279

49

0

7.5

0

Oct. 28,

1949

Well 

33

44

.15

.10

73

25

104

0

386

74

108

.0

h -° b 618

285

0

0

7.5

0

July 14,

1949

a Composite sample.

" Sum of determined constituents.
102 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

INGLEWOOD- -Continued

Depth (feel) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Wells 9, 

11, 19, 24a

_

__

__

_-

Well 22

403

18

1938

Well 29

532

18

1945

Well 33

495

18

1949

LONG BEACH 

(Population, 250,767)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 20,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 271,000.

Source: 29 wells (Alamitos wells, 8, 9, and 13; Citizens wells 5 to 7; Development wells 3 to 8; Wilson well; Wise wells 1 and 2; Commission wells 1 to 7 

and 9 and 10; and North Long Beach wells 1, and 3 to 6), 58 percent of the supply; Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern 

California, 42 percent of the supply. (See Los Angeles.) The depth of the 

wells ranges from 324 to 1,700 ft, and the yield, from 343 to 1,830 gpm.

Treatment: Well water: prechlorination, coagulation with ferric chloride, diatomaceous earth, activated carbon, caustic soda, Calgon, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination. Water from the Colorado River is softened and filtered by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 12,173,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 3,763,000 gal; other, 100,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Long Beach Water Department)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).....................

Sodium (Na)...........................

Potassium (K) .......................

 Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).................

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

pH................ .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Date of collection ...................

Wells 

(composite, 

raw water) a

1 O

.0

15 

1

C*n

1 *7Q

7

.5

n OOO

41

0

50

8

r

<1

1951-52

Wells 

(composite, 

finished water) a

17

.0

15 

1

on

1 C C

O «7

Q

r* OKI

41

0

8.5

<1

1951-52

Finished 

water ab

14

.0

19

4. O

101

o

4

64

48

f OO O

£O

0

8

C

<1

1951-52

a Samples collected from July 1, 1951 to June 30, 1952.

ab Composite, wells and Colorado River, from distribution system.

c Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 103

, LOS ANGELES 

(Population, 1,970,358)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also 26,000 people outside the city limits. Total 

estimated population supplied, 2,063,000 (1952).

Sources of supply and the order of their use for calender year 1952: Los Angeles 

Owens-Mono Aqueduct 74. 4 percent; Los Angeles River Sources 17. 8 percent; 

miscellaneous local wells 4.3 percent; Colorado River distributed by Metropolitan Water District of Southern California 3. 5 percent. The first three sources 

are now at approximate capacity use and with rising demand the city will increase its use of water from the Colorado River, which will eventually provide 

a large proportion of the supply.

Treatment: Chlorination (except for a part of the supply from the emergency wells, 

which is not treated). All major reservoirs are chlorinated at the outlets; 

occasional chlorine residuals are carried from one reservoir to another.

Raw-water storage: Grant Lake, 15, 500,000,000 gal; Crowley Lake,

60, 000,000,000 gal; Tinemaha Reservoir, 5, 000,000,000 gal; Haiwee Reservoir, 19, 000, 000,000 gal; Bouquet Canyon Reservoir, 11,900, 000,000 gal; 

Lower San Fernando Reservoir, 6,700,000,000 gal; Chatsworth Reservoir, 

3,200,000,000 gal; and other smaller reservoir. Tinemaha Reservoir is used 

for storage only at times of excessive river flow, being primarily designed as 

a regulatory basin.

Finished-water storage: Many minor reservoirs and tanks for pressure regulation. 

Total storage of both raw and treated water, 131,000, 000,000 gal.

The Los Angeles Owens-Mono Aqueduct sources include four streams in Mono 

Basin, the Owens River and streams tributary thereto and tributary to Owens 

Lake, and at times about 100 deep wells in the Owens Valley. The Mono Basin 

streams are diverted to Grant Lake and thence through an eleven-mile tunnel to 

the Owens River. These waters, together with approximately 38 percent of the 

Owens River waters, which have their origin above the Owens River Gorge, are 

impounded in Crowley Lake. Releases of water from Crowley Lake mingle with 

the remaining approximate 62 percent of the Owens River waters and, after 

regulation through Tinemaha, Haiwse, Fairmont, and Bouquet Canyon Reservoirs, are discharged into San Fernando Reservoir to supply the San Fernando 

Valley, the southwest part of Los Angeles proper, and are mixed with other 

sources in other parts of the City. The total length of the Los Angeles OwensMono Aqueduct is 338 miles, which includes approximately 66 miles of the 

natural channel of the Owens River.

The Los Angeles River sources include spreading grounds, infiltration galleries, 

and wells in the Los Angeles River drainage basin. The more important groups 

of wells are the Vanowen, Whitnall, Verdugo, Headworks, and Crystal Springs.
104 INDUSTRIAL-UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LOS ANGELES--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Los Angeles)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids> ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate ......................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ...... .

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Owens Valley 

Aqueduct a

18 

.04 

.01 

25 

5 

34 

4 

2 

138 

23 

17 

.6 

.1 

d 200

84 

0

8.3

317 

3 

58

Los Angeles I

(a be)

24 

.02 

.01 

77 

20 

52 

4 

0 

231 

139 

36 

.4 

12 

<*478

274 

84

7.6

724 

2 

65

Depth (feet) .......................................................................

Diameter (inches)...............................................................

Date drilled ......................................................................

Percent of suoolv ...............................................................

iver Sources

Vanowen Wells a

23 

.00 

.01 

58 

16 

33 

3 

0 

192 

96 

18 

.4 

5 

d350

210 

53

7.7

538 

2 

63

267-595 

ft

a Average for 1950-51 fiscal year.

b This analysis was calculated according to the percentage derived from each 

of the sources.

c Los Angeles River, galleries, and wells, 

d Sum of determined constituents.

METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Ownership: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; supplies 16 constituent areas in 5 counties (Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, 

and San Diego) in amounts from 0 to. 98 percent of supply; 22 percent of the 

total water production for these areas. Total population supplied, about 

3,563,000 (estimated at, of July 1949).

Source: Colorado River impounded in Lake Havasu. Emergency supply from San 

Gabriel River impounded in Morris Reservoir.

Treatment: La Verne plant (all Colorado River water except that through San 

Diego Aqueduct): treatment varies somewhat, but in general is as follows: 

prechlorination, activated carbon, coagulation with chlorine-activated silica 

sol (sodium silicate), intermittent partial lime softening, rapid sand filtration, zeolite or polystyrene resin softening of part of the water so that the total effluent has a hardness of about 125 ppm, postchlorination, final adjustment of pH with lime. San Diego Aqueduct: chlorination.
CALIFORNIA 105

METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Continued

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 200,000,000 gpd (designed to be increased to 

400,000,000 gpd).

Raw-water storage: Lake Havasu, 233,600,000,000 gal; Copper Basin Reservoir, 

7,886,000,000 gal; Lake Mathews, 34,870,000,000 gal; Morris Reservoir, 

12,810,000,000 gal; Gene Reservoir, 2,050,000,000 gal; San Jacinto Reservoir, 554,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Palos Verdes Reservoir, 326,000,000 gal; Orange County 

Reservoir 65,000,000 gal; Corona Del Mar Reservoir, 4,900,000 gal.

Constituent areas of Metropolitan Water District of Southern California: Anaheim, 

Beverly Hills, Burbank, Coastal Municipal Water District, Compton, Fullerton, 

Glendale, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Pasadena, San Diego County Water Authority, San Marino, Santa Ana, Santa Monica, Torrance, and West Basin Municipal Water District (new area in M. W. D. June 1949). The West Basin Municipal Water District comprises the cities of El Segundo, Gardena, Hermosa 

Beach, Manhattan Beach, Redondo Beach, Palos Verdes Estates, and industrially important unincorporated areas. (As of the end of 1952, constituents areas 

included Chino Basin, Pomona Valley, and Orange County Municipal Water Districts. The total number of cities included in the District totaled 48 in addition 

to numerous suburban communities and irrigated areas. The chief cities added to those mentioned above are Inglewood, Pomona, Ontario, and Fontana, 

each with considerable industrial development).

Water is delivered from Lake Havasu by main aqueduct to San Diego Aqueduct and 

to Lake Mathews. San Diego Aqueduct connects with the main aqueduct and extends to San Vicente Reservoir of the San Diego system, a distance of 71.1 

miles. The main aqueduct is 242 miles long; the total distribution system is 

215 miles long, making a total aqueduct length of 457 miles.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per millions, by Metropolitan Water District of Southern Calif.)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water a

8

n

79

<aO

QQyy 

4

4 107

oon

7Q

.4

2

b 66l'

Finished 

water a

19

31

JL& 

1QQ

12

AtrU, 

00

.4

b 692* 2

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OK C \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

oia 

197

8.4

1,040

Finished 

water a

JL&iJ

6

8

0

1,100

Regular determination* at treatment pwau,191tB -49

Raw water.... ....

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

119 

111

Max

127 

151

Min

108 

63

PH

Av

8.3 

8.8

Max

8.6 

9.3

Min

8.0 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO,c 

(ppm)

Av

312 

125

Max

322 

131

Min

304 

114

Turbidity

Av

~

Max Min

aColorado River. Average for 1950-51 fiscal year. 

'Sum of determined constituents. c 1952.
106 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LYNWOOD 

(Population, .25,823)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 26,300. 

Source: 11 wells (2 to 12) ranging in depth from 352 to 956 ft. The yield of the

wells is reported to range from 550 to 1, 700 gpm, and to average 1,158. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Elevated tanks, 300, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOfe)....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total. .......... .. . .

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2

18

.05

112

23

52

4.4

287

159

81

.4

660

375

iso

0

8.2

910 

0.6

Apr. 27,

1951

352

16

1930

Well 3

22

77

16

49

4.1

268

99

36

.3

448

259

OQ

0

8.3

656 

0.5

Apr. 27,

1951

436

16

1924

Well 4

20

.05

.1

62

10

39

3.2

7

210

72

22

.3

352

197

10

0

8.9

517 

0.5

__

Apr. 27,

1951

790

16

1946

Well 7

23

58

12

31

2.4

2

248

37

17

.3

1.1

310

192

0

0

8.5

471 

0.05

Apr. 27,

1951

610

16

1907

WellS

20

_

54

8.6

37

4.0

2

237

42

15

.3

.3

306

171

0

0

8.6

454 

0.3

Apr. 27,

1951

864

16

1948
CALIFORNIA 107

MANHATTAN BEACH 

(Population, 17,330; in 1953, 26,000)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 900 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 26,900.

Source: 4 wells (9, 11, 13, 14)390, 550, 550, and 550 ft deep, 60 percent of supply; Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan District of Southern California (see Los Angeles), 40 percent of supply. The yield of each well is reported to be 600 gpm.

Treatment: The well water is not treated. The Colorado River water is softened 

and filtered by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and rechlorinated by Manhattan Beach.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2, 850, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles, Calif.)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOa) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 9

1Q

0

ft r1 Q

17 />

0

OQ'?

OQ

GO

0

a 445

ooc

0

7

Q

1951

OQfl

1 &

l&IU

Well 11

OK

0

49

17

QC

0

T7Q

1

f»7

a"? CM

1 7R

0

7.7

1951

KKn

1C

1Q4^

Well 13

09

no

0

en

17

on

0

OQQ

o u 

Q<*

0

a461

0

7.7

1951

KKn

1C

lyte?

Well 14

in

no

0

65

17

68

0

306

O £

65

0

a440

0

7.7

June 4,

1951

KR(\

1 C.

i. 67127

a Sum of determined conststuents.

MERCED 

(Population, 15,278)

Ownership: Crocker-Huffman Land and Water Co.; supplies also about 300 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 15,600.

Source: 10 wells (1 to 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12) ranging in depth from 112 to 270 ft. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 000, 550, 2, 700 (well 3: 2 wells), 

1,850, 1,950, 1,900, 1,500, 1,550, and 2,200 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Elevated tanks, 600, 000 gal.
108 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MERC ED C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mh) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)....... ..............

Sodium (Na). .............. ............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SO^............ ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH............ ..................... ......

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... .... ...

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 1

.0

.0

«U 

9 ft

O1

0

6.4

9

£t

.0

4.4

1Q4

on

0

7 9

Apr. 27, 1950

lies

la

1910

*"~

Well 2

.0 

.0

9ft

1O

9

n

0

14.O

5.0

Q fi

.0

2

0

ion

0

7

0

Apr. 27, 1950

AOU

\.£t

i V i*±

 

Well 3 

(2 wells)

.0

.0

£u 

19

24

0

1 *w

19

14

.0

8.8 04.0

110

0

0

7 9

Apr. 27, 1950

loO, lot

£U, 6\i

1950

~~

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

117

Max

126

Min

108

pH

Av

7.5

Max

7.9

Min

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

106

Max

122

Min

89

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

--

Min

MODESTO

(Population, 17,389)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 25 wells ranging in depth from 70 tq 300 ft. There are 15 pumping stations, 4 of which pump water from 14 of the wells. The remaining pumping 

stations each pump water from a single well. The yield from the pumping stations is reported to be from 700 to 2,000 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 800,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 109

MODESTO- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) .. ............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) .... .

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOa) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )......-..

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 5-1

.1 

.0 

58 

19 

121

0 

169 

.0 

248 

.0 

2.7 

a 532

226 

84

7.2

Dec. 27, 

1951

200 

20 

1918

Well 9-1

.0 

.0 

39 

12 

25

0 

184 

6.7 

31 

.0 

1.3 

a 206

148 

0

7.6

Dec. 27, 

1951

136 

24 

1930

Well 10-1

.1 

.0 

46 

13 

104

0 

165 

.0 

183 

.0 

3.5 

M31

170 

34

7.7

Dec. 27, 

1951

110 

24 

1939

Well 12-1

.0 

.0 

15 

4.2 

12.

0 

95 

.5 

1.2 

.0 

1.3 

*81

55 

0

7.8

Dec. 27, 

1951

107 

24 

1948

Well 14-1

.0 

.0 

18 

4.4 

24

0 

104 

.0 

19 

.0 

2.2 

a l!9

62 

0

7.9

Dec. 27, 

1951

125 

24

a Sum of determined constituents.

MONROVIA 

(Population, 20,186)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (San Gabriel 1 to 4, Chapman 5 and 6), 476, 420, 500, 530, 387, 

and 424 ft deep, 94 percent of supply; 2 springs, 6 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, surface water runoff from mountains when flow is adequate.

Treatment: Mountain and spring supplies are chlorinated. Well water is not 

treated.

Storage: 8,000,000 gal.
110 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MONROVIA Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)... ...... ..................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) ............ ... .

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4)........ ....... .. . .

Chloride (Cl) ........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate ......................

Color...................................

PH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

San Gabriel 

Well 2

18

4Q

15

14

1.0

193

14

12

.4

16

a 235

185

26

7.5

395

1.3

May 4, 1951

420

20

1924

Chapman 

Well 6

20

.01

49

11

20

3.5

204

10

9.5

1.0

8.0

228

151

0

7.7

362

1.2

May 4, 1951

424

20

1928

Surface water 

run-off

18

CO

15

17

3.0

244

20

8.5

.4

.4

270

190

0

8.2

408

0.9

May 4, 1951

'

«_

__

Sum of determined constituents.

MONTEBELLO 

(Population, 21,735)

Ownership: Montebello Land & Water Co. supplies about 10,000 people in Montebello; South Montebello Irrigation District supplies about 7,000 people in 

Montebello; California Water Service Co. supplies the remainder of the population of the city.

Source: Montebello Land & Water Co., 4 wells (7, 8, 9, and 10) 900, 452, 302, 

and 280 ft deep, yield reported to be 1, 500, 1,500, 1,500, and2,000gpm; 

South Montebello Irrigation District, 4 wells (1, 2, 3, and 4) 398, 395, 364, 

and 500 ft deep, yield reported to be 1, 500, 1,000, 1, 250, and 450 gpm; California Water Service Co., (data not furnished).

Treatment: Montebello Land & Water Co. supply, none; South Montebello Irrigation District supply, chlorination; California Water Service Co.. supply, (data 

not furnished).

Raw-water storage: Montebello Land & Water Co., 1, 500,000 gal; South Montebello Irrigation District, none; California Water Service Co., (data not furnished).

Finished-water storage: 250,000 gal (South Montebello Irrigation District).
CALIFORNIA 111

MONT EBELLO--Continued

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California btate Dept. of Puulic Health)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)........ ...................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COs) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

None ar Donate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity ..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

D p T» f* p n f1 nf omnnlv

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Well 7

15 

.03

75 

12 

38

4.8

239 

35 

62 

.3 

.1 

*360

236 

40

8.5

598 

0.4

Apr. 23, 

1951

900 

20 

1926

Well 1

19 

.01

41 

10 

41 

7.0 

0 

195 

34 

22 

.8 

20 

318

145 

0

Well 8

19 

.12

100 

15 

32 

4.0

242 

33 

100 

.3 

.3 

a 423

310 

112

8.3 

723

Apr. 23, 

1951

452 

20 

1928

Well 2

18 

.01

46 

4.6 

46 

6.0 

0 

210 

34 

23 

.6 

12 

308

134 

0

Well 9

22

82 

14 

36 

6.6

254 

37 

68 

.3 

.4 

a392

262

54

8.5

714 

0.4

Apr. 23, 

1951

302 

20 

1944

Well 3 b

15

51 

10 

44 

4.0 

0 

210 

46 

32 

.4 

1.3 

a 307

166

0

Well 10

19 

.06

21 

40 

42 

4.0

228 

40 

60 

.3 

.4 

*339

219 

32

8.5

608 

0.4

Apr. 23, 

1951

280 

20 

1948

Well 4 b

12

78 

16 

52 

3.9

265 

71 

61 

.3 

.3 

*425

261 

44

a Sum of determined constituents.

b Analyses by Pomeroy & Associates, Pasadena, California.
112 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

MONTE3ELLO, Analyses Continued

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 1

7.3

462 

0.04

May 2,

1951

O.OQ

19

±0£\J

Well 2

7.6

470 

0.85

May 2,

1951

one

10

I.«7£U

Well 3 b

7.4

64

Jan. 9,

1951

°,R4

1 C

1 OOO

Well 4 b

61

Jan. 9,

1951

500

on

10x7

b Analyses by Pomeroy & Associates, Pasadena, California.

MONTEREY 

(Population, 16,205)

Ownership: California Water and Telephone Co.; supplies also Pacific Grove, 

Carmel, and about 30,000 people in other communities. Total population 

supplied, about 60,000.

Source: Carmel River (99 percent of supply) and 2 wells, 80 and 60 ft deep (1 percent of supply).

Treatment: Alum, lime, and activated carbon as needed, pressure filtration, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,532,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 170,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO,) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

0.10 

.0

16

8 0

10

0 70

1 Q

9

c

.0

154

Finished 

water a

0.04

.0

13 

10

1 0

0 

70

1 5

9 n

.0

148

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

QnAftifif* f*f\nrfiif*tsknf*fk

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

77 

17

7 o

May8,

1 QR1

Finished 

water a

7b 

14

7

0

May8,

1QC1

Carmel River.

MONTEREY PARK 

(Population, 20,395)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 410, 450, 1 T HO, and 480 ft deep. The yield of the wells

is reported to be 900, 1,300, 2,000, and 900 gpm. Emergency supply from

Southern California Water Co. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 4, 000,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 113

MONTEREY PARK--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 1

99

35

11

28

2.0

a !73

99

21

.6

7.5

272

133

0

0

8.2

361 

1.0

Apr. 18,

1951

4101

19

1 O7K

Well 2

1Q

rj9

39

10

28

2.0

a !76

14

20

.6

12

262

140

0

0

8.4

367 

0.8

__

Apr. 18,

1951

AK(\

1 C

1Q94.

Well 3

20

30

5.3

45

2.0

a !60

00

23

.5

4.9

280

96

0

0

8.6

364 

0.8

__

Apr. 18,

1951

1,110 

30-16

1946

Well 4

12

.03

38

12

30

2.6

a !85

14

24

.5

14

284

143

0

0

8.4

374 

0.9

Apr. 18,

1951

480

10

1945

a Includes the equivalent of any carbonate (CO,) present.

NATIONAL CITY 

(Population, 21,199)

Ownership: California Water & Telephone Co.; supplies Chula Vista and also about 

13,200 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 61, 200.

Source: Sweetwater River system (Loveland and Sweetwater Reservoirs); Colorado River, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California via San Diego 

Aqueduct (see Los Angeles); National City Well 1, 784 ft deep and reported to 

yield 1,100 gpm; and 6 wells 59 ft deep (average) in Sweetwater Valley. The 

quantity of water furnished from each source of supply varies annually depending entirely on runoff collected in the Sweetwater River system which at present 

(1953) is the main source of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Sweetwater Reservoir, 9,976,900,000 gal; Loveland Reservoir, 8,420,700,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 306, 500,000 gal.
114 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NATIONAL CITY--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California Water & Telephone Co.)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron(Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCQJ

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Sweetwater 

River a

1 Q

. O

.0

30

15

OQ

0

0 

1 OQ

QC

£Q

.0

b 265

National 

City 

Well 1

Of)

.1

.0

34

£tO

4

C

0

1 OQ

56

177

.4

.0

b 600

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

None arbonate ......

Color ...................

pH. ......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Sweetwater 

River a

i o a

31

8

1

460

Anv 1 Q

! Q^t

National 

City 

Well 1

1 on

0

7

/3

QQD

AJJI . Id, 

1 Q^9

a At entrance into Sweetwater Reservoir. 

b Sum of determined constituents.

OAKLAND 

(Population, 384,575)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District; supplies also Alameda, Albany, 

Berkeley, El Cerrito, Richmond, San Leandro, Vallejo (part of supply), other 

smaller cities, and numerous unincorporated areas in Alameda and Contra 

Costa Counties. Total population supplied, about 900, 000.

Source: Mokelumne River impounded in Pardee Reservoir (93 percent of supply); 

local runoff into San Pablo, Upper San Leandro, Chabot, and Lafayette Reservoirs (7 percent of supply).

Treatment: Orinda Plant (Mokelumne River): coagulation with alum, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and lime for pH adjustment. San Pablo and Upper San 

Leandro Plants: aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and lime for pH adjustment. Chabot and Grant Miller 

(Lafayette Reservoir) Plants: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, pressure 

filtration, chlorination, lime for pH adjustment.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 196, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs: Pardee, San Pablo, Upper San Leandro, Chabot, 

and Lafayette, 102, 759, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: About 100 distribution reservoirs, 387, 900, 000 gal.

Pardee Reservoir, with a storage capacity of 68,400, 000, 000 gal, is about 94 miles 

northeast of the East Bay area. Water is released through an outlet tower into 

the twin Mokelumne Aqueducts, together capable of delivering almost 

100, 000, 000 gpd by gravity flow. By operating pumping plants the daily flow 

can be increased to more than 210, 000, 000 gpd. Most of this water is treated 

at the Orinda Filter Plant and transmitted into distribution mains; the remaining amounts are stored in the four terminal reservoirs.

The storage capacity of the terminal reservoirs is as follows: San Pablo, 

14, 000, 000, 000 gal; Upper San Leandro, 13, 500, 000, 000 gal; Chabot, 

4, 100, 000, 000 gal; Lafayette, 1, 700, 000, 000 gal.

Although much of the water is served by gravity, the district requires 67 pumping 

plants and over 100 distribution reservoirs to serve those at the higher elevations.
CALIFORNIA 

OAKLAND--Continued 

ANALYSES

115

(Analyses, in parts per million, by East Bay Municipal Utility District)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na).......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Finished 

water a

7 9

e.4

.0

6.0

.7

4.7

f 24

1.1

5.0

.1

^37

18

0

9.1

__

June 1950

Finished 

water b

1 ^

e 2. 6

.0

23

5.6

13

81

94

13

.1

&122

81

15

8.0

__

June 1950

Finished 

water c

5.6

e .6

.0

36

13

20

142

4S

18

.2

220

144

28

_.

7.9

__

June 1950

Finished 

water d

.4

e .9

.0

48

22

34

_

199

71

32

.2

316

208

45

__

7.9

--

__

June 1950

a Mokelumne River. b San Pablo Reservoir. c Upper San Leandro Reservoir. 

d Chabot Reservoir. e iron 3^3 aluminum oxides, 

f Includes the equivalent of any carbonate (CO3 ) as bicarbonate (HCO3 ). 

SSum of determined constituents. v N

OILDALE 

(Population, 16,615)

Ownership: Oildale Mutual Water Co.

Source: 13 wells ranging in depth from 466 to 722 ft. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 680 to 940 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 75, 000 gal.
116 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OILDALE - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ............

Sulfate (SO4) .......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ......

Turbidity ..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 5

27 

.0 

.0 

55 

8.3 

25 

4.8 

0 

116 

61 

48 

.0 

4.4 

326

171 

76

7.3

479 

<1

Sept. 18, 

1951

466 

16 

1933

Well 8

36 

.0 

.0 

25 

3.2 

22 

4.4 

0 

92 

28 

16 

.0 

2.2 

179

76 

0

7.8

258 

<1

Sept. 18, 

1951

643 

16 

1939

Well 10

33 

.0 

.0 

45 

7.9 

25 

1.1 

0 

155 

16 

39 

.0 

.0 

272

145 

18

7.2

404 

<1

Sept. 18, 

1951

533 

16 

1942

Well 11

32 

.0 

.0 

33 

5.3 

22 

.8 

0 

102 

31 

24 

.0 

2.2 

216

104 

21

7.7

321 

<1

Sept. 18, 

1951

512 

16 

1945

ONTARIO 

(Population, 22,872)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 300 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 23,200. 

Source: Swells (1 to 8), 600, 600, 604, 507, 551, 496, and 536 ft deep. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 945, 1,650, 1,500, 1,600, 2,400, 2,400,

1,420, and450gpm. Emergency supply from well and surface water of San

Antonio Water Co. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 14,750,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA

ONTARIO- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

117

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) ............. .......

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)..... ................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,)

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Fldfo HrMllori

Well 1

97

CO

6

n

15

3

n

0

200

9

C

7.0

.4

1 Q

236

* 158

0

0

8.5

352

1.8

Apr. 12, 1951

600

16

1910

Well 6

on

no

47

6.4

16

2

n 

0

187

8

n

6.0

2

K

9no

144

0

0

327

2.2

Apr. 13, 1951

551

26

1930

Well?

14

A G

7

e

18

0

179

14

9

.4

2.6

OQQ

145

4

0

8.5

343

1.7

Apr. 13,1951

496

16

_i_

OXNARD 

(Population, 21,567; census 1952, 26,353)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6) 234, 234, 232, 252, 235, and 240 ft deep; yield reported

to be 1,080, 1,120, 1,000, 1,440, 1,600, andl,700gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1,000, 000 gal.
118 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OXNARD Continued 

ANALYSES

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

-Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Wells 

(composite 

sample)

7 S

JL3O 

49

105

Q

262

471

CR

a.Qf-0

561

340

8.2

1,500

Nov. 24, 1950

__

Well 1

__

.25

1 s<?

51

86

a

230

sm

58

.6

6.0

a 969

594

402

7.4

__

Dec. 8, 1950

234

14

1912

Well 5

__

0

.8

197

61

93

0

248

625

61

.7

2.4

a l,160

745

540

7.4

__

Dec. 8, 1950

235

14

_ 

a Sum of determined constituents.

PALO ALTO 

(Population, 25,475)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 9, 750 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 35, 200. 

Source: San Francisco city supply (see San Francisco, Bay Crossing lines)

60 percent of supply; 9 wells, 250 to 600 ft deep, 40 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 4, 980, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 119

PALO ALTO--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOjj) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) .....................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Main 

Station 

Well

__

.04

.0

61

14

86

0

283

44

83

.0

.4

575

211

0

_ _

7.7

__

Feb.. 6,

1951

446

14

1926

Mayfield 

Well a

__

.6

0

41

12

65

0

244

40

35

0

1.1

438

151

0

_..

7.9

Feb. 6,

1951

526,

14

1931

Middlefield 

Well

__

0

0

39

11

110

0

271

 > >

90

0

0

552

142

0

__

7.9

--

Feb. 6,

1951

600

14

1932

Oregon 

Well

__

.26

.1

82

22

102

0

254

33

170

.1

1.8

668

291

87

__

8.1

~

Feb. 6,

1951

512

14

1930

Also known as Park Boulevard Well.

PASADENA 

(Population, 104,577)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Colorado River distributed by Metropolitan Water District of Southern

California, 62 percent of supply (see Los Angeles); 14 wells ranging in depth

from 642 to 1, 220 ft, 35 percent of supply; Arroyo Seco, Eaton Canyon, and

Millard Streams, 3 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Colorado River: softened and filtered by Metropolitan District of

Southern California (see Los Angeles). Local supplies: chlorination and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 103, 000, 000 gal.
120 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PASADENA- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City Of Pasadena)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

MaYiganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ......

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Jour dan 

Well a

30

no.

42

11

> »

0

170

11

10

(b)

8.7

C219

151

7.4

729

26

1926

11

Garfield 

Well a

30

no.

on

4.0

25

0

qq

10

10

9.9

C161

65

0

7.7

720

26

1921

7

Woodbury 

Wella

26

.06

24

3.7

OO

0

123

21

12

6.7

C187

74

0

7.8

1220

26

1930

6

Sunset 

Well a

30

HO.

37

11

£u

0

159

18

14

14

C225

139

7.4

--

751

26

1924

6

Copelin 

Wella

30

.03

47

15

<fiO

0

216

28

13

6.4

C 272

179

7.3

700

26

1921

3

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Eaton 

Canyon 

Stream a

19 

.04

45 

15 >".

208 

21 

7.2

.4 

C224

Arroyo 

Seco 

Stream a

24 

.07

56 

18

26

0 

254 

36 

13

.4

C299

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Eaton 

Canyon 

Stream a

175 

4

8.2

Arroyo 

Seco 

Stream a

213

5

7.9

a Average for year 1950-51. b Weighted average fluoride content of 

sources of supply about 0. 7 ppm. Annual Report 1952-53, Pasadena Water Dept. 

c Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 121

POMONA 

(Population, 35,405)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 12 wells (1 to 12) ranging in depth from 495 to 1,104 ft, and 2 tunnels

(1 and 3). The yield of the wells is reported to range from 400 to 1, 500 gpm,

and to average 843 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 15,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

C^lcivm (C^) ....,,,,.....

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO.) ..... ....

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ......

Sulfate (SO,) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 4

on

72

19

12

11

214

29

11

.3

48

321

231

cc

0

7.0

495 

1.2

May 9,

1951

537

20

1940

Well 5

1 Q

52

8

C

20

4.6

184

27

9

.4

32

270

166

i R

0

7.3

403 

0.8

May 9,

1951

575

20

1930

Well 8

18

68

7.6

32

4.4

170

64

13

.2

80

386

202

CO

0

7.1

540 

0.7

May 9,

1951

960

16

a 1926

Well 11

23

52

9.3

12

3.8

189

20

7.0

.3

17

256

169

14

0

7.3

382 

0.6

May 9,

1951

566

20

1947

Tunnel 3

16

37

4.0

31

3.0

172

21

10

.8

13

218

108

0

0

7.3

330 

0.9

May 9,

1951

a Drilled prior to 1926.
122 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

REDLANDS 

(Population, 18,429)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bryn Mawr, Loma Linda, and Mentone.

Total population supplied, about 23, 200. 

Source: 11 wells (10 to 16, 30, 32, Maquet 1 and 2, and East Lugonia 3) ranging

in depth from 88 to 68? ft (67 percent of supply); and Mill Creek (33 percent of

supply). The yield of the wells is reported to range from 225 to 3, 096 gpm, and

to average 1,345 gpm. 

Treatment: Water from the wells is not treated. Mill Creek: prechlorination,

coagulation with alum of ferric chloride when the water is very turbid, rapid

sand (pressure) filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 750, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 14,360,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (fee*) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Wells a

1°.

09

54

14 

40

o

990

4°.

1 Q

.4

46

b 338

Mill 

Creek 

(raw 

water)

Q

38

o q

1°.4

1 R

9 C\

9

172

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

WrtWf* a i*Vw*Ti s> t A

Color...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC pi \

Wells a

11

0

8.4

Rfii

9 7

Apr. 18,

1951

<*A n 4-^\ Ron

18 to 20

1Q10

1925

Mill 

Creek 

(raw 

water)

19°.

10

0

8.9

940

Q K

Apr. 18,

1951

aRaw water from wells 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16, Roosevelt Road Plant, 

b Sum of determined constitents.

REDONDO BEACH 

(Population, 25,226)

Ownership: California Water Service Co. ; supplies also Hermosa Beach and about 

3, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 48,200.

Source: 13 wells ranging in depth from 286 to 600 ft (95 percent of supply); auxiliary supply from Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (5 percent of supply). (See Los Angeles.) The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 180 to 1,052 gpm, and to average 

557 gal.

Treatment: Chlorination of well water. Colorado River water is softened and filtered by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Storage: 3,450, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 123

REDONDO BEACH--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (Sidfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese' (Mn) . . ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 

5-04

21

.01

.03

52

15

56

_

252

44

44

2.5

a 359

191

0

7.9

612 

0

74

Apr. 13,

1950

con

1 C

1Q4.Q

Well 

21-01

28

.22

.10

38

24

79

__

305

5.3

77

.6

a 403

194

0

7.7

715 

0

74

Feb. 19,

1951

456

16

1Q44

Well 

22-01

18

.01

.07

48

15

54

_

263

23

44

.0

a 332

182

0

7.8

590 

0

72

Apr. 25,

1950

600

16

1 Q4.fi

Well 

25-01

33

.08

.0

27

12

99

 

305

12

50

 °

a 384

117

0

7.9

653 

0

75

May 10,

1950

504

16

1950

Well 

5-02

21

.22

.07

54

16

62

__

254

43

56

1.8

a 379

200

0

8.0

644 

0

72

Apr. 11,

1950

349

16

1908

a Sum of determined constituents.

REDWOOD CITY 

(Population, 25,544; census 1953, 34,005)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 900 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 30,400. 

Source: Hetch Hetchy aqueduct is principal source of supply. (See San Francisco,

Bay Crossing lines.) Emergency supply, small private wells, only. 

Treatment: Chlorination by City of San Francisco. 

Storage: 6,420, 000 gal.
124 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

REDWOOD CITY--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by City of San Francisco)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

7

.03

0

lu 

4.6

11

0

59

19

9

.1

.1

95

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

56

8

7.5

163

6

__

Mar. 1,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950-51^

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

--

PH

Av

9.0

Max

--

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

36

Max

164

Min

12

Turbidity

Av

2.3

Max

9

Min

.5

aComposite sample, Bay Cross ing-lines. The composition of the water supplied 

during a year may vary over a considerable range depending on the quantity of water 

taken from each of the various sources of supply.

b Fiscal year, San Francisco Water Dept.

RICHMOND 

(Population, 99,545)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

RIVERSIDE 

(Population, 46,764; census 1952, 56,000)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 600 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 57,600. 

Source: 26 wells in the San Bernardino artesian basin. Well depths range from

300 to 1,192 ft. Most of these wells are flowing. Auxiliary supply from 5

wells in Riverside. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 22, 000, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 125 

RIVERSIDE - -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ............;..

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ................

Diameter (inches).........

Date drilled ................

Percent of supply ........

Composite 

sample a

16

27

4

50

0

162

34

18

.4

b229

84

0

_..

350

__

Nov. 17,

1950

Warren 

Well 2

17

33

4.4

16

3.2

144

16

5.5

.5

1.1

170

102

0

0

7.2

266 

1.2

May 8,

1951

485

20

1930

Raub 

Well 2

15

.01

28

2.7

57

5.6

151

44

27

.8

1.4

246

80

0

0

7.4

208 

0.9

__

May 8,

1951

1,192

20

1931

Hunt 

Wells 

(5 wells)

18

_

26

4.9

51

3.6

162

31

24

.4

1.9

262

85

0

0

7.7

374 

0.9

May 8,

1951

409-868

10-20

1912-46

Coo ley 

Wells 

(9 wells)

18

 ..

35

7.0

31

4.4

__

175

28

8.0

.2

1.3

216

116

0

0

7.4

355

0.5

May 8,

1951

con 1 I^Q

10-20

1899-1947

a City tap. 

Sum of determined constituents.

SACRAMENTO 

(Population, 137,572)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 132, 700 people in the city; Southern California Water Co. supplies about 10, 000 people; Jacinto Developers Inc. supplies 

2, 500 people. A number of people outside the city are also supplied. Total 

population supplied, about 146,200.

Source: Municipal: Sacramento River and 6 wells (standby); Southern California 

Water Co: 8 wells; Jacinto Developers, Lie. : 4 wells.

Treatment: Sacramento River: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. Wells: none.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 64,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 14,000,000 gal.

The intake in the Sacramento River is just below the mouth of the American River. 

Analytical data indicate that at times the water withdrawn represents chiefly 

American River water. The well systems and the system served with Sacramento River water are all separate.
126 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SACRAMENTO- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

Q 9

.0

4.6

£. U

1 R

0 

oq

1.7

q

.0

36

Finished 

water a

9

1

.0

5.0

£tt U 

1 R

q

0

1 Q

7 a

1.4

.0

.4

37

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

None arbonate ......

Color ...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

£t\J

0

15

7.2

46.8

54

1952

Finished 

water a

Cti

6

0

6.7

54.6

58

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3

Av

42 

33

Max

104 

90

Min

14 

6

PH

Av

7.3 

6.7

Max

7.7 

7.2

Min

7.0 

6.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3

Av

56 

56

Max

120 

120

Min

24 

24

Turbidity

Av

36 

0

Max

0

Min

7 

0

a Sacramento River.

SAN BERNARDINO 

(Population, 63, 058;. special census 1952, 73,827)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 30 wells ranging in depth from 40 to 1,408 ft (82 percent of supply), and 

Lytle Creek (18 percent of supply). The yield of the wells is reported to range 

from 125 to 2, 900 gpm, and to average 1, 298 gal (data on 21 wells).

Treatment: Chlorination of creek water; well water not treated.

Storage: Reservoirs, 37, 690, 000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 127

SAN BERNARDINO Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Antil 

Well 5

94

1

0

44

o o

49

7.4

.4

1 ^

9^9

an

0

0

8.8

319 

1.1

Apr. 18,

1951

1 ' 498

1Q9Q

17th St. & 

Sierra Way 

Well

14

n^

KO

Q S

19

4.0

91 n

19

4.8

.4

K *)

944

1 fiQ

0

0

8.5

339 

1.1

Apr. 18,

1951

700

90

1040

Hanford 

Welll

q

47

7.7

17

4.0

1 QQ

 in

10

.4

o 7

94 n

14Q

0

0

8.4

325 

1.0

Apr. 18,

1951

7R9

1 /»

1 Q9n

Perris 

Hill 

Well 3

1 ^

O-l

6

1

oo

0

19Q

97

1 Q.

*) K

1Q7

1 09

0

0

8.0

352

3.5

Apr. 18,

1951

OCR

90

1 Q^n

Lytle 

Creek a

0

CO

41

944

97

19

b oco

1 R4

0

8.0

1940

a Special Bulletin No. 63, California Water Supply Statistics, California 

State Dept. of Health.

Sum of determined constituents.

SAN DIEGO 

(Population, 334,387; special census 1952, 434,924)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies San Dieguito Irrigation District, Santa Fe Irrigation District, Del Mar, and part of Coronado. Total population supplied, about 

450,000.

Source: San Diego River system (47 percent of supply), Cottonwood-Otay system 

(43 percent of supply), and San Dieguito system (10 percent of supply). Imported supply, Colorado River through the Colorado River Aqueduct and San Diego 

Aqueduct of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the San 

Diego County Water Authority. (See Los Angeles.)

Treatment: Alvarado plant: prechlorination, coagulation with ferric sulfate, partial softening with lime, settling, polyphosphate, rapid sand filtration, and 

fluoridation; Lower Otay plant: pressure filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation; Torrey Pines plant: pressure filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation. 

There are 2 stations for chlorination only.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Alvarado. plant: 66,000, 000 gpd; Lower Otay 

plant: 16, 000, 000 gpd; Torrey Pines plant: 3,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage (capacity): 130,085,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage (capacity): 136,000,000 gal.
128 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAN DIEGO--Continued

The percentages of supply shown above are the "normal" percentages. Considerable quantities of Colorado River water have been used for the past few dry 

years, due to extremely low production of local supplies. For the year ending 

June 30, 1951, almost 90 percent of the supply came from the Colorado River, 

distributed through the San Dieguito system and San Vicente Reservoir, and for 

the year ending June 30, 1952, 75 percent. As of 1952, the city's entitlement 

to Colorado River water was approximately 53,000,000 gpd.

The San Diego River system includes water from the San Diego River and tributaries, and is stored in El Capitan and San Vicente Reservoirs. However, most 

of the water received at present in San Vicente Reservoir is Colorado River 

water through the San Diego Aqueduct. Water from the San Diego River system 

is treated at the Alvarado Plant.

The Cottonwood-Otay system includes water from Buckman and La Posta Greeks 

(tributaries of Cottonwood Creek) stored in Morena Reservoir, Cottonwood and 

Pine Valley Creeks stored in Barrett Reservoir, and Dulzura Creek stored in 

Lower Otay Reservoir. All Cottonwood-Otay sources eventually reach Lower 

Otay Reservoir, the water from which is treated at the Lower Otay Plant.

The San Dieguito River system stores water from the San Dieguito River in Lake 

Hodges and San Dieguito Reservoir. Water from this system is treated at 

Torrey Pines Plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of San Diego)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Alvarado

finished 

water a

11 

0 

0 

60 

20 

81

9 

78 

217 

77 

b.9 

.8 

514

231 

155

8.4

959 

<1

1951-52

Reservoirs a

El 

Capitan

18 

.05 

0 

44 

13 

43

0 

208 

45 

41 

b.3 

.4 

307

181 

10

7.8

500 

<1

1951-52

San 

Vicente

10 

.02 

0 

75 

26 

107

5 

159 

265 

81 

b .4 

.3 

648

295 

157

7.8

970 

<1

1951-52

Lower 

Otay

12 

.13 

.03 

34 

21 

82

0 

235 

50 

90 

b.5 

0 

406

170 

0

7.6

750 

<1

1951-52

San 

Dieguito

12 

.05 

0 

64 

23 

88

0 

154 

249 

80 

b.4 

0 

592

253 

127

7.9

980 

<1

1951-52

a All results are averages of monthly and quarterly analyses for 1951-52 

fiscal year.

b Fluoride average 0. 9 ppm after beginning of treatment (Dec. 1952).
CALIFORNIA 129

SAN FRANCISCO 

(Population, 775,357)

Ownership: Municipal; furnishes the entire supply for Belmont, Belmont Water 

District, Burlingame, Moffett Field, Redwood City, San Carlos, San Mateo, 

and Sunol; furnishes part of the supply for Alameda County Water District, 

Atherton, Daly City, Menlo Park, Millbrae, Palo Alto, and South San Francisco. Total population supplied, about 975,000.

Source: Hetch Hetchy system (60 percent of supply), Alameda system (approximately 30 percent of supply), Peninsula system (approximately 10 percent of 

supply). Emergency supplies from Sunset wells system and from Lake Merced, within San Francisco.

Treatment: Chlorination, copper sulfate for algae control in open reservoirs. 

Aeration of water from Calaveras Reservoir. Fluoridation authorized in 

November 1951.

Raw-water storage: Storage reservoirs, total capacity 187, 630, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Distribution reservoirs, total capacity 315, 600, 000 gal; 

elevated tanks, total capacity 2, 780,000 gal.

The Hetch Hetchy system includes the Tuolumne River impounded in Hetch Hetchy 

Reservoir, Eleanor Creek impounded in Lake Eleanor, and Cherry River. 

These waters are combined at Early Intake, 155 miles east of San Francisco, 

where they enter the aqueduct leading to San Francisco.

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir has a storage capacity of 117, 300, 000,000 gal, Lake

Eleanor a storage capacity of 9,000, 000,000 gal, while the present capacity of 

the aqueduct is about 92,000, 000 gpd. Under construction (1951) is a dam on 

Cherry River which will create a new reservoir with a capacity of 

86, 000,000, 000 gal. Also under construction is a second section of aqueduct 

across San Joaquin Valfey which will increase the capacity of the aqueduct to 

140,000,000 gpd.

The Alameda sources lie on the east side of San Francisco Bay within the drainage 

area of Alameda Creek. The chief source is Calaveras Reservoir, which impounds Calaveras Creek and Arroyo Hondo, and water diverted from upper 

Alameda Creek through a tunnel. Calaveras Reservoir has a storage capacity 

of 31, 550, 000,000 gal, and its water flows by gravity to enter the Hetch Hetchy 

aqueduct. During dry years water is also obtained from two underground 

sources: Sunol filter galleries on Alameda Creek and wells in the vicinity of 

Pleasanton. When these sources are used, the water is pumped into the Hetch 

Hetchy aqueduct near the Bay Crossing Division.

The Peninsula system includes chiefly three reservoirs: Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andres. These reservoirs catch and store the local runoff; 

also Crystal Springs is the terminal reservoir for the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct, 

which includes all of the Hetch Hetchy and Alameda sources. The storage 

capacity of each reservoir is as follows: Crystal Springs, 22, 580,000, 000 

gal; San Andres, 6,190,000,000 gal; Pilarcitos, 1, 010,000,000 gal. Water 

from Pilarcitos Reservoir is released to San Andres Reservoir. Water from 

Crystal Springs and San Andres Reservoirs is supplied to a number of distribution reservoirs throughout the city. Crystal Spring lines supply downtown, commercial, waterfront areas of the city, and peninsula communities 

as far south as San Carlos. San Andres lines furnish water to residential areas 

of San Francisco. Bay Crossing lines (Hetch Hetchy aqueduct) supply peninsula 

communities south of San Carlos and some communities in Alameda County.
130 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAN FRANCISCO--Continued

. ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of San Francisco)

Hetch

Hetchy

Reservoir

Calaveras 

Reservoir

Pilarcitos 

Reservoir

Sunol 

Galleries

Pleasanton 

Wells

Silica (SiOjj)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg)..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as

Total...........

Noncarbonate

3.8 

.02

0

1.1

1.4 

.1

0

7

1.6

1

.1 

.1 

a !3

9

3

5.0

.02

0

25

8.8

8.8

0

105

17

7

.2

124

99

13

3.7

.02

0

15

5.1

14

0 

70

6.5 

20 

.0 

.1 L 99

59

1

14

0

52

14

26

0

193

63

21

.03 .02

.1 

.0 L 286

187

29

11

0

63

29

28

0

283 

47 

30

.1 

1.0 L 348

275

44

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C.) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F.)........

Date of collection ........

6.4 

19.7

June 1949

7.7

225

June 1949

7.5

175

June 1949

7.9

466

1948

8.0

606

January 

1949

Crystal Springs 

lines

San Andres 

lines

Bay Crossing 

lines

Silica 

Iron (Fe) 

Manganese (Mn)......

Calcium (Ca) ..........

Magnesium (Mg)......

Sodium (Na)............

Potassium (K) ........

Carbonate (COa)......

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. 

Sulfate (SO4)............

Chloride (Cl) ..........

Fluoride (F)...........

Nitrate (NOs)..........

Dissolved solids .....

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total.................

Noncarbonate......

7.5

.02

0

13

5.6

11

0

66

13

10

7.0

.01

0

14

6.2

12

0

71

12

15

.1 

.0 L 93

54

1

a !02

58

2

3.0

.05 

0

7.5 

3.4 

5.3

0' 

34 

8.7 

5

.0 

.0 1 50

33

5

Color.........................

pH.............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C,). 

Turbidity...................

Temperature (F. ) 

Date of collection.........

7.9

152

Apr. 17. 1951

7.8

170

Apr. 17, 1951

7.3

85

Aug. 18, 1950

a Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 131

SAN GABRIEL 

(Population, 20,343)

Ownership: San Gabriel County Water District; supplies about 15,000 people in 

San Gabriel and about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population 

supplied, about 20,000. California Water & Telephone Co.; supplies sections 

of San Gabriel, San Marino, and County Island No. 2 (north of San Marino). 

Total population supplied, about 21,000.

Source: San Gabriel County Water District, 5 wells (3, 4, 5, 6, 7)437, 500, 340, 

401, and 910ft deep; yield reported to be 1,225, 1,332, 2,146, 1,991, and 

2, 034 gpm. California Water & Telephone Co., 8 wells ranging in depth from 

300 to 785 ft; yield (capacity) reported to range from 900 to 2,100 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: San Gabriel County Water District, 4,100, 000 gal; California Water & 

Telephone Co., 7,490,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCg ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH .....................:......

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) .........

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...........

Percent of supply .......

WellS

OO

.01

9Q

3 7

°,n

132

1 R

10

1.1

1 9

a 1 so

07

0

8

0

275

6

f\

Apr. 17, 

1951

4.O.7

1 ft

1Q01

Well 4

1Q

 uo

oo

0 A

90

o 0

130

97

9

r\

1.0

7.1

a tftQ

00

0

. u 

277

1. 3

Apr. 17, 

1951

500

oc

IQOft

Well 5

07

 34.

8

C

OR

o. n

158

9

0

1 9

1 c

a 994.

0

8

0

319

\Jf &

Anr 1 7

1951

O A f\

on

1 Q1 R

Well 6

9R

04

11

9R

0 A

149

1 C

1 a

9n

a ooo

1 9ft

8

0

343

1. O

Apr. 17, 

1951

401

9fi

1942

Well 7

0.4.

0.1

8

Q

OO.

134

00

1 R

Of)

3-94.9

114

4

8.4

331 

1.1

Apr. 17, 

1951

Qin

90

1Q4.7

a Sum of determined constituents.
132 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAN GABRIEL--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 1917

 £t 1

.0

9Q

7.4

OQ

0

1 OQ

lo 

on

1.0

5

Q

a 171

104

0

7 Q

1952

9 OK

1 Q

.L <y i. i

Well 1923

.0 

.0

8

0

01

0

14Q

4O 

1 ft

2

n

a 1 Q9

115

0

7.0

June 11,

1952

501

lo

i y £to

Well 1925

.0

.0

07

8

C

 in

0

100

lo 

 to

6.4 si 1 c f\

109

0

7.4

1952

IOD

4O

iy<io

Well 1947

.0

.0

oc

8

C

oc

0

1 CO

lo 

14

1 Q

a 184

100

0

7.4

1952

690

u\)

JL&rx 1

a Sum of determined constituents.

SAN JOSE 

(Population, 95,280)

Ownership: San Jose Water Works (private); supplies also Los Gatos and about 

65, 300 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 165, 500.

Source: 41 wells ranging in depth from 185 to 1, 535 ft (60 percent of supply); Los 

Gatos and Saratoga Creeks (40 percent of supply).

Treatment: Wells: chlorination for some, others untreated. Creeks: chlorination, occasional use of chlorine dioxide and ammonia.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoirs for streams, 2,485,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Distribution reservoirs, 42, 800,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 133

SAN JOSE--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) "...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled .......;..........

Composite 

water a

91

.04

.00

42 

91

oq

1

0

222

41

16

.1

6 0

D 288

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

.

Composite 

water a

8

0

4.7 c

1950

_ _

__

__

100

aMean for 1950.

" Sum of determined constituents.

SAN LEANDRO 

(Population, 27,542)

Ownership: East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland.)

SAN MATEO 

(Population, 41,782)

Ownership: California Water Service Co.

Source: Crystal Springs Reservoir (see San Francisco). Emergency supply from

10 wells, ranging in depth from 237 to 445 ft. 

Treatment: Chlorination of water from Crystal Springs Reservoir by City of San

Francisco; softening by lime-soda process,and chlorinationof well water,

when used. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 540, 000 gal.

SANTA ANA 

(Population, 45,533; Oct. 23, 1952, 52,355)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 83 percent of supply, 89 percent of supply in 1952. (See Los 

Angeles.) Six wells (7,12 to 16) 960, 466, 960, 978, 1,140, and 1,050 ft deep, 

17 percent of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination of well water; Colorado River water treated by Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. (See Los Angeles.)

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2,060,000 gal.
134 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SANTA AN A--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept^of Public Health)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ..............,...

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitraip (NO I

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ............................

Nnnf* a i*hnn af p

Color...............................

PH.... ....... ........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches)...............

Date drilled ......................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 13

1 Q

AC

.00

R1

1 ft

Af.

1 Q

204

QO

OQ

Q

1 C

aooo

OfJO

36

.

7.5

645

^ 1

Sept. 25,

1951

960

1O 1 £

1QOC

Well 14

1 £

.07

.00

CO

* c

40

2

0

oqn

74

KA

C

1 9

a QQ4

225

36

7.4

708 

< 1

Sept. 25,

1951

Q7Q

on i a

1 Q9"7

Well 15

1 Q

.00

.00

cri

1Q

JO

1.7

9fl7

Qn

oc

4.4

a ^R4

205

35

7.5

625 

< 1

Sept. 26,

1951

1,140

26-16

1Q9Q

Well 16

1 R

.00

.00

67

on

A")

1 3

OflQ

QO

53

.4

91

a a406

250

79

7.5

685 

<C 1

Sept. 25,

1951

1,0"50

20-12

1932

a Sum of determined constituents.

SANTA BARBARA 

(Population, 44,913)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, 'about 45, 300. 

Source: Santa Inez River impounded in Gibraltar Reservoir, 60 percent of supply;

9 wells ranging in depth from 473 to 946 ft, 40 percent of supply. The yield of

the wells is reported to range from 250 to 800 gpm. Auxiliary supply, 5 wells.

There is an emergency connection with a private water company. 

Treatment: Santa Inez River water: prechlorination, lime-soda softening, recarbonation, coagulation with alum, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Well water: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Gibraltar Reservoir, approximately 4, 700, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 64, 000, 000 gal.

Santa Inez River is supplemented when available by water from Tecolote Tunnel. 

When water from this source is used no softening is done. Sheffield Reservoir 

serves to distribute both Santa Inez River and Tecolote Tunnel water.
CALIFORNIA 135

SANTA BARBARA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Pomeroy & Associates, Pasadena, Calif.)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) ............ . k ...

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 O.) ...... 

Turbidity ..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Yanonali 

Well 1

32

.1

70

23

53

1.7

251

1 ^4.

27

.4

.6

a 465

268

64

6.9

__

Aug. 29,

1951

Q4.fi

14

1950

Soledad 

Well 1

32

.0

88

24

75

2

301

1QR

65

o3

2

a 572

319

72

7.2

__

Aug. 29,

1951

CO C

14

1 Q4.8

De La 

Guerra 

Welll

38

.6

103

36

54

2.0

249

106

131

.4

40

a 633

408

201

..

6.7

--

__

Aug. 29,

1951

COQ

14

1040

De La 

Guerra 

Well 3

28

.0

81

23

42

1.4

252

125

30

.3

4

a 459

295

90

__

7.0

__

Aug. 29,

1951

RQQ

14

1 Q4.fi

Silica (SiO-j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn)..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water b

24

46 

25 

99 

2.4

214 

224 

19 

.7 

1.2 

a 547

Tecolote 

Tunnel

28

14 

4.0 

117 

6.7

236 

98 

11 

.8 

1.2 

a 397

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water b

220 

42

7.6

Aug. 6, 

1951

Tecolote 

Tunnel

52

0

8.2

Aug. 6, 

1951

a Sum of determined constituents, 

b Sheffield Reservoir.
136 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SANTA CRUZ 

(Population, 21,970)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 11,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 33,000.

Source: Coastal streams: Laguna Creek, Majors Creek, and Liddell Creek (57 

percent of supply); San Lorenzo River (39 percent of supply); 3 wells each 100 

ft deep (4 percent of supply).

Treatment: San Lorenzo River: prechlorination, activated carbon, pressure filtration, and postchlorination. Coastal streams: chlorination. Wells: chlorination, and addition of Calgon for stabilization.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 750,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs and tanks, 45,800,000 gal.

Water from the coastal streams flows by gravity to Santa' Cruz. 

River water is first treated, then pumped to the system.

ANALYSES

San Lorenzo

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).................

Sulfate (SO4)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate ......................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

San Lorenzo 

River 

(raw water)

__

.1

.0

QQ

11

22

0

110

56

20

.0

1.5

b !98

128

37

7.6

__

Jan. 30, 1951

San Lorenzo River 

(finished water)

__

__

__

97

6.8

20

0

126

26

24

.2

.0

202

123

20

7.9

347

<1.0

Oct. 16, 1951

Bay Street 

Reservoir a

__

 _

__

cc

5.1

12

0

177

24

12

.0

.9

220

160

15

7.6

370

< 1.0

__

Oct. 16,1951

* Coastal streams (finished water). 

Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 137

SANTA MONICA 

(Population, 71,595)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Colorado River distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern 

California, 91 percent of supply; 95 percent in 1952 (see Los Angeles); 8 wells 

ranging in depth from 250 to 468 ft, 9 percent of supply. The reported yield of 

the wells is from 500 to 1, 750 gpm. Emergency supply from Southern'California Water Co.

Treatment: Colorado River water is softened and filtered by the Metropolitan 

Water District of Southern California. The well water is not treated.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

i (Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches)....

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply....

Well 1

14

.00

.00

64

«>9

AQ

1 ^

OOO

110

KO

0

on

485

Well 2

.0

.0

66

oo

44

0

901

1 1Q

49

.4

9 4

493

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc ri \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 1

9Q1

109

7.0

795

< 1

Qant 9 5

1Q51

950

16

1Q90

Well 2

oqc

136

7.1

Sept. 25,

1QR1

950

16

1940

SANTA ROSA 

(Population, 17,902)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 12,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 30, 000.

Source: 7 wells (2 to 6, Peters Springs well, and Ralphine well) 900, 300, 1,000, 

290, 915, 139, and 846 ft deep, 67 percent of supply; Santa Rosa Creek and 

MacRae Springs, 33 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 380, 325, 950, 250, 1,500, 575, and 450 gpm. Water from Santa Rosa 

Creek and MacRae Springs is stored in Lake Ralphine. Water from Peters 

Springs and Ralphine wells is pumped into Lake Ralphine during the summer 

months.

Treatment: Wells 2 to 6: aeration and polyphosphate (Calgon) for iron and manganese control, chlorination, and dechlorination by sulfur dioxide. Lake 

Ralphine: chlorination after long storage.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Ralphine, 135,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 2, 800, 000 gal.
138 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SANTA ROSA Continued

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Brown and Caldwell, San Francisco)

Silica (SiO,,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ,,,.,..,,.

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 4

93

00

fiQ

28

1 ft

f 59

0

285

.9

97

.0

366

144

0

0

8.0

550 

2

Jan. 19,

1948

1,000

16-10

1Q4f»

Well 6

ftQ

97

.07

oq

1 Q

67

0

oqri

9.9

28

7.0

391

147

0

7.4

479

__

Aug. 31,

1950

Q1 R

1 C

1950

Peters 

Springs 

Well

or;

00

.10

34

21

64

0

346

2.9

16

1.0

405

171

0

0

8.1

610 

0

Jan. 22,

1948

1 1Q

i QOQ

Lake 

Ralphine

38

.52

.03

22

19

25

14

168

7.0

11

3.1

222

133

0

5

8.4

334

7

Feb. 10,

1949

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

84

.27

.18

30

18

58

0

280

8.8

25

1.5

364

149

0

7.5

486

__

Sept. 19,

1950

SOUTH GATE 

(Population, 51,116)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 17 wells ranging in depth from 551 to 1, 600 ft. The reported yield

of the individual wells is from 400 to 1, 900 gpm. There are emergency crossconnections with the Huntington Park and Walnut Park systems.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 1,300, 000 gal.

Analyses of samples from the other wells show that they furnish water of about 

the same chemical composition as those for which analyses are given.
CALIFORNIA 139

SOUTH GATE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Smith Emery Co., Los Angeles, Calif.)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ....

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCg ..............

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 5

16

55

8.9

47

0

213

59

28

a 319

174

0

7.4

500

__

Nov. 2,

1950

1000

12

1923

Well 15

14

68

18

46

0

238

103

32

a 398

246

48

7.6

600

__

Nov. 2,

1950

700

12

--

Well 17

13

60

18

46

0

244

64

41

a 362

225

94

7.8

570

.._

Nov. 2,

1950

551

16

1931

Well 18

1 9

63

12

OQ

0

238

37

26

_

a 296

208

1 *)

7.5

450

__

Nov. 2,

1950

792

18

1945

Well 20

14

62

14

34

0

219

73

23

a 328

214

 10

7.8

520

__

Nov. 2,

1950

1,400

18

1949

Sum of determined constituents.

SOUTH PASADENA 

(Population, 16,935)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (Wilson 1 to 3, Graves 1 and 2, and Orange Grove) 500, 525, 984, 

500, 738, and 232 ft deep, respectively; yield reported to be 900, 1,030, 3,000, 

900, 3,000, and 300 gpm. Emergency supply from Pasadena. (See Pasadena.)

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs and tanks, 10, 200,000 gal.
140 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SOUTH PASADENA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California State Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOg)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ......

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Tsmperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ..............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Wilson 

well 1

32 

.03

40 

10 

29 

3.2

136 

27 

20 

.5 

55 

300

141 

29

0 

7.8

400 

1.0

Apr. 24, 

1951

500 

16 

1910

Wilson 

well 2

32 

.04

39 

9.3 

28 

2.4

173 

21 

18 

.5 

18 

264

136 

0

0 

8.1

367 

1.5

Apr. 24, 

1951

525 

26 

1924

Wilson 

well 3

32 

.05

38 

11 

29 

3.0

161 

22 

17 

.6 

28 

270

141 

9

7.9

380 

1.7

Apr. 24, 

1951

984 

24 

1950

Graves 

well 1

28 

.02

48 

11 

25

151 

18 

36 

.5 

23 

292

166 

42

0 

8.1

416 

0.0

Apr. 19, 

1951

500 

16 

a 1890

Graves 

well 2

33

42 

10 

24 

3.5

149 

21 

26 

.4 

9.7 

268

146 

24

0 

8.2

370 

0.0

Apr. 19, 

1951

738 

20 

1949

a Drilled about 1890.

SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO 

(Population, 19,351)

Ownership: California Water Service Co.; supplies also about 175 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 19, 500.

Source: Crystal Springs Reservoir, 52 percent of supply (see San Francisco); 

9 wells (1-02, 1-04, 1-09, 1-14 to 1-19) 196, 271, 276, 547, 539, 589, 478, 

575, and 528 ft deep; yield reported to be 140, 160, 140, 150, 475, 300, 400, 

70, and 70 gpm. The wells furnish 48 percent of the supply.

'Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs and tanks, 4,640,000 gal.
CALIFORNIA 141

SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Composite sample

(city tap)

00

. \}*±

16

91

40

o

1 O£

 in

4Q

6

0

a 2S7

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Composite sample

(city tap)

L&O

£t\J

8

0

AAQ

0

1950

a Sum of determined constituents.

STOCKTON

(Population, 70,853)

Ownership: California Water Service Co.; supplies also about 26,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 96,900.

Source: 37 wells ranging in depth from 198 to 1, 050 ft.

Treatment: 7 wells at Station 1: aeration, chlorination, and Calgon. Water from 

all but 5 wells is chlorinated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs and tanks, 4, 830,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by California Water Service Co., San Jose, Calif.)

Silica (SiCv,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) . . . ...

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Well 

1-09

K4

no

.14

op

on,

71

160 30

4 0

b 408

176

Well 

18-01

40

.04

no

10

4 0

01

118

0 A

, .1

b 1Rft

44

0

Well 

22-01

47

.07

.14

oo

5 Q

71

163

2 A

Gn

fi

b 9QR

7ft

0

Range of 

Con- . 

stituents a

40 - 64

. 00 - . 34

. \J\J 1 £t

. \j yo

. y <j£i

1 u ttft 1

115 - 219

 O \.£t

6 -410

.0-14

1 co QOQ

99 _ 44fi

 

Mean a

^t V

. Uo

. u*/

£t\J

10

/\ e

164 

4.0

CQ

2

/s

OQC

Q1

0

a Based on 37 analyses (1 analysis from each well) 1951. 

bSum of determined constituents.
142 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

STOCKTON, Analyses-,-Continued

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches).......

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 

1-09

7 ft

715

Anr 10

1951

30

._

Well 

18-01

7 Q

211

July 21,

1951

408

30-16

Well 

22-01

8 n

475

July 21,

1951

490

30-16

1Q4Q

Range of Constituents a

7.5 - 8.6

211 - 1595

1QC-I

Mean a

8

n

471

1QK1

a Based on 37 analyses (1 analysis from each well) 1951.

TORRANCE 

(Population, 22,241) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 26,400.

Source: 3 wells, 570, 540, and 492 ft deep (60 percent of supply); Colorado River 

distributed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 40 percent of supply; 58 percent in 1952. (See Los Angleles.) The yield of the wells 

is reported to be 1,350, 1,350, and 950 gpm.

Treatment: Well water is chlorinated. Colorado River water is softened and filtered by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. 

Storage: 2,320,000 gal.

. ANALYSES , (Analyses, in parts per million, by Montgomery & Pomeroy, Los Angeles, Cam.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CQj) .....................

Bicarbonate {HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

None ar Donate .....................

Color ...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F; ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Well 1

ob 

1 R

7.1

0

f\cn

.0

CO

.0

1 RO

0

0

Feb. 15, 1947

Well 2

OK

do

14

75

7 q

979

.0

CO

__

a °.97

140

0

0

Feb. 15, 1947

Torrance 

District 

Well 1

94

OK

0

oy 

14

RQ

6.3

0

949

7 °.

70

.0

**0 K7

1 ^4

0

7.7

0

Nov. 12, 1948

a Sum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 143

TORRANCE, Analyses--Continued

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Well 1

570

16

1935

Well 2

540

16

1935

Torrance 

District

Well 1

492

14

1936

_

VALLEJO 

(Population, 26,038)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 44, 350 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 70,400.

Source: 61 percent of the supply is obtained from East Bay Municipal Utility District (see Oakland). Surface waters impounded in reservoirs: Gordon Valley 

Creek (26 percent of supply), Green Valley Creek (13 percent of supply).

Treatment: Water from East Bay Municipal Utility District treated by the District 

(see Oakland). Local supply: prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, activated carbon, postchlorination, and lime for pH control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 6, 053, 600,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 49, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Vallejo, Calif.)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCQJ

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Green 

Valley 

Creek a

OQ 

.0 

.0

6.0

o i/ > 1°

0

«J7

10

.0

1.0

90

Gordon 

Valley 

Creek a

5

n

.0

.0

41

17

27 

0

1 QQ

CC

11

.0

.0

263

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. ........... ..

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..,

Date of collection...

Green 

Valley 

Creek a

£ia

0

10

7.7

10

lauu

Gordon 

Valley 

Creek a

170 

22

5

l.i?

rt rLou\J

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity . 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

~~

Max

--

Min

"""

PH

Av

7.0 

7.4

Max

8.2 

7.4

Min

5.6 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

80 

80

Max

110 

110

Min

60 

60

Turbidity

Av

20 

2

Max

400 

5

Min

10 

0

Raw water.
144 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VENTURA 

(Population, 16,534)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20, 500.

Source: 6 wells: 3 wells (Pierpont 1 and 2, and Chrisman 2) within the city, 1,400, 

1, 574, and 1,632 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 300, 2,200, 

and 2,200 gpm; 3 wells (Casitas 1, Nye 1, and Nye 2) near the Ventura River, 

75, 64, and 70 ft deep. The yield of these wells is reported to be 750, 600, and 

400 gpm. Auxiliary supply from the Ventura River when there is a flow of water with low turbidity. This source is usually a very small part of the total. 

Emergency supplies from Mound Water Co., Saticoy Water Co., and Montalvo 

Mutual Water Co.

Treatment: Wells: aeration and zeolite softening. River: Zeolite softening and 

dual chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 11, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 16, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Pomeroy and Associates, Pasadena, Calif.)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity .............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled .................... k .....

Percent of supply ...................

Pierpont 

Well 2

42

1 9

159 

47

1 ^s

6

1

OQO

484

71 )

a 1,160

CQ1

269

7.4

Aug. 28, 1951

i K74

1C 1O

1Q4Q

Chrisman 

Well 2

OQ

1.5

 4 £C

47

147

6

n

500

71 )

a 1,160

£A£

301

7 R

Aug. 28, 1951

1,632

16-12

Mar. 1948

Casitas 

Well 1

1 C

0

l\i&

47

46

9 0

OBQ

264

48

a fi7 (i

467

228

7 9

Sept. 30, 1949

75

18

1004

aSum of determined constituents.
CALIFORNIA 145

WHTTTIER 

(Population, 23, 820; special census 1952, 29,265)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Swells (1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)434, 680, 1,000, 302, 664, 808, 837,

and 656 ft deep; yield reported to be 800, 1, 800, 2,200, 2, 800, 3,750, 2, 500,

4,200, and 1,400 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 18,400,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Truesdail Laboratories Inc. , Los Angeles)

Silica (SiOu) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 5

25

83 

16 

34

0 

257 

101 

18

a 1 ' 4 a 405

275 

62

7.2 

672

May 21, 

1951

680 

26-18 

1922

Well?

14

61 

13 

20

0 

219 

40 

17

4.5 

a 277

205 

26

7.2 

453

Jan. 18, 

1951

1,000 

18-14 

1930

Well 8

18

63 

9.5 

13

0 

206 

24 

18

8.2 

a 255

196 

27

8.0 

406

Jan. 18, 

1951

302 

24 

1931

Well 9

16

44 

6.0 

12

0 

159 

1.9 

20

.0 

a !78

134

4

7.9 

291

Jan. 18, 

1951

664 

24 

1933

Well 11

20

33 

3.8 

22

0 

144 

.0 

15

a 2 -2 

a !67

97 

0

8.1 

297

Jan. 18, 

1951

837 

20 

1948

a Sum of determined constituents.
146 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AURORA, COLORADO 

(Population, 11,421)

Ownership: Supplied by Denver; also supplies 50 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, 11,471. (See Denver.)

BOULDER 

(Population, 19,999)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside the city limits, 

and Public Service electric plant. Total population served, about 25, 000.

Source: A series of nine natural lakes, some of which are enlarged by dams, 

fed by melting Arapahoe Glacier, approximately 18 miles west of the city. 

The water flows from Silver Lake, the lowest reservoir in the mountain 

system, to foot of Arapahoe Falls; thence it is conveyed by pipeline to 

Lakewood Reservoir, the control reservoir for the city, 13 miles away; 

from this reservoir the water is conveyed to two distribution reservoirs at 

the city limits.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 1, 666, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

City tap

6.2

03

.00

4.0 

.1

1.0

 >

0

14

R

.5

. 1-

1.0

26

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

City tap

11

0

9Q

6.8

 >l 7

0.8

65

May 23,

1951

COLORADO SPRINGS 

(Population, 45,472)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 5, 000 people outside the city limits; 5, 000

to 25, 000 at Camp Carson and Peterson Field. Total population supplied,

55,000 to 75,000. 

Source: Streams and impounding reservoirs above 9, 000 ft in elevation, on north

slopes of Pikes Peak; Fountain Creek, auxiliary supply. Fountain Creek

water is blended with the regular supply, as needed, depending on the amount

of snowfall on the watershed of the regular supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation for the regular supply; coagulation with

alum and lime, copper sulfate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination for the auxiliary supply. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000,000 gpd; auxiliary supply, 5, 000, 000

gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 4,830, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

The water flows by gravity to the distribution system. A part of the supply is 

diverted £or the generation of electric power. The supply from Fountain 

Creek is pumped as needed.
COLORADO 147

COLORADO SPRINGS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... ....... ................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...............

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F)'.. ........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Regular supply 

Finished water

8.4

.4

.00

6

f\

} ,,

0

18

4.0

2.5

2.5

q

 JQ

19

4

7.4

50.9

Apr. 12, 1950

Raw water a

15

no

.00

A t*

9

C

/ 26

V 49

0

one;

90

15

 j o

0 A

944

154

0

8.1

411

4

c c

May 25, 1951

Finished 

water a

14

.01

.00

uu 

Q 1

26

4.0

0

909

1C

17

3

n

O 1

oec

162

0

1

8.3

49R

0.8

Cf\

May 25, 1951

a Fountain Creek, auxiliary supply.

'DENVER 

(Population, 415,786)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Aurora, Edgewater, Englewood, Fort Logan, 

Mountain View, Sheridan, and other communities in the metropolitan area. 

Total population supplied outside the city limits, about 77, 000. Total population supplied, about 493, 000.

Source: South Platte River (35 percent) and tributaries, Bear and Cherry Creeks, 

and infiltration galleries along Cherry Creek (3 percent); Fraser River and 

tributaries (19 percent); storage, South Platte and Fraser Rivers (43 percent).

Treatment: Kassler plant at Waterton (South Platte River water): coagulation 

with alum when necessary, slow sand filtration, and chloramine. Marston 

Lake plant, south side (South Platte River water), Marston Lake plant, north 

side (South Platte River water), and Moffat plant (Fraser River water): coagulation with alum, or sodium aluminate and alum, or lime and alum, activated carbon when necessary for taste and odor control, rapid sand filtration, and chloramine. Infiltration galleries (Cherry Creek), chlorination 

only. Copper sulfate is applied to raw-water reservoirs directly supplying 

treatment plants, when necessary, for algae control.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Kassler (slow sand filters), 30, 000, 000 gpd; 

Marston Lake (south side), 21,000,000 gpd; Marston Lake (north side), 

64, 000,000 gpd (anthracite filters); Moffat, 56, 000, 000 gpd; chlorinators 

(infiltration galleries), 6, 000, 000 gpd.
148 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DENVER- -Continued

Raw-water storage: South Platte sources, storage and operating reservoirs, 

69, 915, 000, 000 gal; Moffat diversion sources, operating reservoirs, 

3, 503,000,000 gal; Soda Lakes (Bear Creek) and Long Lake (Moffat diversion), 

operating and storage reservoirs, 665,000, 000 gal. Total raw water storage, 

74,083,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 121, 000, 000 gal.

South Platte River water is impounded or stored in Antero Reservoir, Eleven 

Mile Canyon Reservoir, Lake Cheesman, and Marston Lake. Bear Creek 

water is diverted near Morrison into Harriman Lake and Soda Lakes and 

thence to Marston Lake. Cherry Creek water is collected through the infiltration galleries. Fraser River water is brought from beyond the continental 

divide by the Moffat Tunnel, about 25 miles northwest of the city, into South 

Boulder Creek and from there by conduit into Ralston Creek Reservoir, a 

storage reservoir mainly for winter use (summer demands are supplied by 

direct diversion). Water from Ralston Creek Reservoir is brought by conduit to the Moffat treatment plant, 3? miles west of the city.

Under normal conditions water is drawn directly from the streams and storage 

is drawn upon only when the requirements are too great to be supplied by 

Uirect withdrawal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses,in parts per million, by Denver Water Department)

Silica (SiOa) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na)..... ..................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CQJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

South Platte River (finished water)

Maximum

7.4

39 

14 

33

122 

56 

51 

1.0 

.5

156 

55

455 

1950

Minimum

4.5

32 

12 

26

102 

49 

32 

.8 

.2

129 

46

401 

1950

Average

6.5

34 

13 

27

112 

52 

40 

.9 

.4

139 

46.

423

1950

Infiltration 

galleries 

Cherry Cr.

30

61 

9.5 

48

202 

83 

22 

.6 

14

192 

26

June 4, 1951

Regular deteivmnations at treatment plant, 1950 sRaw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

92

88

Max

94 

94

Min

78 

70

PH

Av

8.3 

8.0

Max

8.6 

8.5

Min

7.9 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

127 

127

Max

154 

154

Min

92 

92

Turbidity

Av

4.6 

1.7

Max

12 

2.8

Min

2.0 

1.0

a Marston Lake, north side.
COLORADO 149

DENVER- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water A. ...... 

Finished water.a.

Finished water *>

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

92

93

85

Max

95

104 

107

Min

90

68 

66

pH

Av

8.0 

7.7

7.6

7.7

Max

8.5

8

n

8.1 

8.0

Min

7.7 

7 1

7.4 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

145

147 

133

Max

150

169 

171

Min

140

102

88

Turbidity

Av

5.9 

1.3

13.6 

1.0

Max

12 

4.0

28 

1.0

Min

2.3 

1.0

4.0 

1.0

aMarston Lake, south side. 

bKassler slow-sand filters.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,by Denver Water Department)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SO^... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Fraser River (finished water)

Maximum

8.0

21 

5.1 

7.2

61 

36 

1.0 

.2 

.3

73 

23

127 

1950

Minimum

7.0

11 

1.8 

2.7

26 

19 

.5 

.1 

.2

35 

14

92 

1950

Average

7.5

14 

2.9 

4.7

39 

24 

.9 

.1 

.2

48 

14

106 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

37 

35

Max

74 

62

Min

16 

16

PH

Av

7.4 

7.4

Max

8.2 

8.6

Min

6.5 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

53 

61

Max

150 

154

Min

20 

20

Turbidity

Av

25 

.9

Max

95 

2.5

Min

11 

.4
150 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ENGLEWOOD 

(Population, 16,869)

Ownership: Supplied by Denver. (See Denver.)

FORT COLLINS 

(Population, 14,937)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 4, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 18, 937.

Source: Cache La Poudre River. The treatment plant is located 16 miles northwest of Fort Collins, on the Cache La Poudre River.

Treatment: Sedimentation, rapid sand f iltration,and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 11, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

Q 1

.04

.00

12 

1.0

2

Q

0

16

OK

o (\

. 1

.8

77

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)..... .................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

 14

91

99

6.8

Q4 1

54

May 23 ,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant ,1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

24

Max

35

Min

0

pH

Av

7.2

Max

7.5

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22

Max

30

Min

20

Temperature

Av

50

Max

60

Min

33

GRAND JUNCTION 

(Population, 14,504)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17, 500. 

Source: Kahnah Creek (tributary to Gunnison River). Intake located about 27

miles southeast of Grand Junction. 

Treatment: Coagulation with sodium aluminate and occasionally alum, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs on Grand Mesa., approximately 520,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 23,000, 000 gal.
COLORADO 151

GRAND JUNCTION Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Tap at 

City Hall

on

no

.00

22

7 9

K 4

3

0

0

110

9 1

1 Q

118

Total ...... . .............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Tap at 

City Hall

84

0

10

7

0

i Qn

on

Apr. 30,

1QR1

GREELEY 

(Population, 20,354)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 6,000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 26,354.

Source: Cache La Poudre River. The treatment plant is located approximately 

40 miles northwest of Greeley. The auxiliary supply is taken from the Seaman Dam on the North Cache La Poudre River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, charcoal, rapid sand and slow sand 

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 3,314, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 22, 500, 000 gal.

The water from the Cache La Poudre River watershed is made up primarily from 

melted snow and the turbidity of the water is practically zero with the exception of about one month of the year during spring runoff.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulf ate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrntp CNO \

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9 9

. \J£t

.00

19

ft f *±

9 9

0

Cl

4.0

1.5

1 ^

71

Finished 

water

8.5

 \J£t

.00

14

. i

q

0

£ 1

.1.0

4.0

 J

.4

80

Hardness as CaCOs:

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

wTT pH. .......... ............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9c /-> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

40

0

99

7.3

99. 1

3

May 23,

1951

Finished 

water

48

0

7

7.7

121

0.4

May 22,

1951
152 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREE LEY--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22 

22

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7 

7

Max

--

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

16

Max

--

Min

7 

7

Turbidity

Av

10 

3

Max

27

Min

0

LONGMONT

(Population, 8.099)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,100. 

Source: St. Vrain River.

Treatment: Slow sand filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9

D

04

9.0

0 <J

2 7

0

OQ

19

1 ^

1.1

72

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

90

 } }

7.1

fin 7

0

Ki

MoV 9<?

1QR1

PUEBLO 

(Population, 63,685)

Ownership: Municipal; the city is divided into two water districts, each with its 

own water system. District 1 supplies 30,000 people in the city; about 3,000 

outside the city limits; 3, 000 at the Pueblo Air Force Base and Interstate 

Gas Co. District 2 supplies 33, 685 in the city; 8,000 outside city limits. The 

total population served by both districts, about 78,000.

Source: District 1, Arkansas River. Wells and transmountain diversion as auxiliary supply. The transmountain diversion is taken from the Colorado River 

basin and diverted to the eastern slope by what is known as Wurts Ditch which 

is located about 1 mile southwest of the top of Tennessee Pass. District 2, 

Arkansas River. The maximum allowable diversion from the Arkansas River 

is 25. 5 second-feet. When the demand exceeds this quantity the auxiliary 

supply is drawn upon. Plant intakes for both districts are located about a 

quarter of a mile apart on the river.

Treatment: District 1, copper sulfate, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, chlorination,and ammoniation. District 2, plain sedimentation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: District 1, 25,000,000 gpd. District 2, no 

treatment plant.

Raw-water storage: District 1, 50,000,000 gal. District 2, 30,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: District 1, 5, 500,000 gal. District 2, 26,000,000 gal.
COLORADO 153

PUEBLO- -Continued 

ANALYSES 1 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S0«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

10

09

.00

43

10

1 Q

1 Q.

0

QO

117

6.0

. 1

3 n

269

Finished 

water a

8

0

04

.02

50

1 C

OK

1.7

0 

on

151

11

.1

4 9

329

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tnta]

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH ...:...................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

1 CO

87

7

0

410

70

CO

May 24,

1QC1

Finished 

water a

117

1

7.6

4Q1

.4

May 24,

1QC1

Regular determinations at District 1 treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

138

125

Max

176

166

Min

6?,

52

PH

Av

a,2

7.5

Max

8.6

7.9

Min

8.0

7.1

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

308

317

Max

47Q

493

Min

ino.

104

Turbidity

Av

4Q.fi

1.8

Max

0700

3.4

Min

91

.95

a District 1.

TRINIDAD 

(Population, 12,204) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a considerable area outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 20,000. 

Source: North Fork Las Animas River, approximately 40 miles east of Trinidad,

impounded in reservoirs.

Treatment: None. (Filtration plant under construction in 1951). 

Raw-water storage: 4 reservoirs: North Lake 326,000,000 gal; Monument Lake, 

489, 000, 000 gal; concrete reservoir, Madrid Lake, a regulating reservoir 

7 miles east of the city, 70,000, 000 gal; reservoir 3 miles from the city, 

3, 000,000 gal. Total storage, 890,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

A/fa n OTQ n t* co (TiJIn \

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Madrid 

Reservoir

7.1

.07

24 

4.0

3

0

1.4

0

Q1

6

1-7

1 o

98

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH.... ..........................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Madrid 

Reservoir

76

K

7 Q

160

June 6,

1951
154 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALAMfiDA, IDAHO 

(Population, 4,694)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 750 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 5, 500. 

Source: 3 closely spaced wells, each 104 ft deep; yield reported to be 350, 500,

and 1,350 gpm. Wells 1 and 2 are used during the entire year, while well 3

is used mostly during the summer months. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ...........

Wells 1, 2 

(composite)

07

no

86 

34

48

9 9

0

OKI

£*f\

IJK.

.0

17

537

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Wells 1, 2 

(composite)

054

an

7

7 9

QQrj

47

Mar 9Q

1QCL1

1 04 1 04

6

1 f\

about 1930

BLACKFOOT 

(Population, 5,180)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 other people outside Blackfoot. 

Total population supplied, about 5, 280.

Source: 2 wells, 179 and 182 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 

600 and 800 gpm. Well 2 is used mostly during the summer months. Emergency supply from East Side Well, 110 ft deep.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 2 elevated tanks, 100, 000 and 300, 000 gal.
IDAHO 155

BLACKFOOT--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ..................

r\io mofov* (\ jipJioc\

Date drilled ..................

DoT*f* ATI!" /*vf ^nnul v

Well 1

27

no

86

26

10

5.1

0

356

45

15

.2

10

398

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Well 1

 JOO

on

5

7.5

642

__

Mar. 28,

1951

179

15

1921

75

BOISE 

(Population, 34,393)

Ownership: Boise Water Corp.; supplies also about 25,000 people in suburban 

areas. Total population supplied, about 59, 000.

Source: 14 wells from 300 to 600 ft deep, 80 percent of supply; dug well and infiltration galleries, 20 percent of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination of water from dug well and infiltration galleries; deep 

wells not treated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 8, 500, 000 gal.

The water varies throughout the city as some of the wells are pumped directly 

into the mains. At night, to relieve pressure on the mains, water from the 

mains is pumped into reservoir 4.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Reservoir 4 

(composite)

OK

1.0

29 

 ) i

1 9

1 Q

0

Q1

94

q i

c;

157

Total .......................

Color ..........................

r» IT

Specific conductance

25 C.)o...... ...............

Turbidity ....................

T1 pmnc*T*siHiT*P ^TT \

Reservoir 4 

(composite)

85

11

10

7.3

228

58

June 4,

1951
156 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BURLEY 

(Population, 5,924)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied , about 6,100, 

Source: 2 wells (Pumphouse well and Hoggan well), 469 and 485 ft deep. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 800 and 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) .........

Date drilled .........

Percent of sunolv

Pumphouse 

well a

KQ

.01

35

JL £t 

V)

7.7

0 

148

1C

4.c

.4

1 3

288

Hoggan 

wellb

CO

. 1

27

1 . O

\ > 4fi 4b

14Q

00

00

2 7

291

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

'KTnnf* Q Y*Vmn sito

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Pumphouse 

well a

15

5

7

O

4OQ

£*£*

Mar. 27,

1951

4.CQ

18-15

1926

90

Hoggan 

wellb

07

0

7 ^

Jan. 8,

1QK1

485

16

1940

10

a Chlorinated. b Analyzed by State Dept. of Public Health, Boise, Idaho.

CALDWELL 

(Population, 10,487)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11, 000. 

Source: 14 artesian wells (12 flowing), from 112 to 405 ft deep, 6 to 20 in. in

diameter. The yield of the wells ranges from 427 to 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 500, 000 gal.
IDAHO 157

CALDWELL--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Dept. of Public Health, Boise", Idaho)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 )......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCCv,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ..............

Percent of supply ........

Pump 

House 1 

(6 wells)

OO

09

11

2

c

y«

0

7 o

5 A

p

.4

<1

106

39

0

7.4

0

June 24,

1949

38

Pump 

House 2 

(5 wells)

OO

09

1Q

p t;

38

0

144

9 A

7

.7

<1

1 ft9

CQ

0

7.4

0

June 24,

1949

48

Pump

House 3a

op

09

90

3

1

37

0

146

q R

.7

<1

186

63

0

7.7

0

June 24,

1949

4

Pump 

House

4 b

Qp

09

1 9

9 S

12

0

71

4.6

.3

<1

Q4

40

0

7 ^

0

June 24,

1949

10

City Hall 

Well c

OD

no

14

1.4

f 41

\ 9 Q

0

10, K

1 9

6 Q

.7

.3 170

41

0

8 9

254

68

1951 d

 

a College Heights well.

c Analyzed by U. S. Geological Survey

h Cemetery well.

of collection.

COEUR D'ALENE 

(Population, 12,198)

Ownership: Idaho Water Co. (subsidiary of Boise Water Corp.).

Source: Coeur d'Alene Lake.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Coeur d'Alene Lake.

Finished-water storage: 1,750,000 gal.
158 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COEUR D'ALENE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate(SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

n 97

7

>' '

0 

94

10

58

Finished 

water

10

1.8

0

OK

 j n

o

0

.4

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

^jAnr'SiT'hrvnsif'A

Color- ................ .

PH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

97

8

7.0

7

39

Apr. 29,

1948

Finished 

water

91

0

KO

51

Nov. 2,

1949

a Analyzed by State Dept. of Public Health, Boise, Idaho.

IDAHO FALLS 

(Population, 19,218)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 19, 250.

Source: 4 wells (Big Pump 3 well, Boulevard well, I Street well, and Central 

Park well), 365, 365, 395, and 1,630 ft deep. Emergency supply from 21st 

Street well, 342 ft deep. The yield of these wells is reported to be 4, 000, 

3,400, 3,200, 3,000, and4,000gpm. During the winter months Big Pump 

3 furnishes 90 percent and the Boulevard well, 10 percent of the supply. I 

Street well and Central Park well are used as needed during the summer months.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Dept. pf Public Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^..... ............

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Big Pump 

3 well a

26

.02

74

23

22

A 0

0

 51O

49

99

o

6

T7

366

070

24

Wells b 

(composite)

__

0.2

76

22

} »

OftK

40

17

o

376

oon

30

Central Park 

well

__

0. 18

50

16

24

1 9

44

99

.1

979

1 Qrt

25

a Analyzed by U. S. Geological Survey, 

bfiig Pump 3, Boulevard, and I Street wells.
IDAHO 159

IDAHO FALLS, Analyses--Continued

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C- )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. )...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Diameter (inches) .................

Date drilled .........................

Percent of supply ..................

Big Pump 

3 well a

K

7.8

598

56

Mar. 28, 1951

365

99

1 097

Wells b 

(composite)

7.4

50

May 12, 1945 c

__

_ _

__

Central Park 

well

0

8

0

2

51

Jan. 22, 1951

1,630

20-16

1946-7

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

b Big Pump 3, Boulevard, and I Street wells.

c Date of analysis.

JEROME 

(Population, 4,523)

Ownership: Jerome Water Co.; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 6,000. 

Source: 3 wells 400, 379, and 391 ft deep; yield reported to be 225, 700, and 275

gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 50, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled .......:..........

Finished 

water a

04

.01

39

17

on

A 9

0

on

94

K

1.6

256

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water a

1 a n

oo

K

7 Q

* 40Q

47

Mar 97

1951

400, 391

8, 10

iqnq

1910-11

L Composite; wells 1 and 3.
160 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KELLOGG 

(Population, 4,913)

Ownership: Idaho Water Co. (subsidiary of Boise Water Corp.); supplies also 

Osburn, Smelterville, Wardner, and about 225 people outside the city. 

Total population supplied, about 7,100.

Source: Big Creek (south and west forks) supplies Kellogg, Smelterville, and 

consumers outside the city limits. Wardner is supplied from Slaughterhouse 

Gulch, and Osburn from McFarren and Meyers Creeks. There is a closed 

connection with the Bunker Hill system for emergencies.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 4 tanks totaling 190, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by State Dept. of Public Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiQjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Big 

Creek

7

n^

.0

6.4 

9 Q

\ 1 fi

/ 1 ' 8

0

 10

«J C

1

.0

.0

47

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Big 

Creek

28

7.1

46

Or»t 91

1950

LEWISTON 

(Population, 12, 985)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Clearwater River; auxiliary supply from 2 wells (1 and 2) 362 and 275 ft

deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 400 and 800 gpm. The wells

are connected to the low-level distribution system and are used about 2 months

of the year. 

Treatment: Clearwater River: prechlorination and ammoniation, coagulation

with alum and lime, fluoridation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

adjustment of pH for corrosion control. Well water, Chlorination only. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 open brick reservoirs, 1,000, 000 gal each; 2 open

concrete reservoirs, combined capacity 7, 600, 000 gal; 1 concrete tank,

250, 000 gal; and clear well, 125, 000 gal.
IDAHO 161

LEWBTON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Dept. of Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ. ................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH............ ........ ...................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection....................

Raw water a

0.05

 u

1 Q

y 2.9

0

oq

1.6

1

.1

49

21

0

5

7.2

7

CA

Oct. 16, 1950

Finished 

water b

19

no

J. £t

9 4

(

fi Q

2 1

0

41

14

2.5

1 9

.3

77

40

5

5

7.5

109

Sept. 7, 1951

Well 2

60

.06

.0

17

5.8

> 3l

14. Q

<* 4

4

.8

.0

200

66

0

8.0

Sept. 27, 1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949-50

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

33 

26

Max

42 

37

Min

10 

14

PH

Av

7.2 

7.8

Max

7.3 

9.1

'Min

6.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

29 

32

Max

32 

61

Min

5 

15

Turbidity

Av

14 

0

Max

550

Min

3

a Clearwater River. 

bClearwater River. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

MOSCOW 

(Population, 10,593)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 3.0 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 10,620.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4). Wells 1 to 3, each 254 ft deep; well 4, about 350 ft deep. 

The yield of these wells is reported to be 500-600, 820, 1, 200, and 400-600 

gpm. Wells 1, 2, and 3 are located close together. Well 4 is about threequarters of a mile from wells 1, 2, and 3.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 800, 000 gal.
162 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MOSCOW Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Dept. of Public Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COg) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Well 3

57 

1.2 

.02 

35 

12

>»

0 

171 

25 

3 

.3 

.0 

240

Well 4

59 

2. 0 

.02 

32 

14

14

0 

171 

23 

2 

.3 

.0 

236

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color................."

PH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p ^

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ...........-.....--....-..-..---..-.--..........

Diameter (inches) 

Date drilled

Percent of supply ......................................................

Well 3

137 

0

7..2

51 

Feb. 26,. 

1951

254 

15 

1927

Well 4

137 

0

7.2

21 

51 

Feb. 26,. 

1951

350 

24

NAMPA 

(Population, 16,185)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 250 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 16,450.

Source: 5 artesian wells (1 to 5), 452, 452, 503, 575, and 452 ft deep0 The 

yield of wells 1 and 2 combined is reported to be 1, 000 gpm. The yield of 

wells 3, 4, and 5 is reported to be 900, 980, and 700 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 225, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Idaho State Dept. of Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Wells 

1 and 2

28

.0

.0

12

2.2

\ 53

> tJO

0

161

8

n

7

1.5

0

185

39

0

Well 3

32

.0

.0

16

1.2

54

0

168

Q 0

8

1.2

0

201

45

0

Well 4

28

.0

.0

14

1.7

51

0

163

5.0

8

1.2

0

186

42

0.

Well 5

31

.0

.0

14

1.7

49

0

154

7.6

7

1.5

0

188

42

0
IDAHO 163

NAMPA, Analyses Continued

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Wells 

1 and 2

0

7

C

0

75

Apr. 25,

1951

4R9

1 n P.

1 Q97-98

Well 3

0

7.7

0

76

Ar\-r 9R

 1951

Krio

1 £

1Q4Q

Well 4

0

7.7

0

80

Apr. 25,

1951

575

16

1948

Well 5

0

7.6

0

76

Apr. 25,

1951

452

16

1947

Total population supplied,

ORCHARDS 

(Population, 4,494)

Ownership: Lewiston Orchards Irrigation District, 

about 5,000.

Source: Sweetwater Creek, and Webb Creek impounded in Soldiers Meadows 

Reservoir; emergency supply from Lake Waha. Webb Creek water is diverted 

through a canal to East Fork Sweetwater Creek. Lake Waha water is pumped, 

when needed, into an upper tributary of Sweetwater Creek. All water used 

by the District leaves Sweetwater Creek through a canal to Reservoir A.

Treatment: Water for domestic use: prechlorination, coagulation with alum and 

lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and ammoniation. Irrigation water 

is in a separate pipe system and is not treated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Soldiers Meadows Reservoir, Lake Waha, and Reservoir 

A, about 3, 000,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 1, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Dept. of Publ.ic Health, Boise, Idaho)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp fNO 1

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

on

.4

.0

14

«» 9

\ 7.8

0 

70

2

0

1

.0

1 t

a 96

Finished 

water

«>A

f!9

-.00

20

3 9

7.1

0 

61

94

o

.0

g

a 121

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH. ......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

48

0

50

7.4

56

May 16,

1 OKI

Finished 

water

62

13

7.7

0

May 16,

1 QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, Feb. -May, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

51

46

Max

59

59

Min

40

32

PH

Av

7 R

7.3

Max

7 Q

8.6

Min

7.1

6.8

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

4?

60

Max

en

78

Min

«JC

51

Turbidity

Av

43

0

Max

91 n

0

Min

19

0

a Sum of determined constituents.
164 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

POCATELLO 

(Population, 26,131)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 26, 600.

Source: Gibson Jack Creek (70 percent of supply); Mink Creek (20 percent of supply); 8 wells from 70 to 105 ft deep (10 percent of supply). The yield of the 

wells ranges from 350 to 1, 200 gpm. Well 5 is used regularly; the other 7 

wells are used mostly during the summer months. Well 5 is 100 ft deep and 

is reported to yield 1, 000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Approximately 11,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si6^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). .................... ......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulfate (S0«).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

PH........ ...............................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ..................

Date drilled .........................

Percent of supply ...................

Mink 

Creek 

(raw water)

00

n°.

58

1C

10

o 7

0

94Q

8

0

16

.1

ocn

one

2

10

8

0

437

42

Mar. 29, 1951

Well 5

oo

no

£»C

94

00

5.1

0

300

OK

38

5

0

368

260

14

5

7 ^

629

52

Mar. 29, 1951

100

18

--

Gibson Jack 

Creek 

(finished water)

14

10

ou 

6.6

6.0

1.4

0

116

6.4

9.1

.1

K

136

1fl9

. 7

12

7 Q

219

42

Mar. 29, 1951

__

__

__

--

SAMDPOINT

(Population, 4,265)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Kootenai, Pend Oreille, and about 500 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 5, 750.

Source: Sand Creek; auxiliary supply from Lake Pend Oreille. Only 1 percent of 

the supply was obtained from Lake Pend Oreille during 1950.

Treatment: Pressure filtration when water is turbid, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Filter capacity, 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,400,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

The intake on Sand Creek is 4. 5 miles northwest of Sandpoint.
IDAHO 165

SANDPOINT Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

ChlorSie (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Sand Creek 

(finished 

water)

8 Q

 \j£i

2.7

0

1 9

0

 10

1 ^

c

.1

.1

20

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Sand Creek 

(finished 

water)

8

0

5

7.0

16

50

June 20,

1951

TWIN FALLS 

(Population, 17,600)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies 33 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 17,633.

Source: Snake River. The city water is obtained from the lower-line canal of the 

Twin Falls irrigation system.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chiorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. (The filter plant is being enlarged so that it will have a capacity of 10,000,000 gpd.)

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COg) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

ft9

49 

17

00

4 7

0 

200

47

94

.7

g

280

Finished 

water

17

07

51 

17

OQ

4 9

0 

186

56

97

.7

3

293

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total . .

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...... .............

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F )

Raw 

water

1Q9

28

K

8

1

459

49

Mar. 26^

1951

Finished 

water

44

7

7 Q

483

45

Mar. 26,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, I95i

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

190 

180

Min

__

PH

Av

8.2 

7.4

Max

8.3

7.5

Min

8.1 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

::

Min

::

Turbidity

Av

::

Max

::

Min

--
166 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AMES, IOWA 

(Population, 22,898)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1, and 3 to 5), 109, 112, 120, and 127 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be 500, 600, 1,000, and 1,600 gpm. Normally well 5 is 

used most of the time for the supply. The other wells are pumped as needed.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, sodium hexametaphosphate, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: -None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 750, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrat-p fMO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

94

6

0

 £>\J

98

£* *7

13

0 0

0 }«q

on

8

t\

.4

464

Well 5 

(finished 

water)

1 c

 xo

. uo

23

. 0

97

. 3

OD 

o c

tj , \J

. O

1. O

190

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Wrtti r* si Y*V"w\n Q £^

Color...".... ......."

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK f \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

363

60

4

 7.5

716

2

52

Feb. 23,

1951

Well 5 

(finished 

water)

73

44

4

8.5

284

0.2

52

Feb. 23,

1951

127

30

1947

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).

BOONE

(Population, 12,164)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,400. 

Source: 10 wells (11 to 20), 46, 67, 52, 54, 67, 51, 61, 55, 56, and 64 ft deep.

The yield of the wells is reported to be (well 11 not reported) 900, 780, 600,

875, 900, 300, 300, 300, and 300 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,100, 000 gal.
IOWA 167

BOONE - -Continued

ANALYSIS 

^Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

18

.08

K7

103

QQ

97

 } 7

0

OC7

141

Q1

.2

2.5

564

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

418

126

5

7.7

844

0.7

54

Feb. 23,

1951

BURLINGTON 

(Population, 30,613) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 600 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 32, 200. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal.

The chemical composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the 

year.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8.8

1 9

.00

41

IQ

4.1

0 1

0 .

128

47

8.0

.1

3.6

248

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

154

49

12

7.8

324

16

47

Anr 1 1

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

152

Max

178 

158

Min

92 

90

PH

Av

7.9 

7.3

Max

8.4 

7.7

Min

6.6 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

180 

180

Max

200 

200

Min

90 

122

Turbidity

Av

60 

.37

Max

1100

5,5

Min

40 

0
168 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CEDAR FALLS 

(Population, 14,334)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 25 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, 14, 359. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7) each 125 ft deep. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 750,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ..................

ni & nrtofoT" (\ nf*Vioc!\

Date drilled ..................

Percent of suoolv ...........

Wells 

(composite) 

City tap

15

AC

.00

DO 

9O

4.6

1.0

0

268

91

4

c

8

0

278

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .................... ..

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). .........

Wells 

(composite) 

City tap

244

24

2

7.6

475

1

MQIT Q

1QK1

125

8-16

1912-49

100

CEDAR RAPIDS 

(Population, 72,296)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Cedar River.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum and ferric

sulfate, activatedcarbon, recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 200, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year.
IOWA 169

CEDAR RAProS Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH........... ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Raw water

1 9

1 Q

;00

17

6

. Q

1 Q

0

907

44Q n

o

1 ft

300

99Q

58

10

7.7

464 }ft

May 12, 1951

Finished 

water

9 7

.11

.00

ou

K Q

19

1 Q

t>44

C 1

1 9

9

19

1 QO

QQ

63

1

Q n

OTQ

0.5

May 12, 1951

Raw water a

11

.07

.00

DO 

10

11

9 4

0

O1 Q

07

19

O

8

1

977

994

14

7.7

4KPj

1944-45

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

152 

43

Max Min

--

PH

Av

8.4 

9.5

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

192 

88

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

145 

0

Max

--

Min

a Average of 36 analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples of Cedar River" 

at Cedar Rapids, 1944-45 (Water Supply Paper 1030, p. 148, 1949). Extremes:- 

Dissolved solids, maximum 370 ppm; minimum 193 ppm. Total hardness, maximum 300 ppm; minimum 151 ppm.

b Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).

CENTERVILLE 

(Population, 7,625)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2 impounding reservoirs. Number 2 reservoir collects water from surface run-off and supplies it to No. 1 reservoir as it is needed.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, addition of lime 

and chlorine, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,200, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoirs, 400, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Elevated storage, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is near No. 

from that reservoir.

1 Reservoir and water flows to it by gravity
170 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CENTERVILLE Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

f\

.10

59 

11

10

K 7

0

on

1 9^

10

.1

4.4

340

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

100

1 OC

7

7 ^

444

0.6

46

Apr. 10,

1QR1

CHARLES CITY 

(Population, 10,309)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 10, 500.

Source: 4 wells (1, and 3 to 5), 1,241, 1,260, 1,315, and 287 ft deep. The yield 

of the wells is reported to be 500, 580, 690, and 1, 500 gpm. Well 5 is a 

flowing well, reported as yielding from Cedar Valley limestone.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ............./.

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

1, 3, and 4 

(composite)

8.5

.17

.00

61

99

1 9.

5.8

0

282

39

9 S

.8

1.7

294

Hardness as CaCO^

Total .......................

NVin/*!! T*lvinsj 1" A

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)... ...................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

1, 3, and 4 

(composite)

944

13

3

7.8

515

0.4

May 9,

1951

CHEROKEE 

(Population, 7,705)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Illinois Central Railroad Co. Total population supplied, 7, 705.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 209, 201, and 210 ft deep. The wells are located in the 

same area.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.
IOWA 171

C HEROKE E - -C ontinued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

TVnth ffppt^

r\i n ryi ofoi* ^in/*llPG^

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

28

4.K

n«»

94

97

26

5.1

0

359

106

1 K

.6

1 Q

486

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

344

50

4

7.5

704

3

53

Feb. 21,

1951

oni 910

8

1 C

1912-47

100

CLINTON

(Population, 30,379) 

Ownership: Clinton Water Works Co.

Source: 5 artesian wells (3, and 5 to 8), 1,685, 1,800, 2,101, 2,101, and 2,106 

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 000,' 800, 1, 250, 2, 000, 

and 1,348 gpm. Well 8 furnishes about one-third of the supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) .........

Hat-A HrillfiH

Percent of suoolv ...

Finished 

water a

10

.14

.00

64

£t U 

oc

8 A

0 

ooq

47

oq

.4

9

388

Well 8 

(finished 

water)

9

0

. GO

.00

54

»j\j i«»

7.0

0

one

90

11

Q

1.0

300

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

8

1

8

0

crrf\

O c

CQ

May 11,

1Q^1

Well 8 

(finished 

water)

OKQ

8

0

7 Q

KOC

1

May 11,

1 Q^1

2

1 AC

1C 10

ss

a Composite sample from well 3 (10 percent) and well 7 (90 percent).
172 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COUNCIL BLUFFS 

(Population, 45,429)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Missouri River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, ammoniation and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 13, 000, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the 

year. The new treatment plant, now under construction, will have provisions 

for softening the supply.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1<*

.06

fH

by

99

54

5.0

0

212

180

16

.5

2.0

484

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

262

88

4

8.3

720

4

34

Feb. 27,

1951

CRESTON 

(Population, 8,317)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 8,400. 

Source: Artificial lake (impounded surface runoff). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, carbon, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 461,900, 000 gal in lake. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 200, 000 gal.
IOWA 173

CRESTON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.2 

.08 

.04 

26 

7.6 

6.0 

5.9 

0 

101 

23 

3.0 

.4 

2.8 

160

Finished 

water

7.3 

.03 

.02 

32 

7.8 

5.3 

4.8 

0 

108 

31 

6.5 

.3 

1.2 

172

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total . ...

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC fl \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

96 

13

20

7.4

225 

45 

42 

Feb. 27, 

1951

Finished 

water

112

24

4 

7.8

256 

2 

44 

Feb. 27, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

::

Max

92 

90

Min

60 

50

PH

Av

__

Max

8.0 

8.0

Min

7.2 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

103 

103

Min

86 

86

Turbidity

Av Max

__

Min

DAVENPORT 

(Population, 74,549)

Ownership: Davenport Water Co.; also supplies about 500 people outside the city 

limits, and the city of Bettendorf.. Total population supplied, about 80, 200.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, carbon if necessary, lime for 

pH adjustment, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation (approved 

1952).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

The water from the river flows by gravity into a raw-water well from which it is 

pumped at the beginning of the treatment process.
174 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DAVENPORT--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.9

.07

.00

GO

q o

? 4

2.2

0

82

56

5.0

.1

5.4

196

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

128

61

5

7.2

291

1

55

May 11,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19so

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

125

107

Max

139

123

Min

108

94

PH

Av

7 6

7.0

Max

8 1

7.1

Min

7 2

6.9

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

140

144

Max

162

162

Min

112

127

Turbidity

Av

130

.20

Max

570

.83

Min

35

.11

DBS MOINES 

(Population, 177,965)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 17, 600 in other communities outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 195,000.

Source: Infiltration gallery along the Raccoon River, 50 to 75 percent of supply; 

Raccoon River impounded, 25 to 50 percent of the supply.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration and addition of polyphosphate for stabilization, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 48, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1, 570, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 10, 000, 000 gal; tower, 2, 000,000 gal.

The infiltration gallery is constructed of reinforced concrete rings 2 ft long and 

4 and 5 ft inside diameter, placed in the sand and gravel 15 to 31 ft deep 

in one continuous line parallel with the river and from 150 to 300 ft back from 

the main channel. It is constructed to permit the entrance of water from the 

surrounding sand and gravel through openings between each ring, and serves 

the double purpose of collecting the water and carrying it by gravity to the 

pumping station. At the present time the gallery is approximately 3 miles 

long.

The impounding reservoir is located southwest of Commerce in the Raccoon River 

valley. Water from this source is used during drought periods or in emergencies.
IOWA 175

DBS MOINES--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

16

.10

.03

oo

 »n

16

3.1

0 

330

87

14

.3

1.4

432

Finished 

water a

11

n^

no

12

1 9

OB

3.6

26 

4.0

Qf\

14

0

1.4

212

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Trrtal

Noncarbonate. . .. . .

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p. \

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

Q49

71

7.6

677

2

48

Feb. 26,

1951

Finished 

water a

78

31

9.8

341

0.4

52

Feb. 26,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

F inished water. . .

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

229 

39

Max

275 

49

Min

206 

29

PH

Av

7.5 

10.1

Max

7.8 

10.3

Min

7.4 

9.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

290 

83

Max

365 

114

Min

202

44

Turbidity

Av

21 

.18

Max

1000 

.61

Min

0.30 

0

a Infiltration gallery.

DUBUQUE 

(Population, 49,671)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8), 1,300, 1,300, 1,460, 1,460, 1,500, 1,504, 1,563, and 

1, 781 ft deep for regular supply; mine tunnel (known as the "Levels" Spring), 

auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 2,800 (wells 1 to 4, 

pumped as a unit), 900, 2, 000, 2, 400, and 2,430 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, elevated tanks, andstandpipe, 12, 000, 000 gal.
176 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DUBUQUE - -C ontinued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

12 

.24 

.00 

57 

34 

3.4 

2.6 

0 

322 

18 

5.5 

.2 

.4 

296

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Depth (feet) .........................................................................

Diameter (inches) .................................................................

Date drilled ...\. ....................................................................

D ATT* Ant fvf ciinnl v

Wells 

(finished 

water)

282 

18

3

7.8

525 

2

May 10, 

1951

1,300-1,781 

6-15 

1899-1946 

100

ESTHERVILLE 

(Population, 6,719) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 35, 25, 400, 395, and 395 ft deep; yield reported to be

500 (not reported for well 2), 2, 045, 1, 115, and 1, 115 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Elevated tank and standpipe, 800, 000 gal.

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 3, 4,5 

(composite)

1.7

.00

156

CO

4.8

0

ooo

4J30

°. <1

.4

5

/*

1,010

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)..... .................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 3, 4, 5 

(composite)

CO O

ocn

4

7

0

1 °.70

on

54

May 31,

1QC1

FAIRFIELD 

(Population, 7,299) Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Reservoir (impounded runoff from the surrounding terrain) for regular

supply; 3 wells for emergency use only. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon

(Nuchar) postchlorination, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 900,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir. 

Finished-water storage: 650,000 gal.
IOWA 177

FAIRFIE ID Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2

C

.07

.00

43

8 7

3

c

4 Q

0

7P.

7S

11

.1

1.1

236

Total .......................

Color ...........................

pH ..............................

On A / » i f i « f* f\n Hi i f* t*a n f» o

25 C.)... ...................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

14Q

OQ

Q

7 R

316

O P

48

Apr. 10,

1QS1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Do*!/ nrQictT*

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

83

Max

120

Min

63

PH

Av

7.3

7

0

Max

7

0

Min

7 "S

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max

90 

.7

Min

5 

.1

FORT DODGE 

(Population, 25,115)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 28, 600.

Source: 5 artesian wells (8,-.9, 12, 14, and 15), 1,040, 553, 507, 973, and 2, 307 

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 000, 1, 500, 1, 500, 2,800, 

and 2,800 gpm. The greater part of the supply is furnished by well 15.

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal.
178 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FORT DODGE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) 

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ....

Well 15 

(raw 

water) a

£i &

.4

--

104

^£t

\175

0 

318

OOO

OO7

0

1,073

Wells b 

8, 9, 12, 

and 14

14

. ID

. uo

115

44

/

C f\

o. o 

0 

448

170

40

.7

0 1

692

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color............ ....

pH.......... .............

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Well 15 

(raw 

water ).a

400

1 70

7.1

Dec. 31,

1948

2,307

12

1948

Wells b 

8, 9, 12, 

and 14

A £*C

QQ

4

7.6

1,050

o

CO

Fph 9^

i QCI

a Analysis by Sanitary and Hydraulic Engineer, Ames, Iowa. 

b Finished water.

FORT MADISON

(Population, 14,954)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 650, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 130, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

q o

1ft

.00

38

9

0

4.0

Q n

0

64

CO

10

. 1

7.9

228

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

135

83

4

7.0

304

2

49

Apr. 11,

1951
IOWA 179

FORT MADISON--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

110

Max

150 

140

Min

90 

100

pH

Av

7.4 

7.0

Max

7.8 

7.2

Min

7.0 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

100 

120

Max

150 

164

Min

Turbidity

Av

200

.5

Max

3000 

.5

Min

0.5

GRBSTNELL

i (Population, 6,828) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a few people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 6, 860.

Source: 2 wells (5 and 6) 2,260 and 2,498 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 520 and 800 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration (proposed), zeolite softening, adjustment of pH and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 800, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

12 

.58 

.00 

89 

43 

126 

16 

0 

351 

345 

23 

. 1.2 

5.6 

834

Well 5 

.finished 

water)

15 

.13 

.00 

25 

9.8 

278 

8.2

6 

362 

343 

34 

1.2 

4.6 

914

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntnl .....

None arbonate ......

Color...................

pH. ...... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Well 5 

(raw

water)

399 

112

2

7.5

1,230 

1

May 14, 

1951

2,260 

6 

1920

Well 5 

finished

water)

103 

0

2 

8.3

1,400 

1 

50 

May 14, 

1951

IOWA CITY 

(Population, 27,212)

Ownership: Iowa Water Service Co.; also supplies University Heights and 

Coralville. Total population supplied, about 28, 600.

Source: Iowa River.

Treatment: Aeration (spray), prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 700, 000 gal.

The composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year. Extremes for the year (Oct. 1, 1944 to Sept. 30, 1945, 36 analyses of 10-day 

composites), dissolved solids, 400-203 ppm; total hardness, 345-156 ppm 

(Geological Survey W. S. P. 1030, page 142, 1949).
180 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

IOWA CITY Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

1 9

.00

68 

17

9 4

0

151

on

11

.1

17

332

Hardness as CaCOg*

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

OOB

114

R

7 9

4Q1

1

Mav 1 9

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, is so

OOTIT iirotoT*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

--

PH

Av

7.6

Max

8.0

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

240

Max

340

Min

120

Turbidity

Av

350

Max

3200

Min

3

KEOKUK 

(Population, 16,144)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, activated carbon, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), recarbonation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

The composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

l\^£i onoQi HITS (^ficr\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8.4

no

.00

55

7 Q

3

/»

3 n

0

114

C A

9

n

.0

7.4

246

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(rnicromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

170

77

3

7.8

362

1

Apr. 11,

1951
IOWA 181

KEOKUK Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

72

Max

198 

122

Min

40 

32

PH

Av

7.7 

8.8

Max

8.6 

9.3

Min

6.8 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

198 

100

Max

230 

170

Min

62 

68

Turbidity

Av

80 

0

Max

1200 

2

Min

5 

0

KNOXVILLE 

(Population, 7,625)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 50 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, 7,675. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) 47, 46, 46, 52, and 47 ft deep. The yield of

the wells is reported to be 390, 390, 500, 550, and 550 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal..

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

1 C

f\Q

.00

74

7.4

1

0

0 

9R7

KA

Q 0

4

Q

?un

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

O/J Q

en

Q

7.7

C.QO

0,7

1QR1

MARSHALLTOWN 

(Population, 19,821)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Soldiers Home and about 150 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 20, 500. 

Source: 4 wells, 50, 100, 170, and 225 ft deep for regular supply. Iowa River,

auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 350, 2, 000, 700,

and 700 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, recarbonation, sedimentation, and

rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.
182 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MARSHALLTOWN- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells 

(raw 

water)

16

o 7

.46

81 

oc

91

9 }

0 

oqi

105

5.0

.4

1.8

416

Wells 

(finished 

water)

q 1

no

f)9

23

JLO 

01

9 o

0 

4Q

1 n^

K C

O

3

C

220

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

"MVvrif* si i*Vvyrm tf*

Color.-............"-.

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Wells 

(raw 

water)

308

70

7.7

643

15

46

Feb. 24,

1951

Wells 

(finished 

water)

79

4

7.5

337

0.5

47

Feb. 24,

1951

MASON CITY 

(Population, 27,980)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (7 to 12), 1,230, 1,219, 1,200, 1,243, 1,306, and 1, 585 ft deep. 

The yield of wells 7, 8, 9, and 10 is reported to be 1, 000 gpm, each, and of 

wells 11 and 12, 1,200 gpm, each. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 6, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

8

0

1Q

.00

79

 JO

40

9 4

0

407

/JC

7 ^

o o

444

Hardness as CaCOji

Tnfral

Color ..........................

rtU

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(composite)

OQfl

0

1

7 ^

760

0.8

50

May 9,

1951

MUSCATINE 

(Population, 19,041)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20, 600.

Source: 12 wells, each 50 ft deep. Five 8-in. wells, and five 12-in. wells are 

pumped into a single suction line. The two 20-in. wells (1 and 2) are pumped 

separately. The yields are reported to be (not reported for the 8-in. wells) 

900 gpm,each, for the 12-in. wells, and 1,100 gpm,each, for wells 1 and 2.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal.
IOWA 183

MUSCATINE- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

16

.14

.00

^£t

14

4.4

.6

0

160

20

7.0

.1

11

204

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. ) ......... .

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

162

Q1

1

8.0

334

0.7

May 11,

1951

NEWTON 

(Population, 11,723)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13, 200. 

Source: 11 wells 51 to 65 ft deep. The yield for most of the wells is reported to

be 300 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 3,200, 000 gal; elevated tank, 600, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ............... '

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

99

CQ

Q1

86

Oft

7.7

1.8

0

294

95

K K.

.1

1 ^

414

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

007

0

7 5

622

Q

53

Feb. 26,

1951

OELWEIN 

(Population, 7,858)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2 wells (35 and 42), 119 and 1, 328 ft deep. A third well (31), 122 ft deep,

is to be put into service soon (1951). The yield of the wells is reported to be

520 and 750 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 780, 000 gal.
184 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OELWEIN--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

35 and 42

8.0

.08

.00

44 

30

20

7.8

0

282

45

2.5

.9

2.9

302

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

35 and 42

234

 }

1

7.7

526

0.6

May 10,

1951

OSKALOOSA 

(Population, 11,124)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 275 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11,400. 

Source: Skunk River, 70 percent of supply; 4 wells (11 to 14) 52, 54, 44, and 44

ft deep, 30 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 900,

975, 900, and 1,000 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750, 000 gal.

At the time of the collection of the sample for analysis in May 1951, the wells were furnishing the entire supply because of a special condition of the Skunk River which required a long detention periodfor clarification. There is a possibility that the river 

maybe discontinued as a source of supply, although this was the principal source 

in 1950.
IOWA 185

OSKALOOSA Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City)

Silica (SiOt) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total'......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 11

0.4

CO

O1

\ 12

/

0

OKI

57

10

2

1

OOK

OKQ

50

7.4

492

CO

1950

CO

r\f*

1945

Well 12

7 5

3

0

QO

04.

14

ono

71

.1

1

Q

079

n r\f*

D*x

7 *>

562

KO

T"lor» &\

1950

KA

O£

1Q47

Well 14

5.0

2

0

Q9

r\f*

13

0

Q£ 1

CO

6

f\

O

1 a

411

040

44

7 9

621

1950

44

OR

1Q4Q

Wells a

0.1

.0

04.

A a

22

5

C£

7

.1

Q K

1 f*n

on

Ort

8 a

241

Dec. 5,

1950

Wells b

1 9

no

.00

OK

5.5

( ll 

\ V l1 

' 6 ^

0

CO

CO

8

ft

0 Q

166

8507

o

8

0

264 

0.5

May 14,

1951

a Finished water, composite.

b Finished water, composite. Analyzed by Geological Survey.

OTTUMWA 

(Population, 33,631)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 34,100.

Source: Des Moines River.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum or 

iron sulfate, activated carbon, recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 11, 000, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year.
186 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OTTUMWA- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) .......<......

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12 

.29 

.13 

38 

8.8 

1.6 

3.3 

0 

119 

30 

2.0 

. 1 

11 

186

Finished 

water

7.1 

.12 

.00 

30 

1.3 

11 

3.2 

0 

36 

63 

4.5 

.1 

7.9 

162

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. . .......... ..

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

131 

32

40 

7.4

271 

310

Apr. 10, 

1951

Finished 

water

80 

50

2

7.8

233

0.9

Apr. 10, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

161 

36

Max

270 

80

Min

85 

16

pH

Av

7.8 

8.0

Max

8.5 

9.2

Min

7.0 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

224 

86

Max

338 

122

Min

156 

70

Turbidity

 Av

416 

.20

Max

8000 

1.5

Min

20 

0

SHENANDOAH 

(Population, 6,938) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 7,300. 

Source: 13 wells (3 to 15) ranging from 33 to 70 ft deep. The yield of the wells

is reported to range from 125 to 250 gpm and to average 179 gal. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Water tower, 400, 000 gal; reservoir, 450, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

. 6 Wells , (composite)

Raw water

20 

1.2 

.46 

106 

33 

15 

2.1 

0 

286 

167 

22 

.3 

1.1 

608

Finished water

20 

.08 

.00 

25 

28 

31 

1.9 

12 

34 

157 

23 

.2 

1.1 

366

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ................... .

r>U

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection ...

, 6 Wells (composite)

Raw 

water

400 

166

4 

7.2

778 

1

Apr. 9, 

1951

Finished water

176 

128

3 

9.1

500 

0.4 

56 

Apr. 9, 

1951
IOWA 187

SIOUX CITY 

(Population, 83,991)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Morningside, Leeds, and Riverside. Total

population supplied, about 91,000. 

Source: 12 wells (2 to 7, 11, 14, and 16 to 19), 288 to 377 ft deep. The yield of

the wells is reported to range from 1,110 to 1, 750 gpm. 

 Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ..................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ...........

Finished 

water a

25

.40

.12

125 

39

37

8.4

0

404

183

26

.1

1.2

672

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

472

141

2

7.5

982

1

54

June 15,

1951

323-374

16-20

1940-48

a Composite sample, wells 14, 17, 18, and 19, Main Street pumping station.

SPENCER 

(Population, 7,446)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (5 to 8) 46, 37, 34, and 31 ft .deep.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 80,000 gal.

Iron content of the water is reported to average 3. 5 ppm. It is proposed to aerate 

the supply for the removal of the iron.
188 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPENCER Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ............... 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

D*>nth (fe>&t\

Date constructed ............

Percent of suoolv ...........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

9S

1.7 IA

176

14

10

n R

0

9flD

Qon

14

.1

1.0

828

Hardness as CaCCX,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

580

*J1Q

7 ft

1,090

10

May 31,

1QR1

31-46

1948-50

inn

STORM LAKE 

(Population, 6,954)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a few consumers outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 6, 970.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 110, 115, and 210 ft deep. The yield of each well is reported to be 694 gpm. Storm Lake is used for auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 211,620 gal; standpipe, 290,000 gal.
IOWA 189

STORM LAKE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of suoolv ..

Raw 

water

d £i

O. J. 

f\C

123

40 

oc

4.4 

0

J.U£7

14

* o

3 7

638

Finished 

water

£10

. J.O

. \J£t

67

42

4U

^X* v

0

4TE4 

ice

J.U

2

500

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

470

1 <?5

7.4

QOO

OK

54

Feb. 21,

1QR1

110-210

79

1 Q1 A. A.R

 inn

Finished 

water

ojn

14.9

4

7.7

795

0

0

cc

Feb. 21,

1QR1

WATERLOO 

(Population, 65,198)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (7 to 13), 84, 82, 87, 81, 82, 87, and 81 ft deep. The yield of

each well is reported to be 2,000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Saw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 9,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids ..........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ...........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

16

.04

.00

b7 

18

6.6

.8

0

236

35

10

.2

13

294

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

241

48

2

7.9

477

0.6

May 9,

1951

81-87

16»-24

1931-48

100
190 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WEBSTER CITY 

(Population, 7,611)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 1,900, 110, 80, and 75 ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1,000, 700, 300, and 500 gpm.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,440, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 450,000 gal; elevated tank, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn)..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (C 63) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

19 

1.7 

.35 

91 

49 

28 

5.2 

0 

458 

99 

10 

1.4 

.3 

530

Finished 

water a

6.6 

.14 

.01 

13 

7.7 

78 

7.3 

20 

5.0 

170 

20 

.7 

.4 

328

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ...................:.......

Diameter (inches).................. . .

Date drilled .................. ...... . .

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Raw 

water a

427 

52

4 

7.6

846 

5 

50 

Feb. 23, 

1951

75-1,900 

12-18 

1927-39 

100

Finished 

water a

64 

27

3 

9.8

528 

0.3 

50 

Feb. 23, 

1951

a Composite.
. KANSAS 191

ARKANSAS CITY 

(Population, 12,903)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells.

Treatment: Chlorination (as the water leaves the storage reservoir).

Storage: 2,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

14

.0

lub 

19

107

2.8

0

260

11Q

162

.3

5.0

706

Hardness as CaCQj:

Total .......................

ftTrwi/*!! fhnna fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

342

130

5

7.5

1,110

May 25, 19?'

ATCfflSON 

(Population, 12,792)

Ownership: Atchison City Water Works, Inc. (nonprofit company); also supplies

about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about

14, 300.

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation in two basins of 2, 000,000 gal capacity, each,

coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, break point chlorination, and

rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

The composition of the raw water varies throughout the year.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

14

.01

.00

82

on

CO

5.6

0

234

181

97

.4

9 7

538

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH .................;............

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

286

94

o

8

n

77Q

0

0

oc

Mar. 23,

1951
192 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ATCHBON Continued

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

150

Max

280 

240

Min

88 

80

PH

Av

7.9 

7.9

Max

8.4 

8.6

Min

7.1 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

210 

220

Max

360 

380

Min

120 

120

Turbidity

Av

1500 

.1

Max

2000 

.2

Min

10 

.05

CHANUTE 

(Population, 10,109)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Neosho River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, chlorination, activated carbon at times, cgpper sulfate at times, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 . «7

 \j£t

57

10 

10

2

0

0

140

no

.11

.1

 o 

281

Finished 

water

. i

. £i£i

26

3.9

njt

. 0

0

oo

r- rt

11

 £*

. t

182

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

O'K p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

1 Q7

69

6

rj

407

7^

A/Tav 01

1 Q^1

Finished 

water

Q1

13

7 Q

OQ9

75

May 31,

1QC1

COFFEYVILLE 

(Population, 17,113)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Verdigris River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, activated 

carbon at times, sedimentation, recarbonation, coagulation with alum, secondary sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal.
KANSAS 193

COFFEYVILLE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.0 

.02

54 

10 

28 

2.2 

0 

176 

26 

51

2.2 

297

Finished 

water

7.9 

.00

30 

1.7 

28 

2.1 

8 

13 

39 

57 

.1 

1.4 

215

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Color ............ ......

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

176 

32

50 

7.9

480

74 

May 31,. 

1951

Finished 

water

82 

58

5 

9.4

327

57 

May 31, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

58

Max Min

--

PH

Av

9.0

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

114

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

1

Max

--

Min

--

DODGE CITY 

(Population, 11,262)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 500 to 1, 200

gpm. The water is pumped from the wells directly into the distribution

system.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) , t ... ..............

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfati; (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluori.de (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(city tap)

9Q

.00

CO

99

17

3

f*

0

" 9^4

54

IK

1

C

1^

368

Hardness as CaCCy,

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(city tap)

948

56

5

7.6

KOQ

May 23,

1951
194 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EL DORADO

(Population, 11,037)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Satchel Creek impounded in Lake El Dorado, 4. 7 miles from the Courthouse in the city. Walnut River, emergency supply.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, activated carbon at 

times, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for control of algae, when necessary.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ....................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9

0

.00

43

tP "

5.0

2

0

0

Q C

Kf\

7

O

.0

1.4

17Q

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

52

10

7.8

268

May 24,

1951

EMPORIA 

(Population, 15,669)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Neosho River (impounded). Emergency supply, Kaholo Lake.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon at times, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

.Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: (Not reported.) 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.
KANSAS 195

EMPORIA--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10'

I

n

 

36

. &

I * O

2 q

0

AO

2

Q

"\ Q

192

Finished 

water

10

.01

~~

41

1. 1

6

C

2 a

a4i 

0

rtu 

8 /\

.1

1.7 

168

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .. .

Noncarbonate. . .. . .

Color ................ ...

pH .......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

115

6

100

7.5

244

May 24,

1951

Finished 

water

107

39

5

10.5

269

May 24,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

68

Max Min

PH

Av

9.0

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

102

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

1

Max Min

-- 

a Includes the equivalent of 1. 0 ppm of hydroxide (OH).

FORT SCOTT 

(Population, 10,335) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 275 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 26,400. 

Source: Marmaton River for regular supply; Rock Creek Lake and Elm Creek

Lake for auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Rock Creek Lake and Elm Creek Lake. 

Finished-water storage: 1,300, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.1

.00

59 

4.1

 } A

0 A

0

1/Vt

67

11.

. 1

1.7

23 fi

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

ntT

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

164

la

4

7.7

O CO

£t\J

June 27,

lt7Ul
196 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FORT SCOTT--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

18b 

95

Max

250 

156

Min

54 

44

PH

Av

7.6 

7.8

Max

8.1 

8.3

Min

7.4 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

200 

130

Max

266 

200

Min

66 

84

Turbidity

Av

200

Max

4000

Min

14

GARDEN CITY 

(Population, 10,905)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells each approximately 275 ft deep. The water from the wells is

pumped directly into the distribution system. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOs) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance . 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Wells 

composite]

20 

.00

58 

19 

44 

3.5 

0 

200 

131 

16 

.7 

6'. 8 

424

222

58

5 

7.6

612

May 22, 

1951

Gillespie 

Well

214 

15

394 

220

597

May 22, 

1951

Boncraft 

Well

204 

13

359 

214

555

May 22, 

1951

Second St. 

Well

158 

12

266 

180

443

May 22, 

1951

Taylor St. 

Well

203 

10

332 

200

501

May 22, 

1951

GREAT BEND 

(Population, 12,665)

Ownership: Western Light and Telephone Co., Inc. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 75, 117, 68, and 99 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Finished-water storage: None.

Water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution system.
KANSAS 197

GREAT BEND--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOa)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Finished 

water 

(composite)

18 

.0

92 

18 

107 

3.6 

0 

202 

156 

135 

.6 

3.0 

678

304 

138

0 

7.6

1,040

May 23, 

1951

Depth (feet) ........................................

Diameter (inches) ................................

Date drilled .......................................

Percent of supply .......................... _ ..

Well 2

212 

170

688

292 

118

1,080

May 23, 

1951

117 

18 

1937

Well 3

204 

145

660

306 

139

1,030

May 23, 

1951

68 

18 

1937

Well 4

204 

140

713

296 

129

1,030

May 23, 

1951

99 

19 

1946

HUTCfflNSON 

(Population, 33,575)

Ownership: Glenn Dunn Co., Wichita, Kans.

Source: 8 wells (Adams Street, Main Street, Northwest, Northeast, Cleveland, 

Lorraine, North, and East), 65, 75, 60, 58, 80, 50, 65, and 59 ft deep, respectively; each 24 in. in diameter.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Finished-water storage: None.

Water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution system. Partial

analysis of a sample from each well indicates a range in dissolved solids from 

479 to 1, 070 ppm and hardness from 232 to 366 ppm.
198 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HUTC HINSON- -C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CQJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).......... .......

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitratp fNO ^

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ..................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity .............................

Date of collection ...................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

16

.0

110

1Q

144

o 4

0

OCR

1 OC

OOfl

K

11

853

OKO

144

0

7 <?

1,340

May 23, 1951

Northeast 

well

__

OOfl

1OK

47Q

232

44

854

May 23, 1951

Adams Street 

well

__

270

385

1,070

364

143

1,810

May 23, 1951

INDEPENDENCE 

(Population, 11,335)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Verdigris River (impounded).

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, coagulation with alum, activated carbon

at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: (Not reported.) 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO }

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.4 

.12

58 

10 

29 

2.5 

0 

191 

27 

52 

.2 

1.8 

322

Finished 

water

7.0 

.00

42 

9.2 

29 

2.6 

0 

74 

69 

49 

.1 

1.4 

281

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

PH. ....... ............. ..

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

186 

29

100 

7.9

501

May 31, 

1951

Finished 

water

143 

82

0 

7.5

432

80 

May 31, 

1951
KANSAS 199

JUNCTION CITY 

(Population, 13,462)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14,000. 

Source: 6 wells (2 to 7), 66, 59, 73, 67, 71, .and 70 ft deep. The yield of well 2

is reported to be 950 gpm, and of remaining wells, each 1,000 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 200,000 gal.

Water from several wells is mixed before entering treatment plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

AO

.01 

.00

88

Ib

 so

1 . O

0

A0U

Uu

J £t

.4

xu

424

Finished 

water b

£t\J

.01 

.00

27

13

Zb

7.4 

0

1 S7

*JU

oo

254

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

 Raw 

water a

004.

42

o 

7 ^

C.C.Q

1.0

CO

Mar 90

1951

Finished 

water b

57

8 1

«>qo

0

"iQ

Mar. 20,

1951

a Composite of all wells. 

b Three wells.

KANSAS CITY 

(Population, 129,553)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 35,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 164, 600.

Source: Missouri River. The raw water is obtained by means of either or both 

of two intake structures and equipment. It is first pumped to the electric 

power station where it is used for condensing purposes. When it leaves the 

condenser a sufficient amount is pumped to the settling basins at the water 

plant for the city supply. The remainder is wasted back into the river.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, silica, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 31, 750, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 17,000,000 gal; elevated storage, 1,800,000 

gal.
200 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KANSAS CITY Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

15 

.01 

.00 

75 

22 

59 

5.6 

0 

237 

172 

29 

.4 

2.8 

520

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

 25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

276 

82

3 

7.9

770 

0.3 

46 

Mar. 23, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, }950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

153 

152

Max

253 

252

Min

102 

99

PH

Av

8.2 

7.9

Max

8.6 

8.4

Min

7.9 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

220 

235

Max

368 

360

Min

136 

158

Turbidity

Av

1870 

<1

Max

9830 

<1

Min

26 

<zl

LAWRENCE 

(Population, 23,351)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the University of Kansas and about 3, 000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 31,300.

Source: Kansas River (60-75 percent of supply); 3 wells (1 to 3), 50, 50, and 51 

ft deep (25-40 percent of supply). The yield of the wells is reported to be 

450, 450, and 400 gpm.

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

alum, copperas (part time only), chlorine dioxide when needed, carbon, recarbonation, addition of Calgon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 900, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 373,000 gal.
KANSAS 201

LAWRENC E - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

24 

.02 

.00 

118 

18 

53 

6.8 

0 

384 

82 

64 

.2 

4.4 

568

Finished 

water

18 

.01 

.00 

32 

7.1 

55 

6.5 

17 

34 

80 

70 

.2 

2.0 

324

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ....................

_.»» pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

368 

54

5 

7.5

890 

95 

46 

Mar. 21, 

1951

Finished 

water

109 

52

2 

9.0

506 

0.3 

47 

Mar. 21, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22D 

50

Max

350 

80

Min

100 

36

PH

Av

7.9 

9.1

Max

8.3 

9.6

Min

7.2 

8.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

275 

112

Max

450 

152

Min

120 

84

Turbidity

Av

1800 

<1

Max

15000 

-=cl

Min

20 

<1

a Kansas River 75 percent, wells 25 percent.

LEAVENWORTH 

(Population, 20,579)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,200. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 15,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

The composition of the raw water varies throughout the year.
202 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LEAVENWORTH--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

!<>

OS

.00

27

1 R

CC

S ^

14

62

140

04.

.4

2 Q

346

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

1 ^0

56

2

8.9

523

0.5

74

Mar. 23,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

60

Max

112

Min

42

PH

Av

8.2

Max

9.6

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

110

Max

118

Min

100

Turbidity

Av

-=1

Max

~e=.l

Min

<1

McPHERSON 

(Population, 8,689) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5) 160, 158, 146, and 161 ft deep, all within the city limits. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 750,000.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Qnlfafo l<Zf\ \

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(city tap)

ic

.0

124

1 9

oo

o 7

0

qqo

oo

Qt

.0

11

a488

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(city tap)

359

86

0

7.4

820

May 23,

1951

a Sum of determined constituents.
KANSAS 203

MANHATTAN 

(Population, 19,056)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,100. 

Source: 5 wells (5 to 9), 68, 68, 63, 64, and 68 ft deep. The yield of the wells is

reported to be 1,600, 1,200, 1,500, 800, andl,700gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,600, 000 gal in reservoir and elevated tank.

A different well is pumped every half hour. Determinations made at the treatment 

plant show little or no difference in the chemical composition of water from 

each of the wells.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

r>0nth tfen*t\

fiio TYlotoT* ^lnf*hoCl^

Date drilled . ........ ..

Percent of suonlv ...

Raw 

water a

O 1

 y 

1.4

113

£tL

£t£t

v« JL

0

1 £iO

Oft 

1Q

.4

488

Finished 

water a

17

.01 

.00

14

4.6

oo

5.5 

0

51

W

ft V

.1

1.4 

196

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color........".........

pH.......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water a

0,70

20

7 Qi

7Rc

0 q

cc

[Mar. 20,

1951

63-68

18-26

1929-45

100

Finished 

water a

54

12

8

0

OOfi

0

0

Cfi

Mar. 20,

lOKI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

424 

45

Max

430 

48

Min

400 

38

PH

Av

6.9 

9.5

Max

7.5 

10.6

Min

5.3 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

450 

75

Max

463 

85

Min

425 

65

Turbidity

Av

100 

<rl

Max

120 

<1

Min

90

*zl

a Composite.
204 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWTON 

(Population, 11,590)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells in use; four additional wells drilled butnot in use at this time.

The wells are located 7 to 10 miles from the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 4, 200, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

26

.00

53 

8.4

27

1.4

0

211

28

8.8

.0

7.7

264

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.). ...... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

167

0

0

7.0

416

May 24,

1951

OTTAWA 

(Population, 10,081)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,900. 

Source: Osage River (impounded). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, activated

carbon, alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation (sodium fluoride), ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, capacity unknown. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrntp fNO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.4 

.21 

.00 

93 

18 

22 

2.4 

0 

280 

110 

11 

.1 

1.7 

<i40

Finished 

water

5.8 

.01 

.00 

32 

11 

25 

2.8 

0 

54 

117 

13 

.1 

2.2 

252

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total . ..............

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

PH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p S

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

307 

78

8 

7.9

637 

15 

43 

Mar. 22, 

1951

Finished 

water

126 

82

4 

7.4

383 

2.0 

43 

Mar. 22, 

1951
KANSAS 205

OTTAWA Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

275 

55

Max

350 

110

Min

60 

32

PH

Av

7.5 

8.3

Max

8.0

8.7

Min

7.0 

7.5.

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

320 

100

Max

395 

110

Min

80 

90

Turbidity

Av

50 

<1

Max

(a) 

<1

Min

25 

<1

(a)10,000.

PARSONS 

(Population, 14,750)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: La Bette Creek. Auxiliary supply, Neosho River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for the control of algae when necessary.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,180, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 10, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 510,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

La Bette Cr. 

(finished 

water)

4.9

.00

43

5.8

10

2.4

0

79

82

7.2

.0

1. 1

224

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

La Bette Cr. 

(finished 

water)

131

66

25

7.2

329

79

May 31,

1951

PITTSBURG 

(Population, 19,341)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), about 1,400 ft deep.

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

carbonation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,630, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 700, 000 gal.
206 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PITTSBURG--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ............

Sulfate (SO4) .....................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOg) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

10

 \J&

f*f*

01

Qfi

5 A

0 "

000

1 £i

100

K

.1

KQK

1Q

7 S

929

70

Nov. 29,

1951

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

 16

G O

QO

0

004

oZ

Qf*

q

KOI

on^

OO

5

7.4

929

Nnv 9Q

1951

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

O. *J

£»M

04

Q1

6

n

0

occ

y\J

QO

.7

cc'c

ori?

i £

10

7 ^

933

68

Nnv 9Q

1951

Finished 

water 

(composite)

4.7

11

14

Q 1?

5 A

a 68

01 

QR

.7

040

QC

on

F;

8.6

615

85

Nov. 29,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

272 

60

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

__

Max

--

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

297 

85

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av Max Min

--

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).

SALINA 

(Population, 26,176)

ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 wells (N-l, N-2, N-3, and 4 to 10), 62, 69, 86, 77, 62, 78, 70, 71, 

64, and 75 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 040, 900, 800, 

1,090, 1,040, 1,120, 1,090, 1,020, 900, andl,200gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,671,000 gal.
KANSAS 207

SALDSTA- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ..........

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

24

.08

.44

27

47

8.5

0

450

188

68

o

1.8

800

Total .......................

Wrm/* 9 T*H<"kna t p

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)...... ...... ..........

Turbidity ....................

T1oini^oT*Qi'iiT*<» (T? \

Finished 

water 

(composite)

CRO

184

Q

7 ?

1,150

O

f*

CQ

Mar 9fi

1QS1

62-86

24

1924-49

100

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

368

Max

414

Min

334

PH

Av

7.0

Max

7.2

Min

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

548

Max

734

Min

442

Turbidity

Av

1

Max

1

Min

1

TOPEKA 

(Population, 78,791)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 14, 200 people outside the city limits 

and 1, 000 at Forbes Air Base. Total population supplied, about 94, 000.

Source: Kansas River, 90 percent of supply; 3 wells, 37, 50, and 50 ft deep, 10 

percent of supply. Water from the river and wells is mixed before entering 

the sedimentation basin.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with excess lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd (to be increased to 16,000, 000

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs and elevated storage, 13, 000, 000 gal.
208 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TOP EKA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

20 

.02 

.00 

95 

19 

71 

7.9 

0 

292 

113 

88 

.3 

4.9 

572

Finished 

water

14 

.01 

.00 

29 

6.7 

83 

7.6 

5 

43 

112 

93 

.2 

3.6 

390

Hardness as CaCO3 :

IVitol

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

317

78

7 

7.9

906 

.230 

37 

Mar. 21, 

1951

Finished 

water

100 

56

3 

8.3

638 

0.8 

41 

Mar. 21, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

204 

50

Max

327 

95

Min

77 

32

PH

Av

8.3 

9.4

Max

8.7 

10.1

Min

8.0 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

253 

98

Max

418 

143

Min

90 

68

Turbidity

Av

1754 

0

Max

9040 

0

Min

100 

0

WICfflTA 

(Population, 168,279)

Ownership: The city owns the production facilities; The Wichita Water Co. (a subsidiary of the American Water Works Co., Inc.) owns the pumping station and 

water-distribution system.

Source: 35 wells (1 to 35) ranging in depth from 90 to 265 ft, with average of about 

200 ft, located in the Equus Beds west and south of the city of Halstead 30 to 

35 miles from Wichita, for regular supply. Seven local wells (1 to 7) near the 

treatment plant are used in case of an emergency. Two wells (16 and 17) belonging to the Wichita Water Co. are so connected to the system that the water 

from them can be treated at the treatment plant. Shallow wells of the Wichita 

Water Co. located in the vicinity of the treatment plant and which have a total 

capacity of 20, 000, 000 gpd are available but are never used except in case of 

emergency.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, chlorination, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and polyphosphate (Calgon) for 

stabilization.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 48, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 1, 000, 000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 3, 000, 000 gal 

each. Wichita Water Co., 1 reservoir, 3,800,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

1, 000, 000 and 300,000 gal.
KANSAS 209

WICHITA- -Continued

The regular supply wells are spaced at least half a mile apart in the well field and 

have an average yield of about 1, 000 gpm. The wells, equipped with turbine 

pumps, pump into spur lines connected to the 48-in. supply line which conveys 

the water to the treatment plant located in the city. The control, the operation 

of which is manual, of the wells is centered at the treatment plant, so that individual wells may be cut in or out of the pumpage as desired. There is considerable variation in the chemical composition of the water from the individual wells. The hardness ranges from about 115 to 250 ppm.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

21

1.6

62

11

56

2.1

0 

255

54

36

.3

1.8

370

Finished 

water a

20

.00

19

9 A

56

1.9

13 

84

54

43

.5

1.9

260

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color.... ".......

pH. ........ ..............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water a

200

0

0

7 S

CQK

May 24,

1951

Finished 

water a

QC

0

5

9

1

418

May 24 ,.

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw waterh.......

Finished water P..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

213 

136

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.0 

8.0

Max

- 

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

186 

106

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

--

Min

--

a Composite. b January. c June.
210 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WINFIELD 

(Population, 10,264)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells: East well 1 and West well 1, each 38 ft deep; 3 wells (2, 3, and 

4) which are double wells (holes side by side) each pair being pumped simultaneously by one pump, 38, 38, and 48 ft deep. The wells are about 5 miles west 

of the city and are spaced about 3,000 ft apart.

Treatment: Addition of lime and polyphosphate (Calgon) and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 888,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na).......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ............

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH........ ...........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

:East well 1

414 

8.5

412 

324

733

May 25, 

1951

38 

1923

West well 1

388 

15

383 

324

732

May 25, 

1951

38 

1923

Well 4

230 

28

489 

22

713

May 25, 

1951

48 

1940

Finished 

water 

(composite)

16 

.0

99 

21 

35 

1.9 

0 

333 

81 

26 

.7 

1.4 

464

334 

60

0 

7.6

707

May 25, 

1951
LOUISIANA 211

ALEXANDRIA 

(Population, 34,913)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 1, 500 people outside of city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 35,400.

Source: 18 wells (U. S. G. S. R-7, R-12, R-15 to R-18, R-20, R-404 to R-406, 

R-408 to R-410, and R-421 to R-426) ranging in depth from 253 to 1, 202 ft; 

1 well (R-458), 341 ft deep, used only in emergency. The yield of wells R-7, 

R-12, R-15, and R-405 is reported to be 400, 473, 400, and 400 gpm, respectively. (Data not available on other wells.)

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,200,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. The wells at Madison St., 5th and Monroe Sts.

N. 3rd and McNutt Sts. pump into the main reservoir at 5th and Monroe Sts.

The wells at the City Park pump into the reservoir at that location. The wells

at 4th and Casson Sts. and at Bolton and Rapides Ave. have small storage

tanks into which they pump. 

The water is chlorinated at the intake of each of the storage points. It is pumped

from, storage into the distribution system. 

There is considerable difference in the chemical composition of the water from the

individual wells. The greater number of the wells deliver water that is very

soft. The analyses selected show approximately the range in dissolved solids

and ' qrdr.ess of the waters from the wells.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )...... 

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply .......

Well 

R-404

28

.51

.0

19

4.4

\ 250

0

591 

16

77

.0

689

66

0

8.1

1,130

__

Aug. 25,

1949

OKO

1Q41

Well 

R-408

Of)

9 0

.3

97

50

7.1

0

548 

2.0

Q 0

.0

458

448

0

6.8

817

68

May 13,

1948

326

1O Q

1 Q41

Well 

R-423

47

no

1 *>

.4

121

0

297 

1.0

14

1.2

.0

OOK

4

0

7.5

Aug. 25,

1943

786

1O Q

Well 

R-409

28

10

.4

116

62

21

0

600 

55

Of)

.0

626

544

KO

6.8

1,050

68

May 13,

1948

1 O97

10 c

1 Q41

Well 

R-15

AQ

IS

1 ^

K

(

no

1 S

0

212 

11

11

.9

.1

270

5

0

0

--

Oct. 22,

1938

1 9fl9

19

1 QOC
212 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BASTROP 

(Population, 12,769)

Ownership: People Water Service,Inc.; supplies about 225 people outside city

limits. Total population supplied, about 13, 000. 

Source: 3 wells (U. S. G. S. wells Mo-18, Mo-19, and Mo-65) 1-65) 800, 600,

630 ft deep, and reported to yield 250, 650, and 950 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 240, 000 gal.

The analysis given is representative of the water served to the consumers.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl)-. .............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled ..................

Well Mo- 6 5 

(city well 3)

11

n<i

1.7

.4

OQ 1

1 9

0

422

1 Q

186

.6

.5

fiQ7

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

i-\TT

Specific conductance

25 C. )............-..........

Turbidity ....................

Well Mo- 65 

(city well 3)

6

0

^s

8.0

1,220

74

Feb. 27,

1951

630

12|-8

1948

BATON ROUGE 

(Population, 125,629)

Ownership: The Baton Rouge Water Works Co. , Istrouma Water Co., and Dixie 

Water Co. ; supplying approximately 109, 000, 11, 000, and 6, 000 people, 

respectively.

Source: 30 wells (The Baton Rouge Water Works Co. , 19 wells; Istrouma Water 

Co., 8 wells; and Dixie Water Co. , 3 wells). Three of the wells of the 

Baton Rouge Water Works Co. are 339, 338, and 343 ft deep; the remaining 

wells range in depth from 1, 496 to 2, 712 ft. The wells of the Istrouma 

Water Co. range in depth from 1, 060 to 1, 939 ft. The wells (EB-154, 

EB-447, and EB-514) of the Dixie Water Co. are 2,434, 1,626, and 2,865 

ft deep, respectively.

Treatment: Chlorination of the water furnished by the Baton Rouge Water Works 

Co. and the Dixie Water Co. No treatment of water furnished by the Istrouma 

Water Co.

Storage: The Baton Rouge Water Works Co. , 6,140, 000 gal; the Istrouma Water 

Co. , 30, 000 gal; and the Dixie Water Co., 120, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually by electric pumps. The water is pumped directly into the distribution system and to storage. All of the analyses are of 

water from the wells of the Baton Rouge Water Works Co. at different location or pumping stations, and are representative of the water served to the 

consumers,
LOUISIANA 213

BATON ROUGE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Well 

EB-100a

Well 

EB-15lb

Well 

EB-413 C

Well 

EB-444d

Well 

EB-4566

Silica (SiOjj)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg)..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )......

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCv,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO8 :

Total......................

Noncarbonate..... 

34

1.3

.05

62

18

20

2.4

0

314

1.0

7.2

.1

2.5

300

228

0

24

.07

.00

1.4

.2

82

2.4

6

191

11

6.2

.1

.0

219

4

0

28

.10

3.6

1.7

73

4.4

10

165

13

8.0

.2

2.8

228

16

0

24

.23

.00

1.0

.3

91

2.0

19

190

11

5.0

.3

.2

241

4

0

23

.13

.00

1.3

.2

83

3.2

10

186

9.0

3.8

.3

1.0

223

4

0

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C.) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F.)........

Date of collection ........

7.5

505

70

May 9, 

1951

8.7

344

96

May 9, 

1951

8.7

322

88

[Sept. 26, 

1949

9.0

383

93

May 9, 

1951

8.8

347

86

May 9, 

1951

Depth (feet) ........

Diameter (inches). 

Date drilled ........

Percent of supply.

343 

18-12

2,664 

12-6

1,732

12-9 5/8[

1946

2,253

1946

1,895

1947

Well 

EB-504 j

Well 

EB-51QS

Well

E3-504 J

Well 

EB-510 f

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca).........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^.....

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (SO4)..........

Chloride (Cl).........

Fluoride (F)..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

28

.6 

1.0

76

10

162

16

4.0

36

,24

,00|

,4

3

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

.2

226

67

1 162

9.

4.

1.

202

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

8.7

326

Sept. 26, 

1949

8.3

279

85

May 9, 

1951

a Front Street. bGovernment Street Station. c Baton Rouge Water Works, 

well 3. d First Street. e Scotlandville, La. f Government Street Station, 

well 4. g Lula Street. h Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).
214 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

BATON ROUGE--Continued

Dpnfrh ffppt^

Diameter (inches) ........................................................

Date drilled ...............................................................

Percent of SUDD!V ........................................................

Well 

EB-504*

1,777

1949

Well 

EB-510g

1, 605

12-9 5/8

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

106 

99

Max

124 

120

Min

72 

72

pH

Av

8.1 

7.9

Max

8.5 

8.1

Min

7.6

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av Max Min

__

Turbidity

Av

67

Max

300

Min

25

f Government Street Station, well 4. SLula Street.

BOGALUSA 

(Population, 17,798)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies approximately 500 persons outside of city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,300. 

Source: 6 wells (U. S. G. S. wells Wa-34, Wa-41, Wa-44 to/Wa-47) 1,500,

1,442, 1,450, 1, 500, 1, 500, and 1, 500 ft deep. Emergency supply can be

furnished by the Gaylord Container Corp. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 2 elevated tanks, each 250, 000 gal; 2 underground tanks, each 500, 000

gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well Wa-41

48 

.06

.2 

.3 

44 

.8 

0 

105 

9.3 

4.5 

.2 

.0 

165

Hardness as CaCOg: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Depth (feet) .........................................................................

Well Wa-41

2 

0

7 

8.0

204

June 21, 

1950

1,442 

12-9 5/8 

1950

BOSSIER CITY 

(Population, 15,470)

Ownership: City of Shreveport.

Source: Supplied by city of Shreveport (See Shreveport.)
LOUISIANA 215

CROWLEY 

(Population, 12,784)

Ownership: Central-Louisiana Electric Co.

Source: 3 wells (U. S. G. S. wells Ac-169, Ac-170, and Ac-280), 280, 247, and

257 ft deep, and reported to yield 1,250, 900, and 1,400 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration (trays), softening with lime, coagulation with iron salts,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,100, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,060, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Well 

Ac-280 a

00

1.7

£i\J

65

6.0

0 

one

.5

26

8.2

405

Finished 

water

28

. 14

7.7

Li)

fiQ

2

0

10 

one

on

o

2

n

259

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

PH. ........ ..............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Well 

Ac-280 a

216

0

7 °.

691

Sept. 16,

1950

257

12-10

1942

Finished 

water

Q 1

0

5

8

f>

4.09

70

A ni* A.

1 Q^1

aRaw water.

GRETNA 

(Population, 13,813)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River. Emergency supply may be obtained from nearby industrial supply wells.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime, coagulation with iron salts, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal.
216 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GRETNA - -C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOaJL ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.4r\f»

.00

35

. i 

1<?

0 

114

QQ

14 j

 j o

193

Finished 

water

9

Q

.05 

.00

21

. U 

1^

4.4

15

42

15

2

C

133

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color .................. .

PH.. ....... ...... ........

(micromhos at

OC ft \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

34

7.3

317

May 14,

1951

Finished 

water

cc

35

Q R

237

Mav 14

1 QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

--

PH

Av

7.8 

9.6

Max

8.0 

9.6

Min

7.8 

9.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115 

70

Max

130

75

Min

100 

60

Turbidity

Av

800 

2

Max

1200 

2

Min

700 

2

HOUMA 

(Population, 11,505)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Intracoastal Canal (Bayou Black).

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 450,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron(Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COg) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.6 

.41 

.00 

29 

8.3 

26 

3.6 

0 

82 

27 

42 

.3 

1.8 

207

Finished 

water

7.2 

.18 

.00 

28 

8.0 

28 

2.8 

0 

37 

73 

44 

.3 

1.2 

222

Hardness as CaCCy

Trtto 1 - -

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......... .............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

106 

39

7.5 

348

May 14, 

1951

Finished 

water

103 

72

7.1 

373

May 14, 

1951
LOUISIANA 217

HOUMA Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

65 

40

Max

116

72

Min

32

PH

Av

7.5 

8.6

Max

7.8 

9.0

Min

6.7 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

80 

90

Max

160

Min

75 

70

Turbidity

Av

70

Max

450

Min

40

JEFFERSON PARISH

Ownership: East Jefferson Water District 1; supplies Harahan, Kenner, Metairie,

Shrewsbury, Southport, and other communities. Total population supplied,

about 62, 000. 

Source: Mississippi River. Emergency supply can be obtained from the New

Orleans public supply. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime, coagulation with lime and

iron salts, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant for East Jefferson Water District 1 is at Shrewsbury.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp fNO )

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

no

41

-IO

91

0 

144

41

oc

0

0 A

234

Finished 

water

19

.00

91

cj . cj

91

2 n

5

00

C /;

97

o

2.0

163

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . . *. .

Color .............. ..:..

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

156

38

7.7

400

__

Oct. 12,

1951

Finished 

water

75

48

8.9

279

Oct. 12,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj, 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

165 

43

Min

67 

23

PH

Av Max

8.2 

10

Min

7.5 

9.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

116

Min

79

Turbidity

Av

500 

0

Max

1600 

0

Min

45 

0
218 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAFAYETTE 

(Population, 33,541)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Swells (U. S.G. S. wells Lf-1, Lf-433, Lf-491, Lf-492, and Lf-503), 220,

204, 214, 213, and 212 ft deep. The total yield of the wells is reported to be

from 1, 500 to 2, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration (trays), coagulation with sodium aluminate, softening with

lime, sedimentation, addition of polyphosphate (Calgon) for stabilization, rapid

(anthrafilt) filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Surface storage, 1,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 500,000

gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COa)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) .........;

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet)...........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ff j

Well 

Lf-491

46

3.6

36

8

n

Q ft

1.2

0

1K1

9

«J

8.2

.5

.0

195

Finished 

water

07

.15

. 1

6

0

9 7

Q n

19

77

10

19

0

0

161

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color..................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 

Lf-491

193

0

0

7.0

278

Oct. 25,

1949

214

24-16-10

1949

Finished 

water

95

6

0

8.9

258

Apr. 5,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

123

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

6.9 

9.5

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

133

85

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

--

Min

--

LAKE CHARLES 

(Population, 41,272)

Ownership: Gulf States Utilities Co.

Source: 5 wells ("A", "K". "L", "M", and "N") for regular supply; Calcasieu 

Lake for auxiliary supply. The depths of the wells are reported to be 693, 680, 

696, 690, and 676 ft, and the yields, 1, 500, 1, 500, 1, 500, 1, 760, and 1, 500 

gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration (contact beds), softening, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None (except Calcasieu Lake).

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.
LOUISIANA 219

LAKE CHARLES--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ...............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Dpnth (fe>e>t\

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply 

WeU "L"

50

1

/>

27

t7. 1

on

.6.4

0 

170

00

.4

.0

359

Finished 

water

A Q

.04

28

O. U

77

5

/>

0

1 en

2

0

105

.5

2

348

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntnl ....

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

«TT pH... ....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

'OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well "L"

1 no

0

10 

7.1

 t^R(\

70

Oct. 25,

1Q4Q

696

16-10

1946

Finished 

water

IflQ

0

7.7

CQ>1

74

Apr. 6,

1 OKI

MONROE 

(Population, 38,572)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies approximately 5, 000 people outside of the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 43, 600.

Source: Bayou De Siard for regular supply; Ouachita River for auxiliary or emergency supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration (spray), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, addition of soda ash for pH control, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal.

At the time of the collection of the samples lime instead of soda ash was being used 

for pH control in the treatment process.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Bayou 

De Siarda

0.8

?s

.00

4.3 

1 Q

7.6

1

C

0 

27

Q i

5

0

0

1.5

51

Finished 

water

0.5

.04

.00

11

0 1

7.7

0 

20

1 C

1 C

.5

75

Tntal

Noncarbonate ......

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Bayou 

De Siarda

1Q

0

6

n

81

nc

1QK1

Finished 

water

Q C

20

7.0

ion

76

May 1, 

1 QRI

aRaw water.
220 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW IBERIA 

(Population, 16,467)

Ownership: Central-Louisiana Electric Co.

Source: 4 wells (U. S. G. S. wells I-1, 1-12, 1-18, and 1-63) for regular supply; 

Bayou Teche, auxiliary or emergency supply. The depths of the wells are reported to be 290, 250, 278, and 288 ft; and the yields (well 1-1, not reported), 

1,800, 1,000, and 1,760 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration (cascades), softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 850, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled .........

Percent of suoolv ..

Well 

1-1

42

1.7

«7 «7 

OC

20

12

0 

540

.5

8.5

.8

.0

476

Finished 

water

36

94

ID 

97

26

1.6

0 

216

.5

13

.2

10

231

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Color...................

pH. ......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. .............

Date of collection...

Well 

1-1

OQC

0

10

7 9

7OK

74

nr»t 1Q

1 Q^O

290

12-10

__

Finished 

water

1C 1

0

o 

7c

OQ1

Mar. 19,

1 QC1

NEW ORLEANS 

(Population, 570,445)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River. Auxiliary and emergency supplies can be obtained 

from Jefferson Parish, East Jefferson Water District 1.

Treatment: Carrollton Plant, plain sedimentation, softening with lime, sedimentation, activated carbon at times for taste and odor control, coagulation with 

ferrous sulfate, sedimentation, ammoniation, polyphosphates for stabilization, 

chlorination, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of activated 

carbon when required.

Algiers Plant, prechlorination, coagulation with ferrous sulfate, softening 

 with lime, sedimentation, ammoniation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of activated carbon for taste and odor control when required.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Carrollton Plant, 112, 000, 000 gpd; Algiers 

Plant, 7,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Carrollton Plant, 15, 000, 000 gal; Algiers Plant, 

7, 000, 000 gal.
LOUISIANA 221

NEW ORLEANS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

None ar bonate .................

Color...............................

pH ..............:....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 CL )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Raw 

water a

10 

.36 

.00 

47 

14 

21 

.8 

0 

161 

51 

24 

.3 

2.5 

262

175

43

7.5 

438

Aug. 31, 

1951

Finished 

water a

12 

.08 

.00 

. 16 

8.1 

21 

.8 

0 

37 

52 

26 

.2 

2.0 

158

73

43

7.1 

270

Aug. 31, 

1951

Raw 

water b

10 

.17 

.00 

48 

14 

21 

.8 

0 

162 

51 

24 

.3 

2.0 

266

177 

45

7.5 

439

Aug. 31, 

1951

Finished 

water b

10 

.03 

.00 

20 

8.3 

20 

.8 

6 

24 

58 

27 

.3 

2.0 

166

84 

54

8.8 

285

Aug. 31, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 a

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

95 

35

Max

135

52

Min

61

27

PH

Av

8.1 

10. 1

Max

8.5 

10.6

Min

7.9 

9.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

133 

75

Max

200 

109

Min

88 

54

Turbidity

Av

535 

. 1

Max

1770 

1.2

Min

55 

.0

aCarrollton Plant. 

bAlgiers Plant.

OPELOUSAS 

(Population, 11,659)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (U. S. G. S. Sl-2, SI-89, SI-122, and SI-123) 326, 288, 326, and

326 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 800, 1, 500, 2,000, and

2,300 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration (contact bed of coke), softening with lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 950, 000 gal.
222 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OPE LOUS AS --Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 

SI-122

41 

1.1

62 

22 

22 

8.8 

0 

339 

.5 

13 

.3 

.2 

326

Finished 

water

34 

.06 

.00 

13 

17 

26 

2;0 

7 

154 

2.9 

12 

.1 

.2 

178

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Well 

SI-122

245 

0

5 

7.4

552

70 

June 15, 

.1950

326 

10 

1942

Tinished 

water

102 

0

0 

8.6

292

69 

kpr. 2, 

1951

RUSTON 

(Population, 10,372)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 250 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10, 600. 

Source: 2 wells (U. S. G. S. L-l and L-2) each 637 ft deep, and each reported to

yield 750 gpm. An emergency supply can be obtained from a well at Louisiana

Polytechnic Institute. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled .......:..........

Well L-l

£0 

1 C

1.6

.5

\fv

u &

0

i £2

1Q

8

n

.1

.5

1 Qft

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Well L-l

0

8

n

 jriR

n a

Apr. i, 

1 QR1

CQ n

16-10

± a»j\J
LOUISIANA 223

SHREVEPORT 

(Population, 127,206)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Bossier City, and approximately 27, 000 people

outside of the city limits, including Barksdale Field. Total population supplied,

about 169,700. 

Source: Cross Lake. 

Treatment: (Both plants) addition of lime, ammoniation, coagulation with alum,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Cross Lake Plant, 15, 000, 000 gpd; McNeill

St. Plant, 14, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

7.8

1 Q

.00

10

5 7

23

2.0

0 

30

OK

36

.3

1.0

133

Finished 

water3-

7.4

.06

.00

18

5 A

00

 > O

0 

40 ) )

41

.1

.0

162

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water a

48

24

6.9

230

73

May 3,

1951

Finished 

water a

68

35

7. 1

270

74

May 3,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22 

32

Max

30

38

Min

7 

27

PH

Av

6.6 

9.0

Max

7.5 

9.5

Min

6.0 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

38 

63

Max

42 

68

Min

33 

60

Turbidity

Av

17 

0

Max

35 

0

Min

B 

0

aCross Lake Plant.
224 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

WEST MONROE 

(Population, 10,302)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12, 800. 

Source: 3 wells (U. S. G. S. Ou-63, Ou-64, and Ou-135) 473, 473, and 480 ft

deep; each reported to yield 800 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 100, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled ..................

Percent of suonlv. ..........

Well Ou-63

16

.00

.00

.4

L£iO

& rx

5 

00*5

J.5/

. £t

299

Total .......................

"NTnn/*a fhnnatp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ....... ........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well Ou-63

0

8

rW>

T>

1QC1

473

1C n

1QOO
MINNESOTA 225

ALBERT LEA 

(Population, 13,545)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14, 000. 

Source: 2 wells, 400 and 600 ft deep; tie-in with Wilson Co. for auxiliary supply.

The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 750 and 1, 250 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, addition of sodium metaphosphate (Nalco-18) for water

stabilization after the water leaves the storage reservoirs. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage; Reservoirs, 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet)

r^i 9 imol"HT* fi nphaG^

Date drilled .................

DAT*!** Anf* f\f cilinn 1 V

Finished 

water 

(composite)

OK

1.0

.01

92

9Q

10

1

0

0

491

on

K K

.1

2

1

404

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

350

5

3

7.6

645

2

48

May 8,

1951

400, 600

12

100

AUSTIN 

(Population, 23,100)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Sargeant Springs, 50 percent of supply; 1 well, 112 ft deep, 50 percent of

supply. The yield for Sargeant Springs is reported to be 2, 200 gpm, and for

the well, 1, 940 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination. Fluoridation of the supply has been proposed. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 2,186, 000 gal; elevated storage, 750,000 gal.
226 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AUSTIN Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) .............. ....

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

i R

1 9

.00

59

00

4 9

1.0

0

274

1^ j n

^ K

256

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

nil

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

236

12

1

7.8

446

0.6

May 8,

1951

BEMIDJI 

(Population, 10,001)

Ownership: Municipal; total population supplied, about 5,000. Only part of the 

population is supplied by the city; the remainder is supplied from private wells.

Source: Swells, (7, 9, 10, 12, and 14) 187, 87, 250, 108, and 98 ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 550, 410, 600, 550, and 440 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination when necessary.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite) a

£t X 

1 c

.00

52

17

£7. *J

0 

oco

 U

0

6

r246

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

TPPTYinPY*5li"11 Y*^ (Tr? ^

Finished 

water 

(composite) a

0

1

7.7

QQQ

1

A/Tow 9

1QR1

a Wells 7, 10, and 12.
MINNESOTA 227

BRAINERD 

(Population, 12,637)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (3 to 6), 120, 120, 145, and 150 ft deep. The yield of the wells

is reported to be 1, 200, 1, 200, 2,400, and 2, 500 gpm. Two wells are pumped

at one time into reservoir and tower storage and then into the mains. 

Treatment: Iron and manganese removal by upward flow of water through beds of

manganese ore, aeration and percolation through beds of coke, and rapid sand

filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 300, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 800, 000 gal; tower, 300, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Depth (feet) ..................

Diameter (inches) ..........

Date drilled ............ .

Percent of supply ..........

Wells 3 and 6 

(finished 

water)

90

09

.00

bb 

16

Q R

K

0

9R4

oq

K K

.0

4.4

288

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells 3 and 6 

(finished 

water)

229

01

 }

7.6

439

n 9

47

May 2,

1951

120, 150

16, 16

1939, 1947

DULUTH 

(Population, 104,511)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 700 people in Proctor. Total population supplied, about 107,200.

Source: Lake Superior for regular supply; Fond du Lac wells for auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, detention 4 hours, postchlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, tanks, and standpipes, 55, 380, 000 gal.
228 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DULUTH--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) .........../..

Dissolved solids .........

Lake Superior 

(finished 

water)

3

0

1 5

.00

14

9 9

1.1-

.4

0

Kfl

1.0

Qi "i

. 1

1

c

54

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tnt-al

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

ftaf'0 f\f fkftll ofttinn

Lake Superior 

(finished 

water)

44

Q

1

7.4

109

0.9

OK

May 3,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

43

Max

44

Min

42

PH

Av

7.6

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

46

Max

47

Min

45

Turbidity

Av

0.35

Max

13

Min

0

EDINA 

(Population, 9,744)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 400, 450, 475, and 500 ft deep. The yield of the wells is

reported to be 700, 1, 000, 1, 000, and 1, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Elevated tank, 75,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(city tap)

lo

CO

.00

70

OQ

O . «7

1

0

0

Q Q C

8 A

6

n

. 1

1 Q

°.in

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Wells 

(city tap)

9Q.P.

14

K

7 P.

536

7

CO

May 3 1 .

1QK1
MINNESOTA 229

FARIBAULT 

(Population, 16,028)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 750, 450, and 1,385 ft deep.

reported to be 2, 400, 2, 400, and 1, 360 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and aeration. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

The yield of the wells is

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

14

.70

no

00

31

9.0

2.0

0

403

33

4.0

. 1

4.4

376

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Won/* a fhAn Ji tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )................... .

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

040

i a

0

7.7

fid.9

i

48

May 7,

1951

FERGUS FALLS 

(Population, 12,917)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 2, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 14, 900.

Source: Otter Tail River.

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate and sodium aluminate, slow mechanical mixing and sludge blanket clarification, recarbonation, 

carbon when needed, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, chlorination, and stabilization with polyphosphate.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpti.

Raw-water storage: Lake.

Finished-water storage: 700, 000 gal .(additional storage of 1, 500,000 gal is planned for in 1951).
230 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FERGUS FALLS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.8 

.02 

.00 

31 

24 

5.2 

3.1 

0 

214 

11 

1.5 

.1 

1.0 

212

Finished 

water

7.1 

.05 

.00 

9.0 

13 

6.5 

2.9 

13 

65 

10 

3.5 

1.2 

.4 

118

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

KTnnr1 A i*Yir\ncitf*

Color-..".....""....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

176 

1

4 

7.9

345 

2 

68 

May 25, 

1951

Finished 

water

75 

0

2 

9.2

179 

2 

68 

May 25, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 a

Raw water.........

Finished water....

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

205 

68

Max

220 

70

Min

170 

65

PH

Av

8.0 

9.2

Max

8.1 

9.2

Min

7.9 

9.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

213 

63

Max

220 

66

Min

180 

61

Turbidity

Av

2 

0

Max

5 

0

Min

0 

0

a Fiscal year (Apr. 1, 1950 to Mar. 31, 1951).

RIBBING 

(Population, 16,276)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19, 300.

Source: Mine shaft, 50 percent of supply; 7 wells (1-A, 2-A, 3-A, 4, 8-A, 9, and 

12), 112, 118, 148, 88, 135, 182, and 138 ft deep, 50 percent of supply. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 700, 500, 700, 300, 700, 450, and 450 

gpm. All the wells are connected to a 1, 000, 000 gal reservoir at the main 

pumping station.

Treatment: Chlorination of water from mine shaft.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Underground storage, 4, 000, 000 gal; elevated tank, 

650, 000 gal.
MINNESOTA 231

HIBBING Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by J. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

15

no

.01

28

1 ^

5.6

.6

0

140

1 q

8.0

.1

.7

168

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

95 C )

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

132

17

2

7.0

274

0.8

45

May3,

1951

MANKATO 

(Population, 18,809)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 19, 000. 

Source: 6 wells (5 to 10), 68, 325, 65, 68, and 67 ft deep (depth not reported for

well 10). The yield of the wells is reported to be 600, 500 (flow), 700, 600,

1,500, and 1,700 gpm. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, iron removal by aeration and contact" beds of man-

. ganese ore and coke, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: High tower, 250, 000 gal; concrete reservoir, 3, 500, 000

gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

composite ab

on

2 9

.00

77

QO

OO

4.7

0

004

107

11

.1

A A

462

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)..... .................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water composite a b

O4TI 

OO

8

n

714

q

50

May 31, 

iqKi

a Chlorination only. Treatment plant out of service for repairs at time of 

collection of sample, 

b Wells 5, 8, and 9.
232 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MINNEAPOLIS 

(Population, 521,718)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 11,000 people outside the city limits 

and about 3,700 at other places. Total population supplied, about 536,400.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

ferrous sulfate, and Ferrifloc as required, clarification stabilization with 

alum,.carbon dioxide or Ferrifloc or a combination of these as required, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Fridley softening plant, 100,000,000 gpd; 

Columbia Heights filtration plant, 78, 000,000 gpd; Fridley filtration plant, 

80,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 61,000,000 gal.

The public supply of Minneapolis is obtained from the Mississippi River at the 

Fridley pumping station No. 5 located north of the city proper. After the 

water is softened at the Fridley water-softening plant it is divided for filtration. Centrifugal pumps deliver part of the water to the Columbia Heights 

filtration plant from which (after filtration and sterilization) the finished water 

is supplied tothe cityby gravity from the cove red finished-water reservoir. The 

other portion is.pumped by low service pumps to the Fridley filtration plant 

from which the finished water is pumped directly into the mains from the covered reservoir. The western half of the city is supplied by direct pumping 

into the mains and the balance is served by gravity. The Columbia Heights 

plant generally serves the entire city from midnight to 5 o'clock in the morning.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10.

 w*x

.00

40

IA 

3C

2

n

0

1 C C

1 Q

1.0

.1

9 n «. u 

198

Finished 

water

4.4

.17 

.00

20

4.4

^r. £t

. O

0

O\J

44

8

n

.1

_

126

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC <~! \

Turbidity..............

TV»mrn3T*aiiiT*p fTF ^

Raw 

water

148

13

47

7 Q

OQfi

K

69

May 29,

1951

Finished 

water

68

43

7

7.6

182

n Q

66

May 29,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

151

42

Max

196

58

Min

95 '18

PH

Av

8.1 

8.0

Max

8.7 

8.6

Min

7.5 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

fopm)

Av

163

77

Max

194 

83

Min

142 

74

Turbidity

Av

9.6 

.3

Max

90 

2.2

Min

2

0
MINNESOTA 233

MOORHEAD 

(Population, 14,870)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells (5 to 9), 265, 265, 116, 116, and 116 ft deep. The yield of the

wells is reported to be 500, 500, 200, 1,400, and 1,400 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,800,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .......... ...

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ. ........ ........

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) ........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH............ ...........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Date drilled .........................

Percent of supply ..................

Well 5 

(raw water)

28

CO

.00

O *J 

19

155

5.0

0

OOQ

144

74

0

3

Q

644

1 QQ

0

4

7.7

1,010

0

48

May 25, 1951

265

16

1930

--

Well 9 

(raw water)

97

oc

.04

70

OR

74

5.5

0

OQA

104

14

0 0

518

oan

0

0

7.6

Qni

i

45

May 25, 1951

116

12

1947

--

Wells 5 & 9 

(finished water)

90

. 14

.00

£t£t

8

0

100

4.9

10

14.9

00

3

4°

one

8Q

0

0

8

n

C 1 C

1

49

May 25, 1951

OWATONNA 

(Population, 10,191)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) each 710 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be

1,300, 1,600, and 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, and hand application of chlorine when necessary. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 625, 000 gal.
234 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OWATQNNA- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

12 

.33 

.00 

70 

22 

6.2 

1.3 

0 

296 

29 

3.0 

.1 

6.1 

298

Hardness as CaCOg: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Depth (feet) ...........................................................................

Date drilled .......:..........,......................................................

Percent of supply ..................................................................

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

266

24

2 

7.6

492 

2 

50 

May 7, 

1951

710 

16 

1945

RED WING 

(Population, 10,645)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (Sta. 1, well 3; Sta. 3, well 1; well 2; and well, East 8th St.) 460,

770, 480, and 620 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1,150,

1,500, 1,300 and 1,050 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 200, 000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 750,000

and 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

on

.00

56

OQ

KO

5

Q

0

°.D9

oc

79

.1

4.1

420

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

9R4

o

7.7

711

48

1 QC1
MINNESOTA 235

ROBBINSDALE 

(Population, 11,289)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) about 630 ft deep, for main supply; broken connection to 

Minneapolis supply for auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 900, 1,050, and 1,200 gpm. One pump operates during the winter months; 

two pumps operate continuously and a third operates intermittently during the 

day in the summer months. The water is pumped directly into the mains.

Treatment: Chlorination and sodium phosphate for water stabilization.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Auxiliary supply, elevated storage, 150,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrafp fNO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches)....

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ....

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

£i X

 £t£t

.00

75

44

5

O

 U

0

^0*5

1 a

7.0

.1

a a 386

Well 3 

[finished 

water)

£t\J

. Uo

.00

76

41

4.8

£ "

0

A OC

12 6/\

.1

.4 

a373

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ...

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Well 2 

finished 

water)

QCC

11

5

7.7

c on

52

May 29,

1 Q^1

co ft

1 D

--

Well 3 

(finished 

water)

oeft

11

7.7

CRO

& 

CO

May 29,

xy o i

94-90

1Q4Q

a Sum of determined constituents.

ROCHESTER 

(Population, 29,885)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells (2 to 11), 430 to 510 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported

to range from 190 to 1,100 gpm.

Treatment: None (chlorination planned to be started in June 1951). 

Storage: 2,400, 000 gal.
236 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROCHESTER--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

11

.15

.00

70 

21

Q 7

1.6

0

292

23

5.0

.1

4.1

288

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Wells 

(composite)

260

20

1

7.7

477

1

52

May 7,

1951

ST. CLOUD 

(Population, 28,410)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.0

.04

.00

O3 

11

3.6

O 1

0

101

K«I

4 "=> .0-

.8

190

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F )

Finished 

water

134

51

4

7.0

287

1

55

May 1,

1951
MINNESOTA 237

ST. LOUIS PARK 

(Population, 22,644)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6). Wells 1, 2, and 3 are 290 ft deep; wells 4, 5, and 6 are

500 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be as follows: Wells 1 and 2,

930 gpm,each; wells 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1,200 gpm, each. 

Treatment: Chlorination, polyphosphate for stabilization, and aeration in surface

storage tank.

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 600, 000 gal; steel surface tank,

1,500,000 gal.

Continuous problem with "Crenothrix". vVater is pumped directly into mains. The 

iron content is reported to vary from 0. 8 to 3. 4 ppm.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

rVanfK /fppf\

Date drilled ..........

WellS 

(finished 

water)

Of)

1 Q

.00

81

 to

3

a

1.7

0

QOfl

KO

16

.1

7 ^

432

Well 4 

(finished 

water)

17

cc

no

70

oc

4.0

1.7

0

<JQQ

1^

6.5

.1

1.4 "308

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......... ......

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Well 3 

[finished 

water)

334

72

5

8.0

620

2

49

May 30,

1951

OQfl

94

1QQQ

Well 4 

finished 

water)

290

13

4

8.1

537

10

49

May 30,

1951

500

10

1Q4R

ST. PAUL 

(Population, 311,349)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 10, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 325,000.

Source: Mississippi River and watershed of impounding lakes for regular supply; 

Centerville Lakes System for auxiliary supply. The principal impounding reservoirs of the present water-supply system are lakes Vadnais, Pleasant, Otter, 

Charles, and Sucker. Water storage in the Vadnais impounding system may 

be augmented from two principal sources: water pumped from the Centerville 

Lake system, which consists of four principal lakes and lies 18 to 20 miles 

north of the city; water pumped from the Mississippi River to the Vadnais 

storage reservoir through Charles and Pleasant Lakes.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, recarbonation, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 70, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 6, 750, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 70, 000, OO'O gal.
238 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ST. PAUL--Continued

Water from Otter Lake and the overflow from Bald Eagle Lake may be taken by 

gravity into the Vadnais system as a reserve source of supply. During low 

water stages, however, the water in Otter Lake is highly colored and is seldom used. Two artesian well fields are held in reserve. One field which has 

28 wells with an average depth of 400 ft, is located along the shores of Centerville Lake. The other field which has 6 wells ranging in depth from 700 to 

1, 000 ft is located at McCarron Station.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp {NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

K 1

.04 

.00 <jq

J.O 

A 9

9 n

0 

174

19

1.0

.1

1 ^

180

Finished 

water

C -I

 J.O

.00

1.4 

4.4

0

1 1>

4

C

.1

92

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color-......... "...

pH.......................

Snpf*if if* f*nnriiif*tatif*p

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

149

6

IK

8.1

301

3

64

May 29,

1951

Finished

water

58

10

5

7.9

148

1

67

May 30,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

148

57

Max

168 

70

Min

132 

42

pH

Av

8.3 

8.6

Max

8.6 

8.8

Min

8.1 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

159 

72

Max

179 

86

Min

144 

56

Turbidity

Av

3 

Tr

Max

6 

Tr

Min

1 

Tr

SOUTH ST. PAUL 

(Population, 15,909)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (2 to 4), 982, 340, and 960 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 200, 1, 900, and 2, 000 gpm. The water is pumped directly to 

the mains and to storage.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 2,400, 000 gal.
MINNESOTA 239

SOUTH ST. PAUL--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ..

Well 2

18

OK

.00

76

OQ

6

Q

2

<J

0

OIK

4.9

7 ^

.1

10

380

Well 3

1 Q

.10

.00

84

o 1

OK

*) I*

0 

017

KO

00

.1

00

476

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color.......... ......

pH............... ........

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

91 r \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 2

OflC

48

8.-0

K'ya

KO

May 29,

1951

Q89

10

1 Q9^

Well 3

77

7.7

70K

0.8

K 1

May 29,

1951

°.4fl

04.

1007

VIRGINIA 

(Population, 12,486)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 13, 300.

Source: Mesabi pit shaft for regular supply; 1 well, 400 ft deep, for auxiliary 

supply.

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with sodium aluminate, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand (pressure) filtration, stabilization with polyphosphate, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

14 

.08 

.00 

47 

19 

7.9 

1.4 

0 

203 

35 

10 

.1 

3.4 

248

Finished 

water

14 

.04 

.00 

30 

.1 

20 

1.3 

a 20 

0 

35 

12 

.1 

2.2 

148

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

197 

31

2

7.6

400 

5

May 3, 

1951

Finished 

water

75 

42

1

10.6

272 

5 

43 

May 3, 

1951

a Hydroxide (OH) 10 ppm.
240 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WILLMAR 

(Population, 9,410)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 1 well (3) 302 ft deep, for regular supply; 2 wells (1 and 2) 314 and 310 ft

deep for auxiliary supply. The yield for well 3 is reported to be 1, 500 gpm;

well 2, 600 gpm; well 1, not reported.

Treatment: Chlorination, and polyphosphate for water stabilization. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,400, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 150, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches)...........

Date drilled ..................

Percent of suoolv ...........

Well 3 

(finished

water)

25

. b

. \J£t

102

tj L

oy

£19 »7

0

J 1 1

11

6

n

.1

. «j

*jyu

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well 3 

(finished

water)

464 

0

7.7

QAO

i

May 1,.

1*701

£f± "" £t\J

Ji £7^ £7
MINNESOTA 241

WINONA 

(Population, 25,031)

Ownership: Board of Municipal Water Works.

Source: 6 wells (5 to 10), 500, 486, 452, 150, 149, and 150 ft deep. The yield

of the wells is reported to be 1, 002, 1,110, 840, 900, 1,136, and 1,100 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoir, 2,000,000 gal; elevated tank,

500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. 'Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Suifate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

14

CO

OS

58

0«J

K7

4.8

0

306

KO

44

.4

.8

412

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

^nn/*a rhAmifrp

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

241

0

4

7.7

696

1

50

May 8,

1951
242 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CAPfi GIRARDEAU, MISSOURI 

(Population, 21,578)

Ownership: Missouri Utilities Co.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and ferrous sulf ate, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo. )

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8.0 

.08

63 

20

} '<

0 

173 

100 

20

3.8 

3fi4

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

240 

98

6.9

1.4

Feb. 4, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120

Max

142

Min

110

pH

Av

7.3

Max

8.4

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

213.

Max

241

Min

196

Turbidity

Av

0.2

Max

1.4

Min

0.1

CARTHAGE 

(Population, 11,188)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 12, 000.

Source: 7 deep wells. The depths of wells 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 are 1,006, 1,000, 

1,008, 1,854, and 1,865 ft, respectively.

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, chlorination, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

finished-water storage: Reservoir, 1, 500,000 gal; elevated, 500, 000 gal.
MISSOURI 243

CARTHAGE--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by the Division of Health, Jefferson City, Mp.)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) .............. >

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. U

.4

~ "*

23

L£t

\ 24 

)

Q O

U I

O f

1 <J 

54 R

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

107

a c

8.4

O c

Feb. 11, 

1QKO

CLAYTON 

(Population, 16,035)

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.)

COLUMBIA 

(Population, 31,974)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies approximately 150 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 32,100.

Source: 4 wells, 1,100 to 1, 500 ft deep for regular supply; connection with a limited number of wells at the University of Missouri for auxiliary or emergency 

supply.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium s(Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 1, 5 

(city tap)

9 n

no

.00

58 

Qi

44

6.4

0

368

35

26

1.4

1.0

406

Hardness as CaCO^:

' Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Wells 1, 5 

(city tap)

270

0

3

8.2

668

0.7

56

Apr. 16,

1951
244 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FERGUSON 

(Population, 11,593)

Ownership: St. Louis County Water Company. (See University City.)

FULTON 

(Population, 10,052)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,150. 

Source: 1 well 1,350 ft deep, for regular supply; 1 well at Missouri State Hospital

for emergency or auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Depth (feet) ...................

Data Hr*i110H

Percent of supply ...........

Finished 

water

. u

. Z/^

.00

65

O4

O 1

w. 1

0

50

£i\J

.1

.5

408

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

4t/rt

0

1

7

Q

R QA

1

Apr. 17,

i. V V J.

1,350

10

Lao 1

100

HANNIBAL 

(Population, 20,444)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,400. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal..
MISSOURI 245

HANNIBAL Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

Q

.07

.00

47

. i

0 0

o 7

0

QQ

71

6

C

.0

7 Q

246

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

1K7

77

7 R

«>40

n Q

40

Any 1 9

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

119

Max

164 

150

Min

76 

72

PH

Av

7.8 

7.4

Max

8.2 

7.9

Min

7.2 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

161 

176

Max

198 

204

Min

122 

142

Turbidity

Av

315

,1

Max

2000 

,3

Min

25 

0

INDEPENDENCE 

(Population, 36,963)

Ownership: Missouri Water Co. --Independence Division; also supplies about

24, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 61, 000.

Source: Missouri River. (See Kansas City.)

Finished-water storage: Closed surface reservoir, 2,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 

600, 000 gal; and standpipe, 25, 000 gal.

JEFFERSON CITY 

(Population, 25,099)

Ownership: Capital City Water Company.

Source: Missouri River.

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with iron salts, sedimentation, secondary coagulation with iron salts, activated carbon, chlorination, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,250,000 gal.

The composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year.
246 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JEFFERSON CITY--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8.4 

.12 

.00 

41 

1.6 

27 

3.5 

0 

57 

99 

15 

.2 

2.8 

248

Hardness as CaCO,,: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

109 

62

4 

7.8

366

0.6 

46 

Apr. 17, 

1951

JENMNGS 

(Population, 15,282)

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.)

JOPLIN 

(Population, 38,711)

Ownership: Joplin Water Works Co. (private). Total population supplied, about

40,000.

Source: Shoal Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon when required, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2,100, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,360,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo.

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.0

.04

48 

o 7

> «

0

146

Q Q

7

c

K 0

167

Hardness as CaCO^

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

131

11

7.4

__

0. 1

June 18,

1951
MISSOURI 247

JOPLIN- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

<ppm)

Av

114 

112

Max

120 

115

Min

108 

106

PH

Av

7.5 

7.5

Max

7.6 

7.5

Min

7.2 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

112

Max

130

Min

100

Turbidity

Av

30 

0

Max

3000 

0

Min

20 

0

KANSAS CITY 

(Population, 456, 622)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Avondale, Grandview, Independence, Lees 

Summit, Sugar Creek, a number of water districts in Clay and Jackson 

Counties, and private water companies. Total population supplied, about 

689,000.

Source: Missouri River. The intake is located about 4 miles upstream from the 

city.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation (clarifier-equipped basins), softening with lime 

and soda ash, clarification and coagulation with ferric sulfate and alum, recarbonation, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), activated carbon (aqua Nuchar), 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 150, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 52, 000, 000 gal.

The raw water is pumped from the river to the purification works by the Low 

Lift Pun.ping Station. From the finished-water reservoirs at the purification 

site the water is pumped by the Secondary Pumping Station through a tunnel 

under the Missouri River to reservoirs at the sites of two pumping, stations 

in the city, Turkey Creek and East Bottoms Pumping Stations. The water is 

delivered from these reservoirs by these two to pumping station into the city's 

main distribution system. Turkey Creek Pumping Station is steam operated 

and handles about two-thirds of the total demand on the distribution system. 

All others are electrically operated. Repumping is required,during hours of 

maximum demand in the summer months, in an area in the south and southwest part of the city and in an area to the south of the city limits.
248 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KANSAS CITY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

PH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Finished 

water

11

.04

.00

£t A. 

89

cc

C 9

0

94

1 RQ

97

9.

2

/>

Q4R

oc

51

9.

8

rj

£90

n ^

45

Mar. 23, 1951

Finished 

water 

average a

V t T:

£O 

60

} «

b 4.Q

1 OC

1 Q

907

84

43

Q 4

.26

C4

Raw water 

average a

ia

/> ^

17

41

t>192

19O

1Q

C365

64

8

0

9 170

t>4

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 d

Finished water*..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

157

40

Max

?,38

47

Min

113

37

pH

Av

8 3

9.4

Max

8 4

9.5

Min

8,3

9.3

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

331

84

Max

305

91

Min

145

66

Turbidity

Av

2170

.26

Max

5800

.6

Min

200

.1

a Analyzed by Purification Division, Kansas City Water Dept. Composite 

analyses, May 1950 to Feb. 1951, inclusive, 

b Includes the equivalent of any carbonate (CO3). 

cSum of determined constituents. d May 1950 to February 1951.

KIRKSVILLE 

(Population, 11,110)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11,300. 

Source: Chariton River. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 5,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal.
MISSOURI 

KIRKS VILLE- -Continued

249

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8

C

. V/T

.01

35

7.7

8.5

. i

0 

70

cc

. vf 

.1

6

0

188

Finished 

water

5

t*

 \J^

.00

51

. D

2

f*

0

Oo

8

C

.1

*±o £i

216

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

i 1«7

55

O*i 

7 ft

OQQ

O cAj

Apr. 11,

It? Ul

Finished 

water

82

7.7

Oil

u. o

47

Apr. 11,

1*7 «J1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

150 

40

Max

250 

72

Min

80 

18

PH

Av

7.0 

7.6

Max

7.6 

9.2

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

190 

90

Max

220 

120

Min

160 

60

Turbidity

Av

300 

0.2

Max

450 

0.2

Min

200 

0.2

KIRKWOOD 

(Population, 18,640)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 19,100. 

Source: Ranney collector, 53 ft deep and 13 ft in diameter, with valve controlled

lateral perforated infiltration pipes along Meramec River. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with quick lime, prechlorination, mechanical flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.
250 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KIRKWOOD C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

flO

.00

oo 

oc

21

1.8

0 

239

61

41

.0

1 1

420

Finished 

water

9.2

no

.00

21

1 Q

20

1.0

18 

36

65

11

.1

1.0

244

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

^Jrmf*3T»Virtrmt'^

Color............... .

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

ocrr

71

7 9

CQC

0

cc

Apr. 14,

1951

Finished 

water

1 OQ

CQ

£t

9

C

VT\

n 9

CC

Apr. 14,

1QCL1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity j

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

213

56

Max

217

61

Min

197

50

pH

Av

6 6

9.4

Max

6 6

9.5

Min

6 5

9.3

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

279

120

Max

328

127

Min

256

110

Turbidity

Av

1 9

.1

Max

8

.1

Min

0 9

.1

MAPLEWOOD 

(Population, 13,416)

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.)

MEXICO 

(Population, 11,623)

Ownership: Missouri Power and Light Company.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 1,173, 1,208, 1,250, and 1,450 ft deep, 90 percent of 

supply; impounding reservoir, 10 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 310, 1, 000, 300, and 750 gpm. Water from the impounding reservoir is only used when the runoff is high.

'Treatment: Aeration, addition of lime, alum, and chlorine, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 52,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Covered reservoir, 600,000 gal.
MISSOURI 251

MEXICO- -C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg),.... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

9.6 

.23 

0 

63 

37 

66 

9.6 

0 

420 

68 

38 

1.3 

2.2 

526

Well 4 

finished

water)

9.0 

.04 

0 

12 

23 

69 

10 

7 

179 

65 

45 

1.2

Q

330

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

None arbonate ......

Color...................

PH.. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled ..............................!..................!.. ...........

Percent of supply .........................................................

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

310 

0

4 

7.4

839

1

Apr. 16, 

1951

1,450 

12 

1949

Well 4 

finished

water)

125 

0

3 

8.5

567 

0.5 

60 

Apr. 16, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

334 

137

Max

154

Min

120

pH

Av

7.0 

8.2

Max

8.4

Min

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

317 

128

Max

146

Min

111

Turbidity

Av Max

::

Min

--

MOBERLY 

(Population, 13,115)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Huntsville and about 300 consumers outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14, 900. 

Source: Sugar Creek (impounded) for regular supply; Old Water Works Lake for

auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,304, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 1,145, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 817, 000 gal.
252 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MOBERLY Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

2 7

.14

.00

43 

70

C 0

2

0

0

100

60

c n

.1

2 1

210

Hardness as CaCOa :

Total .......................

Nntw* SL v*HnnA tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

137

55

9

7.9

295

6

Apr. 16,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 - 

(ppm)

Av

82

Max

98 

100

Min

65 

70

PH

Av

8.0

Max

8.4

Min

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120

Max

151 

151

Min

111 

111

Turbidity

Av

20 

5

Max

80 

5

Min

6 

5

a Sugar Creek Reservoir.

OVERLAND 

(Population, 11,566)

Ownership: St. Louis County Water Company. (See University City.)

POPLAR BLUFF 

(Population, 15,064)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 75 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 15,139.

Source: Black River.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 336,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal.
MISSOURI 253

POPLAR BLUFF Continued 

ANALYSIS

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo.

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 n

.10

27

IK

\ 8.2

' 0

149

15

6.3

.4

150

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

129

7

7.8

_ _

0.4

Sept. 11,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished watex...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

122

Max

129

Min

122

pH

Av

8.1

Max

8.3

Min

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

130

Max

134

Min

128

Turbidity

Av

25 

.1

Max

170 

.1

Min

20 

.1

RICHMOND HEIGHTS 

(Population, 15,045)

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.)

ST. CHARLES 

(Population, 14,314)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14, 500.

Source: Missouri River.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, softening with lime, coagulation and clarification with alum, stabilization with Calgon, chloramine, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000 gal (fill and draw system).

Finished-water storage: Steel standpipe, 1, 000, 000 gal; concrete and steel standpipe, 250, 000 gal.
254 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

ST. CHARLES Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

f\Q

0

48 

11

94

4 3

0 

148

85

9

n

.1

c 4.

318

Finished 

water

7

Q

f\Q

0

32

8

Q

90

3

O

10 

48

on

19

0

4.6

232

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

VtU pH........... ............

(micromhos at

OK p \

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

166

4.K

1 K

7.8

407

2,000

46

Apr. 13,

1951

Finished 

water

116

60

19

9 9

ocq

O n

46

Apr. 13,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

50

Max

250 

100

Min

75 

40

.PH

Av

7.9 

9.1

Max

8.2 

9.5

Min

7.8 

8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

200 

100

Max

350 

175

Min

80 

50

Turbidity

Av

2000 

.1

Max

18000 

1.0

Min

50 

.05

ST. JOSEPH 

(Population, 78,588)

Ownership: St. Joseph Water Co.; also supplies 3, 708 people outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 82, 300. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,800, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 16, 680, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

14

.01

.00

71

1Q

49

c 9

0

9 1 £

1 W

9(1

0

2

0

4R9.

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

250

73

6

8.0

678

0.9

42

Mar. 26,

1951
MISSOURI 255

ST. JOSEPH Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160

Max

272

Min

99

PH

Av

7.8

Max

8.4

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

232

Max

372

Min

136

Turbidity

Av

2570

Max

19830

Min

25

ST. LOUIS 

(Population, 856,796)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 858, 800.

Source: Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks Plant, 5 miles below the confluence with the Missouri River, 67 percent of supply; Missouri River at the 

Howard Bend Plant, 37 miles above its confluence with the Mississippi River, 

33 percent of supply.

Treatment (both plants): Plain sedimentation, softening with lime, coagulation 

with ferrous sulfate, sedimentation, secondary coagulation and sedimentation 

with alum, ammoniation (ammonium hydroxide), chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Chain of Rocks Plant, 160,000, 000 gpd; 

Howard Bend Plant, 80, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Plain sedimentation basin at Chain of Rocks Plant,

24, 000, 000 gal; plain sedimentation basin at Howard Bend Plant, 11, 000, 000 

gal.

Finished-water storage: Mississippi River water--Baden basins, 20, 000, 000 gal; 

Bissell's Point basins, 54, 000, 000 gal; and Compton Hill Reservoir, 

85, 000, 000 gal. Missouri River water Howard Bend basin, 5, 000, 000 gal, 

and Stacy Park reservoir, 100, 000, 000 gal. Total, 264, 000, 000 gal.

The raw water from both sources of supply is pumped into the plain sedimentation 

basins at the respective treatment plants from which it flows by gravity 

through the treatment plants. The finished water from the Chain of Rocks 

Plant flows by gravity to storage basins at Baden, 3| miles south, and Bissell's 

Point basins, 7 miles south of Chain of Rocks. From these basins threefourths of the output of the plant is pumped into the city mains connected with 

the Compton Hill Reservoir, which floats on the system, and supplies the lower 

part of the city. The remainder of the output is pumped from the Baden basins 

directly into the mains at a higher pressure and serves the higher sections of 

the city.

The finished water from the Howard Bend Plant is pumped into Stacy Park Reservoir, about 9 miles distant, at an elevation high enough to supply by gravity 

flow the highest sections of the city.
256 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ST. LOUIS--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by the St. Louis Water Department)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ....... ...................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOa) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C,-) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Mississi]

Raw water 

average a.

i<i

Cfl

14

\ >35 ou

1.2

156

Q7

16

4.6

326

183

53

19

7 Q

1,100

58

ppi River

Fin. water 

average a

9

n

.01

00

9 7

33

13

20

10Q

17

5.4

236

97

60

7

9.2

0.07

 

Missour

Raw water 

^verage a

1 9

50

1Q

34

0

163

Qfi

16

4.9

326

181

48

21

8.0

1,300

R7

i River

Fin. water 

average a9

0

 no

9 A

33.

12

22

1 (\Q

17

5.4

241

96

58

8

9.2

0.07

62

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water b.

Raw water c. ......

Finished water c

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

130 

37

133 

38

Max

226 

86

232

85

Min

77 

20

77 

23

PH

Av

7.9 

9.2

8.0 

9.2

Max

8.1 

9.6

8.3 

9.9

Min

7.6 

8.5

7.6 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

183 

97

181 

96

Max

289 

156

296 

150

Min

107 

70

102 

66

Turbidity

Av

L100 

.07

1300 

.07

Max

6400 

.60

6600 

.30

Min

80 

.02

105 

.03

a Monthly composite analyses.

b Chain of Rocks (fiscal year ending April 1950).

c toward Bend (fiscal year ending April 1950).

SEDALIA 

(Population, 20,354)

Ownership: Sedalia Water Co.; also supplies about 400 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 20, 750.

Source: Spring Fork Lake and Lake Tebo. The two lakes are interconnected, and 

water from both is mixed before going into the mains.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime for pH control, activated carbon as needed, and rapid sand filtration. Copper sulfate is used for 

algae control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Spring Fork Lake, 560, 000, 000 gal; Lake Tebo, 175, 000, 000 

gal; Reservoir (settling basin), 50, 000, 000 gal. Total, 785, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 600, 000 gal.
MISSOURI 257

SEDALIA Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ..................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4 1

.10

.00

13

5

C

2 7

1.4

0

99

QK

4.0

.0

2

0

106

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total ...... ............ ...

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.). ...... .... .......

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

KK

<»7

 >

7

Q

140

O

B

Anr- 1 "7

1Q51

SKESTON 

(Population, 11,640)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3. wells (1 to 3) 392, 405, and 366 ft deep, and reported to yield 375, 800,

and 920 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration (spray and contact beds), rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 700, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by the Division of Health, Jefferson City, Mo.)

Silica (SK),,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

34

8

C

y n

0

 f CO

o 7

7

c

K

181

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1 on

0

7 1

0.1

Oct. 2,

lOR-l

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

124

Max

129

Min

116

PH

Av

7.3

Max

7.3

Min

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

116

Max

120

Min

97

Turbidity

Av Max

--

Min

--
258 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 66,731)

Ownership: Springfield City Water Co. (private); also supplies about 10,000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 76, 700.

Source: Springs, 70 percent of supply; lake, 20 percent of supply; 1 well, 1,404 

ft deep, 10 percent of supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, carbon, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,300, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

4.0

.17

62

K 7

> «

0

1 Qfi

1O

9 7

K q

247

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

178

18

7.1

0.1

Oct. 2,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

157 

157

Max

178 

184

Min

130 

130

PH

Av

7.5 

7.4

Max

8.7 

7.8

Min

7.1 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

::

Min

::

Turbidity

Av

6 

0

Max

25 

0

Min

1 

0

UNIVERSITY CITY 

(Population, 39,892)

Ownership: St. Louis County Water Co.; also supplies Berkeley, Brentwood, 

Clayton, Ferguson, Jennings, Kinlock, Ladue, Maplewood, Overland, Pine 

Lawn, Richmond Heights, Webster Groves, Wellston, and a large number of 

incorporated and unincorporated places in St. Louis County. Total population 

supplied,, about 268,000.

Source: Missouri River for regular supply; connection to the supply of St. Louis 

for auxiliary or emergency use.

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 45, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 50, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 12, 000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located on the Missouri River near St. Louis' Howard 

Bend Plant.
MISSOURI 259

UNIVERSITY CITY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..,.....,.

Nitrate (NCg . ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water 

average a

10

 uo

b48 

bl6

J 33

bl 

b !62

«? JL

17

.4

2

b ?14

Finished 

water 

average

L£*

.0

b 22

u o. 0

34

b8 

b28

QO

1Q

.4 

2

b 224

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

nil PH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water 

average a

bi74

b40

b !7

b 7 Q

b i 700 '

Finished 

water 

average

b QI

b 50

b9

b9.7

b O. 1

56

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

135 

40

Max

267 

74

Min

99 

25

PH

Av

7.9 

9.7

Max

8.3 

10.2

Min

7.2

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av

174 

91

Max

321 

134

Min

81 

51

Turbidity

Av

1700 

.1

Max

10000 

2

Min

60 

.1

a Monthly composite analyses of daily samples, except as indicated. 

b Daily determinations.

WEBSTER GROVES 

(Population, 23,390)

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.)
260 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNTIED STATES, 1952

ANACONDA, MONTANA 

(Population, 11,254)

Ownership: Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Water supplied to copper smelter with

branch line for city distribution. 

Source: Warm Springs Creek impounded in Georgetown Lake, Silver Lake, Twin

Lake, and Storm Lake; auxiliary supply 3 wells, 35, 40, and 50 ft deep, used

when surface-water supply is turbid. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 11, 958, 000, 000 gal in Georgetown Lake; 4, 281, 000,000 gal

in Silver Lake; relatively small quantities stored in Twin and Storm Lakes. 

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (l£) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ..

Hafner 

Wells

14

no

52

1 9

3 O

1.1

0 

186

25

1.9

Q

1.9

203

Warm 

Springs 

Creek a

11

ftA

24

3 Q

1.6

.8

0 

83

8.1

1.2

9

.6

94

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Hafner 

Wells

17Q

27

8

n

OOQ

AC

June 22,

1QC1

, 40, 50

1C

1 QQ C. Q C

48

Warm 

Springs 

Creek a

IT/S

8

7

f*

1KA

46

June 22,

1QC1

__

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 b

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

101

Max

116

Min

58

PH

Av

7.9

Max

8.7

Min

7.6

Hardness

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

92 .

Max

108

Min

77

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

a Finished water.

bWarm Springs Creek water.

BILLINGS

(Population, 31,834) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 10,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 41,800. 

Source: Yellowstone River.

Treatment: Primary sedimentation (coagulation with alum dur'ng period of high 

turbidity); coagulation with alum, chlorination, ammoniation, secondary settling, addition of lime, polyphosphate, rapid sand filtration, and postchlori- 

. nation. Activated carbon and copper sulfate are used during part of the year. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6,740, 000 gal.

Rated capacity of the plant will be increased late in 1951 to 22, 000, 000 gpd.
MONTANA 261

BILLINGS Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S0«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

 \J£l

. 10

35

JLO 

OQ

2 A

0 

147

71

6

e

1.4 

242

Finished 

water

10

* UO

.02

38

JLO

£t y

2

0

0

146

TQ

7

c

1

C

257

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH. ...... ................

Specific conductance

(micromnos at

oc c> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

19

3

'

8.2

QQQ

EC

Sept. 17,

1951

Finished 

water

 t A O

28

7.7

407

57

Sept. 17,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant ,1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

120 

122

Max

186 

193

Min

49 

54

PH

Av

8.2 

8.2

Max

8.6 

8.5

Min

7.9 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

153 

168

Max

284 

302

Min

58 

76

Turbidity

Av

47 

25

Max

620 

160

Min

10 

9

BOZEMAN 

(Population, 11,325)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11,500. 

Source: Bozeman Creek (2/3 of supply) and Lyman Creek (1/3 of supply). Middle

Creek is used as an auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 9,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal.

Bozeman Creek water enters the distrioution system on the south side of the city 

and Lyman Creek water on the north side. The system is interconnected and 

consumers may receive either one or a mixture of the supplies."
262 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BOZEMAN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).. .................. .......

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Lyman 

Creek (raw 

water)

9.0 

.02 

.02 

40 

16 

.5 

.4 

6 

170 

18 

1.0 

.1 

1.1 

178

166 

17

2

8.4

306 

2 

53 

Sept. 22, 

1951

Lyman 

Creek (finished water)

7.7 

.08 

.02 

40 

16 

.5 

.7 

0 

183 

13 

1.5 

.1 

1.4 

171

166 

16

2 

8.2

309 

2 

53 

Sept. 22, 

1951

Bozeman 

Creek (raw 

water)

20 

.02 

.03 

27 

7.9 

3.1 

1.7 

0 

121 

8.0 

.5 

.1 

1.0 

132

100 

1

4

7.5

208 

3 

45 

Sept. 22, 

1951

Bozeman 

Creek (finished water)

20 

.02 

.03 

27 

7.9 

3.0 

1.8 

0 

121 

8.0 

.5 

.1 

.6 

132

100

1

4

7.5

207 

3 

45 

Sept. 22, 

1951

BUTTE 

(Population, 33,251)

Ownership: Butte Water Co.; supplies Centerville, Meaderville, Silver Bow 

Park-Floral Park, Walkerville, and other communities. Total population 

supplied, about 50,000.

Source: Big Hole River; Basin Creek Reservoir; Yankee Doodle Creek.

Treatment: None.

Storage; 650, 000, 000 gal.
MONTANA 263

BUT TE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Board of Health, Helena, Mont.)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

City tap a

&\}

. ID

1 C

4.0

5

0

£t . rt

0

11

o u

.4

-L . O 

QQ

CC

4

7.4

137

Nov 17

1951

Big Hole 

River

1 C

v* "

\ 12

/

0

QO

12

o. u

C91

/; 1

0

DPP 1 9

1944

Basin 

Creek

1 C

6.4

14

0

77

25

4

K

C 105

C r»

Q

--

TV 1 O

1944

Mouiton 

supply*3

11

^c . O

14

0

\j£*

24

4 S

(* QA

4K

Q

 

r>pf 1?

1944

a Analyzed by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b From Yankee Doodle Creek, 

c Sum of determined constituents.

GREAT FALLS 

(Population, 39,214)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 44, 200. 

Source: Missouri River. The water flows through 36 and 48 in. pipelines from

the intakes into a sump, from which it is pumped to the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, break-point

chlorination, sedimentation, carbon, rapid sand filtration, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 470, 000 gal in suction well. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 667,000 gal; tanks, 10, 575, 000 gal.
264 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREAT FALLS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19 

.02 

.09 

40 

12 

20 

3.8 

0 

172 

38 

11 

.8 

2.4 

234

Finished 

water

16 

.31 

.00 

41 

12 

20 

3.0 

0 

156 

47 

15 

.8 

.8 

241

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color..................

«UT pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

151 

10

5 

8.1

372 

8

Sept. 25, 

1951

Finished 

water

151 

23

3

7.4

386 

2 

62 

Sept. 25, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 a

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

130

Max

200 

180

Min

146 

126

PH

Av

8.4 

7.7

Max

8.6 

8.1

Min

8.0 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

142 

142

Max

202 

202

Min

120 

120

Turbidity

Av

69 

. .68

Max

1500 

1.10

Min

5 

.45

a Fiscal year.

HAVRE 

(Population, 8,086)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 95, 90, 95, and 96 ft deep; yield reported to be 700,000,

1,000,000, 1,300, 000, and 700,000 gpd. Construction is under way (1951)

for using the Milk River as the source of supply. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 675,000 gal. (When the new plant and the change over to the Milk River

as the source of the supply is completed, 200,000 gal additional storage will

be available.
MONTANA 265

HAVRE - -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey;

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ....r

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells 

(city 

tap)

19 

.15

83 

48 

231 

7.1 

0 

522 

443 

29 

.6 

.8 

1,120

Raw 

water a

6.0 

.02

33 

14 

39 

2.2 

0 

208 

52 

2.0 

.3 

1.2 

255

Hardness as CaCO3 :

TVttal

Noncarbonate. . . . . .

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply .........................................................

Wells 

(city 

tap)

404 

0

6 

7.7

1,640 

3 

51 

Nov. 6, 

1951

90-96 

24 

L929, 1946 

mn

Raw 

water a

138 

0

12 

8.1

422 

10

Nov. 6, 

1951

a Future supply, Milk River.

HELENA

(Population, 18,581) 

Ownership:' Municipal; supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 18, 800.

Source: Tenmile Creek impounded in Chessman Reservoir, about 60 percent of 

supply (low service); Springs collected in Hale Reservoir, about 40 percent 

of supply(high service). Three wells (Wolston, Tenmile, and Eureka), emergency supply, have not been used for several years. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. Copper sulfate is used for algae

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 12,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 550,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

«»"tr**»' ** * x***^/"....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

1 C

 U*z

.14

9.0

2

£

2

R

1

0

0 

17

on

3.0

1.4

76

Finished 

water b

oc

.01 

.00

54.

10 

7 °.

2

0

0

CO

4.0

.1

2

c

259

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

' 95 P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

00

19

1 Q

7.1

92.6

6

63

Sept. 24,

1951

Finished 

water b

ion

42

7.7

395

1

52

Sept. 24,

1951

a Tenmile Creek system. 

t>Hale Reservoir system.
266 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KALISPELL 

(Population, 9,737)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 650 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 10,400. 

Source: Noffsinger Spring; emergency supply, 2 wells. Both spring and wells

are located on the bank of Stillwater River. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 750, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

A^9 ornPQiiiiYi fftJTcr\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Noffsinger 

Spring

13

fi9

Q 1

q K

o 7

0

ion

2.6

1.0

.0

.1

157

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(xnicromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Noffsinger 

Spring

14*.

0

Q

7.6

O7A

55

June 21,

1951

LEWISTOWN 

(Population, 6,573)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 50 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 6,623..

Source: Big Springs in Snowy Mountains 7,000,000 gpd. The water flows in a 

closed system to the city. That portion of the 7, 000, 000 gpd not used overflows to Big Spring Creek.

Treatment: None.

Storage: None. (Standpipes for emergency use only, 1,350, 000 gal.).

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

City tap

7.0

.11

64

10

1 9

.4

0

1Q9 '

70

2 n

9.R3

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

City tap

on

8

0

449

1

52

Sept. 26,

1QK-I
MONTANA 267

LIVINGSTON 

(Population, 7,683)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 8,000. 

Source: Yellowstone River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

15 

.02

17 

6.0 

14 

3.3 

0 

84 

20 

8.0 

.4 

7 

138

Finished 

water

14 

.04

19 

5.5 

14 

2.8 

0 

83 

24 

8.0 

.4 

.3 

135

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate ......

pH............... ........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

67 

0

4 

7.8

208 

2 

54 

Sept. 17, 

1951

Finished 

water

70 

2

3

7.5

214 

1 

54 

Sept. 17, 

1951
268 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MILES CITY 

(Population, 9,243)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies 10 people outside the city limits. , Total population

supplied, 9,253. 

Source: Yellowstone River (about 90 percent of supply) and 1 well 553 ft. deep

(about 10 percent of supply). The well water is mixed with the river water

before it enters the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, or lime and soda ash, coagulation with

alum, settling, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. Recarbonation is sometimes carried out in the clear well. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 400,000 gal.

The percentage of river water and well water used varies throughout the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) .......'.......................

Manganese (Mn) ................ ....

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ............. .....

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Yellowstone 

River 

(raw water)

1 9

no

an

on

68

2.9

0

177

91 c

11

1.8

4Qfi

001

86

4

8.3

970

48

Sept. 26, 1.951

Well 

(raw water)

11

f\a

.04

1.1

.1

°.40

.9

41

729

00

26

2

0

2.0

830

0

22

8.8

1 °.9n

10

52

Sept. 26, 1951

Finished water 

(composite)

8.5

.06

.04

J.O

8.1

112

2.8

0

85

216

10

.7

1.4

422

66

0

7.9

663

2

52

Sept. 26, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

68

Max

"~~

Min

PH

Av

7.8 

8.2

Max

..

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

239 

60

Max

479

Min

86

Temperature (°F)

Av Max

74

Min

32
MONTANA 269

MISSOULA 

(Population, 22,485)

Ownership: The Montana Power Co.; supplies also about 2,000 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 24, 500. 

Source: Rattlesnake Creek; emergency supply 6 wells (1 to 6), 122, 90, 116, 86,

69, and 122 ft deep.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 80,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 8 lakes in the upper drainage basin of Rattlesnake Creek with

a total capacity of 820,000,000 gal; reservoir at intake dam 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Distribution reservoir, 1,000,000 gal.

Storage lakes are located about 13 miles directly north of Missoula. The water 

is diverted from the creek at the intake dam, which is located about 3| miles 

north of the city. The water is screened and treated at the intake dam.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

SuJfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Rattlesnake 

Creek (finished water)

c o

no

4.5 

1. 1

0

15

1

0

1 9

.1

.1

22

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......;...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Rattlesnake 

Creek (finished water)

1 Ct

K

7 R

97

CC

June 22,

1951
270 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALLIANCE, NEBRASKA 

(Population, 7,891)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells (Plant, Warehouse, Black Hills, Emerson, Hospital, Box Butte, 

Mississippi, and Missouri) 110, 301, 304, 300, 110, 307, 340, and 291 ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 600, 1,100, 2,050, 900, 450, 1,000, 

750, and 1,100 gpm. The Mississippi and Missouri wells furnish the greater 

part of the domestic supply. The Black Hills well is used exclusively for 

industry.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 450,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Infilco Inc. , Chicago, 111. )

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ. ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ......... ............. ......

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Dpnth ffppf)

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Black Hills 

Well

60 

1.0

85 

23

\ 163

0 

432 

250 

32

825

306 

0

8

7.5

4.0

Oct. 5, 

1949

304 

36 

1949

Missouri 

Well

60

85 

25

166

0 

429 

240 

53

840

317 

0

4 

7.6

2.0

Oct. 5, 

1949

291 

36 

1948

Mississippi 

Well

60 

0.0

61 

19

40

0 

260 

84 

13

404

232 

19

1 

8.0

0.0

Oct. 5, 

1949

340 

36 

1938

Tap sample a

55 

.01 

.00 

65 

17 

/ 40 

\ 9.1 

0 

261 

77 

17 

.8 

11 

438

230 

16

1

7.8

614 

0.5

Apr. 30, 

1951

Survey.

Composite, Mis'sissippi and Missouri wells. Analyzed by U. S. Geological
NEBRASKA 271

BEATRICE 

(Population, 11,813)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 94, 95, 93, and 96 ft deep.

ported to be 1, 250, 820, 800, and 800 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

The yield of the wells is re-

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids '.........

Wells 1, 2, 

and 3 

(composite)

30

.01

.00

53

8.7

20

3.5

0

216

25

10

. 1

2.9

276

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

or p \

Turbidity ....................

rTpmnpT*ai'iiT*p (T? \

Wells 1, 2, 

and 3 

(composite)

168

0

7.4

^Q8

0.4

63

Mar. 19,

1951

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 8,844)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 54 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 8,894.

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6) 98, 100, 126, 120, 100, and 68 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be 300, 400, 840, 300, 600, and 300 gpm.

Treatment: Iron and manganese removal, prechlorination, partial softening with 

lime, stabilization with metaphosphate, coagulation with alum, and rapid sand 

filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,100, 000 gal.
272 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNTIED STATES, 1952

COLUMBUS Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

35 

.32 

.11 

87 

14 

35 

17 

0 

314 

73 

29 

.3 

1.4 

474

Well 1 

(finished 

water)

36 

.12 

.02 

58 

15 

38 

16 

0 

232 

71 

29 

.3 

1.7 

392

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tnfral . .

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

«*TJ pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oe p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

273 

16

4 

7.4

690 

1 

54 

Feb. 20, 

1951

Well 1 

finished 

water)

205 

15

4 

8.0

580 

0.8 

55 

Feh20, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

270 

84

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.4 

9.8

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

284 

112

Max

--

Min

--

Temperature (°F)

Av

53

54

Max Min

-~

FREMONT 

(Population, 14,762)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,000.

Source: 3 wells (Northwest, Northeast, and Southeast), 100, 102, and 105 ft deep; 

4 condenser by-pass wells for use in emergency. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1, 900 gpm, each. The water is pumped directly into the mains.

Treatment: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(tap sample)

oq

.14

ni

to

OQ

11

10

0

253

146

18

o

8

0

490

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). .........

rvi fa /\f />ni1 o/*f inn

Wells 

(tap sample)

0.1Q

106

4

7.4

723

0.6

54

Feb. 27,

1951
NEBRASKA 273

GRAND ISLAND 

(Population, 22,682)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 12 wells, seven of which are standby for summer use. Five of the wells 

(Harrison St., Locust St., Park View 1 and 2, and Dodge Acres) are 84, 113, 

81, 78, and 101 ft deep, respectively. The yield of these wells is reported to 

be 820, 1,300, 1,000, 890, and 910 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoir, 4,000,000 gal.

The analysis given represents reasonably well the composition of the water served 

to the consumers.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite) a

97

f\ft

.00

62

8

0

7

£*

0

1 ££

f* A

on

324

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(composite) a

IRQ

CO

7

O

465

O

B

an

Apr. 27,

1951

a Clebum, Hart, Parkview 1 and 2,, and Harrison St. wells.

HASTINGS 

(Population, 20,211)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 54 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 20,265. '

Source: 9 wells (1 to 9) 180, 215, 156, 180, 182, (not reported), 195, 195, and 

190 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 980, 2,254, 1,012, (yield 

not reported for wells 4 and 5), 1,025, 1,000, 2,040, and 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

finished-water storage: 1, 550,000 gal.
274 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HASTINGS - -C ontinued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ...:.......... 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 1, 2, 

and 5 

(tap sample)

25

.08

.00

3 1

6.7

26

5.7

0

208

34

8.0

.3

3.8

266

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

9K p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 1, 2, 

and 5 

(tap sample)

155

0

1

7 R

410

0.3

55

May 1,

1Q5.1

KEARNEY 

(Population, 12,115)

Ownership: Municipal.

 Source: 9 wells (2 to 10), 41, 42, 39, 50, 54, 50, 47, 50, and 44 ft deep. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 500, 600, 500, 600, 900, 600, 600, 875,

and 500 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 2, 6, 

and 9 

(tap sample)

36

09

.00

lib

O£

Qft

10

0

qoo

272

28

.4

91

808

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

9K p \

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells 2, 6, 

and 9 

(tap sample)

395

122

2

7.5

1,110

1

55

May 1,

1951
NEBRASKA 275

LINCOLN 

(Population, 98,884)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,850 people outside the city limits 

and other places. Total population supplied, about 100, 700.

Source: 13 wells (1, 1A, 2-2, 2A, 3, 3A-2, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9), 50, 92, 88, 

85, 65, 49, 54, 53, 67, 85, 84, 83, and 87 ft deep, located 3 miles northeast 

of Ashland, Nebr. for regular supply; 18 wells, located within Lincoln city 

limits, 130 to 188 ft deep, for auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells of the 

regular supply is reported to range from 1,170 gpm (well 4) to 2,090 gpm 

(well 9).

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, postchlorination, ammoniation, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration, for regular supply. Chlorination only for 

auxiliary supply.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 27,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoirs, 30,100,000 gal; elevated storage, 385,000 gal; concrete tanks, 2, 000, 000 gal. Total, 32,485,000 gal.

A-collecting pipeline carries the water from the wells to the treatment plant just 

east of Ashland. After treatment the water is pumped into a concrete reservoir and then into a 36 in. cast-iron pipeline to Lincoln, a distance of 25 

miles.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe)......... ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na)/........ ..............

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet).......................

Diameter (inches)........... .. 

Date drilled ... ...................

Percent of supply ...............

Regular Supply

Well 2-2

24 

.09 

.32 

55 

10 

32 

8.0

202

83 

8.0 

.4 

.5 

336

180

14

7.5 

492

May 29, 

1951

88 

24 

1950

Finished 

water a

34 

.1 

.02 

59 

15

} 3,^

212 

76 

16 

.3 

.1 

310

206 

32

7.8

September, 

1951

I

Auxiliary Supply

Well 16

25 

.07 

.00 

56

f H / 30

\ 4.0

239 

42 

14 

.1 

9.6 

336

196 

0

7.0 

500

55 

July 17, 

1951

142 

12

Finished 

water a

39 

.2 

.0 

69 \ !8 

y 40

239 

55 

55 

.3 

2.0 

396

247 

51

7.3

September, 

1951

a Analyzed by Lincoln Water Dept.
276 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

McCOOK 

(Population, 7,678)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 350 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 8,050.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 81, 83, 84, and 84 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 750, 750, (not reported), and 1,500 gpm. Well 1 is used in the 

winter; wells 3 and 4 are used in the summer; and well 2 is a standby.

Treatment: None. (Chlorination, to start in the autumn of 1951).

Storage: 2 Elevated tanks, 500,000 and 235,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches)...........

Date drilled ..................

Well 1

O 1

.01

.00

84

&\j 

no

1 C

0

A(\9

Lfi 1

on

6 A

605

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ......... ...J

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

TV) I-A /vf r*nll of*Hnn

Well 1

O Irt

0

4

7

£

OQO

0.7

£4

May 21,

1QK1

OA

*>R

1QOC

NORFOLK 

(Population, 11,335)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11,400.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), each 110 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 900, 800, 500, and 700 gpm. One or two of the four wells are held in reserve.

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

.Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal in clear wells and under pressure.

The water from the different wells is mixed before it reaches the treatment plant. 

The analyses given of the raw and finished water do not represent water from 

the same 3 wells. The composition of the finished water varies to some extent depending on what wells are being pumped for the supply.
NEBRASKA 277

NORFOLK- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

3 wells 

(raw 

water) a

1.4 

.29

85

10

1 K

6

Q

0 

Qnc

C 1

10

0 

398

Finished 

water a

. u*± 

.03

94

lo

1 C

7 R

0

QQ

 IO

442

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK f* \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

I

3 wells 

(raw 

water) a

284

34

c

7.4

585

10

55

Feb. 20,

1QS1

Finished 

water a

55

4

7.8

633

O R

55

Feb. 20,

1QR1

a Composite.

NORTH PLATTE 

(Population, 15,433)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 45 wells. Forty-one wells in one well field (field No. 1) with an average 

depth of 100 ft; in another well field 4 wells (2, 3, 4, and 5 or Dunlap well) 

97, 92, 135, and 256 ft deep. The yield of the four wells is reported to be 

1,750, 1,800, 500, and 800 gpm, respectively, and the combined yield of the 

41 wells is 3,400 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: None.

The wells in field No. 1 are operated as a unit, whereas the other four wells are 

pumped separately.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ..

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(taps ample )a

41

.03

.00

99 

19

112

12

0

252

268

64

.8

11

798

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(tap sample)a

326

120

2

7.8

1,100

0.6

60

May 1,

1951

a Well field 1 and well 5 (Dunlap well).
278 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OMAHA 

(Population, 251,117)

Ownership: Metropolitan Utilities District; also supplies about 13,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 264,100.

Source: Missouri River. The intake and treatment plant are located on the 

Missouri River at Florence.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 90,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 86, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 44, 000, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the chemical quality of the water throughout the 

year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH..................... ..................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Raw water

i«j

.04

.01

1 Ct

6.4

41

4.7

0

174

138

9

C

.4

4.0

386

206

64

5

7.7

575

500

34

Feb. 27, 1.951

Finished 

water

8.5

.02

.00

64

on

62

2.8

0

170

991

14

1.4

4Q9

949

102

8

n

756

Oct. 12, 1947

Finished 

water

0.11

0?

158

418

OOA

86

4

7

0

COQ

1

Feb. 27, 1951

Regudar determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

146

Max

232

Min

91

PH

Av

7.8

Max

8

« 

. &

Min

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

261

Max

380

Min

175

Turbidity

Av

200 

.2

Max

15000 

6.0

Min

25 

0
NEBRASKA 279

SCOTTSBLUFF 

(Population, 12,858)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12, 950.

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5), 105, 105, 100, and 100 ft deep, for regular supply; 3 

standby wells for emergency use. Two additional wells 102 ft deep are under 

construction. The yield of wells 4 and 5 is reported as 1, 361 and 1,380 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 2 elevated tanks, 300, 000 and 100,000 gal.

Three of the wells used for the regular supply are located in the south part of the 

city and the other in the north part. The water from the wells is pumped directly into the mains, which are interconnected in the midcity area, and consumers in the area receive mixed water from the four wells, whereas in the 

other sections they receive water from three wells and one. The analysis 

given is of a sample collected in the midcity area.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ..................

Date drilled .................

Percent of supply ..........

4 Wells 

(composite)

48

.04

.00

7o 

24

104

9.9

0

364

178

22

.3

14

670

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.).... ..................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

4 Wells 

(composite)

oqn

0

0

7.7

QCO

1

cc

Apr. 3D,

1951

100-105

16-36

1935-48

100
280 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BOULDER CITY, NEVADA 

(Population, 3,903)

Ownership: U. S. Government.

Source: Lake Mead.

Treatment: Softening by the excess lime-soda ash process.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 100,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES a

(Analyses by Metropolitan Water District of Southern Calif., Laverne, Calif.)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Lake 

Meadb

9.6

10

OQ

^ 80

0 

151

94fi

CQ

1

C

572

Lake 

Meadc

9.4

.01

23 

1ft

128

7

n c

947

CA

1 ft

526

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ... .........

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

95 P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Lake 

Mead b

9Q1

167

8.0

900

64

Oct. 22,

1948

Lake 

Meadc

190

64

0

8.7

0

80

Nov. 8,

1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

137 

73

Max

140 

75

Min

134 

70

PH

Av

8.3 

8.8

Max

8.3 

9.3

Min

8.3 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

320 

128

Max

344 

144

Min

293 

113

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

a ln parts per million.

bRaw water.

c Finished water.

CARSON CITY 

(Population, 3,082)

Ownership: (a) Carson City Water Co.; supplies also about 100 people outside the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 3, 200.

(b) State of Nevada; supplies domestic water to about 525 people largely in 

the state penitentiary and orphans' home, and supplies water to several 

state buildings.

Source: (a) King Canyon Creek, Ash Canyon Creek, and springs. The creeks 

furnish about 80 percent and the springs about 20 percent of the supply, 

(b) Springs (70 percent of supply). The remainder of the supply is purchased 

from the Virginia City Water Co. The source of this supply is Marlette 

Lake.

Treatment: (a) Chlorination. (b) Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: (a) 3,000,000 gpd. (b) 250,000 gpd. (estimated).

Raw-water storage: (a) None, (b) None. 

Finished-water storage: (a) 2,000,000 gal. (b) 350,000 gal.
NEVADA 281

CARSON CITY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

20 

.04

12

2.4 

4.6 

2.6 

0 

60 

1.6 

1.0 

.2 

.6 

75

Finished 

water D

18 

.09

7.3 

.6 

4.5 

2.1 

0 

36 

.7 

2.2 

.2 

.1 

58

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

40 

0

5 

7.4

100

60 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Finished 

water D

21

0

8 

7.2

69

60 

Aug. 7, 

1951

a Composite; Carson City Water Co. supply. 

b Composite; State of Nevada supply.

ELKO 

(Population, 5,393)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells (10 and 12 to 15) 400, 570, 495, 488, and 465 ft deep. The yield

of the wells is reported to be 500, 650, 550, 650, and 500 gpm. Water for

limited irrigation use is obtained from springs. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ..... 

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite, 

city tap)

86 

.03

37 

6.6 

39 

12 

0 

169 

45 

23 

.4 

1.7 

334

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Depth (feet) ........................................................................

Diameter (inches) ................................................................

Date drilled ........................................................................

Percent of supply ................................................................

Wells 

(composite, 

city tap)

119 

0

7 

7.5

438

May 20, 

1951

400-570 

12, 16 

1936-1948 

100
282 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ELY 

(Population, 3,558)

Ownership: Municipal: also provides the entire supply for Kennicott Copper 

Corp. at Ruth, and other consumers outside the city limits.. Total population supplied, about 4, 550. 

Source: Murry Springs. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOJ ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Murry 

Springs 

(city tap)

Q 7

.01

46

Of)

0 9

Q

0

228

11

9 7

.0

9 0

195

Hardness as CaCCV

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Murry 

Springs 

(city tap)

10

Q

7.7

360

Dec. 11,

1951

HENDERSON 

(Population, 3,643)

Ownership: Colorado River Commission of Nevada; supplies also the unincorporated towns of Victory Village, Carver Park, and Pittman. Total population 

supplied, about 6, 300.

Source: Lake Mead.

Treatment: Chlorination, and copper sulfate fpr algae control in reservoirs.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 34, 961,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles, Calif.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

IV/Ia 0*np<3iiiin (WIcr\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

19

.05

74 

1Q

y 92

6

156

233

58

__

571

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

263

125

__

__

__

__

Nov. 29,

1948
NEVADA 283

LAS VEGAS 

(Population, 24,624)

Ownership: Las Vegas Land and Water Co.

Source: 11 artesian wells (1 to 11) with depths ranging from 472 to 1, 250 ft, and 

3 springs. All of the wells are flowing wells, 5 of which are not equipped with 

pumps. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 241 to 1, 665 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs, 3, 750,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^... ..........

Sulfate (SOJ ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Composite 

sample from 

reservoirs

14 

.10 

.00 

49 

26 

6.7 

1.9 

0 

236 

46 

3.9 

.3 

1.8 

266

229 

36

5 

7.6

439

Nov. 2, 

1951

100

Well 6

14

50 

26

} '

0 

238 

43 

3.5 

.2 

2.1 

263

232 

37

5 

7.7

430

Nov. 2, 

1951

500 

11-13 

1941

Well 11

14

48 

24

12

0 

224 

50 

4.5 

.3 

1.6 

264

218

34

5 

7.7.

432

Nov. 2, 

1951

940 

11 

 1945

Spring 1

13

51 

25

4

0 

238 

37 

2.9 

.3 

1.5 

252

230 

35

5 

7.6

424

Nov. 2, 

1951

--

NORTH LAS VEGAS 

(Population, 3,875)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 50 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 3, 925.

Source: 8 artesian wells ranging in depth from about 300 to 750 ft. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 145, 000 gal.
284 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NORTH LAS VEGAS Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) ........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Composite 

sample from 

reservoir

18

f)9

43

94

5.0

K 0

0

226

00

0 0

.1

1 Qi

235

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Composite 

sample from 

reservoir

n/\o

91

0

7.6

007

70

Mar. 29,

1951

RENO 

(Population, 32,497)

Ownership: Sierra Pacific Power Co.; supplies also Sparks. Total population

supplied, about 40, 700. 

Source: Truckee River (70 percent of supply) and Hunter Creek (30 percent of

supply); auxiliary supply from 2 wells (1 and 2) 590 and 404 ft deep. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 2, 750 and 2, 700 gpm. 

Treatment: Sedimentation and chlorination of surface water sources. "The well

water is not treated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 77,300, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Composite 

(city tap)

28

riQ

9.8

3

Q

4.1

1.6

0

99

97

1 9

.1

Q

91

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )......... .

Date of collection .........

Composite 

(city tap)

40

1 C

7

7.0

110

May 20,

1951

SPARKS 

(Population, 8,203)

Ownership: Sierra Pacific Power Co. (See Reno.)
NEVADA 285

WINNEMUCCA 

(Population, 2,847)

Ownership: California Pacific Utilities Co.; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 2,950.

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2) and spring. The wells are 140 and 525 ft deep, and reported to yield 700 and 800 gpm. The spring is located about 4 miles south of 

town, and furnishes about 33 percent of the supply. Usually any two of the 

three sources of supply are sufficient to meet the water requirements during 

peak demands.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs with a combined capacity of 1,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj,) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color.. ...... .......................

PH.... ....... ................ ........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Composite 

sample 

(city tap)

52 

.04

60 

18 

77 

12

 o

286 

92 

58 

.2 

.4 

483

224 

0

7 

7.7

759

May 20, 

1951

100

Well 1

34 

.04

72 

16 

55 

2.8 

0 

270 

76 

54 

.3 

1.3 

442

246 

24

7.6 

710

Nov. 17, 

1950

140 

16 

1921

Well 2

44 

.03

59 

16 

78 

4.6 

0 

287 

72 

61 

.6 

.1 

466

213

0

7.7 

748

65 

Nov. 17, 

1950

525 

16 

1937

Spring a

24

38 

10 

16

0 

146 

35 

12

203

136 

16

a Analysis by University of Nevada, published in 1944.
286 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 

(Population, 96,815)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 42 wells, mostly in four principal well fields. Main plant (along east edge 

of valley between Central Ave. and Indian School Road) 20 wells 142 to 716 ft 

deep. Candelaria (Candelaria Road at Arno Street) 4 wells 288 to 578 ft deep; 

San Jose (South Broadway at San Jose Road) 6 wells 306 to 503 ft deep; Atrisco 

(at Helen Circle) 8 wells 356 to 558 ft deep; 4 wells at other locations in the city.

Treatment: Chlorination, and settling in clear wells.

Finished-water storage: 22,100,000 gal.

Water from main plant and Candelaria fields is directly pumped to main pumping 

station and supplies portions of city in valley east of Rio Grande and nearby 

parts of city on east mesa. Water from Atrisco field supplies west mesa and 

valley areas west of Rio Grande and- is also pumped directly to outlying areas 

in eastern part of east mesa. San Jose field is used only during periods of 

heavy water demand.

Water from main plant and Candelaria fields was similar at time of sampling and 

is represented by one analysis for main plant. The individual wells in the main 

well field differ somewhat in the chemical character of their waters and, therefore, the composition of water supplied at any point in the system will vary 

from time to time depending on which wells are in use. Tap samples collected 

at approximate weekly intervals at the Geological Survey laboratory ranged in 

conductance from 327 to 516 micromhos during 1950, and from 352 to 749 micromhos during 1951.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COs) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ..

Main 

pump 

station a

71

.0

32

8

Q

\42 

/ 

0

1 C 1

C4

19

.7

310

Atrisco 

pump 

station b

CO

.0

24 

61

71 

0

1 £O

QO

1 9

0

.7

340

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Main 

pump 

station a

1 1 a

0

£t

7 Q

404

rr/j

Opt 1 9

1^51

4.75

Atrisco 

pump 

station b

QK

0

1

7

/J

471

G 1

r»rt 1 9

1 Q"i1

o c c cc o

14-10

1950-51

4.m

a Broadway and Tijeras. Composite sample from wells 2-S, 3-S, 4, 6-S, 

11-S, 13, and 19 in main well field, 

bComposite sample from wells 1, 2, and 4, in Atrisco well field.
NEW MEXICO 287

ARTESIA 

(Population, 8,244)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells (Roselawn, Standpipe, Hospital, N. 5th St. , and E. Chisum St.) 

955; 1,050, 1,050, 1,100, and 1,200 ft deep, respectively. A sixth well 200 

ft deep, was under construction in 1951. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 500, 1,100, 1,100, 1, 200, and 1,100 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Steel standpipe, 500,000 gal.

Partial analyses of samples from the other 4 wells indicate that the water from 

these wells is similar in composition to that from the Chisum Street well, 

which has the lowest dissolved solids.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

Chisum St. 

well

14

.0

162

4«»

1 £

3 9

0

94 n

400

8

n

1.1 9 n

767

Total .......................

N^nn/*si'pV\riTin fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Chisum St, 

well

C O 1

OQJ,

0

7 ^

1,090

Mav 1 0

1 QS1

1,200

1 q q /o

1Q4Q

OA

CARLSBAD 

(Population, 17,975)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (4, 6, 7 to 9, and 11 and 12) on west side near Carlsbad Canal, 

233, 125, 143, 152, 115, 163, and 245 ft deep. Two wells (14 and 15) on east 

side near the Country Club area,each 200 ft deep, were under construction in 

1951. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 200, 1, 600, 700, 1, 250, 

1,100, 1,100, and 3, 000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 350, 000 gal.

The chloride concentration of water from the wells fluctuates somewhat during the 

year. All wells in the west-side group yield water of similar composition. 

The analyses represent water of maximum and minimum dissolved solids obtained from these wells at the time of the collection of the samples.
288 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CARLSBAD- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)...., 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

SulfatefSOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 9

14 

.0

144 

45 

83 

3.2 

0 

266 

321 

133 

.4 

3.2 

878

Well 12

15

159 

49

\ 114

0 

262 

390 

158

3.0 

1,020

Depth (feet)

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate ......

Color-..*.....".."...

MTl pH. ...... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc /-« \

Turbidity. . ............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Diameter (inches) .......................................................

Date drilled ...............................................................

Percent of supply .......................................................

Well 9

544 

326

0 

7.9

1,370

64 

May 10, 

1951

115 

15| 

1945

Well 12

598 

384

2

1,540

May 10, 

1951

245 

18 

1948

CLOVIS 

(Population, 17,318)

Ownership: Public Service Co. of New Mexico.

Source: 9 wells (2, and 4 to 11)362, 360, 345, 348, 354, 361, 351, 407, and 438

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be from 550 to 840 gpm. 

Treatment: Sedimentation and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 1, 715, 000 gal.

All wells yield water of similar composition.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ........,,.,

Carbonate (COs) ...,,., 

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 2

32

.00

tiO

21

39

8.0

0

235

23

11

2.6

9

C

292

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ......... v...................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well 2

156

0

0

7.8

457

May 8,

1951
NEW MEXICO 289

GALLUP 

(Population, 9,133)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 wells (two of which are held in reserve for emergencies) located in

the city, 375 to 1,800 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be from

60 to 235 gpm. 

Treatment: Partial softening with lime, coagulation with alum, pressure filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,600,000 gal.

The composition of the water delivered to the consumers varies somewhat depending on the proportions obtained from different wells. Hardness is reduced to 

a range between 150 to 200 ppm in the finished water. The samples represent 

a composite of raw water from all wells in use at time of sampling and the 

treated water supplied to consumers at time of sampling.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

14 

.03

86 

29

Vl66

0 

424 

297 

26 

.6 

.5 

828

Finished 

water

15 

.01

21 

26

167

23 

173 

293 

25 

.4 

.5 

656

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

i)K p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

334 

0

3 

7.5

1,230

Dec. 5, 

1950

Finished 

water

160 

0

3 

8.0

974

Dec. 5, 

1950

HOBBS 

(Population, 13,875)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 9 wells (1, and 3 to 10) 207, 207, 207, 207, 145, 152, 210, 210, and 210 

ft deep. Three of the wells (4, 6, and 7) are held in reserve and constitute an 

emergency supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be from 400 to 1,250 

gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Storage: 800, 000 gal.

All wells yield water of similar quality.
290 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HOBBS--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ............ .......

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ..................

Date drilled .................

Percent of supply ...........

Well 9

56

.0

(O

14

41

3.2

0

207

81

61

1.2

9.7

463

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... . ..............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Well 9

252

82

2

7.5

681

67

May 9,

1951

?in

16

1Q47

LAS CRUCES 

(Population, 12,325)

Ownership: Municipal; also serves suburban areas. Total population served, 

about 15,000.

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7). Six wells (1 to 6) 294 to 301 ft deep are located at the 

reservoir 1 mile east of the city; the other well, 215 ft deep, at Washington 

school. The yield of the wells is reported to be 250, 205, 270, 310, 250, 400, 

and 800 gpm. Most of the supply is taken from the reservoir well field.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Storage: Reservoir, 2,885, 000 gal.

The analysis of the sample from well 3 shows the quality of the best water from 

the reservoir well field. Dissolved solids in the water from the other wells 

as shown by partial analysis ranges between that shown for well 3 and that for 

well 7 at Washington school.
NEW MEXICO 291

LAS CRUCES--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) .........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled ........

Percent of supply . .

WellS

on

.07

RQ

1 a

K7

7.0

0 

1 10

_ 10

.4

474

Well 7

 >0

. 10

o^i

170

6

f\

0

401

1CQ

. 1

7

0

1,260

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH...... .................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 3

OQQ

.92

0

7

0

741

70

Sept. 10,

1951

301

10

1938

Well 7

fi9Q

270

0

7 ^

1,810

/»e

Sept. 10,

1951

01C

16

1951

LAS VEGAS

(City and town)

(Population, 13,763)

Ownership: Public Service Co. of New Mexico. Serves Las Vegas (city), population 7,494, and Las Vegas (town), population 6,269. Also serves suburban 

areas outside of these two places. Total population served, about 14, 800.

Source: Gallinas River impounded in reservoirs 6 miles above community.

Treatment: Sedimentation and chlorination. Alum coagulation used occasionally 

(2 to 3 weeks a year average) for settling prior to the entry of the water to the 

reservoir.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: (Alum plant) 1, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 30,000,000 gal; Bradner Reservoir, 

103,000,000 gal; Peterson Reservoir, 68,000,000 gal; equalizing reservoir, 

8,000,000 gal. Total, 209, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 8, 000,000 gal.

Analyses represent raw water from the two largest reservoirs. The alum plant 

was not being used at the time of the collection of the samples.
292 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAS VEGAS Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Peterson Reservoir

8 a

.01

43

4.4

3 A

1.0

0

1XC

10

o n'

2

150

Bradner 

Reservoir

 Q

.01

52

. t

6

-t

JL. &

6

1 CQ

14

 \j

181

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

ftnAf* if jf* f*s>n/4iif*t£knf*P

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

*f*Aimnoi*cki*ii't*o /"TT ^

Date of collection...

Peterson Reservoir

1 OC

6

0

8

0

OCf

1QC1

Bradner 

Reservoir

LiJLi

4

0 

80

tr\Q

1QC1

PORTALES 

(Population, 8,112)

Ownership: Municipal.

Spurce: 9 wells (1 to 9) all located in Portales. Two wells (1 and 2) at North 

Tower, 99 and 100 ft deep; one well (3) at Lindsey School, 132 ft deep; two 

wells (4 and 5) on Locust Street, 129 and 125 ft deep; three wells (6, 7, and 8) 

at South Tower, 117, 112, and 125 ft deep; one well (9) at City Park, 129 ft 

deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be from 450 to 2,000 gpm.

Treatment: Sedimentation and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: Elevated tanks, 260,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 305,000 gal.

Analyses show composition of water from Locust Street and South Tower well 

fields which have the lowest and highest dissolved solids concentrations 

respectively of the 5 fields.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate {NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

2 wells a

46 

.0

84 

23 

56 

5.6 

0 

244 

157 

49 

1.8 

5.1 

557

3 wells *

51 

.0

123 

45 

103 

5.6 

0 

209 

358 

117 

1.7 

7.6 

952

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color............... .

pH. ........ ..............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. ........... ..

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

2 wells s

304 

104

0 

8.0

827

May8, 

1951

3 wells b

492 

320

0 

8.0

1,330

May 8, 

1951

a Locust Street well field, 

b South Tower well field.
NEW MEXICO 293

RATON 

(Population, 8,241)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a small area outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 8,400.

Source: Chicorico Creek impounded in Lake Maloya 7 miles northeast of Raton. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Maloya, 1,304,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 750,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S0«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

on

24

8

r\

7 ^

T ?

0

fi Q

1.0

1 1

132

Finished 

water

1 9

.01

24 

8n

c 7

1 fi

0

QQ

Of)

Q A

.1

1 0.

131

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .........:......

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK f \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

93

0

20

8.0

204

. _

June 6,

1951

Finished 

water

93

12

0

7.7

212

__

June 6,

1951

ROSWELL 

(Population, 25,738)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 wells (2 to 11) 320 to 586 ft deep. Wells 2 to 9 are located near the 

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in the downtown area; wells 10 and 11 

in new well field 6 miles west of the city, near Highway 70. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be from 500 to 3,300 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 5,000,000 gal.

The analyses given represent waters of about maximum and minimum dissolved, 

solids content pumped into system. Water delivered to consumers ranges between these extremes.
294 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROSWELL--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply....

Well 6

15

.0

48

1 04.

0 0

0 

91 Q

A QC

1 Qt\

.7

6.7

1,160

Well 10

15

168

41

KA

3 A

0

491

CQ

.7

7 ^

886

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

<Mnr»f»OT*Vtnnsit^

Color-..............".

pH.............. .........

(micromhos at 

9*5 p ^

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 6

664

484

0

7.7

1,740

May 11,

1951

330

16

±20

Well 10

588

394

0

7.9

1,250

May 11,

1951

586

13*

±20

SANTA FE 

(Population, 27,998)

Ownership: Public Service Co. of New Mexico.

Source: Santa Fe Creek (impounded). Auxiliary supply from 5 wells (Alto Street,

Hickox, Torreon, Ferguson, and Santa Fe) 313, 200, 570, 470, and 725 ft

deep, respectively. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, chlorination, and addition of polyphosphate (Calgon) for corrosion control. Copper sulfate is used to control algae in the resf| ervoirs.

Raw-water storage: 1, 326, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000, 000 gal.

The surface supply is used exclusively in years when runoff is sufficient. Water 

from Torreon, Ferguson, and Santa Fe wells is of about the same composition. 

Water from the Hickox and Alto Street wells is somewhat higher in dissolved 

solids.
NEW MEXICO 295

SANTA FE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled .........................

Percent of supply ...................

Santa Fe 

Creek 

(finished water)

11

.03

8

n

2.4

3.0

.9

0

on

6.3

1.7

58

^n

5

7.9

72.0

June 9, 1943

Torreon Well

15

.0

46

7.0

4.8

1 9

0

ion

5.5

12

.0

on

907

144

38

0

7.9

311

June 7, 1951

570

12

1951

Santa Fe Well

16

.02

EC

5.1

5.7

1.2

0

154

21

11

.1

15

217

160

34

0

8.0

347

June 7, 1951

725

16 to 17

1951
296 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TUCUMCARI 

(Population, 8,419)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a small area outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 8,470. 

Source: 10 wells; 2 wells (1 and 2) in West field, 350 and 333 ft deep and reported

to yield 240 and 260 gpm; 8 wells (14 to 21) in Metropolitan Park, 250 to 378

ft deep and reported to yield an average of 160 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 900, 000 gal.

An additional well in Metropolitan Park was under construction in 19.51. 

The analyses show the quality of water produced from the two well fields, 

of supply comes from the Metropolitan Park field.

Most

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Well 1

1 £

.0

17

1H

1 IQ

3

n

10

01 c

84

11

1.0

K >

433

Well 20

on

.01

32

£* 1

CA

5.0

0

9QQ

48

10

1.4

K 7

342

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate ......

Color....... .........

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 1

116

0

0

8.0

707

'May 7,

1951

"JKfY

10

Well 20

0

7.7

572

May 7,

1951

378

14

__
NORTH DAKOTA 297

BISMARCK 

(Population, 18,640)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 800 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, 19,440. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation

with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,100, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

SulfatefSOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.6 

.04 

.00 

35 

10 

31 

3.4 

0 

131 

85 

2.5 

.1 

2.7 

250

Finished 

water

3.4 

.05 

.00 

28 

3.4 

31 

3.5 

0 

35 

114 

7.0 

.1 

.5 

244

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ... ...........

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

PH. ...... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

130 

23

33 

7.9

393 

330 

32 

May 6, 

1951

Finished 

water

84 

55

5 

8.3

338 

2 

32 

May 6, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

151 

72

Max

232 

148

Min

74 

18

PH

Av

8.0 

8.8

Max

8.5 

10.2

Min

7.1

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

208 

90

Max

338 

200

Min

104 

44

Turbidity

Av

1295 

0

Max

4600 

0

Min

25 

0

DICKINSON 

(Population, 7,469)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells, 199, 214, 173, 175, 140, and 129 ft deep, about 59 percent of the 

supply; Heart River, about 41 percent of supply. During the 1950 calendar 

year the supply consisted of a mixture of river water and well water from May 

through September, and well water, exclusively, the remainder of the year. 

The use of well water will be discontinued as soon as the new treatment plant 

is ready for operation. The completion date for the plant is set for Mar. 1, 

1952.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation for river water. Addition of polyphosphate (Nalco) to both well water and river water for stabilization and corrosion 

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,400, 000 gal.
298 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DICKINSON Continued

There is tremendous variation in the composition of the river water throughout the 

year. The analyses show approximately the range in composition of the raw 

river water.

The wells furnish water of similar composition. The analysis given represents 

water of the maximum concentration of dissolved solids.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (S1O.J ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (.NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Well 

(raw 

water)

12

.05

9.0 

7.0 

574 

6.4

b 911 

528 

7.0 '.2 

.5 

1,600

51 

0

8.4 

2,260

July 18, 

1947

Heart River

Raw 

water

4.2 

.70

9.4 . 

3.6 

10 

6.6 

0 

68 

9.0 

2.5 

.0 

.2 

87

38 

0

7.5 

136

Mar. 23, 

1947

Raw 

water

6.0 

.25

60 

19.

\ 290

31 

500 

376 

2.0 

.5 

.5 

1,070

228 

0

8.2 

1,430

52 

May 26,

1947

Finished 

water a

10 

.03

53 

21 

/ 199 

\ 3.6

388 

316 

10 

.2 

.5 

814

219 

0

8.5 

1,230

Aug. 3,

1947

a Composite of well and river water. 

b Alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ.

FARGO 

(Population, 38,256)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 38, 900.

Source: Red River of the North for regular supply; 1 well, 195 ft deep, for auxiliary supply. The auxiliary supply is used only during extremely dry periods. 

During 1950 a total of 6,100, 000 gal of well water was used.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, ammoniation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,600,000 gal.
NORTH DAKOTA 299

FARGO--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 ^

.00

66

o a

OO

7 ^

0

ooc

167

5.5

.1

1

0

464

Finished 

water

Q 4

 \Jv

.00

30

1 a

AQ

7 ^

15

CQ

1 CC

8.5

.1

.4

360

Total

Noncarbonate ......

Color .................. .

PH.. .....................

(micromhos at

9K f \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

Q14

129

7

0

669

40

67

May 25,

1951

Finished 

water

1 CC

74

Q 1

536

1

CO

May 25,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

250 

85

Max

350 

178

Min

70 

60

pH a

Av

8.0 

9.0

Max

8.4 

9.8

Min

7.6 

8,8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

273 

129

Max

431 

226

Min

155 

89

Turbidity

Av

50 

0

Max

1500 

0

Min

0 

0

a 1949.

GRAFTON 

(Population, 4,901)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 artesian wells (1 to 4) 306, 306, 320, and 248 ft deep. The yield of the

wells is reported to be 95, 180, 90, and 230 gpm.

Treatment: Addition of polyphosphates (918-Y balls) to prevent scaling. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 250, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 100,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

11

^Q

.00

49

ftO

1,760

1 Q

0

QR'7

R1 Q

1 QAn

2

0

1 Q

4,880

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

OQQ

0

0

7 S

7 Q80

4

71

May 23,

1 QC1
300 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GRAND FORKS 

(Population, 26,836)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 300 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, 27,136. 

Source: Red Lake River, 60 percent of supply; Red River of the North, 40 percent

of supply. Water from both rivers is mixed before entering the treatment

plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with

alum, occasionally sodium aluminate, sedimentation, recarbonation, ammoniation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the river water throughout 

the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..........

Sulf ate (S04) .................... ..

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOa) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Red Lake River a 

(raw water)

10

46 

20

} "__

244 

31 

2.0 

.0 

5.3 

245

197 

0

Nov. 6, 

1950

Red River of 

the North a 

(raw water)

2.0

74 

40 

38

348 

111 

20 

.0 

4.4 

464

349 

64

Nov. 6, 

1950

Raw water

9.8 

.03 

.00 

61 

23 

/ 10 

\ 4.5 

0 

216 

88 

4.0 

.1 

1.6 

338

246 

69

23 

7.6

508 

55 

66 

May 24, 

1951

Finished 

water

3.8 

' .03 

.00 

36 

1.5 

33 

4.3

b50 

114 

9.0 

.1 

.8 

248

96 

55

3 

8.4

363 

3 

66 

May 24, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 c

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

203 

67

Max

330 

120

Min

75 

30

PH

Av

7.4 

9.4

Max

8/2 

9.8

Min

7.2 '8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

271 

81

Max

425 

170

Min

85 

44

Turbidity

Av

10

1

Max

120 

5

Min

~o5

a Analyzed by University of North Dakota.

b Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3).

c Fiscal year.
NORTH DAKOTA 301

JAMESTOWN 

(Population, 10,697)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 drilled wells (1 to 6) 80 to 87 ft deep; 1 dug well, 36 ft deep and 25 ft in 

diameter. The yield of the wells is reported to be 300, 300, 300, 300, 500, 

over 500, and 1,300 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, coagulation with sodium aluminate, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and addition of polyphosphate.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,250,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,610, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

26 

2.8 

1.0 

107 

40 

113 

6.7 

0 

460 

233 

38 

.1 

3.8 

810

Finished 

water a

14 

.07 

.00 

35 

6.9 

110 

6.7 

25 

42 

222 

38 

.1 

2.5 

510

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color .............. ..«.

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.).,. 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

432 

55

2 

7.8

1,180 

35 

43 

Apr. 11, 

1951

Finished 

water a

116 

40

1 

9.5

746 

0.2 

47 

Apr. 11, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

392 

130

Max

::

Min

--

PH

Av

9.2

Max

9.3

Min

9.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

445 

152

Max

~ 

Min

~-

Temperature

CF)

Av

43 

44

Max

--

Min

--

a Composite.

MANDAN 

(Population, 7,298)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 7,800.

Source: Missouri River. The intake is about 5 miles north of Mandan.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, aeration, softening with lime and soda ash,

coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, recarbonation, polyphosphates (918-Y balls), and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.
302 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MANDAN--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11 ft?

.00

49 

17

C7

4.6

0

1 ^R

7 *>

.4

1.7

408

Finished 

water

9 A

. 03\JO

.00

32 80

CO

4.7

10 

sn

1 ?

.4

g

348

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH............... ........

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1Q9

Kft

7

7.7

636

500

CO.

May 17,

1951

Finished 

water

114

re

0

9

1

£00

1

CO

May 21,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

87

Max

222 

125

Min

120 

64

PH

Av

8.1 

9.1

Max

8.3 

9.2

Min

8.0 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av

229 

112

Max

316 

133

Min

142 

89

Turbidity

Av

~~

Max

--

Min

MINOT 

(Population, 22,032)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (1, and 3 to 8) 131, 158, 158, 147, 139, 125, and 132 ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 533, 350, 450, 800, 800, 860, and 

860 gpm. In 1950 well 7 furnished 75 percent of the supply, and wells 3, 4, 

and 5, the remainder.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 4,100, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,100, 000 gal.
MORTH DAKOTA 

MINOT- - Continued 

ANALYSES

303

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiQJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese {Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)...... ...............

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4).... ... ... .. ..

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Date drilled ..........................

OfiT*^*^Tif' rvF Qiinnl v

Well 3 

(finished 

water)

oc

2.6

.04

fie

OQ

qcq

5

Q

0

78 Q

ion

940

0

q n

I

oftn

004

0

18

7.6

9 07fl

OR

51

May 17, 1951

158

19

1 QO1

Well 5 

(finished 

water)

oc

9 7

oo

49

1 Q(\

6

rt

0

CCQ

1 R°.

1 C£

.1

9 9

980

4R4

0

7

7 R

1,550

qc

May 17, 1951

158

16

1 QQQ

Well 7 

(finished 

water)

OQ

2

C

09

84

00

.nqq

4 Q

0

748

70

1 Ofl

o

Q79

047

0

10

7.7

1,560

5

48 

May 17, 1951

1 C

1948

VALLEY CITY 

(Population, 6,851)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells about 50 ft deep. The yield of each of the wells is reported to be

600 gpm. Water from the Sheyenne River is diverted each spring by a 24-in.

pipeline to a gravel pit which is lower than the river. The water seeps from

this gravel pit into the surrounding gravel, recharging the well supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Water from the Sheyenne River is chlorinated as it is

pumped into the gravel pit. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Tank, 550, 000 gal.
304 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VALLEY CITY--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC%) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

97

no

*?7

98

OQ

00

5

n

0

499

1 P.7

9Q

.1

4.1

694

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

OU

. U

1,030

1

A C

Apr. 11,

LavL

WILLISTON 

(Population, 7,378)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 650 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 8, 050.

Source: Missouri River for regular supply; 2 wells each 220 ft deep for auxiliary 

supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 550 and 600 gpm.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime (soda ash in winter), coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,200, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 630, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ;........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

. U«

.01

50

ID 

KK

A Q

0

IRK

8

e0

1 5

394

Finished 

water

. o

.11

.00

41

i £i

j / 

4 9

16

QQ

158

9

C

. o

374

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhqs at

OC /~i \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

56

7 Q

KQQ

QC

cn

May 17,

1951

Finished 

water

52

4

8 0

cco

90

64

May 17,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

145 

55

Max

170 

68

Min

120 

53

PH

Av

_.

Max Min

Hardness, 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

257 

137

Max

340 

214

Min

205 

68

Temperature

CF)

Av

40 

40

Max

54 

54

Min

32 

32
OKLAHOMA 305

ADA 

(Population, 15,995)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Byrd's Mill Spring, in watershed of Clear Boggy Creek, tributary to

Muddy Boggy Creek. The water plant is located just south of the city limits at

the spring.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Elevated storage, 1,000, 000 gal.

The water plant is just south of the city limits at the spring. The water is 

pumped from the storage reservoir at the plant to the distribution mains.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) . .,..,,

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.7

.0

~~

81

«5«J

^. «J

0

11O

. b

 u

.0

4.0

IK'7

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

TVif« f\f prill Af»Hrtn

Finished 

water

oo<a

&\j

5

ertO

May3,

1951

ALTUS 

(Population, 9,735)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: North Fork of Red River impounded in Altus-Lugert Reservoir about 10

miles north of Altus. Water from the reservoir is fed into City Lake just north

of the city limits. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Altus-Lugert Reservoir, 49,399, 000,000 gal; allocation to

city of Altus, 1, 564,084,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 700, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at north edge of the city limits at City Lake.
306 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALTUS--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per'million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. b

.0

 _

154

t/T

1 C O

I . £*

0 

141

*J£t& 

1 1 C

.4

 £t

1 ion

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

Cf\C.

4QO

0

7 R

1 >7Bn

Feb. 7,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

"Row watpt*

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

130

130

Max

150

150

Min

RO

100

PH

Av

R 0

8.0

Max

R 4

8.4

Min

7. R

7,6

Hardness

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

4RO

490

Max

600

600

Min

240

280

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

--

ARDMORE 

(Population, 17,890)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Hickory Creek, impounded in Mountain Lake, and a small lake in a 

natural depression, both in watershed of Caddo Creek. Mountain Lake overflows into City Lake.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for the control of algae.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Mountain Lake and small natural lake, 750,760,700 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 720, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 5 miles south of the city at City Lake.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

0 A

 \J £i

49 6t\

7 Q

1 K

0

1 C<1

00

8

0

.1

.5

181

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

14R

15

5

7.7

^ 1 Q

May 3,

1951
OKLAHOMA 307

BARTLESVILLE 

(Population, 19,228)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Butler Creek impounded in Lake Hudson, in watershed of Verdigris

River. Auxiliary supply, Caney River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate when needed for algae

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 726, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,400,000 gal.

The treatment plant is at the northern boundary of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitr ate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

O

f*

.10

21

4.1

4.7

3

c

0

C 1

on

9

n

.0

.7

105

Finished 

water

 u

22

. 0

4.7

2

c

0

CO

1Q

10

.1

. 1 

103

Hardness as CaCOs:

Tntal ... . .

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

GnofM'fif* f* /"infill nt 9 nf*^

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

Uv

19

15

8

1

171

May 16,

1 QC-1

Finished 

water

Q«7

18

15

7.6

170

July 25,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

51

48

Max

54 

51

Min

45 

44

pH

Av

7.3 

8. 1

Max

7.5 

8.7

Min

7.1

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

60

Max

48 

62

Min

40 

58

Temperature (°F)

Av

50

48

Max

54 

51

Min

45 

44

BLACKWELL 

(Population, 9,199)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Chikaskia River. The water is taken directly from the River to the treat -

' ment plant located at south edge of city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate when needed for algae

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd.' 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.
308 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BLACKWELL Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ... ^

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.0

.0

70 

on

4Q

3

/J

0

91Q

1 no

07

«>

1.4

402

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

occ

77

u 

7 R

644

atiAy ± 1 , 

1QC-I

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

200 

210

Max

270 

250

Min

104 

145

PH

Av

8.1 

7.9

Max

8.3 

8.2

Min

7.9 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

250 

250

Max

306 

310

Min

85 

92

Turbidity

Av

~~

Max

~~

Min

--

CfflCKASHA 

(Population, 15,842)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Washita River. The water is taken directly from the river to the treatment plant at northeast edge.of town at the river.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate" (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1 s

.0

196

CQ

10

4

0

0

 >oo

COQ

7Q

.1

.1

1,120

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

748

484

7 *>

 1,520

Nov. 10,

iQc;n
OKLAHOMA 309

C HICK ASHA C ontinued 

,r determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

270

Max Min

PH

Av

8

0

7.4

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

GUSHING 

(Population, 8,414)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Big Creek impounded in Gushing Lake.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 890,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located 7. 5 miles northwest of the city at the Lake.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.4

. uo

 

30

l£

JLO

4.0

104

11

firi

« o 

1.4

17F,

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

I£TX 

4

5

8.4

91 O

CO

Jan. 23,

1 QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.5 

7.4

Max

8.5 

7.9

Min

7.1 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

200 

25

Max

800 

25

Min

40 

25
310 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DUNCAN 

(Population, 15,325)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Clear Creek impounded in Clear Creek Lake (sometimes called Chisholm

Trail Lake) 11 miles northeast of the city. Auxiliary supply, Fitzpatrick Creek

impounded in Lake Duncan, 8 miles northeast of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 750, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Clear Creek Lake, 3,128,000,000 gal; Lake Duncan,

1,629,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 620,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 5 miles east of the city.

At the time of sampling the entire supply was being taken from Clear Creek Lake. 

Lake Duncan is seldom used.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

.0

61

17

6

C

4.1

a !62

6

r-

.1 

1.1

9Rf1

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Finished 

water

£t£i£t 

QQ

0

8

c

Feb. 8,

1 QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQs 

(ppm)

Av

~~

Max

~ 

Min

pH

Av

8.0 

7.9

Max

8

rt 

. 6

8

n 

. 6

Min

7.6 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

alncludes the-equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO.).
OKLAHOMA 311

DURANT 

(Population, 10,541)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Blue River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and copper sulfate when needed. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 640,000 gal.

The raw water intake and the treatment plant are located near the town of Armstrong about 5 miles from Durant.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium <Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. b

.0

 

61

4O

Id

1.7

0

oc c

55

10

. £i

1.4

719

Total .......................

"NVwif* u T*Vinn a l~ A

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

t\crj

50

5

7.6

C"| 0

May 3, 

It/01

EL RENO 

(Population, 10,991)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells, 51 to 55 ft deep, all located in the same general area at the 

north edge of the city limits. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 

100 to 530 gpm.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation (upward flow cylindrical tanks), recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is near the wells.
312 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES EN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EL RENO--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

Water*

1 0

.0

94

oo 

Qfi

6

n

0 

070

1 O C

lie

1.5

688

Finished 

watera

14

09

26 

15

5.6

0 

77

188

lie

.7

1.0

534

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

Water a

370 

146

5

7.5

1,080

"GV»V» 0

1QC1

Finished 

watera

127 

63

0

7 Q

070

Feb. 8,

LyDL

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

230 

65

Max

288

75

Min

204 

55

PH

Av

7.2 

8.8

Max

--

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

350 

138

Max

528 

150

Min

304 

120

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

--

aWells 10, 13, 17, and 21 pumping at time of the collection of the samples.

ENID 

(Population, 36,017)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Vance Air Force Base.

Source: Wells (6 well fields): Carrier Field, 16 wells (1 to 16, well 14 abandoned) 

65 to 75 ft deep; Northwest Field, 10 wells (1 to 10, well 4 abandoned) approximately 60 ft deep; Van Buren Field, 8 wells (1 to 8, wells 4 and 7 abandoned) 

approximately 55 ft deep; 2 wells (1 and 2) back of Water Plant, 45 ft deep; 5 

wells (1 to 5) Ames Terrace, Frisco-Right-of-Way, approximately 60 ft deep; 

7 wells (1 to 7) Ames Terrace, between the towns of Ames and Drummond, 

approximately 120 ft deep. (The wells of the last named group are not being 

used because of litigation.) The yield of the wells being used is reported to 

range from 50 to 225 gpm, which is 60 percent of capacity.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 16,000, 000 gal.

The water from all the wells is mixed at the plant before being pumped to the city 

and distribution. The analysis given represents mixed water from 31 wells 

being pumped at the .time of the collection of the sample.
OKLAHOMA 313

ENID--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

O9

51 

11

CO

o 9

0

O£C

01

<1Q

.1

9

1

34 fi

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

0

0

7.1

C7C

May 17,

IQCi

GUTHRIE 

(Population, 10,113)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Stream tributary to Cottonwood Creek impounded in Lake Guthrie.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 226, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at the south edge of the city limits.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1

C

.0

45

91

11

4.1

0

O*}9

1 Q

1 5

.0

.1

231

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

L&y

0

8

n

417

Arvr 94

iQCf
314 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HENRYETTA 

(Population, 7,987)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Dewar. Total population supplied, about

9, 000.

Source: Wolf Creek impounded in Lake Henryetta, about 3 miles east of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4 ? 750,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 085,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at the lake.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.4

 ATE

22

& \j

5

n

£ U

0

ou

of

1 . J

J.. O

99

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

95 C }

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

en

43

K

8

0

1 S7

May 2,

1 0^1

LAWTON 

(Population, 34,757)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Fort Sill and Medicine Park. Total population supplied, about 43, 500.

Source: Medicine Bluff Creek impounded in Lake Lawtonka, about 15 miles northwest of Lawton at the town of Medicine Park.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 13, 686, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is at Medicine Park.
OKLAHOMA 315

LA WTON- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

£i* T

.0

~~

44

. fi

. A

£it T

0

1 Cf\

±. 0

10

.1

.4

17R

Hardness as CaCCV

Total .......................

Nfrwi/*a T*Hf*nai"P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

144

1 u

0

. O

OU 1

Feb. 7,

1 QR1

MCALESTER 

(Population, 17,878)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a small population outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17, 900. 

Source: Bull, Bodark, and Lily Pad Creeks impounded in Lake MeAlester, 6 to

miles northwest of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, activated carbon at

times, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4,49.7,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,400, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 3 miles north of the State Penitentiary.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.4

.05

13

3 ft

6

t\

0 fi

0

 Ifl

OQ

5.5

.1

0

74

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

4K

£i\J

C

7 Q

TWfou 9

1QC1
316 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MCALESTER--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water.*..

Alkalinity

as CaCOg

(ppm)

Av

26

32

Max

20

24

Min

32

36

PH

Av

7 0

8.5

Max

7 4

8.8

Min

6 8

8.0

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

22

50

Max

28

60

Min

16

30

Turbidity

Av

__

Max

__

--

Min

_ 

--

MIAMI 

(Population, 11,801)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5), 1,233, .1,000, 1,252, 1,116, and 1,345 ft deep, 

yield of the wells is reported to be 300, 300, 350, 470, and 510 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 2, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

The

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Bin) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (804).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Tt<*TYin^'P!lt1 111*O (if \

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoolv ..................

Wells 3, 4 a 

(composite)

9 1

.01

31

14

OQ

0 K

0

14Q

1 %

42

1.4

91 7

1 QK

13

5

8

i

386

May 15, 1951

Well 3

1 S9

1 9n

326

1 S9

27

663

May 15, 1951

1,252

lOf

1921

Well 4

148

16

1 RQ

134

13

305

May 15, 1951

1,116

15

1946

aPuuiping at the time of the collection of the samples.
OKLAHOMA 317

MIDWEST CITY 

(Population, 10,166)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6) each about 750 ft deep. One connecting line between Midwest City and Tinker Field Air Force Base in case of emergency at either location. All wells pump directly to the distribution mains as well as to the 

storage reservoir.

Treatment: Chlorination (at each well).

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 1,000,000 gal.

Partial analysis of a sample from each well indicates that the wells yield water of 

about the same chemical composition. The partial analyses given represent 

water from wells with the maximum and minimum concentration of dissolved 

solids.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ..........................

Iron (Fe) .............;................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,,).. ...............

Sulfate (SQJ... ............. ..... ...

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled .................... k .....

Percent of supplv ...................

Well 4

"

91 Q

19

9A1

1 Kf)

0

376

May 4, 1951

17 r- f\

1948

Well 6

ono

«J A

14Q

109

0

001

May 4, 1951

i *j\j

1950

Finished 

water a 

(composite)

i & .0'

Ctli

14

oc

1.4

0

OAK

7.4

6

n

1.1

110

0

5

8 9

OOA

Mav4. 1951

a Collected from storage reservoir.
318 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 3952

MUSKOGEE 

(Population, 37,289)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Neosho River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, softening with excess lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorihation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 10, 000, 000 gal.

The water is taken directly from the river to the treatment plant northeast of 

Muskogee just above the confluence -of the Neosho with the Arkansas River.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9 1

.14

37 

60

8

0

o- q

0 

104

49

8

r\

.0

2

0

180

Finished 

water

7.1

nc

24

\Jf O

8

c

2

C

8

Of)

4.0

1 O

.1

0 A

137

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK C1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

1 OA

35

100

7.7

977

C1

Nov. 29,

l&Di

Finished 

water

oo

50

5

9

0

CO

Nov. 29,

IQC-f

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

85 

30

Max

90 

40

Min

68 

23

PH

Av

7.8 

8.7

Max

8.2 

9.4

Min

6.0 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115

75

Max

90

Mjn

88 

56

Turbidity

Av

35

Max

300

Min

2°.

NORMAN 

(Population, 27,006)

Ownership: Municipal; University of Oklahoma. The University has its own wells 

and supply system and serves an estimated total population of 15, 000.

Source: Municipal; 12 wells (1 to 12), 535 to 671 ft deep. Well 7 was not being 

pumped at the time of the collection of sample since it was being used as an 

observation well. Two additional wells were under construction. Several 

wells pump directly into the distribution mains.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 1,000, 000 gal.
OKLAHOMA 319

NORMAN - -C ontinued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) '...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Municipal 

wells 

i(composite)

<3 I

 \J £i

~"~

2.0

.7

fj\J t

O £i 

04

OCQ

1C

.5

550

Hardness as CaCO^*

Total .......................

N ATI/* 9 T*hrvna fr P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Municipal 

wells 

(composite)

0

5

. i

iy 01

OKLAHOMA CITY 

(Population, 243,504)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: North Canadian River by diversion into two off-channel reservoirs, Lake 

Hefner and Lake Overholser, approximately 8 miles northwest of the center of 

the city.

Treatment: (Both plants) softening with excess lime, coagulation with alum, carbon at times for taste and odor control, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid 

sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Lake Hefner Plant, 24,000, 000 gpd; Lake 

Overholser Plant, 15,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Hefner, 24,438,800,000 gal; Lake Overholser, 

5, 213,600,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Elevated, 5, 500,000 gal; other, 25, 500, 000 gal.

Lake Overholser treatment plant is in the city and water from this plant is generally served in the central and southern parts of the city.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

1.7

. L£I

47

ID

50

VI ~

0

1 na

70

Cf\

 o

1. O

364

Finished 

watera

1.7

.0

18

11

Tt &

Vm Tl

b!6

0

1 O

64

. O

262

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

PH.. .....................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

1 fis

39

f»f\

8

0

596

May 26,

1QC1

Finished 

water a

QO

49

5

10.4

47Q

*

May 26,

1QC1

a Lake Hefner.

b Sample contained 5 ppm of Hydroxide (OH).
320 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OKLAHOMA CITY--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

143 

39

Max

150 

53

Min

136 

26

PH

Av

8.5 

10.3

Max

8.9 

11.0

Min

8.1 

9.6

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

190 

90

Max

200 

100

Min

175 

73

Turbidity

Av

14

Max

25

Min

10

c Fiscal year, July 1949 to June 1950.

OKMULGEE 

(Population, 18,317)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Salt Creek impounded in Lake Okmulgee.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon when necessary, rapid sand filtration; and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4,300, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,150, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 3 miles west of the city.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S« Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 n

?n

17

6

0

9fl

O 1

0

40

1 £

CO

.0

171

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

CO

 JC

oc

8

1

9QQ

CO

Nnv 9Q

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

22 

32

Max

22

36

Min

20 

28

pH

Av

7.0 

8.6

Max

7.0 

9.0

Min

6.8 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

66.

Max

70

Min

60

Turbidity

Av

75 

17

Max

140 

20

Min

50 

15
OKLAHOMA 321

PONCA CITY 

(Population, 20,180)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Turkey Creek impounded in Lake Ponca, 50 percent of supply; 5 wells,

all approximately 60 ft deep, 50 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Ponca, 4, 865, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) ......... .........

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ................

Sulfate (SC ,.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )........ ...

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake Ponca 

(raw water)

27

6

f\

> »

0

1HQ

11

7.0

6

C

U4

v £i

3

July 21, 1950

Wells 

(raw water)a

121

U t

132

0

A QC

Q C 1

1 OC

44

1,120 

701

303

1,700

July 21, 1950

Finished 

water13

5.0

.0

ob

9

0

(

07L(

4.4

0

Qfl

 JO

.1

1.0

OfiQ

1 on

11

R

7 Q

4RQ

May 17, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.0........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

136 

180

Max

110 

190

Min

130 

170

pH

Av

8.0 

7.4

Max

8.2

7.5

Min

7.9 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

125 

200

Max

130 

215

Min

120 

191

Turbidity

Av

15

Max

20

Min

10

aComposite (wells 1 to 4).

Lake Ponca 50 percent; wells (1, 2, and 4) 50 percent. 

c Lake Ponca.
322 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAPULPA 

(Population, 13,031)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Rock Creek impounded in Lake Sahoma.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for algae control when needed.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 977,500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2,475,000 gal.

The treatment plant is at the east edge of the city limits.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (8103) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Finished 

water

? Q

 \j£*

29

6

0

17

2

0

0

Sf)

 31

.1

1.7

181

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

yo

O I

£4\J

7 5

OQ7

May 15,

1 0^1
OKLAHOMA 323

SEMINOLE 

(Population, 11,863)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 15 wells (1 to 15), 525 to 763 ft deep, all within the city.limits. The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 40 to 240 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination of water from 9 wells pumped through the main pumping 

station. Other wells pump directly into distribution system and are not chlorinated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 300, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal.

Wells 10 and 11 were not in use at time of collection of samples.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, fai parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganpse (Mn) .,... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ................

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ......

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOs) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Wells 1 to 

9 (composite)

188

4.0

201

116

0

394

_ 

May 1,

1951

620-763

8 -10f

--

Well 12

226

6.0

214

52

0

411

 *

May 1,

1951

638

10f

--

Well 13

194

4.0

202

128

0

396

 _

May 1,

1951

750

10|

Well 15

180

3.5

230

102

0

408

__

Mav 1

1951

732

10t

1950

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

9

0

no

36

8.2

40

9 R

0

192

47

4,5

.3

.2

244

124

0

0

7.8

390

__

May 1,

1951
324 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES EN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SHAWNEE ' 

(Population, 22,948)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: South Deer Creek impounded in Shawnee City Lake.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, carbon at times, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for algae control when necessary.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 7, 700, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5, 250, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is at the southwest edge of the city limits.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

rr. o

.11

19

2

0

0

£ 1

OC

11

.4

in«

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

74

fit

10

1 * O

185

1Qc;i

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

65

Max

74

Min

58

PH

Av Max Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

78

Max

90

Min

68

Turbidity

Av

140

Max

175

Min

120
OKLAHOMA 325

STILLWATER 

(Population, 20,238)

Ownership: Oklahoma A. & M. College; supplies about 1,800 people outside the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 22, 000.

Source: Lake Carl Blackwell, approximately 10 miles west of Stillwater. Emergency supply, Boomer Lake, just north of the city limits.

Treatment: Coagulation with ferrous sulfate, softening with excess lime, sedimentation, ' recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 17, 968, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 450, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is approximately 1 mile west of the College.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

. y

32

Id

17 

4.7

0

1 O«7

15

on

Q

199

Finished 

water

. o

 \j£i

14

. 0

1 Q

^. O

13

uX

oc

Ofl

 o

.7 

121

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .....

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH. ......................

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 QO

3

8

n

001

CA

Jan. 12,

1QC1

Finished 

water

f»n

21

c> 

90

991

47

Tior» On

iqcn

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

131 

128

Max

146 

150

Min

104 

90

PH

Av

8.2 

8.5

Max

8.6 

9.6

Min

7.9 

6.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

124 

75

Max

155 

142

Min

113 

36

Turbidity

Av

39

Max

105

Min

25
326 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TULSA 

(Population, 182,740)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Skiatook, Sperry, Turley, and other consumers

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 220, 000. The city

also supplies raw water to Owasso and Spavinaw. 

Source: Spavinaw Creek impounded in Spavinaw Lake about 70 miles northeast of

Tulsa. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 10,326, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 27, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

Tt . O

.0

-_

34

1.4

£. O

1.1 

0

ino

6

1

5

0

.1

1.4 

114

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

rP*>mnAT% aHiT% p (1? \

Finished 

water

y i

7

5

7.7

May 26,

A *7 O i

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 . 

(ppm)

Av

88 

85

Max

92 

89

Min

85 

80

PH

Av

8.0 

7.6

Max

8.2 

7.7

Min

7.8 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

93

Max

94

Min

93

Turbidity

Av

16 

.2

Max

61 

1.3

Min

6 

.1
OREGON 327

ALBANY 

(Population, 10,115)

Ownership: Mountain States Power Co.; supplies also about 330 people outside the

city limits. Total population supplied, about 10,450. 

Source: South Santiam River (through power canal).

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 890,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Elgin Water Softener Corp. , Elgin, HI.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

MaonpcHiinri t^ffcr\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

17

15

1 7

4 3

0

oo

1 Q

3

c

a 2

b 76

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

4.0

1 c

Anr 1 9

1Q4.C

a Determination by Oregon State Board of Health, November, 1950. 

t>Sum of determined constituents.

ALTAMONT 

(Population, 9,419)

Ownership: Supplied by Klamath Falls. (See Klamath Falls.)

ASTORIA 

(Population, 12,331)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Tongue Point Naval Station and some other 

consumers outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14,800.

Source: Bear Creek and tributaries impounded in 3 artificial lakes. Intake located about 11 miles east of Astoria.

Treatment: Chlorination and occasional use of copper sulfate for algae control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,200,000 gpd.

Raw water storage: 200,000,000 gal.

Finished water storage: 24,000,000 gal.

The color and turbidity of the water are variable, being highest from September 

through November.
328 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ASTORIA--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by 13th Naval Dist. Sanitation Engineering Lab.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

TVjTn on P Q 1 1 1 im (JkA cr\

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

28

.18

0

. 1 

2.8

\ 7 R / 7 ' 6

' 0

37

3.2

6.8

a .l

73

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

27

0

10

7.0

__

2

__

June 7,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

"-

Max

::

Min

"""

PH

Av

7.0 

6.9

Max

7.6 

7.0

Min

6.8 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

_ 

Max

~

Min

~ "

Temperature (°F)

Av

50 

49

Max

67 

62

Min

37 

35

From other analyses.

BAKER 

(Population, 9,471)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10, 000. 

Source: Goodrich Lake, Marble Creek, Pine Creek, and Elk Creek. The main

pipeline is from Goodrich Lake, with a feeder pipeline from each of the creeks. 

Treatment: Chlorination and occasional ammoniation. > 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 120, 500,000 gal. 

1-inished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl)

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

 water

i.u

. UO

~* ""

12

1.7

. 1.4

1.0

0

47

.4 

.0

CLfi

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ....... ........

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

07

0

 j

7.4

on

AQ

Tnno 1 Q

1QC1
OREGON 329

BEND 

(Population 11,409)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11,700. 

Source: Tumalo Creek. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw water storage: None. 

Finished water storage: 1,635,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1Q

no

3.5

2

n

0

8

q

.0

.1

37

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color .......................... PH ....:.........................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

fVifp rvf f*nt1 p/iHrkn

Finished 

water

11

0

7

6

rj

^01

46

June 18,

1951

COOS BAY 

(Population, 6,223}

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also North Bend, Eastside, and about 1, 500 consumers outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 15,200.

Source: Pony Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, color removal by coagulation with alum and lime, 

rapid sand filtration, and aeration (spray).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 658,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5, 500,000 gal. Present construction program will provide an additional 4, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COa) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

watera

7.1

(\Q

1.8

1.0

K Q

0

1 a

2 1

10

.4

57

Finished 

water

6

f*

.04

12

. o 

8q

1.4

0

0°.

1 °,

1 K

.0

O

73

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ...................

pH. ........ ............ ..

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

0

100

6

4

U

CO

Mav 7

1947

Finished 

water

O 1

18

7.1

1 1 C

cc

June l c ,

1951

a Analyzed by the CharIton Laboratories, Portland, Oreg.
330 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COOS BAY--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

18

Max

14 

24

Min

8 

16

PH

Av

6.6 

8.4

Max

6.9 

9..0

Min

5.2 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

24

Max

10 

30

Min

8 

22

Temperature (°F)

Av

54

Max

68

Min

36

CORVALLIS

(Population, 16,207)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Philomath and about 800 consumers outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 18,300. 

Source: Rock Creek.

Treatment: Pressure filtration, chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

A water treatment plant has been constructed to utilize water from the Willamette River although this source has not been used to date (June 1951). This 

plant has a rated capacity of 4,000,000 gpd. The treatment of the water will 

include coagulation, sedimentation, gravity filtration, and chlorination.

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

watera

24 

.02

8.5 

3.9 

5.1 

2.2 

0 

51 

1.8 

4.8 

.2 

.2 

76

Raw

waterb

19

4.2 

2.4

5.8

0 

28 

4.9 

3.0

w'

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

37 

0

5 

7.5

94

64 

June 14, 

1951

Raw 

water

20 

0

47.9

Nov. 27, 

1950

Creek.

bWillamette River. 

cSum of determined constituents.

EUGENE 

(Population, 35,879)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 14,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, approximately 50, 000. 

Source: McKenzie River. The intake is located near Hayden Bridge, 7 miles east

of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime at times of high

turbidity of water, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished water storage: Sreservoirs, 21,100,000gal;elevated tank, 100,000gal.
OREGON 331

EUGENE--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

on

.04

» o 

o n

3.6

1.6

0

27

1.6

0 0

.0

.1

48

Hardness as CaCO,,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

17

0

7

7 R

K1

KQ

1QM

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

PH

Av

--

Max

7.4 

7.4

Min

7.0 

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

17 

17

Max

18 

18

Min

16 

16

Turbidity

Av Max Min

KLAMATH FALLS 

(Population, 15,875)

Ownership: Oregon Water Corporation (subsidiary of Boise Water Corporation, 

Boise, Idaho); supplies suburban Altamont District and also consumers outside the corporate limits of the city. Total population supplied, about 26,000.

Source: 4 flowing wells (3, 6, 7, and 8), 145, 147, 370, and 850 ft deep.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,700,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by the University of California, Berkeley, Calif. )

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Qlllfdfa /Oft ^

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite 

sample)

24 

.15 

0 

10 

6.3

y so

108 

1.3 

19 

.3

141

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(composite 

sample)

52 

0

8.2

212

67 

Mar. 22, 

1949
332 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LA GRANDE 

(Population, 8,635)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9, 650. 

Source: Beaver Creek and 3 tributaries (Cold Creek, West Fork, and Hidden

Springs Creek). Emergency supply, 2 artesian (flowing) wells, 1,035 and

1,391 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 200,000, 000 gal. 

finished-water storage: 4,900, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply...

Finished 

water a

QA

.07

5.5

1.7

? 4

1.0

0 

?4

1.4

^ Q

.1

.0

68

Well 2

7Q

0

Q C

4

1

K

Q

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

?1

1

o

6

0

50

Kr

June 19,

1OK1

__

Well 2

94.

0

147

ID

June 19,

1 0^1

L , O 17 L

10

iy^D

a Beaver Creek.

MEDFORD

(Population, 17,305)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Central Point, Eagle Point, and about 3, 500

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 23,100. 

Source: Big Butte Spring. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 12,400,000 gal,
OREGON 333

MEDFORD--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Char Iton Laboratories, Portland, Oreg.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

IV/TO o*n f* a I 1 1 in f &/T cr\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCv,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Big Butte 

Springs

35 

.0

7.3 

4.0

\ 7.0

^ 0 

56 

1.3 

2.0 

.0 

.3 

99

Hardness as CaCCv 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )............ ..........

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Big Butte 

Springs

35 

0

6.9

42 

Apr. 21, 

1947

PENDLETON 

(Population 11,774)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,000. 

Source: Springs, 80 percent of supply; 2 wells 774 and 761 ft deep, 20 percent of

supply. Emergency supply from privately owned well. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Char Iton Laboratories, Portland, Oreg.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Springs 

and wellsa

44

0

25 

8n

\ 26

0

146

1 ^

1 9

0

b 203

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25. C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Springs 

and wellsa

QC

0

7 9

< 1

1 Q4Q

a Composite sample.

b Sum of determined constituents.
334 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PORTLAND 

(Population, 373,628)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 107,000 people outside the city limits,

including 60 water districts, water companies, and towns in areas adjacent to

Portland. Total population supplied, about 480,000. 

Source: Bull Run River impounded in Lake Ben Morrow Reservoir which extends

3| miles along the river, and Bull Run Lake, the source of the main branch of

the river close to the summit of the Cascades. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: Storage reservoir on Bull Run River, 11,000,000,000 gal;

Bull Run Lake, 3,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6 reservoirs, 192,000,000 gal.

The water from the river is diverted 5 miles downstream from the storage dam 

through 3 steel conduits to distribution reservoirs on Mount Tabor, a distance 

of 24 miles. Four distribution reservoirs are located on Mount Tabor and 

two in Washington Park. Distribution is mainly by gravity.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Charlton Laboratories, Portland, Oreg.)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ................

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.2

.2

.00

2.3 

.7

2.1

.2

15

.9

2.4

.0

.3

30

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

9

0

1 *?'

7.0

< 1

59

Sept. 19,

1Q47

ROSEBURG 

(Population, 8,390)

'Ownership: Oregon Water Corporation (subsidiary of Boise Water Corporation, 

Boise, Idaho). Supplies also about 4, 500 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 12,900.

Source: North Umpqua River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, and 

pressure filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

finished-water storage: 3,100, 000 gal.
OREGON 335

ROSEBURG--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by University of California, Berkeley, Calif.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .,,,,

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

L£t

 O

15 

1 1

7

00

19

11

.1

80

Total .......................

"NTr»n/*aT*hnnatp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

40

1 C

7 a

Q7 ^

KO

Mar 10

1 Q4Q

SALEM

(Population, 43,140) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 10,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 53,100. 

Source: Infiltration system from North Santiam River about 17 miles southeast of

Salem. Auxiliary or emergency supply from wells. The wells furnished

19 percent of the total supply in 1950. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11, 500,000 gal. A reservoir under construction will

provide 100,000,000 gal of additional storage.

The infiltration system is on Stayton Island in the North Santiam River above Stayton and below the Little North Fork. On Stayton Island 3 wells each 25 ft deep 

and capable of delivering 2 mgd are used when necessary to augment the infiltration supply. Water from the infiltration system is conducted to Salem 

by gravity flow through a 36-in. pipeline.

Four wellsywhich are in Salem and connected to the distribution system and are 

used during peak loads,contributed about 7 percent of the supply in 1951. 

Contribution from all the wells probably exceeded 20 percent in 1951.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(tap sample)

17

.03

4.9

1.1

0 0

2.6

0

31

1.7

1.0

.0

.1

45

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

, water 

(tap sample)

17

0

5

7.3

54

64

June 14,

1 Q51
336 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 10,807)

Ownership: Mountain States Power Company.

Source: Willamette River; Auxiliary supply, 8 contiguous wells (1 to 8) ranging in 

depth from 28 to 30 ft. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1,000, 400, 

1,250, 1,000, 150, 500, 900, and 1,000gpm respectively. The well water is 

supplied directly to the transmission line which in turn feeds into the distribution system.

Treatment: Willamette River: rapid sand filtration and chlorination. During peak 

periods of consumption a pressure filter is operated in parallel with the 2 

sand filters. The well water is chlorinated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 550,000 gal.

The well system has been developed during 1950 and 1951. Should this source 

prove entirely satisfactory, it is expected to replace the Wi llamette River 

supply.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)....

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply....

Raw 

watera

17

11

0 1

1.4

0 

25

15

2.4

C 61

Well 3b

11

1 ^

ll

O «J

3.9

39

2.5

4.4

 .9

56

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . .....

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

_ TT pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

oc

16

Apr. 12,

iyoi

Well 3 b

07

5

7.1

53

O « «4- *> C

1950

29

12

1950

aWillamette River. Analyzed by Elgin Softener Corporation, Elgin, Illinois. 

bAnalyzed by Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg. 

cSum of determined constituents.
SOUTH DAKOTA 337

ABERDEEN 

(Population, 21,051)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 175 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 21, 226.

Source: Elm River (impounded) supplemented by Maple and Willow Creeks (impounded) for main supply; 2 gravel pits, located northeast of treatment plant, 

for auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, activated carbon, 

recarbonation, addition of polyphosphates (918-Y balls), coagulation with alum 

and sodium aluminate, secondary sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: No. 1 dam, 60., 000, 000 gal; No. 2 dam, 170,000,000 gal; 

No. 4 dam, 76, 000, 000 gal; Elm Lake, 5, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3, 700, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located 8 miles northeast of Aberdeen. River was at high 

stage when samples were collected. Fluoridation of public supply will be 

started soon.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Elm 

River a

9.8 

.03 

.00 

25 

8.4 

26 

7.0 

0 

98 

56 

14 

.1 

3.6 

204

Elm 

River b

6.0 

.06 

.00 

28 

1.3 

25 

6.8 

3 

35 

80 

16 

.1 

.5 

188

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

PH. ................ ......

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p N

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Elm 

River &

97 

17

33 

7.1

326 

10 

39 

Apr. 11, 

1951

Elm 

River b

75 

41

5 

8.8

313 

0.4 

39 

Apr. 11, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

400 

75

Min

40 

20

PH

Av

9.5

Max

8.6 

10

Min

7.2 

9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

70

Max

500 

110

Min

40 

30

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

400

Min

20

a Raw water.

b Finished water.
338 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BROOKINGS

(Population, 7,764)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a few people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 7,800. 

Source: 3 wells (1, 2, and 3), each 60 ft deep, and each reported to yield 1, 000

gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (for iron removal), sedimentation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of'treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is 2 miles north of Brookings.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of suoolv ...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

94

4 S

7S

171

Cf»

17

O K

0

349

383

5.0

Q

1.6

874

Finished 

water

OK

1 Q

QO

173

C o

18

0 A

10

 > >«>

Qaa

9

C

 >

1.4

890

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH...... .................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

CC.C

070

O

8.0

1,160

70

48

Apr. 3,

1951

an

18

1 QSfl

Finished 

water

Cf7O

383

 >

8.3

1,160

1

48

Apr. 3,

1951

HURON 

(Population, 12,788)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: James River for regular supply; 3 wells for auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, softening with lime and soda ash, 

coagulation and clarification with sodium aluminate, recarbonation, sedimentation, charcoal, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 600, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the 

year. The treatment varies throughout the year.
SOUTH DAKOTA 339

HURON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

James 

River a

9

n

no

.00

37 

1 1\

 JO

11

0

138

Q7

21

.1

5.6

340

James 

River b

8.2

nc

fiQ

38 

1 *.

46

11

0 

85

14Q

QA

.1

1.4

384

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OR /-i \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

James 

River a

152

39

4K

7.5

497

IK

37

Apr. 10,

1951

James 

River b

158

88

7

7 1

559

n ^

38

Apr. 10,

1951

a Raw water.

k Finished water.

LEAD 

(Population, 6,422)

Ownership: Homestake Mining Co. ; also supplies about 1,000 people in Deadwood 

and 500 in Central City and Terraville, and Pluma. Total population supplied, 

about 7, 900.

Source: Springs in upper Spearfish Creek basin.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 2,165,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the springs as needed to keep the reservoirs full.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NQ£ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

12 

.07 

.00 

62 

23 

.6 

.3 

0 

304 

1.0 

1.0 

.1 

1.3 

251

Finished 

water

11 

.08 

.00 

60 

26 

.6 

.4 

0 

308 

1.0 

1.3 

.1 

1.8 

255

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. ............ .

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

250 

1

1 

8.0

444 

0.4

May 15, 

1951

Finished 

water

255 

2

1 

8.2

446 

0.9

May 15, 

1951
340 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MADISON 

(Population, 5,153)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (East, South, and Plant) each about 30 ft deep. East well furnishes 90 percent of supply; South well, 5 percent; Plant well, 5 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 400,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth '(feet) ...................

Date drilled .......:..........

Percent of supply ...........

East well 

(finished 

water)

ftft

 TZ{7

 1 V

161

Do

64

11

0

OftX

448

70

1,060

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Nr*n/* a Thrmfl 1"P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Date of collection .........

East well 

(finished 

water)

cco

^xo

7 fl

1,400 

1

48

A MM O

1S7UJ.

97

Ad

1S7UU

t7U

MITCHELL 

(Population, 12,123)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 125 people outside the city limits, the 

air base, and the Hormel Packing Co. Total population supplied, about 12,250.

Source: Firesteel Creek impounded in Lake Mitchell.

Treatment: Softening with lime-soda ash, coagulation with sodium aluminate, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 3, 565,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal. '

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout 

the year.
SOUTH DAKOTA 341

MITCHELL--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

K 4

.14

 U\J

82

46

f»C

14

0

ooo

94

o

O Q

724

Finished 

water

K 1

.14

 I/O

31

*.& 

144

14

37 

*>4

94

o

9 n

631

Hardness as CaCO3 :

<N/inf*QT*Vwin£it^

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

OQO

914

7

c

1,010

oc

Feb. 18,

IOKO

Finished 

water

1 OC

on

4

9 7

960

QC

Feb. 18,

1QRO

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

--

PH

Av

9.5

Max Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

240 

85.

Max

300

Min

190

Temperature (°F)

Av Max

65 

65

Min

33 

33

PIERRE 

(Population, 5,715)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1, 2, 3, and 4) 64, 63, 62, and 64 ft deep. The yield of the wells 

is reported to be 1, 000, 700, 400, and 700 gpm. Wells 2 and 4 are used most 

of the time for the supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination at wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 750, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

90

.04

f Q

68

99

fi"7

4 9

0

917

OQO

94

1.1

586

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH..............................

25 C.)....... ....... ........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

OC 1

OQ

Q

7

O

844

0.7

K7

Apr. 26,

iqcf

a Composite of wells 2 and 4.
342 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RAPID CITY 

(Population, 25,310)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Jackson Springs (82 percent of supply, 1950); 4 wells (1 to 4) 1,460, 902, 

957, and 1, 075 ft deep (18 percent of supply, 1950). The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 380 (flowing), 240 (flowing), 669, and 690 (flowing) gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Jackson 

Springs a

1 ^

OR

.03

41

y 1.8

0 

200

on

1

C

O

1.1

210

Finished 

water b

11

AC

.00

43

f 5 2 J t.L 

\ 9 1

0

OQ

3

R

. 1

1.4

219

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

None arbonate ......

Color ................

_ TT pH. ......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F )

Jackson 

Springs a

185

21

7 Q

qcQ

July 27,

1949

Finished 

water b

1 Q3

20

0

7 R

 J7R

0.7

May 23

1951

a Raw water, 

b Composite.

SIOUX FALLS 

(Population, 52,696)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 53, 700. 

Source: 17 shallow wells 36 to 45 ft deep in the Big Sioux River bottoms. The

yield of the wells ranges from 300 gpm (well 10) to 1,025 gpm (well 14), and

averages 779 gal. 

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

stabilization with polyphosphate (Nalco). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tanks, 1,905,000 gal; storage reservoirs,

5, 200, 000 gal. Total, 7,105, 000 gal.

The quality of the water from the wells is affected by change in the stage of the 

Big Sioux River. There is considerable variation in the composition of the 

water throughout the year.
SOUTH DAKOTA 343

SIOUX FALLS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

18 

6.3 

.71 

85 

26 

7.6 

2.6 

0 

233 

131 

5.5 

.3 

1.8 

430

Finished 

water b

20 

.42 

1. 6 

122 

44 

17 

3.4 

0 

314 

237 

14 

.4 

.6 

646

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color........... .....

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

320 

129

5 

7.9

624 

1 

45 

Mar. 3, 

1951

Finished 

water b

484 

227

4 

7.6

921 

2 

50 

Mar. 3, 

1951

a Composite, all wells except well 24. 

b Composite, all wells.

VERMILLION 

(Population, 5,337)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2-wells (1 and 2) each 110 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with sodium

aluminate, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,150,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

Q4

. b 

.56

182

30

nn

X £i

0

CO'7

8

C

2

1,040

Finished 

water a

14

. Do 

.02

46

 o

147

it) 

14 

100

dfr O

J. £*

.1 

668

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total -. ..............

Noncarbonate ......

Color.. ................ .

pH. ......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

Cf7Q

159

O

7.4

1,410

on

52

Feb. 20,

1QK1

Finished 

water a

X^xO

38

y 

91

097

K

53

Feb. 20,

1QC1

a Composite.
344 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WATERTOWN 

(Population, 12,699)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Kampeska, 75 percent of supply; 3 wells (2 to 4), each 28 ft deep,

25 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 104, 104, and

139 gpm. 

Treatment: Lake water: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Kampeska. 

Finished-water storage: 2,400,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located near the lake. The finished lake water is mixed 

with the raw well water and the mixed water is delivered to the distribution 

system.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

1 Q

0?

.00

81 

 14

CQ

6

0

0

OCC

lie

QQ

.1

K 7

586

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. >......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

342

194

 }

.7.8

901

0.8

43

Apr. 12,

1951
SOUTH DAKOTA 345

YANKTON 

(Population, 7,709)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10, 700. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, softening with }ime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well and tank, 1,250,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

i ^

.10

.03

65

&\j

C7

5.1

0 on«j

-ton

11

.5

1

C

494

Finished 

water

1 9

.05 

.01

26

1 & 

G 1

4.0

17 

5.0

1 9

I

B

368

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK /-i \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

94S

78

8

n

CQO

4c

«JK

Feb. 20,

1951

Finished 

water

110

80

4

9

0

C01

1

37

Feb. 20,

1951
346 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ABILENE, TEXAS 

(Population, 45,570)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 lakes. LakeAbilene, approximately 19^ miles southwest of Abilene on

Elm Creek, about 25 percent of the supply; Lake Kirby, 4 miles south of

Abilene on Cedar Creek, about 25 percent of the supply; Lake Fort Phantom

Hill, 12 miles north of Abilene in Jones County, on Elm Creek, 50 percent of

supply. 

Treatment: Lake Abilene and North Second Street (Fort Phantom Hill) plants:

prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and postchlorination. Lake Kirby plant: prechlorination, coagulation with

alum, sedimentation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Lake Abilene, 4, 000, 000 gpd; Lake Kirby,

4, 000, 000 gpd; North Second Street, 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1 earthen reservoir, 20,000,000 gal; Lake capacities:

Abilene, 3, 250, 000, 000 gal; Kirby, 3, 000, 000, 000 gal; Fort Phantom Hill,

25, 000, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 gal each; 3.standpipes,

85, 000, 250, 000, and 250, 000 gal; clear wells: Lake Abilene plant, 600, 000

gal; Lake Kirby plant, 500, 000 gal; and North Second Street plant, 2, 000, 000

gal.

Except in emergencies Lake Fort Phantom Hill supply is used throughout the year. 

Lake Abilene and Lake Kirby are used primarily in the summer months when 

demands are high.

Water from Lake Abilene flows by gravity to a 20, 000, 000 gal earthen tank, from 

whence it flows by gravity to the treatment plant, 1\ miles south of Abilene 

on Buffalo Gap Road. The finished water is pumped to the city and into the distribution system and elevated storage.

Water from Lake Kirby flows by gravity to the treatment plant, 1 mile south of 

Abilene. The finished water is pumped into the distribution system and elevated storage.

Water from Lake Fort Phantom Hill is pumped to the treatment plant on North 

Second Street and Cottonwood Street. The finished water is pumped into the 

distribution system and elevated storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCC^: 

Total......................

L. Abilene 

(raw 

water)

9.6

51 

15 

9.3 

5.1 

9 

192 

21 

15 

.2 

.0 

234

189 

17

L. Kirby 

(raw 

water)

5.5

44 

12 

13 

4.9 

12- 

178 

11 

9.0 

1.0 

.5 

209

159 

0

Lake Fort 

Phantom 

Hilla

6.0

46 

19 

52 

8.5 

12 

198 

52 

56 

.2 

.2 

360

193 

10

Lake Fort 

Phantom 

Hilla

1.2 

.05 

.00 

40 

23 

57 

8.0 

0 

236 

40 

65 

.3 

.2 

362

194 

1

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

0.8 

.09 

.00 

40 

23 

61 

6.8 

0 

234 

46 

66 

.3 

.0 

361

194 

3

a Raw water.
TEXAS 347

ABILENE, Analyses--Continued

Color ........................ PH ..............:.............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

L. Abilene 

(raw 

water)

407

Apr. 18,

1946

L. Kirby 

(raw 

water)

390

Apr. 18,

1946

Lake Fort 

Phantom 

Hill a

622

Apr. 19,

1946

Lake Fort 

Phantom 

Hill a

15

7

0

642

Jan. 18,

1952

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

7 1

640

Jan. 18,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

OoTir tiroi'oT'

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

190 

185

Max

230 

220

Min

165 

160

PH

Av

8.2

Max

8.4

Min

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

a Raw water. b Average of all three plants.

ALICE 

(Population, 16,449)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16, 750. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 5, 11, and 12), 2,068 (plugged 992 ft), 622, 647, 550, 900,

864, and 889 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 11Q to

430 gpm. The wells are pumped individually. 

Treatment: Periodic chlorination (for example, during floods in the area). Each

well is equipped with a chlorinating unit. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Pal Hum (Pa)

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate" (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Well 1 

[raw water]

29 

.02

23 

8.8 

333 

11 

0 

345 

196 

237 

1.0 

11 

1,030

94 

0

Well 2 

[raw water)

22 

.03

20 

8.1 

290 

9.9 

0 

353 

117 

214 

.9 

12 

876

84 

0

Well 3 

raw water)

18 

.05

43 

23 

398 

12 

0 

315 

165 

448 

.9 

22 

1,290

202 

0

Well 4 

[raw water)

25 

.05

42 

22 

313 

11 

0 

362 

115 

325 

2.1 

12 

1,090

196 

0

Well 5 

(raw water)

18 

.04

30 

17 

317 

10 

0 

358 

128 

289 

1.2 

12 

1,020

145 

0
348 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALICE, Analyses Continued

Color ........................

pH .............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1 

raw water]

7.2 

1,880

86 

Mar. 5, 

1945

1,076 

16-8 

1928

Well 2 

(raw water)

7.4 

1,630

85 

Mar. 5, 

1945

622 

5 

1938

Well 3 

jaw water)

7.4 

2,480

82 

Mar. 5, 

1945

647 

10 

1940

Well 4 

(raw water]

7.4 

2,070

81 

Mar. 5, 

1945

*550 

10 

1944

Well 5 

[raw water)

7.8 

1,740

. Sept. 27, 

1945

900 

16-8 

1945

AMARILLO 

(Population, 74,246)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 47 wells in several well fields southwest of the city of Amarillo in the 

northern section of Randall County. Palo Duro Field: 10 wells (1 to 10), each 

200 ft deep, with a reported average yield of 657 gpm; Greely: 7 wells (1 to 7), 

264 to 313 ft deep, with a reported average yield of 951 gpm; Bush: 6 wells 

(one unnumbered, and 1 to 5), 239 to 305 ft deep, with a reported average yield 

of 955 gpm; McDonald: 6 wells (1 to 6), 270 to 336 ft deep, and each reported 

to yield 750 gpm; Bassett; 2 wells (1 and 2), 265 and 280 ft deep, and each reported to yield 750 gpm; Brinkman: 1 well (1), 277 ft deep, and reported to 

yield 700 gpm; West-Tex: 6 wells (1 to 6), 260 to 300 ft deep, with a reported 

average yield of about 1,200 gpm; Sec. 98: 1 well (3), 273 ft deep, and reported 

to yield 980 gpm. (Data for the. remaining 8 wells, not reported).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of transmission plant: 23,300, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 ground storage reservoirs, 5,000,000 gal, each; 3 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 gal, each; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually to the transmission plant. The water is chlorinated at the transmission plant prior to going into the distribution system. 

The analyses selected are reasonably representative of the water furnished by the 

. wells.
TEXAS 349

AMARILLO Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Palo Duro 

Well 1

Palo Duro 

Well 6

Greeley 

Well 1

Bush 

Well 4

Bush 

Well 5

Silica (SiOg)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg)..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total......................

Noncarbonate . . 

61

.02

58

62

36

4.2

0

440

84

16

3.6

3.8

530

400

39

65

.04

32

39

37

4.0

0

320

35

12

3.2

3.2

386

240

0

80 

.0

32

43

25

8.0

0

328

34

7.0

3.2

2.8

372

257

0

67 

.0

58

26

24

6.0

0

288

50

9.0

2.4

3.5

382

252

16

.07

36

41

14

3.8

0

294

28

10

3.0

2.5

390

258

18

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C.) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F.)........

Date of collection ........

7.6 

79B

Dec. 11, 

1947

7.8

586

Dec. 11, 

1947

7.6

584

June 23, 

1948

7.4

534

June 23, 

1948

7. a 

561

Dec. 11, 

1947

McDonald 

Well 1

Bassett 

Well 2

Brinkman 

Well 1

West-Tex 

Well 1

Silica (SiOj) ...........

Iron (Fe)................

Manganese (Mn)......

Calcium (Ca)..........

Magnesium (Mg) .....

Sodium (Na)............

Potassium (K) ........

Carbonate (COJ ......

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. 

Sulfate (SO4) ...........

Chloride (Cl)..........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,)..........

Dissolved solids .....

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

66

.06

35

35

28

3.8

0

298

26

10

3.2

3.8

350

232

0

56

.06

54

33

7.1

3.4

0

300

23

8.0

2.2

3.8

341

270

24

62 

.0

48

27

16

9.2

0

294

25

4.1

2.8

2.8

341

231

0

65

.08

39

33

26

4.8

0

296

37

7.0

2.4

1.8

351

233

0

Color.........................

pH.............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C,) 

Turbidity....................

Temperature (F.)........

Date of collection.........

7.7

529

Dec. 11, 

1947

7.6

529

Dec. 11, 

1947

7.4

511

June 23, 

1B48

7.8

549

64

June 18, 

1951
350 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AUSTIN 

(Population, 132,459)

Ownership: Municipal; the city furnishes about 18,000 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 150,500.

Source: Colorado River.

Treatment: Coagulation with iron salts (ferrous sulfate), softening with lime, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 32,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 ground reservoir, 10,000,000gal; 1 ungergroundreservoir, 2,000,000 gal; clear well, 4,000,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the river to the treatment plant, located nearby within 

the city limits. The finished water is pumped to the distribution system and 

storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ).......... .

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Colorado River 

(raw water ) a

11

41 

14

\ 34

/

0

"ICO

ou

48

. £t

1.4

 | Cf\

27

464

__

Raw water

L£t

no

nn

40

1 a

/ f 44

\ o C

0

1 R4

OQ

crj

9Q7

 1 ea

40

0

8

(\

KOQ

0

Sept. 4-30, 1951

Finished 

water

K 4

.00

.00

11

14

47

Of)

17

41

CO

q

0

99f|

oc

38

K

Q 7

419 411

CO

Feb. 29, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

134 

46

Max

153 

51

Min

130 

41

PH

Av

8.0 

9.9

Max

8.4 

10.3

Min

7.6 

9.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

161 

71

Max

168 

78

Min

156 

68

Turbidity

Av

14 

2

Max

900 

2

Min

10 

2

a Weighted average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for the 

water year October 1949 to September 1950.
TEXAS 351

BAYTOWN 

(Population, 22,983)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies the town of Cedar Bayou. Total population

supplied, about 24, 500. 

Source: 6 wells (Baytown 1 to 6), 410, 448, 485, (depth not reported), 563, and

468 ft deep» The yield of the wells is reported to be 900, 1, 000, 650, 750,

585, and 200 gpm. Emergency supplies can be obtained from the supply of the

Humble Oil and Refining Co. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the wells. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water: 880, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into ground storage tanks, from which the water 

is pumped into the distribution system. Overhead storage tanks for pressure 

equalization are "floated" on the distribution system.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled ...................

Percent of supply ...........

Baytown Well 

1 (raw 

water)

26

9Q

.00

10

«J C

.8

0

461

0

174

1 9

.0

733

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total ....... ........... ..

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Baytown Well 

1 (raw 

water)

40

0

10

7.6

1,270

Nov. 27,

1951

410

13-6 5/8

1942

BEAUMONT 

(Population, 94,014)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Neches River. The water is diverted by open canal from 2 intakes. The 

lower intake (Bunn's Bluff) is 8 miles upstream from the turning basin in 

Beaumont; the upper intake (Weiss 1 Bluff) is 21 miles upstream. The upper 

intake is only used when salt water from Sabine Lake moves upstream to the 

Bunn's Bluff intake.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir and elevated tanks, 7, 500,000 gal.

There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. The 

analyses of the raw water at Evadale about 20 miles upstream from Beaumont 

are essentially representative of the raw water diverted for the supply.
352 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BE AUMONT C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

.Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ...... ..........

Sulfate (SQJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH. ......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

TTpTY'irWST'QfrllY'O (V \

Neches River 

at Evadale a 

(raw water)

16

6

f*

3

f*

y "

0

90

19

18

.0

.9

01

15

115

1 Q^O TirafpT* VPEl T*

Neches River 

at Evadale 

(raw water)"

97

C7

i.£t

4.6

(

QQ

.4

0

66

8.8

50

o

.8

174

4Q

0

60

7.0

295

Sept. 1-13, 15-

20, 1951

Finished 

water

17

.06

.00

& i

0 0

41

1.6

0

46

OK

60

. 1

.2

66

28

10

7.0

360

Nov 97 1QS1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

25 

30

Max

60 

60

Min

7 

20

pH

Av

6.7 

8.4

Max

7.8 

9.0

Min

6.3 

8.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40 

60

Max

60 

80

Min

20 

55

Turbidity

Av

35 

.35

Max

350 

1

Min

14 

0

1 Weighted average of analyses of 10-day comppsites of daily samples for the 

water year October 1949 to September 1950.

b Composite of daily samples Sept. 1-13, 15-20, 1951.

BELLAIRE 

(Population, 10,173)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells, ranging in depths from 1,102 to 1, 649 ft in the Lissie-Willis

water-bearing formation. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the wells. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into ground storage tanks, 

tanks the. water is pumped into the distribution system.

From the storage
TEXAS 353

BELL AIRE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCy ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ......'.... ........

Date drilled .......:..........

Dot*p£»nt" f\f Qnnn 1x7

Well 4 

(raw water)

1 Q

. U£

.00

9.2

. i 

114

0

274

9

0

1C

328

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well 4 

(raw water)

AD 

0

. u

KOK

Nov. 20,

1*731

1,634 

on 1 n 3

1950

BIG SPRING 

(Population, 17,286)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 persons outside the city limits, 

and the Big Spring Air Force Base. Total population supplied, in excess of 

20,300.

Source: 26 wells in 4 well fields, about 50 percent of supply;PowellLake, capacity 

1,461 acre-ft, on Powell Branch Creek 12 miles southwest of Big Spring, about 

50 percent of the supply. Well fields: City Park: 2 wells, 273 and 283 ft deep, 

2. 8 miles south of the City Hall; O'Barr: 7 wells, 125 to 255 ft deep, 22 miles 

south of the city in Glasscock County; Section 17: 10 wells, 121 to 260 ft deep, 

about 3 miles southwest of the City Hall; Section 33: 7 wells, 223 to 316 ft 

deep, about 5. 7 miles southeast of the City Hall. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Moss Lake on Moss Ranch Creek.

Treatment: Surface water: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. Wells: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 4 reservoirs, three, 1, 000,000 gal each, and one, 

200, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 200,000 gal.

The water is pumped from Powell Lake to the treatment plant in Big Spring. The 

finished water from the treatment plant is pumped into one of the reservoirs. 

The wells pump as a unit in each well field to a chlorinator station at City Park, 

where the water is chlorinated. The water from the chlorinator station and the 

treatment plant is pumped into the reservoir containing the smallest amount of 

water at the time. The water is pumped from the reservoirs into the distribution system and elevated tank.
354 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BIG SPRING Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) . ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )...... 

Sulfate (SO,) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

City Park 

Field 

well 4

u

. Irx

100

10

OQ

. o

0 

294

46 

44

1.0

5 7

4nQ

£t\3\J

50

7 9

690

Aiitr 91

1947

283

12

1926

O'Barr 

Field 

well 1

15

. u^

*7 

£t\J

11

. o

0 

318

&&

OC

. u

QCQ

O i C

Ob

7 9

644

Aug. 22,

1947

- 129

12

1943

O' Barr 

Field 

well 4

AO

. Uo

.00

70

Id

OO

0 

251

ou

Q Q

1.0

6

£»

 3RD

OOQ

£tft

0

7.4

604

ArtT* OQ

1952

255

12

1944

Section 

17 

well 9

17

. \r±

*7 

6

t\

4.0

0 

268

It7

on

.0

5

0

 3 no

OR4.

ort

7.1

506

Aug. 22,

1947

121

6

1926

Section 

33 

well 54

i a

.06

00

8

0

It7

4.7

0

244

OK

40

1 9

5

n

QOC

OC4.

J^

7 9

558

Ann- O9

1947

303

10-8

1934

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Moss Lake 

(raw water)

ou 

9 1

"H Q K

\ 3.0

' 0

105

2

2.0

.2

114

84

0

Powell Lake 

(raw water)

7.1

.10

d&

f 4>1 / 19

\ \ 1 R

8

116

3.8

10

.2

.0

130

97

0

Finished 

water3-

1Q

.0

1 O

11

o.n

.4

0

275

31

30

.6

5.0

346

240

14

aReservoir, composite sample.
1EXAS 355

BIG SPRING, Analyses - -C ontinued

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Moss Lake 

(raw water)

Aug. 9, 1945

Powell Lake 

(raw water)

Aug..

225 

21, 1947

Finished 

water a

0

7.5

587 

Mar. 29, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

106 

99

Max

124 

120

Min

72 

72

PH

Av

8.1 

7.9

Max

8.5 

8.1

Min

7.6 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

67

Max

300

Min

25

aReservoir, composite sample.

BORGER 

(Population 18,059)

Ownership: Phillips Petroleum Co.

Source: Swells (1 to 8), 410, 384, 371, 376, 495, 535, 403, and 459 ft deep, at 

the Plains Water Station in Carson County 13 miles southwest of Borger. The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 700 to 800 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 10, 000 gal.

The Phillips Petroleum Co. pumps the water from the well field through two 12-in. 

lines to the city limits from which point it is distributed by the city.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

28

04

46

on

04

7.6

oo .

904

24

18

.4 *

0 K

294 .

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(composite)

0

8.0

444

Nov. 17,

1947
356 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BROWNSVILLE 

(Population, 36,066)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36, 500. City also supplies Port of Brownsville, Carthage Hydrocal Plant, and International Airport outside the city 

limits.

Source: Rio Grande.

Treatment: (Both plants) Plain sedimentation, aeration (spray), prechlorination, 

coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, activated carbon at times for 

odor and taste control, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Use of 

copper sulfate at times in reservoir.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Plant 1: 5,000,000 gpd; plant 2: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 180 acres, average depth, 8 ft.

Finished-water storage: 3,150,000 gal.

The raw water source is the same for both treatment plants. The water for plant 

2 flows through a concrete lined canal to the plant. There is considerable 

variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the year.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(Plant 2)

1Q

no

.00

72 

91

\ 126

r 0

138

184 165'

.6

2

n

652

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Nonoarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. ).............,........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(Plant 2)

O£C

1 KO

10

7.4

' I, 100

Oct. 22,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water a . ......

Finished water a.

Finished water b,.

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

144 

142

151 

148

Max

220 

212

214 

204

Min

90 

82

90 

86

pH

AV

8.1 

7.9

7.9 

7.7

Max

8.3 

7.9

8.0 

7.8

Min

7.9

7.7

7.5 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

279 

282

303 

294

Max

480 

410

470 

450

Min'

130

140

180 

150

Turbidity

Av

126 

0

66 

0

Max

450 

0

140 

0

Min

40 

0

25 

0

1. 

bPlant 2.
TEXAS 357

BROWNWOOD 

(Population, 20,181)

Ownership: Municipal and Brown County Water Improvement District; supplies

also about 5,000 persons outside the city limits. Total population supplied,

about 25, 200. 

Source: Pecan Bayou and Jim Ned Creek impounded in Lake Brownwood (capacity

137,300 acre-ft to emergency spillway), 9 miles north of Brownwood. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, approximately 9, 800, 000 and 6, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4 ground storage tanks: two 1,000,000 gal each, 500,000,

and 250, 000 gal.

The water from Lake Brownwood flows approximately 7 miles through an open 

canal to the larger of the storage reservoirs; from this reservoir to the smaller one, and then to the treatment plant. The finished water is pumped to two 

1, 000, 000 gal ground storage tanks. From this point the city is responsible 

for the distribution of the water. It flows by gravity from the two 1, 000, 000 

gal tanks into the distribution system and the two smaller ground storage tanks.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)... ......... ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CQJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).................

Sulfate (SO^........... ...............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

TlOTYiriOY.Qf1 llT*O /TT \

Raw water

7.0

.0

OQ

7.0

90

11

0

17

07

.1

.2

195

124

15

8.0

358

Sept. 21, 1948

Raw water

0

21

113

9

10

8.2

293

70

May 2, 1952

Finished 

water

°, 0

.05

.00

40

5

K

11

1 ?

0

ion

12

oq

.1

.2

170

122

16

5

7.8

302

Jan. 17, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

102 

100

Max

110 

108

Min

98 

96

PH

Av

8.1 

7.5

Max

8.4

7.7

Min

8.0 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

134 

131

Max

150 

146

Min

120 

120

Turbidity

Av

25 

.3

Max

170 

2

Min

12 

.2
358 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BRYAN 

(Population, 18,102)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 150 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 18, 250.

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8), about 3^ miles northwest of the city limits. Auxiliary or 

emergency supply can be obtained from A & M College, College Station, Tex. 

The wells are 557, 523, 498,.677, 584, 499, 536, and 554 ft deep, respectively, and are reported to yield 261, 315, 346, 424, 582, 510, 402, and 402 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (air diffusion) and chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping plant: 3, 600, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Underground reservoir, 500, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoir, 3,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 

400, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into an underground reservoir at the well field, 

the water being aerated as it enters the reservoir, chlorinated as it leaves the 

reservoir to be pumped to a larger underground reservoir in the city where it 

is pumped into the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CQJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total............................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) .......................

Date drilled.......................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

16 

.05

1.5 >'"..2

163 

2.4 

16 

.2 

.0 

188

5 

0

8.2

Nov. 10,1942

498 

16-8 5/8 

1939

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

15 

.25

2. 1 

.5

192

22 

392 

1.6 

45 

.3 

.2 

474

7 

0

8.2

79 

Nov. 10, 1942

677 

16-8 5/8 

1939

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

19 

.10

1.7 

.2

69

11 

137 

1.5 

16 

.0 

.0 

184

5 

0 .

8.1 

'280

Aug. 23,1943

584 

16-8 5/8 

1943

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

17 

. 12 

.00 

.4 

.3

{ ll \ .8

0 

152 

.1 

22 

.0 

.2 

181

2 

0

20

7.7

298 

Oct. 22, 1951

;;
TEXAS 359

CLEBURNE 

(Population, 17,600)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 800 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,400. 

Source: 7 wells (1, and 3 to 8), 1,100, 950, 935, 1,274, 1,206, 1,250, and 1,258

ft deep. Wells 1, 3, 4, and 6 are at pumping plant, about 200 yd from the City

Hall; well 5, on North Cranberry St; well 7, on West Henderson St; and well 8,

on Huron and Ramsey Sts.

Treatment: Filtration through sand traps and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir-, 1,250,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks,

500,000 and 110,000 gal.

The wells pump into sand traps; the water HOWS by gravity through the sand traps 

to clear wells where it is chlorinated , and from which it is pumped into the 

distribution system, elevated tanks, and underground reservoir. Wells 5, 7, 

and 8 operate individually; wells 1, 3, 4, and 6 operate as a unit, the water 

being pumped to a common sand trap and chlorinator.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) ..................;..

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Percent of suoolv ...............

Wells 

[raw water)*

17 

.01 

.00 

2.2 

1.1 

231

6 

400 

106 

39 

1.0 

1.8 

606

10 

0

0 

8.5

983

80 

Feb. 28, 

1952

--

Well 3 

(raw water)

13 

.02

2.3 

1.2 

231 

6.4 

26 

361 

102 

52 

.3 

.0 

599

10 

0

8.8

Feb. 11, 

1943

950 

8 

1913

Well 4 

(raw water)

14 

.01 

.00 

1.8 

1.2 

231 

1.2 

3 

410 

109 

34 

1.1 

1.5 

602

10 

0

0 

8.3

983

80 

Feb. 28, 

1952

935 

8i-6

1940

Well 6 

(raw water)

14 

.0

1.8 

1.1 

222 

14 

24 

370 

104 

39 

1.2 

1.5 

613

9 

0

8.6 

979

79 

Mar.7, 

1949

1,206 

22-85/8 

1941

aComposite sample, wells 1, 4, and 6.
360 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CORPUS CHRISTI 

(Population, 108,287)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 15, 000 persons outside the city limits, 

and the town of Clarkwood. Total population supplied, about 123, 600.

Source: Nueces River impounded in Lake Corpus Christi near Mathis, Tex., about 

35 miles from Corpus Christi. Water is fed from the storage reservoir to a 

low water reservoir at Calallen, Tex. by the Nueces River. Wells are used as 

an auxiliary or emergency supply. The wells are pumped individually into the 

Nueces River, the water flowing down the river into Lake Corpus Christi.

Treatment: Prechlorination, partial softening with lime, primary sedimentation, 

primary coagulation with alum, sedimentation, secondary coagulation with 

alum, sedimentation, fluoridation with sodium fluoride, aeration, rapid sand 

filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 45,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Corpus Christi, 11,405,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 10, 000, 000 gal, each; elevated tanks, 18, 750,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the low water reservoir to the treatment plant at Calallen which is 16 miles from Corpus Christi. The finished water is pumped, 

in part, directly to the distribution system and elevated tanks, and part to two 

underground reservoirs in Corpus Christi,

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the year. 

The dissolved solids for the period October 1947 to September 1950 ranged 

from a maximum of 548 ppm to a minimum of 175 ppm.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe)..:...... ..................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SOJ ......................

Chloride,(Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOg) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Nueces R. 

near Mathis 

(raw water)a

22

44

5.3

42

0

168

91

39

.2

1.3

280

132

0

452

__

Oct. 1949, to

Sept. 1950

Nueces R. 

near Mathis 

(raw water)

22

.00

.00

40

3.6

/ 35

X 7.6

0

142

30

.3

3.0

251

115

0

25

7.6

383 

0

Oct. 1-31,

1951

Finished 

water (city 

tap)

15

.00

.00

38

4.5

58

9.2

0

94

70

69

1.2

.2

319

114

36

10

7.2

530

__

Nov. 21,

1951

Well 

(raw water) ^

30

.19

3.6

.7

244

2.0

0

504

GC

44

.6

.0

675

12

0

8. 1

1,010

138

Mar. 14,

1951

a Weighted average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for the 

'water year October 1949 to September 1950.

b At Campbellton (one of emergency wells) owned by Lower Nueces River 

Water Supply District. Depth of well, 4,130 ft.
TEXAS 361

CORPUS CHRISTI Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 c

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3 

(ppto)

Av

179 

132

Max

198 

138

Min

158 

104

PH

Av

8.1 

7.8

Max

8.6 

8.0

Min

8.0 

7.4

Hardness

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

168 

135

Max

190 

162

Min

120 

106

Turbidity

Av

40

Max

75

Min

24

c Month of January.

CORSICANA 

(Population, 19,211)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 220 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19,400.

Source: Elm Creek impounded in Lake Halbert, approximately 13i miles southeast of Corsicana, about 63 percent of the supply; Chambers Creek, intake 

approximately 150 ft south of bridge on State Highway 31, about 37 percent of 

the supply.

Treatment; Aeration (cascades), prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime 

and soda ash at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Use at times of activated carbon for odor and taste control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Halbert capacity, 2,281, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 370, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

400, 000 and 200, 000 gal.

Water is pumped from Chambers Creek into Lake Halbert, and is used approximately 9 months of the year when demand is greatest. From Lake Halbert the 

water flows by gravity to the treatment plant, just below the dam. The fini- . 

shed water is pumped to the distribution system and to the elevated tanks.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ...............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).................

Sulfate (SOJ....... ....................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color...................................

PH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake Halbert 

(raw water)

8.8

.01

.00

cn

10

46

.8

0

141

141

oq

1.0

2.0

387

203

88

10

7.6

602

53

Feb. 28, 1952

Chambers 

Creek 

(raw water)

1"S

19

.00

4^

q q

64

.4

0

199

88

41

.7

3.0

358

121

12

15

7.4

534

CO

Feb. 28, 1952

Finished 

water

9 4

.01

.00

£O

11

47

2.8

0

150

36

1.0

.5

384

200

100

0

7/6

617

53

Feb. 28, 1952
362 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DALLAS 

(Population, 434,462)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 persons outside the city limits, 

Arcadia Park, and Cockrell Hill. Total population supplied, about 442,900.

Source: Lake Dallas, about 30 miles north-northwest of Dallas in Denton County 

on Elm Fork Trinity River, furnishes approximately 99 percent of the supply; 

6 wells, 1,260to 2,690 ft deep, located at various points within the city limits 

furnishes approximately 1 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supplies 

can be obtained from White Rock Lake and Bachman Lake.

Treatment: Bachman Plant: softening with lime, addition of activated carbon for 

odor and taste control, coagulation with iron salts (ferric sulfate), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. Elm Fork Plant: 

softening with lime, addition of activated carbon for odor and taste control, 

primary coagulation, primary sedimentation, secondary coagulation, secondary sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. Wells, 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Bachman Plant, 100,000,000 gpd; Elm Fork 

Plant, 96, OOD, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Dallas (capacity, 63,215,000,000 gal).

Finished-water storage: 2 ground storage tanks, 14,000,000 and 21,000, 000 gal; 

elevated tanks, 4,000,000, 2,000,000, two 1,000,000 gal each, 500,000, 

200,000, and 50,000 gal; clear wells: Elm Fork Plant, 14,000,000 gal; Bachman Plant, 10,000,000 gal.

Released water from Lake Dallas flows down the Elm Fork Trinity River through 

the city of Dallas. The intake to the Elm Fork plant is located on the river 

directly west of the treatment plant at Carrollton, Tex. The water is pumped 

to the treatment plant, flows through the treatment plant and is pumped to the 

north city limits of Dallas. At the c\ty limits part of the water is diverted to 

the north section of Dallas, supplying that area. The water that is not diverted 

flows to, and enters, the distribution system from the Bachman Treatment 

Plant which supplies that area of Dallas south of the plant.

The intake to the Bachman Plant is located on the Elm Fork Trinity River southwest of the Bachman Treatment Plant. The water flows by gravity from the 

river to the treatment plant, through the plant, and is pumped into the distribution system and storage.

The wells are pumped individually. The water is chlorinated at the well and is 

pumped directly into the distribution system and elevated tanks. The well supply will be abandoned, except well 39, as soon as those areas now served by 

the wells can be connected to the Dallas system.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl)....... ..............

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,:- 

Total............................

Noncarbonate .................

Well 39 

(raw 

water)

22 

.02 

.00 

6.0 

2.2 

385 

.8 

0 

542 

259 

95 

1.8 

.5 

1,040

24 

0

Raw 

water

6.0 

.01 

.00 

54 

6.3 

35 

.4 

0 

169 

35 

43 

.3 

.8 

277

161 

22

Finished water

Bachman 

Plant

6.4 

.01 

.00 

19 

4.4 

35 

1.2 

9 

20 

49 

46 

.3 

.5 

186

66 

34 

Elm Fork 

Plant

4.8 

.01 

.00 

19 

4.4 

35 

1.6 

13 

14 

47 

45 

.3 

.5 

183

66 

32
TEXAS 363

DALLAS, Analyses --Continued

Color. ...;... .......................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) .......................

Diameter (inches)...............

Date drilled ......................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 39 

(raw 

water)

0 

8.2

1,650

112 

Mar. 27, 1952

2,690 

18-8 

1938

Raw 

water

0 

7.9

481

54 

Mar. 29, 1952

Finished 'water

Bachman 

Plant

9.3 

334

53 

Mar. 29, 1952

--

Elm Fork 

Plant

9.6 

329

52 

Mar. 29, 1952

~~

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 a

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

143 

39

Max

197 

63

Min

78 

25

pH

Av

8.1 

10.4

Max

8.5 

10.8

Min

7.2 

10.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

159 

67

Max

232 

137

Min

78 

44

Turbidity

Av

118 

.27

Max

2250 

2.0

Min

17 

0.0

aBachman Plant.

DEL RIO 

(Population, 14,211)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: San Felipe Spring, in northeastern Del Rio on municipal golf course

grounds, 0.3 mile north of U. S. Highway 90. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 gal each.

The water is pumped directly from the spring into the distribution system and 

elevated tanks. It is chlorinated at the pumps.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonale (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

San Felipe 

Spring 

(raw water)

14

.0

.00

74 

8.1

6

/\

.0

0

OC1

5.8

Q *>

o

7 9

254

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

.Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

San Felipe 

Spring 

(raw water)

218

12

0

7.6

448

__

__

Mar. 26,

1952
364 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DENISON 

(Population, 17,504)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 500 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21, 000. 

Source: Lake Randall, approximately 4f miles northwest of Denison on Shawnee

Creek, furnishes 100 percent of the supply except in emergencies. Auxiliary

or emergency supply, Lake Texoma. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with ferric sulfate, softening with lime,

ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Randall, capacity 1, 760,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank, 1, 000, 000 gal; clear well, 750, 000 gal.

The water is pumped from Lake Randall to the treatment plant. The finished

water from the plant is pumped into the distribution system and elevated storage tank at the north city limits.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

o c

.01

.00

47

6

C

10

1 9

0 

146

OO

00

9

2

193

Finished 

water

9 o

.0

.00

iq

" & 

14

1 2

0

70

00

18

o

g

123

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK ft \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.}...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

144

24

K

7.5

333

Feb. 15,

1952

Finished 

water

68

10

7.4

917

Feb. 15,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant'

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

__

Min

__

pH

Av

7.4 

8.6

Max

__

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

82 

71

Max

--

Min

--

Temperature

(°F.)

Av

'--

Max

72 

68

Min

38 

45

aAverage of analyses made by State Health Department over a period of many 

years.
TEXAS 365

DENTON 

(Population, 21,372)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21, 600. 

Source: 9 wells (3 to 11), 1,160, 1,134, 1,140, 1,027, 1,153, 1,209, 1,218,

1, 202, and 1, 009 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to range from

325 to 480 gpm. Wells 3 to 6 are at various points within the city limits. The

remaining wells are 1 to 2 miles east of the city limits. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 ground reservoir, 1, 000, 000 gal; 6 ground storage

tanks: four, 100, 000 gal each and two, 50, 000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks,

2,000,000, 360,000, and 250,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually, the water being chlorinated at each well except that from wells 3 and 4, which is chlorinated as the water is pumped into 

storage. The water from all of the wells is first pumped into storage :Erom 

which it is pumped into the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geolo

Silica (SiOj,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ........:......

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... . 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 3 

(raw water^

13

2.2 

1.0

\ 227

31 

336 

121 

33

3.0 

610

10 

0

956

Dec. 3, 

1948

1,160 

10|-8 1 

1926

Well 4 

(raw water)

12

'2.4 

1.2

235

35 

390 

106 

23

1.2 

635

11 

0

989

Dec. 3, 

1948

1, 134, 

13-10 

1934

Well 5a

21 

.01 

.00 

1.4

/ 193 

V 1.6 

14 

339 

90 

21 

.3 

.0 

518

7 

0

0 

8.6

830

78 

Mar. 26, 

1952

1,140 

10f-8| 

1940

gical Survey)

Well? 

(raw water)

10

2.0 

.9

\ 187

20 

294 

102 

23

1.2 

506

8 

0

804

Dec. 3, 

1948

.1,153 

13 5/8 

1945

Well 9 

(raw water)

12

.8 

.7

229

41 

314 

130 

28

1.8 

604

5 

0

954

Dec. 3, 

1948

1,218 

13 3/8 

1947

Chlorinated water.
366 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EDINBURG 

(Population, 12,383)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Rio Grande. The water is conducted from the river by canal, for a distance of 20' miles, to the city.

Treatment: Aeration (cascades), coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, 

sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. Activated carbon is used at times for 

odor and taste control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 8, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3 elevated tanks, 710, 000 gal.

There is a considerable variation in the chemical composition of the raw water 

throughout the year. Extremes for the water year 1945-46, analyses of 10-day 

composites of daily samples collected near Mission, Texas: dissolved solids, 

284 and 1,260 ppm; hardness, 153 and 498 ppm.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

83 

17

\ 92

0 

161 

186 

106

1.2

574

Finished 

water

15 

.11

85 

16 

/88 

\ 7.4 

0 

149 

193 

108 

.4 

1.8 

615

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

277 

145

Aug. 3, 

1945

Finished 

water

278 

156

7.4 

949

Aug. 3, 

1945

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

-

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

157

115

Max

235

155

Min

80

75

PH

Av

8 0

7.9

Max

8.3

8.1

Min

7.6

7.6

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

375

Max

550

Min

200

Turbidity

Av

160

Max

290

Min

25
TEXAS 367

EL PASO 

(Population, 130,485)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 000 people in the Sunrise Acres addition, outside the city limits, and Fort Bliss with standby fire line. Total 

population supplied, about 131,500.

Source: 19 wells in 4 well fields: Mesa (north of Fort Bliss), Montana (Central 

El Paso), Downtown (southwest El Paso, near the Rio Grande), shallow well 

field (at surface water treatment plant along canal); and the Rio Grande. The 

wells furnish approximately 46 percent of the total supply. The shallow wells 

are about 50 ft deep, and the deeper wells range in depth from 425 to 1,055 ft.

Treatment: Well water: chlorination at the wells; surface supply: screening, grit 

removal, prechlorination, aeration by forced air, primary settling, coagulation with alum or ferric sulfate, softening with lime (and soda ash at times), 

activated carbon for taste and odor control as required, settling, reflocculation, 

settling, recarbonation, chlorination, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 19, 700, 000 gpd for well water; 15,000, 000 gpd 

for river water.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 7 ground reservoirs, 70, 000, 000 gal; elevated tank:, 

50, 000 gal.

The water from the Rio Grande is brought to the treatment plant by canal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)... ........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ...... ......

Chilfata fftn \ ..

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Mesa Well 

Field 

(composite)

39 

.0

32 

13

\ 88

0 

189 

68 

63 

1.1 

7.5 

405

134 

0

5 

7.9

665

Apr. 9, 

1951

--

Montana 

Field . Well 4

34

49 

18

173

0 

160 

58 

268 

.7 

1.0 

688

196 

66

7.6 

1,250

May 31, 

1950

882 

24 

1924

Downtown 

Field 

Well 14

34

26 

10 

/ 138 

X 1.6 

0 

170 

70 

139

.0 

503

106 

0

7.9 

867

June 13, 

1951

703 

36 

1937

Rio Grande 

(finished 

water)

21 

.06

32 

16 

197 

4.0 

0 

45 

292 

175 

.5 

.0 

788

146 

109

7.3 

1,270

June 13, 

1951

;:.
368 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EL PASO--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

216 

46

Max

258 

68

Min

182 

33

PH

Av Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

345 

159

Max

414 

215

Min 290" 

135

Turbidity

Av

-~

Max

--

Min

--

FORT WORTH 

(Population, 278,778)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 279,300. There are several private water companies'which supply areas within the city and in the suburbs. The two largest 

suppliers are the Worth Water Co., which supplies a population of about 2,000, 

and the Texas Water Co.

Source: 3 lakes: Lake Worth, Eagle Mountain Lake, and Lake Bridgeport, on West 

Fork Trinity River, about 9 miles west of Fort Worth, about 18 miles northwest of Fort Worth, and about 4 miles northwest of Bridgeport, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration (spray), coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 79,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Worth, capacity, 9,339,000,000 gal; Eagle Mountain

Lake, capacity, 68, 755,000,000 gal; Lake Bridgeport, capacity, 95,148,000,000 

gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 5,000,000 and 4, 500,000 gal; 

8 elevated tanks: two 1,000,000 gal each, three 500, OOt) gal each, one 

2,000,000 gal, one 1, 500,000 gal, and one 100,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 330,000 

gal; and clear wells, 10,000 X 000 gal.

The three lakes are in series, Lake Bridgeport spilling into Eagle Mountain Lake 

and Eagle Mountain Lake spilling into Lake Worth. Valves are maintained at 

the dams of each of the upper lakes allowing water to flow when necessary 

down the West Fork Trinity River into Lake Worth. The intake is at Lake 

Worth dam, the water flowing by gravity to the treatment plant. The finished 

water is pumped from the clear wells into the distribution system, elevated 

tanks, and underground reservoirs.
TEXAS 369

FORT WORTH Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COa) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg)... ..........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Nnn f* a T*VVHI at f*

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos.at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Lake Worth 

(raw 

water)

5.6 

.05 

.00 

43 

7.8 

18 

.8 

0 

161 

17 

23 

.4 

.2 

197

139

7

7.9 

363

52 

Mar. 31, 

1952

__

Eagle Mt. 

Lake (raw 

water)

5.6 

.01 

.00 

40 

7.3 

17 

1.2 

0 

151 

15 

21 

.3 

.5 

182

130 

6

5 

7.7

335

62 

Apr. 2, 

1952

Finished 

water

4.4 

.01 

.00 

45 

7.7 

19 

1.6 

0 

158 

22 

25 

.3 

.5 

203

144 

14

7.6 

374

Mar. 27, 

1952

Well a 

(chlorinated)

13 

.18

2.0 

.9 

313 

8.4 

14 

502 

156 

68 

1.8 

1.8 

817

8 

0

8.5 

1,350

76 

June 9, 

1949

1,000 

1947

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

120

117

Max

128

123

Min

11?,

113

PH

Av

R ?,

7.8

Max

8 4

8.2

Min

7 9

7.5

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

m

130

Max

m

136

Min

101

107

Turbidity

Av

?A

0

Max

37

0'

Min

10

0

aTexas Water Co.
370 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GAINESVILLE 

(Population, 11,246)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5) 864, 931, 1,025, and 953 ft deep. 

Treatment: None.

Storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 500,000 gal each; 2 elevated tanks, 250, )00 

and 100,000 gal; 1 ground reservoir, 50,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOg) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH... ................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 2

13 

.16

2.4 

1.0 

196 

1.9 

48 

386 

31 

5.0 

.2 

1.2 

487

10 

0

8.6 

804

March, 

1944

864 

10-8 

1912

Well 2

28 

412

6

6 

0

8.9 

805

65 

June 4, 

1952

864 

10-8 

1912

Well 3

10 

.02

3.6 

1.0 

194 

3.0 

26 

340 

31 

58 

.2 

1.0 

536

13 

0

7.8 

869

69 

Feb. 25, 

1944

931

1 c 1 nl

1931

Well 4

9.2 

.01

2.3 

.6 

170 

3.1 

32 

348 

26 

10 

.2 

1.2 

442

8 

L 0

7.9 

730

Feb. 25, 

1944

1,025 

18 5/fc-lof 

1937
TEXAS 371

GALVESTON 

(Population, 66,568)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5, 300 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 71, 900.

Source: 13 wells (1 to 13), in and extending north and south of Alta Loma, approximately 20 miles northwest of the city of Galveston. Well 14 has not been connected with the system; The depths of the wells range from 764 to 888 ft. 

Wells 9 to 13 are pumped continuously and wells 1, 2, 6, and 7 are usually 

pumped. Additional demand is met by placing wells 3, 4, 5, and 8 in service.

Treatment: Chlorination and addition of polyphosphate at the Alta Loma pumping 

plant for scaling and corrosion control. Rechlorinationat59thand30thStreets 

pumping plants upon pumping into the distribution system.

Rated capacity of pumping plant (Alta Loma): 18, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 1,763,000, 1,777,000, and 3,812,000 gal; 

2 reservoirs, 2, 994, 000 gal each; 2 reservoirs, 2, 752, 000 gal each; 2 reservoirs, 3,416,000 gal each; and 1 standpipe, 625,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the wells, as a unit, to the pumping station at Alta Loma, 

where additional head is obtained to pump the water under Galveston Bay to 

Galveston Island to two pumping stations,at 59th Street and 30th Street, from 

which the water is pumped into the storage reservoirs, standpipe, and the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. 'Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

99

4.4

\ 308

0

338 

2

328

QCJO

7«j

0

1,570

July 11,

1947

840

19

1Q14

Well 8 

(raw 

water)

CJ4.

11

545

0

338 

2

770

i CKA

180

0

2,870

July 11,

1947

884

20

1935

Well 9 

(raw 

water)

OQ

17

7 "i

257

0

339

9 1

91^0

o

79Q

74

0

7 Q

1,320

May 9,

1949

764

18 5/8

1942

Well 13 

(raw 

water)

17

5

/j

245

0

348

0

990

CCJQ

cc

0

1,170

Nov. 10,

1947

810

18 5/8

1942

Finished 

water

01

,00

°,0

q 7

351

0

336 

1.0

4.99

q

o K

1,010

115

0

8

n

1,830

May 11,

1951

__

__
372 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GARLAND 

(Population, 10,571)

Ownership: Munic ipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 2,303, 2,318, 3,633, and 3, 680 ft deep, located at different points within the city limits. The yield of the wells is reported to be 173, 

278, 500, and 1,060 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (cascades) and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 150, 000 and 75,000 gal; 2 ground reservoirs, 500, 000 and 315, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually, the water being chlorinated at each well. The 

water is aerated, primarily for cooling, as it flows into the ground reservoirs, 

from which it is pumped into the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

.Well 3 

(raw 

water)

25 

.02

3.9 

.9 

425 

12 

25 

468 

370 

97 

1.8 

.8 

1,170

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

21 

.01 

.00 

2.3 

.8 

354 

6.0 

12 

559 

214 

48 

1.8 

2.0 

947

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled .................................................. ....... ........

Percent of supply .........................................................

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

13 

0

8.6

127 

Feb. 23, 

1944

3,633 

1942

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

 9 

0

0 

8.4

1,460

74 

Mar. 28, 

1952

--
TEXAS 373

GRAND PRAIRIE 

(Population, 14,594)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14,800.

Source: 8 wells: 2 wells (5 and 14), Northwest Third Street, 345 and 2,077 ft deep; 

3 wells (6, 7, and 12), Davis Street, 430, 2,065, and 412 ft deep; 3 wells (8, 

10, and 13), Dallas Street, 2,026, 283, and 2,047 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to range from 50 to 600 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 100,000 gal; 3 ground reservoirs, one, 300,000 gal and two, 100,000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks, 500,000, 

100, 000, and 50,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually and chlorinated by groups. The water from 

wells 5 and 14 is chlorinated in the water line leading to the reservoirs; that 

from wells 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 13 is chlorinated as it discharges into the 

ground storage reservoirs. The water is pumped from the ground reservoirs 

into the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).. ....... ........

Sulfate (SO^........... ...............

Chloride (Cl) ........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

TAlYlflOfOtllT'O (V \

Depth (feet) ............ . .

Diameter (inches) ..................

Date drilled .... .. ...

Percent of supply ..

Well 6

12

.08

1.0

.5

\ 247

505' 7

84

19

2.5

637

4

0

8.6

1,020

June 16, 1949

430

10-7

1942

Well 8

16

.11

3 7

.9

319

29

485

131

83

1.9

2.0

816

12

0

8.7

1,350

June 23, 1943

2,026

10

1942

Well 13

16

.05

.00

0 0

1.0

/ 318

\ 2.0

10

515

138

82i:s

1.8

836

10

0

0

8.4

1,350

91

Mar. 28, 1952

2,047

13 5/8-10

1946
374 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 14,727)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Aidis Heights, Mineral Heights, Peniel, and

Reavilon. Total population supplied, about 17,400. The city also furnishes

Major Airfield. 

Source: 4 reservoirs, (1 to 4), north of city supplied with water from the Sabine

River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, and chlorination.

Copper sulfate, at times, for algae control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs (1 to 4), 36,000,000, 52,000,000, 136,000,000,

and 1,076,539,000 gal, respectively. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 172, 000 gal.

Water is diverted from the Sabine River into a canal by means of a low water diversion dam, approximately 2 miles upstream from the reservoirs. The water 

flows by gravity through the canal into the system of reservoirs and into the 

treatment plant. The finished water is pumped into the distribution system and 

elevated tank.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Reservoir 2a

2.4

no.

.00

38

6

e

21

.8

0 

149

32

13

.3

.0

205

Finished 

water

0

0

fn

.00

44 

fi R

00

. .4

0

49

15

.0

213

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total . ... .

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oe /-i \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Reservoir 2a

5

10

7 Q

047

55

Mar. 25,

1952

Finished 

water

27

10

7.4

 »7n

56

Mar. 25,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

pH

Av

8

0

8.2

Max

8 0

8.4

Min

8 n

7.4

Hardness

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

a Raw water.
TEXAS 375

HARLINGEN 

(Population, 23,229)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 1,300 persons outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 24, 500.

Source: Rio Grande.

Treatment: . Plain sedimentation, periodic use of activated carbon for taste and 

odor control, periodic use of copper sulfate (in reservoir) for control of algae, 

aeration (spray), prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. The same treatment is 

used at both plants.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: City Plant, 4, 000,000 gpd. Airport Plant, 

2, 700,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 55,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,400,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the Rio Grande into a canal connected with the reservoir at the treatment plants. The finished water from the plants is pumped 

into a common reservoir from which it is pumped into the distribution system 

and elevated tanks. There is considerable variation in the composition of the 

water throughout the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (804). .............. ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH. ......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

T1*imn<ii*Qi'iii*<i ftf \

Date of collection ...................

Finished 

water

10

.07

64

22

122

4.0

0

122

186

158

.5

.5

628

250

150

7.4

1,060

June 7, 1951

Reservoir 

(raw water)

11

.0

.00

QO

33

202

2.8

0

149

974

284

.8

.5

1,000

365

243

5

8.0

1,640

Feb. 11, 1952

Finished 

water

9.0

.0

.00

QK

33

203

2.8

0

138

289

286

.8

.2

1,020

372

260

5

8.0

1,670

Feb. 11, 1952
376 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HIGHLAND PARK 

(Population, 11,405)

Ownership: Dallas County Park Cities Water Control and Improvement District

No. 2 (supplies Highland Park and University Park). 

Source: Elm Fork Trinity River. The intake is approximately 2,000 ft southwest

of the Park Cities treatment plant and approximately 100 ft below the intake to

city of Dallas' Bachman treatment plant. Auxiliary or emergency supply can be

obtained from the city of Dallas. 

Treatment: Activated carbon for odor and taste control, coagulation with ferric

sulfate, softening with lime, sedimentation through clarifiers, filtration

through anthracite, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None, 

finished-water storage: 4 elevated tanks, 2,000,000, 850,000, 500,000, and

300,000 gal; clear well, 10,000, 000 gal.

The water flows by gravity from the Elm Fork Trinity River to the treatment plant. 

The finished water is pumped from the plant to the two Park Cities (Highland Park 

and University Park) into the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6

n

.01 

.00

54

. o

o u

.4

0

J.U9

OQ

to

277

Finished 

water 

(city tap]

i£t

.01 

.00

20

. 5

o e

£* tt

22 

1

44'

TtO

189*

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

PH. ................ ......

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

 f /> -f

22

0

7 Q

481

CJ.

Mar* 9Q

1952

Finished 

 water 

[city tap)

64

27

9

0

Q4.C

68

Mar- 97

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

160

45

Max

206

48

Min

83 

41

PH

Av

8.0 

10.4

Max

8.5 

10.5

Min

7.7 

10.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

G?pm)

Av

150 

72

Max

209 

128

Min

114 

52

Turbidity

Av

110

Max

4000

Min

20
TEXAS 377

HOUSTON

(Population, 596,163)-

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 800 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 600, 000.

Source: 68 wells. Fifty-one wells are in seven well fields in the older section of 

the city. 'Seventeen wells are in ten areas recently annexed by the city; these 

wells supply only about 5, 000, 000 gpd. The depths of the wells range from 

544 to 2, 580 it, and the reported yield from 125 to 2,360 gpm. The average 

yield (data on 61 wells) is 1,462 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Total, 51, 000, 000 gal. Ground storage tanks at the following pumping plants: Central, 19,000, 000 gal; East End, 3, 200,000 gal; 

Heights, 3, 750,000 gal; Northeast, 3, 200, 000 gal; Scott Street, 2, 000, 000 gal; 

South End, 2, 000, 000 gal; Southwest, 6, 000, 000 gal. Elevated tanks throughout the city, 11, 850, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. The water is pumped to ground storage tanks 

(being chlorinated before entering the tanks) from which it is pumped into the 

distribution system and elevated tanks. Each field is a system within itself, 

however, all of the systems are interconnected.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geoloj

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled................

Percent of supply ........

South 

End 

well 7

16 

.0 

.00 

7.2 

2.5 

147 

.4 

0 

328 

2.6 

51 

.8 

,0 

392

28 

0

10 

8.0

651

Feb. 11, 

1952

1,932 

24-12| 

1944

Scott St. 

well 4

17 

.0 

.00 

12 

3.6 

139 

.4 

0 

317 

5.6 

56 

.8 

.0 

388

45 

0

10 

7.8

660

Feb. 11, 

1952

1,756 

24-12| 

1931

South 

Park 

well 2

21 

.05 

.00 

37 

7.4 

64 

1.6 

0 

246 

15 

34 

.3 

.5 

298

123 

0

10 

7.9

509

Feb. 11, 

1952

853 

8 

1949

gical Survey)

Southwest 

well 

5

22

18 

4.5

113

18 

250 

7.0 

47

.2 

346

64 

0

597

Feb. 8, 

1949

1,401 

24-121 

1945

Central 

well C-20

16 

.15

12 

4.9 

152 

2.4 

0 

340 

3.1 

71 

1.0 

.0 

433

50 

0

7.7 

734

84 

Mar. 26, 

1949

1,940 

24-12f 

1949
378 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HOUSTON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S.. Geological Survey)

Silica (SlOg)....... .........

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

East 

End 

well 4

18 

.17

5.3 

1.5 

219 

6.8 

0 

420 

1.1 

109 

1.8 

.0 

576

19 

0

8.0 

1,000

96 

June 27, 

1949

2,530 

24-12| 

1948

Northeast 

well 

9

20 

.15

11 

3.0 

153 

8.4 

0 

314 

12 

80 

.8 

.0 

441

40 

0

7.9 

741

85 

Apr. 21, 

1950

1,940 

24-12| 

1949

Heights 

well 

10

22

.18

28 

8.0 

102 

2.8 

0 

289 

9.8 

57 

.6 

.0 

383

103 

0

0 

7.5

661

80 

July 23, 

1949

1,880 

24-12|

1949

Irvington 

well

20 

.0 

.00 

36 

10 

52 

.4 

0 

218 

12 

37 

.1 

.0 

270

131 

0

10 

7.7

475

Feb. 11, 

1952

1,070 

10|-7 

1947

Garden Oaks 

well 3

22 

.0 

.00 

36 

8.9 

64 

.4 

0 

238 

11 

43 

.3 

.0 

297

126 

0

10 

7.6

515

Feb. 11, 

1952

1,100 

1945
TEXAS 379

KINGSVILLE 

(Population, 16,898)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17,200. 

Source: 6 wells. Wells 2 and 5 are at the City Hall, well 4 is 2 blocks east of

City Hall, wells 6 and 7 are on 12th Street, and well 8 is on 14th Street. The

wells pump directly into the distribution system and elevated tanks. 

Treatment: Chlorination at each well. Batch chlorination on elevated tanks when

filled.

Raw-water storage: None. ^ 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tanks, 2,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)... ......... ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).......,,.^,.....

Sulf ate (SOJ..... .....................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH..................... ..................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled...........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 2

14

no

8.6

"1(\K

14

15

162

949

q

Q 0

956

90

0

1,580

85

Mar. 16, 1945

730

12

1935

Well 4

11

.02

q fi

\ 317

0

9f\A

163

ORR

.4

19

959

100

0

8.2

_

Feb. 5, 1943

725

8

1939

Well 5

17

.03

91

7.5

/ 308

V 12

6

OAQ

162

235

.5

Q 9

951

84

0

1, 560

85

Mar. 16, 1945

737

16-8

1943
380 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAMESA 

(Population, 10,704)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits, 

and an estimated 1,000 people at labor camp 4 miles southeast of Lamesa. 

Total population supplied, about 13, 700.

Source: 18 wells ranging in depth from 138 to 300 ft, all in one well field.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoirs and elevated tanks, 1,300,000 

gal.

The wells are pumped individually, the water pumped being chlorinated at four 

points before entering the underground storage tanks, from which it is pumped 

to the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg).. . ..... .....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ...... 

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOi,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO8 : 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

9O

6

(\

<JC

cc

1 tin

14

0

376

1 OC *

9 9

9 0

894

014

7.7

1,280

orj

Sept. 12,

1947

luU

1U-0

1945

Well 12 

(raw 

water)

99

09

99

K4

14

0

390 

195

100

9 0

<j o

Q9 £

904

0

7.7

1,290

tin

Sept. 12,

1947

lou

X £t

l«7rt D

Well 13 

(raw 

water)

79

f\ti

74

7C

CA

8

0

0

402 

1 cn

70

4.4

1 O

Ten

AQ9

7 R

1,110

C K

Sept. 13,

1947

loo

12-10

1946

Well 17 

(raw 

water)

9Q

1 Q

70

14

0

372

1 HG.

1 1 ti

K 0

7QQ

403

QQ

7 ^

1,230

Sept. 13,

1947

1 Q9

14

X v^ 1

Finished 

water a

97

M

9 Q

K7

164

9K

0

388

1Q9

1 9f\

C C

2

K

O9Q

330

1 £t

7 a

1,380

Nov. 27,

1946

a Tap sample, Pumping Plant No. 1.
TEXAS 381

LAREDO 

(Population, 51,910)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Rio Grande.

Treatment: Aeration (spray), prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 2,000, 000 and 2, 200, 000 gal; 1

underground reservoir, 375,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the Rio Grande to the treatment plant. The finished 

water is pumped into the three storage reservoirs, from which it is pumped 

into the distribution system.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) .........^....

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ .......;..

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO.,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

i«»

.0

.00

75

oo

1 £C

.4

0 

144

040

OIK

q

849

Finished 

water

Q fi

.01 

.00

77

oo

1 CQ

0

1 o a

OKC

91 B

845

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK /-" \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

OOO

Ofl4

0

8.0

1,380

76

Apr. 21,

1952

Finished 

water

QOQ

216

0

7.7

1 ^Qfi

77

Anr 91

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

127 

114

Max

152

144

Min

59 

47

PH

Av

8.1

7.7

Max

8.3 

8.2

Min

7.7 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

270 

270

Max

390 

400

Min

96 

105

Turbidity

Av

700 

0

Max

10800 

2

Min

35 

0
382 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LONGVIEW 

{Population, 24,502)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 persons outside the city limits, and 

community of Greggton. Total population supplied, about 27,100.

Source: Lake Cherokee, approximately 8 miles southeast of the city on Cherokee 

Bayou. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Big Sandy Creek (diversion dam near 

Big Sandy, Upshur County, Tex.).

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration (spray), coagulation with alum, activated 

carbon for odor and taste control, sedimentation, addition of lime for pH control, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2 surface reservoirs, 11, 000, 000 and 2, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 surface reservoirs, 2, 000, 000 and 500, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 1, 000, 000 and 150, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 200,000 gal each.

The water is pumped, intake approximately 2| miles upstream from the impounding dam, to the treatment plant about 1 mile outside the city limits. The finished water is pumped into town to 1, 000, 000 gal elevated tank and then into 

the distribution system and storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ........ ........

Sulfate (SOJ... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... .,....

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake 

Cherokee 

(raw water)

6.0

.48

.0

6

Q

3.3

6.0

6.0

0

25

16

8.5

.0

.0

68

30

10

30

6.8

109

June 4, 1949

Lake 

Cherokee 

(raw water)

7.8

.70

.00

3

C

2.3

\ 8.7

0

14

13

7.8

.2

.5

73

18

7

20

6.6

81

57

Feb. 27, 1952

Finished 

water

8.2

.03

.00

19

3.7

/ 5.0

\ 1.6

0

20

23

14

.1

.5

92

45

29

15

7.2

134

57

Feb. 27, 1952
TEXAS 383

LUBBOCK 

(Population, 71, 747)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 64 wells. Wells 1 to 19 are located at separate points in the city and the 

remaining wells in 2 well fields: one field of 30 wells in an area directly 

northwest of the city; the other of 15 wells in an area directly northeast of the 

city. Wells 1 to 3 are 98, 300, and 210 ft deep; the remaining wells (depths 

reported for 56) range from 106 to 158 ft deep. The average yield of the 

wells (yields reported for 59) is 498 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping plant: 40, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 19, 000, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped in groups to ground storage reservoirs; from these reservoirs the water is pumped to a booster station where it is pumped into the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiQjj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

78 

96

\ 160

0 

423 

379 

126 

3.2 

11 

1,200

589 

242

Sept. 22, 

1944

98 

24 

1925

Well 2

52 

.02

57 

65 

/ 79 

Y 23 

0 

318 

169 

110 

5.4 

7.5 

746

410 

150

8.1 

1,130

Feb. 15, 

1944

300 

24 

1917

Well 3

63 

63

} «

0 

316 

165 

98 

3.4 

4.1 

738

416 

157

Sept. 22, 

1944

210 

24 

1925

Well 4

48 

57

69

0 

331 

139 

62

.8 

628

354 

83

Oct. 2,

1944

156 

24 

1928

Well 10

50 

56

74

0 

325 

121 

79 

3.5 

3.2 

629

356

89

Sept. 22,

1944

151 

24-18 

1938
384 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

L UBBOCK Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calr.him (Ca) ,.,...,....,,,

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C- ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled .... .

Percent of supply .... ..

Well 13

nR

Q4

\ 166

0

 tAK.

491

146

 } 9

1.5

1,200

K7C

004

--

Qanf 99

1944

A cJVJ 

99 1 O

louo

Well 15

cc

.0

f\f\

CQ 

C7

(

I 1C

19 1^

0

Q CO

007

68

2

0

2

c

780

382

Of\

7 R

1,180

Nov. 10,

1951

lo 3 

99 1 Q

X oriU

Well 16

AK

CO

\ >59UO

0

249

1 90

QR

q c

2

Q

R1Q

QC1

147

Sept. 25,

1944

1OU 

99 1 Q

X t7*iX

Well 19

64

AC

fiQ

OA

150

0

«>1 7

1QA

4.1

5 1

1,030

CA1

941

7 5

1,580

Feb. 15,

1945

A^U

99 1 R

x y^u

Well 31

4Q

.01

.00

4Q

40

(

cqx

T C 7.6

0-

 }f\A

85

43

2 A

4.5

4Q4

287

t Q

8

<1

766

Nov. 10,

1951

141

1 o

X v^ 1
TEXAS 385

LUFKIN 

(Population, 15,135)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (3, 5, and 6), 1,168, 1,175, and 1,175 ft deep, about 4l miles 

north of the city limits; auxiliary supply, 1 well (4), 66ft deep, and 650 acre-ft 

lake (small streams impounded), about 2 miles north of the city limits. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 640, 850, and 900 gpm. The auxiliary 

well is reported to yield 375 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (trays) and chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping plant: 3, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks and surface reservoirs, 1, 200, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually or in groups as needed, aerated at the well,

chlorinated before entering the station reservoirs about 2 miles from the city's 

north limits. The water is pumped from the station reservoirs into 2 elevated 

tanks located in the city, then to the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....'................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) .......................

Date drilled ......................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

17 

. 17 

.00 

.5 

.2 

134 

1.2 

0 

244 

68 

13 

.2 

.2 

357

2 

0

15 

8.3

565 

Nov. 28, 1951

1,168 

16-10 

1939

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

19

1.7 

.7

\ 150

9 

260 

79 

17

.2 

406

7 

0

8.8 

665

June 23, 194 9

1,175 

18-10 

1946

Well 6 

(raw 

water)

18

.2 

.5

142

7 

244 

79 

13

.0 

385

2 

0

8.7 

625

June 23, 1949

1,221 

18-10 

1948

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

58 

1.4

7.9 

3.7 

/ 26 

V 4.1 

0 

55 

6.5 

32 

.0 

.2 

181

35 

0

6.2 

204

66 

Oct. 4, 1944

66 

24-16 

1944
386 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MCALLEN 

(Population, 20,067)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Rio Grande.

Treatment: Chlorination, aeration (trays), coagulation with alum, addition of lime

for pH control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration. Copper sulfate is used

at times for algae control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Earthen reservoir, 10, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 500, 000 gal; 3 above-ground

storage tanks, 900, 000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulf ate (S0<)... ........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

86

1 Q

\ 88 

16

1OC

ton

me

2

C

650

Finished 

water

1 C

10

88 

17

/ 88

\ 7.4 

0

919

HI .

2

0

634

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

158

Aug. 7,

1945

Finished 

water

9 on

180

7.4

971

Aug. 7,

1945

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

143 

118

Max

160 

140

Min

130 

100

PH

Av

8.3 

7.8

Max

8.4 

7.8

Min

8.2 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

315 

316

Max

410 

350

Min

180 

240

Turbidity

Av

150

Max

230 

10

Min

120 

0
TEXAS 387

MCKINNEY 

(Population, 10,560)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 600 people outside the city limits and 

the Veterans Hospital. Total population supplied, about 11,200.

Source: 3 wells: well 1, Graves St; wells 5 and 6, Rockwell St. The wells are

3,360, 3, 230, and 1, 272 ft deep, and the yield is reported to be 868, 645, and 248 

gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (cascades) and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 3 underground reservoirs: two, 200,000 gal each, and one 

150,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 standpipe, 235,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually, the water being pumped into underground reservoirs. It is aerated as it enters the reservoirs and chlorinated as it is 

pumped from the reservoirs into the distribution system and standpipe.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mh) .....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...............

Sulfate (SO,).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate ............ .........

Color...................................

nH

Specific conductance

Turbidity .............................

rI*^TYinOT'Oip 1lfO (Tt 1 \

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Well 5 

(raw water)

£i\J

. \j&

.00

15

5

n

440

. D

0

400

O l JL

4\)iJ

. \J

1. , £aU

cn

0

* 0

8

n

, u i U

Mar. 26, 1952

3

OQA

1 o o /o o c /o

1QOC

Well 6 

(raw water)

lo

. (Jo

2.7

i. &

414

4.4

oo

D^U

£t\j 1.

y i.

. u

3.0

1,100

1 £t

0

Feb. 17, 1943

1 979

i o o /Q rj

1 Ot ft

Finished water 

(composite)

iu

.17

.00

11

* U

4DO

 U

0

ooy

OrtU 

ICC

 D

 U

1 y £ia\J

44

0

0 

80

2,050

84 

War. 26. 1952
388 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MARSHALL 

(Population, 22,327)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 22,400.

Source: Caddo Lake (Cypress Creek impounded). The intake is approximately 14 

miles 'northeast of Marshall, in Grayson County. Fifteen wells previously 

used as municipal water supply could be used in an emergency (no pumping 

facilities at present at the well locations).

Treatment: Aeration (spray), prechlorination, coagulation with alum, fluoridation 

with sodium fluoride, activated carbon for odor and taste control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of lime for pH control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1 ground reservoir, 11, 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 ground steel tanks, 400, 000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks, 

500, 000, 160, 000, and 300,000 gal.

The water flows by gravity to the pumping station approximately 300 yd from the 

intake on Caddo Lake. The water is pumped to the ground reservoir, from 

which it flows by gravity to the treatment plant. The finished water flows from 

the treatment plant to two steel tanks, from which it is pumped to the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

15

nf*

.00

6.9

o. t 

17

3

f»

0

1 £

00

97

 i

.5

127

Finished 

water

1 5

.0

.00

18

O . U

1 Q

1 9

0

IP

00

°.A

1.0

.0

160

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH...... .................

(micromhos at

95 P ^

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

«»i

18

oc

6.4

168

54

Feb. 26,

1952

Finished 

water

57

42

10

6.7

239

55

Feb. 26,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

RjJtlf TX73t"*M*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

25 

30

Max

48 

55

Min

8 

10

PH

Av

7.0 

8.6

Max

8.5 

9.0

Min

6.6 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
TEXAS 389

MERCEDES 

(Population, 10,081)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,300.

Source: Rio Grande. The intake is approximately 8 miles south of the city. 

Treatment: Aeration (trays), coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Activated carbon is added at times just

as water comes on filter. Copper sulfate is used at times for algae control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Mercedes main canal. 

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoir, 500,000 gal; overhead storage,

500,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the river into a canal leading to the city treatment plant. 

The finished water is pumped to the distribution system and elevated storage. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per, million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..... ....

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

80

ID

\ 89 

9

4 O A

1UO

. o 

594

Finished 

water

lo

 \jy

83

/- 16

J 10

\ 9.3 

0

110

lt7U

1UO

1. o

2

Q

602

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color............... .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

. (micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

OCC

140

Aug. 4,

1Q4S

Finished 

water

070

176

7

c

Qin

Aug. 4,

1Q4R
390 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MIDLAND 

(Population, 21,713)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 35 wells in 3 well fields: Cole Park Field, 14 wells, 102 to 145 ft deep, 

3 miles southeast of the city limits; Rosedale Field, 9 wells, 109 to 147 ft deep, 

1^ miles southeast of the city limits; Wadley Field, 12 wells, 125 to 185 ft deep 

(depths for 7 wells reported), half a mile northeast of the city limits.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping plants: 12, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 4 ground tanks, 1, 000, 000, 300, 000 gal, and two 180, 000 

gal each.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 2, 225, 000 and 500, 000 gal; 1 elevated 

tank, 300, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. The water is pumped to ground storage tanks 

at the well fields. It is chlorinated as it is pumped from the storage tanks to 

the city into the distribution system and storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... ,., t ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2 : 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ....... .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Cole Park 

Field 

Well 1

CO

. uo

.00

At 6 

1 cc

ton

10

0 

255 

814

RQO

3

C

00

2 7Qn

1,250

1,040

0

7 °.

3,870

\J £7

1952

110

£t\J

iy& i

Rosedale 

Field 

Well 8

CI7

no

.00

i no

Oil

8.4

0

235

c 1 A

300

4.0

8

0

1

C on

con

0

7 ^

2,360

70

ASTI- 3H

1952

147

1 A

1*7*1 1

Rosedale 

Field a 

composite]

KQ

AC

1 W

Q4

010

14

0

244 

K40

^44

1

0

15

1,550

768

CC Q

7.4

Dec 18

1946

__

Wadley 

Field 

Well 4

74

7Q

"iQ

\126

0

208 

070

8 O

QOQ

4^7

occ

7

0

1,390

Sept. 20,

1849

L£t

1948

Wadley 

Field 

Well 8

c 1

no

OB

75

0

230

97

10 C

7 S

650

oOO

7 Q

994

Sept. 20,

1B49

148

\.£t 

1 O/S Q

a Wells 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8.
TEXAS 391

MISSION 

(Population, 10,765)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 750 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11,500.

Source: Rio Grande.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, periodic addition of copper sulfate in the sedimentation basin, aeration (cascades), prechlorination, coagulation with alum 

and lime, pH control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Sedimentation basin, 10,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the river to the sedimentation basin, flows through the 

treatment plant and is pumped to the distribution system and storage. There 

is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year. For more recent analyses of the Rio Grande, see Harlingen.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitr ate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

84

1 Q

18 ,

\ 82 (

J 82 \

7

1 OC

1 81

104

0 R

617

Finished 

water

1 R

oo

nti

10

in?

6.5 

0

91 9

i nc

2

0

623

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

984

i en

Aug. 7,

1Q4R

Finished 

wdfcer

OC1

144

7.4

QR9

Aug. 7,

1Q4R

Regular determinations at treatment plant a

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

110 

105

Max

114 

125

Min

105 

90

PH

Av

8.4 

7.9

Max

8.4 

8.2

Min

8.3

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

330

Max

450

Min

215

Turbidity

Av

240

Max

400

Min

70

a January to June, 1951.
392 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NACOGDOCHES 

(Population, 12,327)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells, (1 to 4) 485, 484, 521, and 548 ft deep, north of town. The yield

of the wells is reported to be 536, 500, 756, and 883 gpm. 

Treatment: Degasification and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of pumping plant: 3,300,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir and elevated tanks, 750, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into a common pipeline leading to degasifier on 

top of ground storage tank, chlorine is added after water leaves the degasifier 

and before going into storage. The water is pumped from storage to the distribution system and the elevated tanks connected to the system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..;........-...............

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)... ......... ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ.. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color...................................

PH. ......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoplv ...................

Well 1 

(raw water)

J.O

.42

O.I

1.0

RR

A <}

0

10«J

OO

Q 0

.0

0

1 70

10

0

6

1

O7C

Feb. 7, 1945

ftOO

on Q

1929

Well 2 

(raw water)

1 O

.41

£t» \J

KO

 } 7

0

00

q n

0

.0

ici

7

0

6

1

OOQ

Feb. 7, 1945

484

20-10

1933

Well 4 

(raw water)

JLO

.71

.00

1.4

cn

.4

0

i no

01

7 ft

o

1.5

1 KO

10

0

5

6

Q

oj.n

Nov. 11. 1951

31O 

On 10^ 1 f\3

JL v^t v
TEXAS 393

. NEW BRAUNFELS 

(Population, 12,210)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 116, 102, 110, and 160 ft deep. Wells 1 to 3 are in a

group and are pumped daily. Well 4 is pumped only during the summer months. 

Treatment: Chlorination of supply from wells 1 to 3; no treatment of water from

well 4.

Rated capacity of pumping plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 1, 900,000 gal. 

The water from wells 1 to 3 is chlorinated at the wells, pumped to storage tanks

and then to the distribution system. The water from well 4 is pumped directly

into the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) ... . .... ......

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ......... .......

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) .......... ........

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoolv ...................

Well 1

11

no

I O

17

K 1

1

C

0

263

94

14

5.8

252

36

7.2

433

Dec. 4, 1943

1 9

1Q41

Well 2

11

. \J£t

1 O

17

Q Q

1.6

0

261

94

IQ

K S

9QQ

252

38

7.1

419

Dec. 4, 1943

109

1Q41

Finished 

water a

10

 \j£t

.00

70 

17

8

0

.4

0

266

00

19

.1

4

£

01 K

244

26

5

7 °.

504

Nov. 30, 1951

Composite sample, wells 1 to 3.
394 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ODESSA 

(Population, 29,495)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 31, 500. 

Source: 74 wells in one area extending from 1 mile north to 7 miles north of the

city limits. The depth of the wells ranges from 120 to 207 ft and averages 164

ft. The yield of wells is reported to range from 35 to 300 gpm and averages

164 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping plants: 19, 950, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6 reservoirs, 440, 000 gal each; 5 ground storage tanks,

500, 000, 440, 000, 300, 000, 100, 000, and 65,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, two

500, 000 gal each and one 100, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. The water flows from the wells to the North 

Pump Station, at the well field, into 6 reservoirs. It is chlorinated as it enters 

the reservoirs. The water is pumped from the field reservoirs to ground 

storage tanks in Odessa from which it is pumped into the distribution system 

and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2:

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2

38 

.10

132 

34 

81 

.4.8 

0 

186 

255 

155 

1.4 

14 

877

470 

317

7.5 

1,280

Sept. 22, 

1948

150 

10 

1944

Well 28

32 

.15

72 

17 

37 

1.6 

0 

214 

72 

42 

1.8 

17 

406

250 

74

7.7 

644

Sept. 22, 

1948

150 

10 

1946

Well 44

44 

.05

66 

14 

25 

3.6 

0 

220 

44 

26 

2.0 

12 

364

222 

42

7.7 

568

69 

Sept. 22, 

1948

175 

16- IQl 

1948

Well 66

37

68 

13

\ 27

0 

229 

46 

24

14 

342

223 

36

8.0 

562

July 8, 

1949

196 

16-lOf 

1949

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

33 

.05 

.00 

74 

12 

/ 52 

\ 2.4 

0 

213 

70 

57 

1.6 

14 

442

234 

60

0

7.8

717

73 

Apr. 29, 

1952
TEXAS 395

ORANGE 

(Population, 21,174)

Ownership: Gulf States Utilities Co.; also supplies approximately 5, 800 persons

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 27, 000. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 2, 4 to 6), 687, 688, 738, 749, and 745 ft deep, within the city

limits. The yield of the wells is reported to be 550, 2, 400, 750, 1, 000, and

2, 100 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation at point of discharge of water from wells

into ground reservoir. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 680, 000 gal. One elevated tank, 500, 000 gal, floats on

the system in form of a surge tank.

The wells are pumped by electric motors individually or in group as demand requires, the water flowing to 1 ground reservoir, from which it is pumped into 

the distribution system. Analyses made by the State Board of Health Laboratories show very small variation in the chemical composition of the water over 

a period of the last 25 years.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOj ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) ...... ...

Dissolved solids.....

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

48 

.34

8.6 

2.0

\ 105

0 

198 

1.6 

67

.3 

335

Finished 

water

42 

.39 

.00 

7.0 

2.5 

/1 08 

\ .8 

0 

193 

.5 

71 

.4 

1.5 

334

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . ....

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC e-t \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

30 

0

Apr. 12, 

1941

749 

16-8i 

1941

Finished 

water

28 

0

15 

7.3 

532

Nov. 27, 

1951
396 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PALESTINE 

(Population, 12,503)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2) 1,617 and 1, 600 ft deep, at the auxiliary or emergency 

supply treatment plant about li miles west of the Municipal Building, 100 percent of the supply except in emergencies. Auxiliary or emergency supply from 

Water Works Lake and Upper Lake on Sabine (Wolf) Creek at the treatment plant.

Treatment: Wells: chlorination; surface water: aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with sodium aluminate, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 246,000 gal, each.

Finished-water storage: 1 ground reservoir, 547,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 

300,000 gal; clear well, 175,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into the clear well, from which the water is 

pumped, being chlorinated as it leaves the clear well, to the city and distribution system and elevated tanks. The auxiliary supply is pumped to the treatment plant. The finished water from the plant is pumped into the same line 

with the well water leading to the city. The auxiliary supply was used in 1951 

for the first time in many years.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).................

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ............ ........ k ....,

Percent of supply ...................

Well 1 

(raw water)

20 

.02

3.4 

.8 

72 

1.7 

10 

175 

3 

5.0 

.4 

.0 

217

12 

0

8.2 

332

89 

June 14, 1944

1,617 

16-8 5/8 

1940

Well 2 

(raw water)

20 

.06

3.6 

.7 

56 

1.8 

11 

129 

5.2 

3.0 

.2 

.8 

170

12 

0

8.1 

260

88 

June 14, 1944

1,600 

16-8 

1940

 Finished 

water

19 

.02 

.00 

1.8 

.7 

79 

2.0 

0 

201 

6.3 

6.5 

.0 

.0 

215

7 

0

20 

8.0

334

86 

Feb.25A952
TEXAS 397

PAMPA 

(Population, 16,583)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells: 5 wells (1 to 5-south), 450, 450, 411, 412, and 411 ft deep,

south of city; 3 wells (1-north, 3-north, and 4-north), 395, 412, and 414 ft

deep, north of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 630,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 570,000 gal ground storage; 525,000 gal overhead

storage.

The wells are pumped individually to 2 central collecting points, 1 north of the 

city and the other south. The water is chlorinated, and pumped by booster 

pumps into the distribution system and storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

watera

1 9

1 £

59

u I 

117

10

0

OOfl

141

100

1 O

4.0

638

Finished 

waterb

si

i &

42

£tft 

flfj

2

0

0

OCA

01

O£

4.8

293

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

watera

OCQ

70

7.4

1,060

Mnv 9fl

1Q47

Finished 

waterb

IQfi

0

7

0

Cftrt

1QR1

Composite sample wells 1 and 2-south and wells 1, 3, and 4-north. 

bComposite sample wells 3, 4, and 5-south.
398 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PARIS 

(Population, 21,643)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21, 900.

Source: Pine Creek impounded in Lake Crook, about 4 miles north of Paris. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Lake Gibbons on Pine Creek, about 5 miles upstream from Lake Crook.

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration (cascades), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of lime for pH 

control. Use of activated carbon at times for odor and taste control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: City treatment plant (formerly Camp Maxie), 

4, 000, 000 gpd; Old treatment plant, 3, 200,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Crook, capacity, 3, 519, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 600, 000 and 300, 000 gal; 1 

elevated tank, 500, 000 gal; 1 standpipe, 300,000 gal.

Since 1948, when the city acquired the treatment plant at Camp Maxie, only that 

treatment plant has been in use.

The water flows by gravity from the lake, intake at dam of Lake Crook approximately 500 ft from the treatment plant, to the treatment plant. The finished 

water from the plant is pumped into 2 underground storage tanks, from which 

it is pumped into town, into the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (KCQJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9

C

. U£

.00

13

8

17

I

n

0 

41

15

4.0

 }

o 1-0 *77

Finished 

water

. . UU

.00

30

X ?

6. *r

0

48

6

Q

g

140

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color- ................ .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC (1 \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

40

10

Cf\

6.8

1 IK

57

Mar. 25,

1 QR9

Finished 

water

Q 1}

46

0

7 R

010

KC

Mar. 25,

1 QR9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

0?pm)

Av

23 

36

Max

25 

40

Min

22 

33

PH

Av

7.3 

7.9

Max

7.5 

8.1

Min

7.3 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

43 

81

Max

44 

84

Min

41 

80

Turbidity

Av

85 

.5

Max

190 

.5

Min

50 

.5

aSum of determined constituents.
TEXAS 399

PASADENA 

(Population, 22,483)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies approximately 100 persons outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 22,600.

Source: 5 wells (4 to 8), 1,203, 580, 1,565, 1,264, and 1, 262 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir and elevated tank, 2,000,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into ground storage tanks. From the storage 

tanks the water is pumped into the distribution system. Overhead storage 

tanks, used also in controlling pressure, are "floated" on the distribution 

system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Well 4a

1 C

00

6.3

J.. O

\134 

28

940

11

40

.0

349

Well 8a

1 Q

.01

.00 11

2

Q

fl91

\ 1.6 

0

19

46

2

348

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK (-1 \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of- collection...

Well 4a

91

0

8.6

595

Sept. 10,

1943

1,203

181-llf

1943

Well 8a

on

0

7.9

576

Nov. 20,

1951

1,262

12-8

1950

a Raw water.
400 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PLAINVIEW 

(Population, 14,044)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 persons outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14, 500. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5), within the city limits. Wells 1 to 3 are each 301 ft deep;

well 5, 305 ft; depth not reported for well 4. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Ground storage reservoir, 750, 000 gal; 3 elevated storage tanks,

500, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually and directly into the ground reservoir and elevated tanks from which the water is distributed.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Well 1

Cf\

.0

44

O l

9Q

8

C

0

<JOQ

OO

1Q

3

0

1 9

379

Well 5

on

.0 

.00

38

O A

AR

4.0 0~

ooc

1C

99

 9 ft

2

c

394

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncar bonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 1

262

0

7.4

594

64

Feb. 28,

1945

301

18

1937

Well 5

235

0

7.8

622

64

Nov. .13,

1951

305

16

1948
TEXAS 401

PORT ARTHUR 

(Population, 57,530)

Ownership? Municipal; supplies also approximately 10,000 persons outside the city

limits, in addition to the towns of Griffing Park, Lakeview, Pear Ridge, and

Sabine Pass. Total* population supplied, about 75,100. 

Source: Neches River. The intake is about 15 miles upstream from Beaumont,

Jefferson County, and the water is diverted by open canal to the treatment

plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, followed by addition of lime and soda ash for

corrosion control, chlorination, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Earthen reservoir, 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir and elevated tanks, 4,100,000 gal.

There is some variation in the composition of the raw. water throughout the year. 

For raw water analyses of Neches River, see Beaumont.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ................

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1Q

1.1

.00

10 

4q

55

1 9

0

70

44

44

.1

211

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

45 

0

10

7 1

QJ.O

Nov. 28,

1*7 Ol

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

45

Max

30 

60

Min

10 

35

PH

Av

7.5 

8.3

Max

8.3 

8.7

Min

6.0 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

50

Max

51 

60

Min

35 

40

Turbidity

Av

20 

2

Max

200 

2

Min

10 

2
402 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAN ANGELO 

(Population, 52,093)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Goodfellow Air Force Base.

Source: Lake Nasworthy on South Concho River, 6 miles southwest of the City Hail.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Nasworthy, capacity 3,584,360,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 250, 000 gal each; 1 ground reservoir, 

650,000 gal; clear wells, 5, 500, 000 gal.

The water is released from Lake Nasworthy and flows down the Concho River to 

the treatment plant in San Angelo. The finished water from the plant is 

pumped into the distribution system and storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

97

55

£t\J 

* )

7.0

0

OOQ

9Q

74

.0

348

Finished 

water

10

.10

49

 I v

\ 64

0

1 QQ

"}C

104

5

350

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal . ...

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

__« pH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC f1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

O1Q

32

7 5

£O£

Aug. 18,

1 QAn

Finished 

water

200

46

7

e

coo

Opt 17

1 QC-I

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

200 

190

Max

246 

236

Min

156 

132

pH

Av

8.2 

7.9

Max

8.5 

8.1

Min

7.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

230

Max

266

Min

190

Turbidity

Av

9

.8

Max

50 

1.0

Min

5 

.5
TEXAS 403

SAN ANTONIO 

(Population, 408,442)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Alamo Heights, Olmos Park, Terrell Hills, 

and Brooks Air Force Base. Total population supplied, about 420,000.

Source: 66 wells: 41 wells in 6 well fields, and 25 wells at various points througl^- 

out the city. Well stations (Fields): Brackenridge, 13 wells, 900 ft deep (average); Market Street, 12 wells, 880 to 936 ft deep; Mission, 10 wells, 1,400ft 

deep (average); and the following stations: Artesia Road, Lady of the Lake 

Garden, and Woodlawn Hills, 2.wells each. The depth of the wells at the last 

named stations and the remaining wells ranges from 600 to 1,333 ft.

Treatment: Chlorination at the major stations and some of the scattered outlying 

stations. The outlying stations that are not chlorinated are pumped only when 

the demand requires.

Rated capacity of pumping plants: 247, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 7 elevated tanks, one 2, 500,000 gal, one 1, 500,000 gal, 

two 1,000,000 gal each, one 250,000 gal, one 80,000 gal, and one 50,000 gal; 

standpipe, 37, 500 gal.

The wells at the Market Street, Brackenridge, Mission, and Artesia Road stations 

pump as a unit; all other wells are pumped individually. The water is pumped 

directly into the distribution system and storage. The Artesia Road, Market 

Street, and Mission stations serve the southern part of the city. The Brackenridge station and most of the scattered outlying wells serve the northern part

of the city.

y ANALYSES

(Analyses, inp

Silica (SiO,,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) . . ......

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ... ...........

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOi,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

arts per m

Market St. 

Station 

well

1 C

OK

KQ

17

\

J 6.8

19

208

99

19

.1

1.8

263

217

97

8 q

465

1948

illion, by U

Mission 

Station 

well 9

17

.01

.00

cc

1 Q

( 10

1 V. 1C1.6

0

238

qC

18

q

5

n

9QR

240

Tt»/

0

7

c

498 

0

81

Mav 14

1952

1,400

. S. Geolo

Artesia 

Rd. Station 

well

n A

.00

en

14iq

.4

0

176

qc

1Q

.4

2

K

*)AA

182

QQ

7 Q

425

rior* 19

1948

800

gical Surve

Basse 

Road 

well

1 C

.00

en

17

c 9

0

190

qo

iq

q

q K

246

195

OQ

7

0

490

June 21,

1950

779

1 C

lORn

y)

Brackenridge, 13 

wells a

14

.00

.00

CO

17

7.1

1 9

0

244 

15

19

5 A

ORQ

225

At/

0

7 a

449 

0

78

May 14,

1952

i £ i o o

IQlfi.qq

a Finished water.
404 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAN ANTONIO--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Market 

St. Statior 

12 wells

14 

.01 

.00 

62 

17 

7.4 

.8 

0 

246 

14 

12 

.3 

5.2 

257

Wells b

12 

.01 

.00 

63 

16 

7.9 

2.0 

0 

240 

17 

14 

.2 

3.0 

268

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntfll .... .........

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

_ TT pH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity.:............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Market 

St. Station 

12 wells

225 

23

0

7.7

450 

0 

77 

May 14, 

1952

Wells b

223 

26

0 

7.5

453

Mar. 14, 

1952

b Composite sample, Market Street, Mission Park, and Artesia well fields.

SAN BENITO 

(Population, 13,271)

'Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13,700.

Source: Rio Grande. Connecting canal to San Benito;3 wells, (developed 1952-53). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration (spray), coagulation with alum and lime,

pH control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,250,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Raw water storage in Resaca de los Fresnos. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells 450,000 gal; elevated, 650,000 gal.

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the year.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

10

n?

65

91

101

4.0

0

114

164

10O

.5

g

552

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .. ................ ..

Nnn/» 9 T'Hrkrifi f" P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

248

155

7.7

955

June 7,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

125 

113

Max

137 

125

Min

113 

103

PH

Av

8.0 

7.8

Max

8.1 

8.0

Min

7.9 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

134

Max

183

Min

112
TfiXAS 405

SHERMAN 

(Population, 20,150)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 500 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 23,650.

Source: 11 wells: 7 wells (1 to 4, 6 to 8), on West Birge Street; 2 wells (3 and 9), 

on West McGee Street, in the northwest section of Sherman; 2 wells, on South 

East Street, in southeast section of Sherman. Seven of the wells range in depth 

from 708 to 912 ft; four, from 2,140 to 2, 257 ft. The yield of the wells (data 

for 8 wells) is reported to range from 175 to 543 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 1,400,000 and 50,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 50,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 

750,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 300,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into the underground reservoirs, from which 

the water is pumped into the distribution system and storage, being chlorinated 

as it leaves the reservoirs. The wells in the northwest section, Fairview Pump 

Station, Woodbine wells 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and Fairview Pump Station 

Trinity wells 1, 2, and 3 are pumped into a 1,400,000 gal reservoir. The 

water from the wells in the southeast section, South Plant Woodbine well 1, 

and South Plant Trinity well 1, is pumped into a 50,000 gal reservoir.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg- ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...............

Sulf ate (SOJ......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

T*Vi o TYI otor* ^inf*Viofi\

Date drilled .........................

Percent of suDolv ...................

Trinity well 1 

(raw waterjP'

ID

.01

.00

2.6

1 . 6

<3O 1

_

0

110

loo

1. 6

ooy

1 £t

0

5

8

0

1,450

Feb. 15. 1952

2,140

10-8

1921

Trinity well 3 

(raw water) a

ID

.01

.00

2.8

. o

365

0

4oo

107

£t 1 O

.7

. O

«/fl£

14 

0

5

8

0

1,610

til

Feb. 15. 1952

2,169

1 o ^ a i 13 2 -6 2 

1Q44

Woodbine well 9 

(raw water) a

14

. ID

.00

.2

.5

lUtl

 U

0

41O

Ct 1

. O

1.0

£Q~x

O

0

7

0

4 CQ

no

Feb. 15. 1952

912

1949

Fairview Pump Station.
406 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SNYDER 

(Population, 12,010)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12, 700. 

Source: 24 wells. 16 wells are at various points within the city limits; 4 wells,

about 6 blocks north of the city limits; and 4 wells, about 6 blocks south of the

city limits. The depth of the wells ranges from 164 to 315 ft, and averages

220 ft.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 3 elevated tanks, 100,000 gal each; 3 ground reservoirs, 500,000.

300, 000, and 150, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. The water from wells 3, 4, 14, and 19 to 26 

is pumped directly into the distribution system; the water from wells 1, 2, 11 

to 13, 15 to 18, and 27 to 30 is pumped into storage from which it is pumped 

into the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...............

Sulfate (S04).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suDolv ...................

Well 1

£t 1

. 04

60

23

. \/

0

OUo

O £t

0*4

. b

O t7 1

0

1 O 

CC 1

70 

May 29, 1946

1 C C

17

Well 2

£t 1

.05

79

28

4.8

0

olb

bb

* b

&\j

O ±£J

53

I . O

77 

May 29, 1946

1 £ C

17

1926

Well 4

&a

.00

48

lo

44

. o

0

ct 01

£»£»

lo

. b

. \/

OO K

0

0

Co -i

Mav 1. 1952

J. £i

1945
TEXAS 407

SWEETWATER 

(Population, 13,619)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Robe, Longworth, and about 500 persons outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 15, 300.

Source: Lake Sweetwater on Bitter Creek, about 8 miles southeast of the city, twothirds of the supply; Lake Trammel on Sweetwater Creek, about 8 .miles southwest of the city, one-third of the supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration (cascades), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Sweetwater, capacity 4,500,000,000 gal; Lake Trammel, capacity 1, 800, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank, 750, 000 gal; 1 standpipe, 280,000 gal; 

clea^ well, 250, 000 gal.

The water from Lake Sweetwater is pumped to the treatment plant; that from Lake 

Trammel flows by gravity to the treatment plant. The finished water from the 

plant is pumped into the distribution system and elevated storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)..... ............

Sulfate (SO4X... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.. .....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity .............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake 

Trammel 

(raw water)

7.6

.05

CO

6.8

\ 7.8

0

164

16

16

.0

1.0

1 Q1

158

23

7.6

338

July 2, 1946

Lake 

Sweetwater 

(raw water)

3 0

.07

.00

CQ

1O

f 11

<

\ 3.6

0

41

9f)

.0

.0

970

Oni

39

10

7.7

453

Jan. 18, 1952

Finished 

water 

(composite)

7 9

.05

.00

64

14

14

3.6

0

994

oc

17

q

K

OTQ

34

10

7

c

47O

Jan. 18, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

175 

170

Max

185 

180

Min

160 

155

PH

Av

7.6 

7.6

Max

8.0 

8.0

Min

7.4 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

200 

200

Max

220 

220

Min

129 

129

Turbidity

Av

25 

.0

Max

1000 

.0

Min

20 

.0
408 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TEMPLE 

(Population, 25,467)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 persons outside the city limits and 

McCloskey Hospital. Total population supplied, about 27, 500.

Source: Lake on Leon River, below highway bridge on U. S. Highway 81; and 5

wells (1 to 5), 1,238, 1,260, 1,268, 2,136, and 1,460 ft deep. Wells 1, 2, and 

3 are at the treatment plant; well 4 on Nugent Avenue, and well 5 at the city 

airport. The yield of the wells is reported to be 900, 900, 900, 1,000, and ISOgpm.

Treatment: Surface water and water from wells 1, 2, and 3: prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride. Water from well 4: aeration and 

chlorihation. Water from well 5: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake, capacity 300,110,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 8,000, 000 and 25, 000 gal; 2 

elevated tanks, 500, 000 gal each.

The water from the lake and wells 1, 2, and 3 is pumped to the treatment plant. 

The finished water from the plant is pumped approximately 6 miles to the city 

to the underground reservoir, from which it is pumped into the distribution 

system and elevated tanks. The water from well 4 is pumped into an underground reservoir, being aerated as it enters the reservoir and chlorinated as 

it is pumped from the reservoir into the distribution system. Well 5 is a separate unit supplying only the city airport.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake 

(raw water)

1 9

.04

47

1 9

4.4

0

Qf\7

7Q

1 CO

a ft

CD 1

1 CT

0

8

n

Apr. 23, 1943

Well 2 

(raw water)

14

.01

.00

6

Q

4.0

^OQ

.4

0

449

991

OCD

2

0

 } C

1,180

 )A

0

0

8

ft

1 Q70

DC

Feb. 29. 1952

Lake 

(finished water)

8.8

O9

.00

5 9

48

1 9

6

04

46

50

1.0

1 Q7

51

14

5

9

n

348

Oct. 22-, 1951
TEXAS 409

TERRELL 

(Population, 11,544)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 80 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 11,600.

Source: Impounding reservoir on a creek about 2 miles east of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination. Addition of copper sulfate during summer months for algae

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir. 

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank, 285,000 gal; 1 ground reservoir, 160 000

gal; clear well, 30,000 gal.

The water is pumped from the lake to the treatment plant about 100 yards from 

lake. The finished water is pumped into the distribution system and elevated 

tank.

A new treatment plant of 1,000,000 gpd capacity adjacent to the plant in use is expected to be put in operation in the latter part of 1952. Treatment at both plants 

will be the same.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... ....... ................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ................

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity .............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Raw water

10

~~

ID

0 Q

4.0

3

0

0

CO

10

4.0

.4

QO

rc

4

July 30, 1943

Raw water

. b

 uo

.00

is/ 

50

1°.

0

B7

1 R

.4

1OR

CO

0

10

7

0

200

RO

Mar. 24, 1952

Finished water

. U3

.00

£O

4.7

1 C

9 0

0

QO

°,7

8

9

. 0

.0

IRC

QQ

13

10

8

1

9 CO

cc

Mar. 24, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

,DgtI7 U7Qt0T*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

50

45

Max

90 

95

Min

40 

30

PH

Av

7.8' 

8.3

Max

7.8 

8.4

Min

7.6 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
410 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TEXARKANA 

(Population, 40,628; 24,753 in Texas)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 42, 628. 

Source: 3 well fields and 1 impounding reservoir: Arkansas Station, 22 wells

ranging in depth from 40 ft to 50 ft; Texas Station, 12 wells ranging in depth

from 40 ft to 50 ft; Bringle Station (used for emergency), 6 wells each about

37 ft deep; and Bringle Lake (Clear Creek impounded). 

Treatment: Wells: aeration, alkali for adjustment of pH, and chlorination. Lake:

prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorination, and carbonation at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,075, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000, 000 gal.

The Arkansas Station well field is near East 9th St. and Jefferson Ave.; Texas 

Station is about 1 mile west of Texarkana; Bringle Station, 6 miles northwest 

of Texarkana; and the impounding reservoir, at Bringle Station well field.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COfe) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Bringle

Lakea

5 1

no,

9

0

2 7

R 5

4 *>

0

34

3

(\

14

.2

.5

68

34

6.6

115

__

Sept. 22,

1943

Arkansas

(raw 

water)

OQ

AQ

(\K

7.6

5.1

1Q

2.5

0

31 

5.6

33

.1

12

151

40

14

5

5.8

199 

2

66

Dec. 4,

1951

Station

(finished 

water)

36

.19

.01

17

5.6

20

2.6

16

18 

5.7

36

.1

13

176

65

04

8

9.1

235

4

65

Dec. 4,

1951

Texas

Station13

26

.01

2.4

1.2

7.4

2.5

0

10 

3.0

8.0

.0

9.4

71

11 }

5.6

64.0

__

Sept. 22,

1943

Bringle

Station^

36

.11

16

4.4

19

2.8

0

55 

2.0

37

.2

2.5

149

58

1 3

6.6

220

__

Sept. 22,

1943

Raw water. 

'Finished water.
TEXAS 411

TEXAS CITY 

(Population, 16,620)

Ownership: Community Public Service Co.

Source: 5 wells (3 to 7), 783, 772, 764, 778, and 763 ft deep, in the city. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 190, 440, 500, 350, and 500 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 620,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 250,000 and 100,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into connecting lines to the reservoir at the pumping 

plant. The water is pumped from the reservoir to the distribution system and ele - 

vated tanks, being chlorinated immediately before entering the distribution system.

. ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO,) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 6 

(raw 

water)

19 

.15

8.0 

3.1

\ 310

0 

366 

2.0 

285 

1.0 

.5 

834

Finished 

watera

16 

.19 

.00 

5.9 

2.3 

/307 

V .4 

0 

463 

.1 

219 

1.1 

.0 

784

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color .................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Well 6 

(raw 

water)

33 

0

7.8 

1,460

Oct. 8, 

1944

778 

20-10| 

1944

Finished 

watera

24 

0

10

7.5

1,370

Nov. 19, 

1951

.

aCity tap.

TYLER 

(Population, 38,968)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 180 persons outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 39,150.

Source: Lake Tyler, approximately 12 miles southeast of the city, off U. S. Highway 64 on Prairie Creek. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Bellwood Lake approximately 4 miles southwest of the city on Indian Creek, and 7 wells (2 to 8) 

at various points within the city limits. The depth of wells is reported to be 

1,064, 1,057, 1,026, 1,037, 1,036, 1,075, and 1,144 ft, and the average 

yield is 681 gpm. The city expects to use the auxiliary supply during summer 

months of each year.

Treatment: Surface-water supply: prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with 

alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of lime for pH control. Well 4: aeration, coagulation with lime, pressure filtration, and chlorination. Wells 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8: chlorination at 

each well.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Lake Tyler plant: 10, 500, 000 gpd. Lake Bellwood plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Tyler, capacity 13,849,000,000 gal; Lake Bellwood, --.

Finished-water storage: 1 underground reservoir, 2,500,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 

1, 500, 000 and 750, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500, 000 gal.
412 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TYLER--Continued

The water is pumped from Lake Tyler, intake approximately 2| miles from Whitehouse Dam, to the treatment plant approximately If miles southeast of Tyler. 

The water is prechlorinated at the pumping plant before being pumped to the 

treatment plant. The water flows through the treatment plant into an underground reservoir from which it is pumped to the distribution system and elevated storage. Wells 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are pumped directly into the distribution system. Well 4 is pumped to a small treatment plant at the well, from 

which the finished water is pumped into the distribution system. The flow pattern of the water from Bellwood Lake to the distribution system is similiar to 

that of Lake Tyler.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4)....... ....................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )..... ......

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

 .... .-j 

Bellwood Lake 

(raw water)

8

£>

.04

. 2,

£ U

4 5

2

Q

0

9 n

1.0

cc

5

7.0

QC

92

July 26, 1943

Lake Tyler 

(raw water)

4.0( > }

.00

. u

} 10

0

46

7 7

1 9

 }

09

41

4

1 C

6

0

1 t(t

C£

Feb. 27, 1952

Lake Tyler 

(finished water)

0 K

("15

.00

£ii

4.6

( n

\ 1.2

C1

1 Q

17

.1

.0

71

18

10

8.6

200

CO

Feb. 27,1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant a

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

28

Max

19 

33

Min

17 

24

PH

Av

7.0 

8.5

Max

7.0 

8.9

Min

7.0 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

aBellwood Lake, Jan. 1 to Nov. 28, 1951.
TEXAS 413

TYLER-- Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ............ ........

Sodium (Na).... ........ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. )-...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 2 

(raw water)

11

.01

8.4 

1.7

9Q

4.0

0

Q4

Q 1

6

n

.4

.0

115

28

0

.8.1

187

Aug. 3, 1943

1,064

1 ft ft ^ /ft

1937

Well 4 

(raw water)

14

3

C

60

4.5

CO

6.8

0

QO

61

en

1.0

.2

276

88

12

7.2

482

79

July 27, 1943

I

nofi

1 o o /o £t K /O

1938

Well 6 

(raw water)

14

.28

do

4.1

131

8.7

0

110

176

1 AQ

.0

.0

610

186

96

7.5

1,050

78

Sept. 9, 1944

1

AQC

1944

UNIVERSITY PARK 

(Population, 24,275)

Ownership: (See Highland Park.)
414 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VICTORIA 

(Population, 16,126)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (5 to 10, 12), 612, 365, 412, 414, 604, 1,012, and 751 ft deep,

within 400 ft of pumping station 1 and near west city limits on Pine Street.

The yield of the wells is reported to be 402, 500, 731, 430, 603, 1,000, and

1,350 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (by forced air at plant 1; sprays at plant 2). 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 1,000, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 300,000

and 500,000 gal; 2 ground storage tanks, 300,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually to one or the other of two central pumping

plants (No. 1 plant at the end of West Station Street; No. 2 plant on Pine Street). 

The water at plant No. 1 flows through a sand trap to the aeration chamber before entering the ground storage tank, from which it is pumped into the distribution system. The water at plant No. 2 is aerated before entering the ground 

storage tank, from which it is pumped into the distribution system

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SL<\) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... ... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..... ...

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

91

4.7

Q4.

11

* A a

7 Q

0

402 

14

an

.4

.0

CAC

ion

0

7.0

868

Apr. 20,

1945

612

lOi. 1 A

 . aoj.

Well 6 

(raw 

water)

oc

3 A

oc

11

1 <?9

6.4

0

386 

10

109

.0

197

10C

0

7.2

900

74

Apr. 2,

1945

365

16 -8|

1 Q9.8

WellS 

(raw 

water)

Ofi

7 Q

no

1 9

3 Q

0

366

3 A

no

.6

.0

495

140

0

7.4

836

75

Apr. 20,

1945

414

10f - 8

1941

Well 19 

(raw 

water)

00

07

10

fi Q

991

6

c

0

348 

07

168

..6

.0

656

74

0

7.5

1,130

82

Apr. 20,

1945

1,012

16-8 5/8

1942

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

99

AO

.00

98

10

1 AR

2.0

0

366 

2.7

91

.3

.0

488

111

0

10

7.6

816

« .

Dec. 12,

1951

--
TEXAS 415

VERNON 

(Population, 12,651)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 20 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, afeout 12,700.

Source: 34 wells in 5 well fields i to 2{ miles from the County Courthouse in Vernon. Field 1: 5 wells (1 to 5) 48 to 52 ft deep; Field 2: 8 wells (1 to 8) 40 to 44 

ft deep; Field 3: 5 wells (1 to 5) 41 to 46 ft deep; Field 4: 8 wells (1 to 8) 37 to 

42 ft deep-Field 5: 8 wells (1 to 8) 38 to 45 ft deep. The yield from each welJ 

field is reported to be 245, 570, 510, 660, and 635 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of pumping stations: 1, 700,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 10 ground reservoirs, 258,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually to a settling basin at each well field. The water 

is pumped from the settling basins into the distribution system and elevated tank, 

being chlorinated just prior to entering the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOu) .................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Field 1 

Well 5

20 

.02

79 

37

> ?5 

0 

324 

60 

65 

1.3 

110 

603

349 

84

8.2

Oct. 30, 

1943

48 

18 

1931

Field 2 

Well 1

83 

46 

79

0 

314 

67 

74

168 

643

396 

138

66 

Oct. 11, 

1943

44 

18 

1933

Field 2 

Well 2

23 

.05

75 

42

46

0 

306 

59 

58 

1.3 

76 

602

360 

108

8.3

Oct. 11, 

1943

44 

18 

1926

Field 4 

Well 1

24 

.07 

.00 

56 

38 

/ 68 

\ .8 

0 

335 

49 

41 

1.4 

64 

494

296 

21

5 

7.7

808

65 

Feb. 20, 

1952

41 

18 

1940

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

70

\ \ "79

0 

321 

54 

72

65 

540

302 

39

879

Apr. 10, 

1951

 " 
416 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WACO

(Population, 84,706)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 6, 000 people outside the city limits, and 

Beverly Hills. Total population supplied, about 91,400. Texas Water Co.; 

supplies about 6,300 of the total population.

Source: Municipal: Lake Waco, approximately 7i miles northwest of the city on 

the Bosque River; 2 wells (1 and 2), 1, 600 and 1, 540 ft deep, at the municipal 

airport used solely for the maintenance of the airport. Texas Water Co.: 2 

wells (1 and 2), 2,160 and 2, 200 ft deep, which pump directly into the distribution system.

Treatment: Lake water: prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon 

for odor and taste control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Well water: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1 ground reservoir, 1, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 6, 000, 000 and 5,000, 000 gal; clear 

well, 3, 500, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 750, 000 and 250, 000 gal.

The water from Lake Waco flows by gravity, intake at the lake spillway, approximately 5| miles to the ground reservoir at the treatment plant. The finished 

water from the treatment plant and clear well is pumped into the distribution 

system and storage.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO,) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO2 : 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Lake 

Waco 

(raw water)

7.6 

.06

70 11 ' 

30 

.6 

39 

137 

52 

33 

.8 

5.9 

335

220 

42

Jan. 8, 

1943

Lake 

Waco 

raw water)

6.2 

.04 

.00 

50 

6.6 

15

0 

164 

30 

14 

.3 

 .5 

225

152 

18

10 

7.6

367

56 

Feb. 29, 

1952

Finished 

water

4.9 

.01 

.00 

52 

6.3 

15 

.4 

0 

152 

41 

15 

.2 

.2 

225

156 

31

15 

7.3

376

61 

Feb. 29, 

1952

Depth (feet) ...........................................................

Diameter (inches);...................................................

Date drilled ..........................................................

Percent of supply ....................................................

Airport 

well 1 

(raw water)

16 

.05

2.0 

1.3 

240 

4.8 

26 

386 

108 

44 

1.0 

1.2 

627

10 

0

8.5 

1,000

94 

Mar. 31, 

1949

1,600 

8|-6i 

1942

Texas Water 

Co. well 1 

(raw water)

20 

.01 

.00 

3.2 

1.3 

248 

2.8 

0 

432 

124 

47 

1.1 

1.0 

664

14 

0

0 

8.2

1,060

91 

Feb. 29, 

1952

2,160 

10-7 

1945
TEXAS 417

WAXAHACfflE 

(Population, 11,204)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 25 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, 11,250. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 2,950, 2,950, 2,950, and 2,800 ft deep at East Madison

St., Main and Tuggle Sts., Exposition Grounds, and Getzendander Park. 

Treatment: Wells 1, 2, and 3, chlorination. Well 4, aeration (cascades) and

chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 200,000 and 125,000 gal; 2 ground

reservoirs, 400,000 and 200,000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually. Wells 1, 2, and 3 are chlorinated individually 

and pumped into a common reservoir from which the water is pumped into the 

distribution system and elevated tanks. The water from Well 4 is aerated, 

chlorinated, and pumped into a ground reservoir from which it is pumped into 

the distribution system and elevated tanks.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Color...............................

PH.... ........ .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 1 

(raw water)

Of)

.10

4.8

1.7

4.97

4.8

94

4.Q9

1 \.£t

071;

2 n

o

1,110

1Q

0

8

1

1,920

July 6, 

1948

, oUU

dUOUL loJLO

Well 2 

(raw water)

99

.05

4.0

1

C

\ 462

COrt

ID I 

OCC

1 C

.0

1,210

1C

0

8

0

1,930

Mar 94

1949

9 «7<JU

1019

Well 3 

(raw water)

9n

.15

K n

0 0

/ 414

\ 4.8

9ft

480

1 1O

oco

1

Q

o

1,120

oc

0

8

c

1,890

190

1948

2

ocn

1£

Well 4 

(raw water)

09

. .01 Ui

 nn

 i }

1 9

040

0

cco

1U«7

 100

1

0

.0

QQC

10

0

0

8 9

1,470

119

T7&K OQ

1952

2 onr\

1C C

UC^/l. X«7^w
418 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WEST UNIVERSITY PLACE 

(Population, 17,074)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 100 persons outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 17, 200.

Source: 4 wells (3 to 6), 768, 1,183, 1, 673, and 2, 026 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Ground storage tanks and elevated tanks, 1, 000, 000 gal.

The wells are pumped individually into separate ground storage tanks. From the 

storage tanks the water is pumped into the distribution system. Overhead 

storage tanks, for pressure equalization, float on the distribution system.

ANALYSES.

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (Nog .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

18 

.04

18 

5.1

\ 98

0 

265 

9.8 

36 

.4 

.0 

317

66 

0

8.1 

547

Sept. 17, 

1943

768 

13£-6f 

1938

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

18 

.09

22 

6.2 

93

0 

265 

6.0 

41 

.4 

.0 

324

80 

0

8.0 

550

Sept. 16, 

1943

1,183 

16-8i

1939

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

10 

3.3 

114

6 

268 

8 

34

a 307

38 

0

Jan. 31, 

1942

1,67^ 

20-12| 

1941

Well 6 

(finished 

water)

20 

.08 

.00 

12

3

Q

r S 151

V 1.6 

0 

326 

7.7 

66 

1.6 

.2 

418

46 

0

10

7.7

698

Nov. 20, 

1951

2,026 

20-12! 

1949 

_\.

a Sum of determined constituents.
TEXAS 419

WHITE SETTLEMENT 

(Population, 10,827)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 7,500. Liberator Village, a section of White 

Settlement, population about 3,500, has an independent system of supply.

Source: Municipal: 6 wells: 2 wells (1 and 2) 300 and 180 ft deep on Raymond 

Street; 2 wells (4 and 5) about 180 and about 280 ft deep on Hannan Street; Iwell 

(3) about 180 ft deep on Redford Street; 1 well (6) about 280 ft deep on Rumfield 

Road. The wells pump directly into the distribution system. Liberator Village: 

wells.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 200,000 and 100,000 gal; 1 elevated 

tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). ........... ........ ......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ.... ....... ................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................. ,.

Color...................................

pH......... ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Municipal 

well 1

L&

. uy

.00

55

AU

tJ I

£o U

0

OOO

OU

1«

. o

7

e

 O OO

£3fi

0

0

7.7

e on

64 

Mar. 31, 1952

300

10

X vTItJ

 

Trinity well, 

Liberator 

Village

10

.10

14

1

Q

u\J S 

7C

£k A CG

I V

3 J.

1.4

.5

O 1*1

*t£l

0

8.4

9AU

(D

Sept. 19. 1949

1

O CO

~""

Paluxy well, 

Liberator 

Village

1 C

 1*7

23

Id

QO

1 . ft

0

one

3U 

1 R

V \J

tot

111

0

7

C

Bin

70 

Sept. 19. 1949

ttOtt

 

a Alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).
420 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WICfflTA FALLS 

(Population, 68,042)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Holliday, and Sheppard Air Force Base. 

Total population supplied, about 98,000.

Source: Lake Kickapoo, maximum capacity 220, 000 acre-ft, on North Fork Little 

Wichita River, 8. 2 miles south of Mankins and 9. 2 miles northwest of Archer 

City, Archer County. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Lake Wichita on Holiday Creek, 6 miles southwest of Wichita Falls.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with iron salts, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 45, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 underground reservoirs, 2,500, 000 gal each; 2 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 and 500, 000 gal.

The water is pumped from Lake Kickapoo to the treatment plant. The finished 

water from the treatment plant is pumped into the distribution system and 

storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HGOj). ................

Sulf ate (SO^....... ....... ............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...... .............

Date of collection ...................

Lake 

Kickapoo 

(raw water)

4 9

.0

.00

oo

11

OC

0

8 A

1ft

K

19ft

0

10

7 Q

ooc

on

Feb. 20, 1952

Finished 

water

3.6

.0

.00

i.O

8.5

\ 26

77

15

91

.6

.5

141

art

0

10

9 fl

944

10

Jan. 11, 1952

Lake 

Wichita 

(raw water)

3.6

M

.00

36

(

^04

0

0

104

0«JO

eco

9

1.5

1,310

448

362

0

7.4

2 440

Mar. 24. 1952
UTAH 421

BRIGHAM CITY 

(Population, 6,790)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people at the Indian school outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 8,800.

Source: Hailing Spring, located at the head of Box Elder Canyon near Mantua. 

Auxiliary supply, 2 wells, 205 and 412 ft deep and reported to yield 900 and 

1,600 gpm. Well 1 is used as needed during summer months. Well 2 has not 

been used for 2 years.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 3 reservoirs, 1,200,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na>... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NCg .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ...........................

Hailing Spring

13

.04

44

21

8.3

2.7

0

239

9.2

9.6

.2

2.7

224

196

0

5

7.9

404

53

Mar. 30, 1951

Well 1 a.

13

.0

0

CO

20

\ 4.5

226

17

10

.2

4.4

243

212

27

7.8

April, 1950

205

12

1935

Well 2 a

16

.2

0

4Q

19

. o

228

13

12

.1

3.1

243

201

14

8.2

_

Apr. 18, 1950

"" 412

16-12

1946

a Analyzed by Utah State Dept. of Health, Salt Lake City.

CEDAR CITY 

(Population, 6,106)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 150 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 6,250.

Source: Springs located .in Coal Creek and Shurtz Canyon drainage basins, and 

1 well 300 ft deep. The yield of the well is reported to be 100 gpm. Emergency supply from Shale Hill Spring.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 5,000, 000 gal.
422 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CEDAR CITY Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(composite)

Ao

.01

.00

52 

15

A R

J.9 V

0

01 c

on

3* 1

2 n

22R

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Nnn/* a T*Vinna fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )...... i..... ..........

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection ..:......

Finished 

water

(composite)

14

U

7.7

QCQ

1QR1

LOGAN

(Population, 16,832)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Dewitt Springs, located in Logan Canyon 7 miles from the canyon mouth;

Emergency supply from a canal from the Logan River.

Treatment: No treatment of spring water. Chiorination of canal water when used. 

Storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Dewitt 

Springs

5.3 

.01

49 

18 

1.4 

1.6 

0 

230 

8.1 

1.8 

.0 

2.7 

193

Logan 

River

8.0 

.01

50 

21 

3.0 

2.7 

6 

228 

14 

5.5 

.1 

.8 

212

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tfttal .. ......

None arbonate ......

Color ...................

pH.. ....... ..............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK 0 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Dewitt 

Springs

196 

8

5 

8.1

352

47 

Mar. 30, 

1951

Logan 

River

211 

14

5 

8.1

379

45 

Mar. 30, 

1951
UTAH 423

MURRAY 

(Population, 9,006)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 150 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 9,150.

Source: McGhie Springs and tunnels located near mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon; auxiliary supply, 27 flowing wells and Little Cottonwood Creek (see Salt 

Lake City). Twenty-one of the flowing wells, 44 to 290 ft deep, are in the 

Vine Street group. The remaining 6 flowing wells are in the Baker group.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoir: 1,000,000 gal.

The flow from McGhie Springs and tunnels is reported to be about 2,200 gpm; the 

flow from the wells is estimated to be between 1,800 and 2,200 gpm. About 

225 gpm is available from Little Cottonwood Creek when needed. The water 

from the wells and Little Cottonwood Creek is used to some extent 6 months 

of the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) ..;....................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)..... ............

Sulfate (SQJ.... ....... ...... ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

McGhie Springs 

and tunnels

8.2

.03

o y 

12

3 q

1.8

0

136

38

4.5

.8

174

147

35

8.1

297

45

Mar. 9, 1951

Vine Street

wells

90

.02

OO

17

16

3 7

0

1QQ

47

17

3

0

970

909

39

5

8.0

446

CO

Mar. 9, 1951

44-290

5

Baker wells

14

.02

CO

22

oe

3.6

0

214

70

42

5 Q

363

235

60

5

7.7

607

KO

Mar. 9, 1951
424 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATF.R SUPPLIES EN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OGDEN 

(Population, 57,112)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: System of 46 artesian wells 84 to 600 ft deep, about 10 miles northeast 

of the city, located beneath Pine View Reservoir in Ogden Canyon; auxiliary 

supplies from creeks tributary to Ogden River (Wheeler, Coldwater, and Warmwater Canyons), Divine Springs in Ogden Canyon, and 4 wells, 600, 484, 495, 

and 472 ft deep.

Treatment: Chlorination. Open reservoirs are treated with copper sulfate for 

algae control.

Storage: 60,000,000 gal.

The artesian well field was developed before the construction of Pine View Dam 

impounding the Ogden River in Pine View Reservoir covering the well field. 

To preserve the supply the wells were capped and undercut at an average depth 

of 9 ft below the original outlet.

The flow of the wells passes through steel pipes to 3 collector mains which empty into a steel collector tank encased in concrete. From the collector tank the water 

is carried bya38 in. steel pipe 9,000 ft longto a point just below Pine View Dam 

where it connects with the city main through Ogden Canyon. The flow of the wells 

is controlled and after the filling of Pine View Reservoir was 24 second-feet, 

which was an increase of 39 percent over the original maximum natural flow.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ....... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mcr) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) . .

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... 

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micro mhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diamete r (inches) ........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Artesian 

wells

11 

.01

45 

11 

8.5 

4.0 

0 

183 

12 

8.8 

.1 

4.7 

188

158 

8

2

7.6

334

65 

Apr. 17, 

1951

84-600 

4-12

Airport 

well 1 

(East well)

21 

.23

49 

15 

31 

8.0 

0 

272 

7.7 

23 

.2 

.0 

279

184 

0

8.1 

479

Sept. 11, 

1950

484 

14 

1945

Airport 

well 2 a 

West well)

16 

.5

55 

22

> 18 ..

268 

12 

22 

.2

290

228 

8

7.9

Nov. 6, 

1948

495 

14 

1945

Airport 

well 3 a 

(C. A. A.).

14 

.1

36 

16

46

273 

2.2 

22 

.2 

0 

282

156 

0

8.0

Mar.. 23, 

1949

472 

10 

1943

Well at 23rd 

St. & Van 

BurenAve.

25 

.09

120 

33 

/ 235 

\ 13 

0 

162 

12 

595 

.2 

.7 

b 1,120

435 

302

7.5 

2,070

Sept. 11, 

1950

600 

18 

1-944

a Analyzed by Utah State Dept. of Health, Salt Lake City, 

b Concentration variable.
UTAH 425

OREM 

(Population, 8,351)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 10,000.

Source: Alta Ditch (fed by spring about 5 miles up Provo Canyon), group of small 

springs in lower Provo Canyon, Provo River impounded in Deer Creek Reservoir (see Salt Lake City); emergency supply from 2 drilled wells, 468 and 470 

ft deep, each with a reported yield of 500 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination. The well water, when used, is pumped directly into the 

distribution system and is not treated.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 2,650,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ .......................

Iron (Fe) ...........................

Manganese (Mn)..................

Calcium (Ca)......................

Magnesium (Mg)..................

Sodium (Na)........................

Potassium (K) ....................

Carbonate (CO,)..................... 0

Bicarbonate (HCOj)................. j28

Sulfate (SQJ........................... j2

Chloride (Cl)......................... ^ j

Fluoride (F).......................... "2

Nitrate (NO^ ......................... L' 3

Dissolved solids .................... j22*

Hardness as CaCO3:

Total................................ 116

Noncarbonate..................... Q n

Color................................

PH....................................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C,)........

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.)................

Date of collection................... Aug. 28.

Depth (feet) ........................

Diameter (inches)................

Date drilled .................... ...

Percent of supply ................

Alta Ditch 

water)

Springs

(chlorinated

water)

Canyon Road 

well

4.8 

.01

30

10

8.2 

.02

51

18

6.8

1.6

0

240

28

7.0

.2

3.5

15

.01

58

24

7.4

.8

0

56

.2

3.4

300

60

8. 0

221

50

1951

5 

7.6

427

54 

Aug. 28. 1951

5 

7.6

470

59 

Aug. 28. 1951

468

12-10-8 

1946

PRICE 

(Population, 6,010)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Wellington and about 1,200 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 8,300. 

Source: 5 springs located about 27 miles northwest of Price. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 3 reservoirs, 16, 500,000 gal.
426 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PRICE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

,Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Springs 

(city tap)

5 O

. U&

.00

58

oo

5

Q

O. i

0

O£U

&TC

10

. 1

1

C

297

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(mieromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

rvjfp f\f pnllppHnn

Springs 

(city tap)

OQfl

1 Q

5

7.4

COO

44

Feb. 15,

1QC1

PROVO

(Population, 28,937)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 29,350.

Source: Springs in Provo Canyon: Yellow Jacket Spring, Spring Dell Spring, 

Mary's Spring, Canyon Glen Spring, and several other small springs. Auxiliary supplies, creeks tributary to Provo River: Upper Falls, Bridal Falls, 

Lost Creek, and South Fork Creek; Provo River impounded in Deer Creek 

Reservoir (see Salt Lake City). The creeks of the auxiliary supply contribute 

9 to 10,000,000 gpd during summer months. During 1950 water used from 

Provo River amounted to 123,200,000 gal.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 5,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Springs, 

composite 

(reservoir)

7.4 

.02

38 

14 

2.9 

1.3 

0 

166 

19 

2.4 

.0 

1.7 

167

Hardness as CaCOj: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(mieromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )...... ....

Date of collection .........

Springs,

composite 

(reservoir)

152 

16

6

7.7

300

46 

Mar. 23, 

1951
UTAH 427

SALT LAKE CITY 

(Population, 182,121)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Holladay and about 18,350 people in suburban 

areas outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 204,100.

Source: Big Cottonwood Creek, 35 percent of supply; Parley's Creek impounded 

in Mountain Dell Reservoir, 21 percent of supply; Little Cottonwood Creek, 

16 percent of supply; City Creek, 15 percent of supply; Emigration Tunnel, 4 

percent of supply. Auxiliary supplies from 99 wells in artesian basin about 7 

miles southeast of Salt Lake City, 4 percent of supply; 5 pumped wells, 464, 

440, 385, 535, and 500 ft deep, 5 percent of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation of surface-water sources; chlorination 

of water from artesian basin; pumped well water and Emigration Tunnel water 

not treated. Copper sulfate is used at Mountain Dell Reservoir for algae control.

Raw-water storage: Mountain Dell Reservoir, 1,050,000,000 gal; Twin Lakes, 

306,000,000 gal; Mary Lake, 242,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 11 reservoirs with a combined capacity of 52,900,000 gal.

The composition of the water varies throughout the distribution system and changes 

considerably at different times of the year, although all supplies are mixed to 

some degree before reaching the consumer, except for City Creek which supplies 

the northern part of the city. The analyses given are believed to show reasonably 

well the composition of the water from the various sources of supply.

An important future source of water (beginning 1952) supplied by the Metropolitan Water District will be Provo River impounded in Deer Creek Reservoir and carried in 

the Salt Lake Aqueduct. Two reservoirs, with a combined capacity of 40,000,000 

gal, are now under construction to receive water from Deer Creek Reservoir.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Big Cottonwood 

Creek

7.1- 

.04

36 

12

\ 3.7

0 

123 

38 

4.0 

.2 

.7 

162

139 

38

8.2 

281

Mar. 24, 

1949

Parley's 

Creek

13 

.02

77 

10

( 16 

| 4.6

269 

33 

20 

.2 

.2 

309

233 

12

8.0 

515

Oct. 20, 

1949

Little Cottonwood 

Creek

6.7 

.14

22

4.9

\ 4.4

0 

60 

30 

2.1 

.3 

.9 

101

75 

26

7.9 

169

Apr. 22, 

1949

City 

Creek

' 9.2 

.05

62 

17

8.7

0 

248 

17 

16 

.1 

.2 

252

224 

22

8.0 

443

Mar. 24, 

1949

Deer "Creek 

Reservoir

10 

.04

59 

16 

f 12 

V 2.1 

0 

196 

58 

10 

.3 

1.3 

270

213 

52

7.4 

436

Nov. 25, 

1949
428 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SALT LAKE CITY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 3. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOg). ................

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) ...'......................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .'........... .........

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. )......... ..........

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Date drilled...........................

Percent of supply...................

Emigration 

Tunnel

15

.05

1<SD

OO

> -

0

OAV

4 OC

OA"

.1

KCK

448

186

7.4

OO R

May 9, 1949

4

Artesian 

wells 

(composite)

14

u^t 

1 Q

f 18

/ OO

V 90

0

t Qfi

CO

no

*)

4

0

QAQ

onft

48

7 Q

CIO

Aug. 8, 1949

58-440

4

Well 1056-A

1Q

A 05

OO 

01

oc

2 0

0

QQ

41

.0

1 R

471

004

100

7 5

75, e

Aug. 18, 1949

464

20

1945

3

SOUTH SALT LAKE 

(Population, 7,704)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people in a school outside the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 8,700.

Source: 6 flowing wells (1, 4 to 8) 585, 932, 750, 631, 895, and 970 ft deep. 

Auxiliary water is purchased from Salt Lake City, supplied by pipeline from 

wells in artesian basin (see Salt Lake City), and is automatically drawn upon 

whenever the pressure in the city mains drops below a certain point (14 percent of supply in 1950).

Treatment: None.

Storage: Elevated tank, 350,000 gal.
UTAH 429

SOUTH SALT LAKE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Depth (feet) ..................

Date drilled ..................

Flowing wells 

(composite)

1 C

AC

88 17

CO

o n

0

941

900

40

q

COA

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Nranf* a i*Hi"knsi tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Flowing wells 

(composite)

079

174

7

7.8

QA<J

62

Mar. 9,

1951

585-970

4

1946-50

86

SPRINGVILLE 

(Population, 6,475)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 325 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 6, 800.

Source: Spring Creek-Springs (55 percent of supply), Burt Spring (40 percent of 

supply), Knowles Tunnel (5 percent of supply). It is planned to use Bartholomew Spring as an additional supply by late summer of 1951. These sources 

of supply are located in canyons east of Springville.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs, 1, 208, 000 gal.
430 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPRING VILLE - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnrmsiiirn (Mg) ..Jiil .,.,

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Spring a

7

C

M

50

16

2 q

2 7

0

917

11

2.8

.1

3.8

196

191

10

5

7 Q

356

47

Mar. 23,

1951

Spring t>

7 Q

4Q

17

\ 9 1 / '

0

004

 to

9.0

3.9

218

192

q

364

48

Mar. 23,

1951

Burt 

Spring

10

.01

66

17

(

 , 6.4

0 0

0

249

34

8.5

.0

.7

261

234<jn

5

7.6

445

4Q

MQT- 9^

1951

Knowles 

Tunnel

8

n

M

51

oo

4 "i

<j n

0

940

22

5.0

.1

2.2

231

218

91

K

7 Q

415

42

Mar. 23,

1951

Bartholomew 

Spring

8.0

.02

48

7.0

2.3

2.9

0

176

5.2

1.9

.1

2.4

159

149

4

Fj

7.8

286

43

Mar. 23,

1951

a Upper Spring Creek, 

b Lower Spring Creek.

TOOELE 

(Population, 7,269)

iOwnership: Municipal.

Source: Middle Canyon Springs located 2 miles southeast of Tooele, and Settlement Canyon Spring l| miles south of Tooele. These springs furnish about 80 

percent of the total supply. Auxiliary supply from 3 wells (1 to 3), 452, 70, 

and 79 ft deep, about 20 percent of the total supply.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoirs with a combined capacity of 4,000,000 gal.

Wells 2 and 3 are located just below the springs in Middle and Settlement Canyons, 

respectively, so that the water from these wells is probably very similar in 

composition to the spring water. Well. 1 is the main one in use during the 

summer months.
UTAH 431

TOOELE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ................

Sulfate (SO^........ ..................

Chloride (Cl) ..........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

T1OTinnj31*£ltlITtJ3 (~tp \

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Middle Canyon 

Springs

x« 

no

.00

/o

99

14

2.7

0

9QD

on

15

.1

2 A

o.9n

9Qr>

36

7.7

CCQ

40 

Mar. 1, 1951

Settlement 

Canyon 

Spring

10 

r>9

.00

70

OO

00

0 Q

0

one

9n

o a

.1

1 Q

one

ocq

19

7

c

c oo

51 

Mar. 1, 1951

Well 1 a

Id

b/i R

OD 

91

19

4

0

nrrc

OH

07f|

007

72

Jan. 3, 1947

Jl CO

12-10

X v~V

a Analyzed by University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 

b Iron and aluminum oxides.
432 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ABERDEEN, WASHINGTON 

(Population, 19,653)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 20,650. 

Source: Wishka River impounded 21. 7 miles northeast of Aberdeen. A separate

industrial system, municipally owned, utilizes large quantities of raw water

from the Wynooche River. Emergency supplies from Wynooche River and

Lake Aberdeen.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 120,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

14

1 9

5.6 20

 } 0

2 1

0

^4

1.0

3 A

O

57

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

watera

oc

0

PL

7 1

CA

61

June 12,

1 Q51

L Wishka River.

BELLINGHAM 

(Population, 34,112)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 35,600.

Source: Lake Whatcom (96 percent of supply) and Lake Padden (4 percent of 

supply).

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. Lime added to water from Lake Whatcom for corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 100,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Whatcom and Lake Padden (capacities not computed).

Finished-water storage: 4 reservoirs, 2,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 75,000 gal.
WASHINGTON 433

BE LLINGH AM Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

1 °,

.01

4.8

3

0

1.6

0

91

4.0

°, 9

35

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

1 C

0

7 9

EC

co

Aug. 13,

10.51

Lake Whatcom.

BREMERTON 

(Population, 27,678)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and .military 

personnel, and about 20,000 people outside the city limits. Total population 

supplied, about 63,000.

Source: Anderson Creek, Gorst Creek, and Union River (82 percent of supply); 

7 artesian wells (1 to 7) ranging in depth from 245 to 627 ft (18 percent of 

supply). The yield of the wells is reported to range from 130 to 1, 500 gpm.

Treatment: Anderson and Gorst Creek stations: sedimentation, chlorination, 

and ammoniation; chlorination of Union River supply and at main distribution 

reservoir.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 22,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Northwest Laboratories, Seattle, Wash.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.......... .......

Sulfate (804)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NQJ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Noncarbonate ........i... .........

Anderson 

Creek

39

.09

7 9

4.2

7.5

50

 6.8

.0

.0

ago

35

0

Gorst 

Creek

38

.15

Q 7

4.9

6.9

58

.8

7.7

.0

.0

95

44

0

Union 

River

33

.38

9 n

2.7

12

_

56

2.3

7.4

.0

.0

a 94

34

0

a Sum of determined constituents.
434 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

BREMERTON, Analyses Continued

Color...................................

pH......... .............. ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date reported .................... ...

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).................

Sulf ate (SO^... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH............. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date reported ........................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of sunolv ...................

Anderson 

Creek

2.5

7.5

July 5, 1951

Well 2

Q-l

.14

16

5.1

1 1

7Q

4.4

7.1

.0

.0

106

51

0

0

8

9

July 5, 1951

oxc

99

A y^t i

Gorst 

Creek

0

7.6

July 5, 1951

Well 6

41

nq

1 <J 

Q 9

9 Q

76

1.6

6.4

.0

.0

108

52

0

0

8 9

July 5, 1951

53§

16

1Q44

Union 

River

6

7.4

July 5, 1951

Well 7

30

.05

1Q

4.0

19

78

.8

17

.0

.0

114

64

-o

0

8.1

July 5, 1951

«97

16

1 Qd.<i

EVERETT 

(Population, 33,849)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 10,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 43,800. 

Source: Sultan River stored in Lake Chaplain. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 110,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Chaplain, 4, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 30,000,000 gal.
WASHINGTON 435

EVE RETT Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.1

no

3.6 

.7

1.0

1.0

0

19

2

C

1 9

.1

 >

22

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

1 9

1

7 9

oq

60

June 9,

1QR1

HOQUIAM 

(Population, 11,123)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 700 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11,800.

Source: Davis Creek (75 percent of supply) and headwaters of the Little Hoquiam 

River (25 percent of supply). There are 2 emergency connections with the supply of the city of Aberdeen.

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 11,000,000 sal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) ...................

Magnesium (Mg)...... ...............

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CQJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOg). ........ ........

Sulfate (SO^........ ..................

Chloride (Cl) ........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) ............ ...... ...

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color ...................................

pH......... ............ ..................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Davis Creek 

(raw water)

iy

. ia

. 0

1.5

 *±

 V/

0

1.0

5

0

v> 1

JL U

0

10

1 . &

74

June 12, 1951

Little Hoquiam 

River 

(raw water)

lo

. & JL

5.5

1.7

3. t

o. U

0

f\O

. b

1. O

CQ

& J.

0

10

7.0

71

June 12. 1951

Finished 

water 

(composite)

JL«7

. lo

5.0

1. */

. 0

. 1

0

O A

JL. ft

6

0

. 0

.1

O 4

&\J

0

5

1. O

1R

b^ 

June 12. 1951
436 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KENNEWICK 

(Population, 10,106)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,200. 

Source: Columbia River; auxiliary supply from a well 552 ft deep. The yield of

the well is reported to be 600 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. (Fluoridation equipment is currently being installed,

November 1951).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

 Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

JLO

.07

--

22

. 1

* *x

& JL

0

C 1?

i a

2

e

 O

113

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

7 70

170

JL27O JL

LONGVIEW 

(Population, 20,339)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 24,300. 

Source: Cowlitz River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

Chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, injparts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

12

.04

7.3

2.4

1 Q

0

on

8

n

1.9

.0

45

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

oo

5

5

7 R

On

June 13,

1951
WASHINGTON 437

LONGVIEW Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.0 

7.2

Max

7.2 

7.4

Min

6.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

~~

Max

- 

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

25

0

Max

1000 

0

Min

25

0

OLYMPIA 

(Population, 15,819)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,100. 

Source: McAllister Springs. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7,700,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

36 

.03

10 

6.2 

6.9 

2.9 

0 72- 

3.6 

4.4 

.0 

.8 

107

Hardness as CaCOj: 

 Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micr'omhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

50 

0

3 

7.4

133

62 

June 11, 

1951

PASCO 

(Population, 10,228)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Columbia River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal.
438 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

P ASCO- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1 . O

.04

21 

4 9

1 ft

1.0

0

/j o

17

1 5

.0 }

fifl

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

70

14

7.7

148

71

Tuna *7

1QK1

PORT ANGELES 

(Population 11,233)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13,200. 

Source: Morse Creek. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 7,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

n

. \J£i

18

. b 

39

1 B

0

CO

7.7

A » U

.1

76

Hardness as CaCO,,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

9R C \

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

C£5

0

7 R

1 OB

Aug. 7,

1 QC1
WASHINGTON 439

PULLMAN 

(Population 12,022)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also abdut 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12,100.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 150, 232, and 167 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 750, 650, and 900 gpm.

Treatment: 'Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,050,000 eal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

CO

. fiO

23 

14

00

U. rt

0

1 QQ

1 8

*? 1

Q

.1

99fl

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

lit?

0

o

7

0

tnft

Ut?

 I. *7 vJ.

RENTON 

(Population, 16,039)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: Springbrook Springs and 4 wells (1 and 2, and Liberty Park 1 and 2).

The yield of the wells is reported to be 105, 260, 1,000 and 1,000 gpm.

Emergency supply from city of Seattle. 

Treatment: Chlorination (at source only). 

Raw-water storage: 1,800,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

A private residential development of 150 homes, supplied by a private water

company, has been annexed by the city. The source of the supply is springs, 

with a 25,000 gal storage tank. The city of Renton may purchase this water 

system.
440 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RENTON--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

00

f|O

13

8

0

K Q

4.0

0

70

9

C

4 9

.4

4.0

109

Finished 

water b

op

.01

12

8

0

5

C

2

0

0 

70

9

0

4.0

4 9

109

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color.. ................ .

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK /-< \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

O£S

2

7

0

1 C1

en

June 8,

lOCI

Finished 

waterb

64

5

5

7 ^

1 C1

CO

1Q51

^Springbrook Springs. 

Liberty Park wells.

HIGHLAND 

(Population, 21,809)

Ownership: U. S. Government. Operated by General Electric Co. Supplies also 

about 6, 000 people outside Richland. Total population supplied, about 27, 800.

Source: Domestic supply, 18 wells in four groups: Richland group of 8 wells (2, 4, 

5, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 18) ringing in depth from 70 to 140 ft, and reported to 

yield 6, 000 gpm; North Richland group of 6 wells (A, B, C, D, E, and 5) 

ranging in depth from 100 to 120 ft and reported to yield 7, 000 gpm; Columbia 

group of 3 wells (A, B, and C) 80 to 110 ft deep, and reported to yield 2,200 

gpm; and 1 well (1100-8) 120 ft deep, and reported to yield 1, 000 gpm. The 

Columbia group of wells is used only during the summer months.

Treatment: Chlorination of domestic supply.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 5, 400, 000 gal.

A separate supplementary supply for lawn sprinkling during summer months is 

obtained from a canal from the Yakima River through a separate distribution 

system. The river water is used also to flood the percolation basin in the 

well field area in order to maintain the ground water level during the summer 

months.

The water delivered to the consumers varies in chemical composition according to 

the wells pumped and somewhat with the level of the ground water table.
WASHINGTON 441

HIGHLAND-- Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by General Electric Co., Richland, Wash.)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ. ................

Sulfate (SO,).... ....... ................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) ......... ......... ..

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ........................;.......

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ................ ..........

8 wells 

(Richland 

group)

cc

.01

.00

3U 

1 C

01

4

206

44

8.5

Qfl7

1Q1

22

5

7.7

424

2

Apr. 24, 1951

70 to 140

16 to 30

1 041 44

6 wells 

(North Richland group)

oo

no

.00

it i 

50

8

c

1 1

100

10

4.0

148

Q1

9

0

7

Q

202

< 1

Apr. 24, 1951

100 to 120

20 to 30

104ft

Well 

1100-8

CO

.00

<c .01

OT 

7 ^

1 C

2 7

10Q

1 ft

5

C

2

'

3

186

116

2

0

7.8

283

^0. 1

Apr. 24, 1951

120

10

1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120

Max

232

Min

80

PH

Av

7.2

Max

7.8

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

140

Max

202

Min

90

Turbidity

Av

2.0

Max

2.0

Min

2.0

SEATTLE 

(Population, 467,591)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 110,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 580,000. 

Source: Cedar River impounded in Lake Youngs. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Approximately 300,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Youngs, 3,660,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 365,000,000 gal.
442 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SEATTLE --Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Seattle Water Dept.)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F)- ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Cedar 

River

4.0

.04

.0

. 6 

.6

> «

0

22

2 1

.6

.0

.0

37

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Cedar 

River

1 Q

0

0

7 Q

0

40

Jan. 8,

10U1

SPOKANE 

(Population, 161,721)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 162,100.

Source: 13 wells in two groups (87 percent of supply) with two pumping stations: 

Well Pumping Station (5 wells of 45 ft mean depth) and Parkwater Pumping 

Station (8 wells of 140 ft mean depth). Seven auxiliary wells (13 percent of 

supply) with four pumping stations: Ray Street (2 wells of 76 ft mean depth); 

Grace Avenue (1 well); Hoffman Avenue (2 wells of 225 ft mean depth); and 

Baxter (2 wells of 130 ft mean depth). The auxiliary wells are used during the 

summer months.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 70,100,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Spokane Health Dept.)

Silica (SiOjj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (feet) .......

Date dug ................

Percent of supply....

Well 

Station a

on

.0

.0

35

4.0

0

1 »

2

n

.0

2 9

184

Parkwater 

Station0

11 

.0

.0

38

4 Q

0

10

1 Q

.0

O 0

186

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...?. ...........

pH...... .................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 

Station a

1 t;q

10

I . «7

10U1

45

28 to 50

1907-25

60

Parkwater . 

Station 0

17

t v

lydi

140

6

1948

27

a Five wells. b Eight wells.
WASHINGTON 

SPOKANE--Continued

443

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Spokane Health Dept.)

Silica (SiOj,) ................ ....

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COs) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

None ar bonate .................

Color...............................

pH..... ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (feet) ..................

Date dug ...........................

Percent of supply ...............

Ray Street 

Station 

(2 wells)

7.2 

.0

39 

12 

14

0 

176 

22 

7.4

8.9 

191

147 

2

7.6 

Oct. 1945

76 

20 

1937 

6

Hoffman 

Avenue Station (2 wells'

7.2 

.0

32 

15 

1.0

0 

146 

16 

2.5

.9 

144

142 

22

8.1 

Sept. 1944

225 

5 

1923 

3

Baxter 

Station 

(2 wells)

6.4 

.0

37 

13 

4.1

0 

145 

27 

5.7

.4 

195

146 

27

8.2 

Dec. 1944

130 

2 

1943 

.3

Grace 

Avenue 

Well

15

.0 

29 

11 

3.0

0 

126 

12 

3.6 

.0 

4.0 

132

118 

14

7.9 

July 1951

4

TACOMA 

(Population, 143,673)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 12,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 155,700. 

Source: Green River (94 percent of supply); auxiliary supply from 13 wells ranging

in depth from 74 to 788 ft, and an average yield (reported) of 3, 490 gpm.

The well supply is used when the Green River is turbid, during peak demand

for sprinkling, and for emergencies. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 72,000,000 gpd. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 160,000,000 gal; standpipes, 2, 574,000 gal.

The intake on Green River is near Palmer, about 35 miles east of Tacoma. The 

water is transmitted by pipeline to McMillin Reservoir, located 8 miles southeast of Tacoma. A second pipeline connects McMillin Reservoir and the distribution system in Tacoma.
444 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TACOMA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses,! in parts per million, by Northwest Laboratories, Seattle, Wash.)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........ ................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

 

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date reported .......................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Green River 

(raw water)

23 

0 

0 

5.2 

1.2 

6.9

29 

2.0 

6.3 

0

^

18 

0

0 

7.4

Oct. 4, 1948

Finished 

water

26 

0 

0 

6.4 

1.3 

6.7

30 

2.1 

6.3 

0

^

21 

0

0 

7.8

Oct. 4, 1948

Well 5-A

27 

0 

0 

12 

7.7 

9.4

56 

 8.9 

9.5 

0 

17 

115

61 

16

0

7.1

Oct. 4, 1948

378 

26 

1930

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

7.8

Max

7.8

Min

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

21

Max

61

Min

18

Turbidity

Av

a

Max

150

Min

0

a Sum of determined constituents.
WASHINGTON 445

VANCOUVER 

(Population, 41,664)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 6,800 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 48,500.

Source: 14 wells (72 percent of supply) and springs (28 percent of supply). The 

range in depth and reported yield of 5 wells (1, 3, 4, 5, and 6) represent 

about average conditions for the 14 wells. The depth and the yield of the 5 

wells are as follows: well 1, 132 ft and 1,000 gpm; well 3, 128 ft and 1,000 

gpm; well 4, 243 ft and 2,000 gpm; well 5, 240 ft and 1,200 gpm; well 6, 

278 ft and 2,000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 5,728,000 gal.

The analysis given is representative of the water furnished to the consumers.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Charlton Laboratories, Portland, Oreg.)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

44

.3

.0

14

4.8

> -

73

5.7

3.2

.0

129

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

, water 

(composite)

55

0

6.9

__

__

__

Apr. 18,

1949

WALLA WALLA 

(Population, 24,102)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 25,600. 

Source: Mill Creek (84 percent of supply); auxiliary supply from 3 wells (1 to 3),

810, 808, and 1,169 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1,500,

1,200, and 2,000 gpm. The wells are pumped only during the summer

months and furnish 16 percent of the annual supply.

Treatment: Chlorination of water from Mill Creek; well supply not treated. 

Raw-water storage: 15,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: ~
446 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WALLA WALL A--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

39

.03

9.4

3.6

4.2

2.6

0

60

1.8

1.0

.2

.2

89

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

38

0

5

7.6

102

61

June 6,

1951

WENATCHEE 

(Population, 13,072)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 15,100. 

Source: Columbia River. 

Treatment: Sedimentation, coagulation with alum, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Columbia 

River 

(raw water)

9.6

ft\j 

3.6

O. D

0

72

21

1

.2

.6 a ioo

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

TpmnpT'aHiT'P /T? \

Columbia 

, River 

(raw water)

fiC

143

53

May 12,

1Q4Q

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

45

Max

51 

50

Min

39 

41

PH

Av

7.7 

7.5

Max

8.1 

7.8

Min

7.3 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

46

Max

60 

60

Min

30 

32

Turbidity

Av

2.3 

.2

Max

3.5 

.5

Min

1.0 

0

a Sum of determined constituents.
WASHINGTON 447

YAKIMA 

(Population, 38,486)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 42,300. 

Source: Naches River; emergency supply from 2 wells (1 and 2) 250 and 65 ft

deep. (No well water was used during 1950.) 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, filtration through natural sand and gravel be'ds,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Sic.,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn)

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

17

.11

6.1 

1.4

0 n

1.0

0

on

2

c

1.7

.1

.1

50

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

£ti

0

10

7.1

C7

O A

1QC1

Naches River.
448 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CASPER, WYOMING 

(Population, 23,673)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 24,700.

Source: Infiltration gallery along banks of North Platte River; impounding reservoir on Elkhorn Creek used to service small number of homes in higher 

part of city; 3 dug wells (1 to 3) each 30 ft deep, as stand-by.

Treatment: Chlorination, and copper sulfate for*algae control as needed.

Raw-water storage: Elkhorn Creek Reservoir, 1,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4 open concrete reservoirs, 11,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Infiltration 

gallery (finished water)

11

ni

.01

91

OC

RQ

3 Q

0

182

<>7C

01

1. 1

615

Hardness as CaCOjTotal .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Infiltration 

gallery (finished water)

329

180

4

7.7

869

1

60

Oct. 27,

1951

CHEYENNE 

(Population, 31,935)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 10, 000 to 12, 000 people at Warren Air 

Base. Total population supplied, about 41, 9QO to 43, 900.

Source: 14 wells ranging from 152 to 947 ft deep (11 of the wells are under 400 

ft in depth) furnish 25 percent of regular supply; 5 reservoirs including Granite Springs, Crystal Lake, Old North Crow, New North Crow, and South 

Crow all on branches of Crow Creek furnish 75 percent of regular supply.

Treatment: Well water, chlorination; creek water, coagulation with alum, slow 

sand filtration, chlorination, and copper sulfate, as needed, for algae control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 5 impounding reservoirs (capacity not known).

Finished-water storage: 11,000, 000 gal in open concrete basins and steel tank.

The well water is chlorinated and pumped to storage in a steel tank which automatically discharges when filled, to finished creek water in open concrete 

basins. A mixture of well water and creek water is delivered to the mains.
WYOMING 449

CHEYENNE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ........ ........

Sulfate (804).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) .........................

Nitrate (NO^ .. ......................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH..,. ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Crow Creek 

Reservoirs 

(raw water)

13

.02

.02

O/»

4.4

4.8

1.9

0

100

6.0

2.5

1.0

.7

122

83

1

6

7.6

189

3

44

Oct. 22, 1951

Several wells 

Raw water 

(composite)

23

.09

.02

1Q

5.8

8.2

2.0

0

155

6.0

3.0

.5

5.7

174

121

0

2

8.1

268

0.9

53

Oct. 22, 1951

Finished water 

(city tap)

14

.03

.02

on

4.5

5.0

1.9

0

105

7.0

5.5

1.0

1.2

134

91

5

4

7.8

207

2

56

Oct. 22, 1951

CODY 

(Population, 3,872)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 4,270.

Source: South Fork Shoshone River via Cody Canal, for regular supply. Water 

from Beckley Reservoir is used in extreme emergencies. The water is diverted into the Cody Canal 1 mile upstream from the Buffalo Bill Reservoir, and 

9 miles southwest of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, chlorination, and filtration for 

regular supply. Slow sand filtration for auxiliary or emergency supply.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: City Reservoir 163, 000, 000 gal; Markham Reservoir, 

49, 200, 000 gal. Auxiliary supply is stored in Beckley Reservoir, capacity 

not known.

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.
450 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

CODY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

15

.01

no

31

1 9

58

1.4

6 

194.

1OC

3

K

V

.7

327

Finished 

water

14

 \J£t

.04

30

JLCi 

CC

1.4

0

1 OC

i?n

4

C

 )

2

332

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 OC

14

4

8.5

505

5

Nov. 6,

1951

Finished 

water

1 OC

14

4

8.4

499

 >

Nov. 6,

1QR1

EVANSTON 

(Population, 3,863)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 600 people at the Wyoming State

Hospital. Total population supplied, about 4, 500. 

Source: Bear River. During the summer months 3 wells (1 to 3), 186, 65, and

76 ft deep, are pumped as needed. The yield of the wells is reported to be

710, 610, and 472 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 2,000,000 gal. 

The intake on Bear River is 9 miles upstream from Evanston, and the pipeline

capacity is 2. 5 mgd. For about two months during the summer the maximum

demand is about 3. 5 mgd, and the additional water needed is pumped from the

wells directly into the distribution system.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Macnesium (Ms).....................

Sodium (Na)...... .....................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4X....... ...................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

. u

 UTC

.00

48

 LO

. U

0

.1

.5

 1 Id

0

Well 1 b

£» i

013

Well 2 b

14

ion

a Bear River. b Analysis by state chemist, Laramie, Wyoming.
WYOMING 451

EVANSTON, Analyses Continued

Color...................................

pH............ ...........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

7

8

n

004

Mar. 14, 1951

Well l b

Apr. 25, 1938

Well 2b

Nov. 6. 1939

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

130

Max

171

Min

89

PH

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

149

Max

197

Min

105

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

--

Min

~

a Bear River.

b Analysis by state chemist, Laramie, Wyoming.

LARAMIE 

(Population, 15,581)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Soldier Springs, 24 percent of supply; City Springs , 30 percent of supply; 

Pope wells (1 to 3) 156, 162, and 158 ft deep (well 1 is not in use), 14 percent of supply; Sodergreen Lake 32 percent of supply (industrial and commercial use only). Sodergreen Lake, normally a nonpotable water, is also used 

for emergency purposes.

Treatment: Chlorination of City Springs, Soldier Springs, and Pope wells. 

(Fluoridation unit to be installed.) Sodergreen Lake is not treated.

Finished-water storage: 2 concrete reservoirs 5,000,000 and 2, 000,000 gal.

The flow of City Springs is gathered by gravity system of tiles and sumps and 

enters reservoir about 1 mile east of town. The city main from the reservoir is interconnected with 16-in. line from Soldier Springs and 12-in. line 

from Pope wells. When city consumption is less than rate of flow from 

Soldier Springs and Pope wells,, water backs into city reservoir. Pope wells 

are used in summer months only.

Water from Sodergreen Lake is used by Union Pacific Railroad, University of 

Wyoming (irrig. and hydraulics), and city cemetery.
452 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES,- 1952

LARAMIE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)...... ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SO*).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ............. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Pope well 3 

(raw water)

. u

. \j*t

.00

56

±.£1

1. O

 i- £i

0

ClCTT

1.0

 U

.1

3. y

£i\}L

Ly\j

6

0

7 fi

361

1

46

Oct. 21, 1951

 i RP.

IK

1 Q1Q

City Springs 

(raw water)

8

0

 U^

.00

53

Ib

J. . O

1.0

0

£Orr

. U

 U

.1

5

{*

£t\J 1

200

8

o

8.1

i7n

O Q

Oct. 22, 1951

Finished water 

(composite ) a

11

. Ua

.00

51

ib

i. O

0

. u

. u

.1

3. 3

£i\JU

Ly£t

6

o

8.1

362

0.8

49

Oct. 22, 1951

a City Springs and Soldier Springs.

RAWLINS 

(Population, 7,415)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 19 springs approximately 32 miles south of Rawlins for regular suppij. 

Cross connection with the Union Pacific Railroad supply, State Penitentiary 

wells, and 1 municipal well 680 ft deep for emergency or auxiliary supply. 

The water is conducted (7 miles of gathering line) in wooden-stave pipe, 16- 

inch diameter, for a distance of 32 miles thence to storage. Springs have 

concrete boxes constructed for receiving.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 4 ground, steel-covered tanks, 7,750,000, 7,750,000, 2,000,000, and 

500,000 gal. Total storage 18, 000, 000 gal.
WYOMING 453

R AWLINS - -C ontinued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

QO

97

.01

53

3

Q

14

2 7

0

17Q

QQ

2 n

. i

1 9

237

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished . water

148

1

2

7.8

345

1

52

Oct. 23,

1951 .

RIVERTON 

(Population, 4,142) 

Owne r ship: Munic ipal.

Source: 10 wells 385 to 662 ft deep with diameters from 6 to 10 in. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Steel elevated tanks, 200,000 gal.

All wells are connected to a collecting line to storage and to the city mains, although all the wells are not pumped as a unit. It is reported that the North 

Park (1 well) and South Park (2 wells) wells, the shallowest of all the wells, 

yield water that is considerably more mineralized and harder than the water 

from the deeper wells, and hence these wells are considered primarily as 

standby wells. Normally the supply is obtained by pumping alternately several 

of the deeper wells at one time.

The analyses given represent reasonably well the water as served to the consumers.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica <SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn)..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Fenton 

Well

11 

.01 

.02 

2.9 

.1 

160 

.5 

9 

192 

161 

13 

.4 

.6 

472

Burch 

Well

13 

.03

6.5 

.3 

142 

.4 

7 

191 

125 

9.9 

.4 

.8 

394

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oe ft \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ................................................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled ...............................................................

Percent of supply ........................................................

Fenton 

Well

7 

0

1 

8.7

725 

1 

56 

Oct. 27,L 

1951

609 

10 

1947

Burch 

Well

17 

0

8.6

664

55 

Oct. 22, 

1948

600 

8 

1947
454 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROCK SPRINGS 

(Population, 10,857)

Ownership: Southern Wyoming Utilities Co. (controlled by Union Pacific Railroad Co.). Supplies also the city of Green River (population, 3,187). Total 

population supplied, 14, 044.

Source: Green River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Activated carbon used during periods of high turbidity.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8,250,000 gal at Rock Springs.

The treatment plant and intake are on the river at Green River.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Tap water

7.7

f)9

.00

61

94

KA

4.0

0

1 QO

OAC

7 R

.1

474

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Tap water

250

102

5

7.7

686

44

Mar. 13,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

110

Max

170 

160

Min

100 

90

pH

Av

8.2

7.4

Max

8.4 

8.0

Min

7.2 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

200 

205

Max

290 

300

Min

120 

125

Turbidity

Av

500 

0

Max

5000 

30

Min

30 

0
WYOMING 455

SHERIDAN 

(Population, 11,500)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13, 500. 

Source: Headwaters of Goose Creek impounded in Twin Lakes Reservoir in the

Bighorn Mountains 17 miles from the city.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation (12 hr detention), chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment Plant; 800, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 490, 000, 000 gal; settling basins 3, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 800,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located several miles downstream from Twin Lakes Reservoir. Water from the treatment plant is piped through 16-in. pipe to 

storage in the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca>......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

C arbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9

0

.05

7.0

£** O 

O Q

0

QC

O fl

1.5

.1

.7

57

Finished 

water

10

.04

.03

6.7

£. O 

0 0

.4

0. 

°.4

1.0

1 C

54

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F )

Raw 

water

£ 1

0

7.1

rjQ n

OC

Nov. 7,

1QS1

Finished 

water

oc

0

O

7 9

Nov. 7,

1QC1
456 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WORLAND 

(Population, 4,202)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 51 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 4, 253.

Source: Two tile collection fields along the bank of the Big Horn River, 50 percent of the supply; Bighorn River 50 percent of the supply. The tile system 

collects irrigation return waters which are then mixed with the river water 

in the sedimentation basin.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 780,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) ....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... ............. ..........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...............

Sulfate (SO^... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color................................... PH.......:...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.'). ..........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Bighorn River 

(raw water) .

10

no

.05

114

40

136

11

0

245

4RC

44

.6

5 9

986

448

247

4

7.8

1,360

5

Nov. 5, 1951

South tile field 

(raw water)

25

.10

.12

i.*±O 14^

47

167

6.1

0

411

505

36

.7

1 C

r, iso

552

215

5

8.1

1,630

2

57

Nov. 5, 1951

Finished water 

(composite)

14

.03

.11

14K

52

188

8.5

0

351

605

CO

.6

5 A

1,240

575

288

5

7.7

1,750

2

64

Nov. 5, 1951
INDEX

Aberdeen, S. Dak. ...................

Aberdeen, Wash. ....................

Abilene, Tex. ......................

Acidity, causes .....................

relation to pH .....................

Acids, corrosion ....................

mine-drainage ....................

organic ..........................

water ............................

Ada, Okla. ...................:....

Aeration, dissolved gases .............

iron and manganese ................

tastes and odors ...................

Agua Prieta, Mex. ..................

Aidis Heights, Tex. .................

Alameda, Calif. .....................

Alameda, Idaho .....................

Alamo Heights, Tex. .................

Albany, Calif. ......................

Albany, Oreg. ......................

Albert Lea, Minn. ...................

Albuquerque, N. Mex. ...............

Alexandria, La. ....................

Algae, control .......................

reservoirs ........................

Alhambra, Calif. ...................

Alice, Tex. ........................

Alisal, Calif. .......................

Alkalinity, and coagulation ............

carbonate and bicarbonate ..........

corrosion .......................11,

hardness .........................

pH ...............................

Alliance, Nebr. .....................

Alma, Ark. ........................

Altamont, Oreg. ....................

Altus, Okla. .......................

Alum ...............................

Amarillo, Tex. .....................

Ames, Iowa ........................

Ammonia ...........................

Amphitheater, Ariz. .................

Anaconda, Mont. ....................

Arcadia, Calif. .....................

Arcadia Park, Tex. ..................

Ardmore, Okla. ....................

Arizona ............................

Arkadelphia, Ark. ...................

Arkansas ...........................

Arkansas City, Kans. ................

Artesia, N. Mex. ....................

Astoria, Oreg. ......................

Astoria, Oreg., Tongue Point Naval

Station .........................

Atchison, Kans. ....................

Atherton, Calif. ....................

Aurora, Colo. .....................

Austin, Minn. .....................

Austin, Tex. .......................

Avondale, Mo. .....................

Page 

337 

432

346-347 

il 

11

12,41

8,10,37

37

8,9,11

305

42

37

37

50

374

84

154

403

84

327

225

286

211

37

30,33,36

84 

347-348

85 

35 

10

12,35,38

13

11

270

68

327

305-306 

34

348-349

166

36,37

50

260

86

362

306

50-61

62

62-83

191

287

327-328

327

191-192 

129 

146

225-226 

350 

247

B

Bacteria, drinking water .............. 33,35,40

foods and beverages ..............

stored water ....................

Baker, Oreg. ....................

Bakersfield, Calif. ................

Bald Knob, Ark. ..................

Bartlesville, Okla. ................

Bastrop, La. ....................

Batesville, Ark. ..................

44 

33 

328 

87 

79 

307 

212 

62-63

Page 

Baton Rouge, La. .................... 212-214

Baytown, Tex. ...................... 351

Beatrice, Nebr. .................... 271

Beaumont, Tex. .................... 351-352

Bellaire, Tex. ..................... 352-353

Bell, Calif. ........................ 88

Bellingham, Wash. .................. 432-433

Belmont, Calif. ..................... 129

Bemidji, Minn. ..................... 226

Bend, Oreg; ....................... 329

Benton, Ark. ....................... 63

Berkeley, Calif. .................... 88

Berkeley, Mo. ..................... 258

Bettendorf, Iowa ..................... 173

Beverly Hills, Calif. ................ 88-90

Beverly Hills, Tex. ................. 416

Big Spring, Tex. .................... 353-355

Big Spring, Tex., Big Spring Air Force

Base ........................... 353

Billings, Mont. ..................... 260-261

Bismarck, N. Dak. .................. 297

Blackfoot, Idaho .................... 154-155

Blackwell, Okla. .................... 307-308

Blytheville, Ark. .................... 64

Bogalusa, La. ............,......... 214

Boiler compounds .................... 42

Boise, Idaho ........................ 155

Boone, Iowa ........................ 166-167

Borger, Tex. ...................... 355

Bossier City, La. ................... 214

Boulder City, Nev. .................. 280

Boulder, Colo. ..................... 146

Bozeman, Mont. .................... 261-262

Brainerd, Minn. .................... 227

Bremerton, Wash. .................. 433-434

Brentwood, Mo. ..................... 258

Brigham City, Utah .................. 421

Brookings, S. Dak. .................. 338

Brownsville, Tex. ................... 356

Brownwood, Tex. .................... 357

Bryan, Tex. ........................ 358

Bryn Mawr, Calif. ................... 122

Burbank, Calif. ..................... 90-91

Burley, Idaho ...................... 156

Burlingame, Calif. .................. 91

Burlington, Iowa .................... 167

Butte, Mont. ....................... 262-263

Caldweil, Idaho ..................... 156-157

California .......................... 84-145

Camden, Ark. ...................... 64-65

Cammack Village, Ark. .............. 72

Camp Chaffee, Ark. ................. 68

Cape Girardeau, Mo. ................. 242

Carbon, activated ................... 37

Carbon dioxide, corrosion ............ 11,12

pH ............................... 11

solution of carbonates .............. 9

Carlsbad, N. Mex. .................. 287-288

Carmel, Calif. ...................... 112

Carson City, Nev. ................... 280-281

Carthage, Mo. ...................... 242-243

Carver Park, Nev. .................. 282

Casper, Wyo. ...................... 448

Cation exchange, iron and manganese

removal ........................ 37

softening ......................... 38,45

Cedar Bayou, Tex. .................. 351

Cedar City, Utah .................... 421-422

Cedar Falls, Iowa ................... 168

	457
458 INDEX

Page 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa .................. 168-169

Centerville, Iowa .................... 169-170

Centerville, Mont. ................... 262

Central City, S. Dak. ................ 339

Central Point, Oreg. ................. 332

Chanute, Kans. ...................... 192

Charles City, Iowa ................... 170

Cherokee, Iowa ...................... 170-171

Cheyenne, Wyo. ...................... 448-449

Cheyenne, Wyo., Warren Air Base .... 448

Chickasha, Okla. ..................... 308-309

Chlorine dioxide ..................... 37

Chlorine, disinfection ................ 36

tastes and odor control ............. 37

Chula Vista, Calif. ................... 91

Clarkwood, Tex. ..................... 360

Clay County, Mo. .................... 247

Clayton, Mo. ....................... 243

Cleburne, Tex. ...................... 359

Clinton, Iowa ....................... 171

Clovis, N. Mex. ..................... 288

Coagulants .......................... 34

Cockrell Hill, Tex. .................. 362

Cody, Wyo. ......................... 449-450

Coeur D'Alene, Idaho ................ 157-158

Coffeyville, Kans. ................... 192-193

Colorado ............................ 146-153

Colorado Springs, Colo. .............. 146-147

Colorado Springs, Colo., Camp Carson . 146 

Colorado Springs, Colo., Peterson Field 146 

Columbia, Mo. ...................... 243

Columbus, Nebr. ..................... 271-272

Combs, Ark. ........................ 66

Compton, Calif. ...................... 92

Concord, Calif. ....................... 92

Contra Costa District, Calif. .......... 92-93

Conway, Ark. ....................... 65

Coos Bay, Oreg. ..................... 329-330

Coralville, Iowa ..................... 179

Coronado, Calif. ..................... 127

Corpus Christi, Tex. ................. 360-361

Corrosion, anodic inhibitors .......... 12

boiler ............................. 12,41

cathodic protection ................. 12

causes ............................ 12

natural waters ..................... 8

pH ................................ 11

prevention ........................ 12

treated water ...................... 36

Corsicana, Tex. ..................... 361

Corvallis, Oreg. ..................... 330

Council Bluffs, Iowa ................. 172

Creston, Iowa ....................... 172-173

Crockett, Calif. ...................... 92

Crowley, La. ....................... 215

Culver City, Calif. ................... 94

Gushing, Okla. ...................... 309

Dallas, Tex. ........................ 362-363

Daly City, Calif. ..................... 95

Davenport, Iowa ..................... 173-174

Deadwood, S. Dak. ................... 339

Del Mar, Calif. ...................... 127

Del Rio, Tex. ....................... 363

Denison, Tex. ....................... 364

Dental caries ....................... 39

Denton, Tex. ....................... 365

Denver, Colo. ...................... 147-149

Des Moines, Iowa .................... 174-175

Detergents .......................... 45

Dickinson, N. Dak. ................... 297-298

Dodge City, Kans. .................... 193

Douglas, Ariz. ....................... 50

Dubuque, Iowa ....................... 175-176

Duluth, Minn. ........................ 227-228

Duncan, Okla. ....................... 310

Durant, Okla. ....................... 311

Eagle Point, Oreg. .....

East Bakersfield, Calif. 

East Los Angeles, Calif. 

Eastside, Oreg. .......

Edge water, Colo. ......

Edina, Minn. ..........

Edinburg, Tex. ........

El Cerrito, Calif. ......

£1 Dorado, Ark. .......

El Dorado, Kans. ......

Elko, Nev.

	Page 

.......... 332

.......... 95

.......... 96

.......... 329

.......... 147

.......... 228

.......... 366

.......... 96

.......... 66

.......... 194

.......... 281

El Paso, Tex. ........................ 367-368

ElReno, Okla......................... 311-312

Ely, Nev. ........................... 282

Emporia, Kans. ...................... 194-195

Englewood, Colo. .................... 150

Enid, Okla. .......................... 312-313

Enid, Okla., Vance Air Force Base .... 312

Equivalent per million ................ 7

Estherville, Iowa ..................... 176

Eugene, Oreg. ........................ 330-331

Eureka, Calif. ........................ 96-97

Evanston, Wyo. ....................... 450-451

Everett, Wash. ....................... 434-435

Fairfield, Iowa ....................... 176-177

Fargo, N. Dak. ....................... 298-299

Faribault, Minn. ...................... 229

Farmington, Ark. ..................... 66

Fayetteville, Ark. .................... 66-67

Fergus Falls, Minn. .................. 229-230

Ferguson, Mo. ........................ 244

Flagstaff, Ariz. ...................... 50-51

Flocculation .......................... 35

Forrest City, Ark. .................... 67-68

FortCollins, Colo. ................... 150

Fort Dodge, Iowa ..................... 177-178

Fort Logan, Colo. .................... 147

Fort Madison, Iowa ................... 178-179

Fort Scott, Kans. ..................... 195-196

Fort Sill, Okla. ....................... 314

Fort Smith, Ark. ..................... 68-69

Fort Worth, Tex. ..................... 368-369

Fremont, Nebr. ....................... 272

Fresno, Calif. ........................ 97-98

Fulton, Mo. .......................... 244

G

Gainesville, Tex. . 

Gallup, N. Mex. .. 

Galveston, Tex. .. 

Garden City, Kans. 

Garland, Tex.

............... 370

............... 289

............... 371

............... 196

............... 372

Glendale, Ariz. ....................... 51-52

Glendale, Calif. ...................... 98-99

Globe, Ariz. ......................... 52-53

Grafton, N. Dak. ..................... 299

Grand Forks, N. Dak. ................. 300

Grand Island, Nebr. ................... 273

Grand Junction, Colo. ................. 150-151

Grand Prairie, Tex. .................. 373

Grandview, Mo. ...................... 247

Great Bend, Kans. .................... 196-197

Great Falls, Mont. .................... 263-264

Greeley, Colo. ....................... 151-152

Greenland, Ark. ...................... 66

Green River, Wyo. .................... 454

Greenville, Tex. ...................... 374

Greenville, Tex., Major Airfield ...... 374

Greggton, Tex. ....................... 382

Gretna, La. .......................... 215-216

Griffing Park, Tex. ................... 401

Grinnell, Iowa ........................ 179

Guthrie, Okla. ........................ 313
INDEX 459

	Page 

Hannibal, Mo. ........................ 244-245

Harahan, La. ........................ 217

Hardness, carbonate, noncarbonate ..... 9,12

causes ............................. 12

classification of waters .............. 21

Great Lakes ........................ 16

industrial use of water .............. 13,41

soap consumption ................... 38,45

Harlingen, Tex. ......................; 375

Hastings, Nebr. ....................... 273-274

Havre, Mont. ........................ 264-265

Hawthorne, Calif. ..................... 99-100

Helena, Ark. ......................... 69-70

Helena, Mont. ........................ 265

Henderson, Nev. ...................... 282

Henryetta, Okla. ...................... 314

Hermosa Beach, Calif. ................ 122

Ribbing, Minn. ....................... 230-231

Highland Park, Tex. .................. 376

Hobbs, N. Mex. ...................... 289-290

Holladay, Utah ....................... 427

Holliday, Tex. ........................ 420

Hope, Ark. .......................... 70-71

Hoquiam, Wash. ...................... 435

Hot Springs, Ark. ..................... 71

Houma, La. .......................... 216-217

Houston, Tex. ........................ 377-378

Huntington Park, Calif. ................ 100-101

Huntsville, Mo. ....................... 251

Huron, S. Dak. ....................... 338-339

Hutchinson, Kans. .................... 197-198

I

Idaho ................................. 154-165

Idaho Falls, Idaho .................... 158-159

Independence, Kans. .................. 198

Independence, Mo. ..................... 245

Inglewood, Calif. ..................... 101-102

Iowa ................................ 166-190

Iowa City, Iowa ...................... 179-180

Jackson County, Mo. .................. 247

Jamestown, N. Dak. .................. 301

Jefferson City, Mo. ................... 245-246

Jefferson Parish, La. ................. 217

Jennings, Mo. ........................ 246

Jerome, Idaho ........................ 159

Johnson, Ark. ........................ 66

Jonesboro, Ark. ...................... 71-72

Joplin, Mo. .......................... 246-247

Judsonia, Ark. ........................ 79

Junction City, Kans. ................... 199

K

Kalispell, Mont. ...................... 266

Kansas .............................. 191-210

Kansas City, Kans. ................... 199-20C

Kansas City, Mo. ..................... 247-248

Kearney, Nebr. ....................... 274

Kellogg, Idaho ........................ 160

Kenner, La. ......................... 217

Kennewick, Wash. ..................... 436

Keokuk, Iowa .........................180-181

Kingsville, Tex. ...................... 379

Kinlock, Mo. ......................... 258

Kirksville, Mo. ....................... 248-249

Kirkwood, Mo. ........................ 249-250

Klamath Falls, Oreg. ................. 331

Knoxville, Iowa ...................... 181

Kootenai, Idaho ...................... 164

Page 

Ladue, Mo. .......................... 258

Lafayette, La. ........................ 218

La Grande, Oreg. .................... 332

Lake Charles, La. ....................218-219

Lakeview, Tex. ...................... 401

Lamesa, Tex. ........................ 380

Laramie, Wyo. .......................451-452

Laredo, Tex. ........................ 381

Las Cruces, N. Mex. .................290-291

Las Vegas, Nev. ..................... 283

Las Vegas, N. Mex. ..................291-292

Lawrence, Kans. .....................200-201

Lawrence, Kans., University of Kansas . 200 

Lawton, Okla. ........................314-315

Lead, S. Dak. ........................ 339

Leavenworth, Kans. ..................201-202

Leeds, Iowa ......................... 187

Lees Summit, Mo. .................... 247

Lewiston, Idaho ......................160-161

Lewistown, Mont. ..................... 266

Lime, adjustment of pH ............... 36

softening .......................... 38,42

Limestone ........................... '9

Lincoln, Nebr. ....................... 275

Little Rock, Ark. ..................... 72-73

Livingston, Mont. ..................... 267

Logan, Utah ......................... 422

Loma.Linda, Calif. ................... 122

Long Beach, Calif. ................... 102

Longmont, Colo. ...................... 152

Longview, Tex. ...................... 382

Longview, Wash. .....................436-437

Longworth, Tex. ..................... 407

Los Angeles, Calif. ...................103-105

Los Gatos, Calif. ..................... 132

Louisiana. ...........................211-224

Lubbock, Tex. ........................383-384

Lufkin, Tex. ......................... 385

Lynwood, Calif. ...................... 106

M

McAlester, Okla. .....................315-316

McAllen, Tex. ....................... 386

McCook, Nebr. ....................... 276

McKinney, Tex. ...................... 387

McPherson, Kans. .................... 202

Madison, S. Dak. ..................... 340

Magnolia, Ark. ....................... 73-74

Malvern, Ark. ....................... 74-75

Mandan, N. Dak. .....................301-302

Manhattan Beach, Calif. ............... 107

Manhattan, Kans. ..................... 203

Mankato, Minn. ...................... 231

Maplewood, Mo. ...................... 250

Marshall, Tex. ....................... 388

Marshalltown, Iowa ...................181-182

Mason City, Iowa ..................... 182

Meaderville, Mont. .............^..... 262

Medford, Oreg. ......................332-333

Medicine Park, Okla. ................. 314

Menlo Park, Calif. .................... 129

Mentone, Calif. ....................... 122

Merced, Calif. .......................107-108

Mercedes, Tex. ...................... 389

Mesa, Aria. ......................... 53-54

Metairie, La. ........................ 217

Methemoglobinemia .................. 10

Mexico, Mo. .........................250-251

Miami, Okla. ........................ 316

Midland, Tex. ........................ 390

Midwest City, Ofcla. .................. 317

Miles City, Mont. ..................... 268

Millbrae, Calif. ...................... 129

Mineral Heights, Tex. ................ 374

Minneapolis, Minn. ................... 232

Minnesota .-. .........................225-241
460 INDEX

Page 

Minot, N. Dak. ...................... 302-303

Mission, Tex. ........................ 391

Missoula, Mont. ..................... 269

Missouri ............................ 242-259

Mitchell, S. Dak. .................... 340-341

Moberly, Mo. .................:...... 251-252

Modesto, Calif. ...................... 108-109

Monroe, La. ......................... 219

Monrovia, Calif. ..................... 109-110

Montana ............................ 260-269

Montebello, Calif. .................... 110-112

Monterey, Calif. ..................... 112

Monterey Park, Calif. ................ 112-113

Moorhead, Minn. ..................... 233

Morenci, Ariz. ...................... 54

Morningside, Iowa ................... 187

Moscow, Idaho ....................... 161-162

Mottled enamel ....................... 10,39

Mountainburg, Ark. .................. t>8

Mountain View, Colo. ................. 147

Murray, Utah ........................ 423

Muscatine, Iowa ..................... 182-183

Muskogee, Okla. ..................... 318

N

Nacogdoches, Tex. ................... 392

Nampa, Idaho ......................... 162-163

National City, Calif. .................. 113-114

Nebraska ............................ 270-278

Nettleton, Ark. ...................... 71

Nevada .............................. 280-285

New Braunfels, Tex. ....'.............. 393

New Iberia, La. ...................... 220

New Mexico ......................... 286-296

New Orleans, La. .................... 220-221

Newport, Ark. ....................... 75-76

Newton, Iowa ........................ 183

Newton, Kans. ....................... 204

Nogales, Ariz. ....................... 54-55

Norfolk, Nebr. ....................... 276-277

Norman, Okla. ........................ 318-319

Norman, Okla.., University of Oklahoma. 318 

North Bend, Oreg. .................... 329

North Dakota ........................ 297-304

North Las Vegas, Nev. ............... 283-284

North Little Rock, Ark. ............... 76

North Platte, Nebr. .................. 277

Oakland, Calif. ...................... 114-115

Odessa, Tex. ........................ 394

Oelwein, Iowa ....................... 183-184

Ogden, Utah .......................... 424

Oildale, Calif. ....................... 115-116

Oklahoma ........................... 305-326

Oklahoma City, Okla. ................. 319-320

Okmulgee, Okla. ..................... 320

Olmos Park, Tex. .................... 403

Olympia, Wash. ...................... 437

Omaha, Nebr. ....................... 278

Ontario, Calif. ....................... 116-117

Opelousas, La. ....................... 221-222

Orange, Tex. ........................ 395

Orchards, Idaho ..................... 163

Oregon .............................. 327-336

Orem, Utah .......................... 425

Osburn, Idaho ....................... 160

Oskaloosa, Iowa ..................... 184-185

Ottawa, Kans. ....................... 204-205

Ottumwa, Iowa ...................... 185-186

Overland, Mo. ....................... 252

Owatonna, Minn. ..................... 233-234

Oxnard, Calif. ....................... 117-118

Pacific Grove, Calif. 

Palestine, Tex.

112

396

Page 

Palo Alto, Calif. .................... 118-119

Pampa, Tex. ........................ 397

Paragould, Ark. ..................... 76-77

Paris, Tex. ......................... 398

Park Hill, Ark. ...................... 72

Parsons, Kans. ...................... 205

Pasadena, Calif. ..................... 119-120

Pasadena, Tex. ...................... 399

Pasco, Wash. ........................ 437-438

Pear Ridge, Tex. .................... 401

Pendleton, Oreg. ..................... 333

Pend Oreille, Idaho .................. 164

Peniel, Tex. ......................... 374

Philomath, Oreg. .................... 330

Phoenix, Ariz. ....................... 55-57

Pierre, S. Dak. ...................... 341

Pine Bluff, Ark. ..................... 77-78

Pine Lawn, Mo. ...................... 258

Pittman, Nev. ....................... 282

Pittsburg, Kans. ..................... 205-206

Plainview, Tex. ...................... 400

Pluma, S. Dak. ...................... 339

Pocatello, Idaho ..................... 164

Pomona, Calif. ....................... 121

Ponca City, Okla. .................... 321

Poplar Bluff, Mo. .................... 252-253

Portales, N. Mex. .................... 292

Port Angeles, Wash. .............'..... 438

Port Arthur, Tex. .................... 401

Port Chicago, Calif. ....'.............. 92

Portland, Oreg. ...................... 334

Prescott, Ariz. ...................... 57

Price, Utah .........................425-426

Proctor, Minn. ...................... 227

Provo, Utah ......................... 426

Pueblo, Colo. ........................ 152-153

Pueblo, Colo., Pueblo Air Force Base .. 152 

Pullman, Wash. ...................... 439

R

Rapid City, S. Dak. .................. 342

Raton, N. Mex. ...................... 293

Rawlins, Wyo. ....................... .452-453

Reavilon, Tex. ....................... 374

Redlands, Calif. ..................... 122

Redondq Beach, Calif. ................ 122-123

Red Wing, Minn. ..................... 234

Redwood City, Calif. ................. 123-124

Reno, Nev. .......................... 284

Renton, Wash. ...................... .439-440

Reservoirs, cleaning ................. 34

water -quality ...................... 33

Richland, Wash. ...................... 440-441

Richmond, Calif. ..................... 124

Richmond Heights, Mo. ............... 253

Riverside, Calif. ..................... 124-125

Riverside, Iowa ..................... 187

Riverton, Wyo. ...................... 453

Robbinsdale, Minn. ................... 235

Robe, Tex. .......................... 407

Rochester, Minn. .................... 235-236

Rock Springs, Wyo. .................. 454

Roseburg, .Oreg. ........:......... ...334-335

Roswell, N. Mex. .................... 293-294

Russellville, Ark. ........'............ 78

Ruston, La. .......................... 222

Sabine Pass, .Tex. ..................... 401

Sacramento, Calif. ................... 125-126

St. Charles, Mo. ..................... 253-254

St. Cloud, Minn. ..................... 236

St.'Joseph, Mo. ...................... 254-255

St. Louis, Mo. ....................... 255-256

St. Louis Park, Minn. ................ 237

St. Paul, Minn. ......................237-238

Salem, Oreg. ........................ 335

Salina, Kans. ........................206-207
INDEX 461

Page 

Salinas, Calif. ........................ 85

Salt Lake City, Utah ................... 427-428

San Angelo, Tex. ...................... 402

San Angelo, Tex., Goodfellow Air Force

Base ............................. 402

San Antonio, Tex. .....................403-404

San Antonio, Tex., Brooks Air Force Base 403 

San Benito, Tex. ...................... 404

San Bernardino, Calif. ................. 126-127

San Carlos, Calif. ..................... 129

San Diego, Calif. ...................... 127-128

Sandpoint, Idaho ...................... 164-165

San Francisco, Calif. .................. 129-130

San Francisco, Calif., Moffett Field ..... 129

San Gabriel, Calif. .................... 131-132

San Jose, Calif. ....................... 132-133

San Leandro, Calif. .................... 133

San Mateo, Calif. ..................... 133

San Ramon Valley, Calif. ............... 92

Santa Ana, Calif. ...................... 133-134

Santa Barbara, Calif. .................. 134-135

Santa Cruz, Calif. ..................... 136

Santa Fe, N. Mex. ..................... 294-295

Santa Monica, Calif. ................... 137

Santa Rosa, Calif. ..................... 137-138

Sapulpa, Okla. ........................ 322

Scale, boiler .......................... 13,41

calcium and magnesium .............. 9,41

prevention .......................... 42

silica .............................. 8,41

sulfate ............................. 10

Scottsbluff, Nebr. ...................... 279

Searcy, Ark. .......................... 79

Seattle, Wash. .........................441-442

Sedalia, Mo. .......................... 256-257

Seminole, Okla. ....................... 323

Shawnee, Okla. ........................ 324

Shenandoah, Iowa ...................... 186

Sheridan, Colo. ........................ 147

Sheridan, Wyo. ........................ 455

Sherman, Tex. ........................ 405

Snreveport, La. ....................... 223

Snreveport, La., Barksdale Field ...... 223

Shrewsbury, La. ...................... 217

Sikeston, Mo. ......................... 257

Silica, activated ....................... 8,34

removal ............................ 8,41

Silver Bow Park-Floral Park, Mont. .... 262

Sioux City, Iowa ....................... 187

Sioux Falls, S. Dak. ................... 342-343

Skiatook, Okla. ........................ 326

Sludge ................................ 38

Smelterville, Idaho .................... 160

Snyder, Tex. .......................... 406

 South Dakota .......................... 337-345

South Gate, Calif. ..................... 138-139

South Pasadena, Calif. ................. 139-140

South Phoenix, Ariz. ................... 55

Southport, La. ........................ 217

South St. Paul, Minn. .................. 238-239

South Salt Lake, Utah ..................428-429

South San Francisco, Calif. .............. 140-141

Sparks, Nev. .......................... 284

Spencer, Iowa ......................... 187-188

Sperry, Okla. ......................... 326

Spokane, Wash. ........................ 442-443

Springdale, Ark. ...................... 79-80

Springfield, Mo. ....................... 258

Springfield, Oreg. ..................... 336

Springville, Utah .....................429-430

Stillwater, Okla. ...................... 325

Stillwater, Okla., Oklahoma A. & M.

College .......................... 325

Stockton, Calif. ....................... 141-142

Storm Lake, Iowa ..................... 188-189

Stuttgart, Ark. ........................ 80-81

Sugar Creek, Mo. ..................... 247

Sunnyslope, Ariz. ..................... 55

Sunol, Calif. .......................... 129

	Page 

Suspended matter, coagulation ......... 34

process water ..................... 44

reservoirs ........................ 30,33

sedimentation ...................... 34

turbidity .......................... 11

Sweetwater, Tex. .................... 407

Tacoma, Wash. ......................443-444

Tempe, Ariz. ........................ 58

Temple, Tex. ........................ 408

Temple, Tex., McCloskey Hospital .... 408

Terraville, S. Dak. .................. 339

Terrell Hills, Tex. ................... 403

Terrell, Tex. ........................ 409

Texarkana, Ark. ..................... SI-82

Texarkana, Tex. ..................... 410

Texas ..............................346-420

Texas City, Tex. ..........'........... 411

Tooele, Utah ........................430-431

Topeka, Kans. ....................... 207-208

Topeka, Kans., Forbes Air Base ...... 207

' Torrance, Calif. ..................... 142-143

Trinidad, Colo. ...................... 153

Tucson, Ariz. ....................... 58-59

Tucumcari, N. Mex. .................. 296

Tulsa, Okla. ......................... 326

Turley, Okla. ........................ 326

Twin Falls, Idaho .................... 165

Tyler, Tex. ..........................411-413

U

University City, Mo. .................. 258-259

University Heights, Iowa ............... 179

University Park, Tex. ................ 413

Utah ................................421-431

Vallejo, Calif. ....................... 143

Valley City, N. Dak. ................. 303-304

Van Buren, Ark. ..................... 82

Vancouver, Wash. .................... 445

Ventura, Calif. ....................... 144

Vermillion, S. Dak. .................. 343

Vernon, Tex. ........................ 415

Victoria, Tex. ....................... 414

Victory Village, Nev. ................. 282

Virginia, Minn. ...................... 239

W

Waco, Tex. .......................... 416

Wakefield, Ariz. ..................... 59

Walkerville, Mont. ................... 262

Walla Walla, Wash. ................... 445-446

Wardner, Idaho ...................... 160

Washington .......................... 432-447

Water analyses ...................... 50-456

Waterloo, Iowa ...................... 189

Watertown, S. Dak. .................. 344

Waxahachie, Tex. .................... 417

Webster City, Iowa ................... 190

Webster Groves, Mo. ................. 259

Wellston, Mo. ........................ 258

Wenatchee, Wash. .................... 446

West Helena, Ark. ................... 82

West Hollywood, Calif. ............... 88

West Memphis, Ark. ................. 83

West Monroe, La. .................... 224

West University Place, Tex. .......... 418

West Yuma, Ariz. .................... 61

White Settlement, Tex. ............... 419

Whittier, Calif. ...................... 145

Wichita Falls, Tex. .................. 420

Wichita Falls, Tex., Sheppard Air Force

Base ............................ 420
462 INDEX

Page 

Wichita, Kans. .........................208-209

Williston, N. Dak. ..................... 304

Willmar, Minn. ........................ 240

Winfield, Kans. ........................ 210

Winnemucca, Nev. ..................... 285

Winona, Minn. ......................... 241

Winslow, Ariz. ........................ 60

Worland, Wyo. ........................ 456

Wyoming

Page 

448-456

Yakima, Wash. . 

Yankton, S. Dak. 

Yuma, Ariz. ...

447

345

61

. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1954 O - 303739