Hydrology of 

Indiana Lakes

By ]. I. PERREY and D. M. CORBETT

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1363

In cooperation with the Indiana 

Department of Conservation, Division 

of Water Resources

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1956
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fred A. Seaton, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.25 (paper cover)
PREFACE

This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, Water 

Resources Division, C. G. Paulsen, chief, under the general direction of J. V. B. Wells, chief, Surface Water Branch.

The field work and the collection and tabulation of basic information is part of a continuous cooperative program with the Division of Water Resources of the Indiana Department of Conservation, and the preparation of the report was the culmination of this 

program.

The data presented in this report were collected and prepared 

for publication under the supervision of Don M. Corbett, district 

engineer, Indianapolis, Ind. The sections dealing with the origin 

and extinction of lakes, and with ice condition, temperature and 

evaporation were prepared by J. I. Perrey. The introduction and 

the sections dealing with basic data on lake levels and stabilization 

of lakes were prepared jointly by J. I. Perrey and Don M. Corbett. 

Acknowledgement is made to Charles H. Bechert, Director, Division of Water Resources, Indiana Department of Conservation, for 

furnishing the table for the section on Legal lake levels, and the 

gage-height hydrographs and for reviewing the report.

Ill

CONTENTS

	Page

Abstract .......................................................... 1

Introduction ....................................................... 2

Hydrology of lakes .............................................. 3

Indiana laws for preservation of lakes ............................. 5

Present lake investigation ........................................ 6

Creative and destructive forces affecting lakes ........................ 7

Origin and distribution of Indiana lakes ............................ 7

Gradual extinction of northern Indiana lakes ........................ 8

Filling by organic material and marl deposits. ................... 9

Sedimentation ................................................ 10

Drainage..................................................... 11

New and enlarged lakes .......................................... 13

Temperature of lakes............................................... 14

Scope of studies ................................................. 14

Surface temperatures ............................................ 15

Temperature profiles ............................................ 17

Theory of temperature changes below the surface ................ 19

Comparison of temperature profiles in ten Indiana lakes .......... 31

Effect of size of drainage area ................................. 45

Effect of size of surface area .................................. 45

Effect of depth of water........................................ 45

"Turnover" of lakes. .......................................... 46

Implications of temperature information. ........................ 47

Evaporation from lakes ............................................. 49

Measurement of evaporation from water surfaces ................... 50

Collection of evaporation data in Indiana ........................... 51

Variation in evaporation in Indiana ................................ 52

Analyses of available records..................................... 52

Ice conditions on northern Indiana lakes. ............................. 59

Ice formation ................................................... 59

Duration of ice cover ............................................ 60

Effect of temperature ............................................ 61

Damage by ice .................................................. 65

Stabilization of lakes ............................................... 65

Improved transportation and its effect on use of lakes................ 65

Agricultural and recreational use of lakes. ......................... 66

Requirements for maintaining constant lake levels .................. 67

Problems of lake-level control on some Indiana lakes ............... 68

Effect of inflow and outflow on planning control dams ................ 69

Effect of storage in lakes on streamflow ........................... 70

Effect of control dam on Ridinger Lake ............................ 72

Basic data on lake levels for selected lakes ........................... 77

Bass Lake at Bass Lake ......................................... 78

Bear Lake at Wolflake ........................................... 84

Big Lake near Wolflake .......................................... 91

Bixler Lake at Kendallville ....................................... 98

Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce. ....................................... 104

Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake........................................ 110

Cedar Lake near Waterloo........................................ 117

Crooked Lake near Wolflake ...................................... 124

Flint Lake near Valparaiso ....................................... 130

Hamilton Lake at Hamilton ....................................... 136

Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills ................................... 143

Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake ...................................... 152

Lake James at Lake James ....................................... 159

Lake Manitou at Rochester ....................................... 163

Loon Lake at Ormas............................................. 170

Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver ...................................... 176
VI CONTENTS

Page 

Basic data on lake levels for selected lakes--Continued

Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw ................................... 183

Ridinger Lake near Pierceton .................................... 189

Round Lake and Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes ......................... 197

Round Lake and Clear Lake at Clear Lake ......................... 205

Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes. ...................................... 212

Smalley Lake near Washington Center. ............................ 218

Sylvan Lake at Rome City. ....................................... 224

Syracuse Lake at Syracuse....................................... 231

Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego ...................................... 238

Lake Wawasee near Wawasee .................................... 245

Webster Lake at North Webster. .................................. 252

Winona Lake at Warsaw ......................................... 258

Legal lake levels .................................................. 266

Temperatures for selected lakes .................................... 273

Bass Lake at Bass Lake ......................................... 274

Bear Lake at Wolflake........................................... 275

Big Lake near Wolflake.......................................... 275

Bixler Lake at Kendallville ...................................... 276

Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce ....................................... 278

Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake ....................................... 279

Cedar Lake near Waterloo ....................................... 280

Crooked Lake near Wolflake ..................................... 280

Flint Lake near Valparaiso ...................................... 281

Hamilton Lake at Hamilton ...................................... 283

Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills. .................................. 283

Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake...................................... 283

Lake James at Lake James ...................................... 284

Lake Manitou at Rochester. ...................................... 286

Loon Lake at Ormas ............................................ 286

Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver. ..................................... 286

Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw ................................... 310

Ridinger Lake near Pierceton.................................... 310

Round Lake and Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes ......................... 310

Round Lake and Clear Lake at Clear Lake ......................... 311

Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes....................................... 315

Smalley Lake near Washington Center. ............................ 315

Sylvan Lake at Rome City. ....................................... 315

Syracuse Lake at Syracuse....................................... 316

Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego ...................................... 316

Lake Wawasee near Wawasee .................................... 318

Webster Lake at North Webster. .................................. 319

Winona Lake at Warsaw ......................................... 320

Evaporation data. .................................................. 322

Literature cited ................................................... 344

Index............................................................. 345

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

Figure 1. Sediment collector used by Scott and Miner .............. 11

2. Water temperature-density relationship ................. 18

3. Surface water and mean air temperatures, Maxinkuckee

Lake .............................................. 20

4. Typical temperature profile graph with temperature zones

indicated. .......................................... 23
CONTENTS VII

Page 

Figure 5. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

March to May 1901................................... 25

6. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

May to June 1901 .................................... 27

7. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

July to September 1900 ............................... 29

8. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

October to December 1900 ............................. 30

9. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

January to March 1901 ............................... 32

10. Temperature profiles, Tippecanoe Lake, at intervals

January to November 1947 ............................ 34

11. Temperature profiles, Maxinkuckee Lake, at intervals

January to November 1947 ............................ 35

12. Temperature profiles, Cedar Lake (Lake County) at

intervals February to November 1947 .................. 36

13. Temperature profiles, Flint Lake, at intervals February to

November 1947 ...................................... 37

14. Temperature profiles, Bass Lake, at intervals May to

November 1947 ...................................... 38

15. Temperature profiles, Winona Lake, at intervals April to

December 1947 ...................................... 40

16. Temperature profiles, Lake Wawasee, at intervals

February to November 1947 .......................... 41

17. Temperature profiles, Bixler Lake, at intervals March

to November 1947. ................................... 42

18. Temperature profiles, Lake James, at intervals April to

November 1947 ...................................... 43

19. Temperature profiles, Clear Lake, in Steuben County, at

intervals February to December 1947 .................. 44

20. Class A evaporation station, Kendallville ................. 51

21. Graph of average daily evaporation, Geist Reservoir,

Indianapolis ......................................... 54

22. Comparison of evaporation loss at Kendallville with water

loss at Bixler Lake .................................. 55

23. Comparison of evaporation loss at Kendallville with water

loss at Pleasant Lake ................................ 56

24. Comparison of evaporation loss at Valparaiso with water

loss at Loomis Lake ................................. 58

25. Comparison of evaporation loss at Valparaiso with water

loss at Clear Lake ................................... 58

26. Time required to freeze ice of various thicknesses ........ 62

27. Graphs showing possible control of Ridinger Lake through

operation of a control dam, 1944 ...................... 74

28. Graphs showing actual control of Ridinger Lake through

operation of control dam, 1948 ........................ 75

29. Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, for

water years 1943-45 ................................. 81

30. Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake for water years

1946-48. ............................................ 82

31. Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake for water years

1947-51............................................. 83

32. Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 84

33. Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake at Wolflake,

for water years 1943-45 ............................... 87

34. Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake for water years

1946-48............................................. 88
VIII CONTENTS

Page 

Figure 35. Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 89

36. Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 90

37. Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake at Wolflake, for

water years 1943-45. ................................. 94

38. Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake for water years

1946-48............................................. 95

39. Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 96

40. Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 97

41. Lake-.Level hydrographs for Bixler Lake at Kendallville, for

water years 1945-47. ................................. 101

42. Lake-level hydrographs for Bixler Lake for water years

1948-50............................................. 102

43. Lake-level hydrographs for Bixler Lake for water years

1951-53............................................. 103

44. Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce,

for water years 1943-45 ................... .......... 107

45. Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake for water years

1946-48............................................. 108

46. Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 109

47. Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake for water year

1952................................................ 110

48. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake

for water years 1943-45 .............................. 113

49. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, for

water years 1946-48 ................................. 114

50. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, for

water years 1949-51 ................................. 115

51. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, for

water years 1952-53 ................................. 116

52. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, for

water years 1943-45 ................................. 120

53. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, for

water years 1946-48 ................................. 121

54. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, for

water years 1949-51 ................................. 122

55. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, for

water years 1952-53 ................................. 123

56. Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake near Wolflake,

for water years 1943-45 .............................. 127

57. Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake for water years

1946-48............................................. 128

58. Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 129

59. Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake for water year

1952................................................ 130

60. Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, for

water years 1946-48 ................................. 133

61. Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 134

62. Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 135

63. Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, for

water years 1943-45 ................................. 139

64. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Hamilton for water years

1946-48. ............................................ 140
CONTENTS IX

Page 

Figure 65. Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 141

66. Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake for water years

1952-53. ............................................ 142

67. Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills,

for water years 1937-39 .............................. 147

68. Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake for water years

1940-42. ............................................ 148

69. Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake for water years

1943-44 and 1944..................................... 149

70. Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake for water years

1947-49. ............................................ 150

71. Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake for water years

1950-52. ............................................ 151

72. Lake-level hydrograph for Jimerson Lake for water year

1953. ............................................... 152

73. Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake,

for water years 194 -45 .............................. 155

74. Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake for water years

1946-48............................................. 156

75. Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 157

76. Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 158

77. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake James at Lake James,

for water years 1943-45 .............................. 161

78. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake James for water years

1946-48............................................. 162

79. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake James for water year

1949................................................ 163

80. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou at Rochester, for

water years 1943-45. ................................. 166

81. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou for water years

1946-48............................................. 167

82. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou for water years

1949-51............................................. 168

83. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou for water years

1952-53............................................. 169

84. Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake at Ormas, for water

years 1943 -45 ....................................... 173

85. Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake for water years

1946-48. ............................................ 174

86. Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake for water years

1949-51............................................. 175

87. Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake for water years

1952-53............................................. 176

88. Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver,

for water years 1943-45 .............................. 180

89. Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake for water

years 1946-48 ....................................... 181

90. Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake for water

years 1949-51 ....................................... 182

91. Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake for water

years 1952-53 ....................................... 183

92. Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw,

for water years 1943-45 .............................. 186

93. Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake for water

years 1946-48 ....................................... 187

94. Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake for water

years 1949-51 ....................................... 188
X CONTENTS

Page 

Figure 95. Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake for water

year 1952.......................................... 189

96. Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake near Pierceton,

for water years 1943-45 ............................. 193

97. Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake for water years

1946-48............................................ 194

98. Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 195

99. Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake for water years

1952-53. ........................................... 196

100. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes for

water years 1943-45................................. 201

101. Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake for water years

1946-47............................................ 202

102. Lake-level hydrographs for Round and Cedar Lakes at

Tri-Lakes for water years 1948-50 ................... 203

103. Lake-level hydrographs for Round and Cedar Lakes for

water years 1951-52................................. 204

104. Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear Lake at

Clear Lake, for water years 1943-45. ................. 208

105. Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear Lake for

water years 1946-48................................. 209

106. Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear Lake for

water years 1949-51................................. 210

107. Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear Lake for

water years 1952-53................................. 211

108 . Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes for

water years 1943-45. ................................ 214

109. Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake for water years

1946-48. ........................................... 215

110. Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 216

111. Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake for water years

1952-53 ............................................ 217

112. Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake near Washington

Center, for water years 1943-45. ..................... 221

113. Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake for water years

1946-48. ........................................... 222

114. Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 223

115. Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake for water years

1952-53. ........................................... 224

116. Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake at Rome City, for

water years 1943-45................................. 227

117. Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake for water years

1946-48............................................ 228

118. Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 229

119. Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake for water years

1952-53............................................ 230

120. Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake at Syracuse,

for water years 1943-45 ............................. 234

121. Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake for water years

1946-48. ........................................... 235

122. Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 236

123. Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake for water years

1952-53 ............................................ 237
CONTENTS XI

Page 

Figure 124. Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego,

for water years 1943-45 ............................. 242

125. Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake for water

years 1946-48 ...................................... 243

126. Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake for water

years 1949-51 ...................................... 244

127. Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake for water

years 1952-53 ...................................... 245

128. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee near Wawasee,

for water years 1943-45. ............................. 248

129. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee for water years

1946-48............................................ 249

130. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 250

131. Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee for water years

1952-53............................................ 251

132. Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake at North Webster,

for water years 1943-45 ............................. 255

133. Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake for water years

1946-48 ............................................ 256

134. Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 257

135. Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake for water years

1952-53............................................ 258

136. Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake at Warsaw, for

water years 1943-45................................. 262

137. Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake for water years

1946-48. ........................................... 263

138. Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake for water years

1949-51 ............................................ 264

139. Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake for water years

1952-53 ............................................ 265

TABLES

Page 

Table 1. Summary of legal lake levels ........................... 268

HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

By J. I. Perrey and D. M. Corbett

ABSTRACT

Indiana's lakes are a valuable resource for both recreational use and their industrial potential. Some lakes are used for water supply.

The natural lakes are glacial in origin and are most concentrated in northeastern Indiana. Many of the lakes were drained by the early settlers. The natural processes of sedimentation and accumulation of organic deposits tend also 

to reduce the number and size of lakes. The trend toward fewer lakes has been 

reversed in recent years by the construction of artificial lakes; the number of 

lakes has increased from a little over 500 in 1800 to over 1,000 at the present time.

The recreational value of the lakes and the desirability of maintaining constant 

lake levels led to legislation relative to the establishment of legal lake levels and 

to a program of lake-level observations, supplemented by the collection of hydrologic data affecting lake levels.

Observations of both surface temperature and temperature profile were made 

by investigators as early as 1875, The earlier data and data collected since 1946 

have been analyzed to show the fluctuation of temperature with season, depth of 

water, size of lake, and other influencing factors. Surface temperatures, which 

may vary several degrees within 24-hour period, fluctuate with air temperature 

and reach highs of about 85°F in August. The bottom temperatures of lakes more 

than 100 feet deep seldom rise above 45°F. Subsurface water temperatures below 

ice cover reach a uniform value of about 39°F except that just below the ice which 

remains closely to 32"F. During summer, temperature stratification is established as the lake warms. Shallow lakes reach temperature extremes about 5°F 

above and below those of the deep lakes. Size of the contributing drainage area, 

surface area of the lake, and flow through the lake have little effect on water temperatures below a depth of about 20 feet. Little aquatic life exists below depths of 

30 feet from mid April to mid September owing to lack of oxygen in the water. 

Large amounts of cool water, 5 to 10 degrees cooler than ground water which averages 50° to 55°F in northern Indiana, are available in the lower portions of the 

deep lakes.

Evapotranspiration accounts for the disposal of about 70 percent of the precipitation in Indiana. During a year's time evaporation from the lake surface about 

equals the precipitation falling on the lake. During dry periods evaporation from 

a lake may exceed the inflow from small drainage areas and cause a lowering of 

lake levels. For the period April through October, evaporation as measured in a 

class A land pan of the U. S. Weather Bureauhas averaged44inches at Evansville, 

34 inches at Indianapolis, and 31 inches at Valpariso. A coefficient of about 0,7 

is usually applied to yearly evaporation data from Class A land pans to obtain 

equivalent evaporation from lake surfaces.

Ice cover on the lakes extends from about December 15 to March 15 and 

reaches thickness of 24 to 30 inches during the colder winters. Ice can be damaging to lakeside installations by thrust action or by the wind action on ice cakes.

The stabilization of lake levels often requires the construction of outlet control 

structures. A detailed study of past lake-level elevations and other hydrologic 

data is necessary to establish a level that can be maintained and to determine the 

means necessary for maintaining the established level. Detailed lake-level rec - 

ords for 28 lakes are included in the report, and records for over 100 other lakes 

are available in the U. S. Geological Survey office, Indianapolis, Ind. Evaporation 

data from the four Class A evaporation stations of the U. S. Weather Bureau have 

been compiled in this report. A table showing the established legal lake level and 

related data is included.
2 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

INTRODUCTION

To the casual observer a lake is a relatively stable body of water, nearly always of the same area and level. To the more discerning person, who may be concerned about property or facilities located on the shores, it is soon apparent that a lake is a variable thing whose surface expands and contracts, and whose level 

rises and falls. Closer observation will reveal that these oscillations have seasonal trends, and operate between variable extremes.

With the intensive use of lakes and their shores, it is common 

for variable surface levels to interfere with the use of lake property. This problem may be solved by either accommodating the 

use of the property to the conditions of the lake, or by controlling 

the lake itself. The latter method is frequently selected because 

it will generally increase the utility of the lake.

The degree to which a lake maybe controlled will depend largely upon physical conditions such as the elevation of surrounding 

land, the presence of an outlet, the size of contributing watershed, 

and the flow of water into the lake. The water flowing into the lake 

will determine largely the amounts of water that must be regulated 

to gain control.

Not all problems stem from a need for control or stabilization, 

some may arise from a desire to merely increase or decrease the 

surface area, or raise or lower the average level. Whatever the 

purpose, the solution will involve a change in some physical feature connected with the lake, and some manipulation that will tend 

to counteract the normal processes of nature: precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, change of temperature, surface runoff, and 

underground inflow and outflow. Physical features frequently may 

be changed, and the changes made quite permanent, but usually it 

is practical to obtain only a limited control over the natural processes.

In designing any type of control device it is necessary to have 

a knowledge of conditions that are undesirable and in need of control, factors that are causing the undesirable conditions, and quantities that must be controlled. The features of a lake most frequently in need of control are the level and surface areas. The 

surface area is a function of the level since it varies with the level, and may be treated as a problem in level control. In turn, all 

problems in levels are related to the volume of water in the lake, 

and become problems in volume control. It is also readily apparent that variations in volume are directly connected with the gain 

or loss of water in the lake.
INTRODUCTION 3

With a little imagination one can quickly visualize the complicated intertwining of natural processes that are constantly changing the volume of water. The rainfall on the surface, the water 

entering from inflowing streams, the contribution from springs, 

the evaporation from the surface, the water used by vegetation and 

returned to the air through the process of transpiration, the flow 

through the outlet, and seepage into the ground, are all continually 

adding to or subtracting from the water in the lake. With this multiplicity of processes the study of lakes becomes a study in hydrology.

Hydrology of Lakes

Hydrology, as related to lakes, is the science that deals with 

the processes governing the depletion and replenishment of the waters of lakes. It takes into consideration precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, flow into and out of the lake, from both surface and underground sources, temperature, ice formation, sedimentation, and the effects of artificial control. It is the tool by 

which the behavior of lakes may be analyzed. Once the causes for 

the behavior are recognized and evaluated, means for their control modification, or counteraction may be devised. The recognition of causes for given conditions may be relatively simple, 

for example, the relation between high lake levels and excessive 

precipitation is apparent to the most casual observer. The evaluation of the cause, that is, the determination of the amount of water involved, is not so simple.

The determination of all the hydrologic factors is dependent on 

some type of measurement: the amount of precipitation is determined from rainfall caught and measured in rain gages; the surface inflow or outflow are determined from measurements of 

streamflow; gains and losses in lake volume are determined from 

measurements of lake levels.

The measurements of the various hydrologic factors are the 

basis of any hydrologic study. Data from observations of hydrologic 

phenomena are therefore called basic data. Basic data peculiar 

to lakes are information on size of contributing drainage areas, 

size of surface area, lake temperatures, and lake levels. Precipitation, evaporation, and streamflow are types of basic information that are common to other fields of study as well as lakes. 

Of the various types of basic data, lake levels are perhaps the 

most easily understood by the layman, the easiest to apply to 

many problems, and the easiest to observe and measure.
4 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Although many types of basic data may be determined by direct 

measurements, some must be obtained by indirect means. Losses 

due to evaporation generally cannot be measured with accuracy by 

direct observations of lake surfaces; they are usually estimated by 

comparisons with evaporation losses from standard evaporation 

pans. However, other methods are being developed that will eventually improve the technique of determining such losses (anonymous 

1952). Water gained by inflow from the ground or lost by seepage 

into the ground cannot be measured directly, and must be determined by indirect methods.

Nearly all water problems involve problems of volume or quality. The solutions to the problems are dependent upon the evaluation of basic factors affecting the volume to be controlled. In 

other words, the solutions are dependent to a large degree upon 

basic data.

If a problem involves lake levels, as most lake problems do, 

it is desirable to have a knowledge of the levels that might be considered normal during the various seasons, the maximum and minimum levels, and the frequency and duration of extreme levels. 

Reliable information can be obtained only from frequent measurements or observations of the levels. Such observations must be 

made as events occur. We cannot go out today to observe last 

year's levels, nor even the one that occurred yesterday. Problems 

must be anticipated far in the future, and the collection of basic 

data started years before it is needed so that the range of conditions may be as wide as possible.

The importance of lake hydrology will grow with the increasing 

importance of lakes in our economy. Year by year the lakes of 

Indiana are increasing in value.

The importance of lakes for recreation and utility is easily understood when one considers that the number of lakes in Indiana 

of 5 acres or more in size has grown from a little over 500 in 1800 

to more than 1, 000 natural and artificial lakes today. The increase has been due to the construction of artificial lakes, mainly 

in those portions of the State where few or no lakes existed formerly.

Not all the construction of lakes has been done in recent years. 

Some of the largest artificial lakes were constructed during the 

canal-building days, over a hundred years ago. The old Wabash 

and Erie Canal was fed by two great reservoirs, no longer in existence. TheSplunge Creek reservoir, along the Clay-Vigo County 

line, is said to have covered 4, 000 acres, and the nearby Birch 

Creek reservoir in Clay County covered 1, 400 acres. The former,
INTRODUCTION 5

if the area was correct, was the largest body of water in the State, 

excluding Indiana's portion of Lake Michigan and the old Kankakee 

swamp areas.

Although the building of artificial lakes was started early in the 

history of Indiana, the greatest activity is now taking place. Many 

of the recently constructed lakes are used for water supply. These 

lakes required hydrologic studies to determine the size of spillways required to discharge floodwaters without overtopping their 

dams, studies of the amount of storage required to meet anticipated demands for water, and studies of the ability of the watershed to replenish the water used by evaporation and for water 

supply.

Some lakes now under construction for recreational purposes 

will be among the deepest in the State when they are completed 

and so large in relation to their drainage areas that they will require 6 to 10 years to fill. Determination of the length of the filling period required studies of hydrologic data.

Indiana Laws for Preservation of Lakes

In 1905 the Indiana Legislature passed the first law "to preserve 

the fresh water lakes of the State of Indiana at their established 

level and protect them from danger of being injuriously affected 

or destroyed by the lowering of waters thereof by any drains or 

ditches. " This law recognized the growing importance of lakes 

as centers for recreation, and tended to stop some of the land reclamation practices of former years, which had lowered many of 

the natural lakes and greatly reduced their areas.

As the use of lakes increased through the years new laws were 

passed to amend, strengthen or supplement the 1905 law. By 1935 

it was realized that some definite elevation should be used in establishing a level for a lake. Consequently, a law was enacted 

which formulated a procedure to be followed in establishing a lake 

level, and provided for recording the level in the county recorder's 

office.

In 1947 another law was enacted that made records of lake-level 

observations essential to the administration of laws establishing 

levels for lakes. The 1947 law stated in part:

The Indiana Department of Conservation of the State 

of Indiana is hereby authorized and empowered to establish, by appropriate monuments, the average normal water level of all natural and artificial lakes of the State of
6 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Indiana and to construct or sponsor and supervise the construction of dams, spillways and control works necessary 

to maintain the average normal lake level. Such water 

level monuments shall be as permanent in character as 

practicable and shall fix the average normal level, and 

indicate the elevation of the highest point to which the water of such lake or lakes shall have risen within the past 

ten years prior to the passage of this act.

In 1951 the Legislature repealed the 1935 lake-level law and enacted a new statute designed to accomplish more effectively the 

same purpose as the 1935 law.

Present Lake Investigation

Sometime after the passage of the 1935 lake-level law, it became apparent that to accomplish the purpose of the law more 

knowledge of lake levels and their variations was needed. Consequently, in the fall of 1942, the Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the Water Resources Division of the Indiana Department of 

Conservation, established 11 gaging stations on lakes in northern 

Indiana. In succeeding years, a definite program of lake-level observations was established; by November 1946 gages had been installed on 109 lakes, and the collection of records, on a daily basis 

wherever practicable, had begun.

About that time it was also realized that data on lake levels alone were not sufficient to provide a full understanding of the various factors that affect lakes and account for differences in their 

behavior. To provide additional data for the lake study, the number 

of precipitation stations in the northern lake section were increased and two evaporation stations were established in cooperation 

with the U. S. Weather Bureau. Several lakes were selected for 

intensive studies that involved the recording of temperatures of 

lake-water, measuring inflow and outflow, mapping of the topography of lake beds to permit determination of volume of water, 

and collecting of other pertinent hydrologic data.

During the period 1947 to 1951, additional lakes were included 

in the program and some of less importance were omitted from the 

study. The number of lake gages in operation reached a peak of 

122 in 1949, but has averaged about 110 in recent years.

The study of the hydrology of Indiana lakes was carried on simultaneously with the collection of basic data, and has now reached the point where its results may be presented to the public together with basic data for selected lakes.
CREATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FORCES AFFECTING LAKES 7

This report describes the development of Indiana lakes, the 

factors that tend eventually to obliterate them, the annual cycle 

of water temperature, the theory of temperature changes within 

the body of a lake, evaporation from lakes, ice conditions on northern Indiana lakes, and problems involved in attempting to stabilize 

lake levels. It presents also the basic data for selected lakes.

The report is intended to provide the layman as well as the 

engineer an understanding of the natural processes that affect the 

behavior of all lakes. It should provide the basic information necessary to analyze many of the problems connected with lakes, and 

aid in reaching sound decisions regarding the solutions to these 

problems.

CREATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FORCES AFFECTING LAKES

Origin and Distribution of Indiana Lakes

Some thousands of years ago the region that is now Indiana was 

covered by great glaciers or ice sheets, hundreds of feet thick, 

that .moved down from the north over a large part of the State. As 

these ice sheets advanced they changed every square mile of land 

surface they touched. They planed off the existing hilltops and 

filled in the former valleys in the manner of a gigantic bulldozer. 

Their final retreat produced the land surface upon which the lakes 

of Indiana were formed.

Two stages ofglaciation have been recognized in Indiana. During the older, the Illinoian, glaciers covered about 82 percent of 

the State, leaving only a rough triangular area within the State, 

from Evansville to Martinsville to Jeffersonville, unglaciated. 

The younger, the Wisconsin, occurred many thousands of years 

after the Illinoian. During this stage the ice advanced as far south 

as a line roughly defined by Terre Haute, Rockville, Greencastle, 

Mooresville, North Vernon, Connersville, and Brookville. This 

advance of ice overrode the surface deposits of the older Illinoian 

glaciation and materially reduced or removed them entirely. The 

younger Wisconsin glaciation is responsible for the hundreds of 

natural lakes in northern Indiana.

The advancing ice transported large quantities of rock material; 

some was pushed before the ice mass and some was contained 

within it. As the ice retreated to the north it left a covering of 

glacial debris called drift or till. Along the margins of the ice, 

piles of glacial debris, liberated by the retreating ice front, were 

dumped, thus forming irregular and lobate ridges known as moraines. Between moraines, the ice dropped its load as a sheet of 

till of variable thickness called ground moraine. Melt waters from 

the ice left stratified deposits known as outwash within and on top
8 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

of the till sheets, along the margins, and behind and beyond the 

moraines.

The moraines were hilly ridges in which mammoth blocks of 

ice were buried. The buried ice melted slowly and eventually left 

water-filled holes, which became the deeper lakes in Indiana. On 

the rolling surface of the drift shallow depressions were filled 

with water where there were no outlets to permit the water to 

drain away. These depressions formed shallow lakes, and eventually many became swamps and marshes.

After the disappearance of the glaciers, those lakes without sufficient inflow of surface water and ground water to satisfy the demands of evaporation, transpiration, and seepage losses gradually 

dried up. Others with large contributing watersheds overflowed 

at outlets formed at the lowest point in their brims, and as water 

flowed from one lake to another, drainage systems were formed 

involving a chain of lakes. Such chains are now found in the upper 

reaches of the Tippecanoe and Pigeon Rivers. Others, without 

surface outlets, existed as long as there was a balance between inflow from surface and underground sources and water losses from 

the lake.

The greatest concentration of glacial lakes in Indiana is along 

the Mississinewa and Packerton morainic systems which extend 

from Steuben County in the northeast corner of the State diagonally 

southwestward for about 75 miles. Hundreds of lakes are located 

on and behind these moraines and their various arms in Steuben, 

Noble, Kosciusko, and Whitley Counties and northern Wabash County. The grouping of the lakes becomes less dense away from the 

main moraines in the direction of Fort Wayne or South Bend.

Other groups of lakes, although more scattered, are found in 

other morainic systems. The Valparaiso moraine follows a general northeasterly course from the Illinois boundary across Lake, 

Porter, and LaPorte Counties, and the Maxinkuckee moraine, a 

course along the Pulaski-Fulton and Starke-Marshall County lines.

Gradual Extinction of Northern Indiana Lakes

Once created, lakes are doomed to gradual extinction by natural causes. Hundreds had,disappeared in the thousands of years 

that elapsed between the Ice Age and the first settlement in the area by white men.

With the advent of our civilization and the growth and spread of 

populations, more tillable land was brought into production. This 

demand led to more land drainage which hastened the extinction of 

many lakes.
CREATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FORCES AFFECTING LAKES 9

Filling by Organic Material and Marl Deposits

After the glaciers, vegetation took root in the soil and spread 

to the shallower portions of lakes. The growth of aquatic plants 

produced deposits of organic muck along the shores and on the bottoms of many lakes and slowly filled the depressions that were 

once occupied by water. The shallower lakes, in which vegetation 

covered the entire bottom, gradually deteriorated into swamps and 

tRen marshes with comparative rapidity. The deeper lakes with 

organic deposits around the edges show only retreating shorelines.

The multitude of muck beds scattered over the northern part of 

the State are evidence of the lakes and swamps that once existed, 

at elevations much above present lake levels, and indicating that 

many of the lakes were much.larger in the past. The muck deposits have considerable range in depth averaging 3 to 4 feet in many 

lakes, but some extinct lakes and ponds have organic deposits 

more than 30 feet deep.

Marly soil, found extensively in and around northern Indiana 

lakes, has helped to decrease the size and depth of these lakes. 

It is a fresh-water deposit of high calcium carbonate content, mixed with clay, silt, and small amounts of other minerals and organic 

matter. It is a soft, granular, earthy material, ranging in color 

from milky white to bluish gray or yellowish brown, depending on 

the amounts of mineral and organic matter mixed with it.

The calcium carbonate of the marl is precipitated from the water in the lake or pond, in part through the action of aquatic organisms. Where the lake or pond is fed at a relatively high rate by 

hard spring water of high calcium bicarbonate content, the precipitation of marl is especially vigorous.

Marl beds range in thickness from a few inches to more than 

45 feet. Deposits of 6 or 7 feet are common and many between 10 

and 20 feet are found in Indiana. Blatchley and Ashley(1900) surveyed the marl deposits of many Indiana lakes in 1899 and 1900 

and reported that "in some cases the accumulation of marl has almost or quite filled up the lake. "

Fresh-water marl deposits are now used commercially to some 

extent as a source of agricultural lime. During the period 1899 to 

1940, the deposits were used also in a number of places as a source 

of lime in the production of Portland cement. The largest and 

longest used deposit, for this purpose, is located on Big and Little 

Turkey Lakes in LaGrange County. The Wabash Portland Cement 

Co. erected a plant at Elmira on Big Turkey Lake and began the 

manufacture of cement in August 1900. The plant, the last of its 

kind in Indiana, has not been operated since 1945.
10 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Sedimentation

From their very beginning, the lakes of Indiana have been decreasing in both area and depth owing in part to the quantities of 

sediment carried into them by their inflowing streams. However, 

the process of filling these lakes by sediments has not been as 

rapid as that caused by the organic deposits, as the sediment load 

in most northern Indiana streams does not appear to be heavy.

The largest deposits of sediment are found near the mouths of 

the tributary streams. In some lakes, a combination of sediment 

and organic deposits have built up large swamp and marsh areas 

around the mouths of the inlets resulting in corresponding decreases 

in the areas of the lakes. Although a large part of the sediment, 

particularly the larger and heavier particles, settles as soon as 

the inflowing water reaches the still water of the lake, a certain 

amount moves out into the main body of water, where the smaller 

and lighter particles settle at a much slower rate. Thus, deposition of sediment over the entire bottom of the lake gradually makes 

the lake shallower.

Extensive investigations of the amount and distribution of the 

accumulated sediment in Winona and Tippecanoe Lakes were conducted by Wilson (1935, p. 302-303; 1937, p. 248) of Heidelberg 

College. These studies indicate that the maximum depth of Winona 

Lake decreased from an original 12 7 feet to 79 feet, and the original area and volume were reduced 37. 4 and 43. 6 percent, respectively. In Tippecanoe Lake the maximum depth decreased from 

164 feet to 123 feet, and the original area and volume were reduced 20. 8 and 31. 9 percent respectively. The original depth, 

area, and volume are based on geologic evidence and it is believed that they indicate conditions at the time the lakes were 

formed after the ice age.

Although the depth of sediment deposits may be determined by 

simple measurement of samples of bottom materials taken from 

the beds of lakes, it is more difficult to determine the rates at 

which the materials were deposited. Rates may be determined 

indirectly by sampling the bottom at periodic intervals, but the 

samples must be taken in the same locations each time to avoid 

errors resulting from irregularities in the bed and varying distances from the point at which the sediment enters the lake.

Direct measurements of sediment depositions were made with 

collectors installed by Scott and Miner (1935) at various locations 

on Winona and Tippecanoe Lakes in July 1930. The collector 

(fig. 1) consisted of a wire cable with a float attached at the upper 

end, an anchor at the lower end, and cylindrical glass collecting
CREATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FORCES AFFECTING LAKES 11

jars wired to the cable at various intervals. These collectors 

were allowed to remain in position in the lakes for periods rangingfrom 10.8 to 60 months. As a result of this study the sediment

in the deepest parts was found to be increasing at the rate of about one-third inch 

per year in Winona Lake, and at the rate 

of about one-fifth inch per year in Tippecanoe Lake.

V

COLLECTOR

Figure 1. --Sediment 

collector used by 

Scott and Miner.

After taking the observations in 1935, 

Mr. Miner set out four strings of collectors in the deep water of Winona Lake for 

longer periods of observation. In the summer of 1949 he removed the collectors 

from Winona Lake after they had been submerged for 14 years. "The minimum rate 

of sedimentation near the bottom in deep 

water was about half an inch per year, or 

at the rate of a foot every 24 years. " 

(Miner, 1949) This rate appears to be 

somewhat greater than that determined in 

the summer of 1935.

Because of the long existence of the lakes 

it is apparent that the rate of sedimentation 

is either variable or has not always been 

as rapid as these recent short period observations indicate. At the rate of one half 

inch per year, it would have taken only 

1, 150 years for the 48 feet of sediment in 

the deep part of Winona Lake to be deposited. Geologic evidence indicates that the 

period of accumulation must have been 

much longer.

Drainage

The most rapid changes in lake levels 

are believed to have been manmade and to 

have taken place since the settlement of 

the State. The demand for agricultural 

land brought about the draining of swamps 

and, consequently, the lowering of many 

lake levels as areas of rich muck lands 

were reclaimed. This process brought 

about the complete disappearance of some 

of the shallower lakes.
12 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

For example, Cedar Lake in Steuben County has disappeared 

as a result of drainage. An examination of aerial photographs of 

this area reveals evidence that the lake once had a surface area 

of 557 acres. However, it has not existed as an open body of water for many years. In 1899 Ashley wrote (Blatchley and Ashley, 

1900) "It [Cedar Lake] has now been partly drained so that with the 

exception of a few lagoons its former area is a marsh. " Topographic maps made as recent as 1938 show a marsh area of 392 

acres remaining at that time. Today the lake is completely drained and its former bottom is being cultivated. Cedar Lake was always shallow and probably was not more than 15 feet deep when 

originally formed. At the time of the first drainage project, the 

water had a maximum depth of perhaps not more than about 5 feet.

Many other lakes that have not been completely drained have decreased in area as a result of artificial drainage. Although some 

of these lakes still are sizable bodies of water, their present water-surface areas are by no means an indication of their original 

size.

According to early reports, Cedar Lake in Lake County was 

lowered 8 to 12 feet prior to 1900 by dredging an outlet to Cedar 

Creek.

Eagle Lake in Starke County was reported, in May 1900, to 

have been reduced in size by half or more, to an area of about 70 

acres as a result of dredging. The area of the same lake was found 

to be only 24 acres in 1939.

In 1897, a ditch was dredged into Bruce Lake in Fulton County 

and the lake lowered considerably. The lower level was found unsatisfactory, and a dam was built later to restore the lake to approximately its former level.

Chapman Lake, in Kosciusko County, was lowered twice prior 

to 1900, the total amounting to about 6 feet. The water area before the lake was lowered was estimated to have included about 

850 acres. Since 1900 the lake level has been raised slightly by 

the construction of a small dam and the combined area of Big and 

Little Chapman Lakes is now 526 acres. Chapman Lake appears 

to have had an original area of about 1, 370 acres as indicated by 

the muck deposits around the lake. The level of the lake at that 

time was at an elevation of about 836 feet above mean sea level, 

or about 8 feet higher than the present level. The decrease in size, 

prior to dredging of the outlet channel, came about through natural 

causes.
CREATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FORCES AFFECTING LAKES 13

Ridinger Lake, inKoscuisko County, was lowered 4 feet in 1900,, 

but in 1947 a control dam was built to maintain a higher and more 

desirable level.

Many other lakes have been lowered sizable amounts in the past. 

Heat on Lake in Elkhart County was lowered about 5 feet in 1885; 

Troy Cedar Lake in Whitley County was lowered about 10 feet in 

1900; Loon Lake in Whitley County was lowered about 12 feet in 

the spring of 1900, and in Noble County, Bear Lake was lowered 

about 6 feet and High Lake about 8 feet in 1899. Many other lakes 

have been lowered smaller amounts by drainage.

New and Enlarged Lakes

The creation of new lakes began duringthe epjoch of canal building when lakes were needed as feeders for the canals. Sylvan Lake 

in Noble County is perhaps the first notable example of such work 

in Indiana. Entirely artificial, it was created in 1837 as a feeder 

lake for the proposed Michigan and Erie Canal.

In the early days the levels of some natural lakes were raised 

and their areas enlarged to furnish sources of power for grist 

mills. A dam for a mill was built at Webster Lake in Kosciusko 

County in 1830 and raised the lake level 7 feet. This mill continued to operate until 1951. Dams were erected and the water level 

raised in many other lakes. The level of Lake Manitou was raised about 7 feet in 1830; Lake Wawasee, 5 feet in 1833; Lake George 

in Steuben County, 4 feet in 1836; and Hamilton Lake, 9 feet in 1837.

In recent years, the needs of an increasing population brought 

about a great demand for more lakes for water supply, flood control, and recreation. A dam was constructed on Fall Creek, a 

tributary of White River, in 1942 by the Indianapolis Water Co. to 

increase the water supply of Indianapolis, thus creating Geist Reservoir, a lake of 1, 800 acres, the largest artificial body of water 

in Indiana. Bloomington Reservoir was constructed on Beanblossom Creek, also a tributary of White River, in 1953 by the 

city of Bloomington to increase its source of water supply, creating an artificial lake of 1, 650 acres at spillway level. The acute 

shortage of water at the Muscatatuck State School and for the city 

of North Vernon resulted in the creation of an 185-acre artificial 

lake in 1953 on Brush Creek in the vicinity of Butlerville. The 

towns of Batesville, Salem, Scottsburg, Huntingburg, and Oakland 

City also have created lakes for water supply.

The Cagle's Mill flood-control dam, completed in December 

1951, has behind it a permanent lake area of 1,400 acres for
14 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

recreational purposes. This is the first large flood control reservoir created in Indiana.

More and more lakes are being created for recreation purposes, 

particularly in the southern part of the State where natural lakes 

are very rare. Greenwood Lake in Martin County, with an area 

of 800 acres, is perhaps the largest of such lakes. However, this 

lake is now within the boundaries of the Crane Naval Ordnance Depot and not open to the public.

Brown County has several artificial lakes of which Yellowwood, 

with a water surface of 147 acres, is the largest. Martin, Morgan 

and Monroe Counties have a scattering of artificial lakes. Clay, 

Vigo, Sullivan, and Knox Counties have several lakes formed from 

surface drainage into abandoned strip coalmines. As evidenced by 

the activities cited herein, it is apparent that man realizes the 

value of lakes and the multiple purpose they serve, and it is rather obvious that more new lakes will be planned and constructed in 

future years.

TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 

Scope of Studies

The first account of observations of temperatures of Indiana 

lakes was prepared by Levette (1876). His report tabulates the 

surface and bottom temperatures and temperature profiles (temperatures at various depths from the surface to the bottom of the 

lake,formerly called serial temperatures) of 12 lakes in northern 

Indiana taken in the fall of 1875. Unfortunately, the dates on 

which the observations were made are not given; consequently it 

is difficult to compare these data with more recent observations 

of similar type as temperatures vary appreciably with the time of 

year. In 1896, temperature studies of Lake Wawasee were made 

by Dolan (1896).

The first extensive study of temperatures of lake waters was 

made at Maxinkuckee Lake between July 1899 and June 1901 by 

Evermann and Clark(1920, p. 152-216), in connection withaphysical and biological survey of the lake by the United States Fish 

Commission (now the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service). This study 

includes tabulated observations of both surface and temperature 

profiles of Lake Maxinkuckee.

Scott (1915) in his re port on the lakes of the Tippecanoe basin, 

records temperature profiles taken in 13 lakes during the summers of 1912 and 1914.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 15

Beginning with the summer of 1946 and continuing through December 1948, the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the 

Division of Water Resources, State Department of Conservation, 

recorded lake temperatures of a representative group of lakes of 

various sized and depths. The objective was to obtain comparative 

data. The 10 lakes selected for this study are scattered over 

northern Indiana and include Cedar Lake in Lake County, Flint 

Lake in Porter County, Bass Lake in Starke County, Maxinkuckee 

Lake in Marshall County, Winona and Tippecanoe Lakes and Lake 

Wawasee in Kosciusko County, Bixler Lake in Noble County, and 

Lake James and Clear Lake in Steuben County. Weekly observations of the temperature of the water near the surface of these lakes 

were made by local gage observers. Temperature profiles were 

taken in the deepest parts of the lakes about once a month. During the colder months, it was not always possible to obtain the 

profile readings because unsafe ice conditions prevented reaching 

observation points.

Surface Temperatures

A study of the available data clearly establishes these observed 

results: that, except when the lake is under ice cover, the temperature of the lake water at the surface fluctuates with the temperature of the air with which it is in contact; that these fluctuations follow seasonal trends of air temperature; and that the temperature of the water will vary several degrees within a 24-hour 

period if the air temperatures vary widely during the same period. 

Ice cover provides a blanket of insulation which keeps the water 

underneath at a nearly constant temperature. Prolonged spells of 

below 32°F temperatures merely increase the thickness of the ice 

blanket without lowering the temperature of the unfrozen water.

The work of Evermann and Clark (1920) at Maxinkuckee Lake 

affords an excellent source of information on daily temperature 

variations. Daily surface temperatures were taken at 6 a. m. , 

12m.,and 6 p. m., for the period July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1901, 

and infrequent observations were taken during some of the following years until 1913.

Observations during each winter period, December 15 to March 

31, generally gave variations in water-surface temperatures of 

less than 1°F in any one day. These small variations in water 

temperature maybe accounted for, even on days of wide variations 

in air temperatures, by the fact that the temperatures of open surface water are generally below 39°F during this period and for the 

greater part of the time near the freezing point of 32°, and a continued drop in air temperature results in formation of ice. The
16 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

temperature of surface water immediately below ice cover usually 

will be between 32°F and 34°F, with that in intimate contact with 

the ice remaining close to 32°F.

When lakes are open and water temperatures are between 32°F 

and 39. 2°F any tendency for the water to become warmer will increase its density, as fresh water reaches its maximum density 

at 39. 2°F; consequently, the heavier water will move downward 

and be replaced by colder and lighter water from below, thus maintaining a nearly constant temperature at the water surface. Of 

course, if this process continues long enough, the whole body of 

water will eventually become warmed to 39. 2°F and the temperature 

at the water surface will gradually increase.

When the air temperature drops rapidly and the surface temperature of the water is between 32° and 39. 2°F, the cooling water 

at the surface becomes lighter and remains at the surface, and 

results in a significant decrease in surface temperatures or the 

formation of ice. Such a change is more likely to take place between evening and the following morning, as air temperatures 

usually rise during the day and fall at night.

At Maxinkuckee Lake very few observations show more than 

1°F increase in daytime surface temperatures during the winter 

months, but several instances of temperature drops of 3° to 4°F 

overnight have been recorded, particularly during mid-December 

when rapid cooling of the lake occurred as a result of below-freezing air temperatures.

During the spring and summer months when the water temperature of the lake surface is above 39. 2°F, daily variations of 6°, 

8°, and 10°F in the water at the surface are not uncommon. These 

variations are possible because of a greater differential existing 

between surface temperatures and those a short distance below 

the surface. The top few inches of water may be warmed very 

rapidly under the hot summer sun, and because the water becomes 

lighter as its temperature increases it will remain on top. Consequently there will be very little mixing with the water underneath, 

particularly on calm days. On cool days this same top layer will 

be cooled until it reaches the temperature and density of the water of the next lower stratum after which any further cooling and 

increase in its density will cause it to decend and the lower, less 

dense water to rise to the top. After this action has started the 

movement of the lower and more uniform temperatured water to 

the top will maintain a rather constant or very slowly cooling lake 

surface temperature throughout the day.
TEMPERATUR OF LAKES 17

The general pattern of the annual cycle of lake surface temperatures for northern Indiana lakes is as follows. Temperatures 

for the months of January and February range between 32° and 

34°F. March temperatures continue in this range until the ice 

cover leaves, usually about March 15th, then the temperatures 

begin to rise. The rapidity of this rise depends on the solar radiation absorbed by the water, the air temperature, the inflow of 

large quantities of relatively warm water from spring rains, and 

other factors. By April 1st the water temperature at the surface 

is up to 40° or 45°F. It will continue to rise in the following 

months, reaching about 55° by May 1st, about 65°F by June 1st, 

and about 75°F by July 1st. The term "about" is used as the temperatures may vary 5° in either direction, depending upon the 

weather conditions. During July and August the rate of increase 

diminishes, but temperatures continue to rise until about the third 

or fourth week of August when a maximum is reached. During 

July and the early part of August the water temperatures at the 

surface are about 80°F and then rise to a maximum of about 85°F 

during the latter part of August. Once the peak is passed, the water begins to cool rapidly, dropping to about 65°F by October 1st, 

about 55°F by November 1st, about 40°F by December 1st, and about 33°F by December 15th. The lakes usually freeze over during mid-December each year and there is little change from that 

time until the ice leaves the next spring.

Temperature Profiles

Although lake temperature profiles were made as early as 1875 

it was not until the exhaustive studies of Evermann and Clark (1920) 

that data in sufficient detail were collected to trace the temperature changes that take place from day to day in the depths of a lake.

On July 18, 1899, a regular observation station for temperature 

profiles was established at the deepest place in Maxinkuckee Lake, 

known as the Deep Hole, where the water had a maximum depth of 

89 feet at the ordinary stage of the lake. Temperature profile 

readings were taken daily from July 18 to September 30, 1899, 

and from two to three times a week from July 17, 1900 to June 

28, 1901. Readings were taken at the lake surface and usually at 

5-foot intervals from the surface to the bottom.

The equipment used to obtain these observations is described 

by Evermann and Clark (1920, p. 197) as follows:''From July 18 

to August 14, 1899, a self-registering Negretti-Zamba deep-sea 

thermometer was used. From August 15 to September 21, a Ritchie Thermophone was used, with not wholly satisfactory results, 

after which the deep-sea thermometer was again used. "
18 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Although these observations were made more than 50 year ago 

they still furnish one of the most complete sets of data upon which 

a theory for lake-temperature phenomena may be based.

Starting with the basic fact that water reaches its maximum 

density at a temperature of 39. 2°F and that at lower or higher temperatures it will be less dense and therefore weigh less per cubic 

foot, it may be concluded that when waters of different densities 

come in contact with each other the heavier and more dense water 

will descend and the lighter or less dense water will rise.

There is only a small range of temperature between 32° and 

39.2°F where colder unfrozen water will rise above warmer water. Above 39. 2°F there is a range of about 50°F in temperature 

through which the water becomes progressively lighter in Indiana 

lakes. The density-temperature graph (fig. 2) shows that through

WATER

^.996 

LJ

30 4O 50 60 70

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

Figure 2. --Water temperature-density relationship.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 19

the range of 37° to 42°F the variation from the maximum density 

is very slight. Beyond this range the density decreases with increasing rapidity. For example, the difference in the densities of 

water at 80° and 85°F is more than four times as great as at 45°F 

and at 50°F, and more than six times as great as at 42°F and at 

47°F. The practical implication of this phenomenon is that there 

will be over six times as much resistance for water at85°F to mix 

with water at 80°F as there will be for water at 47°F to mix with 

water at 42°F. It also means that at the higher temperatures there 

will be more stratification of water, or in other words, water of 

different temperatures existing in separate layers.

Water is a poor conductor of heat; so poor in fact, that so far 

as lake temperatures are concerned the .amount of heat that one 

layer of water will absorb from another layer with which it is in 

contact is negligible. Most of the heat in the water is transferred 

by convection that is, by water of one temperature moving through 

water of another temperature.

The principal gain or loss in heat of the whole body of water in 

a lake is largely due to absorption of solar radiation or radiation 

from the lake surface and to the energy used for evaporation. 

There is also some gain or loss of heat by contact of the water with 

the bed of the lake, and by the sensible heat carried into or away 

from the lake by the inflowing and outflowing water.

Theory of Temperature Changes Below the Surface

With the foregoing principles in mind, it is possible to analyze 

the processes that take place in changing water temperatures within the body of a lake. Starting at a time when the entire lake is at 

a temperature of 39. 2°F, the point of maximum density, which occurs shortly after the ice leaves, progressive changes that occur 

in the spring, summer, fall and winter months maybe followed and 

analyzed in a logical manner.

From figure 3 it is evident that the temperature of the air in 

contact with the surface of the lake varies considerably from day 

to day and that the temperature of the water at the surface of the 

lake follows the trend of the air temperatures. In the spring months 

the general tendency is for the air temperatures to gradually increase. As the surface of the lake warms in following this trend, 

the warm water remains at the surface provided the weather is 

calm, but if the weather is windy the warm surface water mixes 

with the water immediately below, thus deepening the layer of 

warmer water to the depth of wave disturbance.
TO

c

0) 

CO

TEMPERATURE WATER-SURFACE 

8

» ^ o» y fc o> o o o o o o 

TEMPERATURE AIR MEAN 

\

Aoo^oaaAH VNVIQNI
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 21

Wind, undoubtedly, plays an important part in creating a uniform temperature in the upper layers of lake water. This may be 

particularly true of the larger lakes where the wind has sufficient 

sweep to create sizable waves. The depth to which wind action 

affects water temperatures in relatively small lakes is still uncertain, but the data available on air and water temperatures tend 

to indicate that such effects are far less significant than those produced by the convection currents in the water.

There is very little variation in the density of water in the temperature range 37° to 42°F. Consequently, as the surface temperatures increase slightly above 39. 2°F, there is very little resistance to water of different temperatures mixing and the least disturbance tends to mix the whole body of water and raise its temperature uniformly. As the water temperatures rise beyond 42°F 

more resistance to mixing develops and stratification begins to 

take place. At this point the resistance to mixing is still not too 

great and water at the lower depth will continue to warm slowly 

for another 2° or 3°F, but at the same time the surface temperature will increase at a more rapid rate and thereby increase the 

differential between surface temperature and temperatures at lower depths.

If a situation could exist in which the air temperature would 

continue to gradually increase without the usual daily fluctuations 

and the weather would continue calm, a layer of warm water of 

relatively shallow depth would form on the surface with a gradation to the 42° to 45°F water below. But as the air temperature 

does fluctuate there will be periods when it will be cooling the water surface. As the water cools it becomes heavier and descends 

until it reaches its own temperature level displacing the lighter 

and warmer water. In this process the warmer water is cooled 

somewhat by the passage of the colder water through it and a vertical uniform temperature zone is developed in the upper layer of 

water. During the early stages of this process, while the surface 

temperatures are below 50°F, solar radiation or insolation plays 

an important part in shaping the events that follow.

In clear water "the sun's rays penetrate to considerable depths 

so that their energy is distributed throughout a large mass, with 

a consequent slow rise in temperature. About one-tenth of the insolation incident at the water's surface reaches a depth of 30 feet, 

and small amounts penetrate much deeper. ***In cjuiet water daily temperature changes are felt at least 20 feet below the surface" 

(Trewartha, 1943). Consequently, during the.early stages when 

the variation in density per degree of temperature is low and the 

resistance to mixing is slight a gradation in the temperatures f^om 

45° to 50°F takes place through a depth of about 20 feet.
22 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

The surface temperatures of northern Indiana lakes reach 50° 

during the latter part of April or about the first of May. At that 

time of year the air temperatures do not drop much below 45°F. 

Consequently, during the cooler spells the surface water is not 

cooled enough to descend below a depth of about 20 feet where the 

water remains at a temperature of 45° to 46°F. As the process of 

heating and cooling goes on three distinct temperature zones are 

developed. The first, a rather uniform warm zone, extends down 

from the surface to the second zone in which the temperature 

changes quite rapidly, and finally the third, a colder zone, that 

reaches to the bottom. These zones are called the epilimnion, 

thermocline, and hypolimnion respectively (see fig. 4).

When the epilimnion temperature graph is vertical, that is, when 

a uniform temperature exists throughout this stratum, water that 

has been cooled at the surface descends rapidly to the thermocline. 

As this water reaches its own temperature level it has sufficient 

momentum to slightly penetrate or dig into the stratum of colder 

water below. This disturbance mixes warmer water with colder 

water and raises the temperature of the next layer slightly and thus 

increases the depth of the epilimnion and gradually moves the 

thermocline to lower levels. During the warming stages of the lake 

the thermocline descends rather slowly and the epilimnion will not 

extend deeper than to about the 20 foot depth, because the portion 

of the day devoted to cooling the water is less than that devoted to 

warming the water and the descending cold water has not been 

cooled enough to penetrate deeper than the upper part of the thermocline.

After the water temperature peak has been passed, in the latter 

part of August, the portion of each day during which the water is 

cooled exceeds the warming period and the thermally induced currents in the water are working longer hours. The temperature of 

the epilimnion decreases rapidly and extends to deeper depths as 

the currents eat into the thermocline and push it toward the bottom. This process continues until the epilimnion extends from top 

to bottom in the lake. As cooling goes on the water remains at a 

uniform temperature throughout its depth until it has cooled to 

about 37°or 38°F. Any further cooling willlower the surface temperatures and produce a reversed thermocline in the upper layers.

At the time ice forms, the water below the surface will be at 

very nearly 35° or 366 F throughout its depth except for the last few 

feet at the bottom which will approach 39. 2°F. This uniform temperature is possible because of the slight difference in density of 

water at 36°F and 39. 2°F and the lack of resistence to mixing. 

After the ice cover has formed, the water in contact with the ice 

will be only slightly above 32°F. The effect of air temperatures 

on the water is then very slight since the water is protected by the 

ice blanket.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 23

THERMOCLINE

7

HYPOL MNION

0 10 20 30 40 SO 6O 70 80 90 IOO 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 4. --Typical temperature profile graph with temperature

zones indicated.
24 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

During the period of ice cover, ground temperatures have more 

effect on the temperature of the water than air temj^eratures. 

Ground temperatures some distance below the ground surface remain at approximately 52°Fin the lake region of northern Indiana. 

The ground in contact with the water is somewhat colder than 52°F 

during the winter months because it is cooled by the water. In 

cooling the ground, the water picks up heat which gradually raises 

the temperature of the lake through the winter until a temperature 

of about 39°F is reached. Heating above this point is prevented 

because the warm water rises to the top where it is immediately 

cooled by the ice and any excess temperature is taken up in melting the ice. From this point on there is practically no change in 

lake temperatures until the ice melts.

The temperature profiles taken in Maxinkuckee Lake during 

1900 and 1901 (Evermann and Clark, 1920) offer a splendid opportunity to follow day to day changes in water temperature and to 

observe how the theory of temperature change, as described 

above, really works. From these observations, 30 graphs (figs. 5-9) 

have been prepared for selected days to show the progress of temperature changes throughout the year. The graphs are considered 

to be typical of those that might occur at approximately the same 

time in any year.

The normal temperature cycle extends from the breakup of 

ice, usually about March 15, in one year until the breakup the 

following year. Unfortunately, the temperature profiles of 1900 

and 1901 do not coincide with the cycle as described, but begin at 

another point on the cycle. For illustrative purposes the sequence 

of observations have been changed to coincide with the pattern of 

the normal temperature cycle. The observations for the period 

March 26, 1901, (the day after the ice disappeared) to June 30, 1901 

(figs. 5 and 6), have been arranged ahead of the observations for 

the period July 17, 1900 to March 14, 1901 (figs. 7-9).

Figure 5, A shows that a uniform temperature of 40°F existed 

from the surface to the bottom of the lake on March 26 the day 

after the ice disappeared. This follows the theory that the entire 

body of water will be very near the temperature of maximum density, 39. 2°F, at the time of the breakup of ice in the spring.

By April 19 (fig. 5, B) the entire body except for that in contact with the ground, has warmed up about 2°F. This indicates 

that free circulation took place in the 40° to 42°F range of water 

temperatures that existed during the period from March 26 to 

April 10. In this range the variation from maximum density is 

small and the resistance to mixing of water of different temperatures is slight.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 25

0 

20

1- 40 

tu 

tu 

ii.

Z 

- 60

0. 

tu

° 80 

100 

120

0 

20

1- 40 

u 

ui

u.

Z 

60

t 

u

Q

80

100 

120

MARCH 26, 1901 APRIL 10, 1901 APRIL 26, 1901

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

A

APRIL 29, 1901

 +

/

/

0

20 

40 

60 

SO

too

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

B

MAY 4, 1901 4-

-\-

J

/

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

60

120

1

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

c

MAY 17, 1901

1

4-

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

D

3O 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

E

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

F

Figure 5. --Temperature profiles for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, 

Ind. , at intervals for March to May 1901. Data from Evermann 

and Clark.
26 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

On April 26 (fig. 5, C) the water surface had warmed enough 

so that resistance to mixing of water of different temperatures was 

noticeable and a thermocline started to develop. By April 2T 

(fig. 5, D) this thermocline extended to a depth of 20 feet, a depth 

significant in that for all the deeper lakes in northern Indiana, it 

has been found to be the depth to which the thermocline descend? 

in the early stages of its development and the depth at which the 

epilimnion ends during the warming period. The depth is believed 

to be controlled by the depth to which the sun's rays are able to 

penetrate with sufficient energy to warm the water. The thermocline for April 29 also indicates that gradual warming of the water 

was continuing after April 26 with no cooling periods to develop 

an epilimnion. This is also borne out by the minimum and maximum daily recorded air temperatures which gradually increased 

from a minimum of 50°F on April 25 to a maximum of 85°F or 

April 30, 1901, without the minimum air temperatures ever falling below the minimum observed temperature of the water. On 

May 3 and 4, 1901, the minimum daily air temperature fell to 52°F 

and 49°F respectively. These air temperatures developed an epilimnion and caused the thermocline to descend as shown in figure

5 E.

Air temperatures registered in the fifties from May 4 to 15, 

with a minimum of 43°F occurring on May 15. This period war 

followed by rapidly warming weather with the air temperature 

rising to 84°F on May 17, 1901. The water-temperature graph 

for May 17 (fig. 5 F) shows that the cold weather during the period May 4-17 forced the thermocline to descend deeper, and the 

warm weather at the end of the period caused a secondary thermocline to start forming in the upper layers. Temperature profiler 

for other dates during this period confirm the depressing of the 

thermocline during cooling periods.

Cooling weather between May 17 and 24 caused a vertical epilimnion (fig. 6 A) to form again, the secondary thermocline to 

be deepened, and the primary thermocline to be shortened greatly.

Variable air temperatures, with minimums as low as 43°F between May 24 and June 6, caused the primary thermocline (fig.

6 B) to descend to nearly the 60-foot depth, with secondary and 

tertiary thermoclines slightly inevidence at about the 38-and 20- 

foot depths. These thermoclines merged to form an essentially 

new elongate major thermocline.

Warm weather between June 6 and June 28 gradually increased 

temperatures at the surface and in the upper layers, but made only 

very slight changes in water temperatures below a depth of 30 feet. 

The graphs for this period are shown in figures 6 C-F.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 27

MAY 24, 1901 JUNE 6. 1901 JUNE 12, 1901

0 

20

fc 40

UJ

u.

r 60 

fc

UJ

o 

80

100 

120

0 

20

fc 40

UJ

u.

z 

~ 60

r 

fc 

3

80 

100 

120

1

f

/

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

A

JUNE 19, 1901

/

1-

/

/

-f0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

^

t

i

30 40 50 60 70 60 

TEMPERATURE °F

B

JUNE 26, 1901

/ ---

^

/

y

/

0 

20 

40 

60 

60 

100 

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

t

//

/

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

c

JUNE 28, 1901

/

f-f

/

f

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

D

30 40 50 60 70 60 

TEMPERATURE °f

E

30 40 50 60 70 60 

TEMPERATURE°F

F

Figure 6. --Temperature profiles, for Maxinkuckee Lake at Cul" 

ver, Ind., at intervals for May to June 1901. Data from Evermann 

and Clark.
28 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

The graphs infigures 7 A-D cover the period of gradual warming of the upper layers of the lake until the maximum amount of 

heat is reached about the third week of August. Until this time, 

the lake has been warming since the breakup of ice and all the temperature-profile graphs have been typical of the warming period.

The graph for September 5, 1900 (fig. 7 E), is representative 

of the first cooling period. The epilimnion has retreated and the 

upper part of the thermocline descended slightly.

By September 22 (fig. 7 F), the epilimnion has cooled 11° or 

12°F and is vertical for a depth of 40 feet. The thermocline has 

descended to nearly the 50-foot depth and is much shortened. For 

the first time during the year, water of over 60°F temperature has 

penetrated below a depth of 40 feet.

By October 17 (fig. 8 A), the thermocline is down to a depth 

of about 55 feet, 60°F wateF down to the 52-foot depth, and the epilimnion cooled to 63°F.

The thermocline dropped to a depth of 65 feet by November 2, 

(fig. 8 B), and the epilimnion with water 60°F descended to 60 feet.

By November 9 (fig. 8 C), the thermocline had disappeared 

entirely and only the epilimnion remained from surface to bottom, 

a nearly uniform temperature existed throughout the entire body 

of water.

A point of particular interest is that the epilimnion did not penetrate below 25 feet from March 26, when the ice cover disappeared, until September 5, a period of 5 months. Then during the cooling period September 6 to November 9, a period of slightly more 

than 2 months, the epilimnion dropped from a depth at 20 feet to 

the bottom at 85 feet. This phenomenon clearly demonstrates the 

greater rapidity of heat penetration to the lower depths during the 

cooling period than during the warming period.

Once the epilimnion reaches the bottom of the lake the whole 

body of water cools uniformly and the temperature-profile graph 

remains a straight line (figs. 8 D and 8 E) until the water has 

reached a temperature of about 40°F.

By December 17, 1900 (fig. 8 F), the lake had been almost 

completely frozen over several times. Water temperatures lowered past the point of maximum density and a slight temperature 

inclination had formed with temperatures ranging between 34°F at 

the surface and 36°F at the bottom.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 29

JULY 18, 1900 AUGUST 6, 1900 AUGUST 13, 1900

0 

20

H 40 

UJ 

UJ 

L.

z 

~ 60

I

a.

UJ 

Q

80 

100 

120

0 

20

t 40 

m 

u.

I M

0.

s

SO

100 

120

/

*

1

s

I

'

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

A

AUGUST 24. 1900

/

1

\

'

/

/

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80

100 

120

f-

/

-i)

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

B

SEPTEMBER 5, 1900

/

1

1

1

s

SO 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F TEMPERATURE °F

D E

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

80 

100 

120

^

/

/

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

c

SEPTEMBER 22, 1900

s

1

)

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATUPE °F 

F

Figure 7. --Temperature profiles for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, 

Ind. , at intervals for July to September 1900. Data from Evermann and Clark.
30 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCTOBER 17, 1900 NOVEMBER 2, 1900 NOVEMBER 9, 1900

0 

20 

1- 40

LU 

LU 

U.

z

I

t

LU 

0

80 

100 

120

0 

20

fc 40

LU 

LL.

Z

t

LU 

Q 

80

100 

120

f

/

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

A

NOVEMBER 23, 1900

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

0 

20 

40 

60

100 

120

f

*

r

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

B

DECEMBER 5, 1900

I

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

c

DECEMBER 17, 1900

30 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F TEMPERATURE °F TEMPERATURE °F

D E F

Figure 8. --Temperature profiles for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, Ind. , at intervals for October to December 1900. Data from 

Evermann and Clark.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 31

The temperature graphs shown in figure 9 are all for the period of ice cover. During this period the lake was either completely 

or almost frozen over.

The graphs show practically no change in water temperatures 

during late December and early January as open water existed at 

the observation point although most of the lake was under ice cover.

By January 26, (fig. 9 B), under the influence of ice cover, a 

slight reversed thermocline existed, water temperature throughout most of the depth had increased slightly, and water in contact 

withthe bottom was somewhat warmer. The graphs in figures 9 C_ 

to 9 F are all typical of conditions under the ice cover. They show 

a gradual warming of the water through the winter with a tendency 

to approach a temperature of 39. 2°F.

The effect of ground temperatures upon the lower lake strata 

may be seen by examining some of the temperature-profile graphs. 

When the water temperature at the bottom of the lake is above 

52°F, the lower end of the temperature graph will incline in the 

direction of the 52°F temperature. When the water temperatures 

are between 39°F and 52°F there is no noticeable effect from the 

higher ground temperatures because any increase in water temperature will immediately cause the water so affected to rise to 

the surface (fig. 8 D). When the lake temperature is below 39*F 

the lower end of the graph will again bend in the direction of 52°F 

(fig. 9B).

In the system of heat transfer herein described it should be 

noted that heat is carried to the depths of the lake only when the 

surface is cooling and vertical currents move down into the cooler 

strata of the thermocline below. While water is being heated on 

the surface the vertical currents are nonexistent and heat cannot 

penetrate to any considerable depth. Frequently, when warming 

periods are rather protracted secondary thermoclines will be 

formed. When this happens the primary thermocline does not deepen until the secondary thermocline has descended and merged with 

the primary thermocline (figs. 7 B to 7 E).

Comparison of Temperature Profiles in Ten Indiana Lakes

The temperature-profile observations since 1946 have been taken about once a month and therefore do not show the daily changes 

shown by the Evermann and Clark (1920) studies. However, as 

they have been made on a number of lakes they do show the effects 

of depth, size, and other characteristics.
32 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

JANUARY I, 1901 JANUARY 26, 1901 FEBRUARY 16, 1901

0 

20

(- 40 

u

UJ

u.

? 60 

I 

o.

s

60 

100 

120

0 

20 

t 40

UJ 

UZ 

~ 60

iE

Q. 

S 

80

100 

120

\

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

A

FEBRUARY 27, 1901

\

V

20 

40

80

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

\

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

\

30 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F TEMPERATURE °F

B C

MARCH 7, 1901 MARCH 14, 1901

\

80

120

t

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 9. --Temperature profiles for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, Ind. , at intervals for January to March 1901. Data from 

Evermann and Clark.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 33

The equipment used was a Leeds and Northrup Thermohm calibrated to give direct temperature readings. The temperature 

scale was graduated to half degrees, and readings to tenths of a 

degree were obtained by estimating between scale graduations. 

Surface temperatures were also read on a mercury thermometer 

or tube thermometer filled with red liquid, graduated in degrees 

from 20° to 120°F for comparison with the Thermohm readings. 

Surface readings were made about 1 inch beneath the surface of 

the water.

Tippecanoe Lake, 117 feet deep, is the deepest lake in the State, 

and at the bottom has the coldest water recorded for any lake in 

the State. The temperature of the water at that depth does not rise 

above 45°F. The upper part of the temperature graph follows the 

general pattern previously described. The epilimnion does not 

extend below 20 feet until after the peak temperatures have been 

reached in August (fig. 10); then it descends rapidly to about 100 

feet and is obliterated because the temperatures at the surface 

have decreased to the same temperatures as those at the bottom.

In Maxinkuckee Lake (fig. 11) the bottom temperatures at 80 

feet average about 10°F warmer in the summer and early fall than 

the temperatures at the same depth in Tippecanoe Lake. Temperatures at the surface and first 10 to 15 feet of depth are about the 

same as those of Tippecanoe Lake, but the thermocline is generally at a considerable lower depth.

Cedar Lake (Lake County), the shallowest lake studied, with a 

maximum depth of 15 feet, is 4° to 5°F warmer in spring and 4° to 

5°F cooler in the fall than Tippecanoe and other deeper lakes. 

The temperature graphs for Cedar Lake (fig. 12) is about the same 

as the temperature graphs for the upper 15 feet of other lakes. 

The lake, being less than 20 feet deep, seldom develops more than 

one temperature zone and thus lacks a thermocline and hypolimnion. Because of the shallower depths and the smaller volume of 

water in proportion to surface area, the temperature changes are 

more rapid and pronounced than in the deeper lakes.

In the upper 10 feet, Flint Lake (fig. 13) has about the same 

temperature in summer as Tippecanoe Lake. However, it is much 

colder between the depths of 10 and 40 feet. The colder thermocline may result from the considerable quantities of ground water 

pumped into the lake in the summer months by the Valparaiso Water Department. At 70 feet it is 3° to 4°F warmer than Tippecanoe 

at the same depth except in the winter months.

Bass Lake (fig. 14) has a large surface area and is very shallow, having an average depth of only 6 feet. Because of its shallowness it warms more rapidly in the spring and cools more
34 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

JANUARY 9, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

APRIL 30, 1947 JUNE 20, 194.7

20 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

40

AUGUST 26, 1947

2

OCTOBER 30, 1947 NOVEMBER 20, 1947

80

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 10. --Temperature profiles for Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego, 

Ind., at intervals for January to November 1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 35

20

~ 60

JANUARY 7, 1947 MAY I, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JUNE 19, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 26, 1947 OCTOBER 3, 1947 NOVEMBER 20, 1947

20

L 4 °

UJ

u.

z

ou

I

8

80

I

/

/

/

/

[h

-\ 60

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 11. --Temperature profiles for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, Ind. , at intervals for January to November 1947.
36 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

0 

20 

1- 40

UJ

u 

u.

-. 60 

t

UJ

° 80 

100 

120

FEBRUARY 17, 1947

\I

0

40 

60

120

MAY 1, 1947

4

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

JUNE 16, 1947

£

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE *f

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE"?

AUGUST 25, 1947 OCTOBER Ij 1947 NOVEMBER 18, 1947

0 

20 

t 40

UJ

u.

Z

t

s

80 

100 

120

i/

0 

20 

40 

60 

80

100

4

0 

20 

40 

60

so

120

3O 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 12. --Temperature profiles for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake 

in Lake County, Ind. , at intervals for February to November 

1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 37

FEBRUARY 17, 1947 MAY I, 1947 JUNE 17, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 25, 1947 OCTOBER 2, 1947 NOVEMBER 18, 1947

Ul 

Ul

u.

z

tUI 

Q

(

^

^

}

 

r

40

30 40 SO 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

30 40 SO 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

Figure 13. --Temperature profiles for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, 

Ind. , at intervals for February to November 1947.
38 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

20

- 60

MAY I, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JUNE 19, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JULY 23. (947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 26, 1947

30 40 5O 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

OCTOBER I, 1947 NOVEMBER 18, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 8O 

TEMPERATURE°F

Figure 14. --Temperature profiles for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, 

Ind. , at intervals for May to November 1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 39

quickly in the fall than the deeper lakes. The surface temperatures during the summer are about the same as for other lakes 

but the warm water extends to much greater depths. The absence 

of a thermocline during most of the year is a significant difference 

from most of the other lakes studies. A nearly uniform temperature from the surface to the bottom at 33 feet is common even in 

the summer months, possibly due to the small volume of water to 

be changed in temperature in proportion to surface area available 

to absorb or radiate heat.

The temperature graphfor Winona Lake(fig. 15) closely follows 

that for Tippecanoe Lake to a depth of 40 feet and then shows gradually warmer temperatures as the bottom is approached. The 

bottom temperatures at 75 feet average about 3°F warmer than the 

temperatures at a corresponding depth in Tippecanoe Lake.

In Wawasee Lake (fig. 16) the temperatures for the first 10 

to!5feet of depth are aboutthe same as those in Tippecanoe Lake, 

but lower depths are much warmer than those for corresponding 

depths in Tippecanoe Lake, being about 8°F warmer at a depth of 

60 feet, the bottom. Another peculiarity is that the thermocline 

extends to a depth of about 55 feet during the summer months, 

which is much deeper than in other lakes.

The temperatures for Bixler Lake (fig. 17) are aboutthe same 

as those in Tippecanoe Lake for the upper 10 feet of depth and 

slightly cooler between 10 and 25feet. At a depth of 37 feet, which 

is the bottom of Bixler Lake, the temperatures are about 3°F 

warmer than at the same depth in Tippecanoe Lake.

At Lake James (fig. 18) the temperatures are almost exactly 

the same as in Tippecanoe Lake except at the bottom, where the 

temperatures at 85 feet may be 1° to 2°F colder than those at the 

same depth of Tippecanoe Lake. This lake is the same depth as 

Maxinkuckee Lake but the bottom temperatures average about 14°F 

colder than those of Maxinkuckee Lake.

Clear Lake, with a maximum depth of 105 feet, is the second 

deepest lake in Indiana. The temperature graph (fig. 19) generally follows that for Tippecanoe Lake, except near the surface 

the temperatures for Clear Lake are about 2° to 3°F cooler and 

the bottom temperatures 2° to 3°F warmer than those for corresponding depths in Tippecanoe Lake. The thermoclines for Clear 

Lake and Tippecanoe Lake coincide.

From this survey and study of the various lakes in northern 

Indiana, the author concludes that in general the lakes follow the 

same pattern of temperature changes with no significant differences except in the shallow lakes.
40 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

APRIL 30, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

MAY 24, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JUNE 20, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 26, 1947

-f- X

X

J- 0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

/

/

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 15. --Temperature profiles for Winona Lake at Warsaw, 

Ind., at intervals for April to December 1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 41

FEBRUARY 18, (947 APRIL 30, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °f

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JUNE 24, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 27, 1947 OCTOBER 30, 1947 NOVEMBER 20, 1947

4

?

/

f

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 16. --Temperature profiles for Lake Wawasee near 

Wawasee, Ind. , at intervals for February to November 1947.
42 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

MARCH 27, 1947 APRIL 28, 1947 JUNE 24, 1947

0 

20

j_ 40

UJ 

UJ 

U.

Z 60

I 1- 

n.

Ul

° 80 

100

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

IOO 

120

*

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

(00 

120

1

)

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

(- 40

AUGUST 27, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

OCTOBER 9, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

NOVEMBER 19, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

Figure 17. --Temperature profiles for Bixler Lake at Kendallville, 

Ind. , at intervals for March to November 1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 43

APRIL 29, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

MAY 25, 1947

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

JUNE 23, 1947

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

AUGUST 27, 1947 OCTOBER 9, 1947 NOVEMBER 19, 1947

z

- 60

11

1

11

/

^

\-

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPER ATURE°F

80

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

80

30 4O 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

Figure 18. --Temperature profiles for Lake James at Lake James, 

Ind. , at intervals for April to November 1947.
44 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

FEBRUARY 19, 1947 APRIL 29, 194-7 JUNE 23, 1947

20

LU 

LU

? 60

X*

a.

LU

° 80

\

 

120

'

A

j/

30 40 50 60 70 60 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE°F

DECEMBER 19, 1947

0

o 40 

u

L.

z

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80

100 

120

/

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s\

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0 

20 

40 

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80

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1

0

40 

60 

80

120

30 40 50 50 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 50 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE °F

30 40 SO 60 70 80 

TEMPERATURE*?

Figure 19. --Temperature profiles for Clear Lake at Clear Lake, 

Ind. , at intervals for February to December 1947.
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 45

Effect of Size of Drainage Area

The size of surface drainage area contributing water to a lake 

appears to have little effect upon water temperatures, particularly 

temperatures below a depth of 20 feet. This indicates that the inflowing water, which is generally of a higher temperature than the 

lake water, flows across the surface of the lake rather than penetrating into the lower depths. This point is illustrated by the records for Clear Lake and Tippecanoe Lake. Both are deep lakes, 

but the former has a drainage area of only 7. 25 square miles 

whereas the latter has a drainage area of 118 square miles. Clear 

Lake has no outflow during the low-water season; whereas Tippecanoe Lake has a considerable outflow throughout the year. The 

temperature graphs for these two lakes show no significant difference that might be interpreted as being due to the size of the drainage area.

Another and perhaps more significant reason for the inflowing 

water not materially affecting the temperatures is that the inflow 

is not in sufficient quantities to make a complete change in the 

water in the lake as rapidly as ordinary temperature changes occur. The average inflow into Tippecanoe Lake is about 100 cfs; 

the maximum daily flow is perhaps about five times as much. The 

total volume of the lake is 1, 472, 152, 000 cubic feet. At a rate of 

100 cfs inflowit would take 170 days to change the water in the lake 

completely, or if the maximum daily rate could be maintained for 

an extended period it would require about 35 days. These periods 

are too long for the inflow that actually occurs to have any appreciable effect upon the entire body of water in Tippecanoe Lake.

Effect of Size of Surface Area

The surface area of the lake does not appear to influence temperatures greatly. A comparison of the temperature graphs for 

Bixler Lake, area 112 acres, and Tippecanoe Lake, area 1,037 

acres, shows great similarity. The slight difference in the two 

lakes are probably due to factors other than surface area.

Effect of Depth of Water

The depth of the water is the most important factor, other than 

climatological conditions, in determining the temperature characteristics of a lake. The deeper the lake the more water there 

is to be warmed or cooled per square foot of surface area. Lakes 

more than 20 feet deep have the same general characteristics for 

comparable depths. Those lakes less than 20 feet deep are likely 

to warm faster during the spring months and cool faster in the fall
46 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

months because the heat absorbed or lost per square foot of water 

surface will be confined to smaller volumes of water in the shallow lakes.

For those lakes studied that have depths of more than 20 feet, 

the thermocline, whose upper end usually was in the vicinity of 

the 20 foot depth through the summer months, appears to act as 

an artificial bottom to limit vertical circulation of the water and 

in effect makes all the deeper lakes react as though they were of 

the same depth.

Many of the small variations in temperature previously described for various lakes are probably due to variations in local 

weather condition. It should also be recognized that lakes located 

in somewhat warmer or colder climates would have characteristics peculiar to those climates, but the method of heat transfer 

within the bodies of the lakes would still be the same as those for 

the lakes of northern Indiana.

"Turnover" of Lakes

The spring and autumn "turnover" of lakes to which reference 

is frequently made is a phenomenon in which the water on the bottom of the lake rises to the top rather suddenly and the water at 

the surface descends to the bottom. A "turnover"on Maxinkuckee 

Lake in 1900 is described (Evermann and Clark, 1920) as follows:

So long as the colder, heavier water is at the bottom, 

it will so remain, but let the upper end of the column (of 

water) become colder and, consequently, the heavier, it 

will go down,1 and the lighter bottom water will come up. 

This is precisely what does happen. If the series of temperatures from July 24 onward be examined, it will be observed that the difference between surface and bottom 

temperatures becomes successively less. By the 23rd of 

November, 1900, the difference was only 0. 5 of a degree, 

the surface being 46. 7° and the bottom 46. 2°. Sometime 

between the 23rd and the 26th, probably on the night of the 

24th, the temperature throughout the upper column fell below 46°, or lower than that of the lower end of the column. 

The upper half of the column then being the heavier, it of 

necessity went to the bottom, the bottom half came up, and 

the temperature of the lake became uniform throughout. 

This is shown by the serial temperature readings of November 26, which show that the temperature at all depths 

from top to bottom was 44°, a condition which practically 

continued until the ice went off. It can therefore be safely assumed that, in 1900, Lake Maxinkuckee "turned over"
TEMPERATURE OF LAKES 47

some time between the evening of November 23 and the 

morning of the 26th; and what occurred then, in all probability occurs every November or December.

On the basis of studies and analyses of changing temperatures 

in Indiana lakes as contained in the preceding pages, the change 

from top to bottom does not take place suddenly but is a prolonged 

process extending over several months. Consequently, there is 

no "turnover" as described by Clark.

In the fall of the year there is no circulation throughout the entire depth of water until a uniform temperature has been established from top to bottom. Previous to such a time the circulation 

is only from the top to the thermocline. With the establishment of 

uniform temperatures through out, the depth circulation continues 

until stratification again takes place at temperatures below 39°F.

During periods of ice cover, circulation occurs as a result of 

warming of the water from the bottom. This takes place probably at a rather slow rate, as it requires about 2 months for the water to rise from the 35°F temperature at the time the ice cover 

forms, to the 38°F temperature that is acquired later in the winter.

As soon as the ice cover disappears the convection currents 

are again set up from the top to the bottom until stratification again is established, after which the circulation is only between 

the surface and the thermocline.

As there is no circulation in the water below the thermocline 

from about mid-April to mid-October, the water becomes stagnant 

in depths below about 30 feet. This has been proven by profile 

chemical analysis of lake waters collected by various observers 

(Birge and Juday, 1911; and Ricker, 1937). During the late summer the epilimnion is usually well supplied with oxygen, while 

through the thermocline there is a gradually diminishing supply, 

and the hypolimnion is deficient in oxygen. The entire volume of 

water does not again become recharged with oxygen until the water temperatures have become uniform from top to bottom in the 

fall.

Implications of Temperature Information

In order to live, aquatic life requires that the water contain 

enough absorbed oxygen to support that life. Most lakes become 

stagnant and deficient in oxygen below a depth of 30 feet for approximately 5 months from mid-April to mid-September. Therefore, aquatic life accustomed to living in depths of 30 feet or more
48 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

which cannot readily adapt itself to shallower depths through a 

considerable portion of the year, cannot exist in most Indiana lakes. 

Also, as there is an increasing deficiency in oxygen in depths from 

20 to 30 feet during mid-summer, it is probable that certain types 

of aquatic life will not be found in depths of more than 20 feet, 

Maxinkuckee Lake and Lake Wawasee are possible exceptions to 

this rule because the thermoclines in those lakes are located somewhat deeper than in other Indiana lakes. The water might be suitable for aquatic life 10 feet deeper in these lakes than in most other 

lakes. Conversely, Flint Lake has a summer thermocline at a 

higher level than other lakes and depths over 10 feet might be found 

unsuitable for some aquatic life.

One of the most interesting facts revealed by the studies of lake 

temperature in northern Indiana lakes is the large volume of cold 

water stored in the deeper lakes. During the late summer months 

the water from the deeper parts of these lakes is from 5° to 10°F 

colder than the nearby ground water. This cold water, because of 

its greater density, has been trapped near the bottom of the deep 

lakes since the previous winter and has warmed very slowly as the 

summer progressed.

For example, in Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest known lake in 

Indiana, it is common during late summer to find water 80°F in 

the upper layers and 45°F in the bottom 50 feet, and all water from 

50 to 117 feet below the surface less than 50°F in temperature.

The following table gives the volume in gallons at different 

levels of Tippecanoe Lake:

Capacity of Tippecanoe Lake

Depth 

(feet)

Surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Volume 

(gallons)

11,011, 697,000

9,600,812,000

8,472, 559,000

7,452, 922,000

6,495, 774,000

5,612,805,000

4,811,360,000

4, 113,671,000

3, 536,073,000

3,057, 891,000

2,640,836,000

2, 268, 609,000

Depth 

(feet)

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Volume 

(gallons)

1, 932,383,000

1,665,998,000

1, 420, 385,000

1, 192, 910,000

981,675,000

786,806,000

606,815,000

442,008,000

292, 543,000

165,084,000

73,267,000

19, 186,000
EVAPORATION FROM LAKES 49

The above table shows that the capacity of Tippecanoe Lake belowthe 50-foot level, where water 50°F or colder is found throughout the year, is 2, 640, 836, 000 gallons. This enormous volume 

would provide 7,235,000 gallons of water 50°F every day in the 

year without giving consideration to the 4-month period December 1 

to March 31 each year when the temperature of the entire lake is 

quite likely to be below 50°F. By distributing the total volume of 

water below the 50-foot level over the period April 1 to November 30, it would provide an average of 10,820,000 gallons for each 

day of that 8-month period.

The same table shows that the capacity of Tippecanoe Lake below the 90-foot level, where water 45° or colder is found throughout the year, is 606, 815, 000 gallons. This volume would provide 

1, 662, 500 gallons of 45°F water every day in the year if no other 

cold water was available. However, the whole body of the lake is 

at a temperature of 45°F or less from about December 1 to April 1, 

after which the level below which 45° water would be available 

gradually declines through the spring months so that withdrawal 

below the 90-foot level would be limited to the months of August, 

September, and October. Therefore, the 606,815,000 gallons of 

water below the 90-foot level would all be available for use in these 

3 months, which would raise the rate at which water could be used 

to 6,650,000 gpd. By distributing the total volume of water below 

the 65-foot level over the period April 1 to November 30 it would 

provide an average of 6,828,000 gallons for each day of the 8- 

month period.

EVAPORATION FROM LAKES

Evapotranspiration is nature's most thirsty consumer of water. It alone consumes about 70 percent of the water that falls on 

Indiana as precipitation. The remaining 30 percent is drained away by streams.

Between precipitation and evaporation, water may pass through 

many processes and uses by nature. It may be temporarily stored in the ground, used by vegetation and later transpired from the 

leaves, collected in lakes and streams to be evaporated over a 

period of time, or passed on by streams to the ocean where it is 

evaporated into the atmosphere. In any case, water is almost 

continuously passing into the atmosphere wherever moisture is in 

contact with the air. Even during periods of precipitation some 

water is being evaporated into the atmosphere.

The rate of evaporation from water surfaces is dependent upon such conditions as temperature of water, area of water surface
50 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

in contact with the air, temperature and relative humidity of air, 

and movement of air. As these conditions change from place to 

place and season to season, the rate of evaporation changes also.

In Indiana evaporation usually reaches its highest rate in July 

and is lowest in January. Because of high evaporation rates in 

late spring, summer, and early fall, water losses from lakes due 

to evaporation are likely to exceed precipitation on the lake during 

those periods. The opposite is true during late fall, winter, and 

early spring.

Lake levels tend to rise during periods of low evaporation rates, 

when water accumulations are in excess of water losses, and tend 

to decline during the remainder of the year. The combination of 

a high precipitation and moderate evaporation in spring usually 

results in high lake levels in late April or early May. Minimum 

levels usually occur in October.

Evaporation is of particular importance to lakes that have no 

outlets. It is usually the principal means of water loss for such 

lakes, although in some instances transpiration by vegetation aroundthe borders of the lake and under ground outflow may account 

for sizable water losses.

The levels of lakes with outlets, particularly if there is constant inflow and outflow, are likely to be affected to a lesser degree by direct evaporation from the lake surface than lakes without outlets, even though the quantities of water evaporated are equivalent for equal areas. In such cases the inflow and outflow 

are the predominant factors.

Measurement of Evaporation from Water Surfaces

So many factors affect the amount of water in a lake that it is 

generally impractical or even impossible to separate and make 

direct measurements of the amount of water lost by evaporation. 

Factors such as inflow, outflow, precipitation, seepage, and changes 

in level must all be determined with a high degree of precision if 

the residualis to be considered evaporation. More precise methods for determining lake evaporation have been recently developed 

(Anonymous, 1952).

The usual method of determining amounts of evaporation is to 

measure the evaporation loss from a large pan. The loss from the 

pan is then corrected by a factor to reduce it to equivalent loss 

from a lake or pond. Many types of evaporation pans, both floating and land, have been used. The standard pan used by the U. S. 

Weather Bureau for collecting the data used in this report is the 

class A land pan (see fig. 20). This pan is 4 feet in diameter and
EVAPORATION FROM LAKES 51

Figure 20. Class A evaporation station, Kendallville, Ind.

and 10 inches deep, and a depth of water between 7 and 8 inches is 

maintained. The unpainted, galvanized iron pan is placed on timbers so that the bottom of the pan is about 6 inches above the 

ground. The pan is placed on a level, open spot exposed to the 

maximum possible sunshine. The depth of water is measured with 

a hook gage in a stilling well.

The total annual evaporation from the surfaces of lakes and 

streams is usually considered to be about 0. 7 of the evaporation 

from a class A pan. The daily and monthly rates, however, may 

vary widely from this ratio. Pan evaporation is likely to be higher 

than lake evaporation in the spring months and lower in the'fall 

months because the temperature of the shallow water in the evaporation pan changes much more rapidly than that of large bodies 

of water.

Collection of Evaporation Data in Indiana

Realizing that evaporation is an important factor affecting the 

levels of Indiana lakes, two evaporation stations were established 

in cooperation with the U. S. Weather Bureau in the lake region 

of northern Indiana on April 1, 1947. One station was located at
52 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

the Kendallville water works (see fig. 20) on the shore of Bixler 

Lake and the other at the Valparaiso water plant on the shore of 

Flint Lake. Both are class A evaporation stations where daily observations are made of relative humidity, maximum and minimum 

temperatures, wind movement, precipitation, and evaporation.

In addition to the two stations in northern Indiana an evaporation station has been operated in Indianapolis since May 1, 1937, 

and at Evansville since May 1, 1946.

Evaporation observations in Indiana are generally made only 

during the months of April through October. This period was selected because it is not practicable to make observations during 

freezing weather when ice formation prevents reading of the hook 

gage used in measuring the amounts of water evaporated.

Variation in Evaporation in Indiana

Temperature is the principal factor affecting the average rate 

of evaporation. It is, therefore, logical to expect evaporation rates 

to be higher in the southern part of the State with its higher temperatures than in the northern part. This assumption is borne out 

by records obtained at the various evaporation stations. For the 

period April to October, the average evaporation from a class A 

evaporation pan totals about 44 inches at Evansville, about 34 

inches near Indianapolis, and about 31 inches at Valparaiso. When 

pan evaporation is converted to evaporation from a free water surface by using the average coefficient of 0. 7 and when allowances 

are made for evaporation during the months of November to March, 

it will be found that the average annual evaporation from open water surfaces is about equal to the average annual precipitation in 

Indiana. However, during periods of drought the evaporation rates 

are generally higher than average and during wet periods the reverse is likely to be true.

Analyses of Available Records

For purposes of design, studies of water losses, and other water utilization problems it is frequently desirable to know the 

amount of water losses that may normally be expected for particular days, periods, or seasons; the time of greatest or least evaporation; and the variations from the normal values. For such purposes, average or "normal" values are usually determined by averaging observations taken over a long period of time. To determine normal values of daily evaporation with sufficient accuracy 

to preclude appreciable changes in the averages by one or two future extreme observations, at least 25 years of record, and preferably more, should be used in computing the normals.
EVAPORATION FROM LAKES 53

None of the evaporation records being collected in Indiana are 

as much as 25 years long. The Indianapolis record, which is the 

longest, covers a period of 17 years, except for the months of 

April and July, which are 16 years in length; June, which is 15 

years in length; and October, which is 9 years in length. Although 

this record is not enough for determining good averages, it can be 

used as a guide to indicate the amount of evaporation that may be 

expected on any day.

In figure 21, the average daily evaporation for various dates 

has been plotted for Geist Reservoir station near Indianapolis to 

demonstrate how the evaporation varies in the period April to October. A curve of normal evaporation drawn through these points 

shows that it reaches its maximum about July 10. The minimum 

point is not shown because of the lack of winter evaporation observations.

The evaporation from a lake or pond may vary considerably 

from that observed in a land evaporation pan. The temperatures 

of the two bodies of water will have a decided effect upon their 

relative rates of evaporation. The water in the evaporation pan 

will follow the temperature of the air closely and will seldom vary 

more than 3°F from the air temperature. Lake temperatures, on 

the other hand, may vary considerably from air temperatures. 

During the spring months, the lake temperatures will average 

several degrees colder than the air temperatures, and during the 

fall months will be several degrees warmer. Consequently, the 

rate of evaporation from lakes will be lower in the spring and 

higher in the fall for corresponding air temperatures.

Evaporation from a lake surface is generally less than that from 

an evaporation pan. A coefficient of 0. 7 is generally used to convert annual class A pan evaporation to equivalent lake evaporation. 

However, the evaporation from lakes for individual days or months 

may vary considerably from 70 percent of pan evaporation and 

may even exceed the pan evaporation at times. Furthermore, pan 

coefficients ranging from 0. 6 to 0. 8 or greater have been reported.

Even though there are differences in evaporation from lakes 

and evaporation pans, the data observed in the latter can be very 

useful in the study of lakes and reservoirs. For example, comparisons have been made of the observed evaporation at Kendallville and Valparaiso for the months of August and September, 1948, 

and the losses from several lakes during the same period.

To simplify the computations, lakes having no surface outflow 

(and presumably negligible or balancing underground inflow and
HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

' /

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DECEMBER

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to
EVAPORATION OF LAKES 55

outflow) during this period and for which rainfall data for nearby 

areas is available have been used. Lakes having small drainage 

areas are best suited for such studies because both surface inflow 

and surface outflow generally stop during the drier months and the 

only factors left to affect the lakes are evaporation, transpiration, 

precipitation, and seepage. The rainfall data used should be obtained near the lake because summer storms are likely to be quite 

variable in intensity over relatively small areas.

Bixler Lake with a drainage area of 3. 63 square miles has no 

surface inflow nor surface outflow during the drier periods of the 

year. During the months of August and September 1948 there was 

no outflow but there may have been a small amount of inflow for a 

few days after the heavy rain on August 10, 1948. During the remainder of the period there was no rainfall heavy enough to cause 

an appreciable amount of inflow other than the rain that fell upon 

the lake itself.

Figure 22 shows a progressive graph of the daily net water 

loss from Bixler Lake as determined from the daily water-level 

readings. This graph, in general, shows the decline in lake level 

through this period. The effect of rain which fell on August 4, 5, 

11, 17, 30, and September 7, 9, 18, 20, 21, 29, and 30 can be 

seen in the rise in the lake level as indicated by decreases in net 

water loss. Consequently, if the rainfall amounted to more than 

the evaporation and other losses, the lake would rise and show a

BIXLER LAKE-

_CLASS A EVAPORATION PAN

10 15 2O 25 30 

SEPTEMBER 1948

Figure 22. --Comparison of measured evaporation loss at Kendallville with water loss at Bixler Lake, evaporation adjusted for 

rainfall at Kendallville.
56 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

net gain rather than loss. If the rainfall was just equal to the 

losses, there would be no change in level.

On the same chart is shown the accumulative daily net loss 

from the evaporation pan at the evaporation station on the shore 

of Bixler Lake. The two graphs are very similar in shape, but the 

lake graph descends more rapidly and indicates greater losses 

than those observed in the evaporation pan. Probably the excess 

losses, are due to differences in rates of evaporation, transpiration, and seepage into the ground.

During the month of September, when surface runoff into the 

lake is believed to have been negligible, the water in the evaporation pan declined only 0. 22 foot while the lake level fell 0. 56 foot, 

or 0. 34 foot more than the water in the pan. A study of the daily 

records shows that the rate of divergence of the two curves was 

constant throughout the month and that the loss in excess of pan 

evaporation was, therefore, constant.

A similar study of Pleasant Lake at Pleasant Lake (fig. 23) was 

made by using the evaporation data from Kendallville and precipitation data at Angola. It is recognized that the evaporation and 

rainfall data in other areas are not strictly applicable at Pleasant 

Lake, but they are believed to be generally near enough to the 

conditions at the lake to furnish a reasonable comparison. The 

comparison of losses through the period is quite good except during

PLEASANT LAKE.

_CLASS A EVAPORATION PAN

AUGUST 1946

Figure 23. --Comparison of measured evaporation loss at Kendall 

ville with water loss at Pleasant Lake, evaporation adjusted for 

rainfall at Angola.
EVAPORATION OF LAKES 57

September 1948, when the rainfallat Angola apparently was greater than at Pleasant Lake. The difference in rainfall is particularly noticeable on September 9, when it made a noticeable hump in 

the graph for the evaporation pan but caused only a flattening of 

the lake graph.

The period from August 13 to September Sis best for study purposes as there was very little rainfall during that time. The two 

graphs are nearly parallel through the period indicating that the 

rates of loss from the pan and the lake were the same and that 

there was no appreciable loss in excess of evaporation.

Similar studies were made for Loomis Lake (fig. 24) which is 

quite near the evaporation station on the shore of Flint Lake near 

Valparaiso, and for Clear Lake (fig. 25) at LaPorte. Flint Lake 

could not be studied because it is affected by pumpage of water into and out of the lake by the Valparaiso Water Department. Loomis 

Lake, however, is close enough for the evaporation data observed 

at the water works to apply directly. For comparison with Clear 

Lake, the Valparaiso evaporation data and LaPorte rainfall data 

were used.

The comparison for Loomis Lake shows that the graph of water loss from the evaporation pan is generally parallel to that for 

the lake. The same is true for the comparison with Clear Lake. 

Both of these graphs indicate only small losses from the lakes in 

excess of losses from evaporation.

The data for Pleasant, Loomis, and Clear lakes shows tliat water losses from the lakes during the rain-free periods are very 

nearly equal to and very nearly the same rate as the losses from 

the evaporation pans. This indicates that the evaporation from 

the lake surfaces during these periods was very nearly equal to 

that from the pans. It seems unlikely that other gains (considered negligible for these lakes) or losses should so nearly equal any 

difference in the evaporation rates. Much of the divergence in the 

graphs at the end of the period probably can be attributed more to 

the rainfall data used than to actual seepage losses.

The Bixler Lake graph, because of its steady divergence from 

the pan evaporation graph, certainly can be considered as indicating a rather steady loss other than evaporation. The Kendallville 

water plant is located on the shore of Bixler Lake and operates a 

number of ground water wells near the lake. It is quite possible 

that a sizable amount of water infiltrates into the ground in the 

vicinity of the wells.
58 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

_CLASS A EVAPORATION PAN

LOOMIS LAKE.

Figure 24. --Comparison of measured evaporation loss at Valparaiso 

with water loss at Loomis Lake, evaporation adjusted for rainfall 

at Valparaiso.

.CLASS A EVAPORATION PAN

Figure 25. --Comparison of measured evaporation loss at 

Valparaiso, Ind., with water loss at Clear Lake, evaporation 

adjusted for rainfall at La Porte, Ind.
ICE CONDITIONS ON NORTHERN INDIANA LAKES 59

Although all the illustrations of water losses from lakes given 

here have indicated some loss in excess of that due to evaporation, 

it should not be inferred that all lakes are subject to losses in excess of the evaporation. There are a number of lakes that are 

known to have definite accretions during the dry season when surface runoff is at a minimum. Wabee Lake is an example. It is 

fed by springs and the minimum outflow observed on October 17,

1946, at the end of a long dry period, was 0.65 cfs or 420, 000 

gpd. This represented water left after water losses of all types 

had been satisfied. Lakes of this type would have been included 

in the illustrations but lack of rainfall data in their vicinity or other deficiencies in the records prevented their use.

ICE CONDITIONS ON NORTHERN INDIANA LAKES

The freezing of a lake is an interesting phenomenon which varies considerably from winter to winter and with the size and depth 

of the lake. The general pattern is nearly the same each year: 

small shallow lakes and ponds freeze first, then the large shallow 

lakes, and finally the larger deep lakes. The length of time from 

the first appearance of ice along the shores to the complete freezing of an ice cover on a lake, and the dates on which ice is first 

noticed and on which complete cover is achieved, vary widely from 

year to year. Likewise, the dates on which the last ice disappears 

may vary by 6 weeks or more.

Ice Formation

The small and shallow lakes cool rapidly during the fall months 

and readily freeze over during the first severe cold spell after the 

whole mass of water has been chilled to near the freezing point. 

They are usually more protected from the winds than the large 

lakes and freeze with a smooth, clear sheet of ice over the surface rather early in the winter.

The large and deep lakes, with their greater volumes of water, 

cool more slowly and are likely to have ice only around the edges 

when small lakes have become completely frozen over. If the 

weather continues calm and cold, these lakes freeze over rather 

quickly, although it usually takes several days even in the most 

favorable freezing weather for them to become completely covered with ice as the surface is always somewhat disturbed by winds. 

However, if during the early freezing weather there are protracted periods of wind, the freezing occurs later and proceeds at a 

slower pace.
60 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evermann and Clark, (1920, p. 223) describe the freezing process as follows:

The ice first forms in sheltered calm places and any object that breaks the wind or tends to calm the water tends 

to the formation of a sheet of ice. Thus ice appears not only 

along the shore in sheltered bays, but also around any projecting body in the water - a stake, or a patch of bulrushes 

or pondweeds. Usually the formation of ige proceeds from 

day to day in a more or less orderly manner from these 

nuclei to the middle of the lake until the whole is frozen, ---.

After a lake has frozen over, continued cold increases the thickness of the ice. The maximum thickness reached during the winter depends upon the degree of coldness and the length of time the 

cold weather persists. Ice 7 to 8 inches thick is common for winters in northern Indiana, but during colder winters it may attain 

thicknesses of 24 to 30 inches.

Duration of Ice Cover

In the northern portion of the State the average duration of 

complete ice cover is approximately 90 days, extending from December 15 to March 15. The date on which the lakes freeze over 

in any particular year may range over a period of a month, while 

the date of disappearance of ice may range over a period of six 

weeks. The table below lists the average periods of ice cover for 

several seasons.

Season

1942-43 

1943-44

1944-45 

1945-46 

1946-47

1947-48 

1948-49 

1950-51

Average period of ice cover

j-/tTL.tr in Lie i d LLI iv±di L- 11 x ci

December 15 to February 28-

J.VXCL i. lrf-11 XX

December 15 to March 12 -------

December 19-January 4 to

December 22 to February 17 ----

I-/G L-UII1UU I O LLJ iVidi L-I1 O 

Average duration 

(Days)

100

76-87 

87 

80

81-109 

95 

59 

86

Where one beginning and one ending date are given in the above 

table, most lakes froze over or thawed out within a few days of the 

given dates. When more than one date is given, freezing over or 

thawing out was so variable and uncertain on different lakes that 

an average period of beginning or ending is shown.
ICE CONDITIONS ON NORTHERN INDIANA LAKES 61

The 1946-47 season was particularly variable. A number of 

the smaller lakes froze over around December 2, with the ice disappearing around December 7th or 8th. For example, Loomis 

Lake, a small lake near Valparaiso, froze over on December 13, 

and then was followed by a succession of other lakes freezing 

over. Of 87 lakes, for which ice reports are available, 2 froze 

over on the 14th, 3 on the 15th, 44 between the 16th and 19th, 6 

between the 20th and 24th, 14 between the 25th and 31st, and 17 

between January 1 and 9, 1947.

During the 1946-47 year the disappearance of the ice from the 

lakes was nearly as variable as its formation. Between March 

16th and 31st, 15 lakes were reported free of ice, and between 

April 1 and 6, 39 lakes were reported ice free. Other reports of 

ice conditions on lakes did not definitely indicate the day on which 

the ice disappeared.

Effect of Temperature

A decrease in temperature below 39. 2°F causes water to expand slightly until the freezing point is reached. As water changes 

into ice its volume suddenly increases. It is needless to say that 

the sudden increase in volume does not take place through a great 

thickness of ice, but starts with a very thin skim of ice. The ice 

then grows in thickness at a rate which is dependent principally 

on the air temperature.

The water at the surface of a lake is usually very close to 32°F 

at the time of freezing. As long as the unfrozen water remains 

at 32°F, the rate at which it freezes will be dependent upon air 

temperature. However, if the water should become supercooled, 

as it may on rare occasions, the formation of ice throughout the 

body of supercooled water will take place very rapidly. In this 

case, the rate at which the ice is formed will be influenced also 

by the amount that the water is cooled below the normal freezing 

point of 32°F.

The length of time required to transform water at 32°F into ice 

of various thicknesses is shown in figure 26. The graphs in this 

illustration show that an infinite amount of time is required to 

freeze ice to any appreciable thickness if the air temperature remains at 32°F. However, if the air temperature drops to 30°F and 

remains constant, ice 1 inch thick will freeze in 18. 5 hours, and 

at 0°F an inch can be frozen in 1 hour and 10 minutes. Three days 

of continuous zero weather would result in the freezing of 10 inches of ice.
62 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

30

20 z

z

5 10 

TIME, IN DAYS

15

Figure 26. --Graph showing time required to freeze ice of various

thicknesses.
ICE CONDITIONS ON NORTHERN INDIANA LAKES 63

The graphs of ice thickness are based on constant temperatures, and, because of their curvature, cannot be used directly 

with average temperatures. In general, during a period of variable 

temperatures, more ice will be formed than the chart indicates 

for the average temperature. The greater the spread between the 

maximum and minimum temperatures, the greater will be the divergence from the chart.

As long as the air temperatures remain below 32°F the only effect of air-temperature variations on ice thickness is to vary the 

rate at which the ice sheet is growing in thickness. Air at temperatures above 32°F, of course, melts the ice and tends to decrease its thickness. In addition to the air, solar radiation is another source from which ice may gain heat. If the ice surface is 

free from snow, solar radiation may heat the ice considerably and 

cause thawing, even though the air temperatures are well below 

freezing. On sunny days solar radiation rather than air temperatures may be responsible for the predominating temperature effect on ice, but on cloudy or overcast days the air temperatures 

will provide the overriding influence.

Although considerable expansion takes place at the moment of 

freezing, ice, once formed, reacts to temperature changes in the 

same manner as other solids. As temperatures decrease the ice 

contracts, and as they increase it expands.

The coefficient of linear expansion of ice varies from 0.00002928 

per degree Fahrenheit at 32° to 0.00002806 at 0°F, with an average 

value of 0.00002867 per degree Fahrenheit in this range. Using 

the average coefficient of linear expansion it is found that for a 

drop in temperature from 32°F to 0°F ice willcontract ll.Oinches 

per thousand feet. If the ice completely covers the lake and is 

firmly attached to the shores, the contraction will introduce strains 

in the ice and cause cracks to form. When temperature changes 

slowly little cracking will occur, because the ice, which behaves 

in a somewhat plastic manner, will flow sufficiently to relieve the 

contraction strains. But when temperature changes rapidly the 

ice is unable to relieve the strains in this manner and wide cracks 

will appear.

If the weather remains cold, a state of equilibrium is reached 

in which the strains have been relieved by movement and cracking 

of the ice. The cracks fill with water and freeze, and the ice again becomes a continuous mass.

As the temperature rises after a cold spell the ice will expand, 

and if held firmly at the shores, the expansion will cause the ice 

to bulge in the center or plow up the earth at the shoreline. Great 

pressure is exerted by the expanding ice and is capable of moving 

boat piers and stout seawalls.
64 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

If the ice bulges in the center, owing to expansion, the bending 

will introduce strains and cause it to crack. At times the ice does 

not crack in an exactly vertical plane, and this permits one side 

of a cracked ice sheet to ride up the inclined face of the crack and 

overlap the other side, thus relieving the pressure. At other times 

the pressure is relieved by the ice merely buckling and cracking 

in many places.

On a mild sunny day following cold weather one Can hear for 

considerable distance the booming and rumbling as new cracks are 

formed to relieve the stresses in the ice cover. In fact, these 

sounds can be followed as the cracks progress from one side of 

the lake to the other.

During periods of thick ice cover (10 inches or more) rapidly 

rising air temperatures may not greatly raise the temperature of 

the ice through its entire thickness. At such times the surface ice 

will expand as the temperature rises; consequently the lower portion of the ice cover willnot expand nearly so much because it will 

be maintained at a nearly constant temperature by the water underneath. The expanding surface ice will then cause the ice underneath to crack, and the cracks will penetrate only part way to 

the surface. In clear ice, mosaic patterns made by these partial 

cracks can frequently be seen.

The quality of the ice cover varies with the temperature of the 

air. As the air temperatures fall below 32°F the ice becomes colder and also increases in thickness. With increasing coldness the 

ice becomes harder and more brittle. At temperatures below 0°F 

it is very hard and brittle. In very cold weather a decrease in 

hardness and brittleness is noticed in a thick ice cover as cuts 

are made into the lower and warmer parts of the ice. The temperatures in thick ice will be graded from near the air temperature on the surface to near 32°F at the bottom where it is in contact with water.

During thawing periods ice generally does not become gradually thinner and thinner until it finally disappears, but becomes 

gradually warmer throughout its thickness and begins to melt internally as well as on the top and bottom surfaces. Solar radiation is very effective in heating and melting ice internally and if 

the ice surface is free of snow can greatly increase the melting 

rate over that caused by air temperatures. The internal melting 

reduces the ice to a porous mushy state in which the ice becomes 

softer and softer untilit loses most of its strength. It is then said 

to be rotten. Once it has reached the mushy state a little wind will 

cause it to mix with the water, and it will break up/ melt, and disappear very rapidly.
STABILIZATION OF LAKES 65 

Damage by Ice

Alternating warm and cold weather will cause ice to go through 

a series of expansions and contractions. The cracks produced by 

this process fill with water and freeze, and each successive period of expansion causes the ice boundaries, if not firmly held in 

place,, to push out more and more. Such movements can be very 

destructive to shore installations.

Another type of destructive movement of ice is the movement 

of ice sheets by wind. As long as the ice cover is firmly attached to the shores it is not affected much by wind. But after rainstorms, when the lake has risen and the ice cover has been separated from the shores, it becomes a large freely floating body, 

and is easily moved by wind. Once the whole sheet of ice has begun to move, it is of such great mass, especially if very thick, 

that it possesses great inertia and will push up on the shore in 

great cakes. In severe windstorms it has been known to plow up 

great mounds of earth, move trees, and crush houses.

STABILIZATION OF LAKES

In the early days of the settlement of Indiana, the fluctuations 

of lakes were of little concern to people. Land was plentiful and 

that affected by flooding or marshy conditions was disregarded in 

favor of other lands more favorable for settlement. As the State 

became more densely populated, land became more valuable and 

farmers, aware of the potentialities of the rich muck lands in the 

swamps and marshes bordering the lakes, constructed drainage 

ditches to drain the swamps and even to lower the lakes to provide 

more tillable acreage. Very little objection was raised to this 

practice, for, before the days of easy travel, the city dwellers 

were not using the lakes on a large scale for recreational purposes.

Improved Transportation and its Effect on Use of Lakes

At about the beginning of the present century, the era of the 

electric interurban transportation came into existence, providing 

quick transportation from city to city and points in between. Weekend travel to many areas that were formerly beyond the practical 

reach of the horse and buggy was now possible. Those lakes within easy reach of the interurban lines were invaded by people who 

bought lake front lots for summer cottages. Streetcar lines were 

built from some cities and towns to nearby lakes to facilitate the 

new traffic. The automobile gave additional impetus to the increasing use oflakesfor recreational purposes, and as automobile
66 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

transportation became common, the population around the lakes 

increased by leaps and bounds.

The change in use of the lakes and their shorelines from agricultural activities to recreational and habitational functions brought 

new problems. No longer could one make changes in lakes by 

draining or damming them without affecting the rights of others 

whose interests in the lakes were different.

Agricultural and Recreational Use of Lakes

The increasing demand for agricultural products has made it 

profitable for farmers to drain and reclaim low lands in the vicinity of lakes. These low lands are not always adjacent to the lakes, 

but, as in the case of lands adjacent to lakes, they cannot be drained without affecting lake levels. In other cases, the lands to be 

drained are downstream from the lakes, and in deepening the 

ditches to obtain adequate drainage the lake levels also are affected. The cottage owners, boat livery operators, fishermen, and 

resort proprietors generally are interested in maintaining lake 

levels at the elevations to which they have been accustomed. This 

is particularly important during low-water periods to preserve 

fish spawning and feeding beds and provide better boating and 

fishing. However, the conflicting interests are in general agreement that unusually high levels, as are common on many lakes during the spring months, are undesirable and limit the use of the 

lakes. High levels submerge piers, flood low lands and lake cottages, render septic tanks inoperative, and create many other 

difficulties.

From the standpoint of the cottage owner and recreationalist, 

it is generally desirable to keep the lakes at about the same level 

the year around. It is recognized that there may be disagreement 

on which level is most desirable by parties with different interests. For example, the cottage owner who built on low land during a dry year may desire a lower lake level than another owner 

who is located on higher land and who has trouble getting his boat 

through the shallow water to the shore. Some farmers may want 

low lake levels for better drainage, while others may want higher 

lake levels to make the water more accessible to them. In spite 

of the many conflicting interests, it is frequently possible to agree 

on a lake level that will, in general, be of some benefit to all concerned even though not all the objectionable features are eliminated entirely.

When a given lake level with limited variations in elevation has 

been decided upon, a problem of obtaining it and its maintenance
STABILIZATION OF LAKES 67

arises. With the problem recognized the degree of satisfaction 

obtained in the solution will depend largely on the type of lake involved and the extent to which those who are interested in stabilizing the lake level will cooperate.

Requirements for Maintaining Constant Lake Levels

To maintain a lake at a constant level requires an outlet structure that will permit the discharge of excess quantities of water 

as fast as they flow into the lake as well as hold the water in the 

lake during periods of dry weather. In addition to this requirement the outlet channel or ditch must have sufficient capacity to 

carry away the maximum discharge from the lake without causing 

appreciable backwater on the dam. If the level of the lake is to 

remain at or near the crest elevation of the dam during dry weather the inflow must be perennial and sufficient to offset losses from 

the lake due to seepage into the ground, transpiration, and evaporation.

To maintain an absolutely constant level on a lake at all times 

is seldom practical because of the necessity of providing constant 

regulation in keeping with the variation in inflow. Usually lakelevel control is limited to maintaining levels within certain limits 

that will keep the regulation of the outlet gates to a minimum without producing objectionable levels. In general, the narrower the 

limits within which the lake will be permitted to vary, the more 

difficult and expensive will be the problem of control.

The range in level of an uncontrolled lake depends upon the 

maximum quantity of water flowing into the lake, the storage capacity of the lake, and the capacity of the outlet to discharge excess water. Thus it is apparent that a small lake with a large inflow will have a much greater range in level than a large lake 

with the same or a smaller inflow, provided the outflow channel 

capacities are the same.

By proper design and regulation of outlet control works, lakes 

that normally fluctuate through a wide range in levels may frequently be controlled within much narrower limits. Likewise, 

those lakes that normally fluctuate through small ranges may have 

the range reduced to narrower limits if the normal fluctuation is 

induced largely by factors other than seepage, transpiration, and 

evaporation, which are generally impractical to control.

For lakes with small drainage areas the problem of maintaining a sutiable level during the dry periods of the year is frequently 

more difficult than that of trying to dispose of the excess water
68 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

during wet periods. Sometimes it is possible to improve the lowwater situation by increasing the size of the drainage area and the 

inflow through the construction of new drainage-ditch feeders. 

This remedy may also create a high-water problem if the lake has 

no outlet, such as in the case of Pine and Stone Lakes in LaPorte 

County. In 1924 the Kabelin Ditch was constructed to intercept the 

drainage of a larger area to relieve the unusual low-water conditions of Pine and Stone Lakes. Since that time the levels of these 

lakes have risen to such heights that damage to real estate on low 

lands around the lake shores has become a problem, previously 

given little or no consideration, and the construction of an outlet 

is being considered as a means of alleviating this condition. The 

problem of regulating this condition will probably require careful 

study and analysis of the factors producing it, particularly the 

weather factors.

Problems of Lake-Level Control on Some Indiana Lakes

Bass Lake in Starke County is an example of a lake with insufficient drainage area to maintain the level through the summer 

months. The lake has a surface area of 1,405 acres and occupies 

60 percent of its drainage area, thus 60 percent of the rain falling 

in this basin falls directly on the surface of the lake. A dam at 

the outlet helps store water in the lake through the winter and 

spring months for the ourpose of maintaining higher levels during 

the dry summer months., Very little of the water escapes from 

the lake by way of the outlet, yet the annual variation in level averages about 1. 53 feet. To help relieve the low-water conditions 

during the summer months, when the lake is used most for recreation, the property owners have considered the installation of 

pumps to pump water into the lake from other drainage basins or 

from wells. Maintaining the lake level during the dry periods 

would require the pumping of approximately 5 million gallons of 

water per day.

The easiest solution for the low-water problem, although it is 

not a complete solution, is to store as much water in the lake as 

is possible during the high-water season for tiding over the lowwater season. This method does not help reduce the range in lake 

levels on the lake nor decrease high-water levels but it helps preserve a higher low-water level.

For the lakes with year around inflow the elimination of high 

water is usually the most serious problem. Webster, Sylvan, and 

Ridinger Lakes are good examples of this type of lake. Excess 

water is controlled by discharging water from the lake nearly as 

fast as it is received, usually by operation of a dam equipped with 

gates that may be operated as required. If the range in stage is
STABILIZATION OF LAKES 69

not too great, a fixed dam without gates may be used to keep the 

lake within limits of a desired level.

Webster Lake is controlled by two outlet structures. The main 

structure is a concrete dam, 35 feet long by 8 feet high, with seven 

5-foot wooden, adjustable sluice gates mounted on the crest. The 

auxiliary structure is a 20-foot concrete dam with five 4-foot 

wooden, adjustable sluice gates mounted on the crest (this structure is the old mill dam). During periods of low runoff the gates 

are left in place to maintain the lake at nearly constant level. During the periods of high runoff the gates on both structures may be 

opened manually to discharge excess water.

Sylvan Lake at Rome City is controlled by a concrete dam with 

a spillway 50 feet long surmounted with 12 gates which are manually operated as required. This dam has sufficient height to provide complete regulation without danger of submergence from the 

channel downstream.

Ridinger Lake has a concrete control dam with a 10-foot fixed 

concrete spillway and a 6-foot sluiceway equipped with stop logs. 

The fixed spillway maintains the lake at a desirable level during 

the low-water season. The high-water conditions are relieved by 

removing stop logs from the sluiceway.

Tippecanoe Lake is controlled by placing boards between upright H-beams set in concrete in the bed of Tippecanoe River. The 

boards are installed during the low-water months to raise the lake 

leveland removed duringthe high-water months to providea completely opened channel.

These control dams are all located on lakes where the low-water flow is in excess of the requirements for seepage, transpiration, and evaporation.

Effect of Inflow and Outflow on Planning Control Dams

In planning for the design and construction of control dams, 

consideration must be given to factors other than the lake. A preliminary step is the study of the inflow and outflow of the lake to 

determine the effect of storage upon the outlet discharge. As the 

lake level rises, part of the water entering the lake is withheld in 

storage and for a short period of time the outflow will be less than 

the inflow. When the flow is through a chain of lakes, a flood peak 

passing downstream becomes progressively smaller as it passes 

through each lake because of the water retained in storage. During falling stages, the outflow is greater than the inflow because 

water is coming out of storage as the lake levels recede.
70 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Studies of inflow and outflow have been made on several lakes; 

the difference bet ween the rate of inflow and outflow is surprisingly large for some lakes, and the larger the lake-surface area, the 

larger this difference will be. These conditions are not unusual 

but common to any unregulated lake.

At Cedar Lake in Lake County, during the storm of March 13 

and 14, 1944, the peak inflow was 328 cfs and the outflow at the 

same time was only 42 cfs, or one-eighth of the inflow. The maximum outflow of 75 cfs, which was the capacity of the outlet, was 

reached on March 16, two days after the peak inflow. Cedar Lake, 

with a surface area of 805 acres (1. 25 square miles), has considerable storage capacity to accommodate runoff from the 8.05 

square miles of its drainage area.

Bixler Lake, during the storm of June 12, 1946, had a maximum inflow of 183 cfs and an outflow of less than 2 cfs at the same 

time. A high rate of inflow was sustained for several hours and 

by the time the inflow had dropped to 115 cfs, the outflow had increased to 10 cfs. The outflow finally reached a maximum of 13 

cfs on June 15 when the inflow had also dropped to 13 cfs. In this 

case, the maximum outflow was delayed 3 days after the maximum 

inflow. Bixler Lake has a surface area of 112 acres (0.175 square 

miles), with a contributing drainage area of 3. 63 square miles.

The high water of April 12, 1944 at Ridinger Lake showed a 

peak inflow of 316 cfs with an outflow of 170 cfs at the same time. 

The peak outflow of 216 cfs came 24 hours later. Ridinger Lake 

with a surface area of 115 acres (0.179 square miles) is about the 

same size as Bixler Lake, but its drainage area of 32. 5 square 

miles is nearly ten times that of Bixler Lake. Its storage capacity is, therefore, less in proportion to the drainage area and a 

smaller ratio between inflow and outflow exists.

Effect of Storage in Lakes on Streamflow

Because of the dampening effect of lakes on floods, consideration must be given to the effect downstream if the flood storage 

capacity of a lake is eliminated and the discharge passed on downstream as fast as it enters the lake. First, the typical outlet 

channel probably is only large enough to accommodate the discharges that have customarily come from the lake in the past. If 

the peak discharges should be increased 5 to 10 times, as would 

be necessary to hold constant levels on Cedar Lake or Bixler 

Lake, then the outlet channels would become inadequate, resulting in water overflowing to adjacent lands. This condition could 

be prevented by dredging the outlet to provide a channel with sufficient capacity to carry the increased flow. If the outlets are
STABILIZATION OF LAKES 71

enlarged to carry larger flood flows, the water will arrive downstream sooner and in larger volumes. In the examples cited above, the peak discharges were delayed 1 to 3 days in passing 

through the lakes. A more rapid concentration of flows will increase the high water in lakes and streams downstream unless 

they also are prepared to carry more water. If a stream should 

pass through a chain of lakes and each lake in succession should 

be regulated to discharge flood waters rapidly, the flood hazard 

on the lower reaches of the stream would be increased many times.

An idea of the flood-retention properties of a group of lakes 

may be obtained by comparing the peak discharges during the high 

water caused by several days of heavy rainfall shown in the following table. The storm during the period May 14-17, 1945, was 

selected because of its nearly equal intensity over the northern 

part of the State.

Comparison of peak discharge for the storm of May 14-17, 1945

[*Adjusted to equivalent discharge for drainage area (126 sq mi) equal to that for Tippecanoe River

near Warsaw, Ind,]

Stream

Tippecanoe River, 15 miles

north of Warsaw

Wildcat Creek, at Greentown----

Little River, at Huntington -----

Eel River, at North ManchesterDrainage

area

(sq mi)

126

166

259

423

Lake

area

(acres)

4822

0

0

804

Total

(in)

3.00

2. 75

3.00

3. 50

Date

May 20

May 17

May 17-18

May 17

Peak

discharge

(cfs)

320

1680

2750

3990

*Adjusted

discharge

(cfs)

320

1400

1720

1750

The Tippecanoe River drainage basin above Warsaw, contains 

39 lakes, with a combined surface area of approximately 4, 822 

acres, which constitute 6. 0 percent of the drainage area. The 

drainage basins for the other streams, excepting Eel River, listed in the table above, contain no lakes or ponds of consequence. 

The Eel River drainage basin contains 14 small lakes with a combined surface area of 804 acres, or only 0. 3 percent of the drainage area. The storage capacity of these lakes, which are all in 

the upper headwater areas, is considered as having a very minor 

effect on Eel River discharge.

In comparing the peak discharges one should bear in mind that 

this storm traveled from west to east and that Hart Ditch, which 

is near the Illinois State line, received its heaviest rainfall on 

May 14, and the other streams, which are on the eastern side of 

the State, received their rainfall on May 15 and 16. The time factor in the eastward movement of the storm across the State accountsfor the progressively later dates of the peaks for all streams 

except the Tippecanoe River, where the peak was retarded approximately 3 days longer than can be accounted for by the eastward 

movement of the storm. This phenomenon is attributed to the 

storage of water in the 39 lakes contained in the Tippecanoe River 

drainage basin.
72 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

If the peak discharges for the other streams are adjusted (on 

basis of a plot of peak discharge against drainage area) to the 

Tippecanoe River drainage area and rainfall, they will average 

about 1, 600 cfs. This discharge may be taken as the equivalent of 

what would have occurred in the Tippecanoe River if it had not 

been for the storage and retarding effect of the lakes. In other 

words, the lakes in the Tippecanoe drainage basin reduced the 

peak flow of the river 79 percent.

As a result of the natural flood control properties of the upper 

Tippecanoe drainage basin, the stream channel is much smaller 

than other streams of equal drainage area, the flow is more uniform throughout the year, and no serious flood problems have developed.

The foregoing examples have indicated the effect upon streamflow that might be expected with lake storage and without lake storage. In considering the effect of lake stabilization upon the downstream reaches of a stream it is not usually necessary to consider 

such extreme changes as might be brought about by the total elimination of lake storage. Usually it is impractical to achieve such 

conditions, and some intermediate plan that will permit a certain 

amount of fluctuation in lake levels is adopted.

Effect of Control Dam on Ridinger Lake

To illustrate what can be accomplished in a practical way by 

the construction of a control dam, the case of Ridinger Lake is 

cited. In June 1946 a petition to clean out Grassy Creek or Elder 

Ditch, the outlet of Ridinger Lake, was approved by the Circuit 

Court of Kosciusko County upon condition that a control dam be 

constructed to maintain the lake level at 843. 12 feet, mean-sealevel datum. The ditch was cleaned in June 1947 and the control 

dam was built in October of the same year. The dam consists of 

a fixed spillway of a concrete gravity-type section 3. 25 feet high 

with a 10-foot horizontal crest, and a 6-foot sluiceway equipped 

with stop logs. These stop logs eventually will be replaced with 

a vertical lift gate.

By using the discharge rating curves determined before and 

since the construction of the dam, it is possible to determine how 

the cleaning of the outlet and operation of the dam has affected the 

level of the lake and discharges in the outlet. Two high-water 

periods have been selected to demonstrate the effect of the dam. 

The first is the period April 8-21, 1944, when the highest level 

of the period of record occurred and before the ditch was cleaned. 

The second is the period February 26 to March 10, 1948, after the 

dam was built.
STABILIZATION OF LAKES 73

The period April 8-21, 1944, includes three separate rainstorms. The first covered a period of four consecutive days, 

April 9-12, during which an average of about 3. 60 inches of rain 

fell over the drainage basin. The next rainfall averaged about 

0. 85 inch on April 15 and 16. The last rainfall, reported on April 

20, amounted to about 0,20 inch over the area. These three storms 

resulted in three crests instead of one on the lake during the period considered.

In figure 27 discharge graphs show the inflow and the outflow 

of the lake that occurred from April 8 to 21, 1944, and the possible outflow in the same period had the control dam been installed 

at that time. In making the graph to show the effect of operating 

the dam, an assumed condition of all but two stop logs removed 

from the sluiceway was used to start the period in order to have 

a lake level nearly equal to that which actually existed during the 

first 2 days of the record. It was then assumed that the observer, 

on the morning of April 10, 1944, having witnessed the rain of the 

day before and the continuing rain, would remove all the stop logs 

at 10 o'clock, and leave the sluiceway entirely open. The stop 

logs would not be replaced during the remainder of the period.

With the assumed removal of the stop logs, the discharge would 

immediately increase by about 24 cfs and would continue to be 

somewhat larger than actually occurred until on April 14 when it 

would drop somewhat below the actual discharge for most of the 

remaining portion of the period. The effect of the increased discharge during April 10-13 would be to permit less water to go into storage in the lake and thereby reduce lake levels. The outlet 

channel, on the assumption that it would be cleaned out, would 

permit passing a peak discharge 28 cfs larger at a stage 2. 0 feet 

lower than under conditions before the outlet was cleaned out.

The gage-height graph of the actual lake levels is shown mfigure 27 and also the computed gage-height graph showing the levels 

that would have existed if the control dam had been in operation 

in April 1944. The computed graph shows that the maximum level 

would have been 2.0 feet lower and that the levels would have remained approximately 1.5 to 2.0 feet lower than actual conditions 

throughout the period.

During the period February 26 to March 10, 1948, after the 

construction of the control dam, two rainstorms took place. The 

first storm on February 27 and 28 averaged about 1.50 inches over 

the basin, and the second on March 1, averaged about 0. 12 inch.

The discharge graphs for the storm of February 26 to March 

10, 1948 are shown in figure 28. The observed outflow curve is 

computed from gage readings and a rating for the dam. The period started with two stop logs in place in the sluiceway. One stop
GATE IN DAMASSUMED OPEN 

AT THIS POINT

7 -GAGE HEIGHT THAT WOULD 

HAVE OCCURRED IF DAM 

HAD BEEN IN OPERATION

.ACTUAL DISCHARGE 

WITHOUT DAM

^DISCHARGE THAT WOULD 

HAVE OCCURRED IF DAM 

HAD BEEN IN OPERATION

APR. 8,'44

Figure 27. --Graphs showing reduction of level and discharge of Rid

through operation of a control dam during high wa
GAGE HEIGHT THAT WOULD HAVE 

/OCCURRED UNDER CONDITIONS 

THAT EXISTED PRIOR TO THE 

CONSTRUCTION OF THE DAM.

.ACTUAL DISCHARGE 

AT DAM

.DISCHARGE 

OCCURRED 

THAT EXISTE

CONSTRUCT

Figure 28. --Graphs showing actual reduction of level and discharg

control dam during high water of February 
76 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

log was removed at 10 a.m. on February 27 and the other at 10 

a.m. on February 28. No stop logs were in the sluiceway for the 

remainder of the period. The increase in discharge caused by the 

removal of the second stop log was not nearly as great as for the 

the removal of the first, because the second stop log was under a 

high degree of submergence at the stage at which it was removed. 

The inflow curve was computed from the outflow and rate of change 

in storage in the lake.

To determine the discharges that would have existed if the ditch 

had lot been cleaned and the dam built, the rating curve that applied before the cleaning was used to compute the new outflow and 

lake levels. The discharge curve obtained shows a smaller outflow during the first part of the storm period and later a greater 

outflow than existed with the dam. The peak discharge would be 

about 35 cfs less than the 178 cfs that occurred with the dam, and 

would occur a day and a half later. More water would go into 

storage during the rising stages and would be gradually released 

later.

The gage-height graphs in figure 28 show that the peak lake 

level without the dam would be 1. 25 feet higher and would occur 

about a day and a half later. The lake levels on March 1, 2, aad 

3 would be about 1.5 feet higher than occurred on those days with 

the dam.

The lake levels could be lowered still more if the outlet had 

greater capacity. During the high water of February 29 and March 

1, 1948, the outlet was filled to bank full and there was only about 

3 inches fall over the dam. This caused the fixed spillway to operate under 83 percent submergence and thereby reduced its efficiency. The amount of water that could pass through the sluiceway 

also was reduced by the low head under which it operated; However, even under these adverse conditions, the peak lake level 

was 1.25 feet lower than it would have been if the outlet had not 

been cleaned.

Prior to the building of the dam, Ridinger Lake usually receded 

to a level of about 1.5 feet on the gage during the lowest water period of the year, and during some years remained below 2. 0 feet 

during the whole summer. These low levels were unsatisfactory 

from a recreational standpoint and the established level of 3. 12 

feet was much more desirable. During the summer of 1948, the 

first summer after the dam was built, the level remained between 

3.00 and 3. 30 feet from May 20 until November 16 and averaged 

about 3.15 feet for the period. Thus, a more desirable level was 

maintained throughout the whole low-water season.
HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES 77 

BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES

The basic data collected at lake-level stations consists of readings of lake elevation, usually taken daily to the nearest hundredth 

of afoot, by a local observer. The records consist of daily, monthly, and yearly mean water-surface elevations and graphs showing 

the fluctuation in elevation. Discharge measurements made at the 

outflow are also available in some instances.

The lake records, except those contained herein, have not been 

published but are available in the files of the district office of the 

U. S. Geological Survey in Indianapolis, Ind. A list of stations 

where lake levels have been recorded may be found in the section 

Legal Lake Levels on page 266.

Records for 28 lakes have been selected for publication on the 

basis of completeness of record and general importance. The data 

for each station consists of a description of the station; tables 

listing the maximum and minimum lakelevelfor each water year, 

the maximum recorded ice thickness and period of ice cover for 

each water year, discharge measurements made at the lake outlet, 

and average lake levels; and lake levelhydrographs (figs. 29-139). 

The lake-level hydrographs were furnished by C. H. Bechert, director, Division of Water Resources, Department of Conservation, 

and show the variations in lake levels in each water year of record. 

A water year is the 12-month period ending September 30 of the 

indicated year.

The description of the station gives the location, surface area, 

drainage area, records available, type and history of gages, average level, the established legallevel, and the lake-level control. 

The location of the lake is obtained from the most accurate maps 

available. The surface area (when the lake is at the established 

legal level) and the drainage area, unless otherwise noted, are 

obtained from aerial photographs taken in 1938 by the Agricultural 

Adjustment Administration, Department of Agriculture (photographs are now in the custody of the Commodity Stabilization 

Service). Under "gage" are given the type, location, and datum 

of the present gage, the frequency of readings, and a history of 

past gages. In order to work with small numbers the gages have 

been set at datums differing from mean sea level by multiples of 

10 feet. The elevation of the water surface above mean sea level 

may be determined by adding the gage reading to the gage datum. 

Under "Average level" is given the average lake level in gage height 

and in elevation above sea level for the number of years indicated. 

The established legal level is that elevation set by the courts to 

which the average level of the lake is to be held. It is normally 

set at about the average level that has prevailed for a number of 

years prior to the establishment of the legallevel. The means of 

maintaining the established level are described in the "Lake level 

control" paragraph.
78 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Bass Lake at Bass Lake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 7 and 18, T. 32 N., R. 1 W. , and sees. 12, 13, 

14, 23, and 24, T. 32 N. , R. 2 W. , Starke County.

Surface area. --1,405 acres. 

Drainage area. --3. 66 sq mi. 

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage at south shore of lake at Fishburn's Store at 

Junction of State Highways 35 and 10. Gage read to hundredths 

once daily. Datum of gage is 700.00 ft above mean sea level, 

datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years;gage height, 13. 52 ft; elevation, 

713.52 ft.

Established legal level. --Established Aug. 10, 1948, at gage 

height 13. 65 ft; elevation,713. 65 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by sheet-piling dam 

with crest 6. 4 ft long at gage height 14. 08 ft. Prior to fall of 

1946jcontrol was an old concrete dam.

Extreme levels for Bass Lake, 1943-53

Wofpr VT CL [f Ci.

VPJ3 T* J CCL1

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum

Date

May 20, 1943 ----

Apr. 13, 1944- 

June 22, 23, 1945-

Mar. 19, 1946 

June 19, 1947----

May 15, 1948 ----

June 16, 17, 1949 -

Apr. 4, 1950 ----

May 11, 1951 - 

Mar. 18, 1952 ---

June 6-9, 1953 ---

Gage

height

(feet)

14.04

*14. 15

13.65

14.01

13. 97

14.44

14. 14

14.62

14.50

14.59

13.63

Minimum

Date

Oct. 27, 1942---

Sept. 27, 1944 --

Nov. 5,6, 1944--

Sept. 30, 1946 --

Oct. 16, 1946 ---

Sept. 29, 30, 1948-

Oct.29,30, 1948-

Oct. 2, 1949----

Nov. 7-15, 1950-

Sept. 30, 1952 --

Sept. 30, 1953---

Gage

height

(feet)

12. 29

12.51

12.33

12. 53

12.23

13.06

12.81

12.89

13.30

13. 19

12.42

* Estimated
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 79

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-52

Water 

year

1943

1944

1 Q4.S

1946 

1 Q47

1948

1949 

1950

1 QK 1

1 Q^P

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

12 

o

10

24

3 

3

Total 

days of 

cover

101

72

50 

7-2

131

79 

81

Period

Nov. 27, 1942, to Mar. 7, 1943. 

Dec. 12, 1943, to Feb. 22, 1944.

Jan. 10, 1946, to Feb. 28, 1946.

Dec. 18, 1946, to Feb. 28, 1947. 

Nov. 6, 1947,to Dec. 6, 1947. 

Dec. 10, 1947, to Mar. 18, 1948. 

Dec. 10, 1948,to Feb. 26, 1949. 

Jan. 4, 1949,to Mar. 25, 1950.

Nov. 23, 1950, to Feb. 25, 1951.

Dec. 2, 1951, to- ?

Discharge measurements at outlet of Bass Lake

Date

Aug. 6, 1943

Oct. 12, - 

Jan. 18, 1944

Mar. 17,- 

Anr 9^

May 9,----

June 11,---- 

June 23,----

July 11,-- -

t/ * Aug. 14,---- 

Sept. 12,----

Anr 1 9

TVTov 1 4

Aug. 21, - 

Nov. 16,----

Gage

height 

(feet

13. 72 

1 ^ ^

<*1 3 "Sfi

14.05

14. 10

1 -2 04

1 3 4Q

1 "2 £1

1 3 9Q

12.85 

12. 63

19 Q"2,

13 1 Q

1 3 19

13.35

Discharge 

(cfs)

0, 77

OR

0

12.00

15.0

19 ^

0

Cf\

0

0 

0 

0

0

0

. * .05

Date

Jan. 7,1946- 

Feb. 8- --

Am* R _ _ 

June 5 ----- -

July 18------

Tnl v 94- _____

Nov. 12- --

T~ip»r> 19 _-_ _ _

T~lor> 9O _

Feb. 17, 1947- 

Feb. 10, 1948-

May 3- -- 

Mav 111-----

May 18-- 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

12.86

1-2 7 Q

1 "3. 7Q

1 "^ ^^

1 3 9Q

1 "^ 1 Q

1 9 fiQ

1 9 fiQ

-10 rt a

13.03 

13.51 

14 12

1 4 ^4

1 A. ^Q

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

1 4.9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 

0 

0

^ 44

3 73

* Estimated.

* Ice cover.
80 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Bass Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

#12.33

13. 60

12.53

13.36

12. 39

13. 30

12.92

13. 12

13.52

13. 61

13.00

13.06

May

13.86

13.90

13.35

13.67

13. 61

14.25

13.98

14.20

14.32

14.33

13.50

13.91

Nov.

12.53

13.72

12.39

13. 37

12.68

13. 33

12. 94

12.99

13. 33

13.92

12.80

13.09

Jane

13. 89

13. 66

13.57

13. 66

13. 90

14. 07

14. 04

14.25

14.20

14. 32

13.49

13.91

Dec.

12.68

13. 69

12.43

13.49

12.72

13.46

13.02

13. 16

13. 58

14. 18

12.92

13.21

July

13.74

13.24

13. 37

13.37

13.60

13.92

13.92

14. 29

14.05

13.94

13.36

13.71

Jan.

13.07

13.61

12.48

13.73

12.92

13.59

13.42

13.78

13.78

14.36

12.93

13.42

Aug.

13.77

12.86

13. 12

12.95

13.24

13.60

13.59

14.04

13.89

13.71

13.09

13.44

Feb.

13. 34

13. 67

12.50

13.74

13.03

13. 57

13. 84

14. 23

13. 86

14. 33

13.01

13.56

Sept.

13.82

12. 62

12.90

12. 60

13.44

13. 22

13. 14

13.75

13.62

13.38

12.61

13. 19

Mar.

13.52

13.93

12. 72

13. 89

13.08

13. 90

14.02

14.45

14. 11

14.36

13. 16

13. 74

Annual

*13.43

13. 54

12.87

13.47

13. 16

13. 70

13.57

13.89

13. 88

14.07

13. 11

13. 52

Apr.

13.65

14.00

13.02

13.80

13. 37

14. 13

14.04

14. 48

14. 31

14.42

13. 40

13.87

Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 81

14.0 

Jj 13.6!

13.0 

1 2.0

'

A/"

 s1

^J

f

/ 

s~-

^

y

^"N

1942-43

rJ^srv/vy^\

' '' OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

14.0

Z

bj

I

UJ 

IS

1 5.0

140

ui 13.6 

u.

z

I 1 3.0

a

i

ui is

IS

12.0

3 N/VJV\

^=1

fj

 - ~^

 ^^ ^

^

^^fJ'

\~^s^\

1943-44

V "^^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

"

-J 

~^- 

 = =^

^

f, _

J

 y"*"*"

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 13.65 FEET

1944-45

vX-^

' f

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 29. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, 

Ind., for water years 1943-45.
82 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

140

id i3.6

u.

z

X 13.0 

13 

S

I

Id 

(0 

< 

(0

120

15.0

14.0 

5 l3 6

L.

Z

id

LJ 

(0

(0

12.0

11.0 

150

14.0 

UJ 13.6

Z

K 

1130 

(0 

Id

I

Id 

(0

(0

120

~-^_^« '

_/

OCT NOV DEC

XJ0

s-^^/^~ ^ 

s* - ^ "

^J^~-^-.

v^JA

1945-46

X

\

\

^\

^X^

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

__^rS

 -~y

^^

1946-47

^

X

X

V

^.

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

X^ 

f

r~ -

/

- _ j^i

^

 ^

__ ^y\_^,

ESTABL SHED BY COURT, 3 65 FEET

1947-48

"~^

\

^v.

*\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 30. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, 

Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 83

14.0

ft l3 - 6 

u.

Z

I 13.0 

O 

uj

I

<o 

<o

12.0

"^J "

L r -

 ~*~J

r-

-J

/

S

rs*. w ^^

' A- LT1948-49

"NT

An

\

X.x,

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

r

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT. 13 65 FEFT

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 31. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, 

Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951-52

MAY JUNE

14.0 

13.6

13.0 

12.0

V. x^/^-yxr_* r~~

y~^

u*'~^ j-*'\ r\ n. J NT"

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 13.65 FEET

1952-53

,.V^"N

^

X

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 32. --Lake-level hydrogf aphs for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, 

Ind., for water years 1952-53.

Bear Lake at Wolflake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 7, 8, 17, and 18, T. 33 N. , R. 9E., Noble 

County; 1^ miles southwest of the town of Wolflake.

Surface area. --125 acres.

Drainage area. --6. 12 sq mi.

Records available..--November 1942 to September 1933-, (no record 

Jan. 3, 1943, to Mar. 31, 1943).

Gage. --Staff gage on east shore of lake, 800 ft north of outlet. 

Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 890.00 ft 

above mean sea level, datum of 1929. Prior to July 14, 1948, 

staff gage at north shore of lake at same datum.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height 4. 81 ft; elevation 

894.81ft.

Established legal level. - -None.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by rock.fill dam in 

outlet channel 380 ft downstream from lake.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 85

Extreme levels for Bear Lake, 1943-53

Water

vpa T* j/ca.1

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum

Date

Dec. 30, 1942 

Apr. 12, 1944 

Mar. 31, 1945 

Jan. 12, 1946 

Apr. 22, 1947 

Mar. 6, 1948 -

Feb. 16, 1949 --

A nr- R 1 Q Rfl - - -

.ripl . J, 1£7JU

Feb. 22, 1951 

May 27, 1952---

Mar. 19, 1953 

Gage

height

(feet)

8.25

6.61

* 5. 82

5. 90

* 5.29

5. 50

5.50

6

n c 

. (Jo

5.70

5.36

5.48

Minimum

Date

July 3-6, 1943----

Sept. 26, 27, 1944-

Nov. 1-3, 1944 ---

Sept. 29, 30, 1946-

Oct. 14-17, 1946--

Sept. 28, 1948----

Oct. 30, Nov. 2, 1948

Or>t 9 1 Q4Q

Sept. 30, 1951 ----

Sept. 29, 30, 1952-

Oct. 31 to Nov. 3,

Nov. 7-17, 1952 -

Gage

height

(feet)

*4.90

4.33

4.23

3.90

3.74

3.93

3.78

A OQ rr . £ O

4.08

3.38

* 2.90

^Estimated.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Bear Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

1 1 Q43 17rt O

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

8

11

15

5

8

20

5

Total 

days of 

cover

98

81

87

101

94

94

100

81

81

54

Period

Dec .

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec..

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

3, 1942, to-? 

5, 1943, to Mar.

14, 1944, to Mar.

12, 1945, to Mar.

12, 1944.

4, 1945.

8, 1946.

19-24; Dec. 30, 1946, to

Apr. 3, 1947.

17, 1947, to Mar.

17, 1948, to Mar.

6, 1949, to Mar.

11, 1950, to Mar.

23, 1951, to Mar.

31, 1952, to Feb.

Mar. 8-12, 1953.

19, 1948.

21, 1949.

24, 1950.

1, 1951.

13, 1952.

22, 1953;
86 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Bear Lake

Date

Aug. 12, 1943 

Oct. 8------

Feb. 16, 1944

1V1 a. i . O .L

Aug. 11------ 

July 11, 1945

Cfsv-,4- 4_ _ _ _ _

Dec 19--

May 17, 1946 

June 19------

July 3------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5.17

A QQ

5.05

T . O G

4.60 

4.77

c nn

S RS

5. 18

<J m £t^

4 ftp

Discharge 

(cfs)

0. 35

. £ 90\j

f95

%U A

0 

. 10

>k 1 n

5 ^7

. ORu o 

10. 4

on

Date

Jan. 20, 1947-

Mar. 4, 1948- 

Mar. 4, 1949-

Sept. 7------

Dec. 1---- - 

Jan. 17, 1950 

Mar. 8------

May 4-- ___

Sept. 13------ 

Nov. 21------

May 15, 1951-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.74

S "^

4.92

4.40

4.60 

5.64 

S ^9

4 PR

4

0 c

4 ri . 7QI £7

A QQ

Discharge 

(cfs)

0 

14.8

6. 67

0

-L \J \J

27.5

90 7

S

on

6 en

6

C -1

8 "7 C

* Estimated.

Average lake level for Bear Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

__

4.91

4.36

5.49

3.80

4. 74

3.86

4.54

4. 55

4. 20

3.14

4. 36

May

5.89

5. 16

4.83

5.27

5.06

4.99

4. 77

4.80

4,69

4.60

5. 10

5.01

Nov.

*7.94

4.92

4. 33

5.44

4.04

4.83

4.00

4.53

4. 63

4. 50

3. 05

4.75

June

5. 17

4.96

4.88

5.22

4.98

4.80

4.96

4.94

4.56

4. 60

4.. 81

4.90

Dec.

7.93

5. 14

4.44

5.41

4.09

5.04

4.25

4-. 74

4.99

4.56

3.73

4.94

July

5.11

4. 96

4.75

4.68

4.78

4.68

4.64

4.84

4.96

4.24

4.52

4.74

Jan.

6.82

5. 06

4. 66

5.48

4.42

5.09

4.98

5.51

4.86

4.92

4. 62

4.96

Aug.

5.23

4. 56

5. 07

4.35

4.64

4.43

4. 44

4.65

4.52

3.86

4.41

4.56

Feb.

5.45

5. 07

4.94

5. 39

4.96

5. 11

5.09

5. 24

5.03

4.78

5. 18

5.08

Sept.

5. 16

4.42

5.07

4.04

4.72

4.08

4. 33

4.86

4. 24

3. 51

3.86

4. 39

Mar.

5.29

5.35

5.59

5.39

4.89

5.24

4.84

5.23

4.87

4.72

5.34

5. 15

Annual

*5.84

5.02

4.80

5.11

5.62

4.83

4.58

4.94

4.73

4.44

4.41

4.81

Apr.

5.48

5.79

4.73

5. 17

5.10

4.92

4.78

5.44

4.90

4.74

5. 14

5.11

# Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 87

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 33. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake at vVolflake, 

Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
88 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

tf -A

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

6.0

4.0 

3.0

x^

r^

<J

^~^r^Jt^\ n

N/

X ^

" ^s

1946-47

 -

^A

Vv ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 34. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake at Wolflake J 

Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 89

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

V\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 35. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake at Wolflake, 

Ind., for water years 1949-51.
90 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

TV*

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

952-53

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 36. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bear Lake at Wolflake, 

Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 91

Big Lake near Wolf lake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 32, and 33, T. 33 N. , R. 9 E. , Noble County, 

3. 5 miles south and 0. 3 mile southwest of the town of Wolf lake.

Surface area. --204 acres. 

Drainage area. --6. 77 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953 (no record, 

Jan. 1, 1944, to Feb. 15, 1944).

Gage. --Staff gage on piling in lake at northwest shore. Gage read 

to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 890. 00 ft above 

mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --10 years; gage height, 9. 22 ft; elevation, 899.22 ft. 

Established legal level. - -None .

Lake -level control. --Lake level maintained by the bed of outlet 

channel.

Extreme levels for Big Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

1 Q43*

J. U T T v

1945 

1 Q4fi

1 Q47

1 Q4.fi

1949 

1 Q^fi

1 QR1

1 QR9

1953

Maximum

Date

Ancr 4 R 1Q43-___

^ V JJ X » XVjj XC7TT

May 19, 20, 1945--

Oot 7 1Q4.5--- __

Anr- 93 1Q47_____

Mar- ?Q 1Q4R_____

Feb. 18, 19, 1949 --

Anr- 4 IQRO _____

Oct. 1, 1950------

T »- i o 1 n c o

May 24-26, 1953 --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

#Q 9fi

U C. £

11.29

Q Q^i

U 1 D

11.01

11.36 

#1 9 7fi

Q Qfi

9

O D

8.60

Minimum

Date

Aug. 24, 1943 ------

OC?pt. ^^, *J^-', J-i/""

Oct. 31 to Nov. 2, 1944

Sept. 30, 1946 ------

Oct. 17, 1946------- 

Sept. 28, 1948 ---

Oct. 29 to Nov. 2, 1948

Oot 1-3 1 Q4Q

Sept. 29, 30, 1951----

d^nt 17 i qc;p

Sept. 22-30, 1953---

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8 7Q o . c J

8

C -I

8.47 

8 no

7 fi9

S

^n

8.59

Q f)9

7 on

vU F7 C C

7.32

* Estimated.

0 August and September.

& Jan. 15, 1944, to Feb. 15, 1944, missing record.
92 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Big Lake, 1944-52

Water 

year

1 Q44

1 Q4R

1946 

1947

1948

1 Q4Q

1950 

1 9^1

i qc;9

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

1 1

1 

q! y 2

15

Q

6

Total 

days of 

cover

79 

101

70

100

Period

Dec. 17, 1945, to Mar. 5, 1946. 

Dec. 15-26; Dec. 31, 1946, to 

Mar. 29, 1947. 

Dec. 17, 1947, to Feb. 24, 1948.

Dec. 25, 1948, to-? 

Dec. 15, 1949, to Mar. 24, 1950.

Nov. 27, 1950 to-?

UtiU . JL^t, -LC2OJL, LvJ f

Record for period from Jan. 15, 1944, to Feb. 15, 1944 

missing.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Big Lake

Date

Aug. 3,1943- 

Oct. 8------

Feb. 16, 1944-

Aug. 11------ 

Anr 10 1 Q4 C1 -

July 11------ 

C^nt fi____ _

Nov. 28------

May 15,1946- 

Oct. 1 ---

Mar. 9,1949-

An-r 97______ Zi^Jl . £ 1 

Oc.nt fi - -- - -

T~>or> 1 

r»or> 1 Q____ _

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9. 17

8

7n

8

n 1

8 77

10.43

9. 14

8 Q7 o y t 

807

8 77

8

rj &

8.00

X \J . £i £t

Q 48 y . ^o 

Q 99 y . £t £t 

Q 98 y . £t o

Q An

Discharge 

(cfs)

2.04

.44 

.46

.00

9Q ^

9 ^i?

1 0*3 ±. . \J O

1 ftQ i. . O C7

1.04

1.84

.00

17.0

R 94 U . £t rt 

C Q

. t/ Qnw

9 A 1^

Date

Jan. 15, 1950

Jan. 20----- 

Jan. 27-----

Feb 7_ ___

Feb. 22-----

TV/To r- 9 4.- - - -

Apr. 8-----

May 3-----

iviay & rt - 

Sept. 13- - 

Oct. 17-----

Nov. 1-----

Nov. 21 --

Feb. 20, 1951

May 15-----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

12.08

U p Q

1O O C

11.02

U ^4.

11.09

19 ^9

10.43

«./ . 1 ^

Q Q9

Q R9

Q 1 Q & . X £/ 

8C C

Q 97

8. 64

Discharge 

(cfs)

57.2

A *7 C

K7 q

Qn 1

OR n

o Q n

C f\ O

i q 9

4. rt . QQC? C? 

1 ^19 i. . U ^

2 no

14. 7

q 1 1

0 P7 £»

1 ^ ^
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 93

Average lake level for Big Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

8.65

8.57

9.41

7.93

9.01

8.67

9.47

9.68

7.92

7.64

8.70

May

10.39

9.99

8.80

10.18

10. 11

9.53

9.97

8.40

8.26

8.39

9.40

Nov.

8.73

8.59

8.90

8. 18

9.06

8.80

9.34

8.69

8.25

7.50

8. 60

June

9.81

9. 72

9.09

9.86

9.90

10.09

10. 11

8.16

8.35

8. 15

9.32

Dec.

8.65

8.66

8.84

8.32

9.33

9.01

9.79

8.97

8.40

7.87

L 8.78

July

9. 17

9.15

9.01

9.50

9.69

9.82

10.23

8.47

8.44

7. 73

9. 12

Jan.

#8.60

8.74

9.46

8.80

9.51

10.17

11.71

9. 14

9.15

8.22

9.35

Aug.

 J-Q no

8.75

9.33

8.51

9. 12

9.32

9.26

9.98

8.20

8. 11

7.68

8. 84

Feb.

#8.76

8.97

9.41

9.43

9.56

10.72

11. 30

9. 10

8.87

8.20

9.43

Sept.

8.90

8.59

8.95

8. 18

9. 11

8. 86

9. 12

9.90

7.97

7.86

7.37

8. 62

Mar.

9.78

9.50

9. 60

9.46

10.52

9.99

11.25

8.63

8.52

8.38

9.56

Annual

*8.94

9.22

9. 18

9.02

9.20

9.60

9.55

10.40

8.67

8.37

7.95

9.22

Apr.

10.75

9.98

9.04

10.53

10.28

9.49

11.76

8. 69

8.41

8.26

9.72

* Partial month or partial year.
94 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\J

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7 83 FEET

1944-45

N/

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 37. --Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake at Wolflake, 

Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 95

1945-46

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 783 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 38. --Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake at Wo If lake, 

Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
96 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

A

\

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEE MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

I 11.5

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL V ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7. 83 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 39. --Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake at Wolflake 

Ind., for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 97

1951-52

V

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7.83 FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 40. --Lake-level hydrographs for Big Lake at Wolf lake 

Ind., for water years 1952-53.
98 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Bixler Lake at Kendallville, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 3, 4, T. 34 N. , R. HE., sees. 33, 34, T. 

35 N. , R. 11 E. , Noble County.

Surface area. --112 acres (determined from Bixler Lake contour 

map).

Drainage area. --3. 63 sq mi.

Records available. --May 1945 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage on concrete pier 20 ft upstream from control 

dam. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 

960.00 ft above mean sea level, unadjusted.

Average lake level. --8 years; gage height, 2. 87 ft; elevation, 

962. 87 ft above mean sea level.

Established legal level. --Established Apr. 25, 1952, at gage height 

3. 65 ft, elevation,963. 65 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by Columbus deepnotch-type concrete control dam built in October 1946. A flood 

gate 18 inches in diameter in each abutment provides relief from 

extremely high water.

Extreme levels for Bixler Lake, 1946-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1946 

194.7 

1948 

1949

1950 

1951

1952 

1953

Date

June 20, 1946 - 

Apr. 2, 1947----- 

Feb. 28, 1948- 

Feb. 15, 1949----

Apr. 4, 1950----- 

Dec. 3, 4, 1950 --

Jan. 20, 1952 -- 

May 23, 1953-- 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5.10 

4.89 

5.15 

5.23

5.75 

5.08

4.75 

4.36

Minimum

Date

Sept. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Oct.

Oct. 

Feb.

Sept.

Nov.

30, 1946--- 

17, 1946 --- 

28, 1948--- 

30, 1948 ---

2, 1949 ---- 

11, 1951---

30, 1952--- 

18, 1952---

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.64 

2. 36 

2.51 

2.09

3. 12 

2.58

*2.34 

1.71

* Estimated.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 99

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Bixler Lake, 1946-53 -

Water 

year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1 QCQ i y o o

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

9

4

12 7/8

5*

6*

8

7!' 2

Total 

days of 

cover

71

62

____

62

54

89

78

O 31X

Period

Dec. 16, 1945, to Feb. 24, 1946.

Dec. 18, 1946, to Feb. 17, 1947.

Dec. 16, 1947, to-?

Dec. 26, 1948, to Feb. 25, 1949.

Dec. 15-21, 1949; Jan. 8-10,17-25

1950; Feb. 5, 6; Feb.20to Mar.

24, 1950.

Dec. 1, 1950, to Feb. 27, 1951.

Dec. 14, 1951, to Jan. 19, 1952;

Jan. 24, to Mar. 4, 1952.

Dec. 28, 1952, to Jan. 15, 1953;

Jan. 26, to Feb. 6, 1953.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Bixler Lake

Date

Oct. 1, 1945-

T^or> 9Q______

Jan. 11, 1946-

Ton 9Q______

Feb. 5-- -

Feb. 14-- -

Feb. 14------

Feb. 15 ---

Feb. 18-- -

Feb. 23-- - .

Feb. 25- - 

Mar. 2------

Anr 1 1- - ___ _

May 15------

TVTa v 9 7- - - - -

June 13------

June 14------

June 15------

June 16------

June 17------

June 20------

June 22------ 

June 26------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3.53

3 41

4.48

3 en

3 SO

4 31

4.47

4 ^3

4 SR

4 98

4. 16 

4. 14

3 CO

3.20

. O4

4

0 c

5.00

R O3

^ 09

5.00

^ 10

4.98

4 R3

Discharge 

(cfs)

1. 16 

1.04

9 no

2 . C7 Q1X

1 39 X . O £i

8.41

R S3

Q R4

199

8.74

7.71

fi 7Q

 ^ -L

.06

 * *J

11 2

1O Q

19 Q

12.6

J. £j <J

12 7

12.0

8

Q 1

Date

July 1,1946

July 16 -- 

Aug. 20- -

Aug. 28- -

Sept. 9 -- 

Oct. 1-- --

Oct. 10 --

Oct. 16-----

Nov. 21 -

Dec 17-----

Jan. 8, 1947 

Jan. 28 ----

TTl T_ f*

Feb. 13 --

Feb. 20-----

iVlcLI ,£i ( 

Anr* 19___ _

A nr. 1 q

Tnlv 9Q

July 31----- 

Oct. 31 -

Mar. 1,1948 

Mar. 1-----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.46 

309

3 34

3

1 C

2 Q9

2

C 1

9 47

2

Q C

2 CO

2

0 a

3.02 

3 Q3

T: . J u

4.24

4

OC . &O

4 RQ T: . U£7

4 9R

3 71

3 43

3

9 C

2

OQ

5.03 

^ 09

Discharge 

(cfs)

6.67

1 9 ±. £i

09

0

0

0 

0

0

0

0 

0

49

6.14 

1.74

. bu

 OT: 

1 1 Q

019 4

0

0

0

°26.4 

i q o
100 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Bixler Lake--Con.

Date

Mar. 3, 1948-

MQ v 3-

June 10------

June 10------

Nov. 5- ----

TTtah 9 1Q4Q

TV/To ~\7 ^

Sept. 9-- -

Mar. 15, 1950- 

Nov. 9------

Nov. 15- ----

Jan. 31, 1951-

A n -p i n

May 1------

July 10------

Aiicr 1 ______

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.68

A 7Q

4.17

4 1 3 Tt . X O

9 94-

4 9R

A qi

q AS

4.41

3 Q 1!

4. n^

S

'TC

4 ^ifl

3

0 1

3

Q Q

4

OC

3 RP

Discharge 

(cfs)

«22.4 

9ft7 Of

1

r»Q

a 9.98

0

1 79

1 QC

0

«17.0 

0

P. 1

a 3 n 1!

4 Q4

91

r»e

14

Date

Aug. 30, 1951 

Oct. 8 --

Nov. 20 --

Dec. 20-----

Feb. 7, 1952

IVi dt . &t O

July 17 - 

Jan. 13, 1953 

Feb. 6-----

Mar. 27 --

.Tip I . X U -

<J Hi It; *±

July 6-----

July 28-----

Aug. 26-----

<5onf 9.?{_ __-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3.56

3 Op

3 R4

4.01

4 49

4 1 9

3 34

1 7"i

1.70

9 no

4 9R

3

C 1

3 P.4

^ ^n

2

0 1

9 "SQ

9 13

Discharge 

(cfs)

0.01 

0

.01

. 14

1C e

al3. 1

0

0

0

0

I

rj n

0 

0

0

0

0

o Gates on dam open.

Average lake level for Bixler Lake for water years 1946-53

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

3.70

2.47

2.90

2.27

3.63

4.04

3.38

2.08

3.06

May

3.26

3.87

4. 56

4.33

3. 71

3.87

3.97

4.09

3.96

Nov.

3.33

2.60

3.05

2.26

3. 65

4. 12

3.95

1. 78

3.09

June

4. 14

4. 32

4.20

4.21

3.92

3.96

3.86

3.67

4.04

Dec.

3.38

2. 75

3.. 84

2.38

4.01

3. 89

3. 98

1.88

3.26

July

3. 92

3.65

3.86

3.97

4. 28

4. 19

3.41

3.07

3. 79

Jan.

4.02

3.47

4.36

4.26

4.87

3. 52

4.38

2. 28

3. 90

Aug.

3. 34

3.02

3. 35

3. 73

4.04

3. 91

2.9-1

2. 79

3.39

Feb.

4.01

4.32

4.30

4.43

4. 13

3. 59

4.08

2. 73

3. 95

Sept.

2.82

3.07

2. 75

3.34

4.22

3.36

2. 54

2.22

3.04

Mar.

4.28

4.36

4. 51

3. 71

4. 34

3. 79

4. 17

3. 87

4. 13

Annual

3. 64

3.52

3.84

3.59

4. 11

3.86

3. 73

2.88

2.87

Apr.

3. 54

4.36

4.43

4.31

4.49

4.07

3.97

4. 16

4. 17
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 101

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

fv v

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 65 FEET

1946-47

V

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 41. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bixler Lake at Kendallville, Ind., for water years 1945-47.
102 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT.3 65 F£ET

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 42. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bixler Lake at Kendallville, Ind. , for water years 1948-50.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 103

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1952-53

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 65 FEET

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 43. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bixler Lake at Kendallville, Ind., for water years 1951-53.
104 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 1, T. 30 N, R. 1 W. , Pulaski County and sees. 

6 and 7, T. 30 N. ,R. 1 E, , Fulton County.

Surface area. --202 acres.

Drainage area. --5. 19 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to November 1952.

Gage. --Staff gage at south shore of the western tip of lake at Egleston Inn. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage 

is 720. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --9 years; gage height, 3. 72 ft; elevation, 

723. 72 ft.

Established legal level. --Established June 20, 1950, at gage height 

3. 69 ft, elevation, 723. 69 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by concrete dam with 

rounded crest, about 18 in wide and 27 ft long. Crest at gage 

height 3. 55 ft.

Extreme levels for Bruce Lake, 1944-52

Maximum

Water 

year

1944 

1945 

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951

1Q59

Date

Anr* 19 1 Q4.4

May 17, 18, 1945 ----

Tnno 1 ^ 1 Qd.fi

A r, O1 1 Q47

Feb. 28, 29, 1948----

Tan 1 Q 1 Q4Q

A nT, A 1 QCft

July 10, 1951-- ---

Jnno 1R 1QCL9 _-_-_-_

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.90 

4.80 

4. 52 

4.71 

4. 58 

4.64 

4. 64 

4.42

4 9.0

Minimum

Date

Sept. 

Nov. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Nov.

Aurr

26, 1944----

9 1 Q44 _____

28-30, 1946- 

14-17, 1946 - 

12-17, 1947 -- 

29, 1948 ---- 

1, 2, 1949 --- 

6-8, 1950----

7 R 1Q59. -_-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

*3.04 

*3.06 

3.06 

2.90 

3. 18 

*3. 16 

3.36 

3.46

3 49.

* Estimated
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 105

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-52

Water 

year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

10

12

8

15

6

5

14

8

Total 

days of 

cover

72

81

95

106

62

43

101

62

Period

Dec. 14, 1943, to Feb. 23, 1944.

Dec. 13, 1945, to Mar. 3, 1946.

Dec. 20, 1946, to Mar. 24, 1947.

Nov. 30 to Dec. 5; Dec. 9, 1947,

to Mar. 18, 1948.

Dec. 26, 1948, to Feb. 25, 1949.

Dec. 9, 15-17, 1949; Jan. 17-21,

1950; Feb. 1-11; Feb. 20, to

Mar. 9, 1950; Mar. 14-18, 1.950

Nov. 24, 1950, to Mar. 4, 1951.

Nov. 20, 1951, to Jan. 20, 1952.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Bruce Lake

Date

Aug. 5, 1943 

Oct. 12 --

Jan. 18, 1944

TWFov Q___«.__

July 11 --

June 12, 1945

Aug. 20------ 

Nov. 27------

Apr. 3, 1946 

June 5 ----- -

June 24------

July 9 ---

July 18 ---

July 19 --

\r

Cage 

height 

(feet)

4.39 

3c n

3

d Q

4.08

O . ^ i7

3 7?

3

C C

O . 1 \J

4.01

3

C *7

4. 16

3

P7/J

S

CO

3 49

Discharge 

(cfs)

29.0

I

n c

. 4 O

n

o

.01

2

0 1

. 9n<su

O . £i\J

6. 59

Q C

9

C C

1.04 

.07

0

Date

Feb. 11, 1947

Feb. 21 ---

Nov. 19 ---

Apr. 8, 1948

May 13 ---

May 18 - 

June a1*

Nov. 2 -- 

Jan. 12, 1949

Feb. 22------ 

Mar. 21 --

-ripr. £t\j

Mar. 16, 1950

rNuv. <s^±

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.03

o . y i 

Sec

4 91 " . o j.

^ . *± o

. tID 

3rjo

O . O 3

3. 78

3 on

3 co

3

c Q

q oo

3

C"7

Discharge 

(cfs)

4. 11

2

*7 C

X . J £7

in p

en o

bU. &

X \J . J.

& . \j i

0 

11.4

1 Q O

4 1 ^

^ . J. O

3 en

10 Q

4.87
106 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Bruce Lake for water years 1943-52

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Year

1 QAQ

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Oct.

3. 71

3. 15

3.83

3.02

3.27

3.26

3.62

3. 54

3.66

3.45

May

4.08

4. 13

3.80

4. 10

4.00

3.70

3.62

3. 70

3. 74

3.87

Nov.

3.85

3. 18

3.77

3.67

3.58

3. 58

3.58

3.59

3.77

3.62

June

3.84

3. 77

4.01

4.09

3.63

3. 67

3. 70

3.64

3. 78

3. 79

Dec.

3.70

3.29

3.73

3. 79

3.78

3.66

3. 73

3.65

3.73

3.67

July

3.46

3.59

3.64

3. 57

3.63

3.59

3.79

3.86

3.56

3.63

Jan.

3.65

3.40

4.05

4.02

3.94

3.93

4. 10

3.78

3.91

3.86

Aug.

 it A AC

3. 18

3.58

3.30

3/25

3.52

3. 51

3.52

3. 65

3.68

3. 52

Feb.

3.81

3.59

4.00

4.08

3. 97

3.87

3.95

3.79

3.82

3.88

Sept.

q QC

3. 12

3.46

3. 12

3.20

3. 36

3.42

3.55

3.56

3.57

3.43

Mar.

4. 13

3.91

4.23

3.95

4.22

3.69

3.88

3.76

3.79

3.95

Annual

*4.01

3.73

3.59

3.78

3. 76

3. 74

3.63

3.75

3.70

3. 74

3.72

Apr

4.28

4.04

3.88

4.36

4,03

3.66

4.00

3.85

3.82

3.99

Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 107

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

5.0

3. 

3.0

2.0

^ /^

5§ * " Nv^V ,- -"' -S

i

_J

JVj L

\

Vv^

1943-44

^_^

^^-^>p^-^/

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1944-45

r\r

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 69 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 44. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake at Lake, 

Bruce, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
108 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

\

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0

_J^

J^H-^J ^J

Vj^ K M \ f1 s,

f^ ^J^i

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 69 FEET

1947-48

Vrv ' ^v/\^

\.^-^A

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 45. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce. 

Ind., for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 109

£ Y^

1948-49

x-/

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\ T

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3.69 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 46. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake at Lake Bri 

Ind., for water years 1949-51.
110 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951 -52

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 69 FEET1

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 47. --Lake-level hydrographs for Bruce Lake at Lake 

Bruce, Ind. , for water year 1952.

Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 22, 23, 26, 27, 34, and 35, T. 34 N. , R. 9 W. , 

Lake County.

Surface area. --805 acres.

Drainage area. --8. 05 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage at middle of east shore, on boat crane post of 

Lawson's Marine Service Building. Gage read to hundredths 

once daily. Datum of gage is 690. 00 ft above mean sea level, 

datum of 1929.

Average level. --10 years (1944-53); gage height, 2.94 ft; elevation, 6 92. 94 ft.

Established legal level. - -None.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by concrete dam, 

25 ft long. Crest at gage height, 2. 90 ft.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 111

Extreme levels for Cedar Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

1943«

i 044

1 94^

1946

J- CJ^I 1

JL t7rtO

1949 

1950

-L O O J1 Q"i2 -L O O£t

1953

Maximum

Date

Ano1 Ifi 1Q4'?____

Mar 1R 1Q44____-_- 1V1 cl I . -1- O , J-t7^^r 

MQV 1Q 1 QAK._ _______

Jan. 12, 1946 ---

1V1 cljr 1, J. i7 ^X 1 May 11, 1948--- -- 

Feb. 15, 22, 1949 ----

l-fCC. ^'J, J-L7^Xu

Feb. 20, 21, 1951-- 

June 14, 1952 ------- 

Mar. 18, 19, 1953----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

1 4^, «J . ^r O

4 9*3 ^ . £ «J 

3p 7

«J . 1 «J

4. 11

^ VJ fcl

3. 36

<J ^v/

«J . tj£i

* \j £»

3. 39

Minimum

Date

Sept. 27 -30, 1943-

Clont 97 1Q44----

nor> ? »^ 1Q44--- L/cC. «J *J, J- £7""

Sept. 29, 30, 1946 -

Oct. 16, 17, 1946 

Sept. 28, 1948- --- 

Oct. 29, 30, 1948--

/\ug. "', iyou

Nov. 6, 1950 -----

Sept. 30, 1952- 

Nov. 7-9, 16-17, 1955

Gage 

height 

(feet)

°2 Q7

9 ?1

9 97

9 ^R £t . O tJ

. " -L

£* . L/ 1

1.93

£ . ^U 

2/1 C

9 ^9 ^ . o ^

51.96

0 August and September. 

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-52

Water 

year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

14

10

7

16

9

5

6

Total 

days of 

cover

110

100

88

102

111

80

100

_____

Period

Nov, 14, 1943, to Feb. 6, 1944;

Feb. 11 to Feb. 27; Mar. 8-15,

1944.

Dec. 3, 1944, to Mar. 12, 1945.

Dec. 6, 1945, to Mar. 3, 1946.

Dec. 19, 1946, to Mar. 30, 1947.

Nov. 27, 1947, to Mar. 16, 1948.

Dec. 11, 1948, to Feb. 28, 1949.

Nov. 26-30; Dec. 9, 1949,to Jan. 1,

1950; Jan. 6-25; Jan. 27, to

Mar. 18, 1950.

Nov. 8, 1951 to - ?

Discharge measurements at outlet of Cedar Lake

Date

Aug. 9, 1943-

Oct 14------ 

Jan. 21, 1944-

May 11 

July 12------

«J UUc I, larrO

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3. 19

. y JL 

2.95

o . o i

. y a 

30 c

Discharg 

(cfs)

7.48

0 

.25

IK C

. 1 O

. y o

1

e Date

Aug. 25, 1945

Oct. 26 " 

Apr. 10, 1946

July 24------

Aug. 26------

Sept. 23 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.67

£t . O J

3.18

. y o 

2 co

£t . *±^r

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

0 

4. 78

« .04 

0

0
112 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Cedar Lake--Continued

Date

Oct. 21, 1946- 

Nov. 18------

T)£»r* 90 ------

Jan. 6, 1947- 

Feb. 17------

TVTav 1 - 

June 16------

"TWar* 1 fi

Feb. 28, 1948-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.25

2

KQ

2

70

2

QC

3 9^ O . £t \j

"\ 91 O « £t O

O,OO

4 n?

1 37 O . O 1

? n^

3.49

Discharg 

(cfs)

0 

0

0

0

2 no

-.40

T± O « O

at 1

1 n c

9 01 £t « U X

31. 8

1 

; Date

Apr. 19, 1948-

May 11------

May 13------

J.V±Ct V J. LI

Aug. 2-- - 

Nov. 2------

Feb. 21, 1949- 

Oct. 17------

J.V±Ct 1 , 1 j J. <_/ tj J.

May 21------ 

Jan. 20, 1953-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3.09 

4.06

3 Q1

3 ^R O . <JO

4 ?^ T . O O

X . C7 1

3

OQ

3.00

1 99

3 1 7 O . X I

2.52

Discharge 

(cfs)

4.43

79 7

c c c

Q C Q

0

0

19 3 L £t * O 

09

135

8 no

0

Twigs and brush on dam crest restricting outflow.

Average lake level for Cedar Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1 Q43

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

2. 94

2.40

2.88

2.26

2.65

2.03

2. 97

2. 58

2. 84

2. 13

2. 57

May

3.37

3. 60

3. 12

3.64

3.40

3.08

3.26

3.21

3. 12

3.03

3.28

Nov.

3.05

2.34

2. 84

2. 50

2. 75

2.07

2. 87

2. 51

3.06

2.02

2.60

June

3. 19

3.28

3.32

3.44

2.95

2.99

3. 06

2. 88

3. 36

2. 98

3. 14

Dec.

3.00

2.32

2. 94

2.66

2. 99

2. 19

3. 19

2. 74

3. 11

2.24

2.74

July

2.90

2. 98

3.09

3.00

2. 72

3. 16

2.93

2. 99

2.97

2.92

2.97

Jan.

2. 97

2.39

3.45

3.04

3.04

2. 65

3.45

3.03

3.22

2.44

2.97

Aug.

*o on

2. 54

2. 73

2.66

2. 75

2.49

2.99

2.67

3.85

2. 74

2. 61

2.85

Feb.

3.06

2.54

3.38

3.29

3.08

3. 18

3. 36

3. 21

3. 12

2. 65

3.09

Sept.

3 r\f)

2.41

2.62

2.46

2. 70

2. 19

2.87

2. 56

2. 77

2. 50

2.22

2. 58

Mar.

3. 59

3.06

3.46

3. 31

3.36

3. 18

3.36

3.22

3.23

3. 13

3.29

Annual

AO -17

3.06

2.80

3.06

3.02

2.90

2.80

3.09

2. 95

3.05

2.62

2.94

Apr.

3. 66

3. 34

3. 15

3. 70

3. 17

3. 18

3.49

3.27

3.29"

3.04

3.33

TPartial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 113

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

X

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

A

1944-45

Figure 48. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
114 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

A

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\A

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 49. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 115

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

I I

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

""XT"

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 50. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
116 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1952-53

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 51. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Cedar 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1952-53,
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 117

Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 30, T. 35 N. , R. 13 E. , DeKalb County, 3. 5 miles 

northwest of Waterloo.

Surface area. --27 acres.

Drainage area. --21. 8 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage attached to outlet control dam. Gage read to 

hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 890. 00 ft above mean 

sea level, unadjusted.

Average lake leveL --10 years; gage height, 6. 79 ft; elevation, 

896. 79 ft.

Established legal level. --Level established Apr. 10, 1953, at

gage height 6. 76 ft; elevation, 896. 76 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by a concrete dam 

with sill elevation at gage height 4. 65 ft. Stop logs can be 

placed on sill to raise lake level.

Extreme levels for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, 1944-53

Water 

year

JL C7TCTC

1 Q4^

1946

1947

1 Q48

1 Q4Q

1950

1 QR!

1 Q£,9

1 Q(^

Maximum

Date

xi[JI , A £t , X*7*±T:

May 18, 1945 --- --

June 13, 1946-------

A nr 91 1 Qd.7

Feb. 28, 1948 ------

Fp>h 1R 1Q4Q- - ---

Anr ^ 1QRO-- -- -

-Ti^JI . «Jj JL C7 «JU

Feb. 20, 1951 -- -

1V1 dl. *- G , -L£73£

T\/TOV A. id £3 _ ____

Gage 

height 

(feet)

10.58 

9.80

10.03

1 n 7P

10.60

11. 90

12.84

1 n co

Q 79

P AK

Minimum

Date

riUg. it lyxTb -

Oct. 2, 21-31,

Nov. 1-4, 1944-

Aug. 2 to Sept. 21, O i. *

1946 ---- ----

Ana- 9R 1Q47

Sept. 16-20,25-

Op 1 Q4Q

Aug. 20, 1949 ---

Aug. 24, 1950

July 7, Sept. 18-

on 1QR1_ __ _

July 10-14, 1952-

O^f « Q 1Qt;9

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6. 41

6.40

6 go

6.40

6. 14

6

1 n

"=> RO

"=> Qfi

5

n rt

R K9
118 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1945-53

Water 

year

1945 

1946

1 Q47

1948 

i 040

1950

1951

1 Q^9

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

8

10

4

Total 

days of 

cover

-----

104

71 

70

98

*J \J

1 AC

Period

Unknown to Mar. 6, 1946.

Dec. 2-9, 1946; unknown to Apr. 4, 

1947. 

Nov. 28 to Dec. 8; Dec. 19, 1947, 

to Mar. 20, 1948.

Dec. 27, 1948, to Mar. 7, 1949.

Dec. 7-12, 14-19, 1949; Jan. 7-13, 

19-29; Feb. 3-14; Feb. 19 to 

Mar. 26, 1950 

Nov. 28, 1950, to Mar. 4, 1951.

Nov. 20-26; Dec. 14, 1951, to 

Mar. 11, 1952.

Nov. 30, 1952, to Mar. 15, 1953.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Cedar Lake near Waterloo

Date

Aug. 2, 1943 

Oct. 4-----

-i. w IMF * -* > * «J T± i

A nr- 94 - - -

Aug. 1----- 

July 2, 1945

Dec. 12-----

Apr. 11, 1946

May 24 -----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.61

V* * «J

U , *./ 

8C O

6.41

6. 54

6 A Q

6. 54

6

C 1

6

/j O

Discharge 

(cfs)

6.47

£ . O 1 

2C 1

170

* 1 C

3. 59

1 . Do

4.23

6

O Q

U . i *J

Date \

June 15, 1946

June 17------

June 18 ------

June 20------

July 24------ 

Feb. 13, 1947

Oct. 23 --- 

Feb. 29, 1948

J.V1 cl I . £t £t

oept. ^9

1

Gage 

leight 

(feet)

8. 53

7.64

7.44

7

Q Q

6 A O

6.70

6

C 1

9. 78

8

C O

6

1 Q

. lo

Discharge 

(cfs)

98.6

^ i . o

41. 1

w ~ . v/

0

23.8

189

1 £t £*

0

*Estimated
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 119

Average lake level for Cedar Lake near Waterloo for 

water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1 Q41

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

6. 52

6.44

6.87

6.46

6.52

6.20

6. 35

6.64

6.82

6.67

6. 55

May

7.03

7. 26

6. 58

7.31

7.44

6. 57

6.66

6.40

6. 58

6.71

6.85

Nov.

6.64

6.46

6.60

6. 53

6.65

6.32

6. 12

7.07

7. 17

7.00

6. 66

June

6. 71

6. 70

7.23

6.94

6.65

6.47

6. 51

6.61

6.05

6. 59

6. 65

Dec.

6.51

6.47

6.62

6.63

6.92

6. 53

6.90

7.30

7.06

7.04

6.80

July

6.46

6.50

6. 54

6. 50

6.29

6.34

6. 57

6. 52

6.65

L 6.44

6.48

Jan.

6.69

6.45

6.89

6. 78

6.93

7. 57

9.04

7.07

8.05

6. 71

7.22

Aug.

6

G 1

6.43

6. 56

6.38

6.43

6. 19

6. 31

5.92

6.44

7.43

6.50

6. 47

Feb.

6.78

6. 73

7.06

6.80

7.48

7.54

7. 73

7.55

7.43

6.48

7. 16

Sept.

6

/3 i

6.43

6.51

6.39

6.47

6. 16

6.97

6.68

6.05

7.67

6.92

6.62

Mar.

7. 37

7.09

6.90

7. 13

7.51

6.66

8. 59

6.87

7. 51

6.85

7. 25

Annual

&C C 1

6.76

6.70

6. 72

6.83

6.82

6.68

7. 14

6. 77

7.14

6.70

6.74

Apr.

7.77

7.21

6.61

8.04

7.09

6. 73

8.63

6.83

7.23

6.67

7.28

* Partial month or partial year.
120 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

120

11.0

1-

Ul 

Ul

 « 10.0

z

I 90

ui i

ui 80 

(5 

<

(5

7.0 

60

50 

130

12.0 

II O

jjj

li- IO.O

z

i 9-°

Ul I

Ul a rt O °O

<

(5 

7.0

6.0

50 

130

120

110

1-

UJ

£ 100

z

i 9 °

Id 

I

8 8-0 

<

(5

70 

6.0 

sn

OCT

676 _-/~ 

NOV

J ">>-

1942-43

^c^;

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

J

|

J

IA.

li

nl

XJ L\j\V /A

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAM FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

rS~~* _^JVx-^. ^

i

1

i MA\j \ v^ \

-

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT. 6.76 FEET

1944-45

 ^A-^. XA<-v^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 52. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 121

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 6.76 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 53. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
122 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 6.76 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 54. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind., for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 123

7.0 

6.76

1951- 52

OCT MOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

< 

t*

/

*

A

\f vV

ESy/ERAGE 

TABLISf

trA l\ r ^

NORMAL 

1ED §Y t

NjV rfc

WATER

6URT, 6

N IV A ^v v

-EVEL 

76 FEET

_/ ^^^

1952-53

f^^ A, IV. r~

JUNE JULY

Figure 55. --Lake-level hydrography for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind., for water years 1952-53.
124 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Crooked Lake near Wolf lake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 33 and 34, T. 33 N. , R. 9. , E. , Noble County, 

and sections 3 and 4, T. 32 N. , R. 9 E. ,Whitley County.

Surface area.--172 acres. 

Drainage area. --1. 32 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to November 1952 (Intermittent period to Mar. 27, 1947).

Gage. --Staff gage at extreme west end of lake attached to a 12-inclr 

maple tree, 250 ft east of road. Gage read to hundredths once 

daily. Datum of gage is 900.00 ft above mean sea level, datum 

of 1929.

Average lake level. --8 years-, gage height, 5. 68 ft; elevation, 

905. 68 ft

Established legal level. --Established June 29, 1948 at gage height 

5. 69 ft, elevation, 905. 69 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by bed of outlet 

channel.

Extreme levels for Crooked Lake, 1944-52

Water 

year

1945° 

1946° 

1947°

X *J TCU

X fj *I iJ

1950

X J3 cl X

1952

Maximum

Date

May 17, 18, 1945 -- 

Mar. 9, 19-23, 1946-- 

Apr. 21-23, 1947 ---

ividi . £i i , i y*±o 

Feb. 15, 1949 -- 

Li^JLt * ) J. «J tJ VJ

Feb. 22, 1951 -------

JcXLl. £ 1 , ioD£

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6. 56 

6. 14 

6.27

6

f»O

6

/1 Q . 'to 

6r\ 1

6

/1 "7

. 4 /

6

1 "7

. 1 /

Minimum

Date

Sept. 21, 22, 1945- 

Sept. 28-30, 1946- 

Oct. 15-17, 1946--

Sept. 28, 1948----

Oct. 20-22, 1948--

vyn. J. , & 9 j.y±y

Nov. 7, 1950 -----

Sept. 30, 1952----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

°5. 38 

°4.85 

«4. 71

^ . to

4

CC

C 1 Q

cJ . X O

5

0 c.

t> 90 D . £t\J

a Partial record only.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 125

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-51

Water 

year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

5

11

8

5

15

4

5

11

Total 

days of 

cover

_____

_____

_____

91

107

_____

_____

83

Period

Jan. 5 to Apr. 5, 1947.

Nov. 30 to Dec. 4; Dec. 10, 1947,

to Mar. 20, 1948.

Dec. 26, 1948,to Jan. 22, 1949,

to-?

Dec. 12, 1950, to Mar. 4, 1951.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Crooked Lake

Date

Aug. 12, 1943- 

Oct. 8 ------

Fph Ifi 1 Q44-

TVTa \7 1^-___~

A nv 1 H 1 04.^

Sept. 7 ------ 

Dec. 6 ------

Mar. 11, 1946-

May 27 ------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5.74

5

C f\

^ ?5>

6

0 A

6.25

. y o

o . u x

5

/j A

6. 12

. < *

5

n 1

Discharge 

(cfs)

0.43

v . io 

*^ 1 n

*4. 00

3

QO

1.47

* . Io

* A C

9 14

. ob

J- . \j£i

Date 1

Aug. 21, 1946

Feb. 17, 1947

A n-r 9^ -- _

AVA CLL. i?j J. JJ Tt t7

Sept. 6-----

Dec. l-----

Jan. 17, 1950

Nov. 21-----

Feb. 20, 1951

May 15-----

Gage 

leight 

(feet)

5.28

. bU 

600

6. 04

5

OQ

O . Tt £

. DO

. Ob

5 CO

U . OTt

. It)

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

. 54

4. 77

w . ^ £*

on

.07

& . u L

*J . O *J 

1 ^

. i. O

tj . OX

. <JO

*Estimated.
126 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Crooked Lake for water years 1943-52

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Year

1 Q4. 1?

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Oct.

5.80

4.82

5.32

4.92

5.47

5.44

5.45

5.32

May

6. 13

5. 75

5.98

5. 78

5. 77

5.92

6.00

5. 75

5.88

Nov.

 -.

5.36

5.08

5.44

5.49

5.68

5.41

June

6.00

5. 73

5.83

5. 52

5.70

5.88

5.83

5. 72

5.78

Dec.

____

5. 53

5.26

5.62

6.01

5. 75

5.63

July

5. 76

5.59

5.55

5. 31

5.45

5. 72

6.06

5.59

5.63

Jan.

*5.20

5.66

5.93

6.44

6.08

5.96

5.88

Aug.

**> 73 r o . to 

5. 77

5.22

5.32

5. 12

5.23

5. 53

5.86

5.48

5.47

Feb.

*5. 56

5.87

6. 14

6.34

6. 13

5.89

5.99

Sept.

5.50

4.96

5. 37

4.84

5.21

5.53

5. 54

5.30

5.28

Mar.

6.09

*5.85

5.93

5.90

6.33

6. 13

5.84

6.01

Annual

r O. 1 O

*5. 84

*5.63

*5. 55

5.49

5.52

5.88

5.89

5.69

5.68

Apr.

5 on

6.03

5.84

5.86

6.34

6. 17

5.85

6.00

^Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 127

7.0

1-

" 6.0

Z

X 

O 

Ul

X

u 5.0 0

(9 

4.0

7.0

u i". 60

Z

X 

(9

X

g 5.0 

4.0

7.0

1- 

b! 6.0

S

bi

I

O 5.0 

(9

4.0

1942-43

^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

SfiQ

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

J\

^J ^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 5.69 FEET

1944-45

^v |

^

*V J

MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

Figure 56. --Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake near Wolflake, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
128 HYpROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0

KftQ" ~-

 .

r*"^

^-v^^^. Pv

^>

1945-46

V.

V

\

vJ^i^-^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^>^r^ -s» -^\

J~J V- -V ^\J

AVERAC 

ESTABL

^fifX f\ " \

E NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

SHED BY COURT. 5 69 FEET

1947-48

V-

~^

^

JUNE JULY

Figure 57. --Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake near Wolflake, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 129

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

£

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 569 FEET

1950-51

JUNE JULY

Figure 58. --Lake -level hydrographs for Crooked Lake near Wolflake, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
130 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

7.0

u 

u 

n- 6.0

z 

H" ! 

o

UJ

X

UJ 5.0 

0 

<

o

4.0

~/*-J

rs.- r^ f^^^

/s -^xJ\

V .r^^

s J S

W

\ /\/\

V >l

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 5.69 FEET

1951 -52

 AV/>J

^Vrt

X^-x

MAY JUNE

Figure 59. --Lake-level hydrographs for Crooked Lake near Wolflake, Ind., for water year 1952.

Flint Lake near Valparaiso, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 6, T. 35 N., R. 5 W., and sec. 1, T. 35N.,R. 

6 W., Porter County, 3. 2 miles northeast of Valparaiso.

Surface area. --86. 0 acres.

Drainage area. --2. 88 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1946 to September 1953.

Gage. --Float type gage inside the water plant. Gage read to

hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 780.00 ft above mean 

sea level, datum of 1929. Prior to Mar. 26, 1950, staff gage 

in front of waterworks at same datum.

Average lake level. --7 years; gage height, 17. 69 ft; elevation, 

797. 69 ft.

Established legal level. - -None.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by bed of outlet channel ditch.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 131

Extreme levels for Flint Lake, 1947-53

Water 

year

1947 

1948

i. J7*± J7

1950 

1951

1952

1 oUO

Maximum

Date

d UflfcJ O, IcJrt 1

May 19,20, 1948 ----

May 27, 1949 -------

Apr. 5, 1950 -------

May 13-15, 1951 ----

Jan. 20, 1952- - 

May 26, 1953 -------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

£i\J . ft (

19.58

x i . & &

20.84 

20.03

20.40

IB. 34

Mar. 

Feb.

Dec.

Dec. 

Dec.

Sept.

Sept.

Minimum

Date

£>£t t 63) iy^t i 

15, 1948----

^a, iy±o

C7, X U, i. t3*± £7

1,2, 1950---

<3U, IS <j£> 

ou, iy oo 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

iU. £it

*12.97

12. 59

i. <j, i u 

16.69

17.40

1 O. <i<J

*Established.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1947-53

Water 

year

1947

1948 

1949 

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

13i

B| 

6*

13

7

---

Total 

days of 

cover

106

101 

81

91

92

----

Period

Dec. 19, 1946,to Apr. 3, 1947.

Dec. 11, 1947, to Mar. 20, 1948. 

Dec. 20, 1948, to Mar. 10-, 1949. 

°Dec. 9, 1949, to Mar. 25, 1950.

Dec. 5, 1950, to Mar. 5, 1951.

Dec. 15, 1951, to Mar. 15, 1952.

Mar. 7, 1953 to-?

0 Lake open for intermittent periods. '

Discharge measurements at outlet of Flint Lake

Date

Sept. 23, 1946

Oct. 21-----

Nov. 18- -

l^tJv-. £t\J

n^r> 97----- L-ftJv- . £t I

npr ?1 -----

Jan. 6, 1947

Gage 

height 

(feet)

18.27

1 n c 1

i. i . £t i

ic 07

16. 70

1C C C

16. 57

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

0 

0

0

0

0

0

Date

Feb. 17, 1947-

TT'«l~ 1 C

Apr. 7------

May 1------

Sept. 23------

Dec. 16------

Nov. 3, 1948-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

16.36

i o. y o

18. 14

i o . y o

io.£(

15.07

14.28

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

0

n

1.44

0

0

0
132 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Flint Lake for water years 1946-53

Year

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

17.62

16. 59

14. 82

16. 59

17.58

19.39

16.89

17.07

May

19. 75

18.99

17. 71

19.99

19.80

19.86

18. 11

19. 17

Nov.

17.26

15.67

13. 73

16.06

16.86

19. 73

16.42

16. 53

June

19.98

19.03

17.63

19.95

19. 58

19.67

17. 90

19. 11

Dec.

16. 77

14.87

12. 73

16.41

16. 90

19.99

16.33

16. 29

July

19.25

18.40

17.23

19.50

19. 18

19. 11

17.28

18. 56

Jan.

16.42

14.42

12.94

18.65

17. 31

20. 27

16.95

16. 71

Aug.

sit 1 Q "7Q

18.36

17.44

16.99

18. 91

19. 17

18.45

16. 58

18.08

Feb.

16.49

13.56

14.09

19.64

17.40

20.09

17.35

16. 95

Sept.

1 Q QQ

17.56

16.06

16.87

18.26

19. 12

17. 77

15. 55

17.45

Mar.

15.65

16.39

15.43

20.24

18. 10

19.95

17. 94

17.67

Annual

*18. 56

17.80

16. 63

15. 63

18.73

18.34

19.53

17. 11

17. 69

Apr.

18.42

17.98

17.33

20. 61

19.08

20.06

18. 08

18.79

^Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 133

200

190

1-

u- ISO

Z

(-"

5 I7 °

uj

I

id 160 ia 

<

ia

150 

14 0

13.0 

21.0

20.0 

190

^ 18.0

Z

I 170

ui

i

y leo

ia 

15.0

14.0

13.0 

21 0

20.0

19.0

K

£ 18.0 

Z

i |7 °

UJ I

y 16.0

ia

150

14.0 

13 O

1945-46

- -^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

v.-^

\A^N^J^\ I

vj

r

/

~J~ x

1946-47

xs

\"x

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

s.

V

\

V,

\r

f

^

r

1947-48

\

N

\

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 60. --Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, 

Ind., for water years 1946-48.
134 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV >QEC__x^<h«cf<l FEB MAR APR MAV JUNE JULV AUG SEP

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULV AUG SEPT

1950-5

?r

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUNE JULV AUG SEPT

Figure 61. --Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, 

Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 135

20.0

19.0

1-

Ul 

Ul

u. 18.0

z

i "-o

ui

I

u 16.0 (9

0 

15.0

14.0 

13.0

^rW~

J~ r^ «J~'r"'

V/^

1951 - 52

V

\

^X

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

20.0 

19.0 

18.0 

17.0 

16.0 

15.0 

14.0 

I.1O

\

\

^ s^S

J~ ^

_-^-

x^-

^

\ ys. 1 V

1952-53

-^

N

^

^X

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 62. --Lake-level hydrographs for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, 

Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
136 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 21, 22, 27, 28, 33 and 34, T. 36 N. , R 14 E. ,

Steuben County.

Surface area. --765 acres.(USGS topographic maps, surveyed in 

1938).

Drainage area. --12. 8 sq mi (determined from the same maps). 

Records available. --July 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage attached to concrete wing wall of south abutment of control dam on south outlet at southeastern corner of 

lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 

890.00 ft above mean sea level, unadjusted.

Average level. --10 yearsigage height,8. 37 ft; elevation, 898.37ft.

Established legal level. --Established July 3, 1947, at gage height 

8. 38 ft, elevation,898.83 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake has two outlets about 800 ft apart. 

One outlet has concrete dam with fixed crest, the other a concrete dam with movable flood gates.

Extreme lake levels for Hamilton Lake, 1944-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1944 

1945

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952 

1953

Date

.ri^JI t * *-*> J.y*±*±

May 18, 1945-------

Feb. 21, 1946 ------

rr ^JI. <£ !-, J-^/11

Feb. 20, 1948 ------

-L O LJ ± \J 9 J-iJ*X<_/

Feb. 22, 1951 ------

May 26, 1952-------

May 26, 1953-------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9.35 

9. 55

8. 75 

9. 51 

9. 36 

9. .26 

9. 68 

9. 32 

9.08 

*8. 62

Minimum

Date

«?ont 99 97 1Q44- OCJJt. £* £» £* If AC?*!*!

Oct. 22 to Nov. 3,

i. &*± O

Sept. 8,9,29, 1946 

Oct. 14-16, 1946-- 

Sept. 20, 1948---- 

Oct. 21-30, 1949 - 

Oct. 1, 2, 1950 --- 

Sept. 29, 30, 1951- 

Sept. 30, 1952---- 

Jan. 4-9, 1953----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

7. 61

7. 81 

7. 67 

7. 55 

7. 78 

7. 88 

8. 12 

8.22 

7.97 

7. 27

^Estimated.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 137

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-51

Water 

year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

10

____

____

ni

25

6

____

15

Total 

days of 

cover

75

____

94

129

97

____

____

____

Period

Dec. 16, 1943, to Feb. 28, 1944

Dec. 6, 1944,to-?

Dec. 1, 1945, to Mar. 4, 1946.

Nov. 29, 1946, to Apr. 6, 1947.

Nov. 30, to Dec. 6; Dec. 22, 1947,

to Mar. 21, 1948.

Dec. 9, 1950, to-?

Discharge measurements at outlet of Hamilton Lake

Date

July 30, 1943-

Feb. 10, 1944-

A nv 9 A - - 

Aug. l------ 

May 1, 1945- 

June 29------

O tip L . *±

May 24, 1946-

July 24------

Dec. 5------

-L ^ U. *** ) J. t7 T. I

Nov. 2, 1950-

Nov. 16------

Jan. 24, 1951-

.tt.pr . j.^

May 8------

June 6 ----- -

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.41

8

0 1

8 on

2 CO

7 Q°.

8.45

L) . ^ O

8

9 1

o . o &

. 1 O

1 . C7 O

8 A C

8

07

8

rr o

8 CO

. oU

S

CO

8

/1 C . 4b

Discharge 

(cfs)

5.05

1. 10 

3 no

 "- Q r\ r\r\

« o f°\

8. 12

O . C/ i

.07

2 on

0

0

5

O *7

6 no

oc C

£i\J . J.

UO . £/

10 c

3

CC

Date

July 12, 1951-

.Ti.U.g. t? 

\^J^ L <J

Dec. 14------

Feb. 12, 1952- 

Mar. 26------

Nov. 13------

Jan. 8, 1953-

Jan. 30 ------

1V^ CL 1 . .* \J

ripl. &

rt.pr. £o -----

May 19------

June 17------

rt.Ug. O

Sept. 1 -

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.83

8

00

8

q 1

8

q c

8

C 1

8.68

8

CQ

7 Q?

8 9ft

8.40

8.44

8

C 1

8

C 1

8.47

8

C7

. ^y

8

0 0

. uo

Discharge 

(cfs)

38.4

A . 1C?

9Q

9 97

1 9 Q

31. 9 

?? n

0 

1.07

5 ft 7

J. 1^7 U . 1

9Q ft

9 O C

1 ft Q

°,9 4.

*. 3

8 CO

0

^Estimated.
138 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Hamilton Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1 Q43

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

8.32

7.86

8.25

7.65

8.25

7.90

8. 33

8.42

8.35

7.73

8. 11

May

8.65

8.80

8.34

8.69

8.62

8.43

8. 51

8.66

8. 56

8. 54

8.58

Nov.

8.42

7. 97

8. 33

7.89

8. 38

8. 18

8.30

8. 54

8.51

7.44

8.20

June

8.38

8. 53

8.35

8.68

8.41

8.47

8.47

8. 55

8. 52

8.37

8.47

Dec.

8.36

8. 16

8.38

8.07

8.50

8.36

8. 52

8. 70

8.65

7.45

8.32

July

*Q AC\

8.09

8.37

8.21

8. 30

8.32

8.39

8.48

8. 55

8.33

8.27

8.34

Jan.

8.35

8.34

8.48

8.42

8. 50

8.65

8.89

8. 64

8. 78

7.32

8.44

Aug.

8

QQ

7.82

8.27

7.90

8. 14

8. 18

8.26

8. 33

8.41

8. 24

8.20

8. 19

Feb.

8. 50

8.45

8.49

8.47

8. 60

8.70

8.69

8. 75

8. 61

7.49

8.48

Sept.

8 3^

7.67

8. 17

7. 73

8.27

7.89

8. 15

8.49

8.30

8. 15

7.93

8. 10

Mar.

8.64

8.64

8.50

8.56

8.75

8.49

8.85

8.70

8.68

7.93

8.57

Annual

#8 34

8.33

8.35

8.28

8.33

8.42

8.37

8.56

8.58

8.50

7.93

8.37

Apr.

8.77

8.68

8. 36

8.86

8.62

8.48

8.91

8. 68

8.68

8.49

8.65

# Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 139

1942-43

JULY AUO

ti

bj IL. 9.0

z

fe"

1943-44

MAY JUNE JULY

AVERA6C NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8.83 FEET

MAY JUNE JULY AUO SEPT

Figure 63. --Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
140 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

t

111

U. 9.O

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEE MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^H

s^X^~

/v%/ ^-> r~^^>.

-f(v

*J

^ V\.

(\ A ^rvv

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8 83 FEET

1947-48

 \Sv**"\^

^^

JUNE JULY

Figure 64. --Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 141

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 8.83 FEET

Figure 65. --Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
142 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951-52

MAY JUNE

V

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, BBS FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 66. --Lake-level hydrographs for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 143

Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 29, 30, 31 and 32, T. 38 N. ,R. 13 E., and sec. 

5, T. 37N.,R. 13 E., Steuben County.

Surface area. --346 acres (determined from USGS topographic 

maps, surveyed in 1939).

Drainage area. --470 sq mi (determined from the same maps).

Records available. --October 1945 to September 1953. January 

1937 to December 1943,weekly readings by the Northern 

Indiana Public Service Company.

Gage. --Staff gage bolted to northwest wingwall of outlet dam at 

western end of lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. 

Datum of gage is 960. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 

1929. Prior to Oct. 9, 1945, reference point.

Average level. --8 years;gage height,4. 73 ft; elevation,964. 73 ft.

Established legal level. --Established July 3, 1947, at gage height 

at 4. 66 ft, elevatioa 964. 66 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by concrete fixedcrest dam and culvert type sluice gate. The concrete dam is 

23 ft 1^ in long with a crest at gage height 4. 67 ft. The adjustable metal sluice gate, width 3 ft 9 in and height 5 ft, is 

opened only during periods of high stages to release excess 

water. These structures control the levels of Jimerson Lake; 

Lake James, 2| mi upstream; Snow Lake, 4 mi upstream; 

and has a decided effect on the level of Big and Little Otter 

Lake.
144 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme lake levels for Jimerson Lake, 1937-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1937" 

19386 

19396 

1940*

1941a 

19426 

1943 

1944 

1945 

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952 

1953

Date

 Apr. 29, 1937-----

Feb. 24, 1938----- 

Mar. 2, 18, 1939 --

June 27, 1940-----

Feb. 12, 1941----- 

Mar. 19, 1942 ---- 

May 21, 27, 1943 -- 

Mar. 17, 18, 19, 1944 

May 23, 1945 ----- 

Mar. 12, 1946 ----

Any 9R 1 Q47- - -

Dec. 12, 1947-----

TPoV-i 91 1 QAQ

A r>v> 7 1 Qf\n

July 14-16, 1951--- 

May 30, 31, 1952 -- 

Apr. 30, 1953---

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5.44 

5. 12 

5. 31 

5.18

5.06 

5.62 

c6.48 

c 5. 54 

-5.86 

5.17 

5. 55 

5. 15 

5.32 

6.00 

5.48 

5.20 

4.98

Minimum

Date

Sept. 16, 1937- 

Jan. 20, 1938----- 

Nov. 17, Dec. 1, 1938 

Jan. 11, Feb. 1-29,

JL O^\J

June 9, 1941 ------ 

Jan. 22, 29, 1942--- 

Sept. 2, 1943 ----- 

Sept. 15, 1944-----

Feb. 10, 1945----~ 

Sept. 16-22, 1946 --

Oct. 13-17, 1946--- 

Feb. 16, 17, 1948-" 

Oct. 4-7, 1948 ---- 

Sept. 30, 1950 

Oct. 5-10, 1950 ---

ii fc) L . ^t, io\}£i

Sept. 14-16, 1953 --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

«4.06 

63. 98 

64.06

63. 73 

a4. 19 

64.29 

C 4.56 

C4. 17 

C 3.69 

3.85 

3. 81 

3. 71 

4.22 

4.35 

4.08 

4. 54 

4.37

* Weekly readings imcomplete year.

6 Weekly readings.

e From James Lake at Lake James record.

Ice. --Ice, 6 inches thick, was reported on Jimerson Lake in 

1949 and again in 1951. The ice cover in 1949 remained for 

a period of 50 days, from Dec. 18, 1948, to Feb. 5, 1949.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 145

Discharge measurements at outlet of Jimerson Lake

Date

Oct. 9, 1945-

Anr Q 1Q4RMay 21- --

July 24 ------

Nov. 23 ------ 

Feb. 14, 1947-

Ton R 1 Q4Q -

Feb. 17 ------

OtJfJl . J. O

Dec. 7------

Ort 1 Q 1 QRflNov. 15 ------

Jan. 24, 1951-

A nr- 1 1 ------

May 2------

Tiil-v 11

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4. 95

4. R^

T . «j i

4 R7 T . ij i 

4. 9R ^t . £t O

^ VJ t7

R 01

4. 76

. £* i

4.60

4. 84 

4. Rfl

4. 60

4.47

4. 71 

51 3

5.00

R 38

Discharg 

(cfs)

58.4

QQ C

u . ij D

9 4.9

11. 7

O . t? &

AC. C

OQ 7

£t O . o

5

0 n

99 Q

n

o

50. 5 

76.2

n c 1

1 37

R7 4

141

1

9 Date

Aug. 9, 1951-

q/aj-if c

Nov. 17--- -,

Ju/tJU . £t L 

Mar. 26, 1952- 

Nov. 14------

DPP 10 ______

Jan. y, iyoo 

Jan. 30 ------

Mar. 10 ------

A r>y *?

r\pr. ^*± 

May 19 ---

June 15 ------

July 8 - - - -

A n rf ^

Sept. 1 -----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.44

4 RS

4

r?C

5.00

rr » t? O

4. 74 

4 R7

4 7R

rt . O O

rt . C7rt

rr , C7U 

4 ftR

^ . ^ ^

4. 77

4. 61 

4 R1 rt . 0 1 

4C Q

4 4^

Discharge 

(cfs)

56.4

Q 7 R

L £t , O

\J O . J. 

RQ 8

y o. t 

1 3 Q

94. fi

o j. . u

o y . o

47.4 

44 9

rr X . £7

41.5

10. 5

5

QR

179

1 O C
146 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake legal for Jimerson Lake for water years 1937-53

Year

1 QQ7 i yo i 

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1 Q4 ei i. C7TZ U

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1 QAA lyrrrr 

1 Q4 ei X C7TZ U

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*4. 25

*4.48

*4.34

*4.35

*4.05

*4. 66

~kA QO ^*±. O£i

4.94

3.92

4. 75

4.25

4.90

4.31

4.78

4.56

4.49

May

*5. 15

*4. 51

*5.00

*4.70

*4. 31

*4. 86

*5. 64

4.36

5.01

4.76

4.90

5.31

5.08

4.91

4. 78

4.89

Nov.

*4.08

*4. 22

*4. 14

*4.45

*4.30

*4.84

#4 * Q4\J *

4.78

4.58

4. 70

4. 70

4.81

4. 55

4.99

4.62

4. 58

June

*5.07

*4. 79

*4.91

*4. 96

*4.21

*4. 66

*5. 16

4. 59

4.93

4.57

4.95

5.03

4.92

4.82

4.59

4.81

Dec.

*4. 20

*4.21

*4. 06

*4.60

*4. 75

*4. 79

*4.87

4.56

4.80

4.94

4.60

4.96

4. 75

4.97

4.78

4.66

July

*4.86

*4. 74

*4.94

*4.45

*4. 10

*4.77

*4. 71

4.56

4.39

4.29

4.91

5.01

5.02

4.64

4.48

4.66

Jan.

*4. 72

*4. 12

*4. 18

*3.87

*4.73

*4.46

*5.04

4.84

4.82

4.63

4.90

5.22

4.52

4.97

4.85

4.66

Aug.

*4.32

*4. 70

*4. 42

#4.40

*4. 00

*4.96

*4.64

4.06

4.40

4.40

4. 74

4. 93

4.66

4.63

4.61

4.52

Feb.

ik ' 'O. C HQUO

*4.71

*4.48

*3.73

*4.97

*4.71

*4.98

4.66

4.97

3.96

5.14

5.26

4.41

4.83

4.82

4.71

Sept..

*4.21

*4.89

*4.30

*4.45

*3.95

*4. 78

*4.81

3.89

4. 76

4.29

4.66

4.66

4.56

4.63

4. 36

4.48

Mar.

*4.90

*4.89

*5. 17

*3. 98

*4.68

*5.22

*5.03

4.90

4.50

4.55

5.04

5.38

4.68

4.69

4.84

4.83

Annual

*4.86

*4.56

*4. 61

*4.29

*4.41

*4.73

*4.94

 & A OO ^4. OO

4. 56

4.69

4. 54

4.82

5.10

4.68

4.80

4.68

4.73

Apr.

#=; ^ u \J DQzy

*4. 79

*5. 00

*4. 58

*4. 57

*5. 23

*5. 00

4. 53

5.22

4. 55

5.01

5.79

4.74

4. 73

4.89

4.91

^Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 147

1937

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1937-38

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

4.66

. 0 " "

8

. 

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 4.66 FEET

1938-39

'.

JUNE JULY

Figure 67. --Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind. , for water years 1937-39.
148 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

6.0 

5.0

3.0

° B .

 .

 "

1939-40

.

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

0 °.

a o

o 0

0 '

° .

1940-41

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

. .

. .

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 4 66 FEET

1941-42

.

' . 

OCT NOV JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 68. --Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind. , for water years 1940-42.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 149

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^-\

~^_^^

/ \

/

^*

^Xl

.

J^S

.

X,\

^ JS

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHEO BY COURT, 4 66 FEET

1945-46

^

\

V

\/N ^-^y>

Figure 69. --Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind. , for water years 1943-44 and 1946.
150 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

60

1- 

bl

UI

" 5.0 

z

i

IS

UI

I 

UI 4.0

O 

3.0

6.0 

t

UI

^ 5.0

Z

i

UI

I 

0 4.0

o

3.0

6.0

1-

Ul

S 5.0

Z

I 

o

I

3.0

kr

y**'

<*

^^V^^"

r\

\ I 1 ^S

V

ff\ - V

fv

\

\

'

1946-47

t^\ ^-^/

^~

/

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

OCT

 '

-_ ^~^

f^^s

\

V

\ r

\J

* r

/\ /

' V

\ .

v\ , v\

/ \

/

NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

e

V

> ^^/

s-

^

^rs , vy^

\-'^r\^

JUNE

^r

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT, 4 66 FEET

1947-48

VxrS~^->

- -

JULY AU6 SEPT

1948-49

"^

-

^1^* ^,

 v ^J

MAY JUNE

Figure 70. --Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind. , for water years 1947-49.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 151

6.0

H

^ 5.0 

z

K

I 

O 

Id

I

u 40 

(S 

<

<s

3.0 

6.0

a£ 5.0

z

1-'

I 

O 

Ul

I

g 40 

<

O

3.0

6.0

H 

ld

K 50 

Z 

H- 4

55 

i 

g 4.0 

O

3.0

r

^

^sV^b*A^

\ ^y^ p

s/

1949-50

^~f \A^~NV

V

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

J^ r~ 

 %/

/ A> /A/VV

S

f

Y

V

\

V

Hj

f^\ \j1950-51

A /-\

M \/^w>~w

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

\

r~

«-s n

'\

x\ ^^

r^

V

/

S

^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT, 4 66 FEET

1951-52

^ ' *^~~ ^~ /^"^^-^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 71. --Lake-level hydrographs for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind., for water years 1950-52.
152 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

A

__s^

v^~/ w ^^

f^^~r~^'^-N

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 4.66 FEET

"'^V-A

1952-53

^v j> '^ ^^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 72. --Lake-level hydrograph for Jimerson Lake at Nevada 

Mills, Ind., for water year 1953.

Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 1, 11,and 12, T. 34 N., R. 1 W., Starke County, 

and sec. 7, T. 34 N., R. IE., Marshall County.

Surface area. --298 acres.

Drainage area. --4. 74 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage bolted to south side of concrete headwall of 

control gate at north outlet. Gage read to hundredths once 

daily. Datum of gage is 710. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum 

of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height,4.59 ft; elevation, 

714.59 ft.

Established legal level. --Established September 13, 1948, at 

gage height 4.56 ft; elevation, 714. 56 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake controlled at two outlet channels which 

join about 500 ft downstream from the lake. North outlet supplies water to two fish-rearing ponds and is controlled by two 

gates, each 38 in. wide and 40 in. high, located at the head of 

two 30-in. pipes. The south outlet has a concrete control dam 

with sill 10 ft long and 1. 5 ft wide at gage height 4. 37 ft. Slots 

4 in. wide are provided for placing stop logs on sill of dam.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 153

Extreme lake levels for Koontz Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

x 1 Q4? u*± o 

1944

1 Q4^

1946

1947

1 Q4fi

1 Q4Q

1950

1 QC1

1 Q^9

1 Q^?

Maximum

Date

May 19, 1943" - 

Mar. 16-18, 1944"

June 27-30, 1945---

June22-24, 1946---

May 21-23, 1946 

May 10, 1948------

Tt&f* 1 Q 1 Q48

DP.P 99 1 Q4Q -

July 10, 1951 -- -

Mar. 13, May 28, 

1952.

May 24, 1953--- --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5

C O

5.07

5.00

5.08

5. 16 

^ r»9

% 1 n

5 9n

c on

5. 10

5 no

Minimum

Date

Aug. 29, 30, Sept. 10, 

i 044 __________

Oct. 1, 1944 ------

Sept. 20-22, 29, 30, 

1946

Oct. 16, 17, 1946--- 

Mar. 8, 1948------

Feb. 21, Apr. 13,

1 Q4Q

Or>t 191 Q4Q

Dr>t 4 1 Q'Sn

Nov. 17, 1951------

Sept. 30, 1953-----

Gage

height 

(feet)

4. 14

3 p 7

q no

4.14

4.00 

4.04

4. 10

4 34

4. 14

4 9n

4.08

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-53

Water 

years

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

____

____

____

2

10

20

4

5

10

4

6

Total 

days of 

cover

____

____

____

____

100

109

78

50

86

45

Period

Dec. 3, 1942 to-?

Dec. 13, 1944 to-?

Dec. 16, 1946, to Mar. 25, 1947.

Nov. 27 to Dec. 6, 1947; Dec. 12,

1947, to Mar. 19, 1948.

Dec. 18, 1948, to Mar. 5, 1949.

Dec. 15-19, 1949; Jan. 31, 1950, to

Mar. 26, 1950.

Nov. 25, 1950 to-?

Dec. 14, 1951, to Mar. 8, 1952.

Nov. 27 to Dec. 10, 1952; Jan. 1

to Jan. 31, 1953.
154 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Koontz Lake

Date

Aug. 9, 1943- 

Oct. 13------

Tan 1 Q 1 Q44

May 10------

July 13 ------ 

June 11, 1945-

Aug. 22------ 

Oct. 23--- --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.40

4 79 " . 1 £i 

 3 QC

4 ^ . 4Q^ & 

4. 19

4.52

~ 9j\J

4.46

Discharge 

(cfs)

1.09 

1 R3 x . uo 

4 qo

149 JL TC t £*

.40

.45 

.01

Q9

Date

Apr. 16, 1946- 

June 6 ----- -

July 19------

July 25------

Mar. 6, 1947- 

May 21, 1948-

NTrvvr Q 1Q4QNov. 28------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

4.82

4

7Q

4 R9

A 4.9

4. 70

4.26

4

CQ

4.70

Discharge 

(cfs)

2.80 

4.71

1 33

09

3

CC

23.9 

0

0

Average lake level for Koontz Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*4. 68

4.69

4.01

4.63

4.10

4. 58

4.32

4. 57

4.23

4.67

4.29

4.43

May

4. 17

4. 54

4. 84

4.88

4.90

4.59

4.71

4.70

4.68

4.81

4.91

4. 70

Nov.

4.81

4. 66

4. 11

4. 54

4. 55

4.75

4. 54

4.63

4.48

4. 66

4.34

4.55

June

4.87

4.26

4. ,74

4.92

4.58

4. 59

4. 79

4.85

4.80

4.85

4.91

4. 74

Dec.

4.94

4. 51

4.35

4.52

4.67

4. 56

4. 61

4. 76

4.67

4.73

4. 53

4.62

July

4.80

4. 14

4.75

4.62

4.49

4.68

4.59

4.78

4.87

4.64

4. 61

4.63

Jan.

4.60

4. 18

4. 57

4.46

4.75

4. 71

4. 57

4.69

4.65

4.85

4.53

4.60

Aug.

4.51

4.05

4. 58

4.32

4.43

4. 55

4. 55

4.48

4. 74

4. 52

4.51

4.48

Feb.

4.52

4. 18

4.43

4. 53

4. 76

4.73

4.47

4.70

4.64

4. 65

4.66

4.57

Sept.

4.78

3.89

4. 58

4. 19

4.64

4.39

4.36

4.55

4.63

4. 38

4.20

4.42

Mar.

4. 56

4.68

4. 17

4.89

4.76

4. 56

4.67

4.75

4. 70

4.81

4.81

4.67

Annual

4. 74

4.38

4.48

4.61

4.63

4. 60

4.57

4.69

4.65

4.69

4.51

4.59

Apr.

4. 58

4.70

4.60

4.82

4.93

4. 54

4. 61

4. 81

4.74

4.73

4. 77

4.71

^Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 155

\

1942-43

£^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

JUNE JULY

JUNE JULY

Figure 73. --Lake -level hydrographs for Koontz Lake at Koontz 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
156 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

v

r1

/K^^

\r\

1945-46

\

\-~/^-^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^r

^ 

^

.j -_J^~J

^r-

\ IS Xs

1946-47

~->, 

/NN

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

f^A^

^ ^

\ /^ V

i/\ A

V

<J

f

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT. 4 56 FEET

1947-48

X/s/s

-^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 74.--Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake at Koontz 

Lake, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 157

A

1948-49

OCT NOV FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

JUNE JULY

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 456 FEET

1950-51

JUNE JULY

Figure 75. --Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake at Koontz 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
158 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

^-J - r T

;

-/^^s*jx>-^/s^

/*1 t^r1 [*\j

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 4 56 FEET

1952-53

\

X^>A-^

JUNE JULY

Figure 76. --Lake-level hydrographs for Koontz Lake at Koontz 

Lake, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 159

Lake James at Lake James, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 21, 22, 27, 28, 33, and 34, T. 38 N., R. 13 E., and 

sees.3, 4,and 10, T. 37 N., R. 13 E. ,Steuben County.

Surface area. --1, 034 acres for Lake James and 310 acres for 

Snow Lake which is at same level as Lake James (determined 

from USGS maps, surveyed in 1939).

Drainage area. --43. 0 sq mi including that of Snow Lake (determined from same maps).

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1949.

Gage. --Staff gage on County highway bridge over outlet, 500 ft 

west of middle of second basin of lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 960. 00 ft above mean 

sea level, datum of 1929.

Average level. --7 years; gage height,4. 94 ft; elevation, 964. 94ft.

Established legal level. --Established July 3, 1947, at gage 

height 4. 96 ft; elevation, 964. 96 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by two dams at outlet of Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills, 2| miles downstream. 

The lake level of Lake James is generally 0. 08 ft above that 

of Jimerson Lake.

Extreme lake levels for Lake James, 1943-49

Water 

year

1 04^0

1944

1946

1 Q47

1 Q4.P.

1 040

Maximum

Date

IVl d jr £** 9 ^ * » Xt/rtO

Mar. 17-19, 1944 -

May23, 1945---- - 

Oct. 2, 1945, Mar. 10, 

1946.-------------

Anr 9 A 1QA7-- --_-

June 21, 1949 -- --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6

r- c

5.62

«j . & i

5

00

5

Q/\

d . O d

Oct. 

Sept.

Sept.

Minimum

Date

9Q 1 QA9-

15, 1943-----

iu, i yrto 

21,22, 1946--

11-16, 1946 --

16, lyrto

1 £>£>, L<7'±O

Gage 

height 

(feet)

a A 09

4.25 

"4.04

4.00

3

00

4.07 

4.48

a Partial year.
160 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1946-48

Water 

year

1946 

1947 

1948

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

8 

12 

16

Total 

days of 

cover

92

Period

Jan. 10, 1946, to-? 

Jan. 1, 1947, to-? 

Dec. 20, 1947, to Mar. 21, 1948.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Lake James

Date

Aug. 12, 1943-

Apr. 25------

July 3, 1945-

Gage

height

(feet)

5.05

5 99

4 79 " . 1 £*

R 94 <J . £i^

5.01

Discharge

(cfs)

32. 1

a 9R e: £i O . «J 

Q 1 C

11? X i. O

0 13.0

Date

Sept. 4, 1945-

Jan. 10, 1946-

May 21------

July 24 ------

Gage

height

(feet)

5. 11

c i 7

4. 70

4 R4

Discharge

(cfs)

4. 96

a 2 3 4

«14. 5

a oc Q

0 Heavy growth in channel.

Average lake level for Lake James for water years 1943-49

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Average

Oct.

*4.90

5. 13

4. 51

5. 15

4.09

4.95

4. 50

4. 75

May

6.05

5.09

5.40

4. 56

5.28

4.98

5. 19

5.22

Nov.

*5.08

5. 21

4.87

4. 99

4. 76

4.88

4. 87

4. 95

June

*5. 40

5.00

5.09

4. 77

5.29

4.83

5. 37

5.11

Dec.

*5.06

5. 12

4. 97

4.77

4.99

5. 16

4. 92

5.00

July

*5.00

4.73

4.98

4.83

4.62

4. 53

5.26

4.85

Jan.

5.40

4. 78

4.96

5. 05

5.02

4. 86

5. 12

5. 03

Aug.

*4. 90

4. 39

*5.00

4.27

4. 56

4.57

4.94

4. 66

Feb.

*5.42

4. 75

4.26

4.71

5. 17

4. 30

5. 28

4.84

Sept.

5. 16

4. 31

*5.20

4.06

4. 96

4.44

4.85

4.71

Mar.

*5. 30

5.31

4.91

5. 14

4. 72

4.84

5. 26

5.07

Annual

5. 25

4.91

4.93

4.76

4.91

4. 77

5.06

4. 94

Apr.

5. 29

5. 10

5. 01

4. 75

5. 51

4.84

5. 19

5. 10

^Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 161

1942-43

^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

X \

V

/

L-

\

^j

p

J

s

^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 4.96 FEET

1944-45

pv

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 77. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake James at Lake 

James, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
162 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

6.0

1-

ld 

LI 

U.

LJ

I

Id 

0

U 

4.0

3.0 

7.0

6.0

Id 

Z 

I-"

o 5-°

I

LJ

o

4.0

3.0 

7.0

6.0

bId 

U.

I"

I

Id 

U

3 

4.O

3O

\~*NV-^

"^

r\ J \J r\

x, r

^

1945-46

s\

\

^

XA^yv

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

f

f

. j^

\J

p

r

,

^t\

1946-47

V--A rJ

r*

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

-*sv^

/x*~~\\ 1

\J

/

V

\

^

r^ j

v/xAVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 4 96 FEET

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 78. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake James at Lake 

James, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 163

1948-49

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 4.96 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEE MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 79. --Lake-level hydrograph for Lake James at Lake James, 

for water year 1947.

Lake Manitou at Rochester, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 9, 10, 15, 16,and 22, T. 30 N., R. 3 E., Fulton 

County.

Surface area.--631 acres.

Drainage area. --38. 1 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage attached to south wing wall of control gates on 

fish hatchery feeder canal. Gage read to hundredths once 

daily. Datum of gage is 770. 00 ft above mean sea level, 

datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height, 8. 24 ft* elevation, 

778. 24 ft .

Established legal level. --Established September 27, 1948, at 

gage height 8.41 ft, elevation, 778.41 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by concrete dam, 

crest width 88 ft, at gage height 7. 76 ft. A 24-in.culvert 

with movable steel gate controls amount of water going to 

the Federal Fish Fiatchery fish ponds.
164 HYDHOLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme lake levels for Lake Manitou, 1943-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1943 

1944 

1945 

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952

1953

Date

May 18, 19, 1943----

Anr 1 9 1 Q44 ___ _

MPV 1 7 1 Q4R- _ _

Feb. 14, 1946 ------

A rcr 99 1 Q47

Feb. 28, 1948 ------

F^h 1 R 1 Q4Q - -

Apr. 5, 1950 -------

Feb. 21, 1951-------

Feb. 6, 1, 1952 ----- 

Oct. 18, 1952-- - -

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9. 25 

9. 13 

8.91 

8.84 

8.91 

9.19 

9.24 

9.38 

8.94 

8. 58

8.48

Minimum

Date

Sept. 28, 29, 1943 --

Sept. 26, 1944 -- - 

Dot 1 1 Q44

Sept. 30, 1946- ---

Oct. 16, 1946------

Sept. 20, 1948- --- 

Oct. 28-31, 1948---

Dr>t 9 1 Q4Q

Nov. 4, 5, 1950 ---- 

Nov. 2-10, 1951, 

Sept. 3, 5,6, 12, 1^

ic in co

Sept. 30, 1953

Gage

height 

(feet)

8. 11 

6.94 

7.07 

6. 71 

6.49 

7. 67 

7.00 

7.94 

8.00

8. 24 

7.48

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-51

Water 

year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

____

____

____

2

17

3

3

____

Total 

days of 

cover

____

89

____

____

79

95

____

58

115

Period

Dec. 26, 1942, to-V

Dec. 14, 1943,to Mar. 11, 1944.

Dec. 17, 1945, to-?

Dec. 22, 1946, to Mar. 10, 1947.

Nov. 28, 1947, to Feb. 29, 1948.

Dec. 9, 1948, to-?

Dec. 13, 1949, to Jan. 24, 1950,

Jan. 29 to Feb. 13, 1950.

Nov. 24, 1950,to Jan. 20, 1951,

Jan. 28 to Mar. 25, 1951.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 165 

Discharge measurements at outlet of Lake Manitou

Date

Aug. 17, 1943- 

Oct. 11------

Udll. JL 1, JLu/^^

May 8 ------

July 11 ------ 

Aug. 20, 1945-

Sept. 17 ------

 Mr.tr 97 __ __

Gage 

height 

(feet)

,8.43 

8. 14

1 . & O

8

0 q

8

nt

8.45

8

C 1

a no

Discharg 

(cfs)

75. 5

2 no

O. 1 ^ 

CO 1

0 

a !1.8 

« 1.00

7 c.3

5 Date

Apr. 19, 1946-

June 7 ------

Aug. 23 ------ 

Dec 11 -----

Tnlv 9Q 1 Q47- J Ll-iy ££/, JL £/ T 1

June 24, 1948-

Ont 94 IQ^O- v^CL. 6*3 JLt/iJvJ

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.23 

8.41

7

1 C

7

0 c

8.05

8.61 

8 no

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

8

7f\

0 

0

0

«47.8 

«8. 37

a Restricted flow; debris in front of screens.

Average lake level for Lake Manitou for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*8.40

8. 19

7.21

8.27

6.67

8. 19

7. 56

8.30

8.06

8.27

8.42

7. 96

May

8.72

8.47

. 8. 52

8. 54

8. 57

8.48

8.40

8. 33

8. 36

8. 39

8. 28

8.46

Nov.

8.31

8.21

7.40

8. 14

7.22

8.49

8.09

8.23

8. 14

8. 31

8. 32

8.08

June

8. 59

8.48

8.45

8.45

8.45

8. 51

8.42

8. 35

8.48

8.37

8.27

8.44

Dec.

8.28

8.08

7.69

8.21

7.44

8.41

8.41

8.35

8. 32

8.31

8.28

8.. 16

July

8. 51

7.94

8.28

8.08

8.11

8.32

8. 50

8.46

8.46

8. 32

8.26

8.29

Jan.

8.35

7.98

7.81

8. 51

7. 91

8. 30

8. 59

8. 70

8. 36

8.31

8.27

8.28

Aug.

8.60

7.28

8.49

7. 30

7. 76

8.08

8. 11

8. 35

8. 39

8. 32

8. 15

8.08

Feb.

8.33

8. 15

7.91

8.54

8. 59

8. 50

8.54

8. 53

8.41

8.42

8.27

8.38

Sept.

8.26

7.04

8.47

6.87

7.98

7.76

8.01

8.27

8. 30

8.29

7. 59

7.89

Mar.

8.36

8. 31

8.23

8.47

8.59

8. 53

8. 32

8.53

8.38

8.42

8.29

8.40

Annual

*8.43

8.06

8.07

8. 14

7.99

8.33

8.28

8.42

8.34

8.34

8. 22

8.24

Apr.

8.42

8. 58

8.40

8.29

8.66

8.39

8. 39

8. 71

8.40

8.38

8.28

8.44

^Partial month or partial year.
166 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

9.0

1-

u.

Z

g 8.0

u

I

a 

<

a

7.0 

6O

VJ 1 w^^j d

^ " ^-^ r\^ A

^

-7^

^

ikVv/^V

1942-43

A / [L "v

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

 w

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8.41 FEET

1944-45

NT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 80. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou at Rochester, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 167

L ^ *.=

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V/N.

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^:/

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT,8 41 FEET

1947-48

Figure 81. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou at Rochester, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
168 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

[949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

8.41 

r*~* 

,x*t: A.^\

\

T

'V~J'-v,x/v~

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 841 FEET

1950-51

/\^

 v V^ - ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 82. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou at Roches 

te r, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 169

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0

"^~^ ~^s~~~ - "'vw^^*' v^-w-^vA^.

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 841 FEET

l'952-53

X\

N-s

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 83. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Manitou at Rochester, Ind., for water years 1952-53.
170 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Loon Lake at Ormas, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 31, T. 33 N., R. 9 E. ,Noble County and sees. 

25 and 36, T. 33 N. , R. 8 E. , sec.l, T. 32 N., R. 8 E., and 

sec. 6, T. 32 N., R. 9 E., Whitley County.

Surface area. --190 acres.

Drainage area. --18. 8 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage in two sections at outlet at extreme northeast 

corner of lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum 

of gage is 890. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height, 5. 34 ft; elevation, 

895.34 ft.

Established legal level. --Established Dec. 8, 1953, at gage 

height 5. 14 ft; elevation, 895. 14 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by bed of outlet

channel. Court action now pending for recleaning outlet ditch 

and constructing control dam.

Extreme lake levels for Loon Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

1943

i Ofx

1945

1946

1947 

1948

JL y^ y

1950

iy o JL 

1952 

1953

Maximum

Date

May 20, 21, 1943----

-Ti ^J L f JL 1 ^ JL C? TI~

May 20, 21, 1945 -

Jan. 12, 1946-- --

ripl . ^^t, lot I

Mar. 2, 3, 1948-----

J- \*r U . JLiJf JLtJ^tJ

ripr. o, JLyou

r CD. £i*j } lyo^i 

Jan. 28-31, 1952---- 

Mar. 17, 18, 1953"-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.94

8

n c

7.51

6

1 C

7

1 Q

7.16

7. 10

8.40

. JLo 

6. 70 

5.84

Minimum

Date

Sept. 30, 1943 

Sept. 26-28, 1944 

Oct. 29 to Nov. 4,

JL t?*± ~

Sept. 30, 1946 

Oct. 16, 17, 1946 

Sept. 27, 28, 1948

Oct. 29, 1948---

V^C- I . X, £, JLi/'±i7

Nov. 7, 1950- 

Sept. 28-30, 1952 

Sept. 30, 1953 --*

Gage 

heitht 

(feet)

4.66

3

cc

3

C Q

Q 84

3

d c

4.06

 * OR

4. 38

4. 76

4.48 

'3.88

^Estimated.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 171

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-52

Water 

year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

____

____

____

11

10

____

4

2

____

----

Total 

days of 

cover

102

____

____

84

91

94

____

____

____

----

Period

Dec. 4, 1942, to Mar.

Dec. 15, 1943, to-?

Dec. 18, 1944, to-?

Dec. 12, 1945, to Mar

15, 1943.

. 5, 1946.

Jan. 4, 1947, to Apr. 4, 1947.

Dec. 17, 1947, to Mar

Jan. 30, 1949, to-?

Dec. 15, 1949, to-?

Dec. 1, 1950, to-?

Dec. 13, 1951, to-?

. 19, 1948.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Loon Lake

Date

Aug. 13, 1943-

Oct. 8 - -

od.ii* t y J. c/ T"

May 15 ------

-£ *[-' J- > X^^Zix

July 11 - --

Sept. 1 - -

Vj'L- 1 . O

Dec. 17 ------

Mar. 12, 1946-

May 14 --- 

July 25 ------

Aug. 21 ------

Oct. 1 

Jr\^JL . £"d f J.*7ri 1

July 2 - - 

Mar. 2, 1948-

Sept. 28 ------

Oct. 28 ------

J-/fc;C » « t/

Gage

height 

(feet)

5. 13

*± . i)£

4

C O

 Ot? 

6O £

5

Q £J

4.80

. I b

4

00

c>. E?Tt

4. 78

. oo

^ , *j \j

. O 1 

71 C

C/ ^E t*

7.14

4.06

O E7 1

c> . uU

1

Discharge 

(cfs)

3. 67

J. . w O

Q C

£O . O 

OC Q

«J . l/^X

. "O

1 A. O

£i . £l/

A O « ~

1. 70

. 51 

no . uo

0.

&rt , J.

. 1 1

27.3

0

0

 , &\J

1

Date

Feb. 16, 1949-

 IV i Ct J- U

IVi cL I £» O

Apr. 26 ------

Sept. 6 ------

Nov. 30 ------

LvtJL. . £»\J

Jan. 15, 1950-

Jan. 18 ------

Jan. 27 ------

Feb. 7 ------

Feb. 22 ------

 LVi Ct J. J.

May 3 ------

May 24 ------

Nov. 22 ------ 

May 9, 1951-

Nov. 7, 1952-

July 2, 1953-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.98

*j C/\J

5. 50

5 A Q

^ . *Jrt 

5f\ 9

5

OQ

1 . & J. 

7C Q

7 81^

\) , rtO 

6QQ. OO 

6 A C

6

nc . ub

\j . Tt^t

. <sy 

5.42

4. 76

4. 76

Discharge 

(cfs)

39. 7 

14.7

fi Q7 Q . & i

O , 1 Tt

.01

1.01

O . £irt

\J *J J.

*J~ C7

64.4

£t ^t . O 

Q O C

e\ n r16.4

4.80

*± . o*±

7. 71

0

1.44
172 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Loon Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*5. 72

4.51

3. 72

5.48

3. 75

4. 64

4.04

5.04

4.85

4.98

4. 35

4.64

May

7.49

6.88

6. 29

4.97

6.48

6.09

5. 51

5.66

5.63

5.62

5.42

6.00

Nov.

6. 36

4. 72

3.74

5.20

4.01

4.84

4.26

5.05

5.03

5. 50

4. 37

4. 83

June

6.43

5.43

5.99

5. 18

5.82

5.55

5.81

5.64

5.28

5.97

5. 10

5. 65

Dec.

6. 29

4. 67

3.92

4. 99

4.20

5. 19

4.72

5. 55

5.89

5. 60

4.87

5.08

July

5.59

4.40

5.30

4.87

5.00

4.95

5.24

5.38

5.97

5. 58

4. 14

5. 13

Jan.

6.85

4. 52

4. 17

5. 72

4.84

5.40

6. 11

7.42

5.83

6. 28

5. 18

5.67

Aug.

5. 12

3. 90

5.33

4.29

4.49

4. 55

4. 54

4.91

5.41

4. 99

4. 17

4. 70

Feb.

6.44

4.80

4. 79

5.69

5. 57

5. 51

6.41

6.80

6.01

6.08

5.24

5. 76

Sept.

4.83

3.77

4. 65

4.00

4.61

4.21

4.48

5.14

5.00

4. 61

4.02

4.48

Mar.

6. 66

5.85

5.85

5. 96

5.48

6. 69

5.75

6.87

5.99

5.89

5. 56

6.05

Annual

*6.20

5.05

5.01

5. 13

5.06

5.33

5.19

5. 89

5. 58

5. 59

4.81

5.34

Apr.

6. 19

7. 13

6.35

5.28

6. 59

6. 30

5. 54

7.31

6.08

5. 94

5. 33

6. 19

*Partial year or partial month.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 173

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V N

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 514 FEET

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 84. --Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake at Ormas 

Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
174 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

90 

80 

70 

60 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0

2.0 

100

90 

8.0 

7.0 

8.0 

5.0 

40 

30

20 

10.0

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

80

4.0 

30

fc~ ~~/-^^ A

J'

\ r

xT

1945-46

\

^

 ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

- 7 

r^^

'\ r*

J'

NA^s.

x1946-47

\

X'

^v-^-

^J~~

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

~^-^ r^^ r^^ /

V^

\j* ^v^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 5.I4FEET

1947-48

\

^~~^

^

^_

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 85. --Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake at Ormas, 

Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 175

^r

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

r^

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

40 

3.0 

2.0

-N~ 

_y-~f

i\1 ^

^

1^

/'

J

\

"Vd A> \/\

 f

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 5. 14 FEET

1950-51

^j xV^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 86. --Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake at Ormas, 

Ind., for water years 1949-51.
178 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 5 1 4 FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 87. --Lake-level hydrographs for Loon Lake at Or mas, 

Ind., for water years 1952-53.

Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 15, 16, 21, 22, 27, 28, 34, T. 32N., R. 1 E., 

Marshall County.

Surface area. --1, 650 acres.

Drainage area. --9. 48 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage attached to east side of north abutment of outlet dam. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage 

is 730.00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average level. --11 years; gage height 3.12 ft; elevation,733.12 ft.

Established legal level. --Established August 9, 1948, at gage 

height 3.12ft; elevation,733.12 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by 17-ft fixed-crest 

concrete dam, crest gage height, 2. 9 ft. Dam was built in 

1926 by Culver Military Academy.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 177

Extreme lake levels for Maxinkuckee Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

J. t7 i)

1 Q44

1945 

1946

1Q47

1 Q4R

1949 

1950

1 Q(i1

1952 

1953

Maximum

Date

May 20, 1943-------

A .-.y, 9/1 1 QAA

May 18, 19, 1945----

Or-t 9 IQ-d^i ____ v-'CL. £, JLfTiJ

June 8, 1947 -------

May 14, 1948------- 

Feb. 16, 17, 1949---

Apr. 11. 1950------

Apr. 15, 1951 ------ 

May 26-28, 1952---- 

May 23-25, 1953----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

. 00 

q Q9

3. 72

3 48 o . ^±o 

? ^9

3 RQ O O J

3.65

*± . oo 

q 72

3. 52 

3.28

Minimum

Date

v^CL. £ 1, ^O, J.«7*±^i

Sept. 25-27, 1944-

Oct. 30, 21, 1944--

Sept. 30, 1946---- 

Oct. 15, 1946-----

Sept. 28, 1948---- 

Sept. 30, 1949----

^w-'V^ L « £-t s JL <J^<J

Nov. 6, 7, 1950 ---

Sept. 29, 30, 1952- 

Nov. 13-17, 1952 -

Gage 

height 

(feet)

£1 &\J

2 ^4

2.54 

2 *?0

9 1 ^

2 CO

2.44 

2 42

9 7R

2.66 

2.40

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-52

Water 

year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

____

____

____

____

5

16 5/8

2

----

____

Total 

days of 

cover

100

_____

_____

80

89

88

55

25

86

57

Period

Dec. 7, 1942, to Mar. 16, 1943.

Dec. 15, 1943, to-?

Dec. 20, 1944, to-?

Dec. 18, 1945, to Mar. 7, 1946.

Jan. 4, 1947, to Apr. 2, 1947.

Dec. 23, 1947, to Mar. 19, 1948.

Jan. 1-9, 20-28; Jan. 30 to .,'

Mar. 7, 1949.

Jan. 20-24; Feb. 24 to Mar. 15,

1950.

Dec. 12, 1950, to Mar. 7, 1951.

Dec. 17, 1951, to Feb. 11, 1952.
178 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Maxinkuckee Lake

Date

Aug. 6, 1943-

Oct. 12 ---

Tan 91 1 Q44-

May 11 ------

July 13 ------ 

Apr. 12, 1945-

June 5 ------

Aug. 21 ------

Sept. 17 ------ 

Nov. 27 -- -

Apr. 3, 1946-

June 5 ------

Aug. 26 ------ 

Oct. 22 ------

Nov. 19 ------

Dec. 20 ------

Jan. 7, 1947-

Feb 17 - ---

Feb. 20 ------

May 1 ------

Dec. 16 ------

Feb. 23, 1948 -

.T CU. £i a

J.VJ.CL V J. i/

Aug. 31 ------

Feb. 22, 1949 -

-M[JI . XX

Sept. 2 ------

Nov. 21 ------

TVTa y 1 R 1 Q RO -

May 1 ------ 

Oct. 11 ------

Nov. 6 ------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3.40

. y y

2 QQ

? R4 o . o^t

3.00 

? ?n

? R4 o . o*±

O . U 1

2

0 a

3

nc

3

00

<J \J £*

9 R9 £* . \j£t 

2 OR

2 CO

9 74 £i » 1 ^t 

2OQ

? 19

O . XU

. ^*y

O . XX

? 1 ^ O . X O 

3QC

. GO 

3C f?

. OT 

3C 1

O . XI 

2C >i

£* . 4 U 

Q 70

*± . U u

. yu

. 1 1

Discharg< 

(cfs)

15.6

. y o

4

KK

o^t . o

5

0 c.

0 1 Q

Qn c

8

1 S

1 ^Q

8

OC

9? 4.

7.04

0

.04

a

1 Q

*.042 

2n9

10.0

X O . O

O O . \J

. 6O

X & . O

£ £ . ^t

£ O . iJ

a 1.40

O J . X

ib. o

a

c 1

a 74

?R R o o. o

" O . O

2

C. A

« . 60

I

1 Date

Nov. 16, 1950-

Feb. 1, 1951 -

A nr 19--.

May 16 ------

July 18------

»/

Sept. 19 ------

Nov. 19 ------

Jan. 14, 1952- 

Feb. 18 ------

July 25 ------

Aug. 21 - ---- 

Sept. 19------

Oct 14 --- -

Nov. 11 ------

Dec. 12 ------

Jan. 22, 1953-

Feb. 13 ------

IV 1. dl . ft

1V1 d I . £* ^

Apr. 13------

May 5------

June 5 ------

June 29 ------

July 23 ------

Aug. 21 ------

Oct. 6------

Nov. 9------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.80

o . x y

3

CC

? 4.7 o . *± i

O. iU 

39S

O ?  \J mX

2

OQ

2

or\

 ? 9?

 ^ 90

o. £y 

? ?1 O OX 

? ?!=« O . O O 

2QQ

2

00

2

70

2

CC . DO

£* ^v/

£t . 1 U

O . Ut

O . U 1

 XU

O . OU

o . xy

O . u X

O . \J J 

3fkC

. Uo

. Uo 

2 no

. <JO

. XO

Discharge 

(cfs)

« 0. 76

17. 1 

09 o

9S 1

U K . O

21 ^

6

n i

2 9Q

1

QQ

91 ^

1 Q O

9? 9

£ O . £t

91 1

97 7

« i . J 

a K 70

15.03

a .56

. xu

0.

. 6\J

. ou

. X O

X U . £i

£t\J, ^

a !3.8

X 1 . O

. xO

°10. 3

O 1 LI

a 40 » Tt ^

0

o 0

^Estimated.

a Leakage through dam.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 179

Average lake level for Maxinkuckee Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*2.93

3.02

2.62

3.25

2.24

2.87

2. 52

2.69

2.88

2.90

2. 56

2. 77

May

3.91

3. 65

3.47

3.09

3.36

3.47

3.20

3.64

3.44

3.35

3.21

3.44

Nov.

3. 14

3.08

2. 65

3.07

2.65

2.94

2. 71

2.68

2.86

3. 17

2.48

2.86

June

3. 81

3.31

3. 54

3. 12

3.39

3.27

3.21

3. 52

3.18

3. 35

3.11

3.35

Dec.

3.20

3.02

2. 77

3.07

2. 73

3.07

2.92

2. 93

3. 18

3.25

2. 71

2. 99

July

3.50

2.90

3. 16

2. 95

2.98

3.24

3.01

3.47

3.20

3.03

3.08

3.14

Jan.

3.41

2.99

2.94

3.23

2.97

3. 14

3.35

3.68

3.26

3.34

2.92

3. 20

Aug.

3.35

2. 68

3.09

2.60

2. 75

2.98

2.85

3.24

2.98

2.84

2.86

2.93

Feb.

3.33

3.10

2.98

3.19

3.12

3. 11

3. 54

3.85

3. 31

3.33

3.09

3.27

Sept.

3.23

2.61

2. 94

2.38

2.94

2. 73

2.56

3.00

2.88

2. 72

2.55

2. 78

Mar.

3. 35

3.38

3.20

3.34

3.08

3. 38

3.35

3. 76

3.44

3.27

3. 19

3. 34

Annual

*3.40

3. 12

3.05

3.04

2.96

3.13

3.03

3.38

3.18

3. 16

2. 91

3.12

Apr.

3.28

3.66

3.29

3.17

3. 35

3.39

3. 17

4. 15

3. 54

3.38

3.20

3.42

.

^Partial month or partial year.
180 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

T

1942-43

 A

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT, 3 1 2 FEET

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 88. --Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake at 

Culver, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 181

4.0

u ll.

z

1 30

UJ

X

UJ

0 

<

0

2.0

1.0 

5.0

4.0

t ul

Uz

1 3-°

I

u 0 

<

0

2.0

1.0 

50

40

1-

z 

| 3 '°

X 

UJ

o 

<

o

2.0 

I n

\T ^v/"^- .1 ^

J^r^*"^. ^+*-r " -p*

1945-46

 s.

\

N^s

V^/N

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^/-

*w«*sj^ ^

 /^

~^*^-^~~j *

^\AJ \

1946-47

N. ~\~O.r/NN

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^^

*~rs^~*

S ~-*\* ^j <***-/'

-J v V**\ / A\^N/

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 12 FEET

1947-48

Vv^

^J-^

^^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 89. --Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake at 

Culver, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
182 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Vv

1948-49

Xr

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

£ 3.0

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 12 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 90. --Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake at 

Culver, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 183

1951 - 52

MAY JUNE

N/v j~

^s-

^^^

-/

'" V'

~^-\

*s~ r\y*~ ^^"(^ n

V 1J

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 12 FEET

1952-53

r\

^NX^

JUNE JULY

Figure 91. --Lake-level hydrographs for Maxinkuckee Lake at 

Culver, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.

Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw, Ind. 

Location. --Sec. 3, T. 31 N., R. 6 E., Kosciusko County, 4.9 miles

southeast of Warsaw. 

Surface area. --23.8 acres. 

Drainage area. --11. 1 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to November 1952. 

Gage. - -Staff gage attached to willow tree on north bank of outlet,

50 ft downstream from lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily.

Datum of gage is 840.00ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929. 

Average lake level. --9 years, gage height, 3.02ft; elevation,

842.02ft. 

Established legal level. --Established September 20, 1948, at

gage height 2.67ft; elevation,842.67 ft above mean sea level. 

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by riffle about 0.5 mi

downstream from lake.
184 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme lake levels for Muskelonge Lake, 1944-52

Water 

year

1 Q4.9 a

1944

1 Q4.R

1946

1947 

1948 

1949

1950

1 qe;i

1 QR9

Maximum

Date

Alia1 1 R 1 Q4. 1?

Apr. 13, 1944----

MaylT, 1945-----

V-/\_, L* JL f X C» Tt «J

Apr. 25, 1947---- 

Feb. 29, 1948---- 

Feb. 16, 1948----

Any R lORO----

Julyll, 1951- -

M -3X7 95 1QCLO___ _

Gage 

height 

(feet)

£ . I O

5.22

4. 76

4.98 

3.44 

3.68 

3. 58

o. yu

o. uu

Q AR

Minimum

Date

Sept. 3, 1943----- 

Aug. 21, 22, 1944 -

\-J\-> t JL 9 X^*±^

Sept. 27-30, 1946- 

Oct. 5-16, 1946--- 

Sept. 28, 1948---- 

Oct. 4-7, 11-15,

1948 --- ----

v_xC t & t JL \y*± &

Sept. 28-30, 1951-

O^f 1 C 1QC1____

Gage 

height 

(feet)

tt 1 CC

*1.02

i . & \.

X . £i\J

1.19 

1.04

1. 10

1

0 a

1 . O £i 

1 QO

* Estimated.

a August and September.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-52

Water 

year

1944

1 94"! X C» ^ «J

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

10

_____

10

8

6

4

8

6

Total 

days of 

cover

____

83

101

____

52

43

____

20

Period

Unknown to Feb. 26, 1944.

Dec. 16, 1945, to Mar. 8, 1946.

Dec. 19, 1946, to Mar. 29, 1947.

Unknown to Mar. 21, 1948.

Dec. 25, 1948, to Jan. 15, 1949;

Jan. 31 to Mar. 1, 1949.

Jan. 15-28; Feb. 19 to Mar. 19,

1950.

Dec. 3, 1950, to-?

Jan. 1-20, 1952.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 185

Discharge measurements at outlet of Muskelonge Lake

Date

Aug. 5, 1943 

Oct. 6 -----

Jan. 6, 1944

A nr- 91--

June 12, 1945

Sept. 7 ----- 

Nov. 26 -----

May 27, 1946 

June 21 -----

Dan ^ -- -- -

Apr. 22, 1947 

Jan. 27, 1948 

Mar. 1 ----- 

Mar 11 -----

Mar. 24 -----

Sept. 28 ----- 

Oct. 14 ----- 

Nov. 30 -----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2. 58 

1.60 

1. 53 

3. 22 

2.05 

1. 94 

1. 98 

2. 22 

2. 59 

1. 52 

3. 36 

1. 73 

3. 51 

2.05 

3. 11 

1. 05 

1. 11 

1. 57

Discharge 

(cfs)

17. 8 

2. 11 

1. 56 

48. 6 

7. 55 

6. 23 

7. 59 

12.4 

19.2 

1.69 

48. 7 

4.00 

49.3 

12. 6 

37.6 

.21 

.27 

2. 14

Date

Jan. 4, 1949 - 

Feb. 15 - --

Mar. 2 ------

Mar- 99

May 3 ------

ri U.g . OU 

Nov. 1 ---

Jan. 12, 1950 - 

Jan. 19 ------

Jan. 31 -- ---

TV/TO r 14

May 2 ------

Sept. 12 --- -

Oct. 31 ------

Nov. 20 --- --

May 8, 1951 - 

Aug. 18, 1952-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.08 

3. 52 

2. 37 

2. 04 

2. 18 

1. 37 

1. 72 

1. 92 

3.09 

2. 85 

2. 76 

2. 64 

2.42 

1. 59 

1. 52 

2.09 

2. 19 

1. 71

Discharge 

(cfs)

11.2 

129 

25. 1 

9.29 

11.2 

.92 

3.87 

8.35 

69.8 

54. 9 

49.6 

38.9 

21. 6 

2.97 

1.83 

14. 5 

9.99 

4.96

Average lake level for Muskelonge Lake for water years 1943-52

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Year

1 QA^

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Oct.

1.65

1.34

2. 81

1.28

1.63

1. 13

2.04

1. 50

1. 54

1. 66

May

2.99

2. 79

2. 17

2.43

2.42

2. 14

2. 17

2.35

2.43

2.43

Nov.

1.87

1.48

2. 10

1. 59

1. 89

1. 55

1.69

1. 74

1.82

1.75

June

1.98

2.20

2. 11

2. 28

2. 11

2. 32

2.45

2. 16

2. 26

2.21

Dec.

1.64

1.51

2.05

1. 57

2.07

1. 73

2.05

2. 29

2.01

1.88

July

1.48

1.68

1.88

1. 73

1. 72

1.96

1.93

2. 38

1.80

1.84

Jan.

1. 36

1, 51

2.43

1. 90

2. 13

2.45

3.05

2. 34

2. 50

2. 19

Aug.

&O 1 O

1. 18

2. 51

1.44

1.49

1. 36

1.-49

1. 72

1.64

1. 51

1. 65

Feb.

1. 73

1.67

2.48

2.46

2. 13

2.49

2. 72

2.42

2.36

2.27

Sept.

1 X . Qfi £7 U

1. 19

2. 19

1.21

1. 79

1. 12

1.49

1. 68

1.42

1.71

1. 58

Mar.

2.46

2. 16

2.45

2.24

2. 67

2. 13

2.70

2.46

2.35

2.40

Annual

-'- o r\ A

1.91

1.96

2.09

1. 94

1.97

1.91

2.25

2.08

2.06

2.02

Apr.

3.42

2.49

1. 94

2. 62

2.42

2.08

2. 89

2.61

2.48

2. 55

* Partial month or partial year.
186 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 2.67 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 92. --Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake near 

Warsaw, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 187

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

IfAVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 2 67 FEET

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 93. --Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake near 

Warsaw, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
188 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\A

\1

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\J\

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 2 6 7 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 94. --Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake near 

Warsaw, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 189

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 2 67 FEET

Figure 95. --Lake-level hydrographs for Muskelonge Lake near 

Warsaw, Ind.. , for water year 1952.

Ridinger Lake near Pierceton, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 1, T. 32 N. , R. 7 E. , and sec. 36, T. 33 N. , 

R. 7 E. , Kosciusko County, 4. 6 miles northwest of Pierceton.

Surface area. --115 acres.

Drainage area. --32. 5 sq mi.

Records available. --September 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage on north shore of east lobe of lake, at Riley 

resort. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 

840. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --10 years; gage height, 3. OS ft; elevation, 

843.09 ft.

Established legal-level. --Established June 17, 1949, at gage 

height 3. 12 ft; elevation,843. 12 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by concrete dam with 

Columbus type horizontal spillway, 10.0 ft long, and sluiceway, 6. 0 ft wide. Crest of horizontal spillway at gage height 

3.01 ft; base of sluiceway at gage height 0. 10 ft.
190 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme levels for Ridinger Lake, 1944-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1944 

1945 

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951

1952 

1953

Date

Apr. 

May 

Oct. 

Apr. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

Feb.

Jan. 

Mar.

13, 1944---- 

18, 1945---- 

3, 1945- 

23, 1947---- 

29, 1948---- 

16, 1949---- 

5, 1950- 

22, 1951----

2, 1952- 

5, 1953----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.06 

7.49 

6.03 

6.21 

4.93 

*5. 55 

7.44 

6.28

5. 45 

3.86

Minimum

Date

Jan. 17-19, 1944 --

Oct. 23, 31 , Nov. 1,1944 

Sept. 6,7, 1946---- --

Oct. 3-9, 15-17, 1946 

Or»t R 1 Q47

Mar- 14- 1ft 1Q4Q

May 1,2, July 15, 1950- 

Apr.29,30, 

May 1-8, 1951 ---- 

Feb. 21 to Mar. 9, 1952- 

Mar.29 toApr. 1,1953-

Gage 

aeight 

(feet)

1.35 

1.45 

1.44 

1.56 

#2.00 

2.80 

2.90

2.80 

2.80 

2.80

* Estimated.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Ridinger Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

JL 1 Q44 J7*±*±

J.^ ^ *J

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950 

1951

iy D &

J. \3 \j O

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

£t

6

4

15*

2

4

4

Total 

days of 

cover

76

99

93

29

72

Period

Dec. 19, 1943, to-?

Dec. 22, 1945, to Mar. 7,

Dec. 19-28, 1946, and Jan.

Apr. 1, 1947.

Dec. 17, 1947, to Mar. 19

Dec. 18, 1948, to Jan. 15,

Dec. 15, 1949, to-?

Dec. 17, 1950, to Feb. 26

Dec. 18, 1952, to Jan. 17,

Feb. 21, to-?

1946.

3 to

, 1948.

1949.

, 1951.

1953,
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 191

Discharge measurements at outlet of Ridinger Lake

Date

Aug. 4, 1943 

Oct. 6------

Jan. 7, 1944

May 15 ------

Mar- 9 1Q4^

June 14------

Sept. 7------ 

Nov. 27- --

Apr. 18, 1946

May 22 ------ 

June 19 ------

June 21 ------

Tnr»o 9A ______

June 26 ------

June 28 ------

July 1 ------

i/

July 6 ----- -

July 11- --

July 26 ------

Oct. 11 - -

t-f ^*\^ * ^ 

Jan. 17, 1947 

Feb. 19 - -

Ar»r- 91 _-__

Anr- 97 ______

Gage 

height 

(feet)

3. 13 

9 £t . m\J i.

2.00

T «J i

^ 4 1!

O . *±cl

9 7O £ . f VJ

2 en

£ . GO

£« , «J_7

O ^ . mU 1

~ * £i ~

4. 64 

4 *± . nQUC7

3

cr\

O ^ . 

9%£1}

9 Q<i £ . C7 J 

2C 1

2

cn

2 qp

2 np

-J. . 1 ^

I

cn

1 PQ

2.95

-j u ^x

^ . X cl

cl . i9t7

R 17

Discharge 

(cfs)

20.4

<i Ei'} J . J O

Q 84

CO O

^Q ^

OS7 . U

14. 6

1 Q C

11.5

197 L £t . 1 

99 P.

U w . 1

C Q 1

^ ^ « iJ

O^ . \J

£* ~ \J

ic n

8 . 4^*±o

8

7 1

6 on

£ . \j \j

. c? *±

* 1.25

3 pq

24.3

IP 9

CO O

X X vl 

1 Q.K

Date

Aug. 28, 1947-

Ocpl . *±

Sept. 18------

wL. t . ^ v

Oct. 30------

Oct. 30------

Jan. 4, 1948

r1 CD. io--- 

TToK 1 R - -- -

Feb. 19------

May 10------

May 13------

May 14------

XiLlg . X \J

Dec. 23------

Tan 4 1Q4.Q dcLIl. ^, ±\j*±\j

A/TQT' 9 __ __ -

Mar. 22------

May 4------

J.VJ.CL jr JL JL

June 28------

Aug. 31 -

Nov. 29------ 

Jan. 14, 1950

Nov. 22 ------

May 10, 1951-

rVUg. io, iyOi

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.48

2

C Q

9 79 £t . 1 £t

3 np.

3 op

3 qp

3

07

A <i9

rr \J £t

A. ^Q

4 Q1 *± . t/ i. 

3QD

4.46

4. "if)

3

1 Q

3 99

3 1 P.

2 QR

3 m

3

1 o

3

nc

°. "i4 G . d rt 

31 C

3. O4 O \J^t

5.59

G . o^

3.00

 &"

Discharge 

(cfs)

*4.50 

6.90

to a

CO

7 ^1 i . J i. 

4.c i

/J C r\

1 4.°.

100

/j e o

1 Qfl

1 3Q

1 Qti

16.4

O C fi

RI 4

16.4

 JO Q

1 9Q

<i7 "i

^ 1 3

7 <iQ

222

qp R

X ^ <J

7.04

^Estimated.
192 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake level for Ridinger Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

__

1.96

1.52

3.64

1.67

2.63

3. 14

3.21

3. 13

3.22

3. 12

2.72

May

_ _

4.97

4. 04

2.40

4.03

3.37

3.40

3. 13

3. 15

3.52

3.25

3.53

Nov.

__

2.41

1.61

2.35

1.94

3.24

3.25

3.02

3.28

3.43

3. 13

2.77

June

__

2.69

3.28

3.02

3.59

3.18

3.61

3. 30

3.08

3.21

3.07

3.20

Dec.

_ _

1.93

1.63

2.24

1.96

3.23

3.31

3.37

3.46

3.40

3.24

2.78

July

_ _

1.69

2.51

2.32

2.28

3.18

3.18

3.22

3.70

3.31

3.08

2.85

Jan.

_ _

1.58

1.59

3. 66

2.57

3.41

3.75

4.92

3.59

4.21

3.32

3.26

Aug.

_ _

1.52

2,84

1.76

2.70

3. 16

3. 15

3.27

3.26

3.21

3. 19

2.81

Feb.

__

2.23

2.47

a. 70

3.36

3.52

3.80

3.89

4.08

3.34

3.27

3.37

Sept.

2.55

1.50

2.57

1.58

2.75

3.07

3. 15

3.36

3.12

3. 15

3. 10

2.72

Mar.

4.00

3.41

3.83

3. 16

3.26

2.96

4.06

3.58

3.45

3.32

3.50

Annual

*2.57

2.64

2.60

2.75

2. 88

3. 19

3.31

3. 60

3.42

3.40

3. 19

3.09

Apr.

5.29

3.77

2.51

4.62

3.04

3.01

4.42

3.62

3.33

3. 19

3.68

Partial month or partial year.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 193

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1944-45

TOT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 312 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 96. --Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake near 

Pierceton, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
194 HYDR OLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

r

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

aia /

/

~\A^v Aw^~K.

-«1-

V

IV \ A V

\JW

ftf^Lt\.f^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 312 FEET

1947-48

_^~\jk_

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 97. --Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake near 

Pierceton, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 195

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

£ 4.0

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1950-51

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 3 12 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 98. --Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake near 

Pierceton, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
196 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1951- 52

ZK^K

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

312 

'

f~> _r>^y^- >WVw^A

AVERAC 

ESTABL

A/\

A

r J1 ^

3E NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

SHEO BY COURT, 3 12 FEET

1952-53

/w r __

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 99. --Lake-level hydrographs for Ridinger Lake near 

Pierceton, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 197 

Round Lake and Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind.

Location. --Sec. 12, T. 32 N., R . 9E., and sec. 1, T. 32 N. , 

R. 10 E., Whitley County. Cedar Lake lies in sec. 2, 11, and 

12, T. 32 N. , R. 9 E. , Whitley County.

Surface area. --Round Lake, 125 acres; Cedar Lake, 131 acres. 

Drainage area. --Round Lake, 3.57 sq mi; Cedar Lake, 1.62 sqmi.

Records Available. --Cedar Lake, October 1942 to September 1947. 

Round Lake, January 1946 to September 1947. Round and Cedar 

Lake published as one record October 1947 to September 1952.

Gage. --Cedar Lake. Staff gage at east corner of north abutment 

of bridge over channel between Round and Cedar Lakes. Datum 

of gage is 900. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929. Prior 

to July 11, 1946, staff gage on south shore, 900 ft east of last 

used site.

Round Lake, staff gage bolted to east side of north dam 

abutment on outlet, 1, 500 ft downstream from Round Lake. 

Datum of gage is 900. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 

1929.

Gages read to hundredths once daily.

Average level. --Cedar Lake (1942-47), gage height, 1.43 ft; 

elevation, 901.43 ft. Round Lake (1946-47), gage height, 

1. 25 ft; elevation, 901. 25 ft. Round and Cedar Lakes (1947-52), 

gage height, 1. 78 ft; elevation, 901. 78 ft.

Established legal level. --Established June 29, 1948, at gage 

height, 1. 90 ft; elevation, 901. 90 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake levels maintained by concrete dam at 

outlet of Round Lake. Dam constructed in August 1947, has a 

crest width of 25 ft at gage height of 1. 84 ft.
198 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme levels for water years 1943-52

Maximum

Water 

year Date

Gage 

height 

(feet)

Minimum

Date

Gage 

height 

(feet)

Cedar Lake

1943 

1944 

1945 

1946 

1947

May 17-21, 25,26, 1943 

Mar. 15-20, 1944 --

Mav 17 194S

Ont 9 ^ 1Q4^

Anr 9.1 1947 _____

2.42 

2.40 

2.82 

1.99 

9. nn

July 1-6, 1943 - -- 

Sept. 26-28, 1944 ---- 

Nov. 1-3, 12, 13, 1944 -- 

Sept. 30, 1946 -------

Hot 1fi 1946--------

1.42 

.51 

.36 

.62 

.42

Round Lake

L946

. ^ *_t 1

Feb.

Apr.

1 O

21

-17, 1946 --

, 1947 -----

1.

Tl .

74

*3 £t

June

Dec.

Zo,

" ^

J. ^ TU

, 1946------- 6

1. 41

CTb i

Round Lake and Cedar Lake

1949 

1950

1952

May 13,

Apr. 4, 

Feb. 21, 

Jan. 27,

1948------

1949

i & o j.

1952

2.20 

2.52 

2. 59 

2.38 

2. 30

Oct. 15-17, 1948----- 

Oct. 27, 1948, to Nov. 1-

Oct. 2, 1949---------

Nov. 6, 7, 1950 ------

Oct. 5, 6, 1951 ------

.68 

.96 

1. 16 

1.68 

1.59

* Estimated.

a Record for Jan. 23, 1946, to June 30, 1946.

* Record for Dec. 1, 1946, to Sept. 30, 1947.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for the water years 1943-52

Water 

year

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

Total 

days of 

cover

Period

Cedar Lake

J. \y ix O

J. i7*±*±

J. J? *±U

1946

1947

5

9

12

85

69

Dec. 11, 1942, to - ?

Dec. 13, 1945, to Mar. 7, 1946.

Dec. 19-23, 1946; Jan. 3 to Mar. 7, 1947

Round Lake

1946

1947

JL £t

13 95

Unknown to Mar. 7, 1946.

Dec. 30, 1946, to Apr. 3, 1947.

Round Lake and Cedar Lake

1948 

1949

1950

1 QC11

16 

5

3

73 

44

Dec. 17, 1947, to - ? 

Dec. 25, 1948, to Jan. 28, 1949; Jan. 31,

1949, to Mar. 8, 1949. 

Jan. 8, 9, 17, 19, 25; Feb. 20 to 

Mar. 25, 1950. 

r»or> m 19RO tn - *?
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 199

Discharge measurements at lake outlets of Cedar Lake 

and Round Lake

Date

Gage 

height 

(feet)

Discharge 

(cfs) Date

Gage 

height 

(feet)

Discharge 

(cfs)

Cedar Lake

June 14, 1945-

oepi. Cpnf fi u ____ 

Jan. 17, 1946-

Jan. 23 ------ 

Feb. 15 -- ---

A m~ 94

May 14 ------

1.79 

1.40

1. 64

1

/?n

1.74

1. 56

1 ^14 X . i)*±

1 X . i) ^QC7

1.6 

02

Round

3.98

O . <JU

7 19

0

.04

9 49 £ . TO

May 22,1946

Aug. 21-----

Lake

July 24,1946

Sept. 9----- 

Jan. 17,1947

Feb. 16-----

J-i.[JI » & O

July 29-----

1. 63 

1 fiQ

1.36

Cf?

1 19

1

0 /?

X . 1 *J

1 OR

0

0

.38

0

. 14

^ 4fi

11.0

0

Round Lake and Cedar Lake

Mar. 4, 1948-

XVJ.CLX X U

May 26 ------

Nov. 4 ------

TV/Tai" 7 1 Q4Q

Aug. 4 ------ 

Nov. 23 ------

Dec. 1 ------

A/TQT- 99 1 Q ^O

Nov. 14------

Jan. 23, 1951- 

Feb. 20- --

A/TQT- 1 f\ _ _ _ _ _

2.06 

2.00

I

Q 1?

1 o^ 1 . U<J

X C/ tJ

X tJ tJ

1 ^4

1 "S4 1 t_)*±

9 10 Ct 1 U

1 7^ X 1 c/

2.00

£1 X «J

9 OR

8.21

^ . O*J

0

0

2

TC

0

0

0

1 1 n U . C?Q

0.0

4 Qfi

1 "7 Q

R 1=11

Apr. 24,1951

May 23----- 

June 21-----

July 24- ---

*/

XiU.^ , £i iy

Sept. 26-----

Or-t 94____

Nov. 28-----

Tlf*n 90-

Feb. 7,1952

Mai- 97 _---

July 17-----

*/

1.96

1 Q9

1 Qfi

2.00

1 Q 9

1.70

1 Q9

1 Q1

 I QQ

9 14

9 m

I

ry £»

3.41

1 90

1 27

6

f\ rQ 1

0

1 49

1 21

4

Qft

1 Q /?

6

O 1

0

Average lake levels for water years 1943-52

Year Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind.

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

Average

*1. 64

1.72

0.49

1.75

0.54

1.23

1.78

1.71

0.42

1.50

0.75

1.23

1.64

1.70

0.47

1.45

0.85

1.22

1.71

1.55

0.45

1.65

1.18

1.31

1.68

1.73

0.45

1.67

1.44

1.39

1.75

2.16

1.21

1.74

1.49

1. 67

1.64

2. 11

2.06

1.53

1.81

1.83
200 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake levels for water years 1943-52--Continued

Year May June July Aug. Sept. Annual

Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind. --Con.

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

Average

2. 12

2.08

2. 11

1.55

1.68

1.91

1.77

1. 70

1.67

1.61

1.61

1.67

1.69

1. 17

1.51

1.46

1.17

1.40

1.73

0. 80

1. 65

1.08

0.87

1.23

1.81

0.57

1.39

0.77

0.85

1.08

*1.76

1.58

1. 16

1.48

1. 18

1.43

Round Lake and Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes. Ind.

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

Average

Oct.

___

*0. 58

0.74

1.02

1.55

1.80

1.72

1.24

May

1.55

1.64

1.97

1.90

1.91

1.95

1,96

1.84

Nov.

___

*0.76

0.78

1.22

1.56

1.83

1.91

1.34

June

1.47

1.54

1.85

1.86

1.95

1.90

1.94

1.79

Dec.

___

0.81

0.93

1.40

1.73

1.99

1.97

1.47

July

*1.42

1. 14

1.71

1.68

1.90

2.04

1.90

1.68

Jan.

*1.54

1. 13

1.34

2.02

2. 18

2.02

2. 11

1. 76

Aug.

*1.07

0.85

1.53

1.40

1.82

1.94

1. 83

1.49

Feb.

1.61

1.40

1.65

2.08

2. 10

2.06

2.03

1. 85

Sept.

*0.81

0.83

1.23

1.28

1.93

1. 80

1.77

1.38

Mar.

1.62

1.44

2.06

1.95

2.11

2.00

2.03

1.89

Annual

a*1.39

°1. 15

1.48

1.64

1.91

1.95

1.93

1.78

Apr.

a 1.57

a 1.77

1.97

1.92

2. 14

2.05

2.01

1.92

^Partial month or partial year. 

aData for Round Lake only.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 201

1942-43

T

"X;

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\ I

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 100. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, 

Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
202 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

5 20

1945-46

NTS

MAY JUNE:

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 1 90 FEET

1946-47

JUNE JULY

Figure 101. --Lake-level hydrographs for Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes. 

Ind. , for water years 1946-47.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 203

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 1.9 0 FEET

1949-50

 OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 102. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Cedar 

Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind. , for water years 1948-50.
204 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

^

(\ 

A sf\ ^

1950-51

IV

- ; ^-\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

V JN\ NS , /\ r A

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 1 90 FEET

1951 - 52

A

^ ^-^\^ ^^x

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 103. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Cedar 

Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind. , for water years 1951-52.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 205

Round Lake and Clear Lake at Clear Lake, Ind.

Location. --Round Lake lies in sec. 17 and 18,T. 38 N. , R. 15 E. , 

and Clear Lake lies in sees. 17, 18, 19, 20, 29, and 30, T. 

38 N. , R. 15 E. , Steuben County.

Surface area. -Round Lake, 27.5 acres and Clear Lake, 765 acres 

from USGS topographic maps, surveyed 1938,

Drainage area. --7. 25 sq mi. (determined from the same maps). 

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage in outlet of Round Lake at extreme north end of 

Round Lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of 

gage is 1, 030. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --10 years/gage height, 7.11 ft; elevation, 

1,037. 11 ft.

Established legal level. --Established June 6, 1950, at gage height 

7. 38 ft; elevation, 1,037. 38 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake levels controlled by concrete dam with 

a movable 14-inch high steel sluice gage on sill at gage height, 

6. 60 ft. Sill is 18 inches wide and 12. 7 ft long.

Extremes. --The maximum and minimum levels for the water 

years 1944-53 are contained in the following table:

Extreme levels for Round Lake and Clear Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

19440

1945«

1946 

1947

Ic/tO

i *J ^1*3

1950 

1951

L & U £

1 Q C O

Maximum

Date

ividy " ' , A^TT

.rt.pl . ^, J.i?*±U

Mar. 10, 1946 ---- 

Apr. 5, 6, 1947 -- 

May 11, 1948 ----

Ton 9O 1Q4Q ---

Apr. 4, 25,26,1950- 

July 9, 1951 ----

May 31, 1952 ----

.rt.pl . 1 ' <5 O , 1 & <J O

Gage 

height 

(feet)

1 . <J \3 

8Q 1

1 . <J U

7.94

7.77

1 . \J O

7.66 

8.00

7

n e\

I O&

Minimum

Date

Ot?pl. "O, -Ll/TT

1 i V_, l_ . X, iC'^^

Sept. 8, 9, 1946 ----- 

Oct. 13-16,1946 

Sept. 28, 1948 -----

k3 * M I* \J\J 3 J.i?Ti?

Oct. 1-3,5,6, 1949 -- 

Sept. 29, 30, 1951---

Sept. 30, 1952 -----

Sept. 30, 1953 -----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

 JxC Q C

6

O Q

-"-C C Q

6.50

U , I u

6

C n

6.56 

6.96

6

O A

6

C O

* Estimated.

a Partial year record.
206 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Round Lake and Clear Lake, 1946-53

Water 

year

1 X Q/L^ J7 T: O

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1 QKO i. y o £t 

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

4

15

21

9.5

8

11

6

Total 

days of 

cover

30

113

116

93

118

101

87

Period

Unknown to Feb. 20, 1945. 

Dec. 8, 1945, to Jan. 6, 1946.

Dec. 14, 1946, to Apr. 5, 1947.

Nov. 30, 1947, to Mar. 24, 1948.

Dec. 18, 1948, to Mar. 20, 1949.

Nov. 26 to Dec. 12; Dec. 14, 1949,

to Jan. 25, 1950; Jan. 30 to

Mar. 28, 1950.

Nov. 25, 1950,to Mar. 6, 1951.

Nov. 20, 1951, to-? 

Nov. 28 to Dec. 8; Dec. 15, 1952,

to Feb. 28, 1953.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Round Lake and Clear Lake

Date

Aug. 2, 1943

Feb. 10, 1944

.ri-JJi £tO

Dec. 1 -----

Apr. 8, 1945

May 1 ----- 

July 2 --

Sept. 4 -----

May 23, 1946

July 23 - 

Sept. 26 -----

Oct. 24 --

Gage 

height 

' (feet)

7. 13

*-* « fj O

6.85

i . OU

6.33

7.38

. -JO

7.38

7.06

7.28

7.06

6.67

6.54

Discharge 

(cfs)

6.80

0 

2.25

J. O . lj

0

28.1

^t . £t I

2.48

.16

*. 14

.05

0

0

Date

Nov. 22, 1946

Dec. 18 -- 

Feb. 6, 1947

Feb. 19 ----- 

Apr. 17 -----

Apr. 23 -----

xiJJ I £t*J

Apr. 8, 1948

Jan. 16, 1950

Mar. 9 -----

May 23, 1951

July 24, 1953

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.75 

60 1

7.24

. lo 

7.36

7.56

1 * u I

7.34

7.45

7.20

7.28

6.84

Discharge 

(cfs)

0

0 

7.62

*1.77 

24.4

35.0

oo c

£<L . b 

17.8

9.23

16.4

11.5

. 16

* Leakage under gate.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 207

Average lake levels for Round Lake and Clear Lake 

for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

6.85

*6.55

7. 13

6.55

7.02

6.71

6.69

7. 18

7.09

6.74

6.85

May

--

7.30

7.55

7.23

7.44

7.45

7.26

7.28

7.38

7.37

7.23

7.35

Nov.

6.86

*6.65

7.19

6.75

6.90

6.88

6.63

7.24

7.31

6.70

6.91

June

--

7.16

7.53

7.32

7.36

7.35

7.24

7.34

7.34

7.41

7.19

7.32

Dec.

6.81

*6.85

7.24

6.80

6.92

6.84

6.76

7.30

7.26

6.76

6.95

July

--

6.79

7.30

7.21

7.04

7.29

7.06

7.31

7.53

7.21

7.13

7.19

Jan.

6.85

*7.00

7.33

6.93

6.93

7. 10

7.20

7.24

7.27

6.73

7.06

Aug.

*7.00

6.55

7.14

6.84

6.79

7. 10

6.81

7.23

7.31

7.08

6.98

6.98

Feb.

6.88

*7. 10

7.31

7.20

6.97

7.27

7.26

7.27

7.21

6.75

7.12

Sept.

6.92

*6.35

7.01

6.69

7.09

6.87

6.64

7.24

7.06

6.96

6.65

6.86

Mar.

7.06

7.28

7.34

7.33

7.32

7. 11

7.24

7.32

7. 16

7.17

7.23

Annual

*6.96

6.89

7.12

7. 18

7.07

7. 12

7.00

7. 14

7.29

7.21

6.94

7.11

Apr.

7.21

7.53

7.29

7.55

7.35

7.11

7.49

7.30

7.24

7.26

7.33

^Partial month or partial year.
208 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

8.0 

t~

Ul 

Ul

u.

z

1" 7 -°

ui I

ui 

0

is

6.0

5.0 

9.0

8.0

au.

z

I 7.0 

u

I

u 

v> 

<

IS 

6.0

5.0 

9.0

8.0

HU 

U.

£"

u

T 

IS

<

IS 

60

1942-43

\-

^^r

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

/V^-^_ _/ -

 - _ 1 ^-~ X

J^

\J^

/S

p^l

\

V

1943-44

^

 v^

' '

J^^ ^

r*J '

^

)

/

£-

\-

] 

r* ^

XAVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 7.38 FEET

1944-45

^^-J^-^

^^~ N/

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 104. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear 

Lake at Clear Lake, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 209

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

8.0

6.0 

5.0

^

l ^^ J^~

^°J

^,

ri

j^ A\J V

A \ x/X

ft "X^

V

1946-47

\_

/^

^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^v-j- ^ ^ ~~ -^^ }

___ J

U. rl~ \y v S

XJ

A I __ ^x^^'

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 738 FEET

1947-48

^

^^w^

 v

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 105. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear 

Lake at Clear Lake, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
210 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

i r

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

 -^ , 

/-A/V

-OK J1K/v^ AV

A

VS^J

1 s^^J w NT V^V'S'

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7 38 FEET

1950-51

f\ -r-N

vl N J \">^^

OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 106. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear 

Lake at Clear Lake, Ind., for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 211

8.0 

7.0 

6.0

5.0 

9.0

8.0 

7.0 

6.0

-» -»«

^

VK^

/v_.^ *J^

^-^^^-*- __ fc^

r T

X r1951- 52

k_rv^ ^ 1+*. ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\^,^s-V ~ R

YLJT"^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 738 FEET

1952-53

^xr>' V

x^

JUNE JULY

Figure 107. --Lake-level hydrographs for Round Lake and Clear 

Lake at Clear Lake, Ind., for water years 1952-53.
212 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 2,11,12, T. 32 N. , R. 9E., Whitley County, 

6.2 miles northeast of Columbia City.

Surface area.--Ill acres.

Drainage area. --1. 12 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage on extreme east shore, at outlet. Gage read 

to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 900. 00 ft above 

mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height, 6. 72 ft; elevation, 

906. 72 ft.

Established legal level. --Established May 22, 1949, at gage 

height 7. 04 ft; elevation, 907. 04 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained by concrete dam in 

outlet channel, 300 ft downstream from lake crest 4. 8 ft long 

at gage height 6. 82 ft.

Extremes. --The maximum and minimum levels for water years 

1943-53 are contained in the following table:

Extreme levels of Shiner Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

1943

1944 

1945 

1946

1 Q47

1 Q4.R

1040

1 QRO

1 QR 1

1 Q R9

1953

Maximum

Date

Dec. 28-30, 1942, 

Mar. 17-20, 

May 17-20, 25-26, 

1943.--- ---- -

Apr. 11-17, 1944 --- 

May 17-19, 1945 ---

Ort 4 1Q4.^

A nr 91 1 Q47

Fph 98 1 Q48 --

Feb. 17, 18,1949-

A nr 4 R 1 QRO

Fph 91 99 IQRI--

Jan. 27, 1952------

May 23-25, 1953 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

7.54

7.56 

7.44

7

1 Q

7.40

7 ^0

7 QR

8

1 C

7 ^4

7 ^4

7.40

Sept.

Sept. 

Dec.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Nov.

Oct

Sept.

Nov.

Minimum

Date

28-30, 1943----

28-30, 1944---- 

9-11,23-30,1944- 

30, 1946- - --

15-17, 1946- --

on 91 1Q47

9 ^ 1Q4.R

9 1 Q4.Q

6, 1950 --- ---

90 on 10^9

12-18, 1952----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.46

5. 56 

5.44

c; no

^ 7fi

6

n c

6. 14

6

1 O

fi 94.

6

0 r\

5,96
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 213

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Shriner Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

1 Q4?

1 Q/1A

1 QA^t

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1 Q CO

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

9

14

14.5

4

4

14

4

4

Total 

days of 

cover

80

93

102

25

43

69

19

Period

De*n 11 1 Q49 fn-9 L/C?C. » » , J-C/Tt^, \*\J ;

Dor- 1 R 1 Q4.3 trk 9

Dec. 18, 1945, to Mar. 7, 1946.

Jan. 3, 1947, to Apr. 5, 1947.

Dec. 10, 1947, to Mar. 20, 1948.

Dec. 18, 1948, to Jan. 11, 1949.

Dec. 16-18, 1949; Jan. 19-29, 1950;

Feb. 23 to Mar. 23, 1950.

Dec. 16, 1950, to Feb. 22, 1951.

Dec. 17, 1951, to-?

Jan. 5, 1953, to Jan. 23, 1953.

Discharge measurements. None made; major part of outflow diverted to Tri-Lakes Fish Hatchery and cannot be related to gage 

height. 

Average lake level for Shriner Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

#6.82

6.29

5.59

6.95

5.87

6. 15

6.22

6.54

6.41

6.59

6.13

6.32

May

7.30

7.17

7.06

6.64

7.25

7.21

6.98

6.79

6.96

6.95

7.14

7.04

Nov.

7.10

6.24

5.46

6.74

6.02

6.09

6.36

6.54

6.40

6.86

6.02

6.35

June

6.92

6.87

6.92

6.76

7.00

7.07

6.95

6.86

6.84

6.96

7.09

6.93

Dec.

7.12

6.20

5.45

6.68

6.04

6.25

6.51

6.71

7. 10

7.05

6.21

6.48

July

6.83

6.38

6.83

6.91

6.66

6.98

6.71

6.69

7.10

6.81

6.76

6.79

Jan.

7. 15

6. 11

5.46

6.87

6.40

6.68

7.22

7.67

7.22

7.28

6.52

6.78

Aug.

6.67

5.92

6.85

6.50

6.33

6.78

6.44

6.44

6.94

6.62

6.56

6.55

Feb.

7.13

6.23

5.46

6.92

7.03

6.94

7.55

7.49

7. 17

7. 13

6.92

6.91

Sept.

6.59

5.62

6.58

6.13

6.28

6.44

6.29

6.49

6.74

6.43

6.15

6.34

Mar.

7.12

6.82

6.17

6.90

7.11

7.23

7.25

7.51

7.06

7.07

7.14

7.03

Annual

6.98

6.43

6.24

6.73

6.59

6.75

6.79

6.94

6.92

6.89

6.63

6.72

Apr.

6.89

7.30

7.01

6.72

7. 19

7.16

7.01

7.51

7.04

7.01

6.97

7.07

* Partial month or partial year.
214 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

6.0 

7.0 

6.0 

SO

J

IMP

-w

(

*

\*s^\ AU V~/\_/

-pN

^

N

1942-43

U^

Sr>A

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 704 FEET

1944-45

4

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 108. --Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake at Tri 

Lakes, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 215

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

/

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7.04 FEET

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 109. --Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake at TriLakes, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
216 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

tr

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

80 

70 

6 0 

5.0

*\-

^

fX_

/

fV /

N V f\

-S ^

-fV"tf x- -^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 7.04 FEET

1950-51

h

J 1

vvT-

^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure. 110. --Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake at TriLakes, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 217

1951-

£ 7.0

u

"Vvv

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1952-53

£X

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED By COURT. 7.04 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULV AUG SEPT

Figure 111. --Lake-level hydrographs for Shriner Lake at TriLakes, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
218 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Smalley Lake near Washington Center, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 15 and 22, T. 33 N. , R. 8 E. , Noble County, 

0.9 mile southeast of Washington Center, and 4. 7 miles south 

west of Wolflake.

Surface area.--61 acres.

Drainage area. --32. 6 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Chain gage on bridge over outlet 300 ft below lake. Prio 

to Feb. 13, 1947, staff gage on the northeast shore. Datum o 

gage is 880. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929. Gagi 

read to hundredths once daily.

Average lake level. ---10 years-, gage height, 2. 04 ft; elevation, 

882.04 ft.

Established legal level. - -None.

Lake-level control. --Lake level maintained at first bridge below 

lake by gravel outlet channel.

Extreme levels for Smalley Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

1Q4.0O

1944

1945 

1946

1 Q4.7

1948

1 Q4.Q

1950

i» DO

Maximum

Date

A 4 1Q4.*}

IVlclJr X VI , X C7 rt^

May 17, 1945---

Oct. 2, 1945 

An-r 91 1 Qd.7

Feb. 29, 1948---

Feb. 14, 1949 

Xi. k/ J. ~j U j J. C7 ij L»

ir* 0u 99 1 Qc^l

 ! ___ O^7 1OCO

ii.k_* i» ^j J.C7«JO

Gage 

height 

(feet)

 X G

3.41

2

QO

2

QC

3

OC

4.48

' ^

G. ^U

Sept.

Oct.

Sept.

\-XV-- L *

Sept.

July

Minimum

Date

on 1 Q4.'3 _______

14 to Nov. 11, 1944

G*7, 1-Cl 1Q4fi_______ XiJrrvl

6-17, 1946 ------

XO, X i7 , -LiyfO 

Qfl 1'QAQ _______

3

1 Q4.Q____ _ __ _

6

1Q",1_____ __ _

n c on inco

Gage 

heigh 

(feet

01 7-

1.4.

1 *?

1 "3

1.4-

1.4-

1 G.

1.4

1 ^ X . G

* Estimated.

0 August and September.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 219

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 

for Smalley Lake, 1944-51

Water 

year

1944

1 Q4 C, 1946

1947 

1948 

1 Q4Q

1950 

1 Q^i 1

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

Q

3 

10

6

Total 

days of 

cover

43 

98

62

po

Period

Unknown to Mar. 28, 1944.

Dec. 13, 1945, to- ? 

Dec. 30, 1946, to Feb. 13, 1947. 

Dec. 13, 1947, to Mar. 19, 1948.

Dec. 18, 1948, to - ? 

Dec. 15-20, 1949; Jan. 4-10,19-25; 

Feb. 1-8; Feb. 20 to Mar. 25, 1950

Dec. 1-3; Dec. 8, 1950, to Feb. 27, 

1951.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Smalley Lake

Date

Aug. 3, 1943- 

Oct. 8 ------

Tan 7 1Q44

Mav 15- ------

MQT* 9 1Q4^

Anr 1 1------- .rvjj x. _L JL 

July 11-- -- 

Sept. 1- ---

Oct. 5---- 

Mar- 1 3 1 Q4fi

May 27_ __

June 19- - _-__

Aug. 21, 1946 =

Jan. 17, 1947- 

Feb. 13 --

Airr* 9 3_ ______

July 2 

Oct. 30 

Oct. 31 --

Mar. 4, 1948-

Sept. 22- 

Ort 12 4 -----

"Mar 9 1 Q4Q

Ma r 9 ^- - - -

Sept. 7 

Dec. 15-------

Jan. 17, 1950- 

Feb. 8- --

i\/rn -» i_______

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2. 13

1

C C

2

f\C

2

Q Q

9 9^

9 77 t* <i 

1 RQ

1 po

£t . *J L

2 47

1.85

2

OD

1 49

_L . U rfc

2.08

9 1 ^

2 P7

1 po

I

an

1

C C

2.84

2 P7

1 4^ J. . rfc*J

1.48

2 an

9 07

1 55

1 RQ J. . U£7

u . £7 £i 

2^0

9 QQ

Discharge 

(cfs)

11. 1

3 ^iO

9 PI'I

"iQ 1

9fi Q

CO C

8 PO

"i fi7

O *7 C

^O 9

8.90

22. 6

4 33

. vl O

9.56

94 9

64.9

20.0

2

Q 1

2 P7

70.8

c c O

1.01

.66

^4 R

20 Q

3 R^i

6

0 c

1 O C

CC 1

fie. 7

Date

May 4, 1950 

Oct. 26 --

Nov. 14- 

Jan. 25, 1951

Mar. 14-----

May 23----- 

June 20-----

July 25-----

Ancr 9Q

Sept. 26----

Ort 94__ -

Nov. 28-----

Dec. 19- 

Feb. 5, 1952 

Mar. 27-----

July 17- -- j

Nov. 18----- 

Dec. 16-----

Jan. 15, 1953

TPoh ?

Feb. 27-----

Mar. 25-----

Anr- 1 7

May 13----- 

June 8-----

July 2----

July 27- 

Aug. 256- --

<3 Qr>+ 1OC

Gage 

height 

(feet)

2.50 

1. 64

I

on

9 31

2 CO

9 44 £t . rcrc 

21 D

1.89

4-1 T. X

9 0^

1.63

9 9fl

2

rjc

. A «

3.23

9 ^9

1 flQ

1

QC

1

C 1

1.64

1.84 

1 Qfi

9 OQ

2.37

9 90

9 O1

1 Q4

1

c n

1 ^3

1.47

1 45

Discharge 

(cfs)

43.6

4 3fi

8.40

3O 4

4^1 "i

40.7

1 Q 0

13.6

«J -L *J

16.8

3.57

9Q 1

91 O

O oo -i £ O . J.

96.2 

50.8

Q 30

9 40

9 37

3 73

10.4 

1 ^i Q

1 Q R

35.0

26. 6

in c

n 9

3 ^9

1.71

6.90

C R.3

0 Leaves and debris restricting flow, 

determined 1. 17. 

determined 1. 19.

* Point of zero flow 

c Point of zero flow
220 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake levels for Smalley Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

1.65

1.45

2. 18

1.39

1.56

1.50

1.78

1. 70

1.78

1.55

1.65

May

--

3.21

2.58

1.80

2. 56

2.37

1.99

2.18

2.22

2.34

2.21

2.35

Nov.

1.77

1.50

1.84

1.56

1.71

1.64

1.64

1.80

2.21

1.59

1.73

June

--

2.21

2.31

1.96

2. 16

1.94

2.04

2.05

1.96

2. 19

1.85

2.07

Dec.

*1.68

*1.67

1.80

1.72

1.96

1.74

1.93

2.36

2.17

1.65

1.87

July

--

1.62

1.87

1.75

1.75

1.78

1.80

1.91

2.57

2.08

1.49

1.86

Jan.

*1.51

1.70

*2.29

*2.02

2.06

2.49

3.48

2.50

2.85

1.94

2.28

Aug.

#1.99

1.46

2. 15

1.44

1.56

1.57

1.56

1.83

2.07

1.87

1.59

1.74

Feb.

*1.58

1.88

*2.32

*2.02

2. 10

2.84

3.05

2.72

2.69

2.04

2.32

Sept.

1.86

1.4%,

1.70

1.34

1.60

1.44

1.50

1.92

1.74

1.62

1.46

1.60

Mar.

2. 52

2.48

2.49

2.01

2.70

2.29

3.00

2. 59

2.57

2.41

2.51

Annual

*1.92

1.99

2.00

1.93

1.91

1.97

1.94

2. 34

2.24

2.25

1.86

2.04

Apr.

3.29

2.68

2.01

2.59

2.50

2.00

3.42

2.64

2.53

2. 57

2.62

*Partial year or partial month.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 221

1942-43

V

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

J\

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 112.--Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake near 

Washington Center, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
222 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 113. --Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake near 

Washington Center, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 223

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 114.--Lake level hydrographs for Smalley, Lake near 

Washington Center, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
224 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCT NOV FEB MAR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1952-53

Figure 115. --Lake-level hydrographs for Smalley Lake near 

Washington Center, Ind. for water years 1952-53.

Sylvan Lake at Rome City, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 9, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 23, T. 35 N. , R. 10 E. ,

Noble County. 

Surface area.--575 acres. 

Drainage area. --31. 5 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1943 to September 1953. 

Gage. --Staff gage on abutment of first bridge upstream from

control dam. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of

gage is 910. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929. 

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height, 6. 26 ft; elevation,

916.26 ft. 

Established legal level. --Established June 14, 1951, at gage

height 6. 20 ft; elevation,916. 20 ft above mean sea level. 

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by concrete dam with

12 manually operated steel gates resting on the sill and spillway

50 ft long.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 225

Extreme levels for Sylvan Lake, 1943-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1943 

1944

1945 

1946 

1947 

1948

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952

1953

Date

May 18, 1943 - -- 

Nov. 9, 1943, Mar. 

16, 17, 1944 --

iVA u. V JL L> , J. *J ^ \J

d Ullfc; J.y, JLy±O 

A nr 91 1Q4.7------ t\ £ji. « * , JL y± f

Feb. 21, 1948 ------

-L k_- U , JL t_r j JL £7 T± £7

Apr. 6, 1950 -------

Feb. 23, 1951 ------ 

Dec. 18-20, 1951 ---

Mar. 8, 9, 1953 --

Gage 

height 

(feet)

7.44

6.44 

6. 66 

6. 97 

6.80 

6.86

6. 74 

7. 56 

7. 14 

7. 10

6.48

Minimum

Date

O/-»t 9Q 1 Q4.9

Apr. 3-5, 1944----

1>L>V. *, J, Aiy^t*± 

Sept. 28, 1946 ---- 

Oct. 16, 17, 1946-- 

Mar. 8, Sept. 18,

1 Q 1 Q4.fi

Mar. 14, 15, 1949 - 

Oct. 1,2, 1949---- 

Sept. 23-30, 1951 - 

Aug. 3-9, 29, 30,

1 Qc;9 __________ ±\jtj£t

Sept. 10, 11, 1953 -

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.21 

5.24

6.00 

5.82 

5. 79

5. 90 

5.88 

6.00 

6. 10

6.02 

5.80

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1946-53

Water 

year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

6i

12

20

6

4

6

5

Total 

days of 

cover

123

109

84

RQU *J

95

87

89

Period

Dec. 14, 1945, to - ?

Dec. 2, 1946, to Apr. 3, 1947.

Nov. 27 to Dec. 6, 1947; Dec. 10,

1947, to Mar. 19, 1948.

Dec. 3-13; Dec. 18, 1948, to Jan.

16; Jan. 30 to Feb. 19; Mar. 2-

22, 1949.

Dec. 8-12, 14-21, 1949; Jan. 17- 

25; Feb. 3 to Mar. 26, 1950.

Nov. 30, 1950, to Mar. 4, 1951.

Dec. 16, 1951, to Mar. 11, 1952.

Dec. 14, 1952, to Mar. 12, 1953.
226 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Sylvan Lake

Date

Aug. 12, 1943-

\~f \* I . O

-i- v *-/ . * -^ J JLtJ^J.

Mar. 2, 1945-

July 2 ------

Sept. 5 ------ 

Nov. 29 -----

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.28

. lo

6 on

6.29 

6. 16

6

n o

6

00

Discharg 

(cfs)

14. 9

ij . i &

9

00

20. 1

10 O

1 . 1 £*

1 9 1

-L £ . 1

1

3 Date

Mar. 29, 1946-

May 9------

July 18------ 

Feb. 15, 1947-

Oct. 25, 1950-

May 17, 1951-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.20

. Ob 

6.09

6. 30 

6 on

fi R4 O . O"

Discharge 

(cfs)

16.2

I . ij \J

6

QO

49. 2

1 ^ 7 ± O . f 

c c O

Average lake levels for Sylvan Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

*6. 29

6.24

6.06

6.22

5.91

6. 14

6.04

6. 21

6.26

6.21

6.05

6. 15

May

*6. 77

5. 92

6.25

6. 10

6.20

6. 28

6.22

6. 39

6.40

6. 38

6. 35

6.30

Nov.

6.40

6.35

6. 11

6. 19

6. 15

6.22

6. 11

6. 12

6.36

6. 32

6. 12

6.22

June

*6. 59

6. 11

6.33

6. 20

6. 27

6. 38

6. 25

6. 36

6. 34

6. 30

6. 10

6. 29

Dec.

6.45

6. 31

6. 17

6.22

6. 14

6.45

6. 25

6. 25

6. 71

6. 54

6. 19

6.33

July

6.48

6.08

6. 11

6. 18

6. 13

6. 25

6.20

6. 36

6. 38

6. 13

6.01

6. 21

Jan.

6.40

6.25

6. 20

6. 30

6. 23

6.49

6.37

6. 50

6. 54

6. 56

6.24

6.39

Aug.

6. 32

5. 96

6.29

5.98

6.04

6. 11

6. 12

6.27

6.30

6.07

6.06

6. 14

Feb.

*6.44

6.27

6.23

6.24

6.37

6. 35

6.39

6.62

6.66

6.42

6.23

6.40

Sept.

6. 30

6.04

6. 13

5.87

6.27

5.98

6.03

6.46

6. 14

6. 10

5.84

6. 10

Mar.

6.26

5.87

6.26

6.23

6.31

6.28

6. 13

6. 78

6. 52

6.45

6.36

6. 32

Annual

*6.43

6. 10

*6. 21

6. 16

6. 19

6.26

6. 19

6.44

6.42

6. 34

6. 16

6.26

Apr.

6. 39

5.81

6.22

6. 19

6.24

6. 24

6. 14

6. 98

6.40

6.41

6.35

6. 30

^Partial year or partial month.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 227

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

f*~~~~^ ' ^^v~ \-\r^

-fc

^/ N-s

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 6.20 FEET

1944-45

^2

'X

 \ (I

r^r^J

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUS SEPT

Figure 116. --Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake at Rome 

City, Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
228 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

K 6J 

I 6.0

1945-46

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

7.0

5.0 

40

_J

^~NV< _/ ^~- ^

J

V^

-7A I

/\ J\

\ / \

\r\f\ V u \

fU

1946-47

^-^/^v=^Mf\f^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

£20 > *^^-TN/

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 620 FEET

1947-48

~*f

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

Figure 117. --Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake at Rome 

City, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 229

rt

1948-49

*v\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUS SEPT

1949-50

£s:

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^T/l

-

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 620 FEET

1950-51

K

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 118. --Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake at Rome 

City, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
230 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

7.0

50 

4.O

/, __ /

_S^sAVER, 

ESTABL

A^

GE NORM;

SHED BY C

-*~r~

L WATER 

OURT, 6.

^vrO

.EVEL 

JO FEET

^^^^

1952-53

^ ^^ ^-^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT

Figure 119. --Lake-level hydrographs for Sylvan Lake at Rome 

City, Ind., for water years 1952-53.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 231

Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 4, 5, 8, and 9, T. 34 N., R. 7 E., Kosciusko 

County.

Surface area. --367 acres.

Drainage area. --37. 3 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage at second bridge upstream from control dam. 

Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 850.00ft 

above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average level. --10 years; gage height,8. 50 ft, elevation, 

858.50ft.

Established legal level. --Established September 20, 1948, at 

gage height 8.87 ft, elevation 858. 87 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by concrete dam with 

two steel sluice gates, each 6 ft wide and 5 ft high, with sill 

elevation at gage height 5. 21 ft. A 14-ft fixed crest spillway 

south of the gates has a crest at gage height, 8. 87 ft.

Extreme levels of Syracuse Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

1944

1 Qd^i

1946

1 Q47

1Q48

1 j. Q4.Q G*± «3 

1950 

1951

1952

1953

Maximum

Date

Mar. 16-18, 1944--

^onf ?0 IQAi:;-----

June 30, 1946------

Anr 91-9? 1Q4.7__

Mar 7 1QAP,__-__ IV JL cLI. J, J. J7 T: O

Till Q 1 Q4.Q - -

Jan. 27,28, 1950 

Dec. 10, 11, 12, 195( 

Apr. 15, 16, 1951 

Feb. 6-8, 1952

May 25, 1953

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9. 34

9

f»Q

q 11 & . A J. 

9QC

Q 19

9 CO

*10. 15 

), 

9. 10 

9. 18

8.82

Minimum

Date

Sept. 27, 1944 ----

Nov. 2, 3, 1944----

Sept. 30, 1946 ----

Oct. 17, 1946- --

Sept. 30, 1948 ----

Oct. 28,29, 1948-- 

Dec. 10, 1949----- 

Sept. 30, 1951 ----

Sept. 13, 14,21,22, 

i Qf;9 ________

Sept. 27-30, 1953-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

7.48

7

OQ

7 ?Q

7. 11

7

CC

7. 14

*8. 22 

8.46

7 90

7.38

^Estimated
232 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-50

Water 

year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

3

____

____

4

16

6i

6

Total 

days of 

cover

96

_____

32

94

_____

Period

Nov.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

24, 1943, to Feb.

10, 1944, to - ?

5, 1945, to Jan 5,

21, 1946, to Mar.

15, 1947, to - ?

18, 1948, to - ?

27, 1944.

1946.

24, 1947.

Discharge measurements at outlet of Syracuse Lake

Date

Aug. 14, 1943- 

Oct. 7-- -

Jan. 8, 1944-

Any 99

Aug. 11 ------ 

Mar. 3, 1945-

Sept. 6 ------ 

May 29, 1946- 

June 22 ------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9.04 

8.63 

8. 59 

9.07 

7.96 

7.81 

8.86 

8.65 

8.69 

8.97

Discharg 

(cfs)

16.4 

7.28 

7.95 

6167 

*. 6 

.0 

4.73 

13.8 

*.36 

8.94

3 Date

July 18, 1946-

Oct. 17------

Oct. 17- - 

Oct. 6, 1948- 

Jan. 26, 1950-

Feb. 10------

J.VJ.CL JL 1

Oct. 25 

May 9, 1951-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8. 72 

7. 11 

7. 11 

7.47 

10.07 

9.39 

8. 76 

8.65 

8.83

Discharge 

(cfs)

3. 72 

1.27 

«25. 6 

** 1.00 

C 127 

C 160 

c 16.8 

a 14.1 

c 22.2

* Estimated because of leakage.

0 Flood gates closed; power plant in operation.

& Sluice gate partly open.

e Sluice gates partly open; power plant in operation.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 233

Average lake levels for Syracuse Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

i Q/IQ

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

b. ^

7.46

8. 78

7. 23

8.02

7. 32

8. 50

8. 74

8.46

7. 76

8.09

May

8.94

8.84

8.60

9. 13

8.90

9.00

8.83

8. 92

8.92

8. 79

8.89

Nov.

8. 66

7.36

8. 70

7. 35

7.88

7.37

8. 36

8.70

8. 75

7. 66

8.08

June

8. 77

8.90

8.81

9.01

8.90

9.22

8.87

8.80

8.88

8.61

8.88

Dec.

8. 62

7.40

8. 67

7. 34

8.07

7.43

8.46

8.98

8.90

7.53

8. 14

July

8. 37

8. 73

8. 76

8.63

8.82

9.38

9.07

8.81

8.61

8. 12

8. 73

Jan.

8. 59

7.49

8. 73

7.48

8.39

7.98

9. 67

8.86

8.96

7.47

8.36

Aug.

>kQ Q A

7.88

8.69

8. 13

8.24

8.42

8.96

8.94

8. 74

8.42

7.85

8.46

Feb.

8.74

7. 54

8. 71

7. 88

8. 56

8.91

9.36

8.81

9.02

7. 61

8. 51

Sept.

S on

7. 63

8.68

7. 65

8.20

7.82

8.51

8.86

8. 62

8.05

7.51

8.21

Mar.

9.08

8. 13

8.61

8. 11

9.02

9. 12

8.88

8.88

8.92

8. 13

8.69

Annual

ikQ Q 1

8.57

8. 17

8. 56

8. 13

8.48

8. 50

8.94

8.82

8. 74

7. 97

8.50

Apr.

8.98

8. 77

8.58

9.01

8.98

8.87

9.50

8.94

8.99

8. 57

8.92

"Partial month or partial year.
234 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

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OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

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AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8.87 FEET

1944-45

V^-^\^J

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 120. --Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake at SyrE 

cuse, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 235

10.0

1-

u. 9.0

z 

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X 

19 

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AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 8B7 FEET

1947-48

^

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Figure 121. --Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
236 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^

^

t/^

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AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8 87 FEET

1950-51

r\ \T^^JN/s/~ N/xs,

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 122. --Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 237

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 887 FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 123. --Lake-level hydrographs for Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
238 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 11, 12, and 14, T. 33 N. ,R. 6 E., and sees. 6, 7, 

8, 9, 16, 17, and 18, T. 33 N. , R. 7 E. , Kosciusko, County.

Surface area. --1,037 acres, including area of Upper Tippecanoe 

or Lake James and Oswego Lake (determined from soil survey 

map of Kosciusko County).

Drainage area. --118 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage fastened to boat pier at Rookstool's home at 

west end of Oswego basin, at the head of outlet. Auxiliary 

headwater and tailwater gages are located at the outlet dam, 

abput 800 ft downstream from lake gage. Gages are read to 

hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 830. 00 ft above mean 

sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years,-gage height,6. 50 ftj elevation, 

836. 50 ft.

Established legal level. --Established October 18, 1949, at gage 

height 6.40 ft; elevation,836. 40 ft above mean sea level.

Lake-level control. --Lake level controlled by a 56-ft concrete 

dam with 7-ft sluice ways. The average gage height of the 

dam sill is 4 ft. Lake level controlled by removable stop logs.

Extreme levels for Tippecanoe Lake, 1943-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1943 

1944 

1945

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949

1950 

1951 

1952 

1953

Date

May21, 1943 

Mat/ 1 Q 1 Q44

May 24, 1945 -

Feb. 20, 1946- 

Ant- 9fi 1Q47___ _

IVJLcLI . <J, J.£?'XO

Feb. 21, 1949 --

.rvpr. iu, lyou 

Feb. 26, 27, 1951" 

Feb. 4, 5, 1952 - 

Mar. 23, 24, 1953"

Gage 

height 

(feet)

9.43 

8.64 

8.04

7.50 

7.92 

7.96 

8.28

9. 18 

8.38 

8.02 

7.02

Minimum

Date

Oct. 29, Nov. 5, 1942

Anrr 97 1 Q44 ___

Oct. 28, to Nov. 2,

1 Q44-- ________

Sept. 30, 1946-----

Oct. 16, 1946--- 

Slept. 27, 1948 -- 

<(j)ct. 28 to Nov. 2,

.! 1O/IO __________ ji 1948

Nov. 23, 1949 -- 

Nov. 6,7, 1950-- 

Oct. 21,22, 1951 

Nov. 14-18, 1952 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.32 

5.36

5. 16 

5.20 

5.02 

5. 52

5.46 

5.66 

5. 58 

5. 58 

5.25
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 239

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1946-53

Water 

year

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

_____

12. 5

17

4

_____

_____

-----

Total 

days of 

cover

_____

108

90

76

64

_____

_____

_____

Period

Dec. 14, 1945, to - ?

Dec. 19, 1946, to Apr. 5, 1947.

Nov. 30 to Dec. 4; Dec. 20, 1947,

to Mar. 19, 1948.

Dec. 26, 1948, to Jan. 16, 1949;

Jan. 30 to Mar. 8; Mar. 16-21

1949.

Dec. 15-21, 1949; Jan. 19-25,

1950; Feb. 3 to Mar. 24, 1950

Dec. 14, 1951, to - ?

Dec. 20, 1952, to Jan. 24, 1953;

Jan. 26, 1953,to - ?

Discharge measurements at outlet of Tippecanoe Lake

Date

Aug. 15, 1943- 

Oct. 7- -

Jan. 8, 1944-

Airr 91 ------

June 13, 1945-

Sept. 8-- -

May 22, 1946- 

June 21 -- -

July 19-- 

Oct. 23-- 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 18-- 

Tan Q 1Q47-

Feb. 12-- 

Feb. 18-- 

Any 91 ------ rt-JJl . £i L

Apr. 22 ------

Apr. 29 ------

July 1-- 

Aug. 28 ------ 

Nov. 20-- -

Mar 9 1 Q4.RJuly 2-- 

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.80

6

1 n

5

C. C

8 en

6.90

. X o 

5rjQ

6

cn

6

1 n

R 99 O . £i£i 

5CQ

5 A n

^ 70 u. i \J

6

CA

6 A A. 44

7. 70

7

QC

7

7O

6 co

5

CC\

5 Qfi

7 CO

6

rj A

6

c rj

Discharg< 

(cfs)

89.0

CC Q

4.1 9

*± o o

136 

cc o

£.1 9

O C 1

^t 1 . O

ic o

O 1 . i7

o o . x

41. 7

J. ^ \J

oo. y

£t^l.£t 

9C9

9(^1 <iDl

no n

9fi 4

uO . H

TO. X

234

O^E . ij

co n

1

Date

Aug. 25, 1948-

Sept. 28------ 

Nov. 30------

Dec. 23- - 

Jan. 4, 1949-

Feb. 8------

IV/lov 9^. - __- -

WJ.dJr O

June 22 ------

Sept. 14--- -

Oct. 6 ------

Nov. 7- -

Dec. 7- -

Jan. 14, 1950-

Odd. 1 0

Jan. 19------

Jan. 25------

Feb. l------

Mar. 7------

Apr. 6------

Apr. 10------

May 4_____-

June 8 - - - - - -

July 7------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

5.94

^ ^,4 o . o^ 

^ fi4

S

on

6.26

7.47 

67n

6

1 C

7.44

. <3£> 

SOD. OO

S

on

. oU 

5 on

. Oo 

879

8

T\

. 1 1

8

cn

8. 74

 . * * 

9 no

C7 J. U

7

00

6 7ft.

Discharge 

(cfs)

18. 9 

14.6

9,9, n

00 Q

74.7

O 1 C

<7C O

170

1C O

40.8

47.0 

48.0

501

tJO J.

C 1 C

'I'TO

o o o

1 A C

COO

CT7

914.

O 1 . ^E

no o
240 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Tippecanoe Lake--Con.

Date

Aug. 22, 1950-

Sept. 13 ------

Oct. 31 ------

Nov. 29 ------

Dec. 28 ------

Jan. 31, 1951- 

Mar. 14 ------

A nr, 04 _ _ _

May 23 -- - 

Tune! on _ _

July 25------

Anrr 9Q - - - - -

Sept. 20------

Dnt WLl. 94. £t ______ ___

Nov. 28 ------

Dec. 18 - 

Feb. 4, 1952-

-LVJ-d I . TT

Mar. 17 ------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

6.42 

6.68 

6. 18 

5.78 

6.28 

6.76 

6.66 

7.44 

7. 58 

6. 80 

6. 10 

7.22 

6.66 

5. 96 

5.86 

6. 58 

6. 65 

8.02 

6. 76 

7.30

Discharge 

(cfs)

76.0 

102 

67. 5 

46.2 

84.2 

138 

130 

242 

274 

153 

51. 8 

184 

106 

53.3 

61.9 

126 

144 

337 

164 

225

Date

Apr. 17, 1952-

June 17------

July 23------

AUg. Xt--

Sept. 17------ 

Oct. 7------

Nov. 18------

Dec. 16------

Jan. 15, 1953- 

Feb. 3------

Feb 27------

Mar. 26------

±\ LJ 1 -Li

J.VJ.CL J A «-*

June 8 ------

July 3 ------

July 27- -

rlUg. £O

Sept. 15------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

7.52 

6. 64 

7. 10 

7. 12 

6.30 

5.82 

6.01 

5.25 

5.47 

5.64 

6. 33 

6. 15 

6.98 

6. 54 

6. 50 

6.45 

5.85 

5. 73 

5. 76 

5.47

Discharge 

(cfs)

259 

130 

157 

159 

67. 5 

41. 1 

59. 5 

19. 1 

30.5 

43.0 

97. 2 

78.3 

181 

114 

98. 5 

87.9 

15.8 

8.40 

8. 11 

6. 95
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 241

Average lake levels for Tippecanoe Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

6.38

6.09

5.32

6.85

5. 17

6.00

5.56

6.06

6.08

5.81

5. 71

5. 91

May

8.33

8.05

7.22

5. 75

7. 36

7. 28

6.30

6.83

6. 79

6. 84

6. 56

7.03

Nov.

6. 72

6.00

5.32

6. 13

5.54

5.88

5.63

5. 79

5.86

6.40

5.34

5.87

June

7. 50

6.94

6.98

6.03

6.95

6. 72

6.97

6.64

6.24

7.02

6. 15

6. 74

Dec.

6. 76

5.82

5. 39

5.76

5.43

6.32

5. 74

6. 14

7.04

6.68

5. 51

6.05

July

7.04

5.80

6. 22

6.22

6.28

6.43

6.69

6. 59

6. 96

6. 59

5. 76

6.41

Jan.

7.43

5.48

5.41

6. 77

5. 75

6. 56

7.02

8.35

6.98

7.49

5.84

6. 64

Aug.

6. 79

5. 55

6.48

5.65

5. 71

6.04

6.00

6.48

6. 58

6.27

5. 86

6. 13

Feb.

7. 17

5. 57

5.49

6.75

6.45

6.43

7. 77

8. 21

7.04

7. 59

6. 21

6.79

Sept.

6. 55

5.44

6. 10

5.34

5.88

5.69

5.92

6.52

6.09

5. 95

5.47

5.90

Mar.

7. 36

6.68

6. 51

7.08

6.32

7. 57

7. 10

8.09

7.42

7. 10

6.61

7.08

Annual

7. 14

6.30

6. 18

6.20

6. 19

6.53

6.41

7.02

6. 70

6. 75

5. 97

6.50

Apr.

7. 14

8. 02

7. 10

6. 32

7.46

7.40

6. 38

8.64

7. 34

7. 29

6. 53

7.24
242 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

/i

v

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1944-45

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 640 FEET

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 124. --Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake at 

Oswego, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 243

\

1945-46

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

6.40- 

~\ J^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 6 40 FEET

1947-48

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 125. --Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake at 

Oswego, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
244 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

/v

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\

V

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 6.40 FEET

1950-51

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 126. --Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake at 

Oswego, Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 245

1951-52

AUG SEPT

T A A

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 6 40 FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 127. --Lake-level hydrographs for Tippecanoe Lake at 

Oswego, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.

Lake Wawasee near Wawasee, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, T. 

34 N., R. 7 E., Kosciusko County, 3. 0 miles southeast of Wawasee.

Surface area. --2,168 acres.

Drainage area. --37. 3 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage on middle pier of Wawasee Fish Hatchery boat 

house. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 

850. 00 ft above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. - -11 years; gage height, 8. 54 ft; elevation, 

858. 54 ft.

Established legal level. --Established September 20, 1948, at gage 

height 8.89ft; elevation, 858.89 ft above mean sea level.

Lake level control. --Lake level controlled by dam at outlet of Syracuse Lake. Syracuse Lake and Wawasee Lake are at same level 

except for slight drop through channel from Wawasee to Syracuse 

Lake.
246 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Extreme levels for Lake Wawasee, 1943-53

Maximum

Water 

year

1943 

1944

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 

1950

1952

Date

May 25, 26, 1943---- 

Mar. 17-19, 1944---

Julyl, 1946-------- 

Apr. 22-24, 1947 --- 

Mar. 7-10, 1948----

Tnl\7 11 1 Q4.Q

Jan. 27,28, 1950 - 

Feb. 24-27, 1951 --- 

Feb. 10, 11, 1952 --

TV/T d T7 9 Q 1Q^Q

Gage 

height 

(feet)

10.00 

9.40 

9.08 

9. 13 

9.43 

9. 12 

9. 58 

10.22 

9. 18 

9.31 

8.90

Minimum

Date

Dec. 26, 1942--- 

Sept. 24,27-30, 1944 

Nov. 1-5, 1944-----

Sept. 30, 1946 - 

Oct. 17,30, 1946--- 

Sept. 28, 29, 1948 -- 

Oct. 28-31, 1948--- 

Dec. 10, 11, 1949 

Sept. 30, 1951 -- 

Sept. 30, 1952 -----

Nov. 15-18, 1952---

Gage 

height 

(feet)

8.36 

7.49 

7.27 

7 43 

7. 11 

7. 54 

7. 14 

8.24 

8.46 

7 93 

7.28

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-51

Water 

years

1943

1 Q4.4.

1 Q^^

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

14

10

11

14

21

7

11

4

Total 

days of 

cover

_____

_____

_____

_____

80

_____

Periods

Nov. 29, 1943, to - ? ; Dec. 14,

1943, to - ?

Dec. 2, 1944, to - ? 

Unknown to Mar. 6, 1946.

Unknown to Mar. 29, 1947.

Unknown to Mar. 19, 1948.

Dec. 9, 1948, to Feb. 26, 1949.

Discharge measurements. --Wawasee Lake flows into Syracuse 

Lake. Discharge measurements are made at outlet of 

Syracuse Lake.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 247

Average lake levels for Lake Wawasee for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

8.95

8.63

7.44

8.80

7.22

8.01

7. 32

8. 50

8. 73

8.46

7.63

8. 15

May

9. 60

8.97

8.88

8. 59

9. 14

8.94

8.99

8. 79

8.92

8.96

8.84

8.97

Nov.

9. Ifi

8.67

7.35

8.66

7. 35

7.90

7. 37

8. 37

8.68

8. 77

7. 35

8. 15

June

9. 21

8.80

8.92

8. 78

9.00

8.89

9. 22

8.84

8.81

8.94

8.68

8.92

Dec.

8.69

8. 59

7.40

8. 73

7. 33

8.06

7.43

8.47

9.03

9.00

7.42

8.20

July

9. 11

8. 36

8. 75

8. 77

8. 64

8.84

9.42

9.02

8.86

8. 70

8.21

8.79

Jan.

8.67

8. 54

7.47

8. 75

7.46

8.39

7.98

9. 73

8.90

9.03

7.47

8.40

Aug.

8.99

7. 86

8. 72

8. 15

8.23

8.44

9.07

8.96

8. 77

8.48

7. 93

8. 51

Feb.

8.47

8.69

7. 55

8. 71

7.8S

8. 52

8. 89

9.43

8.06

9. 13

7. 71

8. 53

Sept.

8. 78

7.60

8.68

7.65

8. 20

7.81

8. 54

8.87

8.63

8. 11

7. 50

8.22

Mar.

8.84

9. 10

8. 14

8.64

8.08

9.05

9. 13

8.91

8.94

8.96

8.28

8. 73

Annual

8.95

8. 58

8. 17

8. 57

8. 13

8.49

8. 52

8.95

8.84

8.80

7.97

8.62

Apr.

8.87

9.09

8. 78

8.60

9.02

9.00

8.86

9. 56

8. 98

9.06

8.67

8.95
248 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

10.0

u

u. 9.0

z

1-*

I 

o 

u

i

u 80 

0

0

8.69 =

/^

\,

V

c^

A

r

/

\V

1942-43

r^~

X

^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1943-44

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 889 FEET

1944-45

JUNE JULY

Figure 128. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee near 

Wawasee, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 249

10.0

LI " 9.0

2 C

H"

I 

O

I

LJ S.O 

0

0

7.0

10.0

jjj 

£ 9.0

z

5

LJ

I

0 8.0

0

7.0

10.0 

f 9.0

Z

ijI

0 8.0 

7.0

^-

 \_/ 

r-U ' ^^-A/-v-V^ v\ , rr

1945-46

k

\

"x

X

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

o.ea 

^

r^^r-J j

^~^~ _^-^/

r

1i

S/

1946-47

V

vj IX^vA

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V- ^ ^~ ^^^

s

<S~~

j

r^\^ ^ u J\l

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABL SHED BY COURT. 889 FEET

1947-48

V

\

\

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 129. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee near 

Wawasee, Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
250 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 8.89 FEET

1950-51

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 130. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake Wawasee near 

Wawasee, Ind., for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 251

1951- 52

=:£= ^^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

10.0

5" - 9.0

Z

h-"

I 

0 

UJ

I

g 8.0 

<

0

7.0

V ^- ^

s

/'

/

^

,, >jrtA

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 8.89 FEET 

i i i l 1

1952-53

Vy\

\

^,^

JUNE JULY

Figure 131. --Lake-level hydrographs for Lake'JVawasee near 

Wawasee, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
252 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Webster Lake at North Webster, Ind.

Location. --Sees, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, T. 33N.,R. 7 E., 

Kosciusko County.

Surface area. --566 acres.

Drainage area. --54. 0 sq mi.

Records available. --October 1942 to September 1953.

Gage. --Staff gage in lake bed on west shore front of Weghorst 

cottage. Auxiliary gage on abutment of concrete control 

structure at southwest corner of lake. Gage read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above mean sea 

level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --11 years; gage height,12. 41 ft; elevation, 

852.41 ft.

Established legal level. - -None.

Lake level control. --Lake level controlled by two outlet structures. Main structure is 35-ft concrete notch dam, with 

seven 5-ft wooden, adjustable sluice gates resting on the sill 

at gage height 9. 5 ft. The auxiliary structure is 20-ft concrete notch dam with five 4-ft wooden adjustable sluice gates 

resting on the sill (this structure is the old mill dam) at gage 

height 8. 2 ft.

Extreme levels for Webster Lake, 1943-53

Water 

year

1943 

1944

1945 

1946

i 1 Q47 &^ 1

1948 

1949

1950

1 QR1

1 QR9

1 OR 1}

Maximum

Date

Mar. 20, May 19, 1943 

Mavl6 1944- ______

June 18, Aug. 5-6, 1945 

Oct. 11, Dec. 31, 1945, 

Feb. 16, 1946 ----

Tiino 1 1 Q47 - --- --

May 11, 12, 1948 -- 

June 18, 1949 -------

An-r R 1 Q Rft

F)p>r 7 1QRO

Jan. 3, 1952 - - --

May 26, 1953- ------

Gage 

height 

(feet)

13.51

1 ^ M

13.27 

13.33

13.11 

13. 17 

1 ? ?Q

10 o a

1 ? ??

1 9 94.

13.04

Minimum

Date

Aug. 24, 1943 -__- 

Feb. 1-5, 1944 ---

Dec. 10, 1944 ---- 

Sept. 30, 1946----

Oct. 17, 1946---- 

Oct. 25,26, 1947--

Or>f 91-94. 1Q4.R--

TToH R "IQRfl -- --

Or>t 9fl IQRn-'*----

Cl<=»r»t "3O 1 crt'p - -

1PRS» _________

Gage 

height 

(feet)

12.27 

*10.75

11.01 

*11. 55

. "O

11. 17

U 9R

U op

U Q4. . o*± 

10.58

*m 1R

^Estimated.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 253

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1943-53

Water 

year

1943

1944 

1945

1946 

1947 

1948

1949 

1950

1 QR1

1952 

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

2

12 

14 

18

61 

5

10

Total 

days of 

cover

_____

91 

107 

104

73

105

Period

Dec. 6, 1942, to Jan. 1, 1943; Jan. 3, 

1943, to - ?

Dec. 2, 1944, to - ? 

Dec. 6, 1945, to Mar. 6, 1946. 

Dec. 17, 1946, to Apr. 3, 1947. 

Nov. 30 to Dec. 3; Dec. 12, 1947, 

to Mar. 20, 1948. 

Dec. 19-21; Dec. 26, 1948, to Mar. 

5, 1949.

Dec. 9-21, 1949; Jan. 19 toMar. 26, 

1950.

Dec. 11, 1950, to - ? 

Dec. 14, 1951, to Mar. 27, 1952.

TTnb-n^wvi t^ Mov 1O 1QR3

Discharge measurements at outlet of Webster Lake

Date

Aug. 14, 1943 -

Oct. 7-------

Jan. 8, 1944 -

Anr 99

Tnnci 19 1 045

Sept. 6 -----

May 7, 1946 -

Gage

height

(feet)

12.49

11 QQ

10. 97

1 3 OQ

1 ^ 11

12.40

12. 56

| Discharge

(cfs)

23.4

^4 9

50.0

994

£» Q O

on c

18.6

Date

June 20, 1946-

July 19 ------

Feb. 19, 1947-

TQKI 1 Q 1 Q ^iC\ -

Jan. 26 ------

r>^t 94 ------

May 10, 1951 -

Gage

height

(feet)

12.96

19 3 R

12.74

U Q9

19 97

1 9 fl4

12.58

Discharge

(cfs)

94.4

a 49 fi

25. 8

1 C 1

OflQ

6 4. 19

33. 3

0 Leakage from gates.

ft Combined discharge of Lake Dam, Mill Dam, and leakage.
254 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Average lake levels for Webster Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

12.82

11.91

11.49

13.23

11. 50

11.44

11.38

12.81

12.47

12.65

10. 17

11.99

May

12. 91

13. 18

13.08

12. 69

13.00

12. 97

12.78

12. 74

12.71

12.80

12.83

12.88

Nov.

13.06

11.63

11.32

13.24

11.83

11. 36

11.61

12. 76

12. 78

12. 76

10. 36

12.06

June

12.90

13. 11

13. 14

12.99

12.92

12. 78

13.03

12.85

12. 77

12. 78

12. 71

12.91

Dec.

13.09

11.38

11. 15

13.21

11.87

11'. 73

11. 84

12. 29

12. 70

12.82

11. 73

12. 16

July

12.87

12.49

12.91

12.45

12.09

12.04

12. 18

12.86

12.82

12. 77

12. 74

12. 56

Jan.

13. 15

10.88

11.20

12.86

11.87

12.23

12. 99

12. 18

12. 70

12. 72

12.37

12. 29

Aug.

12. 55

12.04

13.06

11. 74

11. 63

11. 87

12.24

12.86

12. 76

12. 73

12. 74

12.38

Feb.

12.98

10.85

11.23

12. 80

12. 67

12.24

12.80

12. 19

12.62

12. 16

12.20

12.25

Sept.

12. 50

11. 72

12.41

11.62

12. 12

11.82

12.49

12. 74

12. 58

12. 13

12. 71

12.26

Mar.

12. 69

11. 87

12. 29

12. 69

12. 63

12. 73

12.89

12. 10

12. 32

12. 58

12.43

12.47

Annual

12.86

12.02

12. 18

12.68

12.23

12. 17

12.42

12. 58

12.66

12.64

12. 14

12.41

Apr.

12.73

13. 12

12. 80

12. 66

12. 75

12.83

12.84

12.47

12. 66

12.77

12.70

12.76
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 255

1942-43

V

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

S 12.0

V

1943-44

OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT. 12.75 FEET

1944-45

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 132. --Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake at North 

Webster, Ind., for water years 1943-45.
256 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

13.0 

1-

Ul 

Ul

u.

z

s i2-°

Ul I

Ul 

0

0

1 1.0

14.0 

13.0

z

ui i

Ul 

0

0

1 1.0

10.0 

14.0

13.0

H

u 

u.

z

I 12- 0

UJ I

0 

19 

11.0

IO.O

r^ >-v'~ ^<V

VIf

-Ls^

i

v

/I

I/SA y/'^ /

-,J

V

1945-46

\

^

w/v ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

r^sfY-/^ -\/\

/*

/jJ

V ' "\

1946-47

k

\ ^

r\ /

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

\

X,j^n

/\'

s

I

^

V

\ v^ /

Y

f^~\f

»

.

J ^^

S/A

vAVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 12.75 FEET

1947-48

\

V

~r~ ^

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 133. --Lake-level hydrographs for We.bster Lake at North 

Webster, Ind., for water years 1946-48.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 257

J

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

13.0 

t '2

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 275 FEET

1950-51

*A

OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 134. --Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake at North 

Webster, Ind., for water years 1949-51.
258 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

=v

1951- 52

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, 12.75 FEET

1952-53

JUNE JULY

Figure 135. --Lake-level hydrographs for Webster Lake at North 

Webster, Ind. , for water years 1952-53.

Winona Lake at Warsaw, Ind.

Location. --Sees. 15,16,17,21, and 22, T. 32 N., R. 6 E.,

Kosciusko County. 

Surface area.--529 acres. 

Drainage area. --32. 1 sq mi.

Records available. --August 1943 to September 1953. 

Gage. --Staff gage on outlet dam abutment at west end of lake. Gage

read to hundredths once daily. Datum of gage is 810.00 ft

above mean sea level, datum of 1929.

Average lake level. --10 years;gage height,!.00ft; elevation,811.00ft. 

Established legal level. --Established June 17, 1949, at gage

height 1. 06 ft; elevation,811. 06 ft above mean sea level. 

Lake level control. --Lake level controlled by concrete dam built

in!937-38. When gate (12-inboard) is raised sill is 20ft long

and at gage height 0. 00 ft; when gate is in place sill is 24 ft

long and at gage height 1. 00 ft.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 259

Extreme levels for Winona Lake, 1944-53

Water 

year

1943"

1944

1 Q4^

1946

1 Q47

1 Q48

1 Q4Q

1950

i n c i

1 Q ^9

1953

Maximum

Date

AIICT 4 1 Q4"?

Anr 1 1 1 Q44

May 18, 1945 -- ---

Oct. 2, 1945----- -

Feb 1 1947

Mar 1 1Q4R

Feb. 17, 1949------

Apr. 5, 1950 ----- -

July 12, 1951-------

May26, 1952 ----

Mar. 16, 17, 1953---

Gage

height 

(feet)

1 O C

2

Q R

2.26

2

1 0

9 n c

i 79

9 19

2 QO

9 1 n

9 O4

1.44

Minimum

Date

Sept. 29, 30, 1943 -

Tan Q-90 1 Q44

T?oh 9-^ 1 QA^

Ma\7 9 A 1 Q4.fi

Oct. 2, 1946 ------

Feb. 10-12, 1948--

T\/T ov 9n 91 1Q4Q

June 6, 1950 ------

Feb. 10, 1951-----

Oct. 1, 2, 1951 ----

Sept. 27-30, 1953--

Gage 

height 

(feet)

an o o

on

. 16

19

^n

19

^4

. 64

.47

7Q

.42

°August through September.

Maximum recorded thickness and periods of ice cover 1944-53

Water 

year

1 X Q44 C**±*±

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Maximum 

thickness 

(inches)

3

12

12

5

8

8

6

4

Total 

days of 

cover

73

110

93

70

64

74

89

48

Periods

Dec. 15, 1943, to - ?

Dec. 23, 1945, to Mar. 5, 1946.

Dec. 10, 1946, to Mar. 29, 1947.

Nov. 30 to Dec. 3; Dec. 12-14;

Dec. 22, 1947, to Mar. 19, 1948

Dec. 19, 1947, to Feb. 26, 1949.

Dec. 9-11,16-24, 1949; Jan. 19to

Feb. 7, 1950; Feb. 22 to Mar.

25, 1950.

Dec. 15, 1950, to Feb. 28, 1951.

Dec. 14, 1951, to Mar. 11, 1952.

Jan. 5, 1953, to Feb. 21, 1953.
260 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Discharge measurements at outlet of Winona Lake

Date

Aug. 4, 1943- 

Oct. 6 ------

Jan. 6, 1944-

Anr 91

June 12, 1945-

Sept. 10 ------ 

Nov. 26 ------

Apr. 19, 1946-

May 27 ----- 

June 20 ------

Til no 94

June 27 ------

Tnrm ?Q

July 2 ------ 

July 19 ------

Aug. 6 ------

Aug. 26 ------

Oct. 23 -----

Nov. 21 --- --

Dec. 16 ------

Jan. 8, 1947- 

Feb. 4 --- 

Feb. 18 ------

Anv 99 - ---

July 30 -- -

Ann- 9» ___ __

Gage 

height 

(feet)

1. 25 

. 76 

. 24 

1.49 

1.29 

1.26 

.43 

.42 

. 62 

1. 28 

. 78 

.99 

1. 30 

1.48 

1. 14 

1. 17 

1.09 

. 60 

1. 22 

1. 34 

1.28 

1.86 

.48 

1. 58 

1. 10 

1 n«

Discharg 

(cfs)

31. 6 

8. 58 

7. 11 

122 

17. 7 

23. 7 

17. 1 

14.8 

32.2 

94. 2 

45.8 

0 1. 72 

12.8 

27.0 

5. 31 

3.99 

1. 79 

0 .42 

5. 68 

12.4 

10. 1 

67. 6 

20.4 

123 

a 5. 19

A 1 Q

1e Date

Oct. 31, 1947- 

Dec. 17------

Feb. 19, 1948-

IVTa r» 9 _ __

Mar- 9 £ _ _ _

May 7 ------

May 13------

Sept. 28------ 

Nov. 30------

Jan. 4, 1949- 

Feb. 8------

MQT- 99

May 3 ------ 

June 27 ------

Aug. 31------ 

Nov. 18------

Jan. 14, 1950- 

Jan. 20 ------

Tan 94 --

Jan. 31------

Mar. 14------

May 2------ 

May 8, 1951-

Gage 

height 

(feet)

1. 30 

.62 

1. 20 

1. 70 

1. 32 

1. 11 

1.61 

. 64 

. 70 

1. 58 

.84 

. 57 

1.08 

1. 50 

.99 

1. 10 

.96 

2. 38 

1. 68 

1.62 

1.88 

1. 56 

2.02 

.94 

.67

Discharge 

(cfs)

10. 3 

28. 8 

73.4 

99.6 

78. 9 

36. 7 

112 

1. 76 

« 3. 52 

35. 9 

47.9 

«25. 5 

5.47 

43. 8 

6. 11 

6.03 

36. 3 

°212.0 

115 

112 

130 

106 

161 

62.2 

0 30. 1

0 Leakage.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 261

Average lake levels for Winona Lake for water years 1943-53

Year

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Year

1 QAQ

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

Average

Oct.

0. 64

.83

.96

.48

1. 18

. 76

1. 17

.90

1.07

.87

.89

May

1. 17

1.07

. 54

.81

1. 16

1.05

. 90

.94

1. 31

1. 15

1.01

Nov.

0.65

.90

. 50

1.20

.83

. 85

1.02

.98

1.27

1.03

.92

June

1.04

1. 33

.93

1. 12

1. 16

1. 30

1.09

1. 11

1. 30

.99

1. 14

Dec.

0. 55

. 72

.47

1.27

. 74

1. 10

1.29

1.02

1.04

. 79

.90

July

0. 76

1. 20

1.23

1. 14

1.07

1. 10

.94

1.34

1.06

.64

1.05

Jan.

0.21

.21

. 79

1.41

.64

1.46

2.03

1.02

1. 55

.97

1.03

Aug.

*1.08

.60

1.36

1. 12

1.05

1.01

1.02

1. 12

1.06

.87

.62

.99

Feb.

0.35

.34

.80

.82

.69

1.44

1. 51

1.24

1.44

1.08

.97

Sept.

097

.63

1.32

.98

1.20

. 73

1.02

1.12

.89

.87

.47

.93

Mar.

0.84

.66

.81

.52

1.10

.81

1.52

.96

1.56

1.22

1.00

Annual

& 1 r\*}

. 74

.90

.80

1.01

.95

1.06

1.28

1.07

1.23

.91

1.00

Apr.

1.41

.84

.45

1.08

1.04

.89

1. 73

1.44

1.48

1. 15

1. 15

* Partial month or partial year.
262 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

1942-43

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V

1943-44

JUNE JULY

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, I 0 6 FEET

1944-45

Figure 136. --Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake at Warsaw, 

Ind. , for water years 1943-45.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 263

1945-46

jjj

^ 2.0

1946-47

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

V

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, I 06 FEET

1947-48

JUNE JULY

Figure 137. --Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake at Warsaw, 

Ind. , for water years 1946-48.
264 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

u. 2.0

z

^ \

vJ

1948-49

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1949-50

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

J\

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER LEVEL 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT, I 06 FEET

1950-51

JUNE JULY

Figure 138. --Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake at Warsaw, 

Ind. , for water years 1949-51.
BASIC DATA ON LAKE LEVELS FOR SELECTED LAKES 265

1951-52

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

^"r^-' \

^r

fv

^J p

rA^^^

AVERAGE NORMAL WATER 

ESTABLISHED BY COURT,

\ rf\

LEVEL 

.06 FEET

^

1952-53

^ sr^--

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

Figure 139. --Lake-level hydrographs for Winona Lake at Warsaw, 

Ind. , for water years 1952-53.
266 , HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES 

LEGAL LAKE LEVELS

The data contained in this section was gathered and tabulated by 

the Division of Water Resources, Indiana State Department of Conservation and the U. S. Geological Survey. Table 1 was furnished by C. H. Bechert, Director, Division of Water Resources, Department of Conservation and represents the status of the lakes as 

of September 30, 1953,except for the establishment of the average 

normal water level which is as of December 31, 1954.

The drainage areas and surface areas of the lake were determined from aerial photographs taken in 1938 by the Agricultural 

Adjustment Administration except where suitable maps were available.

The lake gages were established by the U. S. Geological Survey 

and daily gage readings to hundredths, for the periods indicated, 

are available from its Indianapolis district office. The "established normal level" and "established high-water mark" shown in the 

table were established under the provisions of Chapter 350 of the 

Acts of 1947, State of Indiana.

Chapter 290 of the Acts of 1951 provides another procedure 

for the raising and (or)maintaining the water level of the public 

fresh-water lakes of Indiana. Under the provisions of this act 20 

percent or more of the property owners of land abutting upon or 

being within 440 yards of the shore or water line of any lake containing 10 or more acres, may petition the Circuit or Superior 

Court of the county in which the greatest area of the lake lies, to 

raise or maintain the water level of the lake by constructing a control dam or other works. Although the 1951 law provides another 

means of establishing the water levels of the public lakes of Indiana the levels requested in the petition under this law usually conform to the average normal water level established under Chapter 

350 of the acts of 1947.

Chapter 350 of the Acts of 1947, Indiana State Legislature authorizes and empowers the Indiana Department of Conservation to 

establish, by appropriate monuments, the average normal water 

level of all of the natural and artificial lakes of the State. Such 

water-level monuments shall fix the average normal water levels 

of the lakes and shall indicate the highest point to which the water 

of the lake shall have arisen during the 10 years prior to the pass*- 

age of the act on March 14, 1947.
LEGAL LAKE LEVELS 267

The lake-level monuments are permanent concrete markers, 

18 inches square and 15 inches high. A bronze reference marker 

on which its elevation above sea level is stamped is set in the top 

of the monument and the elevation of the marker above mean sea 

level is shown in the column in the table headed "Elevation of lake 

level monument table".

Under the 1947 law the Conservation Department submits a petition containing factual data supporting the average normal water 

level that it proposes to establish as the legal water level of the 

lake to the Circuit Court having jurisdiction over the lake area. 

After proper public notice is given a hearing is held by the Court, 

and after presentation of evidence either in support of or against 

the recommendations of the Indiana Department of Conservation 

an order is issued establishing the water level of the lake.

When the normal (legal) level is established, the findings and 

the judgements of the court are recorded in a Lake-Level Record 

kept in the recorder's office of each county having lands draining 

into the lake. A like record is kept by the Indiana Department of 

Conservation and a copy is submitted to the Indiana Flood Control 

and Water Resources Commission.

Under the provisions of Chapter 350 of the Acts of 1947 the Indiana Department of Conservationisfurther authorized to construct 

or supervise the construction of dams or control works to maintain 

the average normal water level established by the Court.
Table 1. --Summary of legal lake levels

Name of lake

Adams 

Aitwood

Bantam 

Barbee, Big 

Barbee, Little 

Barbee Lakes

Bass

Baugher 

Bear 

Beaver Dam 

Big (a) 

Big Turkey 

Bixler

Blackman 

Blue 

Bower 

Bruce

Carr 

Cedar 

Cedar 

Cedar

Cedar

Center 

Chapman, Big 

and Little 

Clear 

Clear 

Cree 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Crystal

County

Lagrange 

Lagrange

Kosciusko 

Kosciusko 

Kosciusko 

Kosciusko

Starke

Noble 

Noble 

Kosciusko 

Noble 

Steuben 

Noble

Lagrange 

Whitley 

Steuben 

Fulton

Kosciusko 

Lake 

Lagrange 

Whitley

Dekalb

Kosciusko 

Kosciusko

La Porte 

Steuben 

Noble 

Steuben 

Whitley 

Kosciusko

Drainage 

area 

(sq mi)

5.69 

1.31

.33

41.4 

44.0 

46.5

3.66

36.4 

6.12 

1.89 

6.77 

34.6 

3.63

1.4 

3.47 

87.5 

5.19

2.56 

8.05 

1.66 

1.62

21.8

.75 

17.6

.35 

7.25 

4.90 

11.9 

1.32 

.38

Surface 

area 

(acres)

267 

156

12 

249 

56 

659

1,405

20 

125 

137 

204 

424 

112

60. « 

236 

24 

202

64 

805 

108 

131

27

112 

526

112 

765 

54 

733 

172 

58

Date

gage 

established

11- 7-45 

10-16-47

Same level t 

Same level ; 

Same level E 

Same level i 

9- 5-45 

10-27-42

8-16-45 

11-20-42 

4-15-47 

8.- 3-43 

8-13-45 

5- 4-45

6- 3-53 

12- 6-45 

10- 3-45 

8- 5-43

1- 3-47 

8- 9-43 

9-23-48 

Same level 

10-29-42 

8- 2-43

9- 6-45 

9-19-45

10-24-45 

Same level ; 

5-17-49 

10-10-45 

8-12-43 

9-10-45

Date 

gage 

discontinued

11-30-52

is Barbee L. 

is Barbee L. 

is Barbee L. 

is Sawmill L. 

9-30-49

10-31-50

11-30-52

11-30-52 

9-30-52

1- 9-51 

as Round L. 

9-30-49

s Round L.

11-30-52 

1-12-51

Petition filed 

in court

No.

320 

488

25,562 

25,562 

25,562 

25,562

15,327 

17,320

25,563 

14,439 

3,463 

16, 182

14,231

18,353 

24,977

411 

14, 230

22, 115

25,570

22,085 

2,932 

16,216 

2,724 

14,229 

25,564

Date

9-13-49 

3-14-51

9-13-49 

9-13-49 

9-13-49 

9-13-49

11-28-47 

7- 1-54

9-13-49

8-27-51 

7-26-50

6- 5-48

5-25-50 

6-25-48

7-27-50 

6- 5-48

7-26-50

9-13-49

4-12-49 

4-11-49 

9-20-50 

5-21-48 

6- 5-48 

9-13-49

Established 

normal level

Sea-level 

datum

953.59 

899.99

837.50 

837.50 

837.50 

837.50

713.65 

878.52

868.95 

897.83 

926.61 

963.65

850.28

723.69 

848.88

871.90 

901.90

896.76

827.75

798.20 

1,037.38 

945.23 

988, 17 

905. 69 

789.69

Staff 

gage

3.59 

9.99

7.50 

7.50 

7.50 

7.50

13.65 

8.52

8.95 

7.83 

6.61 

3.65

10.28

3.69 

8.88

1.90 

1.90

6.76

7.75

8.20 

7.38 

5.23 

8.17 

5.69 

9.69

E

S

1
Dalecarlia

Dallas 

Dewart

Diamond

Eagle 

Eagle 

Everett

Fish

Fish 

Fletcher

Flint

Fox

Gage 

George

George

Golden

Goose

Hackenburg 

Hamilton

Heaton

Hill

Hoffman

Hogback 

Horseshoe

Hovey 

Hudson

Hunter

Indian Lakes 

Indiana

Irish

James

Jim er son

Jones (Sanford)

Knapp 

Koontz

Kuhn, Dan

Lake

Lagrange 

Kosciusko

Noble

Noble 

Starke 

Alien

Kosciusko

Lagrange 

Fulton

Porter

Steuben

Steuben 

Lake

Steuben

Steuben

Whitley

Lagrange 

Steuben

Elkhart

Kosciusko

Kosciusko

Steuben 

Noble

Posey 

LaPorte

Elkhart

Lagrange 

Elkhart

Kosciusko

Steuben

Steuben

Noble

Noble 

Starke

Kosciusko

19.4

39.4 

7.88

2.82

1.77 

26.2 

2. 13

3. 59

10.8 

.62

2.88

1.13

17.2 

124

12.3

92. 1

1.42

54.8 

12.8

8.78

.56

7. 14

106 

1.39

3.60 

3.06

.72

55.8 

.53

45.7

43.0

47.0

74.3

6.52 

4.74

3.96

264 

476 

96

59 

24 

41

15 

91 

43 

86 

142

324 

282

488

118 

88

37 

765

69 

60 

145 

121 

15 

252 

293 

94

652 

127 

135

1,034 

346

45

77 

298

103

Same level 

9- 7-45 

11- 9-45

11-15-45 

10-26-45 

11-28-45

12- 6-50 

8-14-45 

10-30-45 

8-14-46 

10- 2-42

10- 3-45 

8-13-46

10- 2-45

8-17-45

8-10-45 

7-30-43

11- 6-45 

8-15-52 

9-18-45 

10- 9-45 

8-15-45 

11-25-49 

10-23-45 

11- 7-45

Same level « 

11- 6-45 

Same level <

10-29-42 

10- 9-45

Same level

12- 5-45 

10-26-42

Same level a

s Indian L.

7-10-48 

11-30-52

1-31-53

11-30-52

11-30-52

11-30-52

11-30-52

11-30-52

is Hackenburg 

11-30-52 

is Barbee L.

9-30-49

is West L.

s Barbee L.

319 

25,565

15,991

18,354

3,054 

2,454

2,456

14,248

319 

2,455

26,015

24,979

17,321

22,089 

26,017

319 

26,016 

25,562

2,453 

2,452

17,322 

15,505

25,562

9-13-49 

9-13-49

7-28-50

5-25-50

9-13-49 

5-31-47

5-31-47

6-29-48

9-13-49 

5-31-37

7-28-50

6-25-48

7- 1-54

4-12-49 

7-27-50

9-13-49 

7-27-50 

9-13-49

5-31-47 

5-31-47

7- 1-54 

8-10-48

9-13-49

897. 36 

867.70

713.25

783. 20

1,018.83 

954.25

985.28

910.96

897. 36 

898.83

767.30

785. 85

901.80

763.09 

856.90

897.36 

759.73 

837.50

964.96 

964.66

878.25 

714.56

837.50

7.36 

7.70

3.25

3.20

8.83 

4.25

5.28

10.96

7.36 

8.83

7,30

5.85

1.80

3.09 

6.90

7.36 

9.73 

7.50

4.96 

4.66

8.25 

4.56

7.50
Table 1. --Summary of legal lake levels Cont

Name of Lake

Lake of the Woods 

Lake of the Woods 

Larwill 

Lilly 

Lime 

Little Otter 

Little Turkey 

Long 

Long 

Long 

Loomis

Loon (a) 

Loon 

Lower Fish 

Lower Long 

Lukens

Manitou

Maxinkuckee 

McClures 

Messick 

Mill Pond

Moser (a) 

Muskelonge 

Myers

New 

North Chain 

North Twin 

Nyona

Old 

Olin 

Oliver

Pine

Pleasant 

Pretty

County

Lag range 

Marshall 

Whitley 

LaPorte 

Steuben 

Steuben 

Lag range 

Wabash 

Steuben 

Porter 

Porter

Whitley 

Kosciusko 

LaPorte 

Noble 

Wabash

Fulton

Marshall 

Kosciusko 

Lagrange 

Marshall

Wells 

Kosciusko 

Marshall

Whitley 

St Joseph 

Lagrange 

Fulton

Whitley 

Lagrange 

Lagrange

LaPorte

Steuben 

Lagrange

Drainage 

area 

(sq mi)

1.0 

11.6 

.22 

5.88 

17.2 

19.8 

56.0 

.64 

70.8 

1.25 

.89

11.2 

2.70 

10.3 

3.96 

.99

38. 1

9.48 

.45 

55.8 

4.86

5. 12 

11. 1 

1.66

.49 

4.50 

1.99 

6.47

3. 13 

11.3 

11.3

5.88

.94 

2.91

Surface 

area 

(acres)

121 

414 

13.5 

46 

44 

88 

124 

39 

?2 

51 

57

190 

37 

111 

60 

34

631

1,650 

26 

55 

28

46 

24 

86

46 

88 

128 

92

32 

95 

362

564

50 

185

Date 

gage 

established

5-18-51 

9-25-45 

No Gage ii 

Same as S 

Same as C 

10-11-45 

8-13-45 

10-31-45 

10-12-45 

12-14-46 

8-15-46

10-28-42 

4-15-47 

10-25-45 

12- 5-45 

8- 6-48

10-26-42

10-26-42 

9-20-45 

Same as Ii 

9-26-45

No Gage ii 

8- 5-43 

9-26-45

8-16-45 

10-18-45 

5-13-53 

10-29-45

8-18-49 

Same as C 

8-10-45

Same as E 

10-22-45 

10- 8-45 

8-18-49

Date 

gage 

discontinued

stalled 

one Lake 

age Lake 

12-31-52

12-31-51

1-31-53 

11-30-52

11-30-52 

12-31-52 

12-31-52 

11- 1-49

12-31-52 

idian Lakes 

11-30-52

istalled 

11-30-52 

11-30-52

11-30-52 

1-31-53

liver Lake

one Lake 

8- 6-49

11-30-52

Petition filed 

in court

No.

24,045 

15,054 

22,084 

2,454 

3,224 

487 

11,244

14,954 

24,981 

22,087 

17,323

18,008

24, 043 

24,978 

319 

24, 046

19,301 

24,982 

24, 044

14, 702 

86,213

18,007

15, 645 

321 

321

22, 084

3,223 

547

Date

7- 8-48 

1-10-52 

4-12-49 

5-31-47 

7-27-50 

3-14-51 

7-26-50

9- 51 

6-25-48 

4-12-49 

7- 1-54

6-26-48

7- 8-48 

6-25-48 

9-13-49 

7- 8-48

6-25-48 

7- 8-48

7-26-50 

10- 2-50

6-26-48 

7- 2-54

4-12-49

7-27-50 

8-27-51

Established 

normal leve

Sea-level 

datum

803.85 

896.43 

796.20 

954.25 

965. 18 

925.72 

751. 19

895. 14 

865.74 

688.22 

889.81

778.41

733. 12 

865.85 

897.36 

767.75

811.78 

842. 67 

768.69

903.91 

721. 17

793.91

898.07 

899.45 

899.45

796.20

963.52 

965.50

St

ga

3.

6.

4.

5. 

5.

11.

5. 

5.

8.

9.

8.

3. 

5.

7.

7.

2.

8.

3.

1.

3.

8.

9.

9.

6.

3.

5.
Riddles

Rider

Ridinger

Ringneck

Robinson

Rock

Round

Round

Royer

Sand

Saugany

Sawmill

Sechrist

Shipshewana

Shoe

Shriner

Silver

Silver

Silver

Silver

Simonton

Skinner

Skitz

Smalley

Snow

South Chain

South Mud

South Twin

Sparta

Starve Hollow

Steinbarger

Stone

Story

Sylvan

Syracuse

Tippecanoe

St. Joseph

Noble

Kosciusko

Jasper

Kosciusko

Kosciusko

Steuben

Whitley

Lagrange

Noble

LaPorte

Kosciusko

Kosciusko

Lagrange

Kosciusko

Whitley

Steuben

LaPorte

Kosciusko

Noble

Elkhart

Noble

Starke

Noble

Steuben

St. Joseph

Fulton

Lagrange

Noble

Jackson

Noble

LaPorte

DeKalb

Noble

Kosciusko

Kosciusko

13.5

39.7

32.5

12.0

4.07

1.78

7.25

3.57

4.91

15.0

.82

46.5

.66

4.0

.18

1. 12

3.72

.82

4.47

.32

4.37

13.8

Indefinite

32.6

43.0

6.00

4.74

3.13

.26

6. 14

25.2

5.88

2.48

31.5

37.3

118

68

10

115

Indefinite

Swamp area

45

48

28

125

59.7

44

71

23

81

191

40

111

233

54

91

29

245

122

1,400

61

310

88

87

117

24

170

63

140

62

575

367

1,037

1-23-46

Same level

11- 1-45

10- 4-45

Same level 

10-18-45

11-30-52

as Barbee L.

11-30-52

11-30-52

as James L. 

11-30-52

25,562

25,566

3,055

2,453 

86,214

9-13-49

9-13-49

9-13-49

5-31-47 

10- 2-50

Modifiec

837.50

841.57

959.40

964.96 

717.04

elev

T

op

7.50

1.57

9.40

4.96 

7.04
Table 1. --Summary of legal lake levels Conti

Name of lake

Town 

Troy Cedar

Upper Fish 

Upper Long

Village

Wabee 

Waldron 

Wall 

Wauhob 

Wawasee 

Webster

West Lakes 

Westler 

Wilson

Winona 

Witmer

Wolf 

Wolf

Yellow Creek 

Zink

County

Fulton 

Whitley

LaPorte 

Noble

Noble

Kosciusko 

Noble 

Lagrange 

Porter 

Kosciusko 

Kosciusko

Noble 

Lagrange 

Whitley

Kosciusko 

Lagrange

Elkhart 

Lake

Kosciusko 

Fulton

Drainage 

area 

(sq mi)

5.62 

5.62

10.3 

2. 16

11.5

13.4 

131 

1.43 

.29 

37. 3 

54.0

131 

37.3 

.59

32.1 

38.8

.88 

5.72

8.50 

.26

Surface 

area 

(acres)

5 

94

101 

77

11

180 

198 

125 

19 

2,618 

566

342 

81 

28

529 

215

100 

999

127 

19

Date 

gage 

established

5-16-49 

8-23-45

Same level a

11-25-52

11- 2-45 

10-17-47 

10-15-52 

8-15-46 

10-26-42 

10-28-42

Same level a 

Same level a 

12- 7-45

8- 4-43

Same level a 

8- 7-45 

3-31-47 

8-13-46

9-19-45 

3-25-52

Date 

.gage 

discontinued

12-31-49 

8- 9-52

3 Lower Fish

12-31-52

3 Waldron L. 

s Indian L. 

12-31-52

s Indian L. 

9-30-47

12-31-48 

11-30-52

Petition filed 

in court

No.

14, 249 

22,087

25,569

24,976 

27,444

319 

14,232

25,360 

319 

27,674

25,568

Date

6-29-48 

4-12-49

9-13-49

6-25-48 

7- 2-54

9-13-49 

6- 5-48

4-11-49 

9-13-49 

7- 2-54

9-13-49

Established 

normal leve

Sea-level 

datum

905.41 

688.22

829.79

858.89 

852.75

897.36 

865.39

811.06 

897.36 

813.00

860.50

Sta

.gag

5.4

8.2

9.7

8.8

12.7

7.3

5.3

1.0

7.3

3.0

10.5

a Established under drainage laws.
HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES 273 

TEMPERATURES FOR SELECTED LAKES

The data contained in this section were collected by the U. S. 

Geological Survey except those for Maxinkuckee Lake for the period July 1899 to June 1901 which were collected by Evermann and 

Clark (1920).

Surface temperature readings were generally taken near the 

gage location by holding a mercury or liquid-filled tube thermometer about an inch below the water surface. The readings were 

taken by gage observers once weekly, usually on Saturday, with 

occasional additional observations being made by U. S. Geological 

Survey engineers.

The temperature profiles in Maxinkuckee Lake collected by 

Evermann and Clark were taken in the deepest part of the lake in 

what is known as the Deep Hole. A self-registering NegrettiZamba deep-sea thermometer was used except for the period 

July 18 to August 14, 1899, when a Ritchie thermophone was used.

The temperature profiles collected by the U. S. Geological Survey were taken in the deepest parts of the lakes; a Leeds and Northrupthermohm was used. The profiles in Maxinkuckee Lake were 

taken in the same location in the Deep Hole used by Evermann and 

Clark.

In July 1946 temperature profiles were taken at three different 

locations in each of Koontz and Ridinger Lakes to compare temperatures in different parts of the lakes. As no significant difference was found, the practice was discontinued.

An analysis of the data contained in this section will be found 

on p. 14.
274 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Bass Lake at Bass Lake, Ind.

Date

1944 

June 11

1946

July 18

24

1947

Dec. 16

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

31

Feb. 7

14

21

28

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

10

17

24

May 1

8

11

15

22

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 10

17

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

25

Oct. 9

16

23

30

Nov. 6

13

20

23

27

Dec. 4

10

11

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

7

Temperature (°F)

66

84

85

34

33

33

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

33

34

54

40

48

48

47

64

62

62

60

64

64

64

68

74

74

76

88

82

82

78

74

78

75

85

75

75

78

69

52

48

50

54

54

46

43

41

43

43

38

38

38

36

36

36

Date

1949--Con. 

Jan. 8

15

19

22

29

Feb. 5

12

19

22

26

28

Mar. 5

12

19

26

Apr. 2

9

16

23

30

May 6

7

14

21

28

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

13

20

27

Sept. 2

10

17

24

Oct. 1

8

15

21

22

29

Nov. 5

12

19

26

Dec. 3

10

17

24

1950

Jan. 3

7

14

21

28

Feb. 4

11

25

Mar. 4

Temperature (°F)

36

38

34

35

34

34

36

35

35

35

34

43

37

42

45

49

54

52

52

56

73

62

64

62

64

68

70

74

74

86

86

84

82

80

80

84

78

78

67

66

68

72

60

62

64

64

58

56

49

38

38

36

32

34

38

38

45

38

35

35

37

38

38

34

40

Date

1950--Con. 

Mar. 11

17

18

Apr. I

8

15

22

29

May 6

13

20

27

June 3

10

17

24

July 1

8

15

22

29

Aug. 5

12

19

26

Sept. 2

9

16

30

Oct. 7

14

21

28

Nov. 4

11

16

18

25

Dec. 2

9

16

23

30

1951

Jan. 6

13

20

27

Feb. 3

10

17

24

Mar. 3

10

17

24

31

Apr. 7

14

21

28

May 5

12

19

26

Temperature (°F)

38

35

38

38

40

40

42

46

48

56

62

62

64

70

64

70

72

74

72

74

72

72

76

70

72

70

68

66

68

62

60

62

60

50

48

45

34

30

34

34

34

32

34

32

32

36

36

32

38

38

38

42

38

36

34

38

42

44

44

54

58

62

68

69

Date

1951--Con. 

June 2

9

16

23

30

July 7

14

21

28

Aug. 4

11

18

25

Sept. 1

a

15

22

29

Oct. 6

13

20

27

Nov. 3

10

17

24

Dec. 1

29

1952

Mar. 22

29

31

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

24

31

June 7

14

21

28

July 12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept. 6

13

20

27

30

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

Temperature (°F)

72

64

68

70

68

72

72

72

74

72

72

70

70

74

72

68

68

60

62

58

58

54

30

34

36

42

48

34

37

48

52

46

44

54

58

62

56

60

58

68

72

75

85

82

74

78

70

72

70

72

72

74

72

75

70

72

64

50

44

48

46

48

46

48
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 275

Temperature profiles (°P) for Bass Lake, at Bass Lake, Ind.

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

7.5 

10 

15 

18.5 

20 

21 

22 

22.5 

24 

25 

26 

28 

30 

32 

33

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

3 

5 

6 

9 

10 

12 

15 

18 

20 

21 

22.5 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

32

1946

July 25

82

79

77.5

76.9 

76.5

75.6

75.3

74.5

73.3

Oct. 22

58

55.1

55

55.5

55.5

55.2

[TO O

59 ' 9

1947 Continued

Oct. 31

56

59.4

59.4

59.4

59

58.2

58.3

58.5

58.5

Nov. 18

41

39.8

39.8

39.8

39.8

39.8

39.8 

40

Nov. 19

35

44

44

44.1 

44

46.5

1947

May 1

58

58

57.7

57.3 

57.1

56.7

56

cc o

May 27

57.5

65

65

65 

64.5

64.3

64.2

64.2

June 19

78

68.8 

68.7 

68.3 

66 

65.2 

64.2

63.8

63

i

July 23

78.1

74.1

73.5

72.7

71.3

70.2

69.7

Aug. 26

74

82.9

82.9

82.9 

82.8

82.5

or\ o

77.2

Oct. 1

51

56

57

57.2 

57.5

58.5

59

63

1948

June 1

70

70 

70

69.5

69

68.2

67.7

66.8

66.4

July 3

71

75.1

75.2

75.2

75.3

75.3

75.2

75.2 

75.2

Aug. 3

74

78 

77.8

77

76.7

76.7

76.3

76.2

75.9 

75.8

Aug. 31

70

79.9 

79

79

79

78.1

77.4

74.2

73.9

Oct. 5

58

57.8

57.7

58

57.3

57.2

57.2

57.9

Nov. 15

52

44.4

44.5

44.6 

44.6

44 

43.9 

43.7

43.6

43.4

43.4

Water surface temperatures for Bear Lake at Wolflake, Ind.

Date

1945 

July 11

Dec. 19

1946

July 3

1947

Apr. 28

June 8

Temperature

75

32

79

55

73

Date

1948 

Aug. 5

Dec. 16

1949

Jan. 27

Mar. 4

Apr. 27

Temperature

74

40.5

34.5

37

61.5

Date

1943 Con. 

Sept. 7

Dec. 1

1950

Jan. 17

Mar. 8

May 4

Temperature

70

39

35

35

56

Date

1950--Con. 

Sept. 13

Oct. 18

Nov. 21

1951

May 15

Feb. 2

May 6

Temperature

70

60

40

65

36

53

Water surface temperatures for Big Lake near Wolflake, Ind.

Date

1945 

July 11

Sept. 6

Nov. 28

Dec. 17

1946

May 15

1948

June 3

Temperature

67

78

38

30

61

74.5

Date

1949 Con. 

Nov. 4

1949

Jan. 21

27

Mar. 9

31

Apr. 27

Sept. 6

Dec. 1

Temperature

55

34

34.5

37

47

64.5

75

42

Date

1949 Con. 

Dec. 19

1950

Jan. 27

Feb. 7

22

Mar. 24

Apr. 8

May 3

Temperature

35

35

35

35

35

40

54

Date

1950 Con. 

June 20

Sept. 13

Oct. 17

26

Nov. 1

21

May 15

Feb. 2

Temperature

75

72

58

57

59

40

63

36.5
276 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Bixler Lake at Kendalville, Ind.

Date

1945 

Oct. 1 

Dec. 29

1946 

Jan. 11 

Feb. 14 

Mar. 2 

Apr. 11 

June 15

22

26 

July 1

Aug. 28

1947 

Dec. 18

1948 

Jan. 3

10

17

24 

28

29

30

31

Feb. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29 

Mar. 1

Oct. 29

Nov. 20

27

Dec. 4

11

16

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

8

15

22

29

Feb. 1

5

12

19

26

Mar. 5

12

19

26

Apr. 2

9

16

22

23

Temperature

58 

32

35 

34 

41 

49 

67

69

78 

81

73

34

33

33

33

33 

36

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

35

35

35 

34

34

34

34

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

37

37

37 

34.5

48

39

40

42

32

39

33

32

32

35

36

34

33

34.5

34

35

37

37

37

39

39

45

50

52

51

52

53

Date

1949 Con. 

Apr. 60 

May 5

7

14 

21 

28 

June 4 

11 

18

25

July 2 

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

20 

27 

Sept. 3

9

10

17 

24

Oct. 1

8

14

15

22

29

Nov. 5

12

19

26

Dec. 2

3

10

17

24

31

1950

Jan. 7

14

21

28

Feb. 4

11

18

25

Mar. 4

11

15

18

25

Apr. 1 

8

15

22

28

May 6

13

20

26

27

June 3

10

17

24

July 1

8

15

22

29

Aug. 1

5

12

19

26

Sept. 2

9

16

23

30

Oct. 7

15

Temperature

61 

65

68

69 

65 

71 

76 

75 

79

79

89 

82

83

84

82 

81

78 

79 

75

62

71

69 

59

62

72

63

64

60

57

48

57

45

37

37

35

33

33

36

36

35

36

34

37

34

36

33

33

34

36

35

35

37

39 

43

40

46

48

55

59

68

67

70

67

73

76

74

73

79

77

76

77

77

78

77

75

77

76

72

71

66

65

63

60

Date

1950- -Con. 

Oct. 21 

28

Nov. 4

11 

18 

25 

Dec. 2 

9 

16

23

30

1951

Jan. 6

13 

20

27 

Feb. 3 

10

17

24

Mar. 3 

10

17

24

31

Apr. 7

14

21

28

May 5

12

19

26

June 2

9

16

23

30

July 7 

10

14

21

28

Aug. 4

11

18

25

30

Sept. 1

8

15

22

29

Oct. 6 

13

20

27

Nov. 3

10

17

20

24

Dec. 1

8

15

20

22

29

1952

Jan. 5

12

19

26

Feb. 2

7

9

16

23

Mar. 1

8

22

29

Apr. 5

Temperature

64 

57

50

43 

44 

34 

34 

33 

33

33

33

34

34 

36

33 

33 

33

34

37

37 

40

39

37

40

45

44

48

51

65

68

77

67

72

68

77

75

75

76 

75

78

78

79

80

80

76

73

81

73

71

67

63

63

62 

60

57

54

48

42

41

38

38

40

42

35

30

34

34

35

35

35

34

35

28

35

35

36

38

42

40

42

44

Date

1952 Con. 

Apr. 12 

19

26

May 3 

10 

17 

24 

31 

June 7

14

21

OOC.Q

July 5

12

19 

26

Aug. 2 

9 

16

23

30

Sept. 6 

13

20

Oct. 19

25

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

20

27

1953

Jan. 3

10

17 

24

31

Feb. 6

7

14

21

28

Mar. 2

7

14

21

26

27

28

Apr. 4 

11

16

18

25

May 2

9

16

23

30

June 4

6

13

20

26

July 4

6

11

18

25

Aug. 1

8

15

22

26

29

Sept . 5

12

19

26

Temperature

45 

54

63

69 

63 

57 

61 

68 

78

77

80 

85

88

86

79

82

82 

75 

78

75

78

72 

78

68

56

56

56

55

53

42

35

35

34

35

33

32

31

34 

37

42

37

38

40

35

41

37

36

45

48

40

40

45

45 

48

48

47

50

54

63

65

67

72

71

73

76

84

85

85

78

80

78

82

84

80

80

82

83

84

79

64

67

73
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 277

Temperature profiles (°F) for Bixler Lake, Kendallville

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

7.5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

25 

30 

35 

36 

36.5 

37 

37.5

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

36 

37 

37.5 

39

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

7.5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

36 

37 

37.5

1946

Aug. 28

73.2

73.2

73.2

72.9

69.7 

62.5 

60.6

60.1

59.6

Oct. 16

64

59.5

59.5

59.5

59.4

59.5 

59.6 

59.9 

60.4

61.9

Nov. 21

60

47.2

47.2

47.1

47.2

47.2 

47 

47 

47

48.5

1947

Jan. 8

32

34.6

36.1 

36

35.9

36

36.1 

36.3 

37 

37.6 

38.1

Mar. 27

47

37.5 

3 7 -.3 

37.1

37.1

37.1

37.3 

37.5 

37.4 

37.4 

37.4

37.8

Apr. 28

59

52.1 

52.2 

51.7 

51.7 

51.7 

51.7 

50.7 

50.6 

50.3 

50.2 

50.1 

50 

50

50 

49.6

1947 Continued

June 24

60

69.6

69.6 

69.6

68.8 

65.5 

62.2

58.6 

56

54.4

53.5

July 7

78.8

76.6

76.5 

76.5

70.2

66.9

59.6 

57 

57

Aug. 27

104

83.8

82.8 

82.5 

80.7 

73.5 

68.5 

65.2

60.1 

58.2

57

56.6

Oct. 9

59

64

63.7 

63.4

63.1

63.1

62 .3 

61

59.4

57.7

Oct. 30

53

61.4

61.2 

61.2

61

61

61 

61

61

61

Nov. 19

43

44

44 

43.9

43.8

43.8

43.8 

43.6

43.6

43.6

May 26

61.5

63.4

63.4

63.4

62.9

60.4 

53.3 

52.7 

52.8

52.7

1948

June 5

82

73.8 

73 

71.7 

68.9

66.3

60.8 

64 

59.5 

57

55.3

55.1

1948 Continued

July 1

64

74.8

74.6

74.5 

74.3 

67.8 

63.4 

60.8 

59.4 

57.7

56.7

56.4

Aug. 4

60

74.5

74.5

74.5 

74.3 

73.3 

66.1

59.5 

57.8

56.9

56.6

Sept. 1

65

78.5 

78.5 

 77.5

77.2 

76.4 

70 

66.3

61 

58.5

57.5 

57.2

Oct. 8

46

59.2

59.2

59.2 

59.2

59.2

59.2 

59

58.8

Nov. 18

45

46.2 

45.8 

46.1 

46.3 

46.4 

46.4 

46.4 

46.4 

46.3 

46.3 

46.4 

46.4 

46.4

Dec. 9

28

38.9

38.5

37.3 

38.3

39.5

38.8 

39.3

38.5 

38.8 

39.5
278 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce,, Ind.

Date

1945

June 12

1946

July 18

20

27

29

Aug. 3

10

17

24

31

Sept. 7

14

21

28

Oct. 5

12

26

Nbv . 2

9

16

23

30

Dec. 7

14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

24

31

June 7

14

21

28

July 5

12

1926 '

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept . 6

13

20

27

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

19

22

29

Dec. 6

13

20

27

31

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

31

Temperature (°F)

64

88

77

66

87

84

75

72

64

72

80

63

60

63

58

54

55

57

50

48

41

38

44

39

42

40

36

38

42

40

30

33

37

40

41

40

38

40

42

47

50

52

45

42

45

62

65

62

65

65

62

78

70

73

65

72

70

75

75

80

76

70

70

68

65

60

55

54

53

52

44

45

40

44

31

32

30

33

32

36

32

32

29

26

22

Date

1946 Con.

Feb. 7

14

21

28

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

8

10

17

24

May 8

13

15

22

29

June 5

12

19

July 3

10

17

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

13

20

27

Dec. 4

11

17

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

8

12

15

22

29

Feb. 5

12

19

22

26

Mar. 5

12

19

21

26

Apr. 2

9

16

23

25

30

May 7

14

21

28

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

13

?o

Temperature (°F)

25

24

28

30

30

28

46

45

44

57

52

50

56

62

58

64

62

65

70

68

70

78

78

78

70

78

78

70

75

80

74

70

68

62

54

55

58

58

54

55

57

52

51

45

45

42

42

45

38

35

35

35

39

35

42

46

35

33

32

38

38

38

39

38

45

50

48

53

59

45

62

55

58

62

42

59

72

76

79

75

78

84

82

78

84

79

80

78

7R

Date

1949 Con.

Aug. 27

Sept. 3

10

17

24

Oct. 1

8

15

21

22

27

Nov. 5

12

19

26

Dec. 3

10

17

24

31

1950

Jan. 7

14

21

28

Feb. 4

11

18

25

Mar. 4

11

16

18

25

Apr. 1

8

15

22

29

May 6

13

20

27

June 3

10

17

24

July 1

7

15

22

29

Aug. 5

12

19

26

Sept. 2

9

16

23

30

Oct. 7

14

21

28

Nov. 4

11

18

24

25

Dec. 2

9

16

23

30

1951

Jan. 6

13

20

27

Feb. 3

10

17

24

Mar. 3

10

17

24

Temperature (°F)

78

76

65

62

56

68

63

62

64

54

55

44

62

42

36

34

40

40

38

37

33

35

34

35

31

35

36

43

33

34

35

32

43

42

42

48

53

46

64

76

65

62

67

72

71

78

76

78

84

72

83

76

74

70

75

75

70

66

63

65

62

58

60

55

46

38

45

36

32

33

33

32

33

33

33

33

40

40

33

33

34

39

41

43

44

42

Date

1951--Con.

Mar. 31

Apr. 7

14

21

28

May 5

12

19

26

June 2

9

16

23

30

July 7

14

21

28

Aug. 4

11

18

25

Sept. 1

8

15

22

29

Oct. 6

13

20

27

Nov. 3

10

17

24

Dec. 1

8

15

22

29

1952

Jan. 5

1£

19

26

Feb. 2

9

16

23

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

24

31

June 7

14

21

28

July 5

12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept. 6

13

20

27

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Temperature (°F)

45

46

47

50

59

70

60

74

68

76

68

70

68

72

75

74

73

76

68

78

68

68

75

63

70

65

52

61

54

45

52

42

44

44

48

38

42

38

37.5

38

37

44

36

42

45

45

40

44

44

43

42

42

49

39

46

58

64

70

58

54

65

65

72

70

62

80

78

74

70

78

71

75

72

62

75

65

72

62

67

52

44

42

45

45

42

45

41

40
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 279

Water surface temperatures for Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 7

1946

July 24

Aug.. 26

Oct. 5

12

19

26

NOV. 2

9

16

23

30

Dec. 7

28

1947

Jan. 11

18

Feb. 1

8

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

May 31

June /

14

28

July 5

12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept . 6

13

20

27

Oct. 11

18

25

Temperature

62

83

76

58

55

48

5558'

50

50

35

36

38

33

36

33

34

33

34

36

34

36

36

34

45

45

48

58

65

65

73

72

74

72

76

74

78

78

90

75

72

74

70

55

60

65

60

Date

1947 Con. 

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

16

20

27

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

Feb. 7

14

21

28

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

24

May 1

15

22

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 3

10

17

24

31

Aug. 2

14

21

Sept. 4

11

18

25

Oct. 4

9

16

30

Temperature

55

40

42

42

32

35

34

33

33

34

33

34

33

33

34

34

36

37

36

33

40

45

42

55

58

55

60

60

68

66

65

66

70

78

76

70

73

77

71

75

74

68

70

60

61

49

55

55

Date

1948 Con. 

Nov. 6

13

20

24

27

Dec. 4

10

11

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

8

15

22

29

Feb. 5

12

19

21

26

Mar. 5

12

19

26

Apr. 16

23

30

May 7

14

21

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

23

30

Aug. 6

13

20

27

Sept . 3

10

24

Oct. 8

15

17

Temperature

52

50

45

39.5

43

48

34

34

35

34

34

37

40

36

34

33

38

36

33.5

38

38

36

36

42

40

48

55

60

65

62

70

72

74

77

84

80

75

78

75

76

75

76

72

67

64

63

62

63

Date

1949 Con. 

Oct. 22

29

Nov. 5

12

19

26

Dec. 3

10

17

24

1950

Jan. 7

14

21

28

Feb. 4

11

18

25

Mar. 4

11

18

25

Apr. 15

22

29

May 6

13

20

27

June 3

6

16

24

8

15

22

29

Aug. 5

12

19

26

Nov. 6

1951

May 21

1953

Jan. 20

Temperature

60

58

58

60

50

31

36

40

38

38

38

40

33

36

34

36

38

36

48

40

42

36

38

40

45

50

55

58

56

60

61

81

75

74

76

68

70

66

70

68

70

45

75

34

Temperature profiles (°F) for Cedar Lake, at Cedar Lake

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10

Aug. 26

84

75.5

73.6

72

Oct. 21

59.5

55.4

55.7

55.5

Nov. 18

36

44

44

44

1946

Jan. 6

25

33.7

36.5

38.1

Feb. 17

30.5 .

33.7

37.5

39

May 1

65

57

56.8

55.4

May 27

56.9

62.5

62.5

62.5
280 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°P) for Cedar Lake, at Cedar Lake--Continued

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10 

12 5

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2 5

5

10

14.. R

June 16

87

68

63.7

62.3

June 1

54

67.4

65.8

65.8

R7, 7

July 23

75.5

75.5

73.6

71

July 2

81

75.8

75.4

75.3

19

Aug. 25

98

85.9

84.8

82.5

Aug. 2

77

79.2

77.2

76.9

47

Oct. 1

57

58.5

58.1

56.5

1948

Aug. 30

76

82.3

82.4

80.5

Oct. 28

56

62.1

62.3

61.8

Oct. 4

60.9

61.2

61.2

Nov. 18

35

39.2

39.2

38.9

40 5'

Nov. 15

45

42.6

42.2

41.8

1948

Jan. 30

25

35.4

40

40.4

Dec. 31

32

34.7

33.5

35.2

Water surface temperatures for Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind.

Date

1945 

July 2 

Sept. 4

Temperature

72 

78

Date

1945--Con. 

Dec. 12

Temperature

36

Date

1948 

Feb. 29 

Sept. 29

Temperature

34 

61

Date

1949 

Jan. 6

Temperature

36

Water surface temperatures for Crooked Lake near Wolflake, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 14

1947

Apr. 23

1948

Nov. 4

Dec. 29

Temperature

73

49

57.5

35

Date

1949 

Jan. 11

21

Mar. 9

23

31

Sept. 6

14

Temperature

34

35

38

42

45

76

67

Date

1949--Con. 

Sept. 16

Nov. 3

23

Dec. 1

1950

Jan. 17

Temperature

64

51

43

42

35

Date

1950--Con. 

Mar. 8

13

Nov. 7

21

1951

May 15

Temperature

35

44

53

40

64
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 281

Water surface temperatures for Flint Lake near Valparaiso, Ind.

Date

1946 

Oct. 26

Nov. 3

16

23

30

Dec. 7

14

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

15

22

Mar. 9

13

23

Apr. 3

5

12

19

27

May 2

10

17

24

31

June 7

21

28

July 5

12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept. 6

13

17

20

23

27

Oct. 1

4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

12

15

22

Dec. 15

1948

Feb. 26

Mar. 27

Apr. 3

10

17

20

24

May 1

8

15

22

Temperature

59

57

47

35

46

40

33

33

33

33

33

32.5

32

33

32

32.5

32.5

37

39

48

43

47

48

54

53

60

62

58

76

66

74

75

74

71

74

73

77

77

82

77

74

72

67

71

60

58

53

62

56

70

70

53

38

34

33

43

34

33

41

45

47

48

55.5

58

58

52

57

63

Date

1948 Con. 

May 29

June 5

12

19

26

July 3

10

17

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

25

Oct. 2

4

9

16

30

Nov. 3

6

13

20

27

1949

Feb. 4

Mar. 5

12

19

Apr. 2

9

16

23

30

May 7

14

21

28

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

20

27

Sept. 3

10

17

24

Oct. 1

8

15

17

22

29

Nov. 3

5

7

12

19

26

Dec. 3

Temperature

62

71

71

68

75

74

77

78

73

76

71

78

74

79

73

66

67

59

58

50

52

56

53

55

50

42

40

35

35

49

31

36

43

46

43

50

57

69

71

69

67

70

72

82

78

82

81

84

78

79

75

72

75

66

64

62

57

56

61

60

65

60

51

34

41

54

52

40

34

34

Date

1949 Con. 

Dec. 22

31

1950

Jan. 5

Feb. 11

Mar. 11

18

25

Apr. 1

15

22

May 6

13

20

27

June 3

10

17

24

July 1

8

15

22

29

Aug. 5

12

19

26

Sept. 2

9

16

23

30

Oct. 7

14

21

28

Nov. 4

11

18

1951

Apr. 7

14

21

28

May 5

12

19

26

June 2

16

23

30

July 7

14

21

28

Aug. 4

11

18

25

Sept. 8

15

22

29

Oct. 6

13

20

Temperature

38

35

30

34

34

34

33

35

39

54

58

66

68

63

65

75

68

76

75

74

79

73

83

79

77

77

77

75

73

66

64

71

59

57

58

57

51

36

40

42

41

45

57

58

53

67

67

69

75

73

72

78

74

75

78

78

72

69

67

71

69

64

59

59

58

56

Date

1951 Con. 

Oct. 27

Nov. 3

10

17

Dec. 1

8

15

1952

Jan. 5

12

19

Feb. 2

9

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

24

31

June 7

14

21

July 5

Aug. 9

30

Sept. 6

13

20

27

Oct. 4

11

18

Nov. 1

8

22

Dec. 6

13

20

1953

Jan. 31

Feb. 7

14

21

28

Mar. 7

28

May 2

9

16

23

June 6

13

27

30

July 18

25

Sept. 12

19

26

Temperature

54

45

40

36

37

37

36

33

34

32

33

33

33

33

37

40

47

46

45

54

59

72

63

59

61

66

75

74

75

81

82

75

74

72

67

65

48

48

52

50

47

47

39

38

37

37

40

39

39

38

38

47

53

62

66

64

72

76

81

85

82

81

72

67

59
282 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°F) for Flint Lake, near Valparaiso

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2,5 

5 

7 

7.5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

27.5 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

64 

65 

67.5 

69 

70 

70.5

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

64 

65 

67 

67.5 

70 

71.5

1946

Oct. 21

63

57.9

57.9

57.8

57.6

57,2

57 

56.6 

54.5 

52.3 

52 

51.7 

51.4 

51.3 

51,3 

51.3

51.3

Nov. 18

44

48.2

48.2

48.3

48.5

48.5

48.4

48.4

48.3 

48.3 

48.2 

48.3 

48.5 

48.5

48.8

1947

Jan. 6

25

34.2

35.7

36.1

36.3

36.3

36.4

36.6

1947 Continued

Oct. 2

57

57.2

57.1 

57

56.9

56.5

52.3 

49.5 

48.5 

48 

48 

47.8 

47.8 

47.8

Oct. 27

57

63.2

63.2 

63.1

62.8

60.9

55.8 

53 

51.4 

50.7 

50.5 

50.5 

50.5 

50.4

50.3

Nov. 18

39.5

44

43.9 

43.8

43.8

43.8

43.8 

43.8 

43.8 

44 

45 

43.9 

43.9 

43.8

44

Feb. 17

32.5

33.6 

37.6 

39

39.1

39.3

39.3

39.4

38.9

38.8 

38.7 

38.6 

38.6 

38.8 

39

39.1

Mar. 1

53

56.1 

56.1 

56

53.3

52.6

52

51

51

50.3 

48.9 

47.8 

47.5 

47.3 

47.1

46.9

46.7

May 27

58

63.7

63.7

63.7

62.2 

57.7 

54

52

50.8

50 

49.3 

48.9 

48,8 

48.6 

48.4

48.3

48

June 17

72

66.8

65.7

64.1

62 

57.4 

56.7

51.9

50.5

49.8 

49.5 

49,2 

49.2 

49 

49

49

49

July 31

75

78.5

78.5

76

69,5

57.5

53.2

51.4

50.8 

50.3 

50.2 

50.1 

50 

50

AQ 0

Aug. 25

95

85

84.9

84.8 

81.8 

74.2 

69 

62.3 

57.8

52.5

51.3

50.6 

50.3 

50.2 

50.1 

50.1 

50.1

50.1

50

1948

June 1

78

69.3

67.8 

65.4 

63.2 

59 

57.3 

56

54.6 

53.5 

52 

50.6 

50 

49.8 

49.6 

49.4

49.4

49.4

July 2

87

74.8

74.7 

73.9 

69 

61.7 

57.3 

55.3

53.3 

52.3 

51.5 

50.4 

50 

49.9 

49.7 

49.6

49.6

49.6 

49.6

Aug. 2

70

79.2 

79 

77.7 

77 

76 

68.2 

61.1 

57

53.7 

52.7 

51.7 

51 

50.7 

50.6 

50.6 

50.5

50.4

Aug. 30

74

82.1 

82.4 

82.4 

78.9 

75.2 

70.5 

64 

57.8

53.9 

52.5 

51.5 

50.8 

50.8 

50.8 

50.5 

50.5 

51

Oct. 4

61

62.3

62.2 

62.2

61.9

60.9

53.8 

52.6 

50.9 

50.9 

50.5 

50.5 

50.5 

50.4

Nov. 19

53

46.2

46.2 

46.4

46.4

46.3

46.5 

46 

46.3 

46.6 

46.6 

46.2 

46.4 

45.9

46.1 

46
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 283

Water surface temperatures for Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, Ind.

Date

1945

June 29

Sept. 4

1948

Dec. 14

1949

Jan. 6

Oct. 12

Temperature (°F)

84

79

55

35.5

65

Date

1949 Con.

Oct. 13

Dec. 5

1950

Oct. 20

Nov. 2

16

1951

Jan. 24

Temperature (°F)

64

39

59.5

57

44

35

Date

1951 Con.

Aug. 9

Oct. 9

Dec. 14

1952

Feb. 12

Dec. 10

1953

Jan. 8

Temperature (°F)

76

58

29

28

35

34

Date

1953--Con.

Jan . 30

Mar. 10

Apr. 2

23

May 19

July 8

Aug. 5

Dec. 1

Temperature

(T)

35

37

45

49

60

77

76

77

Water surface temperatures for Jlmerson Lake at Nevada Mills, Ind.

Date

1945 

Oct. 9

1946

Apr. 9

1948

June 29

Nov. 18

1949

Jan. 6

Temperature

51

49

75

45

35.5

Date

1949 Con. 

Feb. 17

Sept. 15

Oct. 12

Dec. 6

7

1950

Oct. 19

Nov. 15

Temperature

34.5

65

66

38

37

58

48

Date

1951 

Jan. 9

July 11

Aug. 9

Sept. 5

Oct. 9

Nov. 17

Dec. 21

1952

Nov. 14

Dec. 10

Temperature

34

77

73

68

55

37

28

41

39

Date

1953 

Jan. 9

30

Apr. 3

May 19

June 15

July 8

Aug. 5

Sept. 29

Temperature

34

36

44

66

73

79

76

65

Water surface temperatures for Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 11

1946

Apr. 16

Temperature

66

55

Date

1946 Con. 

July 19

1948

Feb. 10

Temperature

85

34

Date

1949 

Nov. 9

28

29

Temperature

49

37

35

Date

1950 

June 15

1951

Jan. 11

Temperature

79

33

Temperature profiles (°F) for Koontz Lake, at Koontz Lake July 25, 1946

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15

Site A

76

80.3 

79.4 

78.5 

71.2

Site B

76

79.3 

77.8 

76.8 

70.2

Site C

76

79.8 

78.7 

72.5 

61.5

Depth 

(feet)

20 

23 

25 

29

Site A

65.8 

*61.8

Site B

64.2

58.8 

*56.5

Site C

55.4 

*53.0
284 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Lake James at Lake James, Ind.

Date

1945

July 3

Sept . 4

1946

Jan. 10

Oct. 5

12

19

26

Nov. 2

9

16

Dec. 7

14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

24

31

June 7

14

21

28

July 5

Temperature (°P)

73

80

34

62

58

57.5

57

58

53

50

42

39

37

34

34

34

36

37

35

30

35

36

34

36

37

38

40

38

40

44

47

50

54

57

62

59

66

64

68

70

72

Date

1947 Con.

July 12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept . 6

13

20

27

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

20

27

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

29

31

Feb. 7

14

21

24

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

10

17

Temperature (°P)

74

70

72

76

78

77

72

79

75

74

77

65

62

68

65

63

56

51

45.5

41

40

38

36.5

34

34

34

35

33.5

33.5

34

33.5

34

33.5

34

34

35

36

40

42

40

44

42

Date

1948--Con.

Apr. 24

May 1

8

15

22

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 3

10

17

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

25

30

Oct. 2

9

16

23

30

Nov. 6

12

13

20

21

Dec. 4

11

14

25

31

1949

Jan. 6

8

22

Temperature (°F)

48

57

59

62

64

65

64

63

65

70

76

77

76

75

74

72

73

76

70

65

64

60

63

65

62

60

60

57

56

52

48

52

48

47

46

45

40.5

44

42

36

40

35

Date

1949 Con.

Jan. 29

Feb. 5

12

17

Mar. 10

12

19

26

Apr. 2

9

16

20

23

30

May 7

14

21

28

June 4

25

30

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

13

20

27

Sept. 3

10

15

17

24

30

Oct. 12

Nov. 4

Dec. 6

1950

Mar. 3

11

June 6

Temperature (°F)

35

36

35

35

37.5

34

36

42

41

43

43

50

46

47

52

54

57

60

67

68

72

73

74

72

70

71

70

71

69

72

70

69

65

63

62

62

64

50

38

34

44

70

Temperature profiles (°F) for Lake James, at Lake James

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22 

24 

25 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

35 

36 

38 

40 

42.5 

45 

47.5 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70

1946

Sept. 29

56.6

68

68 

68 

68

68 

66.8 

66.6

66.5 

65.4

 64.8 

62.8 

60.5

57.5 

56 

54.7

50.9

49.5

49.2 

48.3 

47 

46.1

Oct. 24

69.5

59

59.2 

59.3 

59.1

58.8

58.1

58

58

57.1 

55.4 

52 

50.5 

49.5 

48.5 

47.5 

46.7 

45.4

Nov. 23

32

48.3

48.3 

48.3 

48.2

48

47.8

47.7

47.7

47.7

47.6

47.6 

47.4 

47.2 

47.5 

47.5

Dec. 18

1 16

41

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

1947

Apr. 29

64

48 

48 

48.4 

48.4 

48.3

48.2

48.1

48.1

47.4

46.5

46

45.8 

45.5 

44.8 

44.4 

43.8

May 25

60.8

62.6 

62.6 

62.6 

62.6 

61.4 

56.7 

53.1

51.8

51.3

49.5

48.8

48.2

47.2 

46.6 

45.7 

45.2 

44.7

June 23

78

70.5

70.5 

70.3 

69.7 

69 

67

62

56.2

52.5

50.3

48.6

47.7 

47.1 

46.2 

45.2 

45
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 285

Temperature profiles (°F) for Lake James, at Lake Jamas Continued

(feet)

75 

77.5 

80 

81 

82 

82.5 

83 

85 

86

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

82.5 

84 

85 

86 

87

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

81 

85 

86.5 

87

1946

Sept. 29

45.3

45

44.8

Oct. 24

44.8

44.5

44

Nov. 23

47.1 

47 

46.7

45.6

Dec. 18

41.3 

43

1947

Apr. 29

43.4

43.4

42.8

1947 Continued

July 30

95

77.4

77 

77

76.3

71.6 

63.7 

57.6 

53.6 

51.2 

49.3 

48 

47.7 

46.7 

46.2 

45.3 

44.8 

44.4

44.4

44.2

Aug. 27

82.5

82.5

81.9 

81.9

79.5

72.2 

62.7 

57.5 

54.4 

51.7 

49.8 

48.3 

47.6 

47 

46.2 

45.7 

45.2 

44.9

44.6

Oct. 9

59

63

62.9 

62.8

62.8

62.8 

62 

"60.9 

58.3 

53.1 

50.2 

49 

47.8 

47 

46.5 

45.8 

45.3 

45

44.7

Oct. 29

55

61.4

61.7 

61.7

61.8

61.3 

61.5 

61.5 

57.9 

53.7 

50.2 

48.8 

48 

47.2 

46.3 

45.9 

45.4 

45

44.9 

44.9

Nov. 19

40

47.4

47.4 

47.4

47.4

47.4 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

47.2 

46.6 

45.5 

45.2

45.2

May 25

44.4

44.2

43.7

June 23

44.7

44.5

44.5 

44

1948

June 3

84

73.3

70.7 

67.7

64.7

61.3 

57 

53.7 

51.9 

50.3 

48.6 

47.2 

46.3 

45.7 

45.2 

45 

44.7 

44.4

44.2

June 30

76

74.4

74.4 

74.4 

73.8 

72.9 

69.2 

63 

57.3 

54.3 

52.5 

50 

48.3 

47.3 

46.6 

46.2 

45.3 

44.7 

44.5 

44.3

44

1948- -Continued

Aug. 4

64

75.1 

75.5 

75.6 

75.5 

73.6 

69.2

60/8 

56.2 

53.9 

51.9 

49.7 

48 

47.3 

47.1 

46.4 

45.9 

45.6 

45.3

45

Sept. 2

75

76.5 

76.3 

75.7 

75.7

73.8 

67.1 

62.9 

56.4 

53.2 

50.9 

48.8 

48 

46.9 

46.4 

45.6 

45.6 

45.3 

45.1

Oct. 7

52

60 

60 

60 

60

60

60 

60 

54.9 

51.3 

49.1 

47.9 

47.2 

46.4 

45.7 

45.2 

44.9 

44.7

44.5

Nov. 18

53

47 

46.9 

47.3 

47.3

47.3

47 

46.6 

47 

44.5 

47.4 

47.3 

47.5 

47.5 

47.1 

47.4 

46 

44

44.3

44.3

Dec. 9

43.9 

44.1 

42.6 

42.8

42.1

42.1 

42 

42.1 

42.4 

41.3 

42.6 

42.6 

43.2 

43.2 

43.1 

43 

42

42 

42

Dec. 18

16

41

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3

41.3 

43
286 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Lake Manitou at Rochester, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 12

Temperature

67

Date

1948 

Sept. 14

Temperature

72

Date

1949 

Nov. 15

Temperature

47

Date

1951 

June 12

Temperature

72

Water surface temperatures for Loon Lake at Ormas, Ind.

Date

1945

July 11

Sept. 1

Oct. 5

Dec. 17

1946

May 14

1947

Apr, 23

Temperature (°F)

70

74

60

32

63

49

Date

1948

Jan. 6

Oct. 28

Dec. 29

1949

Jan. 21

Feb. 16

Mar. 8

Mar. 23

Temperature <°F)

34.5

59

35

35

34

38

42

Date

1949 Con.

Apr. 26

Sept. 6

Oct. 17

Nov , 30

Dec. 20

1950

Jan. 18

27

Temperature (°P)

59

80

58

40

35

35

35

Date

1950 Con.

Feb. 7

22

Mar. 1

May 3

Oct. 17

Nov. 7

22

1951

May 4

Temperature <°F)

35

35

35

53

58

53

41

63

Water surface temperatures for Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, Ind.

Date

1945

June 5

1946

Oct. 26

Nov. 2

9

16

23

30

Dec. 14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

22

Mar. 1

8

22

29

Apr. 19

26

May 10

31

June 14

28

July 5

12

19

26

Sept. 19

27

Oct. 11

17

26

Nov. 1

Temperature (°F)

58

60

60

51

48

38

44

35

33

33

33

34

36

35

33

34

33

33

34

38

37

44

50

56

66

65

78

77

80

73

78

73

63

65

68

64

57

Date

1947 Con.

NOV. 8

15

22

29

Dec. 13

16

20

27

29

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

31

Feb. 7

10

14

21

23

28

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

10

17

24

May 1

13

15

21

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 10

17

Temperature (°F)

43

43

44

35

33

34

32

33

33

33

33

32

32

32

32

33.5

32

32

40.5

34

34

38

36

45

47

52

53

57

58

58

60

68

73

72

70

69

74

85

81

Date

1948 Con.

July 31

Aug. 14

21

28

Sept. 11

18

25

Oct. 2

9

16

23

29

30

Nov. 6

13

20

27

Dec. 4

11

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

8

15

22

29

Feb. 5

22

28

Mar. 5

12

19

26

Apr. 2

9

11

16

23

Temperature (°F)

80

81

80

87

78

76

62

66

57

55

50

64

52

53

43

42

43

42

34

35

33

33

34

36

34

33

33

33.5

36

38

33

38

45

48

49

56

44

52

Date

1949 Con,

Apr. 30

May 7

Sept. 2

27

30

Oct. 20

21

1950

Mar. 16

Apr. 25

May 1

June 15

Nov. 16

1951

Feb. 1

June 21

July 18

Sept. 19

Oct. 16

Dec. 17

1952

Jan. 14

Feb. 18

Dec. 12

1953

Jan. 22

Mar. 2

24

Apr. 13

May 5

June 5

29

July 23

Aug. 21

Sept. 14

Temperature (°P)

59

69

69

68.5

54

64

42.5

35

48

54

78

45

33

73

83

67

63

31

33

36

37

34

37

41

49

56

71

76

78

77

57
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 287

Water temperatures (°F) for Maxinkuckee Lake

[Data from Evermann and Clark, 1920]

Year nf 1899

Date

31 _______

Average -

Date

1 C

31 _______

Average -

February 

6 a.m.

32 

32

32

33

32

32

32

32

32.1

July

6 a.m.

73.5

73.5 

72.5 

72 

70 

72

72.5 

74.5 

77 

75 

74

75 

75 

74 

74 

76

75 

79 

79 

78 

79

78 

78 

78.5 

78 

77 

75

75.3

August Continued

6 p.m.

78 

80 

79 

81 

78

80 

80 

77 

75 

76.5

80 

78.5 

75 

77 

76.5

80 

80 

78 

78

77 

80.5 

82 

78.5 

80.5

82.5 

83 

82 

84.5 

82 

81.5

79.4

Average

76.6 

79.5 

78.3 

80.3 

78

78 

77.5 

75.6 

74.5 

76.2

78.3 

77.6 

75 

74.6 

74.5

76.6 

78 

76.8 

79.3 

77.2

78.2 

79.2 

79.6 

77.8 

79.3

79.3 

82 

81 

81.3 

80.5 

80

78.4

Noon

75

80 

77 

77 

77 

76.5

77.5 

80.5 

79.5 

77

77.5 

79 

79 

79 

81

82 

86 

88.5 

86 

85.5

84

82 

81.5 

82.5 

82.5

80.5

6 p.m.

77

77 

75.5 

73.5 

77 

74

77 

79 

75.5 

77 

76

76 

78 

77 

78 

78

83 

85 

85 

85.5 

82

80 

83 

83 

79.5 

80 

80

78.9

Average

75.1

76.8 

75 

74.1 

74.6 

74.1

75.6 

78 

77.3 

76.3 

75

76.1 

77.3 

76.6 

77 

78.3

80 

83.3 

84.2 

83.2 

82.6

81.6 

80.5 

81.2 

79.6 

79.8 

79.2

78.25

August

6 a.m.

74 

76.5 

76 

75.5 

77.5

71.5 

72.5 

73 

71 

73

73.5 

74.5 

70 

67 

67

70 

73 

73.5 

76 

76

75 

75 

75 

75 

74

75 

77 

70.5 

75.5 

75 

77

73.7

Noon

78 

82 

80 

84.5 

78.5

82.5 

80 

77 

77.5 

79

81.5 

80 

80 

80 

80

80 

81 

79 

84 

78.5

82.5 

82 

82 

80 

83.5

81.5 

86 

84 

84 

84 

81.5

81.1

September

6 a.m.

77 

76.2 

80 

73.8

72.5 

73.5 

75 

67 

67

69.5 

69 

66 

57 

64

64 

66 

62 

63.1 

61.5

61.5 

62 

63 

64 

61

57.5 

57 

55 

56 

54.8

65.6

Noon

82.5 

82.8 

84.2

82 

79.2 

79 

68 

69

77 

77 

75 

72.5 

73

74.5 

76 

70.5 

64 

68.5

71 

69 

65.5 

66 

66

65.5 

63 

61.5 

62 

60

71.6.

6 p.m.

81.2 

80 

79.8

79.5 

78.5 

75

69.5

74 

71 

70 

68.5 

69.5

72 

70.8

63.5 

65

67 

66 

67 

65 

63.5

61 

62 

60 

57 

56

68.9

Average

80.2 

79.6 

81.3

78 

77 

76.3 

67.5 

68.5

73.5 

72.3 

71 

66 

68.8

70.1 

70.9 

66.2 

63.5 

65

66.5 

65.6 

65.1 

65 

63.5

61.3 

60.6 

58.8 

58.3 

56.9

68.1
288 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water temperature ( P) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1899

Date

15 

i fi

19 -_ ___

25___ _ _

28 

AverageDate

1 _______

5

1 C

1 Q

20 

31 _______

Average -

October November

6 a.m.

48.5 

52.5 

52 

55 

55

54 

54 

52.5 

58 

54.5

58.5 

58.5 

60

60 

60.5

59.8 

58.5 

58

50 

60

60 

60

55 

56 

57 

56 

55 

52

56

Noon

59.5 

61 

65.5 

61.5 

61.2

62 

65.5 

64 

64.5 

62

60 

65 

64 

68 

70.5

67 

58.5

58 

66 

66 

62

64

59 

59

60

62.8

November Continued

6 p.m.

46 

45 

47 

50

48 

49 

50 

50 

50.5

50 

46 

49 

48 

49

50 

52 

50 

50 

47

50 

50 

45 

45 

45

44 

44 

44 

45 

47.5

47.6

Average

55 

46.5 

44 

45.6 

48.5

48.6 

49 

50 

50 

49.6

51 

46.6 

47 

47.6 

49

49.6 

49.6 

50.5 

49.6 

48.5

48.5 

50.5 

45.8 

45.5 

45

44.5 

44.5 

44.6 

45 

45.1

47.6

6 p.m.

56 

59 

60.5 

61 

60

62 

61 

61 

60 

60

60 

62 

64 

65 

65

61 

57

60 

60

60 

57 

57 

59 

56 

55

59.9

Average

54.6 

57.5 

58.6 

59.1 

58.7

59 

59.5 

59.1 

60.8 

58.8

59.5 

61.5 

62.6 

64.5 

65.5

62.5 

58

54 

62 

62

61

59.6 

56.5 

57 

58 

56 

55.6

59.5

6 a.m.

54 

45 

45 

42 

44

47 

48 

50 

48 

48

50 

46 

42 

46 

48

48 

47 

50 

48 

47

46 

50 

47.5 

45 

43

42 

43 

43 

42 

42

46.2

Noon

56 

48 

44 

42 

52.5

51

50

52 

50.5

55 

48 

50 

49 

50

51

50 

51 

51 

51

49 

51 

45 

46 

47

47 

46 

47 

44 

46

48.9

December

6 a.m.

44 

42 

42 

41 

55

58 

57 

38 

40 

44

46 

40 

40 

55 

56

52 

52 

54 

58 

56

54.5 

57 

34 

54 

52

55 

52 

52 

32 

52 

52

56.6

Noon

46 

46 

45 

42 

59

41 

40 

42 

40 

42

48 

40 

58 

56 

56

52 

55 

59 

38 

56

57 

58 

56 

54 

54

54 

34 

54 

32 

52 

52

57.9

6 p.m.

45 

45 

42 

57 

58

59 

58.5 

40 

40 

42.6

47 

40 

55 

56 

56

52 

57 

58 

58 

56

58 

38 

54 

55 

35

54 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52

57

Average

44.3 

45.6 

42.3 

40 

37.5

59.3 

38.5 

40 

40 

42.6

47 

40 

57.6 

55.6 

56

52 

54.6 

57 

58 

56

56.5 

57.6 

54.6 

55.6 

55

55.6 

52.6 

54.6 

52 

52 

52

57.2
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 289

Water temperatures (°F) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1900

Date

~\ ft

31 _______

AverageDate

10 

30 _____

31 _______

AverageJanuary

6 a.m.

52 

52 

52 

52 

52

55 

54 

54 

55 

55

55 

55 

55 

55 

55

55 

54 

55 

55 

55

55 

55 

56 

58 

37

54.5 

55.5 

55 

52 

52 

52

55.7

Noon

52 

52 

52 

52 

52

55 

54 

55 

55 

55

55 

54 

55 

55 

54

55 

54 

55 

55 

55

55 

55.5 

57 

40 

56

54 

55 

52 

52 

52 

52

55.8

February- -Continued

6 p.m.

52 

52 

52.5 

52.5 

52

55 

55.5 

54 

55 

55

55

52 

52 

52

52 

52 

32 

52 

35

54.5 

54.5 

55 

52 

52

52 

32 

55

52.7

Average

52 

52 

52.1 

52.5 

52

52.5 

55.1 

35.8 

55 

55

52.8

52.5 

52 

52

52 

52 

52 

52 

52.6

54 

54.5 

54.5 

55 

52

52 

32 

52.6

52.7

6 p.m.

52 

52 

52 

52 

55

55 

54 

55 

55 

55

55 

55 

55 

55 

54.5

55 

55 

55.5 

55 

55

55.5 

56.5 

57.5 

59 

35

54 

55 

52 

52 

52 

52

55.9

Average

52 

52 

52 

52 

52.5

55 

54 

54.6 

55 

55

55 

55.5 

55 

55 

55.8

55 

54 

55.1 

55 

55

55.1 

55.6 

56.8 

59 

56

54.1 

55.1 

52.5 

52 

52 

32

55.8

February

6 a.m.

52 

52 

52 

52.5 

52

52 

55 

55.5 

55 

55

52.5 

55 

55 

52 

52

52 

52 

52 

52 

52

55.5 

55 

54 

34 

52

52 

52 

52

52.6

Noon

52 

52 

52 

52.5 

52

52.5 

55 

54 

55 

55

55 

55 

52.5 

52 

52

52 

52 

52 

52 

55

54 

54 

54 

55 

52

52 

52 

55

52.6

March

6 a.m.

55 

54 

54 

54 

54

54.5 

55 

55 

55.5 

36

56

56 

36 

55

55 

55.5 

35.5 

55 

56

56 

56 

56 

57 

56.5

56 

36 

56 

56 

57 

57

55.5

Noon

54.5 

54.5 

54 

54 

54

55 

55 

55.5 

56 

56

56

56 

36 

35

55 

55 

54 

35 

36

56 

56.5 

57 

57 

56

56 

36.5 

56 

56 

37.5 

37

55.5

6 p.m.

54 

54 

54.5 

54 

54

55 

55 

55.5 

56 

56

56

56.5 

56.5 

55

54 

55 

54 

56 

56

56.5 

57 

37 

57.5 

56

56 

36 

36.5 

56.5 

36.5 

38.5

55.6

Average

55.8 

54.1 

54.1 

54 

54

54.8 

55 

55.5 

55.8 

56

56

56.1 

56.1 

55

54.6 

55.1 

55.3 

35.5 

56

56.1 

56.5 

56.6 

57.1 

36.1

56 

56.1 

56.1 

56.1 

57 

57.5

55.5
290 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water temperatures (°F) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1900

Date

10 __

11 _______

13 _______

14 _______

16 _______

17 

-1 Q

20 

23 _ _ ___

r->c

OO

Aver age -

Date

12 _ ___

13 _______

14 

17 

-1 Q

23__ _ ___

*? Q

31 _______

Average -

April

6 a.m.

39 

44 

45 

46 

47

48 

48 

49 

50 

48

48 

47 

47 

44 

45.5

46 

48 

48 

48 

48

50 

50 

50 

51 

50

50 

56 

54 

60 

67

49.1

Noon

44 

44.5 

45.5 

47 

48

49 

49 

49 

50.5 

48.5

48 

47.5 

47 

45 

46

46.5 

48.5 

48 

48.5 

48

50 

51 

51.5 

51.5

51

50 

54 

58 

66 

67

49.9

May Continued

6 p.m.

61 

60 

59 

60 

60

60 

61 

59 

57.5 

57

60 

65

69 

70

70 

63.5 

62 

62 

60

60 

62 

70 

71 

73

74 

73.5 

73 

73 

74 

73

65.08

Average

61 

58 

58.5 

60.1 

60.3

59.8 

60 

59.5 

57.8 

57

59.3 

63.6

68 

70

71.3 

63.5 

62 

62.1 

60.3

59.6 

61 

65.3 

69.6 

71.3

73 

72.8 

72.5 

72.5 

73.3 

72.8

64.74

6 p.m.

45 

46 

45 

47.5 

48

49.5 

49.5 

50 

50 

48

47.5 

46 

46 

46 

46.5

48 

48 

48 

49 

49

51 

51 

51 

52 

51

54 

54 

64 

66 

67.5

50.5

Average

42.6 

44.8 

45.1 

46.8 

47.6

48.8 

48.8 

49.3 

50.1 

48.1

47.8 

46.8 

46.6 

45 

46

46.8 

48.1 

48 

48.5 

48.3

50.3 

50.6 

50.8 

51.5 

50.6

51.3 

55.3 

58.6 

64 

67.1

49.8

May

6 a.m.

60 

56 

58.5 

60 

60

59 

59 

59.5 

58 

57

58 

62

66 

69

71 

63 

62 

62 

61

59 

60 

61 

68 

70

72 

72 

72 

72 

72 

72.5

63.71

Noon

62 

58 

58 

60.5 

61

60.5 

60 

60 

58 

57

60 

64

69 

71

73 

64 

62 

62.5 

60

60 

61 

65 

70 

71

73 

73 

72.5 

72.5 

74 

73

65.41

June

6 a.m.

73 

72.5 

71.5 

70 

71.5

73.5 

73.5 

76 

76 

76

74 

74 

76 

76 

77

75.5 

75.5 

75 

73 

70

71 

70 

71 

72 

72

78 

73 

75 

75 

68

73.21

Noon

74 

72 

72 

71 

72

74 

74 

76.5 

76 

76.5

74.5 

75 

76.5 

77 

77

77 

76.5 

76.5 

76 

72

73.2 

72 

74 

78 

78

78 

77.5 

78 

78 

78

75.32

6 p.m.

73.5 

72 

21 

72 

74

73.5 

76 

77 

77 

75

73.5 

77 

77 

77.5 

76

77 

76 

77 

76 

72

72 

70 

73 

75 

75

75 

78 

78 

76 

77

74.9

Average

73.5 

72.1 

71.5 

71 

72.5

73.6 

74.1 

76.5 

76.3 

75.8

74 

75 

76.5 

76.8 

76.6

76.5 

76 

76.1 

75 

71.3

73 

70.6 

72.6 

75 

75

77 

76.1 

77 

76.3 

74.3

74.6
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 291

Water temperatures (°P) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1900

Date

3 _______

10---- _ -

12 _______

13 _______

-i c

19-------

20 

21 _______

24 

25

QC

27 

90

29--- -

31 _______

Aver age -

Date

1 _______

3 _______

9--

10 ____

11 _______

12 _ _ __

13 _______

1 /;

17 

1 £l

19 _______

22--

24 

oc

27--

oo

29

30 ______

Aver age -

July

6 a.m.

71 

73 

75 

78 

78

78 

71 

77.5 

73 

71

73 

77 

71 

71 

75

75 

74.5 

72 

75 

75

73 

75 

78 

80 

75

75 

73 

75 

75.5 

75 

76

74.6

Noon

76 

80 

79 

82 

83

81 

82 

77 

78 

77

77.5 

72 

78 

79 

81

77 

77 

79 

79 

80

80 

80 

81 

78 

80

80 

80 

80 

79 

80.5 

80

79

August- -Continued

6 p.m.

81.5 

78 

80.3 

78.5 

81

79.8 

81.8 

81 

82 

80

80.5 

81.5 

80.5 

79 

78

80 

79.2 

79 

78.5 

79

83.6 

83 

82 

81.5 

79

81.5 

79.5 

81.8 

81.5 

83 

83

80.6

Average

78.8 

77.2 

78.1 

78.4 

79.8

80.8 

81 

80.9 

81.4 

80.8

81 

80.2 

80.1 

79 

75.4

77.5 

78.2 

78.5 

80.4 

79

81.1 

81.7 

80.3 

80.5 

78.1

79 

78.6 

80.1 

81 

80.6 

81.5

79.7

6 p.m.

77 

80 

78.3 

80 

80

80 

80 

75.5 

77 

76

77 

78 

77 

78 

79

77 

76 

78 

78 

75

80 

82 

80.5 

76 

79.5

79 

78 

78 

78 

79 

78

78.3

Average

74.6 

77.6 

77.4 

80 

80.3

79.6 

77.6 

76.6 

76 

74.6

75.8 

75.6 

75.3 

76 

78.3

76.3 

75.5 

76.3 

77.3 

76.6

77.6 

79 

79.8 

78.6 

78.1

78 

77 

77.6 

77.5 

78.3 

78

78.4

August

6 a.m.

74 

76.5 

75 

76 

77.4

79 

79.2 

78.8 

79.4 

78.9

79 

78.3 

78 

79 

76.2

75.7 

75.5 

76 

78.5 

77

76.2 

78.2 

78.9 

77.5 

77.2

76 

76.5 

76.5 

78 

76 

78

77.2

Noon

81

79 

80.8 

81

83.5 

81.8 

83 

83 

83.5

83.6 

81 

82 

79 

72.1

77 

80 

80.5 

83.5 

81

83.5 

84 

80 

82.5

79.5 

80 

82 

83.5 

83 

83.5

81.3

September

6 a.m.

77.5 

76 

76 

75 

75

76 

75 

75.5 

76.5 

75.1

75.8 

72.9 

72 

72.1 

68.8

70.1 

68 

59.3 

65 

65

63.5 

63.5 

64 

62.8 

67

62 

66 

61.9 

66 

63.5

69.6

Noon

83 

81.2 

80.5 

81 

80.5

79.5 

78

81.2 

80

79 

72.5 

79 

79 

77

71.1

73 

65.5 

71

70 

71 

70.2 

68.5 

75.2

69.9 

67.3 

68 

67.5 

71

74.6

6 p.m.

81 

77.2 

79 

81 

77.5

77.5 

78 

80.3 

78.6 

77

76.3 

76.1 

78 

72.7 

74.9

71.8 

67 

71.9 

69.9 

67

67.5 

69.5 

67.8 

69 

71.8

69 

66.5 

67 

67.5 

69.5

73.2

Average

80.5 

78.1 

78.5 

79 

77.3

77.6 

77 

77.6 

78.7 

77.3

77 

73.8 

76.3 

74.6 

73.5

71 

67.5 

67.7 

66.8 

67.6

67 

68 

67.3 

66.7 

71.3

66.9 

66.6 

65.6 

67 

68

72.4
292 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water temperatures (°P) for Maxlnkuckee Lake--Continued 

Year of 1900

Date

1 _______

2

g

12---

13 _______

14 _______

15-------

17 

19-------

21--

25--

29--- ---

AverageDate

-^

10 

12-

13 _______

1 C

18 

21--- - -

22 _ _ _ _

23 

25-- -

00

30 _ _ ____

AverageOctober

6 a.m.

63.5 

62.5 

64.5 

65 

64.9

67 

67.5 

65 

62.5 

69.8

62 

65.5 

60 

62 

62.3

61.5 

57.6 

57.2 

54.5 

54

61.8 

60.1 

58.9 

58.1 

58

58.8 

58.5 

57.5 

60.1 

61.5 

59.9

61.4

Noon

70 

71 

72.5 

73.2 

72

73.5 

68.5 

69.5 

69.5 

68.5

68.5 

66.5 

65.5 

68 

69.3

65 

64.8 

65.5 

63.6 

63

62 

62.5 

63.9 

63.5 

64.7

64 

66.1 

64 

65 

65.2 

64.9

66.9

November Continued

6 p.m.

58.3 

60.5 

58.1 

59.5 

57.5

54 

51.2 

52.5 

47.8

49.9 

50.5 

45.9 

45.5 

45

41 

42.1 

47.5 

46.2 

42

45.6 

46.5 

44.5 

43 

39.3

40 

42.8 

41.5 

41.7 

42

47.7

Average

59 

63.8 

62.6 

57.5 

57.9

53.5 

53'. 2 

55.1 

51.3 

46.4

50.1 

48.9 

46.7 

44.4 

44.9

40.9 

40.2 

46.5 

48 

47

46.2 

45.7 

44.4 

43 

39.3

38.8 

40.9 

41.1 

41.5 

38.7

47.6

6 p.m.

68 

68 

68.9 

69 

70.1

71 

66.8 

67 

66.5 

67

66.9 

65 

64 

66.9 

65.5

60 

61 

63 

61.2 

61

61.9 

63 

61.2 

65 

63

61.5 

64 

62.8 

61.7 

62.5 

63.9

64.8

Average

67.2 

67.2 

68.6 

69.1 

69

70.5 

67.6 

67.7 

66.2 

68.4

65.8 

66 

63.2 

65.6 

65.7

62.2 

61.1 

61.9 

59.8 

59.3

61.9 

61.9 

61.3 

62.2 

61.9

61.4 

62.9 

61.4 

62.3 

63.1 

62.9

64.4

November

6 a.m.

59.8 

57 

56.3 

51.1 

55.3

52 

49.5 

50 

50 

45.5

48.9 

46.5 

44.5 

42 

42.8

38.9 

38.5 

44.9 

48.2 

48.9

45.8 

43.1 

43.5 

43 

39

35.9 

38 

40.3 

41.1 

32.9

45.8

Noon

59 

63.8 

63.5 

62

61

55 

56 

55

51.3 

45.8

51.5 

49.7 

49.8 

45.8 

47

42.9 

40 

47 

49.5 

50

47.2 

47.5 

45.1 

43 

39.6

40.5 

41.8 

41.5 

41.8 

41.2

49.2

December

6 a.m.

39.9 

38.9 

40 

40.9 

40.9

38.5 

40.1 

37.8 

37.5 

38.4

37.1 

35.1 

36.6 

32 

32

32.1 

33.5 

33.5 

33.9 

33.8

35 

34.7 

37.2 

33.9

33.5 

34 

33.9 

33.8

36

Noon

42 

40.9 

41.2 

41.3 

41

41.1 

40.9 

38.9 

38.5 

39.2

39.5 

37 

37.3 

32 

32.9

32.5 

33.8 

34.7 

36.5 

36

37.8 

36 

36.7 

36.3

35 

35.9 

35 

34.8

37.3

6 p.m.

42.6 

41.5 

42 

41 

40.5

41 

39.9 

38.9 

37.7 

39

39 

36.5 

37.8 

32 

32

33.2

33.5 

34.8 

35 

36.7

36.4 

35.9 

34.7

36.7 

35.4 

34 

33.6

37.1

Average

41.5 

40.4 

41.1 

41.1 

40.8

40.2 

40.3 

38.5 

37.9 

38.9

37.5 

36.2 

37.2 

32 

32.3

32.6 

33.6 

34.3 

35.1 

35.5

36.4 

35.5 

36.2 

35.1

35.1 

35.1 

34.3 

34.1

36.8
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 293

Water temperature (°F) for Maxlnkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1901

Date

3

9 _______

10 _______

11 _______

13 _______

15 

17 

1 Q

20 

23

25

27 

O Q

31 _______

Average1 _______

7 

10 __ __ ___

12 _______

13 _______

1 C

17 

T Q

21 _______

24 ___ 

27 

OQ

31 _______

AverageJanuary

6 a.m.

33.6 

33.2 

33.5 

33 

33.5

34 

34.1 

34.5 

34 

34

35.2 

35.1 

36 

37 

37.9

36.8 

38.1 

37.9 

37 

37.3

37 

38.1 

39.5 

39.1 

37.6

37.2 

36.8 

36 

35.5 

34.9 

34.5

35.4

Noon

34.1 

34 

34.5 

34.7 

35.1

35 

35 

34.9 

35 

34.5

35.8 

36 

36.9 

38.9 

40.1

38.5

38.7 

38.5 

39

37.1 

41 

40 

38.8 

38.2

37.3 

37 

36.9 

35.9 

35.2 

35

36.7

February C ontinued

6 p.m.

33.5

34 

33.5 

34

33.4 

33.1 

33 

33 

33.1

33.1 

33 

33.5 

33.1 

33.3

33.2 

33 

33.2 

33.3 

32.9

33.2 

32.9 

33 

32.9 

33

32.9 

32.9 

32.9

33.2

Average

33.8

34.3 

33 

33.9

33.7 

33.3 

33,1 

32.5 

32.8

33.1 

32.8 

33.1 

32 .9 

33!2

33.2 

33.1 

33.1 

33.3 

33.1

33.1 

33 

33 

32.9 

33

32.7 

32.7 

32.9

33.1

6 p.m.

33.5 

34 

33.9 

34.3 

34.8

34.8 

34.8 

34.2 

34 

35

35.5 

35.9 

37 

38.5 

38.2

38.5 

38.1 

38.2 

37.3 

39.5

37.9 

39 

40.6 

38.1 

38

36.1 

36.5 

37.5 

36.1 

35.7 

34.5

36.8

Average

33.7 

33.7 

33.9 

34 

34.4

34.6 

34.6 

34.5 

34.3 

34.5

35.5 

35.5 

36.6 

38.1 

38.7

37.1 

38.1 

38.2 

37.6 

38.6

37.3 

39.7 

40 

38.6 

37.9

36.8 

36.7 

36.8 

35.8 

35.2 

34.6

36.4

February

6 a.m.

34 

33.3 

35.5 

32.8 

33.8

33.3 

33.2 

33 

32.5 

32.5

33.2 

32.5 

33 

32.9 

32.9

33 

33.1 

33 

33 

33

32.8 

33.2 

33 

32.9 

33

32.5 

32.5 

33

32.7

Noon

34.1

33.5 

33.8 

34

34.5 

33.8 

33.5 

32 

33

33.1 

323' .9 

32.9 

33.5

33.5 

33.2 

33.2 

33.7 

33.4

33.5 

33 

33.2 

33.1 

33

33 

33.1 

33

33.3

March

6 a.m.

33 

32.8 

32.6 

33.5 

33.1

33 

33 

32.9 

33.2 

32.3

33.9 

35.1 

34.3 

35 

33.8

35.4 

 35.2 

36.9 

34.8 

37.9

37 

37.9 

38.1 

36.3 

35

39.6 

38.9 

37.4 

39.8 

37.5 

37.1

35.4

Noon

33 

33.3 

33 

33.8 

33.6

33.9 

33.9 

33.4 

33.2 

33.8

33 

34.3 

35.3 

34.9 

34.9

36 

37 

37.1

38. E 

38

40.9 

44.9 

45.6 

39.5 

49

41.4 

41.2 

41 

44.7 

38.3 

40.1

37.4

6 p.m.

33 

33 

33.1 

33.5 

33.6

33.9 

33.1 

32.9 

33.8 

33.8

34.8 

34.5 

34.5 

34.9 

34.6

34.5 

38 

37.8 

39.5 

37.5

38.9 

43.4 

41.5 

39.6 

42

40.1 

40.3 

40.5 

42.7 

37.7 

41

36.9

Average

33 

33.1 

33 

33,6 

33.4

33.6 

33.3 

33 

33.4 

33.3

33.9 

34.6 

34.7 

34.9 

34.1

35.3 

36.7 

37.2 

37.6 

37.8

38.9 

42 

41.7 

38.4 

42

40.7 

40.1 

37.6 

42.4 

37.8 

39.4

36.5
294 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water temperature (°P) for Maxlnkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1901

Date

3 ______

4 _______

5 _______

9- -

11 _______

12 -__-__-

13 _______

14 __

15 

17 

19 _______

21 _______

22-- -

23

24-- --

25- --

oc

27 

rt Q

29-- -

31 _______

Average -

Date

2 _______

10 ____

11 _ ___ _

12 _____

13 _______

16 _-__

17 

19

20 _

22 _ _ _

23

24___ _

25

26 _ 

CD

29--

30 

AverageAprll

6 a.m.

36 

38.5 

38 

40 

42.5

44 

42.1 

40.5 

40.8 

41.9

42.5 

43.9 

45.3 

43.4 

44.5

44.5 

52.3 

42.5 

41 

41.5

42.4 

43.5 

45.5 

46 

46.8

47.5 

51.5 

52 

56.8 

60.1

44.6

Noon

46.2 

38.5 

44 

50 

45.5

43.9 

47.6 

48 

48.9 

50.5

53.5 

46.7 

46.3 

49.3 

48.6

51.1 

47.5 

46.5 

48.1 

48.3

45.5 

44.5 

47.1 

52.1 

55.5

59 

57.1 

59 

65.5 

55.5

49.7

May Continued

6 p.m.

54.5 

55 

65.3 

62.3 

65.3

63.6 

62 

62.6 

64.1 

64.9

61.8 

59.5 

60 

63.5 

68

66.3 

71 

69

63.5

61 

63.8 

65.5 

63.2 

56.9

51.1 

56.5 

59.5 

57 

58.9 

63.9

61.98

Average

56.8 

52.8 

61.8 

62.1 

63.1

63.9 

62.2 

61.7 

62.9 

63.6

62.3 

58.2 

59.1 

59.9 

62

65.4 

68 

68.4 

64.1 

62.3

59.8 

61.8 

64 

63.4 

56

54.4 

57.8 

61.2 

56.6 

57.2 

60.8

60.93

6 p.m.

45.5 

39 

43.9 

47.9 

45.5

43.5 

45.6 

45.5 

47.9 

49.9

50.9 

48.7 

47.5 

47.2 

48.5

49.6 

46.5 

46 

45 

46.9

43.7 

47.3 

49 

51.7 

51.5

57 

61.8 

64.9 

69.8 

56.7

49.5

Average

42.5 

38.6 

41.6 

45.9 

44.5

44.1 

45.1 

44.6 

45.9 

47.4

49.9 

48.4 

46.7 

46.6 

47.2

48.4 

48.8 

45 

44.7 

45.6

43.9 

45.1 

47.2 

49.9 

51.3

54.5 

56.8 

58'. 6 

64 

57.4

47.9

May

6 a.m.

57.5

51.9 

56.9 

58.9

60.1 

61 

60.4 

60.1 

61.9

60.9 

56 

55.5 

55 

57.1

61.5 

63.1 

66 

63 

58.5

58 

59 

59.5 

61.5 

55

55 

55 

55 

55 

53.1 

55.5

58.23

Noon

58.3- 

50.5 

68.2 

67 

65.1

68 

63.6 

62.1 

64.5 

63.9

64.1 

59 

61.8 

61.3 

61.8

68.5 

70 

70.1 

65.2 

65

60.5 

62.5 

67.1 

65.4

57 

57.9 

59 

57.8 

59.5 

62.9

62.92

June

6 a.m.

58 

58.1 

60.5 

63.3 

65

64.5 

62.6 

58.9 

57 

65

66 

67 

70.9 

72.1 

75

70.5 

74 

70.1 

72 

73

74.3 

74.8 

73.9 

76.2 

77.9

77 

78.5 

79.2 

78.8 

78

73.07

Noon

64.5 

65.5 

69 

71 

66

68.? 

64.8 

66.8 

68.5 

69.6

74.5 

80 

78 

80.9 

78.2

80.5 

78.1 

79 

80 

77.5

76.4 

82 

81 

83.5 

83.2

84.5 

75 

85.7 

86.2 

85.9

74.13

6 p.m.

63 

65.5 

68.9 

68.8 

68.9

68.8 

62.9 

63.9 

70 

70.2

70.5 

75 

74.2 

80 

78

80 

75.5 

75.5 

78 

73.5

78 

80.9 

81 

82 

81.3

83.9 

84.6 

84.6 

82.3 

84.3

75.13

Average

61.8 

63 

66.1 

67.7 

66.6

67.2 

63.4 

63.2 

65.2 

68.3

70.3 

74 

74.4 

77.7 

77.1

77 

75.9 

74.9 

76.7 

74.7

76.2 

79.2 

78.6 

80.6 

80.8

81.8 

79.4 

83.2 

82.8 

82.7

74.11
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 295

Water temperatures (°F) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1903

Date

3 _______

5-

6 _______

7 

9 _______

10 _______

11 _______

12 _______

13 _______

14 _______

16 _______

17 

1 A

19 _______

20 _

21 _______

23--

25

O(?

O Q

29 _______

30 

31 _______

AverageDate

1 _______

3 _______

6 _______

7 

9 _______

10 _______

11 _______

13-

14 _______

16 ___-_

17 

1 Q

19-

20 

21 

22 

23

oc

0 C

27 

OQ

29 _______

30 _

31 

Aver age -

June

6 a.m.

65 

70 

71 

72

69.5

Noon

76 

77 

73.2 

75.2

75.4

July Continued

6 p.m.

71 

75.5 

78 

78 

80

84.5 

81.5 

81.5 

87.5 

85

84.5 

81 

78.5 

78.5 

78

79 

75 

74.5 

74 

75

73.5 

75.5 

77 

80 

77.5

78.5 

81.5 

78 

78.5 

77.5 

75

78.5

Average

73.1 

73.1 

71.3 

77.6 

79.3

81.6 

82.1 

82.5 

83.3 

83

* 83.3 

82 

79.5 

78.8 

76.5

77.8 

76 

73.6 

77.8 

74

73.5 

74.3 

76 

78.6 

77.8

76.8 

79.6 

78.3 

76.8 

77.1 

74.3

77.8

6 p.m.

75 

75 

72 

75

74.3

Average

72 

74 

72 

74

73

July

6 a.m.

71.5 

71 

74 

76 

78

77 

78.5 

79 

79 

80.5

81.5 

81 

78.5 

78 

74

75.5 

75 

73 

73.5 

72

72 

72 

72 

75 

78

76 

76 

77 

72 

76 

71

75.6

Noon

77 

73 

77 

79 

80

83.5 

86.5 

87 

83.5 

85

84.5 

84 

81.5 

80 

77.5

79 

78 

73.5 

74 

75

75 

75.5 

79 

81 

78

79 

81.5 

80 

80 

78 

77

79.4

August

6 a.m.

70 

72 

77.1 

73.5 

74.5

73.5 

70 

72.5 

74 

71

72 

68 

71 

69 

68.5

68 

70 

73 

73 

70

71 

71 

72 

73 

73.5

72 

73 

73

71.7

Noon

71 

77 

74 

75 

78.5

76 

72 

76.5 

75 

75

74 

72 

74 

76 

71

75 

76 

78 

74 

76

74 

74 

75.5 

78 

78

77 

76 

76

75.2

6 p.m.

71 

75 

78 

77 

75

74 

71 

74 

75 

75

74 

74 

74 

76 

70.5

74.5 

75 76' 

72.5 

75

77 

74 

73.5 

74.5 

76

77.5 

75 

75

74.6

Average

70.6 

74.6 

75.3 

75.1 

76

74.5 

71 

74.3 

74.6 

73.6

73.3 

71.3 

73 

73.6 

70

72.5 

73.6 

75.6 

73.1 

73.6

74 

73 

77 

75.1 

75.8

75.5 

74.6 

74.6

73.8
296 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water temperature (°P) for Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1904

2 _______

3 _______

5 _______

g_ _ _ . _

10 _ 

11 _______

12 

13

14 

T C

17 

1 P

19-

20 

21 _______

23 _ _ _ __

24 

25- -

07 _ __

2g_ _ _

30 _______

31 _______

AverageDate

1 

2

5 _______

Q

10 

12 _______

13 _______

1 £,

17 

1 Q

19 _______

2i ___ ___

22 

23 _ __ _

24 

25_ _ _ _

27 _______

op

2g __ _

30 _______

31 _______

Aver age -

October

6 a.m.

47.9 

50.2 

50

49.4

Noon

53 

54 

58

55

November Continued

6 p.m.

53 

53 

52.9 

54 

49.2

47.9 

50.5 

45.1 

47.5 

44

43 

43.3 

42.9 

43.5 

44.8

47.5 

45 

46.7 

47 

45.5

45.5 

45.2 

44.8 

44.5 

42.5

40 

39.5 

38

45.9

Average

51.8 

52 

52.4 

53 

49.8

46.2 

48.8 

47.1 

45.1 

46.3

42.3 

42.2 

43.3 

42.8 

42.7

41.5 

44.7 

42.9 

49.9 

46.2

44.9 

44.7 

44.1 

44.1 

42.5

39.9 

38.5 

40

45.4

6 p.m.

52.8

53.5 

52.9

53.1

Average

50.5 

52.6 

53.6

52.5

November

6 a.m.

50 

50 

50.5 

51.5 

49.9

42.2 

47.8 

47.9 

43.9 

47.5

42 

40.3 

42 

41.8 

41.3

42.5 

43.9 

44 

44.9 

46

43.6 

43 

43.5 

43.5 

42

39.8 

37.5 

43 

39

44.3

Noon

52.5 

53 

53.9 

53.5 

50.2

48.5 

48.2 

48.3 

43.9 

44.7

41.8 

43 

44 

43 

42

44.5 

45.3 

45.5 

46 

47

45.5 

46 

44 

44.2 

43

39.9 

38.5 

39

45.6

December

6 a.m.

35 

37 

32 

32 

33

34.9 

34.5 34.5 - 

34.8 

32

34 

32 

32 

32 

32

32 

33 

33 

32 

33

34.9 

35 

36.4 

35 

35

35 

35

34.5 

34 

34

33.8

Noon

37.8 

33 

32.9 

34.5

33 

36 

34.9 

35 

32

33.8 

32 

32 

32.8 

32

32 

32 

33 

33 

34.5

34.9 

37 

35.5 

34.9 

36.2

35 

34.5

35 

34.8

34.1

6 p.m.

35 

33.5 

32.5 

34 

34.5

35.2 

35.2

34 

32

33.8 

32 

32 

32 

32

32 

32 

33 

33.1 

35

35.2 

36.5 

35 

35 

35

36 

34

32

35.1 

34

33.8

Average

35 

36.1 

32.5 

31.9 

33.5

35 

35.2

34.6 

32

33.8 

32 

32 

32.2 

32

32 

32.3 

33 

32 ."7 

33.1

35 

36.1 

35.6 

34.9 

35.4

35.3 

34.5

34.2

33.8
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 297

Water temperatures (°P) for Maxlnkuckee Lake Continued 

Year of 1905 Year of 1906

Date

Average

January

6 a.m.

33.5 

34 

34 

32

33.4

Noon

34.9 

34.5 

34.8 

32

34.1

6 p.m.

34.5 

32 

34.8 

32

33.3

Average

34.3 

33.5 

34.4 

32

33.6

Date

rtc

30 

Average

July

6 a.m.

62.5 

75 

68.5 

70 

68.1 

63.5

67.9

Noon

72.5 

75.5 

76.8 

77.9 

74 

82

76.4

6 p.m.

73 

77.9 

74 

80 

82.5

78.5

Average

67.5 

74.5 

74.4 

74 

74 

76

74.3

Year of 1906

9

1 R

19 -

23

24

25--- --

26---

31 

Aver age -

6 a.m.

75

74 5*

67

72.5

August

Noon

77.7

6 p.m.

p"|

78.5

Average

67

76.2

6 a.m.

-

67.8

September

Noon

CQ

72.6

6 p.m.

£ Q

72.4

Average

71.2
298 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

temperatures (°P) for Maxinkuokee Lake Continued 

Year of 1906--Continued

Date

2 _ «_

23

25_«_ _ _ _

Average -

October

6 a.m.

44.5 

47.2 

55 

51

51.6

51.5 

56 

58.5 

51.9

56 

56.3 

59

49.5 

44 

41.1 

46 

42

51.1

Noon

53.5 

52 

55 

55.8 

55.5

58 

58 

65 

63.3

59 

57.6 

60.5

47 

43 

50 

47.5 

52

54.9

6 p.m.

57

47

49.5 

52

55.5 

56.7

57 

58 

61 

62.5 

53

60 

56 

58 

50

45.5 

42.8 

44.5 

45 

48.5

53.1

Average

49.2 

50.4 

55 

54.1 

54.6

54.8 

55.8 

58.3 

62 

56.1

58.3 

56.6 

59.2 

53.8

47.3 

43.3 

45.2 

46.1 

47.5

53

November

6 a.m.

45.5 

45 

48

47 

43

45 

47.5 

41.5

45.2 

42.5 

41.8 

41 

43

43.5 

43.5 

45 

42.5 

35.5

39.5

43.5

42.9

Noon

50.5 

45 

51

52.5

49 

48 

53.2

48.9 

45.1 

43 

46.6

44.5

45.5 

37.5 

37

46.5

6 p.m.

50

50 

45 

46 

46.5

48.6 

46 

44.5

45 

42 

44.5

43.5 

40

37.2

39

44.5

Average

48.8 

46.6 

48 

45.6 

48.6

47.5 

47.1 

46.4

44.2 

42.2 

44

43.8 

41.1 

45.2 

39 

36.2

39.2

44.6

Year of 1907

Date

14- - -

23 -

25 _ __ _

AverageSeptember

6 a.m.

67 

70 

70

67 

62 

65 

61 

58

60 

61 

61 

60 

57

63

Noon

70

74 

73

72.5 

70

66 

62

62 

61 

62 

60

66.6

6 p.m.

69

72.5 

73

70 

70 

66 

63 

62

63 

61 

62 

59 

62

65.6

Average

72.2 

72

69.8 

67.3 

65.5 

63.3 

60.7

61.7 

61 

61.7 

59.7 

59.5

64.5

Year of 1908

Date

27 

28 

29 

30 

AverageAugust

6 a.m.

65

65 

69 

70

68.4

Noon

73 

74 

70.5 

81

75.4

6 p.m.

74 

73.5 

80

79 

76.6

Average

69 

74.1 

71 

77

76.8 

73.2

16 

17 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

?5 

?Q

31 

AverageOctober

6 a.m.

57 

60 

62 

63 

59

59 

59 

54 

57 

54

54 

52 

50 

51 

55

55 

54 

54 

50 

53

51 

51 

52 

51 

50

50 

49 

46 

43 

49 

48

53.3

Noon

61 

65 

64 

65 

63

62 

62 

59 

58 

57

57 

53 

52 

54 

55

55 

57 

56 

54 

54

55 

55 

55 

53 

53

49 

50 

46 

45 

49 

50

55.6

6 p.m.

63 

64 

63 

65 

63

63 

60 

61 

58 

58

55 

53 

53 

54 

55

56 

58 

56 

55 

53

54 

56 

53 

54 

50

50 

48 

47 

46 

49 

51

55.6

Average

60.3 

63 

63 

64.3 

61.7

61.3 

60.3 

58 

57.7 

56.3

55.3 

52.7 

51.7 

53 

55

55.3 

56.3 

55.3 

53 

53.3

53.3 

54 

53.3 

52.7 

51

49.7 

49 

46.3 

44.7 

49 

49.3

54.8
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 299

Water temperatures (°F) for Maxlnkuckee Lake--Contlnued 

Year of 1908

Date

Average -

September

<- ,m.

75 

71.3 

61.5 

65 

67

71 

64 

66 

66.5 

69

71 

73 

71 

68.5

66.5

68

Noon

75 

73.5 

72 

72

78

73.5 

76.5

81 

76 

74 

72

73.8 

74

74.1

6 p.m.

70.5 

70 

70 

75

70 

71.5

75 

75.4

78 

73 

73-

76 

75

73.3

Average

75 

71.8 

67.8 

69 

71

73 

67.8

71.7 

73.6

76 

75.7 

72.7 

71.2

72.1 

74.5

72.2

17 

18 

19 _____

20 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 -

AverageOotober

6 a.m.

61 

60 

56 

60 

60

62 

62 

62 

64 

65

61 

57 

56 

57 

56

59 

60 

56 

51 

51

45 

50 

48 

51 

48

50 

50 

47 

49 

45 

43

54.9

Noon

66

65 

65 

64

65 

67 

67 

70 

69

63 

58 

61 

62 

63

62 

62 

56 

59 

52

46 

46 

52 

54 

55

54 

51 

49 

50 

45 

47

58.2

6 p.m.

66 

62 

64 

65 

64

65 

67 

67 

68 

67

61 

50 

62 

61 

62

62 

52 

56 

55 

48

46 

50 

50 

54 

54

55 

50 

50 

46 

45 

44

57

Average

64.3 

61 

61.7 

63.3 

62.7

64 

65.3 

65.3 

67.3 

67

61.7 

55 

59.7 

60 

60.3

61 

58 

56 

55 

50.3

45.7 

48.7 

50 

53 

52.3

53 

50.3 

48.7 

48.3 

45 

44.7

56.7

Temperature profiles (°P) for Maxinkuokee Lake, at Culver

Depth 

(feet)

Air 

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

25 

27.5 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

72.5 

74 

75 

78 

80 

82 

83 

84

1946

Oct. 22

68 

59.5 

59.2 

59.3 

59.3

59.3 

59.3 

60 

60

59.7 

59.7 

60 

59.7 

59.5 

58.9 

58.9 

58.9

58.9

58.9

58.1

Nov. 19

55 

49.7 

49.8 

49.8 

49.8

49.7 

49.7

49.5

49.5 

49.5 

49.3 

49.3 

49.2 

49.2 

49.1 

49.1

49.5

49.3

Dec. 20

38 

37 

37 

37 

37.2

37.3 

37.3

38.3

37.3 

37.3 

37.3 

37.3 

37.3 

37.3 

37.4 

37.4

37.4

38

1947

Jan. 7

32 

33.1 

33.6 

34 

34.5

34.5 

34.5

34.7

35 

35 

35.3 

35.4 

35.5 

35.5 

35.7 

36

May 1

54 

53.5 

53.5 

53.5 

53.5

53.5 

53.2

53.2

53 

51.7 

51.3 

51 

50.9 

50.8 

50.5 

50.3

50.3

50.3

49.5

May 27

61 

63.6 

63 

63 

63

63 

63

63

CQ I

57.9 

56.2 

55.4 

54.6 

54.2 

54 

53.8 

53.7

53.5

53.2

53

June 19

72 

68.3 

68.3 

67.8 

66.4

66.2 

65.6

65. 3

64.5 

62.8 

59.4 

57.3 

56.1 

54.8 

54.3 

53.8

53.8

July 24

75.1 

73.1 

73 

72.7 

72.5

72.1 

72.1

71.9

70.9 

68.4 

64 

60.9 

58.3 

57.3 

56.8 

56.5

55.9

55.8

Aug. 26

76 

84.1 

83.9 

83.9 

83.9 

83.7 

79.8 

75.8

73.2

70.4 

66.7 

62.8 

60 

58.8 

57.6 

57,1 

57

56.8

56.5

56.2
300 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°P) for Maxinkuckee Lake, at Culver Continued

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

27.5 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

72.5 

75 

80 

85 

86 

86.5

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

27.5 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

78 

80 

82 

84 

85

1947 --Continued

Oct. 3

69

62 

62.1 

62.2 

61.9

61.6

61.7

61.5 

61.4 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

60.8 

60.5 

60.5 

60.2

58

Oct. 31

52

61.5 

61.5 

61.5 

61.5

61.5

61.5

61.5 

61.5 

61.5 

61.4 

61.3 

61.3 

61.5 

61.3 

61 

59.8 

59.3 

58.7 

57.4

57.1

Nov. 20

46

46.3 

46.4 

46.4 

46.3

46.3

46.3

46.2 

46.1 

46 

46 

46 

45.9 

45.9 

45.9 

45.9

45.9 

45.7 

45.6

1948

June 2

62

67.4 

67.5 

67.3 

67.1 

66.8 

65.3 

63.2 

62

61.7 

60.7 

60.3 

60.1 

59.5 

58.7 

58.3 

58 

57.9

57.8 

57.8 

57.6

July 3

83

75 

75 

75 

74.8

74.6

74.2 

72 

68 

63.9 

62.5 

61.5 

60.3 

60 

59.7 

59.7 

59.6

59.6 

59.4 

59.3 

59.3

1948 Continued

Aug. 3

79

79.1 

77.6 

77.3 

77.3

77

76 

75.3 

72.7 

68 

66.1 

63.5 

62.2 

60.7 

59.9 

59.5 

59.2 

58.9 

58.7

58.7

58.7

Temperature

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

50 60' 

70 

80 

85 

89

Aug. 31

73

80.4 

80.4 

80.2 

80.2 

78.8 

76.4 

75.3 

74.4

73.4 

70.3 

68.6 

63.9 

62.9 

61.2 

59.8 

59.4 

59.4 

59.2 

59.2

59.2

58.9

Oct. 5

62

63.2 

52.8 

62.8 

62.6

62.7

62.7

62.6

62.5 

62.3 

62.1 

62 

61.7 

59.6 

59.3 

58.9 

60.1

59.8

59.7

Nov. 16

54

48.4 

48.3 

48.3 

48.6

48

48.3

48.3

48.2 

48.6 

48.3 

49 

49 

48.8 

48.7 

48.7 

48.6

48.7 

48.7

Dec. 7

40 

40.5 

40.2 

39.8

39.9

40.4

39.4

40.2 

40.2 

40.2 

40.3 

40.3 

40.1 

40.5 

39.2 

39.5 

39.6

'profiles (°F) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake 

[Data from Evermann and Clark, 1920] 

Temperature readings, in 1899

July

18

77 

77 

77 

76.5 

74.7 

72.3 

69.2

63 

57.5 

52.5 

51.5 

50.3

50.5

19 20 21 22 23 24

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

7 78 78.2 

7 78 78.2 

7 78 78.3 

6.5 76.7 78.5 

4.7 75 75 

2.3 72.5 73.5 

9.2 69 69 

3 63 64.2 

7.5 57.3 58 

2.5 53 52.6 

1.5 51.7 51.2 

0.5 50.7 51.2 

0.3 50.7 50.8

"'" ' 50.6

79.1 80.5 80 

79.1 80.5 80.1 

79 79.7 80.1 

78.1 78 78.5

72 74 

69.2 69 

64 64 

59.1 56 

53.1 54 

51.3 5C 

51 5C 

51 5C 

5C

50 5

72.8 

.5 70 

65 

58.5 

53.7 

.5 51.5 

.5 51.2 

.5 50.8 

.5 50.5

"
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 301

Temperature profiles (°P) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake.--Continued 

Temperature readings, in 1899

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80

Depth

(feet)

Water-surface 

5

10

20 

25

30

35 

40

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32 5

35

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

25

79.5 

80 

79.5 

79.5 

75.5 

72.7 

69.5 

64 

58.3 

53.7 

51.5 

51.3 

5 .7 

50.7

1

78 

78.2 

78 

77.5 

74 

73 

70 

64.5 

59.2 

54.6 

52 

52 

51.5

9

76.2 

76.2 

76.2

76.2 

76.2

70.5

64.2 

59.8

54.5 

51.6 

50.7 

50.7

17

71.5

75.4 

74.5 

74.5 

74.5 

74.7 

73.5 

71.5

(*C C

61.5 

57.2 

53.1 

51.5 

51.3 

51 

50.7

26

80 

80 

80 

79.5 

76 

73 

69.7 

65 

59.1 

54 

52.1 

51.2 

51.5 

51.2

2

78.3 

78.3 

78.3 

78.3 

78 

75 

69.7 

64.7 

59.1 

55 

52 

51.8 

51.3

10

75.7 

75.7 

76.2

75.6 

76

70.7

65.6 

60.1

54.7 

52.5 

51.7 

51.7 

51.7

18

71.5

76.7 

76.7 

75.1 

74.4 

74 

73.5 

70.5

61.5 

57.2 

53 

51.5 

51 

50.5 

50.5

27

80. E 

80. E 

80. E 

79 

76.2 

73. E 

70.3 

63.2 

57.5 

54 51.' 

51. E 

51.2 

51.2

3

74.5

78.5 

78.8 

79.3 

78.3 

78.5 

74 

69.5 

63.7 

59.2 

54.8 

52.5 

51.7 

51.7

11

7 Q c

76.5 

76.5 

76.5

76 

75.2

70.2

64.7 

59.7

54.8 

52.3 

52 

51.7 

52

19

76.5

77.3 

77.3 

74.7 

74 

73.4 

72.2 

69.5

61 

56.8 

51.3 

50.3 

50 

50 

49.7

July

28

8C 

8C 

8C 

77 

7E 

72 

7C 

64 

58 

54 

52 

> 51 

51 

51

August

4

77.3

79.5 

79.5 

79.5 

78 

77.2 

74 

70 

64 

60.5 

55 

52 

51 

51

August

12

71.5

77 

77 

77

76.5 

75.5

72

64.7 

59.2

54.6 

51.5 

52 

51.9 

51.9

Augus

20

76

77.7 

77.7 

77.6 

74 

73 

71.7 

69.4

61.5 

57.2 

52 

50.5 

49.5 

49.5 

49.3

2

.4 8 

.4 8 

.7 8 

.4 8 

.5 7 

.8 7 

7 

.1 6 

.3 5 

5 

5 

.8 *5 

5 

5

5

74

79 

79.2 

79.2 

79.2 

78 

74 

70.2 

64.5 

59.5 

54 

52.5 

52 

51.5

13

76.7 

76.7 

76.7

76.5 

74.4

71

66 

60

55 

53 

52.2 

52.1 

52.2

t

21

72

77 

77 

77 

76.5 

75 

73 

70.5

59.5 

56 

52.4 

50.5 

50 

50 

50

9

3.5 

3.8 

1 

3.2 

6.5 

3.6 

1 

5.7 

8.8 

4.2 

2 

1.2 

1 

0.8

6

74

78 

78 

78 

78 

77 

75 

69 

65 

59 

54 

52 

52 

51

14

75 

75 

75

74 

72

68

61 

57

52 

51 

51 

50

50

22

83

76 

76 

76 

76 

74 

73 

70

60 

56 

52 

50 

50 

49 

49

5

5 

2 

2 

2 

7 

5 

8 

5 

5 

5 

5

7

2 

2

9 

3

.5

.5

.5 

.5

.7 

.5

.5 

.5 

.3 

.5 

.7

.2

.8 

.5

.4

9 

5

50

79.1 

79.5 

79.9 

79.2 

77.3 

73 

70 

35.5 

58.7 

54.5 

52 

51.5 

51.7 

51.3

7

77.5 

77.5 

77.5 

75.5 

77.5 

75.3 

70.2 

63.7 

59.7 

54.7 

52.7 

51.8 

51.8

15

77.4 

74.5

T/ 74 - 5 

2/75.1

74.3 

,73.6 

1/72.1 

70.5

62.5

1/i' 2 

52.5 

51.3 

50.8 

50.7 

50.2

23

71

76.5 

76.7 

76.7 

76.5 

75 

73.3 

70

£ c 7

62 

57 

52.7 

50.7 

50.4 

50.2 

50.2

31

61

78.5 

78.7 

78.7 

78.5 

78 

72 

69.7 

64.7 

59 

54.5 

52.5 

51.5 

51.2 

51

8

66.6

77 

77 

77 

77 

77 

74.8 

70.5 

64.2 

58.7 

54.5 

52.4 

51.7 

51.7

16

74 

74.2 

74.3

74 3

74.3 

73.8

69.3

62 

57.2

52.7 

51.3

51 

50.7 

50.7

24

83

76.5 

76.5 

76.3 

76.5 

74.7 

73 

70.2

60.8 

56.5 

52 

50.4 

50 

49.9 

49.5

I/ Thermometer.
302 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°P) taken in the Deep Hole, Maxlnkuckee Lake Continued 

Temperature readings, in 1899

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

August

25

72.5

76.5 

76.5 

76.5 

76.5 

75 

73.2 

70 

66.5 

62.7 

58 

52.4 

51 

50.5 

50 

50

26

72.3

76.3 

76.3 

76.3 

76.3 

75.5 

73 

69.2 

65 

62 

57.6 

62.2 

50.8 

50.4 

50.2 

50

27

71.7

75.5 

76.5 

76.3 

76.3 

75.1 

73.7 

69.5 

66.7 

61.2 

57.6 

52.5 

51 

50.5 

50.2 

50

28

74

77 

77 

77 

76.5 

75 

73.3 

69.5 

66.3 

63.2 

57 

52.5 

50.7 

50.5 

50.5 

50

29

72

76.5 

76.5 

76.7 

76.5 

76 

73.5 

70 

66.5 

63.2 

56.7 

51.7 

51 

50.7 

50.5 

50.2

3O

74.2

77.2 

77.2 

77 

77 

76.5 

73.5 

70.7 

65.5 

62.2 

57 

52.5 

51.5 

51 

5./51 

2/50.5

31

73

75.7 

75 

75 

74.7 

73.5 

71 

67.3 

63.2 

60.3 

55.8 

50.7 

49.5 

49

5/48.7

September

1

73.5

75.8 

75.8 

75.8 

75 

73 

72 

68.8 

63.8 

62 

56.5 

51 

50 

49.8 

49.5 

49

2

77.6

76.3 

76 

76

3

75

77 

77 

76.5 

75.5 

73.2 

70.6 

66.2 

63.3 

59 

54.8 

50 

48.8 

48.6 

48.6 

48.4

4

65

75.5 

75.5 

75.5 

74.5 

74 

72.2 

64.8 

64 

58.7 

55.9 

51 

49.9 

49.9 

49 

47

5

79

76.5 

76 

75.6 

75 

74.5 

73.5 

69.5 

64 

61 

56 

51 

49.5 

49 

49 

49

6

73

75.5 

75.5 

74.5 

74 

73 

72.5 

67 

63 

60.3 

57 

51 

51 

50.5 

50.5 

50.5

7

70.5

74 

74 

74 

74 

74 

73 

68 

63 

59 

55 

50.5 

49 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5

September- -Continued

8

68.5

74.5 

74.5 

74.5 

74.5 

73.5 

72 

68 

64.5 

61 

56.5 

51 

50 

49.5 

49.5 

49.5

9

62

73.5 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

69 

65.5 

62 

56 

51.5 

50 

49.7 

49.7 

49.7

10

61

72.5 

72.5 

72.5 

72.5 

72.2 

72.2 

69.5 

65.5 

62.5 

56.5 

52.5 

50.5 

50.2 

50 

49.7

11

61

72 

72 

72 

72 

72 

72 

71 

66.5 

62.5 

55.5 

51.2 

50 

49.5 

49.2 

49.2

12

63.5

68.5 

68.5 

68.5 

68.5 

68.5 

68.5 

68 

66 

63 

55.5 

51 

50 

49 

49 

49

13

57

69.5 

69.5 

69.5 

69.5 

69.5 

69.5 

68.5 

67 

64 

57 

52 

50 

50 

49.5 

49.5

14

50.5

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

69 

66.5 

61 

54.5 

53 

52 

52 

52

2/ Deep sea thermometer gave surface 76°P and bottom 52°P. 

3/ Deep sea thermometer gave surface 78.5°P and bottom 52°P.
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 303

Temperature profiles (°F), taken In the Deep Hole, Maxlnkuokee Lake--Continued 

Temperature readings in 1899

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water- surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water- surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

RK

September Continued

15

56

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

68.5 

67 

60.5 

53.7 

52.7 

52 

52 

51.7

16

68

68.6 

68.6 

68.6 

68.6 

68.5 

68.5 

68 

67 

66 

59.5 

53 

52 

51.4 

51.3 

51

17

71

69 

69 

69 

69 

68.9 

68.5 

68 

67 

66 

58.5 

53 

51.5 

51.4 

51.3 

51.3

19

61

69 

69 

69 

69 

69 

68.6 

68.6 

67.7 

66.7 

62.5 

53.5 

52.3 

52 

52 

52

20

60.2

67.3 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

66.5 

63 

54.2 

52.1 

51.5 

51.5 

51.5

21

51.5

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

63.5 

53.5 

52.3 

51.8 

51.7 

51.5

22

62

66 

66 

65.8 

65.8 

65.8 

65.8 

65 

64.8 

64.8 

63.5 

54 

52 

51.9 

51.8 

51.5

September Continued

23

58.5

65.5 

65.5

24

61.4

25

56

67 

67 

66.5 

66.5 

66.5 

66.5 

67 

66 

66 

65.5 

56 

54 

52.5 

52 

R^

26

51.5

65.5 

66.5 

66 

65 

64.5 

64.5 

63.5 

63.5 

63.5 

63.5 

55 

53 

51.5 

50.5 

=;n ?;

27

48

62.5 

64.5 

64.5 

64.5 

64 

58 

58 

58 

55 

55 

52 

45.5 

45.5 

45

JL9 ^,

28

55

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57

30

53

59 

58 

54 

54 

54 

54 

51 

51 

52 

52 

52 

51

Monthly summary in 1899

Depth 

(feet)

ater-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

85

July

Maximum

80.5 

80.8 

81.0 

80.2 

78.0 

74.0 

71.0

69.5 

63.0 

57.5 

52.5 

51.8 

51.7 

51.3

Minimum

77.0 

77.0 

77.0 

76.5 

74.7 

72.0 

69.0

63.0 

57.3 

52.5 

50.5 

50.5 

50.3 

50.5

Mean

79.2 

79.3 

79.2 

78.3 

75.7 

72.8 

69.7

64.7 

58.7 

53.2 

51.7 

51.2 

50.9 

50.8

August

Maximum

79.5 

79.5 

79.5 

79.2 

78.2 

76.2 

72.0 

66.7 

66.0 

60.5 

55.5 

53.0 

52.2 

52.1 

52.2

Minimum

74.0 

74.2 

74.3 

74.0 

73.0 

71.0 

67.3 

63.2 

60.3 

55.8 

50.7 

49.5 

49.0 

49.0 

48.7

Mean

76.6 

76.8 

76.7 

76.3 

75.6 

73.8 

70.0 

65.4 

62.9 

58.1 

53.3 

51.5 

51.0 

50.8 

50.6

September

Maximum

77.0 

77.0 

76.5 

75.5 

74.5 

73.5 

71.0 

69.0 

67.0 

63.5 

54.5 

53.0 

52.0 

52.0 

52.0

Minimum

66.0 

66.0 

66.0 

66.0 

66.0 

66.0 

64.8 

63.0 

58.7 

54.8 

50.0 

48.8 

48.5 

49.5 

48.4

Mean..

72'. 1 

72.0 

71.9 

71.3 

71.0 

70.5 

68.2 

65.7 

63.1 

57.9 

52.1 

50.8 

50.3 

50.2 

50.1
304 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°F) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Temperature readings in 1900

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

July

17

77.1

77.1

77.1

72

62 

57.3

52.3

50.5

50

50 

49.5

18

69.5

76.3 

76.3 

76.3 

76.3 

76.3 

75.8 

74 

67 

63 

58.5 

55.5 

52.8 

51.8 

51 

50.9 

50 

49.9 

49.9 

49

19

72

77 

77 

77 

77.1 

77 

76 

74 

69 

64.5 

57.7 

55 

53.8 

51.5 

50.9 

50.8 

50.3 

49.9 

49.7 

49.2

20

76.3

78 

78 

78.5 

77.9 

77.1 

76 

73.2 

70 

63.5 

57.4 

55.5 

54 

52 

51 

50 

50 

49.9 

49.9 

49.7

21

65

76 

77 

77 

77 

77 

75 

72 

70 

66 

58 

55 

53 

51. 

50. 

50. 

50 

50 

49. 

49.

6

5

8

6 

7 

9

9

5

22

77

77.5 

77.5 

78 

77.2 

76.9 

75.5 

73.1 

69 

65.5 

58.8 

55 

53.3 

52.3 

51.1 

51 

50 

50 

50 

49.2

23

79.5

79 

79.5 

78.1 

77 

76.8 

76 

72 

68.6 

66 

58.3 

55 

53 

52 

50.9 

50.1 

50.2 

50.2 

49.8 

49.1

24

81.2

80.3 

80.5 

80.1 

77.1 

76.6 

75.9 

73.6 

71.3 

68.9 

58 

55 

53 

52 

51.1 

50.5 

50 

50 

50.2 

49.3

July- -Continued

25

78

78.1 

78.1 

78.1 

78 

76.3 

76 

72.8 

67 

62.2 

56.6 

54 

52.1 

51 

50.5 

50.7 

50 

50 

50 

49.8

26

68

77.2 

77.5 

78 

77.8 

77.5 

76 

71.5 

68 

61.5 

57 

54.6 

52.3 

51 

50.5 

50.5 

50.5 

50 

50 

50

27

69.5

77 

77 

77 

77 

77 

76.2 

71 

68.5 

63 

57 

54.5 

52.5 

51 

50.6 

50.6 

50.4 

50.2 

50 

49.4

28

69

77 

77 

77 

77 

76.8 

75.2 

72.1 

68 

64 

56.8 

53.9 

52 

51 

50.5 

50.5 

50.4 

50.1 

50 

49.3

29

76

78 

78 

78 

77.6 

76.1 

75.5 

73 

67.5 

62.8 

57 

53.8 

52 

51 

50.5 

50.3 

50 

50 

49.8 

49.5

30 31

74 79

78 78.7 

78 78.8 

, 78 78.5 

78 , 78.3 

76.4 77 

76 75.6 

71 72.2 

67.3 68.8 

65 63.2 

57 57.1 

54 . 3 54 . 6 

52.6 52.8 

51 51 

50.5 50.5 

50 50 . 3 

50 50 

50 50 

50 49.8 

49.2 49.5

August

1

73

78 

78.1 

78 

78 

76.5 

75.6 

73.2 

67.6 

64.1 

58 

54.6 

52.6 

51 

51 

50.1 

50.2 

50 

49.9 

49.5

3

73

78 

78 

78 

78 

77 

76.4 

73 

68.6 

63.2 

57.2 

55.5 

52 

51.2 

51 

50.8 

50.5 

50.2 

50 

49.5

4

73

78.1 

78.1 

78.1 

78 

77.6 

76 

72.5 

68.5 

64 

57.9 

55 

53 

51 

51 

50.1 

50.1 

50 

50 

49.8

6

83.5

81.8 

81.8 

79.8 

78.2 

77.5 

76 

72 

68 

63.9 

57 

54.5 

52.5 

51.3 

50.8 

50.3 

50.1 

50 

50 

49.8

8

84

82.4 

82.4 

82.2 

79.2 

77.5 

76 

70.5 

68.5 

62.5 

58 

54.5 

52.1 

31.1 

50.6 

50.5 

50 

50 

50 

49.8

9

82

82 

82 

82 

79 

77 

76 

70 

69 

64 

58 

54 

52 

51 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

49

.8 

.8 

.8 

.5 

.5 

.2 

.1 

.2 

.2

.5 

.2 

.2 

.7 

.4

.9

11

85

83 

83 

82.5 

82 

77.6 

75.7 

70.5 

69.5 

63.5 

58 

55 

52.8 

51.2 

50.6 

50.5 

50.5 

50 

50 

49.9

13

77

81 

81 

81 

80.8 

80.3 

75.7 

72.3 

68 

64 

59 

55 

52.6 

51.5 

51 

50.8 

50.3 

50.3 

50 

49.8
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 305

Temperature profiles (°P) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Temperature readings In 1900

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

4-0 

4-5 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

August- -Continued

IF

73.2

79.8 

79.8 

79.9 

79.8 

79.8 

76.8

17

78.5

78.9 

78.5 

78.5 

78.5 

78.8 

77 

72.1 

67.1 

64-. 6 

58.3 

55.5 

53 

52 

51.5 

51 

51 

50.5 

50.3 

49.8

.18

76.2

78.2 

78.2 

78.2 

78.2 

78.2 

76.6 

72.1 

68 

63.3 

60 

56 

54.2 

51.5 

51 

50.7 

50.6 

50.3 

50 

49.9

20

80

80 

79.7 

79.5 

79.8 

79.1 

77.2 

71 

68.3 

65.7 

59.8 

56 

53.5 

52.5 

52 

51.5 

51.2 

51 

51 

50.1

22

80

80.8 

80.8 

80.5 

80.3 

79.2 

76.9 

71.5

64 

59.9 

56 

54 

52.8 

52.3 

51.8 

51.7 

51.3 

50.8 

50.2

24:

76.5

80.2 

80 

80 

80 

80 

77.5 

73 

68 

64 

60.3 

57 

54.2 

52.8 

52 

51.5 

51.2 

51.3 

51 

51

25

85

80.1 

80.1 

80.1 

80 

80 

79.5 

71.5 

68.5 

66.9 

61 

57 

54.1 

52.5 

52.5 

52 

51.8 

52 

51.6 

51

30

79.8

80 

80 

80 

79.5 

78.8 

78 

73 

70 

66 

59.8 

56 

54.3 

53 

52.2 

51 

51.8 

51.6 

51 

51

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

52.5 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

89

September

1

82.5

80.1 

80 

79.9 

79.7 

79.4 

78 

73 

69 

65.2 

60.3 

57 

54.8

53 

52 

51.5 

51.5 

51.8 

51.6 

51.5 

50.8

3

77.5

79.8 

79.8 

79.2 

78.5 

78.2 

78.2 

75.4 

71 

65.2 

60 

57 

54.3

53.2 

52.5 

52 

52 

51.7 

51.7 

51.5 

50.9

' 5

86.5

79 

79.1 

79 

79 

79 

79 

75.6 

70.5 

65 

60.1 

57 

54.5

53.5 

52.5 

52 

51.5 

51.3 

51.1 

51 

50.8

12

68

76 

76 

76 

75.8 

75.8 

75.6 

74.5 

73.9 

73.5 

64.5

54.6

52.9

51.9

51.4 

51.1

14

79

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

74.9 

74.5 

74 

73 

64.2

54.5

52.4 

52 

51.6

51.5 

51.9

22

68

67.4 

67.4 

67.4 

67.2 

67.2 

67 

67 

67 

66.9 

66.5

55.1

53.6 

52.9 

52 

52 

52 

51.5 

51.5 

Bottom

24

63

67.2 

67.2 

67.2 

67.2 

67.2 

67 

66.8 

66.8 

66.8 

66.6

56.5

53.2 

52.7

51.9 

51.7 

51.7 

51.3 

temper at

26

76

70.2 

70 

69 

69 

68.7 

69 

68

67.9 

67.6 

64.5 

58.5 

55 

53.3 

53.3

ures

28

70.5

68.5 

68.5 

68.2 

68.1 

68 

67.8 

67.8

67 

67 

66 

57.9 

54.1 

53.5 

52.5 

52.4- 

52 

51.6 

51.4 

51.4

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

52.5

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

1

72.5

73

67.9

67.8

67.5

67.5

67.4

67

67

66.5

66

59

55

54.5

52.5

52.5

52

51.5

51.5

51.5

3

72

67.5

67.5

67.5

67.5

67.3

67.1

66.9

66.7

66.5

66.1

57.6

55

53.5

53

52

52

51.6

51.6

51.5

5

75.9

68.8

69.5

69.1

 7.8

67.2

66.9

66.9

66.8

66.4

65.5

58

55.3

54

52.3

52

51.9

52.2

51.3

51.9

8

54-. 1

67.6

68

67.9

67.9

67.9

67.8

67.6

67

66.7

66.6

60.6

57.1

54.9

52.9

52.2

52

52

51.6

51.6

10

54.1

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

61.7

57.5

54.3

52.9

52.1

52

51.9

51.9

51.8

12

59.5

65.2

65.3

65.3

65.3

65.3

65.3

65.2

65.2

65

65

62

56.9

54.4

52.9

52.1

52

51.9

51.9

51.5

15

63

64.9

64.9

64.8

64.8

64.8

64.6

64.5

64-. 5

64.3

64

62.7

58

54.1

53

52.2

51.9

51.9

51.8

51.1
306 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°P) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake--Continued

Temperature readings in 1900

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

52.5 

55 

59.5 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

62.5 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

Bfi

October- -Continued

17

47.6

63 

63.5 

63.4 

63.3 

63.3 

63.3 

63.3 

63.3 

63.3 

63.1 

62 

61 

56.9

52.8 

52.3 

52 

52 

51.9 

51.6

19

52

61 

62.5 

62.3 

62.3 

62.3 

62.3 

62.3 

62.3 

62.3 

62 

61.5 

61.2 

59

53 

52.1 

52 

52 

51.8 

51.5

22

62.9

61.5 

61.4 

61.3 

61.3 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2

61.2 

58.3 

53.2 

53.1 

52 

52 

51.9 

51.5

24

56.6

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.1 

61.1 

61

60.7 

54.2 

52.3 

52 

52 

51.8 

51.7 

51.2

26

64.5

61.5 

61.5 

61.5 

61.4 

61.4 

61.3 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61

60.8 

59.4 

57.4 

52.3 

52 

52 

51.8 

51.6

29

64

61.8 

61.8 

61.8 

61.8 

61.7 

61.7 

61.3 

61.3 

61.1 

61 

60.7

60.4 

60.1 

58 

52.3 

52 

52 

51.7 

51.5

31

62

62.5 

62.5 

62.5 

62.5 

62.5 

62.3 

62 

61.9 

61.2 

61 

60.7

60.3 

59.9 

56.8 

52.5 

52 

51.9 

51.7 

51.5

November

2

75

62 

61.3 

61.3 

61 

61.3 

61 

61 

60.9 

60.5 

60.5 

60 

60 

, 59.8 

58 

56.5 

52.4 

52 

52 

51.5

5

52.9

49.9 

59.3 

59.3 

59.3 

59.3 

59.3 

59.2 

59.1 

59.1 

59.1 

59.1 

59 

58.8 

58.5 

58.4 

54 

52 

51.9 

51.9

9

45

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

53 ,.9 ' ''53.8 

53.7 

53.7

53.7 

53.3 

53.3 

53.1 

53

19

51

45.9 

45.9 

45.9 

45.9 

45.9 

45.9 

45.8 

45.5 

45.8 

46 

46 

45.8 

45.. 7

45.8 

45.8 

45.8 

45.8 

46.3

23

36.8

46.7 

46.7 

46.7 

46.6 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

46.7 

46.4 

46.3 

46.2 

46.2 

46.2

46.2 

46.2 

46.2 

46.2 

46.2

26

36.2

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44

44 

44 

44 

44 

44

29

31.5

42.9 

42.9 

43 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9 

42.9

42.9 

42.5 

42.5 

42.5 

42.5

December

1

39.9

41.7 

41.8 

41.7 

41.7 

41.7 

41.9 

41.7 

41.7 

41.7 

41.7 

41.8 

.41.8 

41.8 

41.8 

41.8 

41.8 

41.8 

AT a

3

47

41.7 

41.8 

41.6 

41.6 

41.6 

41.7 

41.3 

41.3 

41.2 

41.3 

,41.3 

1/41.4 

41.3 

41.3 

41.3 

41.2 

41.3 

ly

5 8 11

36.5 36.2 29.5

41 40.3 38 

41 40.3 38 

41 40.5 38 

41 40.1 38 

41 40.3 38 

41 40.3 37 

41 40.3 37 

41 40.3 37 

41 40.8 37 

41.1 40.3 37 

41 41 37 

41 40.2 37 

41 .41 38 

41 2/41.3 38

42 37

 39

.2

.5 

.4 

.6 

.7

.1 

.8

.9

13 15 17

30. 25 38,9

36.2 34.9 

36.1 35 

36.1 35 

36.5 35 

36.1 35 

36.1 35 

36.1 35.5 

36.5 35.7 

36.1 35.3 

36.3 36 

37 35.5 

37 36 

36.4 35.6 

36.5 35.7 

37.5 35.7 

38 8

 36

 37

34 

34 

34 

34 

34.1 

34.4 

34.4 

34.4 

35 

34.8 

34.8 

35 

35.1 

34.9 

35 

35 

35 

36

I/ Certain slight anomalies in the temperature readings occur in our records,

the records as here given cannot be far from correct. 

2/ Bottom at 62 feet.
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 307

Temperature profile (°F) at Deep Hole, Lake Maxinkuokee Continued 

Monthly summary for 1900

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water- surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

32.5

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Julv

Maximum

81.2

80.3

80.5

80.1

78.3

77.5

76.2

74.0

71.3

68.9

58.8

55.8

54.1

52.3

51.1

51.0

50.5

50.2

50.2

L 50.0

Mini TTttiun.

65.0

76.5

76.3

76.3

76.3

76.1

75.0

71.0

67.0

61.5

56.6

53.5

.52.0

51.0

50.5

50.0

50.0

49.9

49.7

49.0

Mean

73.9

77.7

77.9

77.8

77.3

76.8

75.8

72.5

68.6

64.1

57.5

54.7

52.9

51.4

50.7

50.5

50.1

50.0

49.9

49.5

October

Maximum

75.9

73.0

69.5

69.1

67.9

67.9

67.8

67.6

67.0

66.7

66.0

62.7

61.2

58.0

52.5

52.0

52.2

51.9

51.9

M^ niniuiti

47.6

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.0

61.0

61.0

61.0

58.0

53.5

52.3

52.0

51.9

51.5

51.3

51.1

Mean

61.5

64.7

64.5

64.4

64.3

64.2

64.2

64.0

64.0

63.8

63.5

60.7

57.1

53.8

52.2

52.0

51.9

51.7

51.5

Aueust

Maximum

85.0

83.0

83.0

82.8

82.0

80.3

79.5

73.2

70.0

66.9

61.0

57.0

54.3

53.0

52.5

52.0

51.8

52.0

51.6

51.0

Minimum

73.0

78.0

78.0

78.0

78.0

76.5

75.4

70.1

67.1

62.5

57.0

54.5

52.0

51.0

50.6

50.1

50.0

50.0

49.9

49.5

Mean

78.3

80.2

80.1

79.9

79.3

78.5

76.7

71.9

68.4

64.3

58.8

55.5

53.1

51.8

51.3

50.9

50.7

50.6

50.4

50.1

November

Maximum

75.0

62.0

61.3

61.3

61.0

61.3

61.0

61.0

60.9

60.5

60.5

60.0

60.0

59.8

58.4

54.0

53.3

53.1

53.0

Minimum

31.5

42.9

42.9

43.0

43.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.9

42.5

42.5

42.5

42.5

Mean

45.9

49.3

50.6

50.6

50.5

50.6

50.5

50.5

50.4

50.4

50.4

50.3

50.2

50.2

49.6

48.3

48.0

47.9

47.9

86.5

80.1

80.0

79.9

79.7

79.4

79.0

75.6

74.0

73.5

67.7

66.0

58.5

53.6

52.9

52.4

52.0

52.0

51.7

51.9

September

Minimum

70.5

67.2

67.2

67.2

67.2

67.2

67.0

66.8

66.8

65.2

60.0

57.0

54.3

53.0

52.0

51.5

51.5

51.3

51.1

51.0

Mean

74.6

73.7

73.7

73.4

73.3

73.2

72.9

71.4

70.3

67.8

64.1

61.9

55.6

53.3

52.6

52.0

51.8

51.7

51.5

51.4

December

Maximum

39.9

41.7

41.8

41.7

41.7

41.7

42.0

41.7

41.7

41.7

41.7

41.8

41.8

41.8

41.8

41.8

41.8

41.8

41.8

Minimum

25.0

34.0

34.0

34.0

34.0

34.1

34\4

34.4

34.4

35.0

34.8

34.8

35.0

35.1

34.9

35.0

35.0

35.0

36.0

Mean

36.1

38.5

38.5

38.5

38.5

38.4

38.5

38.4

38.5

38.6

38.6

38.7

38.8

38.8

38.5

38.6

39.3

39.0

39.2

Temperature readings in 1901

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water- surf ace

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

January

1

23.1

34

34.1

34

34.2

34.2

34.6

34.5

34.6

34.8

34.9

34.9

34.9

35

35

35.3

35.4

35

37

4

41

34.5

34.5

34.5

34.5

35

34.5

34.5

34.7

34.9

34.6

35.2

35.5

35.4

35.5

35.8

35.3

35.4

37

7

32.1

33.7

34.6

34.6

35

35

35.2

35.1

35.2

35.7

37

36

36

36

36

35.3

36.3

37.6

37.2

9

32

34

34.8

35.1

35.3

35.4

37

35.5

35

37.5

37.2

37.3

35.5

36.1

36.2

36.2

37.2

36

37.5

18

16.5

33.1

35.1

« 35.7

36

35.5

35.4

35.5

35.8

35.9

36

36

36

36.2

36.4

36.5

36.9

36.8

38.1

26

23.9

34.2

36.2

36.3

36.2

36.3

36.3

36.5

36.7

36.9

37

37

37.1

37.2

37.2

37.3

37

37

38.8

30

24.9

33.4

36.7

36.2

36.5

36.5

37

37

37.4

37.7

37.8

38

38

37.8

37.9

37.3

37.5

37.5

38.3
308 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°P) taken in Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake Continued 

Temperature readings in 1901

Dept 

(fee t)

Air

Mater-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Dept 

(fee

h

t)

Air

Water- surf ace 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

fiR

February

5 8

24.9 26.8

33.7 34 

36.9 37 

37.9 36.5 

37 36.5 

36.7 38.2 

37 37 

37 37.1 

37.2 37.3 

33 37.5 

38 38 

37.5 38.1 

37.7 37.8 

37.5 38 

37.4 38.1 

38 37.5 

37.7 37.7 

38.2 33.5 

38.2 39

16

22.5

52.3 

56 

36.9 

36.9 

37.1 

37.1 

37.2 

37.2 

37.3 

37.8 

37.8 

38.2 

37.9 

37.9 

37.9 

38.4 

38.8 

39

25

36.8

33 

36.3 

36.4 

36.5 

37.3 

38 

38 

37.7 

38.3 

37.9 

38.5 

38.3 

 38.6 

37.9 

38.1 

38.1 

38.8 

38.9

27

27.5

32.3 

36 

37 

37.5 

37.9 

37.4 

38 

37.7 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

37.9 

38 

38.1 

38.9 

41.3

March

1

31.9

32.9 

36.9 

36.8 

37.3 

37.9 

38 

37.6 

37.7 

37.9 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38.2 

38.4 

40.1

4

36

32.9 

37 

37.5 

37.6 

37.3 

37.3 

38 

37.7 

38.1 

38 

38.5 

38.2 

38.1 

38.5 

39 

38.1 

39 

40.4

7 9

36.5 34.5

32.3 33.1 

37.3 37.9 

57.5 37.8 

37.5 37.9 

37.7 37.9 

37.6 38.1 

37.7 38.3 

38 38.3 

38 38.7 

38 38.7 

38 39 

38 38 

38 38 

38.1 38.3 

38.4 38 

38.1 39.3 

39 39 

40 . 1 40 . 2

14

30

32.8 

38.5 

38.9 

38 

38 

38.1 

38 

38 

38 

38.9 

39 

38.1 

38 

39 

38.8 

40

April

1 3

37 39.2

39.3 39.5 

39.3 39.5 

39.3 39.6 

39.9 40 

39.9 39.5 

39.5 40 

39.5 39.5 

41.2 39.5 

41.7 39.4 

41.7 39.6 

39.4 39.5 

39.3 39.5 

39.4 40 

39.4 40 

39.4 39.5 

39.2 40 

41.5 40 

39.6 40

8

42

42 

42 

42.2 

42.2 

42 

42.2 

42.6 

42 

42.2 

42 

42

10

49.5

42.9 

42.8 

42.8 

43 

42.5 

42.6 

42.6 

42.9 

43 

42.9 

42.5 

43 

42.9 

42.4 

42.4 

42.3 

42.7 

39

15

49

45 

45 

45.9 

46.5 

45 

44.3 

46.2 

45.9 

44.2 

44.3 

44 

44 

44 

43.3 

43.5 

43.1 

43.4 

43

22

50

45 

45 

45 

44.9 

44.8 

44.8 

45 

45.1 

44.8 

45.1 

44.8 

44.7 

44.7 

44.6 

45 

44.7

26

42.3

40.1 

40.1 

40.5 

40.5 

40.5 

40.5 

40 

40.3 

40.4 

40 

40.3 

40.1 

39.9 

40.4 

39.9 

40 

40.4

28

31.5

39.8 

40 

40.2 

39.9 

40 

39.9 

40 

40 

41.8 

40 

40.1 

42.3 

40 

39 

40 

40 

40 

40

24

57

46 

46 

45 

45 

46 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

45

7

1 

8

6

.6 

7 

6 

9

1 

5

1 

5

26

63.8

49.8 

49 

47.6 

46.9 

46.8 

46.8 

46.1 

46 

46 

45.8 

45.5 

45.5 

45.4 

45.3 

45.8 

45.1 

45.1 

45

29

77.5

59 

55.1 

52.8 

50.1 

47.5 

47 

46.5 

46 

46 

45.9 

46 

45.3 

45.2 

45.2 

45.6 

45.7 

45.2 

44.8

May

4

76.9

61 

61 

60.9 

60.4 

56.1 

50.5 

47.5 

47.1 

47 

46.6 

46 

46 

45.5 

46 

45.3 

45.9 

45.3

4R 1

7

67

63 

63.1 

63.4 

62 

56.5 

56.4 

48.6 

47.3 

47.4 

46.5 

46.1 

46.2 

45.5 

45.5 

45.9 

45.4 

46

AR K

13

61

60 

60.1 

60 

59.5 

60.6 

56.8 

49.9 

49 

48 

49 

46.8 

46.4 

47 

46.5 

46.5 

46 

46

15

78

66 

61 

60 

59.4 

59.4 

58.1 

50.1 

50.2 

49.7 

47.9 

47.5 

46.3 

46.3 

47 

46.1 

46.5 

46.3

17

77.6

68.5 

63.9 

62 

60 

59 

57.2 

51.3 

49 

48.2 

47.3 

47.5 

47 

46.5 

47 

46 

46 

46.5

22

58

61 

61 

61.4 

61.4 

61.3 

61.2 

52.3 

49.2 

48.9 

47.9 

47.9 

47.1 

47 

46.9 

47 

46.6 

47.6

ifi ^

24

58

62.5

62.5 

63 

63 

63 

63 

54 

50.6 

49.9 

49 

47.5 

47.5 

47 

46.8 

46.9 

46.8 

46.7

ILK ?

28

56.5

58.2 

58.9 

58.2 

58.8 

58.8 

58 

58 

54.5 

50.3 

49 

48.5 

47.5 

47.1 

46.9 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

ILK «;

30

57

58 

58.3 

58 

57.8 

57.9 

57.4 

57 

56.5 

50.9 

48.9 

48 

47.9 

47 

47 

47 

47 

46.9

ILK K
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 309

Temperature profiles ("?) taken in the Deep Hole, Maxlnkuckee Lake Continued 

Temperature readings for 1901

. th

(re...

Air

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

June

1

66

59.5

59.5

60

59.7

59

58.3

57.9

57

49.9

49

48.4

48

49

47

47

47.5

47

3

65.3

60.9

61

61.1

61

60.2

58.8

57.3

55.9

52.3

50

48.1

47.9

57.8

47.1

47.5

47

47

46.9

6

67

65.5

65.5

65.7

64.2

64

60

58

56.2

53

52-. 1

51.6

51

48.2

47.8

47.5

47.5

47.5

47

8

54.5

63.5

63.5

64

63.4

63.2

61.9

57.6

54.8

52

50.9

49.3

52.8

48.2

48

48.2

48

47.8

47.3

10

66.2

65

64.8

65.1

64.9

64

62.8

59.4

54.1

52

50.2

49.8

48.6

48.3

48.2

48

47.9

47.9

47.3

June Continued

17

74

76

76.1

76

68.6

66.1

62.8

59

54.9

53.5

50.9

50

50

49

48.8

49

48.2

48.1

48.5

19

.83

80

75.5

74.9

71.5

66

62

58.1

54.5

52

51

51

49.5

49

48.6

48.4

48.2

48.1

48

21

77.9

76.9

77

77

75.9

66.5

62.3

58.1

55.6

53.2

50.9

50

49.3

49.9

49

48.8

49

49

48

24

83.5

78.8

78.3

78.2

78

67.1

61.6

58

55.6

53

52

50.2

49.9

49.2

49

48.9

48.8

48.5

48.4

26

83

82

82.5

80.8

77.4

68

63

58

55.5

54

51.9

50.1

50.5

49.5

49.1

49

49.1

49

48.8

12

89.5

79.6

72.5

69

66.5

64.5

62

58.7

54.8

52.3

51

50

49

48.3

48.5

48

48.3

48

48.1

28

88.2

83

83

83

82.9

67.2

62

58.9

55.6

53.5

52

51

50.4

49.7

49.2

49

49

49

49

Monthly summary for 1901

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

January

Maximum

41.0

34.5

36.7

36.3

36.5

36.5

37.0

37.0

37.4

37.7

37.8

38.0

38.0

37.8

37.9

37.3

37.5

37.6

38.8

Minimum

16.5

33.1

34.1

34.0

34.2

34.2

34.5

34.5

34.6

34.8

34.6

34.9

34.9

35.0

35.0

35.3

35.3

35.0

37.0

Mpan

27.6

33.8

35.1

35.0

35.7

35.6

35.7

35.5

35.6

36.2

36.4

36.3

36.2

36.2

36.3

36.2

36.5

36.5

37.7

February

Maximum

36.8

34.0

37.0

37.9

37.5

38.2

38.0

38.0

37.7

38.0

38.0

38.5

38.3

38.6

38.1

38.1

38.4

38.9

41.3

Minimum

22.5

3-2.3

36.0

36.4

36.5

36.7

37.0

37.0

37.2

37.3

37.8

37.5

37.7

37.5

37.4

37.5

37.7

38.2

38.2

Moan

27.7

33.1

36.4

36.9

36.9

37.4

37.5

37.5

37.4

37.8

37.9

38.0

38.0

38.0

37.8

37.9

38.0

38.6

39.3

March

Ma-rlmum

42.3

40.1

40.1

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.0

40.3

41.8

40.0

40.3

42.3

40.0

40.4

40.0

40.0

40.4

40.4

Minimum

26.5

32.3

36.9

36.8

37.3

37.3

37.3

37.6

37.7

37.9

38.0

38.0

38.0

38.0

38.0

38.0

38.1

38.4

40.0

Mean

33.2

34.8

38.2

38.5

38.4

38.5

38.5

38.5

38.6

39.0

38.8

39.0

38.9

38.6

38.8

38.9

39.1

39.3

40.2

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Hater-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

April

Maximum

77.5

59.0

55.1

52.8

50.1

47.5

47.0

46.5

46.0

46.0

45.9

46.0

46.3

45.4

45.5

45.8

45.7

45.5

45.0

Minimum

37.0

39.0

39.3

39.3

39.9

39.5

39.5

39.5

39.5

39.4

39.6

39.4

39.3

39.4

39.4

39.4

39.2

40.0

39.6

Mean

53.0

45.8

45.2

44.8

44.6

44.0

43.8

43.8

44.0

43.9

43.9

43.4

43.4

43.3

43.2

43.3

43.2

43.3

42.3

May

Maximum

78.0

68.5

63.9

63.0

63.0

63.0

63.0

58.0

56.5

50.9

49.0

48.5

47.9

47.1

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.6

46.6

Minimum

56.5

58.0

58.3

58.0

57.8

56.1

50.5

47.5

47.1

47.0

46.5

46.0

46.0

45.5

45.5

45.3

45.4

45.3

45.1

Mean

59.0

62.0

61.1

60.7

60.3

59.2

57.6

52.2

50.4

48.9

48.0

47.3

46.9

46.5

46.5

46.3

46.3

46.4

46.0

June

Maximum

89.0

83.0

83.0

83.0

82.9

68.0

63.0

59.0

54.0

54.0

52.1

51.6

52.8

49.9

49.2

49.0

49. OJ

49.0

49.0

Minimum

54.5

59.5

59.5

60.0

59.7

59.0

58.3

57.3

54.1

49.9

49.0

48.1

47.9

47.8

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

46.9

Mean

74.0

72.6

71.6

71.2

69.5

64.6

61.5

58.3

55.4

52.6

51.0

50.0

49.7

48.8

48.4

48.3

48.2

48.1

47.9
310 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw

Date

1945

June 12

Sept. 7

Nov. 26

1948

Jan. 21

27

Mar. 24

Sept. 28

Temperature

CF)

73

79

34

35

36

51.5

54

Date

1948 Con.

Oct. 14

Nov. 30

1949

Jan. 4

Feb. 15

Mar. 2

22

May 3

Temperature (°F)

49

36

37

33.5

35

48

59

Date

1949--Con.

July 13

Aug. 30

Nov. I

17

Dec, 14

1950

Jan. 12

19

Temperature ( *)

79

79.5

43

43

35

36

35

Date

1950 Cph.

Jan. 31

Mar> 14

May 2

Sept. 19

Odt. 31

Nov. 20

1951

May 8

July 6

Temperature 

CF)

35

35

55

69

57

40

69

7?

Water surface temperatures for Rldlnger Lake near Piereeton

Date

1945 

Mar. 2

June 14

Sept. 7

Nov. 27

1947

Apr. 22

Temperature

39

73

79

38

46

Date

1947 Con. 

Aug. 28

Sept. 4

1948

Feb. 18

Aug. 24

27

Temperature

81

75.5

34.5

83

84

Date

1948 Con, 

Dec. 23

1949

Jan. 4

Mar. 2

22

May 4

11

Temperature

36

36

36

40

68

57

Date

1949 Cotu 

Augi 31

NOV. 29

1950

Nov. 22

1951

June 14

Temperature

74.5

45

40

65

Temperature profiles (°F) for Ridinger Lake^ Koseluskp County, July 26, 1946

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface

5 

10

15

Site A

78

80.0 

79.5 

77.6 

69.2

Site B

78

79.5 

79.2 

77.5 

69.4

Site c

78

79.3 

78.5 

76.7 

69.5

Depth 

(feet)

20

25 

30 

32 

35 

38

Site A

62.5

56.7 

*53.7

Site B

62.0 56.7" 

54.1 

*53.5

Site C

61.5

54.7

53.4 

*52 * 8

Water surface temperatures for Round Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind.

Date

1945

June 14

17

1946

Jan. 23

24

25

26

27

23

29

30

31

Feb. 1

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Temperature

CF)

73

35

34

32

32

32

32

33

34

33

33

33

33

34

34

34

34

34

34

35

35

36

36

34

34

33

39

Date

1946 Con.

Feb. 21

23

24

27

Mar. 2

3

6

9

10

13

16

17

20

23

24

27

30

31

Apr. 3

6

7

10

13

14

17

20

21

24-

27

Temperature

CF)

36

36

34

36

40

40

38

38

38

40

46

46

47

45

45

45

45

42

40

40

42

40

52

52

52

52

54

54

50

Date

1946 Con.

Apr. 28

May 1

4

5

11

12

15

18

19

22

25

26

29

June 1

2

5

8

9

12

15

16

19

22

23

26

29

July 6

1947

Apr. 25

Temperature

CF)

55

55

55

56

55

56

58

56

58

60

60

60

68

70

70

70

70

72

74

76

76

78

78

78

78

78

80

49

Date

194 7- -Con.

Sept. 17

1948

Nov. 4

30

Dec. 29

1949

Feb. 16

Mar. 7

Aug. 31

Sept. 15

Nov. 23

1950

Mar. 23

Oct. 17

1951

Feb. 20

Mar. 15

June 21

July 24

Aug. 29

Oct. 24

Nov. 28

Dec. 20

1952

Feb. 7

Temperature

CF)

72

59

43

36

36.5

40

73

62

38

35

60

35

35

74

80

80

54

37

29

29
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 311

Water surface temperatures for Round Lake at Clear take. Ind

Date

1945

July 2

Sept. 4

1946

Nov. 2

9

16

30

Dec. 7

14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

IS

22

par. 1

&

15

22

£9

Apr. 5

18

23

Msy 10

17

24

1948

Jan, 89

30

31

Feb. 1

2

3

4

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Mar. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Temperature (°P)

75

78

60

49

55

40,

45

40

35

32

30

35

30

38

36

34

38

30

32

32

32

3?

32

36

32

49

60

55

60

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

33,5

33.5

33,5

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

34

34

34

34

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36.5

37

37

38

38

38

39

40

Date

1948 Con.

Mar. 23

24

25

z%g1?

28

29

30

31

Apr. 1

2

3

4

5

6

1a

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

May 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

June 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Temperature (°F)

39,

4©

41

42

46

39

40

39

42

41

41

40

42

45

46

49

49

45

45

47

47

47

45

43

48

46

47

50

57

52

50

53

55

58

62

64

59

56

54

56

56

54

54

56

59

55

48

54

56

56

57

56.5

56.5

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

63

62

62

62

62

65

65

67

66

68

67

67

69

71

72

67

66

64

68

68

72

68

68

72

68

66

68

72

Date

^948 eon,

June 19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

July 2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Aug. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

23

29

30

31

Sept. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Temperature ( F)

64

70

70

69

72

73

74

75

74

75

74

74

70

72

74

81

77

76

72

73

76

78

80

78

76

73

75

76

77

76

77

76

77

75

72

72

72

72

73

75

77

78

73

70

72

72

68

68

68

70

70

70

71

71

72

70

70

70

70

70

70

71

72

73

75

77

78

78

79

78

78

76

73

72

70

72

73

73

72

72

70

68

67

66

68

68

67

67

Date

1948--Con.

Sept. 16

17

18

19

20

21

22

83

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Oct. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13 '

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Nov. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Dec. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Temperature (°F)

65

67

69

71

73

66

64

62

60

59

59

58

61

63

63

62

62

60

58

56

55

54

53

53

51

49

50

52

50

48

49

46

44

40

40

42

46

48

46

45

45

45

47

47

50

53

54

54

54

54

54

52

45

45

46

45

44

44

43

43

43

43

42

43

46

42

42

43

41

39

39

40

36

39

39

38

34

34

34

34

40

36

35

34

34

34

34

34
312 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Round Lake at Clear Lake, Ind. Continued

Date

1948 Con.

Dec. 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

1949

Jan. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Feb. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Mar. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Temperature (°F)

34

34

37

37

33

33

33

33

34

34

34

33.5

33.5

33.5

33.5

34

34

34

34

35

35

35

35

34.5

34

34

36

37

39

37

37

38

38

38

38

36

37

35

35

35

35

36

36

35

35

35

35

34

34

34

33.5

33.5

34

34

33

33

33

33

33

33.5

33.5

39

35

35

34

33

34

34

34.5

35

35

35

35

35

35

34

35

34

34

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

38

Date

1949 Con.

Mar . 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Apr. 1

2

3

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

May 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

June 1

3

4

5

6

7

8

Temperature (°F)

36

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

41

42

38

39

41

43

45

43

45

46

45

44

43

45

45

47

46

46

45

45

47

55

54

54

51

47

47

45

44

45

47

48

48

48

48

52

54

53

53

56

59

57

58

62

66

68

67

65

67

62

57

60

70

70

64

66

70

71

70

66

65

64

62

65

60

59

58

58

59

64

67

69

72

74

74

72

70

66

Date

1949--Con.

June 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

29

30

July 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Aug. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Sept. 1

2

3

4

5

6

Temperature (°F)

65

67

72

73

74

73

72

69

69

72

75

78

78

77

77

76

78

78

77

79

79

80

82

83

85

85

85

83

80

81

79

77

77

76

76

74

74

74

75

76

77

79

78

74

77

79

81

79

80

80

79

74

72

73

72

73

73

74

74

76

77

79

80

78

75

75

75

76

76

74

72

67

66

67

68

72

73

75

75

73

67

67

66

65

64

63

65

68

65

Date

1949 Con.

Sept. 7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Oct. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Nov. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Dec. 1

2

3

4

Temperature (°F)

64

63

62

63

63

63

60

57

56

57

58

58

60

60

58

56

54

53

52

55

58

56

50

50

50

56

62

62

60

60

58

62

64

65

65

60

58

55

56

56

56

56

58

60

63

57

54

50

48

47

44

46

50

48

44

38

42

40

40

40

41

43

45

45

46

48

52

50

46

42

38

38

38

38

38

36

34

34

34

34

33.5

33.5

33.5

33.5

33.5

34

35

35

35
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 313

Water surface temperature for Round Lake at Clear Lake. In

Date

1949 Con.

Dec. 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

1950

Jan. 1

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Feb. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

25

26

Temperature (°P)

35

35

37

35

35

35

35

35

34

33

33

33

33

34

34

34

35

38

36

34

34

35

35

34

33

33

33

35

36

41

39

35

33

33

33

35

33

34

34

33

33

35

33

33

33

33

33

33

34

34

36

37

33

34

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

34

34

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

34

34

33.5

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

Date

1950 Con.

Feb. 27

Mar. 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

15

17

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Apr. 1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

19

22

23

25

26

27

28

May 1

2

3

4

6

7

8

13

15

17

20

23

27

30

June 2

5

6

8

10

13

16

19

23

25

30

July 1

3

6

8

12

14

18

20

22

24

27

Temperature (-P)

33

33

33

34

34

35

35

34

34

34

34

35

35

34

34

34

35

35

35

35

37

38

37

35

34

35

35

35

38

38

40

40

40

38

38

41

40

38

37

40

42

45

43

47

45

44

44

44

45

45

50

57

53

54

56

56

60

60

61

62

68

69

67

65

65

72

72

71

73

67

73

77

68

68

68

73

73

77

70

73

71

71

74

73

Date

1950 Con.

July 29

31

Aug. 3

5

7

11

14

19

20

23

26

27

Sept. 1

5

8

12

14

16

17

22

25

30

Oct. 2

7

10

14

16

21

24

30

Nov. 1

4

5

8

11

16

18

19

25

Dec. 2

4

16

23

30

1951

Jan. 9

18

27

Feb. 9

17

24

Mar. 2

6

10

15

20

22

29

31

Apr. 4

7

10

14

17

21

26

28

29

May 5

8

11

15

19

23

26

June 2

7

9

13

17

23

25

July 5

Temperature (°P)

76

76

72

71

71

73

71

72

71

68

72

74

72

68

69

72

68

65

65

65

63

64

62

58

59

55

55

55

54

53

55

45

45

47

36

44

40

40

33

34

35

33

33

33

33

36

34.5

33

34

37

36

38

37

37

34

33

39

38

38

39

42

42

41

44

47

54

56

60

56.5

54

60

67

65

67

68

67

66

69

72

70

70

72

. Contimier

Date

1951--Con.

July 10

14

15

21

23

28

Aug. 4

11

13

18

25

Sept. 1

2

8

9

15

16

21

23

29

30

Oct. 6

8

13

20

25

Nov. 1

10

11

26

Dec. 1

8

15

22

1952

Mar. 8

19

Apr. 26

May 10

June 1

7

14

18

21

28

July 12

26

Aug. 9

22

Sept. 26

Oct. 11

25

1953

Mar. 30

Apr. 18

19

25

May 2

9

23

June 5

8

20

26

July 4

5

11

28

Aug. 1

8

9

15

18

22

23

29

Sept. 4

12

19

26

29

Temperature (°F)

73

75

75

74

74

76

74

74

74

73

68

72

72

65

65

64

63

65

64

57

57

59

52

55

53

51

45

36

36

35

36

37

33.5

33

39

39

59

58

67

73

74

75

71

80

74

75

75

70

58

47

46

44

41

41

48

52

59

59

70

73

77

73

75

75

69

75

76

73

73

71

70

72

73

77

76

67

61

59

55
314 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°F) for Clear Lake, at Clear Lake

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

15 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

32 

34 

35 

36 

38 

40 

45 

47.5 

50 

52.5 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

87.5 

90 

92.5 

95 

100 

101 

102 

102.5 

103.5 

105 

107

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

15 

16 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

97 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106

1946

Sept. 26

71

66.6

66.4 

66.4 

66.4 

66.2

66.3 

66 

66.5 

63.1 

61.2 

60 

57 

55.3 

52.3

51

50.8 

50.6 

50.3 

50.1 

50.1 

50.1 

50

50

49.8 

49.4

49.5

Oct. 24

60

57.6

57.5 

57.5 

57.5 

57

56.7 

56.7

56.5

56.3 

55.6

52.8

50.5 

50.1 

50 

49.9 

50.1 

50.1 

50

49.9

49.6

49.6

Nov. 23

24

47.3

47.4 

47.4 

47.4 

47.4

47.5 

47.5

47.5

47.5 

47.5

47.5

47.5 

47.5 

47.5 

47.5 

47.5 

47.5 

47.4

47.4

47.5 

47.5

48.3

Dec. 19

10

38

38.2 

38.3 

38.3 

38.4

38.5

38.5

38.6

38.9

38.9

38.9

38.9

38.9

1947

Jan. 8

31

33

35 

35.4 

35.4 

35.4

35.3 

35.4

35.4

35.5

35.7

36

36.1

36.1

36.1

36.6

37

38

Feb. 19

23

32.5

35.6 

37.5 

37.6 

37.6

37.6 

37.6

37.7

37.8 

37.8

37.8

37.8 

37.8 

37.8 

37.8 

37.8 

37.9 

37.9

37.9

38.1 

39

1947 Continued

July 30

91.4

77.1

77.1 

76.4 

76.4

76.2

67.4 

59.5 

53.4 

50.6 

49.3 

48.4 

48.4 

48.4 

48.4 

48.4 

48 

48 

48 

48 

47.5 

47.5

Aug. 27

70

81.2

81.2 

81.2 

81.2

75.3

66.8 

58.8 

55 

51.8 

50.3 

49.2 

48.9 

48.7 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.4 

48.4

48

Oct. 10

57

61.7

61.4 

61.4 

61.1

61

60.9 

60.3 

58.2 

53.5 

50.8 

50 

49.2 

48.8 

48.5 

48.3 

48.3 

48.2 

48.2 

48.1 

48

Oct. 30

51

59.6

59.6 

59.6 

59.5

59.5

59.5 

59.5 

58.3 

54.3 

50.8 

49.7 

49.2 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.5 

48.3 

48.3

Nov. 19

34

46.3

46.3 

46.3 

46.3

46.3

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3 

46.3

46.1

Dec. 19

30.5

35.1

35 

35 

34.9

34.9

34.9 

34.9 

34.9 

34.9 

35.1 

35.1 

35.1 

35.1 

35.1 

35 

35.1 

35.2 

35.6 

35.5 

35.5

35.5

36

Acr. 29

51

46.5

46.6 

46.9 

46.8 

46.6

46.2 

45.8

45.6

45.4 

45.4

45.4

45.4 

45.3 

45.3 

45.2 

45.1 

45.1 

44.9

44.8

44.8 

44.1

44.2

Mav 25

54.8

61.2

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

61.2 

57 2

54.1 

50.1

49.3

48.8 

48.4

48.1

47.8 

47.7 

47.5 

47.4 

47.2 

47.1 

47

47

47 

47

1948

Jan. 29

21

33.3

36 

36.4 

36.5

36.6

36.5 

36.5 

36.5 

36.5 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.8 

36.8 

37.2

37.6

June 3

81

73.7

73.5- 

73.1 

65.4

62

59.8 

57.3 

53.4 

51.3 

49.8 

48.8 

48.2 

47.7 

47.3 

47 

46.9 

46.8 

46.7 

46.6 

46.7

46.7

June 23

69

69

68.8 

68.3 

67 

65.4

62.5 

56.7

53.3

51.3 

50.1

49.5

48.2 

48 

47.8 

47.8 

47.8 

47.5 

47.5

47.4

47.4 

47.4

47

July 1

58

73

72.8 

72.8 

71.8

70.3 

66.5 

63 

58.7 

54 

51.7 

50.1 

49.2 

48.3 

47.8 

47.8 

47.7 

47.7 

47.7 

47.5 

47.5 

47.5

47.4

47.3
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 315

Temperature profiles (°P) for Clear Lake, at Clear Lake Continued

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

27.5 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

102 

103 

105 

106

1948 Continued

Aug. 4

62

74.3 

74.3 

74.4 

74.4 

74.2 

73.2 

69.5 

60

53.7 

51.5 

50.2 

49.1 

48.3 

48 

47.7 

47.6 

47.5 

47.4 

47.3 

47.2 

47.3 

47.3

47.2 

47.2

Sept. 2

74

76.2 

76.2 

76 

76 

74.2 

69.7 

66.3 

60.8 

57.5 

54.8 

51.7 

49.8 

48.8 

48.2 

48.1 

47.9 

47.9 

47.7 

47.6 

47.6 

47.6 

47.4 

47.4

47.4 

47.4

Oct. 7

53

58.8 

58.8 

58.8 

58.8 

58.8 

58.8.

58.6

57.4 

54.5 

49.6 

47.5

47.6

47.5

Nov. 18

51.5

47.5 

47.3 

47.5 

47.4 

47.5 

47.5

47.5

47.5 

47.5 

47.6 

47.5 

47.6 

47.2 

47.4 

47.4 

47.2 

47.4 

47.2 

47 

46.9 

46.9 

46.9

Dec. 9

40.4 

40.5 

40.5 

40.6 

40.1 

40.2

39.1

38.6 

38.6 

38 

39.8 

37.5 

40 

40 

40.4 

39.7 

39.8 

39.6 

39.8 

39.8 

40

40.2

Water surface temperature for Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes

Date

1945

June 14

1946

June 1

8

15

22

July 6

20

27

Temperature

75

66

68

67

74

74

81

77

Date

1946 Con.

Aug. 3

10

17

24

31

Sept. 28

Nov. 2

16

Dec. 7

Temperature

79

70

76

72

66

37

62

54

47

Date

1946--Con.

Dec. 28

1948

Nov. 4

30

Dec. 29

1949

Feb. 16

Temperature

37

57

43

33

33.5

Ind.

Date

1949--Con.

Aug. 31

Sept. 15

Nov. 23

Dec. 1

1950

Mar. 23

Oct. 17

Nov. 14

Temperature

74

67

44

42

36

49

54

Water surface temperature for Smalley Lake near Washington Center

Date

1945

July 11

Sept. 1

Oct. 5

1947

Apr. 23

1949

Jan. 21

Mar. 2

25

Apr. 27

Sept. 7

Temperature (°F)

71

73

59

47

35

34

44

58

69

Date

1949--Con.

Nov. 2

Dec. 15

1950

Jan. 17

Feb. 8

Mar. 1

May 4

Oct. 26

1951

Jan. 25

June 20

Temperature (°F)

51

34

35

34

35

55

57

36

74

Date

1951 Con.

July 25

Aug. 29

Sept. 26

Oct. 24

Nov. 28

Dec. 19

1952

Feb. 5

Nov. 18

Dec. 16

Temperature (°F)

80

80

62

55

37

29

26

48

37

Date

1953

Jan . 15

Feb. 3

Mar. 25

Apr. 17

May 13

June 8

July 2

27

Aug. 25

Sept. 18

Temperature (°F)

36

36

40

47

62

75

75

78

77

73

Water surface temperature for Sylvan Lake at Rome City

Date

1945

Mar. 2

July 2

Sept. 5

Nov. 29

1947

May 12

Temperature

39

75

78

35

59

Date

1947 Con.

June 8

1948

Jan. 21

Sept. 15

Nov. 5

26

Temperature

71.5

33

75

55

43

Date

1948 Con.

Dec. 1

1949

Jan. 5

Feb. 9

Mar. 9

Oct. 13

Temperature

42

36

35

38.5

66

Date

1949 Con.

Oct. 14

Dec. 2

1950

Oct. 25

Nov. 8

Temperature

64

40

57

47
316 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 13

Sept . 6

1948

Aug. 6

Temperature

70

70

73

Date

1948 Con. 

Oct. 6

28

1949

Jan. 5

Temperature

62

51

35

Date

1949 Con. 

Feb. 2

Mar. 25

Apr. 22

July 29

Nov. 22

Temperature

33

46

57.5

81.5

40

Date

1950 

Feb. 1

10

Mar. 7

14

May 9

Oct. 25

Temperature

35

35

35

35

63

57

Water surface temperatures for Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 13

Sept. 8

1946

Dec. 21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

19

21

22

29

May 3

10

17

31

June 7

8

14

21

28

July 5

12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

28

30

Sept. 6

13

27

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

17

20

27

1948

Jan. 3

7

Temperature

67

78

35

36

33

35

35

36

35

33

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

40

45

45

45

49.5

50

51

62

58

66

71.5

68

68

74

73

74

73

75

75

81

78

85

84

79

73

77

64

61

61

66

60

57

49

44

43

38

37

35

35

35

35

34

33.5

Date

1948 Con. 

Jan. 10

17

24

28

31

Fet- 7

14

21

28

Mar. 3

6

13

20

27

Apr. 10

17

24

May 1

8

14

22

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 3

10

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

27

Oct. 9

16

23

30

Nov. 2

6

13

20

27

30

Dec. 4

11

16

18

22

25

1949

Jan. 1

4

8

15

22

29

Feb. 5

8

12

19

Temperature

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

35

36

36.2

35

35

37

42

45

45

56

55

55

56

62

67

72

70

72

76

74

79

75

76

72

72

75

82

75

70

70

62

56

55

50

52

56

54

45

45

42

42.5

41

36

38.5

36

37

32

t35

36.5

34

35

34

33

32

34.5

33

34

Date

1949 Con. 

Feb. 26

Mar. 1

5

12

15

19

23

26

Apr. 2

9

16

23

30

May 3

7

14

21

28

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

13

20

27

30

Sept. 2

3

10

14

17

24

Oct. 1

6

8

15

22

Nov. 5

12

19

22

26

29

Dec. 3

10

17

24

31

1950

Jan. 7

14

21

25

28

Feb. 1

4

11

18

Temperature

34

35

35

34

37.5

35

40

41

42

44

42

49

56

63

63

65

62

59

71

72

71

77

83

82

77

76

80

75

77

71

76

75.5

52

67

64

66

66

58

57

62

63

60

59

46

53

43

42

38

41

37

35

35

35

35

34

35

34

36

33

35

33

34

33

Date

1950 Con. 

Feb. 25

Mar. 4

7

11

18

25

29

Apr. 1

6

8

15

22

29

May 4

6

13

20

June 3

8

10

17

24

July 1

8

15

22

29

Aug. 5

12

19

22

26

Sept. 2

16

23

30

Oct. 7

14

21

25

Nov. 4

11

18

25

29

Dec. 2

9

28

1951

Jan. 31

June 14

20

July 25

Aug. 29

Sept. 20

Oct. 24

Nov. 28

Dec. 18

1952

Feb. 4

June 17

Temperature

33

33

35

34

34

35

36

37

39

39

39

42

45

52

54

54

62

67

75

71

71

73

70

74

74

72

76

74

73

73

73

75

72

66

65

65

60

58

58

57

49

42

40

36

33

37

34

32

32

70

77

78

81

69

54

37

30

28

80
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 317

Temperature profiles (°F) for Tippecanoe Lake, at Oswego

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

42 

44 

45 

46 

48 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

77.5 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

105 

110 

115 

116 

117 

117.5 

118.5 

119

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

105 

110 

115 

116 

117 

118

1946

Aug. 27

74

73.5

73.5 

73.5 

72.8 

72 

68.4 

58.5 

55.5 

53.6

52.2

51.2 

50.2 

49 

47.9 

47.1 

46.6

45.4 

44.8 

44.5 

44.4 

44.4 

44.1 

43.9 

43.8

43.6

June 20

74

67.5

67.5 

67.5

66.8 

64.5 

60.8 

58 

53.5 

51.7 

51.2 

49.6 

48.8 

48.2 

47.7 

47.1 

46.8 

46,3 

45.9 

45.8 

45.6 

45.5 

45.2 

45.2 

45.2 

45.1

45.1

Oct. 23

74

60.3

59.8 

58.9 

59 

58.5 

58.3 

58.7 

58.2 

58.3

52.9 

52 2

51.3 

50 

48.8 

47.9 

47.5 

46.5

45.5 

45 

44.6 

44.4 

44.4 

44.3 

44.2 

44 

44

Nov. 20

56

50.4

50.1 

50.1 

50.1 

50.1 

50.1 

50 

49.8 

49.8

49.7

49.4 

49.2 

48.3 

47.8 

47.5 

46.7 

46

45.2 

45 

44.8 

44.4 

44.3 

44.3 

44.1 

43.9

Dec. 19

32

41.2

41.1 

41.1 

41 

41 

41 

40.9 

40.8 

40.8

40.8

40.8 

40.8 

40.8 

40.6 

40.7 

40.6

40.5 

40.5 

40.5 

40.3 

40.2 

40.2 

40.1 

40.1

41.5

1947

Jan. 9

26

34 

36.5 

36.6 

36.6 

36.6 

36.7 

36.7 

37 

37.3 

37.6

37.9

38 

38 

38.1 

38.2 

38.2 

38.3

38.3 

38.4 

38.5 

38,5 

38.4 

38.3 

38.4 

38.6 

39.2

1947 Continued

1 Jul. 25

78.6

75

74.7 

74

72.5 

70.2 

65.5 

57.3

53 

50.5 

49.2 

49.2 

49.1 

48.5 

48.1 

47.4 

47 

46.6 

46.4 

46.1 

46.1 

46 

45.5 

45.5 

45.6

45.3

.. Aug.. 26

84.5

85

85 

84.4 

83.4 

80 

72.3 

64.4 

56.8

53.4 

51.2 

50.1 

49.2 

48.5 

47.8 

47.3 

46.7 

46,5 

46.3 

45.9 

45.9 

45.8 

45.5 

45.4 

45.3 

45.2 

45.1

Oct. 30

60

61

61.5 

61.6

61.6 

61.2 

60.7 

59.2

58.8 

54.5 

51.5 

49.8 

48.8 

48.3 

47.4 

46.7 

46.2 

46.2 

46.1 

45.8 

45.6 

45.5 

45.3 

45.1 

45.1

45

Nov. 20

43

46.8

46.8 

47

47 

47 

47 

46.8

46.8 

46.8 

46.7 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

46.4 

46.3 

46.2 

46.1 

46 

45.9 

45.8 

45.8 

45.7

45.5

Apr. 30

63

52.1

52.1 

51.9 

51.6 

51 

49.6 

48.8 

48.3 

48.1

47.7

46.8 

46.5 

46.5 

46.5 

46.1 

45.6

45.2 

44.9 

44.8 

44.6 

43.5 

43.5 

43.5 

43.8

43.7

43.4

May 24

74

66.7 

65.3 

64.4 

63.6 

62.6 

59 

55.2 

51 

50 

49.6

49.2

48.4 

47.4 

47 

46.8 

46.4. 

45.8

45.4 

45.1 

44.9 

44.9 

44.9 

44.8 

44.7 

44.6

44.4 

44.3

1948

Jan. 28

12

34.4

37.7 

38

38.3 

38.4 

38.5 

38.5

38.5 

38.5 

38.5 

38.3 

38.2 

38.2 

38.1 

38.1 

38.1 

38 

38 

38 

37.9 

37.7 

37.7 

38.8 

38.6 

39

June 3

72

71.5 

69.9 

70.7 

67.8

64.8 

60.8 

58.3 

56.2

54.4 

53.1 

52 

50.7 

49.1 

48.4 

47 

46.3 

45.8 

45.4 

45.3 

45.2 

44.9 

44.8 

44.7 

44.6 

44.5

44.5
318 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Temperature profiles (°F) for Tippecanoe Lake, at Oswego--Continued

Depth 

(feet)

Water-surface

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

118

1948--Continued

July 1

76.2

75

74.2

73.3

65.9

60.5

55.9

54.1

53

51.1

49.8

48.9

48

47.3

46.7

46.2

45.8

45.3

44.9

44.9

44.7

44.5

44.5

44.5

Aug. 6

75.3

74.3

73.9

73.8

72.3

61.8

56.5

54.2

52.8

51.7

50.5

49.4

48.7

48.1

46.8

46.5

46

45.5

46

45.5

45

45

45

44.8

Sept. 1

78.1

78.1

78.1

78.1

72.3

65.4

58.2

54.9

53.4

52.1

50.8

49.4

48.7

48

47.3

46.6

46

45.5

45.5

45.3

45.1

45

44.9

44.9

Oct. 6

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2

61

61

61

56

52.5

51.3

49.6

48.6

48.2

47.3

46.6

46.1

45.7

45.4

45.1

44.8

44.6

44.6

44.5

44.5

Nov. 17

C £ 

48.7

48.6

48.6

48.5

48.2

48.2

48.1

48.4

48.4

48.5

48.5

48.5

48.5

48.5

48.4

48.2

48

47.7

46.5

45.6

45.6

45.6

45.2

45.2

Dec. 7

43.3

43.4

43.3

43.2

43.3

43.5

43.5

43.6

43.6

43.6

43.6

43.8

43.6

43.3

43

42.7

42.4

43.7

42.5

43.8

43.7

43.3

43.3

42.5

43

Water surface temperatures for Lake Wawasee near Wawasee, Ind.

Date

1946 

Oct. 26

Nov. 2

9

16

23

30

Dec. 7

14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

19

26

May 3

10

17

31

Temperature

52

58

47

49

36

38

38

34

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

36

36

35

36

36

36

35

42

40

48

48

52

50

59

58

Date

1947 Con. 

June 7

14

21

July 12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

16

23

30

Sept. 6

13

20

27

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 1

8

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

18

20

27

1948

Jan. 3

10

Temperature

64

66

65

67

67

67

74

78

77

83

76

72

74

74

60

60

58

64

55

55

44

40

41

34

34

34

33

35

33

34

33

Date

1948--Con. 

Jan. 17

24

31

Feb. 7

14

21

28

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 3

10

17

24

May 1

8

15

22

June 5

12

19

26

July 10

17

24

31

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

Temperature

33

33

33

33

33

36

38

35

38

38

48

45

46

48

61

57

55

64

60

74

68

69

75

77

78

73

74

75

74

75

85

75

64

Date

1948 Con. 

Sept. 18

25

Oct. 2

9

16

23

30

Nov. 6

13

27

Dec. 4

11

18

25

1949

Jan. 1

5

8

15

22

29

Feb. 5

12

19

26

Nov. 2

22

1950

Feb. 1

May 3

Temperature

70

61

58

54

55

49

48

52

48

40

39

37

32

30

33

38

38

31

34

34

34

34

36

37

51

35

35

51
TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED LAKES 319

Temperature profiles (°F) for Lake Wawasee near

Depth

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

27.5 

30 

35 

40 

42.5 

45 

47.5 

50 

52.5 

55 

60 

62 

62.5 

63 

64 

65 

66 

68 

70

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

20 

25 

27.5 

30 

35 

37.5 

40 

45 

50 

55 

57.5 

60 

62 

62.5 

63 

64 

65 

67 

68 __._

1946

Oct. 25

51.5

57.9

58 

57.6 

57.7 

58 

58

58 

57.8 

57.7 

57.9 

57.8

57.8

57.8 

57.8

57.8

Nov. 21

50

47.3

47.2 

47 

46.9 

47 

47

47 

47 

47

46.9

46.9

46.9 

46.8

1947 Continued

Oct. 30

61

61

61 

61

61 

61 

60.7

60.6 

60.8

60.8 

60.6 

60.6 

60.3

60.3

59.8

59.5

Nov. 20

42

44.2

44.2 

44.2

44.2 

44.2

44

44 

44

44 

44 

44 

44

44

44

1947

Jan. 9

25

33. 5 

34.5 

34.5 

34.6 

34.6 

34.7 

34.9

35.1 

35.1 

35.3

35.3

35.5

Feb. 18

18

34 

35.8 

37.6 

38.2 

38.4 

38.4 

38.5

38.5 

38.4 

38.5

38.4

38.5

Apr. 30

62

54.6 

53 

52.9 

52.6 

52.3 

52.1 

51.9

51.4 

51 

50.9

50.8

50.6

50.1 

50

49.6 

49

May 24

69

63.8 

63.3 

62.6 

63.6 

62.7 

61.7 

60.6

58 

57.4 

55.9

54.5

52 .8

51.4 

51.2

51

50.7

1948

June 2

83

74

70 

70

66.8 

64.2 

62.8

62.1 

61.6

61.2 

60.3 

57.3 

55.2

54

53.7

July 1

70

74.6

74.2 

73.7

73.6 

73.5 

73.1

69.1 

64.8

64.1 

62.8 

58.6 

55.3

54.2

Aug. 6

64

74.8

74.8 

74.6

74.6 

74.4 

74

72.7 

69.3

66.3 

64.3 

60.7 

56.5

55.5

54- .5

Sept. 2

70

77.9

77.9 

77.4

75.7 

74.5 

73.8

72.3

70.8

67.3 

64.3 

60.2 

56.7

55.7

Water surface temperatures for Webster Lake at N

TemperDate ature Date

1945 1949 Con. 

June 13 68 Mar. 25 

6 79 Oct. 19 

Jan. 5 36.5

Temperature

45 

63

Date

1950 

Jan . 2 6 

July 17 

Aug. 3

Te 

a 

(

Wawasee

June 24

64

67.4

67.4 

67.4 

67.1 

66.9 

66.6

66 

65 

64.2

63

60.2

57 

54.2

July 25

94.3

74.5

74.2 

72.8 

70.8 

70.7 

69.7

69.7 

67.6 

63.9

62.2

61.5

61

60

Aug. 27

98

85.6 

83.8 

83.6 

82.8 

81.7 

77.5 

74.2

71.7 

70 

69.3

65.6

60.7

57 

55.6

55.4

55.1

Oct. 6

57

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2

61.2 

61.2

61.2 

61.1

61 

60.6 

60.4 

59.8

54.6

Nov. 17

49

46.8

46.2 

46.6

46.6 

46.7 

46.6

46.6 

46,6

46.5 

46.3 

46

45.9

45.9

Dec. 7

40

39.6 

39.8

39.8 

39.9 

39.9

39.9 

39.9

39.9 

39.9 

39.9 

39.7

39.8

39.8 

39.8

rth Webster, Ind.

perure Date 

F)

1950--Con. 

5 Oct. 24 

7 

5 1951 

May 10

Temperature

57 

59
320 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Water surface temperatures for Wlnona Lake at Warsaw, Ind.

Date

1945 

June 12

Sept. 10

Nov. 26

1946

Apr. 19

June 24

July 2

Oct. 26

Nov. 2

9

16

23

Dec. 7

14

21

28

1947

Jan. 4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

Apr. 5

12

26

May 3

10

17

31

June 7

14

21

28

July 5

12

19

26

Aug. 2

9

23

28

30

Sept. 6

13

20

28

Oct. 4

11

18

25

Nov. 8

15

22

29

Dec. 13

17

27

1948

Jan. 3

10

17

24

31

Feb. 7

Temperature

68

79

36

60

75

77

59

60

53

49

42

41

38

35

38

36

37

38

38

38

36

38

36

38

37

39

39

39

47

48

51

54

55

65

62

73

68

71

81

77

79

75

77

78

83

89

79

83

82

78

78

63

63

66

66

63

50

42

43

32

37

35

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

Date

1948 Con. 

Feb. 14

19

21

28

Mar. 2

6

13

20

25

27

Apr. 3

10

17

24

May 8

15

22

29

June 5

12

19

26

July 3

10

17

24

Aug. 7

14

21

28

Sept. 4

11

18

25

Oct. 2

9

16

23

Nov. 6

13

20

27

30

Dec. 4

11

25

1949

Jan. 1

4

8

15

22

29

Feb. 5

8

12

14

19

26

Mar. 5

12

19

22

26

Apr. 2

9

16

23

30

May 3

16

14

21

28

Temperature

38

37

38

38

36

36

38

44

46.5

46

48

50

52

59

59

60

65

74

75

71

73

80

81

83

82

78

77

80

80

85

82

74

73

67

64

57

56

54

54

48

46

44

42

42

39

35

36

36

38

36

35

33

34

34.5

36

34

38

36

39

38

39

43

49

52

51

51

50

61

61

69

71

65

64

Date

1949 Con. 

June 4

11

18

25

July 2

9

16

23

30

Aug. 6

13

20

27

Sept. 3

10

17

23

Oct. 1

8

15

22

29

Nov. 5

17

18

19

26

Dec. 3

10

14

17

24

21

1950

Jan. 7

14

21

24

28

31

Feb. 4

11

18

25

Mar. 4

11

14

18

25

Apr. 1

8

14

15

22

29

May 2

6

13

20

27

June 3

10

17

25

July 2

10

16

24

30

Aug. 6

17

26

Sept. 2

Temperature

77

77

78

80

90

83

88

82

84

81

84

78

79

73

71

66

64

63

67

63

58

55

47

47

47

46

38

37

35

34

37

39

36

34

34

35

37

40

35

36

38

35

33

36

37

35

37

40

41

45

41

40

47

48

54

57

61

68

70

69

76

73

82

75

81

79

78

80

79

83

78

74

Date

1950 Con. 

Sept. 9

16

23

30

Oct. 7

14

21

28

Nov. 4

11

18

25

Dec. 2

9

16

23

30

1951

Jan. 6

13

20

27

Feb. 10

17

24

Mar. 3

10

17

25

Apr. 7

14

21

28

May 5

8

12

19

26

June 3

9

17

23

30

July 7

14

21

28

Aug. 4

11

19

25

Sept. 1

Dec. 29

1952

Jan. 5

12

19

26

Feb. 2

9

16

24

Mar. 1

8

15

22

30

Apr. 5

12

19

26

Temperature

74

72

65

65

63

61

64

58

51

42

45

36

36

34

35

35

35

35

36

34

36

36

36

38

39

40

39

43

45

44

46

56

66

61

59

74

67

74

67

74

74

75

77

80

77

78

78

79

74

70

75

35

36

36

40

35

36

36

35

37

39

39

40

42

44

41

44

51

58
TEMPERATURE FOR SELEC

Temperature profiles (°P) for Winona Lake,

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5

5 

10 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

30 

35 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

74 

75 

76 

76.5 

77 

79

Depth 

(feet)

1946

July 26

78.7

78.1 

77.2 

76.5

69

63 

58.3 

55.4

53.3

52.2 

50.6 

50.5 

50 

49.9 

50

49.5

49.8

Oct. 23

65

58.7

58.5 

58.5 

58.5

58.5

58.5 

58.2 

58 

57.6 

56.1 

53.6 

52.4 

51.8 

52.1 

51.7 

51.3 

51.2 

51 

51.1

50.7

Nov. 20

52

50.3

50.4 

50.4 

50.4

50.4

50.4 

50.4 

50.3

50.3

50.2 

50.1 

50.1 

50.1 

49.9 

49.8

49.8

Dec . 16

36

42.1

42.1 

42.1 

42.1

42.1

42.1 

42.1 

42

42

42 

42 

41.9 

42 

42 

41.9

41.9

43 -

1947 Continued

July 24

Air 92.8

Water-surfa 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

32.5 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

73 

75 

76.5 

77 

78

Depth 

(feet)

Air

Water-surface 

2.5 

5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 

25 

27.5 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

73 

75 

76 

77 

78

ce 76 

74.1 

72 

71.2 

69.8 

65.7 

59.8

54.1 

52.2

51.1 

50.1 

49.9 

49.8 

49.5 

49.5

48.9

48.4

Aug. 26

81

83 

83 

83 

76 

69 

63 

55

52 

51 

50 

50 

49 

49 

49 

49

49

.3 

.3 

.3 

2 

9 

.2 

.5

5 

.6 

.1 

8. 

.5 

.3 

2

.1

Oct 8

63

64.5 

64.5 

64.4 

62.6 

62 

61.4 

60.1

54.5 

51.5 

50.5 

49.7 

49.7 

49.4 

49.2 

49.3 

48

Oct. 29

58

61.5 

61.5 

61.5 

61.3 

61.3 

61.2 

60.2

56 

52.8 

51.2 

50.3 

49.7 

49.5 

49.3 

49.2 

49.1

Nc

1948

Jan. 27

12

33.3

34.2 

36

37.2

37.5

37.4

37.5 

37.5 

37.5 

37.9 

37.6 

37.6 

37.8 

37.6 

37.7

39 

39.6

June 2

75

71.9 

70.2 

69.5 

68.2

63.8

60.6

58.3

56.2 

54.3 

52.6 

51.4 

50.5 

49.6 

49.1 

48.9 

48.6

*

July 1

84

77.8 

76.4 

75.4 

74.4

73.7 

67.8 

64.7

58.5

55.9 

53.9 

52.4 

51.3 

50.5 

49.9 

49.5 

49.3 

49.1

49

49

Aug. 5

68

76.3 

74.9 

74.9 

74.9

74.9 

74.5 

70.5 

64 

60.8

55.7 

53.5 

52 

50.8 

50.3 

50.1 

50.1 

49 

49

48.9

Aug. 31

77

80.7

80 

80

74.7

69.2 

65.9 

62.3

56 

53.5 

51.9 

50.9 

50.4 

50.2 

50.2 

49.4 

49.3

49.3

49.2

ED LAKES 3

; Warsaw

1947

r. 30

54

52.6 

52.6 

52.5 

52.2

51.8

50.8

49.4 

49.2 

49.2

49.1

48.7 

48.4 

48.3 

48.2 

48.1 

47.8 

47.2

May 24

66

65.4 

65.1 

65 

64.1 

63

58.6

53.1 

51.3 

50.7

50.3

50 

49.6 

49.4 

49.1 

48.9 

48.6

48.5

48.5

v. 20

36

47.2 

47.2 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.3 

7.3 

7.2

7.1

Dec. 18

33

37.1 

37.5 

36.8 

36.8 

36.7 

36.7 

36.6

36.8 

36.7 

36.7 

36.7 

36.7 

36.7 

37 

37.1

37.1

37.2

Oct. 5

58

62.3

62.3 

62.3

62.3

62.1

61.9

58.2 

54.3 

52.3 

51.6 

50.8 

50.1 

49.7 

49.7 

49.7

49.7

49.2

Nov. 16

54

49.7

49.8 

50.1

50.1

50.1

50

50 

49.3 

50 

50 

50 

50.1 

50.1 

50,1 

50.2

50.1

50.1

June 20

61

67.5

67.5 

67.5 

66.3

65.2 

62.1 

59.4 

54.7 

52.5

50.4

50.1 

49.9 

49.7 

49.4 

49.3 

49.3

49.3 

49.3

Dec. 6

38

42.9

42.5 

43.7

43.7

43.7

43.9

43.9 

43.5 

42.4 

43.8 

43.8 

43.8 

42.2 

43.7 

43.7

43.8 

43.8
322 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

EVAPORATION DATA

The data in this section were collected at class A evaporation 

stations in Evansville, Indianapolis, Kendallville, and Valparaiso 

and compiled from data in the files of the U. S. Weather Bureau 

Office at Indianapolis. Some previously unpublished data, corrections of errors in previously published data, and estimates to supply missing data for completing monthly totals are included in this 

tabulation. These estimated were made by the author in collaboration with the members of the U. S. Weather Bureau at the Indianapolis office. Estimates were based on air temperatures, wind 

movement, and relative humidity. Water temperatures were not 

available for use in making estimates in most instances.

In studying the records it was found that in nearly all instances 

rain occurred on the days on which negative evaporation was observed. The exceptions to this occurred on November 23 and 24, 

1948, at Evansville and on December 3 and 4, 1948, and November 4, 

1950, at Kendallville. On the latter 3 days the observer reported 

slush ice in the pan which may have caused errors in the observations. It is believed that errors in determining the amount of rain 

that fell into the evaporation pan at times of low evaporation rates 

may account for negative evaporation being observed when it was 

not actually negative.

It was also noticed that heavy rain fell on days on which unusually high evaporation was observed. In some instances the record indicated that possibly the pan was filled to overflowing and 

some of the water lost and not reported by the observer. Where 

the observed amounts were obviously in error, estimations of the 

evaporation have been made by the author.

Records have been kept at most of the stations until freezing 

weather in the fall months prevented further readings. Where observations were made through the major part of a month, the remainder of the month was estimated in order to obtain a monthly 

total and also to fill out daily amounts for use in computing daily 

averages for the period of record. In using these figures, it should 

be kept in mind that observations could be made in winter months 

only when temperatures were above freezing. Consequently the evaporation amounts tabulated here are likely to be higher than a 

long time average would be that would include evaporation rates at 

both above and below freezing temperatures.

The daily observations in the tables are given in inches and represent evaporation from the class _A_type pan described on p. 50.
EVAPORATION DATA 323

Evansville. --The Evansville evaporation station was established on May 1, 1946 at the Evansville Airport, lat 38°01'55", long 

87°32 I 19". Evaporation readings were made at 7 a.m. central 

standard time, from May 1946 to December 1946 and at 6 a. m. 

since that time. Maximum and minimum pan water temperatures 

have been observed since October 1, 1952, and are available 

through the U. S. Weather Bureau.

Indianapolis. --The Indianapolis evaporation station was established May 1, 1937, at the Riverside pumping station of the Indianapolis Water Company, lat 39°46'57", long.86° 11'07". The station was moved to Geist Reservoir, lat 39°54'40", long.85°59'14", 

on July 7, 1944. Evaporation observations were made at 7 a. m. 

central standard time from May 1937 to July 6, 1944; at 5:30 a. m. 

from July 7, 1944, to October 31, 1944; and at noon either central standard time or central daylight saving time since April 1, 

1945. Pan water temperatures have been observed since April 1, 

1948, and are available through the U. S. Weather Bureau.

Kendallville. --The Kendallville evaporation station was established on April 1, 1947, at the Kendallville water works, lat 41°- 

26'26", long.85°15'07 n . The station is located on top of a buried 

reservoir and is about 6 or 7 feet higher then the surrounding 

ground. Evaporation readings were generally made at about 9 a. m. 

central standard time during the months of October to April and 

at 8 a. m. from May to September until June 1948. From July 1948 

to December 1953 observations were made at about 4 p.m. The 

observations at Kendallville from April through October average 

about 6 percent higher than those at Indianapolis and 14 percent 

higher than those at Valparaiso. These higher values seem abnormal and may be due to the exposure at Kendallville. The reservoir on which the evaporation pan is located, although covered 

with earth, may produce different ground temperature characteristics than normal ground because of the water being continually 

changed in the reservoir. The elevated position of the pan may 

also cause higher evaporation rates.

Valparaiso. - -The Valparaiso evaporation station was established on April 1, 1947, at the Valparaiso water plant on the shore of 

Flint Lake, lat 41°30 1 44", long.87°02'24". Observations were generally made between 7 and 8 a. m. central standard time, with the 

readings being nearer 7 a. m. in the months of May to September 

and near 8 a. m. in the months October to April, during the period 

April 1947 to September 1951. Observations were changed to 

5 p. m. on October 1, 1951, and have been made at about that time 

since then.
324 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

MEASUREMENTS OF EVAPORATION AT 4 STATIONS IN INDIANA

Evaporation in inches, at Evansville, Ind. 

[Observations were not made before May 1946 and during November 1951, 1952, and 1953]

April

1 _______

23 -- -

25 -

Tots,

May

g

31 

Totali 

1946

T 0^

.228

4.343

1947

0.160

4.48?

1947

.141

6.204

1948

0.158

no ^

293

5.844

1948

.348

6.331

1949

0.301

flOC

094

4.830

1949

.09

7.02

1950

0.23

.17

OC

13

25

25

4.69

1950

.05

5.72

1951

0.06

4.23

1951

,35

8.10

1952 0.13 

f\O

T A

4.87

1952

.23

6.37

1953

0.16

f\Q

° 05

° 03

09

4.77

1953

."TO

.44

5.82

Average

0.171

112

172

231

4.815

Average

180

,235

6.239

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 325

Evaporation In Inches at Evansvllle, Ind. Continued

June

1 ______

1 Q

19 ______

TotalJuly

- 0

op

Total1946

0.155

- oOCO

8.558

1946

^OO

OQQ

oort

OQ^

8.076

1947

0.278

1 fiQ

^OQ

6.780

1947

OCQ

OQO

475

7.692

1948

0.382

OQQ

8.239

1948

O

OQ^

- Q-;

 zr>.c

000

070

7.651

1949

0.28

OQ

6.48

1949

O

OQ

7.18

1950

0.27

1 Q

 Z 0

7.47

1950

0

00

OQ

00

32

25

7.35

1951

0.20

.39

OQ

1 P.

5.98

1951

23

OQ

33

1 C

29

34

i fi

7.40

1952

0.35

 zo

45

9.67

1952

32

?< >

 rQ

37 z c

9.61^

1953

0.36

OQ

10.58

1953

O

OQ

45

,30

25

25

a OQ

25

29

OQ

8.95

Average

0.284

^- Q

OQC

0-1 Q

302

320

n-z^

 250 £<«_"_'

7.955

(iverage

0 292

302

231

253

275

259

235

254

249

1 7fl

0-1 Q

225

243

7.987

See footnotes at end of table.
326 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation in inches at Evansville, Ind.--Continued

August

31 ______

TotalSeptember

Total -

1946

.160

6.109

1946

1 Qfi

4.427

1947

253

.252

7.728

1947

oc7

152

200

6.441

1948

oc7

.229

7.190

1948

091

203

252

099

259

225

5.991

1949

1 fl

00

1 Q

.22

6.21

1949

23

19

19

5.27

1950

25

r\o

25

19

22

.07 .

5.47

1950

25

23

03

.14

3.91

1951

23

23

29

23

23

29

32

34

32

.27

7.72

1951

25

32

.12

.13

.22

.01

.10

.17

.29

.18

.14

6.15

1952

19

25

32

32

29

.06

7.40

1952

19

».20

1 Q

.23

.19

.17

.20

.18

.18

.18

.15

.22

.17

.20

.22

6.00

1953

34

39

23

29

34

22

24

29

.30

.32

8.25

1953

.26

.27

.28

25

,22

.43

.26

.23

.29

.21

.30

.24

.26

.07

.26

.25

.11

.22

.30

.26

.21

.29

.25

.37

7.60

Average

255

231

232

222

224

214

.210

.237

.240

203

.181

.138

7.009

Average

.210

.201

.216

.227

.198

.201

.192

.159

.173

.263

.165

.177

.190

.173

.191

.166

.182

.191

.221

.207

.143

.201

.163

.173

.175

.205

.156

.169

5.726

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 327

Evaporation, in inches, at Evansville, Ind. Continued

October

1 ______

25

Total -

November

1 ______

-I Q

25

 J Q

Total1946

0.180

3.537

1946

0.059

.T56

1.839

1947

0.187

4.460

1947

-0.007

1.124

1948

0.107

3.276

1948

-0.013

1.765

1949

0.15

3.77

1949

0.07

775"

2.48

1950

0.10

3.75

1950

0.17

/OS

».03

2.01

1951

0.19

4.37

Average

0.056

089

1.840

1952

0.23

.28

.IT

.22

4.83

December

1 ______

OQ

1953

0.35

.TO

4.53

1946

0.058

Average

0.187

. 163

. JLOO

, -Lot}

. 087

4.051

0 Estimated from total observed on underlined day.

' Estimated because of missing or erroneous data.

' Corrected since originally published by U. S. Weather Bureau.

«* Not previously published.
328 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

MEASUREMENTS OF EVAPORATION AT 4 STATIONS IN INDIANA

Evaporation in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind. 

[No observations were made during November 1951]

April

1 

 ) o

17 .

1 Q

1 Q

or\

0 )

O"Z

April

Total1946

1 pr»

 ) QO

4.080

1938

0.182

T r\o

1947

004

 ) 7p

038

1 £>K

1 ft£>

1 oc

3.326

1939

* 0.104

*

T "ZQ

1948

noo

208

1 1 Q

1 ^fi

T ^Q

3.964

1940

0.388

203

.104

1949

134

.071 nn*7

194

3.243

1941

0.144

073

095

rj-jc

r\co

332

223

1 Q^

-)-)p

150

 ) -zp

1950

00

nn

09

21

2.95

1942

6 0.159

A T CQ

 ) 7p

1951

.07

rjp

2.93

1943

0.266

 ) To

I cn

1952

(-IQ

a?

22

3.58

1944

0.116

195

*3A_C

1 CO

04r3

 ) ) O

054:

1953

.19

.24

.04

3.18

1945

0.052

 ) 7p

.104

232

333

093

043

3 " 325

Average

.095

.100

.118

.132

.145

.115

.153

3.741

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 329

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind.--Continued

May

1 _____

2 

3 

4 _____

5 

6 

7 _____

8 

9 _____

10 

11 

12 

13 _____

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 _____

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 _____

28 -----

29 

30 

31 

TotalMay

1 _____

2 

3 

4 _____

5 

6 

7 

9 _____

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 _____

16 

17 _____

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

25 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 _____

30 

31 

Total1937

0.112 

.051

.208 

. noR uyo 

.087

.055

.077 

.242

.204

.095

.217 

.262

.032

.136

.033

.093

.284

.204

.042

.194

.135

.187

.102

.186

.186

.188

.265

.178

.275

.225

.237

4.887

1946

0.037

.009

.155

.064 

.078

.118

.088 

.110

.100

.122

.121

.091

.136

.099

.062

.145

.075

.025

.024

.102

.120

.132

.175 

.089

.060

.160

.038

.158

.180

.230

.150

3.253

1938

0.351 

.401

.256

, 280 

.292

.290

.270 

.120

.150

.169

.140 

.048

.128

.240

.038

.102

.173

.029

.016

.217

.220

.150

.120

.139

.288

.086

.174

.152

.175

.059

.154

5.427

1947

0.123

.043

.097

.070 

.187

.065

.121

.122 

.156

.094

.160

.189

.254

.158

.071

.230

.072

.422

.083

.138

.264

.099

 188 

.215

.100

.067

.154

.020

.214

.100

.116

4.392

1939

0.260 

.166

.192

. 152 

!072

.282

.302 

!236

.138

.251

. 205 

.297

.201

.202

.177

.123

.179

.287

.217

.194

.160

.126

.137

.295

.292

.235

.290

.158

.333

.246

.264

6.669

1948

0.142

,112

.100

.124 

.032

.083

.085

.129

.105

.150

.368

.147

.035

.038

.057

.067

.214

.182

.189

.144

.213

.287

. 148 

.240

.210

.154

.208

.176

.175

.255

.219

4.788

1940

0.092 

.036

.032

.020 

.124

.261

.261 

.164

.199

.227

. 124

.215

.275

.260

.310

.072

.041

.122

.148

.159

.111

.210

.293

.214

.048

.008

.212

.328

.156

.110

.038

4.970

1949

0.03

.10

.21

.20 

.25

.23

.27

C O7

 U 1

.13

.14

.17

.15

.17

.14

.31

.18

.09

.23

.22

.16

.04

.17

".20 

.09

.14

.14

.17

.11

.18

.19

.16

?5.04

1941

0.163 

.091

.260

. 280 

.161

.220

.029 

.132

.205

.066

.045 

.184

.144

.104

.142

.200

.098

.348

.190

.224

.216

.286

.326

.280

.290

.205

.238

.342

.328

.262

.361

6.465

1950

0.04

.14

.10

.15 

.16

.37

.11

OC * £3

.21

.14

.13

.05

.13

.19

.19

.15

.19

.13

.23

.17

.23

.21

. noUo 

.36

.19

.27

.21

.02

.03

.08

.16

5.07

1942

0, 2o8 

.306

.307

. 206 

.057

.164

.115 

.055

.108

.156

noo , \JQC

.154

.215

.283

.120

.196

.088

.128

.050

.184

.052

.122

.141

.073

.225

.221

.036

.092

.200

.270

.183

4.827

1951

0.19

.23

.19

.20 

.13

.11

.09

.15 

.20

.18

.06

.03

.18

.20

.22

.23

.22

.19

.18

.20

.22

.23

 18 

.20

.20

.16

.20

.01

.08

.13

.20

5.19

1943

0.146 

.165

.103

.116 

.180

.320

.175 

.086

.079

.006

*.141 

.074

.178

.079

.238

.037

.228

.248

.048

.049

.014

.234

.184

.076

.068

.192

.186

.174

.180

.256

.108

4.368

1952

0.20

.21

.25

 18 

.32

.36

.27

.10 

.08

.03

.05

.08

.00

.25

.16

.21

.03

.09

.04

.00

.01

.14

.06 

.25

.11

.05

.18

.17

.21

.15

.20

4.44

1944

0.139 

.081

.186

 260 

.110

.110

.130 

.078

.014

.022

. i -LUo no

.146

.178

.216

.120

.320

.185

.137

.252

.214

.183

.226

.135

.120

.158

.191

.186

.210

.189

.184

.184

4.972

1953

0.20

.27

.24

.21 

.04

.09

.11

("IP UO

.10

.20

.26

.07

.08

.02

.00

.04

.01

.11

.15

.15

.23

.13

.13 

.22

.04

.22

.34

.14

.21

.24

.27

4.60

1945

0.187 

.154

.004

.109 

.073

.138

.151 

.100

.152

.043

 062 

.143

.070

.157

.270

.010

.036

.076

.064

.178

.154

.340

.116

.160

.148

.062

.146

.214

.208

.196

.124

4.045

Average

0.156

.151

.170

. 166 

.138

.192

.156

.131 

.137

.123

.144

.137

.142

.163

.148

.141

.130

.174

.126

.157

.151

.193

.160 

.189

.162

.156

.190

.156

.195

.187

.184

4.905

See footnotes at end of table.
330 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianpolis, Ind. Continued

June

1 ______

T Q

25

Total -

June

1 ______

19

Total1937

0.312

91 fl

T 7C

5.799

1946

0.042

1 Q9

4.932

1938

0.152

5.795

1947

0.211

4.509

1939

0.230

6.290

1948

0.217

5.541

1940

0.002

6.265

i!949

0.18

5.24

1941

0.269

5.811

«1950

0.20

5.50

1942

0.087

4.942

1951

0.11

4.92

1943

0.130

0 QQ

6.551

1952

0.24

6.73

1944

0.204

7.169

1953

0.37

6.83

1945

0.104

157

4.513

Average

0.185

5.725

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 331

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind. Continued

July

-| C

TotalJuly

1 ______

Total1937

1 9C

6.564

1946

0.194

5.952

1938

6.817

1947

0.244

5.551

1939

".416

"6.851

1948

0.212

5.398

1940

 O_L (

8.619

1949

0.21

5.63

1941

_

7.905

1950

0.16

5.67

1942

. 226

. 166

6.906

1951

0.08

5.72

1943

.171

. __oy

6.453

1952

0.34

6.77

1944

.326

.127

.171

. 268

. cyo

, ooo

7.637

1953

0.27

.24

6.27

1945

. 178

. j.csy

, J.OO

.217

.218

5.422

Average

0.232

6.479

See footnotes at end of table.
332 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind.- -Continued

August

1 _______

^

19-

23

25

TotalAugust

1 _______

23-

tyc

oo

29

Total1937

0.150 

.355 

.225 

.225 

.092

.042 

.236 

.230 

.297 

.197

.176 

.158 

.196 

.190 

.222

.234 

.199 

.234 

.184 

.287

.254 

.172 

.016 

.266 

.162

.184 

.147 

.207 

.288 

.216 

.186

6.227

1946

0.205 

.245 

.248 

.192 

.228

.138 

.119 

.231 

.108 

.211

.201 

.114 

.154 

.130 

.134

.130 

.104 

.068 

.150 

.180

.146 

.125 

.155 

.134 

.142

.162 

.188 

.136 

.174 

.100 

.100

4.852

1938

0.076 

.169 

.215 

.242 

.340

.158 

.165 

.222 

.137 

.190

.160 

.356 

.220 

.254 

.296

.026 

.308 

.166 

.202 

.169

.413 

.137 

.197 

.156 

.132

.180 

.202 

.241 

.183 

.247 

.152

6.311

1947

0.296 

.204 

.056 

.170 

.232

.252 

.254 

.118 

.220 

.226

.112 

.334 

.105 

.185 

.246

6.183 

.011 

.159 

.154 

.122

.132 

.166 

.174 

.118 

.234

.084 

.070 

.114 

.142 

.090 

.146

5.109

1939

0.222 

.210 

.100 

.203 

.239

.154 

.285 

.059 

.244 

.226

.222

.202 

.218 

.170 

.142

.100 

.188 

.220 

.122 

.056

.263 

.156 

.201 

.143 

.205

.226 

.272 

.154 

.180 

.157 

.183

5.722

1948

0.213 

.252 

.216 

.218 

.048

.184 

.153 

.203 

.179 

.203

.378 

.128 

.194 

.204 

.184

.171 

.171 

.180 

.164 

.178

.155 

.137 

.266 

.192 

.230

.212 

.194 

.212 

.226 

.276 

.202

5.923

1940

0.334 

.378 

.348 

.292 

.308

.328 

.312 

.256 

.168 

.365

.450 

.346 

.391 

.291 

.296

.244 

.230 

.362 

6.192 

.194

.168 

.172 

.158 

.202 

.146

.148 

.250 

.032 

.132 

.123 

.111

7.727

1949

0.16 

.17 

.12 

.20 

.19

.18 

.17 

.19 

.16 

.21

.22

.18 

.06 

.lo 

.08

.05 

.03 

.14 

.20 

.18

.20 

.18 

.16 

.18 

.17

.20 

.18 

.05 

.07 

.15 

.07

4.63

1941

0.210 

.330 

.355 

.324 

.296

.205 

.354 

.239 

.296 

.168

.301 

.378 

.228 

.248 

.178

.186 

.288 

.110 

.020 

.192

.154 

.167 

.170 

.199 

.268

.176 

.213 

.194 

.264 

.196 

.200

7.107

1950

0.09 

.20 

.26 

.18 

.13

.20 

.20 

.25 

.13 

.04

.21

.11 

.12 

.21 

.17

.16 

.20 

.20 

.01 

.22

.18 

.20 

.19 

.19 

.19

.17 

.22 

.18 

.07 

.11 

.04

5.03

1942

0.212 

.146 

.264 

.217 

.145

.161 

.111 

.088 

.108 

.178

.152 

.254 

.208 

.211 

.218

.076 

.148 

.181 

.150 

.143

.196 

.174 

.328 

.218 

.187

.199 

.116 

.070 

.123 

.139 

.146

5.267

1951

0.16 

.27 

.14 

.27 

.26

.19 

.03 

.14 

.15 

.09

.21 

.16 

.21 

.20 

.21

.22 

.17 

6 .17 

.20 

.18

.15 

.19 

.19 

.21 

.21

.20 

.05 

.01 

.12 

.05 

.17

5.18

1943

0.204 

.256 

.165 

.071 

.150

.188 

.172 

.143 

.181 

.108

.290 

.262 

.248 

.182 

.188

.276 

.230 

.140 

.224 

.172

.066 

.254 

.124 

.156 

.190

.070 

.146 

.190 

.140 

.138 

.194

5.518

1952

0.25 

.21 

.23 

.18 

.22

.21

.17 

.22 

.20 

.09

.17 

.02 

.11 

.22 

.09

.11 

.18 

.20 

.09 

.16

.09 

.07 

.19 

.20 

.19

.18 

.20 

.16 

.25 

.20 

.12

5.18

1944

0.242 

.269 

.276 

.212 

.128

.188 

.279 

.283 

.249 

.270

.246 

.352 

.140 

.200 

.205

.249 

.322 

.030 

.240 

.235

.234 

.047 

.256 

.196 

.208

.265 

.059 

.014 

.051 

.161 

.259

6.365

1953

0.17 

6 .18 

.17 

.24 

.13

.08 

.14 

.18 

.10 

.13

.16 

.11 

.22 

.18 

.27

.20 

.13 

.21 

.14 

.20

.19 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18

.20 

.21 

.19 

.22 

.21 

.24

5.51

1945

0.167 

.229 

.206 

.238 

.211

.091 

.168 

.177 

.206 

.177

.186 

.093 

.103 

.195 

.051

.310 

.152 

.162 

.125 

.166

.192 

.203 

.106 

.042 

.175

.192 

.137 

.170 

.182 

.189 

.202

5.203

Average

0.198 

.245 

.211 

.216 

.197

.173 

.195 

.190 

.184 

.181

.214 

.209 

.184 

.200 

.187

.172 

.180 

.172 

.151 

.178

.187 

.160 

.180 

.175 

.189

.179 

.168 

.137 

.166 

.162 

.160

5.695

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 333

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind. Continued

September

29 _______

TotalSeptember

1 _______

25

29

Total1937

.060

4.255

1946

0.170

1 ^fl

1 CQ

AQQ

1 7Q

AGe

.037

1 QQ

3.808

1938

OAQ

"1 QA

1 QQ

1 Q9

1 Qfl

 tfS

4.579

1947

0.090

AP.I

3.757

1939

OT Q

ooo

.160

6.260

1948

0.214

3.978

1940

.113

1 QP.

1 Oft

.110

HQP. 9??

4.358

1949

0.28

.02

.09

.07

.12

3.52

1941

.088

5.280

1950

0.04

3.08

1942

.086

3.832

1951

0.30

4.12

1943

.174

232

1 1 Q

095

T QC

054

1 1 Q

.089

3.559

1952

0.20

.15

4.15

.17

4.52

1944

095

159

r\o~\

100

123

.042

3.861

1953

0.24

4.99

1945

0

01 Q

i R1?

-\ -\ Q

r\QQ

piQ _;

052

.158

3.733

Average

0.185

4.208

See footnotes at end of table.
334 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, in inches, in Indianapolis, Ind.--Continued

October 1 : ________

11 ___ _ _ _ ___

TotalOctober

5

-1 Q

25

31 _______________

Total1944

0.071

OQQ

C\c ft

2.144

1952

OQ

1 G

.21

3.38

1945

0.025

2.105

1953

.09

3.17

1946

0.148

flO-7

2.968

Average

OQQ

OQ~i

ClK?

.096

2.620

1947

0.091

2.367

November

;?

-1 Q

Of?

1948

0.045

1.913

Total1949

0.08

Oc

DP

Oc

OG

OQ

2.52

1950

DC

.07

1.36

1950

0.07

OQ

OQ

OQ

OQ

.09

OC

2.46

1952

OQ

OK

1.66

1951

0.05

1 ft

OQ

OQ

OQ

3.16

1953

° 05

.OT

OQ.

04

1.88

"Estimated from total observed on underlined day. 

'Estimated because of missing or erroneous data. 

"Corrected since originally published by U. S. Weather Bureau. 

<*Not previously published.
EVAPORATION DATA 335

Evaporation, in inches, at Kendallville, Ind. 

[No record for April 1950; pan was leaking]

March

1 ______

21-

23

25

00

29__

31 ______

TotalMay

1 .

g

5

g

1 A

19

21

23--

25

OD

1948

»0.050

.127

2.812

April

1 ______

Total1947

-0.021

.127

1947

"0.109

"3.266

1948

0.091

1948

0.018

4.595

1949

0.05

1949

0.059

. 118

4.515

1950

10.05

1951

0.00

3.18

1951

0.27

1952

0.09

.07

4.24

1952

0.27

1953

0.06

.27

3.57

1953

0.16

Average

0.056

. UOO

3.895

Average

0.124

.184

.134

See footnotes at end of table.
336 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation in inches at Kendallville, Ind.--Continued

June

5

O O

30 ____________

Total a-_,_

July

1 _______________

9 - -

10 --

14 - -

1 R

19-

gg _ --- -

25-

oc

29 

31 _______________

Total 1~

1947

.230

"5.388

1947

0.188

.359

5.752

1948

.178

4.637

1948

0.223

,295

"6.420

1949

.14

5.97

1949

0.25

.22

7.19

1950

0.34

.26

7.17

1950

0.20

.24

6.65

1951

.16

5.45

1951

0.12

J12

.20

5.76

1952

.12

6.73

1952

0.30

.25

7.20

1953

OQ

.35

7.01

1953

0.28

.25 '

7.56

Average

T OQ

OOQ

T Q9

.205

6.050

Average

0.223

.259

6.647

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 337

Evaporation in inches at Kendallville, Ind.--Continued

August

2_ _

2_g _

-i a

19 -

23---

24---

25_. _ _

31 

Total

September

9-*

1 C

23

30 

Total 

1947

i ftn

OQQ

OQQ

1 ^C

.161

1947

TIC

1 1 Q

flOQ

.077

4.341

1948

OQQ

.235

1948

1 ftT

.030

4.497

1949

T C

.12

.18

1949

.17

3.87

1950

.09

1950

.07

3.56

1951

.19

1951

.08

3.88

1952

.18

1952

.15

4.73

1953

.32

1953

.31

5.46

Average

.194

Average

.127

.127

4.334

See footnotes at end of table.
338 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, in inches, at Kendallville, Ind. Continued

October

y

31 _______

November

1 ______

30 

Totald 1947

0.015

4.010

1.013

1947

.037

1948

0.022

.020

1.483

«!1948

f!7p

.026

1949

0.07

6.02

1.37

1949

.07

<(1950

0.16

_ 

Alt

0

-

I

51

05

--

950

r\c

Oc

1 C

r\c

.12

1952

0.08

4.03

1.77

1951

no

fip

.13

A 1953

0.07

.TO

1952

.17

3 52

Average

0.067

059

.020

1.457

1953

fjp

fjp

09 !io

December

1 

1 P.

23

25- --

if::::

29 -

31 - 

Average

.093

4 1948

0.044

" 045

".Estimated from total observed on underlined day.

6 Estimated because of missing or erroneous data.

?Corrected since originally published by U. S. Weather Bureau.

<*Not previously published.
EVAPORATION DATA 339

Evaporation, in inches, at Valparaiso, Ind. 

[No observations were made during part of October 1952, and during November 1951 and 1952]

Januarv

g

 « Q

Tota'l -- -

Apr-1 1

1 

1 A

23

25

29 _______________

30 __ 

Total

1947

0.071 

.083 

.061 

.110 

.051

.171 

.067 

.100 

.054 

.078

.190 

c .086 

.103 

.070 

.126

.043 

.054 

.152 

.244 

.040

.053 

.116 

.101 

.276 

.142

.126 

.244 

.211 

.186

i 9K9

« * K71

1948

.303 

.000 

-.022 

.006

.048 

.239 

.034 

.012 

.042

.086 

.000 

.070

________

1948

0.005 

.047 

.058 

.174 

.197

.042 

.158 

.155 

.201 

.128

.221 

.095 

".062 

.065 

.050

.180 

.192 

.190 

.132 

.239

.315 

.259

.140 

.190 

.123

.205 

.203 

.188 

.047 

046

c A. ^07

'ebruary

1 _______

yn

Total1949

0.050 

.079 

.088 

.099 

.128

.075 

.070 

.139 

.002 

.161

.095 

.178 

.132 

.188 

.143

.025 

.102 

.014 

.012 

.089

.191 

.234 

.142 

.205 

.112

.123

.059 

.175 

.112 .Ififl

^ ^qn

1948

________

1950

0.03 

.03 

.00 

.09 

.02

.06 

.05 

.13 

» .03 

« .05

.09 

.04 

.04 

.06 

.05

.06

.11 

.19 

.17 

.13

.09 

.15 

.12 

.34 

.00

.11 

.15 

.04 

.03 

O4

y in

March

25

op

29 ---

Total1951

»0.03 

-.04 

.07 

.07 

.10

.11 

-.04 

-.04 

-.02 

-.01

.05 

.00 

-.08 

-.05 

.07

.04 

.01 

.12 

.11 

.15

.19 

.03 

.10 

.19 

.05

.08 

.09 

.12 

.32 .18

 > nn

1948

-.006 

.141 

.103 

.065

.068 

-.002 

.147 

.075 

.083

-.005 

.067 

.054 

.058 

.028

.275 

.205 

.156 

.384 

.094

.036 

.085 

.054 

.133 

.062

.100 

.161 

.104 

.158 

.104 

.029

3.041

1952

0.01 

.10 

.16 

.00 

<*..07

.05 

.05 

.19 

.19 

.05

.11 

.00 

.06 

.00 

.07

.16 

.18 

.21 

.21

.17

.18 

.17 

.13 

.09 

.15

.20 

.16 

.25

 %

?, on

1949

.079 

.041 

.062 

.074

.033 

.074 

.050 

.002 

.073

.126

.063 

.054 

.086

.021

.041 

.039 

.016 

.023 

.041

*.095 

&.130 

A. 030 

.038 

.047

.130 

.127 

.349 

.136 

.180 

.077

^2.277

1953

0.00 

.06 

.09 

.13 

.04

.08 

.12 

.10 

.13 

.26

.05 

.12

.11 

.10

.12

.10 

.14 

.14 

.03 

.11

.16 

.18 

.27 

119

.11

.12 

.03 

.09 

.11 

.13

 *. A-9

1950

-.02

.13 

.00 

.05 

.02 

,05 

.05

 - 

Average

0.028 

.051 

.075 

.096 

.087

.084 

.068 

.111 

.084 

.102

.115 

.074 

.081 

.062 

.090

.087 

.113 

.145 

.115 

.133

.168 

.162 

.143 

.212 

.098

.138 

.134 

.153 

.148 .147

?, 9RA.

See footnotes at end of table.
340 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, In inches, at Valparaiso, Ind.--Continued

May

T

1 fl

22

23

o o

gg. ______

jFotal 

June

1 _______________

30 - _ __

Total 

1947

0.125

070

"4.265

1947

0.305 

.101

052

nno

.102

5.132

1948

0.137

.177

 5.038

1948

0.200

.081

C 4.518

1949

0.08

"4.79

1949

0.07

/-.O

.14

5.07

1950

0.05

5.60

1950

0.30

a "no"

Try

QO

i fl

.22

6.37

1951

0.22

5.17

1951

0.09

/-.O

/-.O

.06

4.16

1952

0.21

4.32

1952

0.16

.13

6.85

1953

0.14

'5.02

1953

0.12

1 fl

1 fl

.29

6.19

Average

0.137

4.886

Average

0.178

139

1 fl^

195

.146

5.471

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 341

Evaporation, in inches, at Valparaiso, Ind.--Continued

July

1 fl

August

31 

Total _-_ -

1947

5 759 '

1947

0-ZQ

1 fl"^

.252

fi_1?U

1948

c 5 924 "

1948

.179

<: R.K95

1949

f\Q

1949

 I Q

.17

fi.Fifi

1950

1950

i fl

1 fl

.11

d.flO

1951

1951

OQ

.10

4..4.Q

1952

OC

5 91 "

1952

1 K

1 fl

.01

5.OO

1953

1953

1 fl

23

.23

5.98

Average

1 7fl

195

Average

T P7

159

.159

5.389

See footnotes at end of table.
342 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES

Evaporation, In Inches, at Valparaiso, Ind.--Continued

September

1 A

1 Q

0 C

30 

Total 

October

1 A

31 

Total -

1947

ooc

1 1 A

.081

4.057

1947

.071

2.765

1948

-i CO

.040

4.084

1948

.083

C2.150

1949

-1 Q

» 1 K

1 A

.06

3.65

1949

.07

2.67

1950

DA

nA

.06

2.54

1950

.11

2.09

1951

nA

.07

3.65

1951

..07

eg. 40

1952

.12

4.28

1952

1953

1 Q

1 C

1 Q

1 Q

.27

5.08

1953

no

.09

3.34

Average

129

1 ^A

093

152

.100

3.908

Average

095

1 9A

nsci

054

045

n^A

,082

2.580

See footnotes at end of table.
EVAPORATION DATA 343

Evaporation, in inches, at Valparaiso, Ind.--Continued

November

14 

19 

20 

22 

25- 

26 

29 -

Total1947 d

009

005

098

nnp.

1.173

1948

058

n-z o

.073

nm

c 1.145

1949

C\R

a ne

.re

1.41

1950

no

no

-.0~2

ne

1.29

1953

no

00

nn

1.68

Average

.026

1.341

December

51 ______

Total1948-

-.034

1.614

1949

3SZ

JSS

.03

___ _

______

a Estimated from total observed on underlined day.

b Estimated because of missing or erroneous data.

c Corrected since originally published by U. S. Weather Bureau.

d Not previously published.
344 HYDROLOGY OF INDIANA LAKES 

LITERATURE CITED

Blatchley, W. S., and Ashley, G. H., 1900, The lakes of northern Indiana and their associated marl deposits: Ind. Dept, Geol.

and Nat. Res., 25th Ann. Rept. , p. 31-321. 

Birge, E. A., and Juday C. , 1911, The inland lakes of Wisconsin,

the dissolved gases of the water and their bio logical significance:

Wis. Geol. and Nat. History Survey Bull. 22. 

Dolan, J. P. , 1896, Temperature of Lake Wawasee: Ind. Acad.

Sci. Proc. , p. 279-285. 

Evermann, B. W. , and Clark, H. W., 1920, Lake Maxinkuckee,

a physical and biological survey: Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 7 ,

v. 1, p. 152-216.

Indiana State Legislature, 1947, Acts of 1947: chap. 350. 

Indiana State Legislature, 1951, Acts of 1951; chap. 290. 

Levette, G. M. , 1876, Observations on the depth and temperature

of some lakes in northern Indiana; Ind. Geol. Survey, 7th Ann.

Rept. , p. 469-503.

Miner, D. H., October 1949, Fourteen years underwater: Outdoor Indiana, p. 8. 

Ricker, W. E. , 1937, Physical and chemical characteristics of

Cultis Lake, British Columbia: Jour. Biol. Boardof Canada 3 (4). 

Scott, Will, 1915, Report on the Lakes of Tippecanoe basin, Ind.

Acad, Sci. Pro., p. 377-378. 

Scott, Will and Miner, D. H., 1935, Sedimentation in Winona Lake

and Tippecanoe Lake, Koscuisko County, Ind., July 31, 1930.

to July 30, 1935: Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 45, p. 275-286. 

Trewartha, G. T. , 1943, An introduction to weather and climate,

2d ed.: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , Inc. 

Wilson, Ira T. , 1935, A study of sedimentation of Winona Lake:

Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 45, p. 295-304. 

Wilson, Ira T., 1937, The accumulated sediment in Tippecanoe

Lake and a comparison with Winona Lake: Ind. Acad. Sci.

Proc. , v. 47, p. 234-253. 

Anonymous, 1952, Water-loss investigations: v. 1, Lake Hefner

studies, Technical Report: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 229; also

1954, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 269 and 270.
INDEX

Abstract ............................ 1

Analyses of evaporation records .... .52-59

Artificial lakes, construction of .4-5,13-14

Bass Lake at Bass Lake, Ind., control

of lake level of............... 68

lake levels for...............78-84,268

surface temperatures for.......... 274

temperature profile for.......33, 38, 275

Bear Lake at Wolflake, lake levels

for .................. 84-90, 268

surface temperatures for.......... 275

Big Lake near Wolflake, lake levels

for. .................. 91-97,268

surface temperatures for.......... 275

Bixler Lake at Kendallville, inflow

and outflow studies .......... 70

lake levels for............. 98-103, 268

surface temperatures for.......... 276

temperature profiles for. .... .39, 42, 277

water loss by evaporation..... 55-56, 57

Bruce Lake at Lake Bruce, Ind., lake

levels for. .......... .104-110, 268

surface temperatures for.......... 278

Cedar Lake at Cedar Lake, inflow and

outflow studies.............. 70

lake levels for.............110-116, 268

surface temperatures for.......... 279

temperature profiles for. 33, 36, 279-280 

Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind., lake

levels for. .......... 197-204,268

Cedar Lake in DeKalb County. See

Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind. 

Cedar Lake in Lake County. See Cedar

Lake at Cedar Lake, Ind. 

Cedar Lake in Whitley County. See

Cedar Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind. 

Cedar Lake near Waterloo, Ind., lake

levels for. ...........117-123, 268

surface temperatures for .......... 280

Clear Lake at Clear Lake, Ind., lake

levels for........... 205-211,268

temperature profiles for. 39,44, 314-315 

Clear Lake at LaPorte, Ind., legal

lake levels for .............. 268

water loss from ................ 57, 58

Clear Lake in LaPorte County. See

Clear Lake at LaPorte. 

Clear Lake in Steuben County. See Clear

Lake at Clear Lake, Ind. 

Creation of new lakes .............. 13-14

Crooked Lake near Wolflake, lake

levels for. .......... 124-130. 268

surface temperatures for .......... 280

Culver, Maxinkuckee Lake at .20, 25, 27, 29, 

30,32,33, 35, 176-183, 270, 286-309

Dams, for controlling lake levels .. . 69-70 

Deep Hole, Maxinkuckee Lake, temperature profiles for. ....... 300-309

Depth of water, effect on temperature

of lakes .................. 45-46

Distribution of Indiana lakes ........... 8

Drainage area, effect of size of, on temperature of lakes............. 45

Drainage of lakes. ................. 11-13

Page Page 

Epilimnion ...................... 22-31

Evansville, Ind., evaporation station

at ........................ 323

measurement of evaporation

at .................... 324-328

Evaporation, measurement of, from

water surfaces........... 50-51

variations in Indiana ............. 52

Evaporation data, collection of 51-52, 322 

tables ...................... 324-343

Evaporation from lakes, analyses of

records ................. 52-59

effect on lake levels ............. 50

evaporation stations .. . 51-52, 323-324 

factors influencing rate ........ 49-50

Evermann, B. W, and Clark, H. W.,

quoted . . 46, 60, 287-299. 300-309 

Extinction of Indiana lakes, cause of 8-13

Flint Lake near Valparaiso, lake levels 

for. ...............130-135,268

surface temperatures for........ 281

temperature profiles for.... 33, 37, 282

Flood control, relation to storage

capacity of lakes ......... 70-72

Geist Reservoir, average daily evaporation at.................. 54

Hamilton Lake at Hamilton, lake levels

for................ 136-142,268

surface temperatures for ........ 283

Hydrology of lakes................. 3-5

Hydrologic data, basic types of ..... 3-4

Hypolimnion ..................... 22-23

Ice, coefficient of linear expansion of 63 

damage by ..................... 65

formation of, on lakes. ......... 59-60

thickness of................... 61-64

See also lake levels for individual

lakes. 

Ice conditions, effect of temperature

on ..................... .61-64

Ice cover, duration of............. 60-61

See also lake levels for individual

lakes.

Indianapolis, evaporation station at.. 323 

measurement of evaporation at 328-334 

Inflow of lakes, studies of......... 69-70

Introduction ...................... 2-3

James, Lake, at Lake James, Ind.,

lake levels for ..... 159-163, 269

surface temperatures for ......... 284

temperature profiles for... 39, 43, 284-

285 

Jimerson Lake at Nevada Mills, lake

levels for.......... 143-152, 269

surface temperatures for ......... 283

Kendalville, Bixler Lake at 39,42, 55-56, 

57,70,98-103,268,276,277 

evaporation station at ............ 323

measured evaporation at .. 55, 56, 335-

338

345
346. INDEX

Page 

Koontz Lake at Koontz Lake, Ind., lake

levels for ...........152-158, 269

surface temperatures for...........283

Lake levels, basic data for selected

lakes ..................,,77-266

control dams for maintaining .... .69-70

effect of evaporation on ............ 50

legal, establishment of......... 266-267

table of..................... 268-272

problems of control .............68-69

requirements for maintaining. .. . .67-68

Laws, for preservation of lakes ...... ,5-6

Legal lake levels, table of ........ 268-272

Literature cited ..................... 344

Loomis Lake, legal lake levels for.. .. .270

water loss by evaporation ........ 57, 58

Loon Lake at Ormas, lake levels

for .................170-176,270

surface temperatures for.......... .286

Manitou, Lake, at Rochester, lake

levels for ........... 163-169,270

at Rochester, surface temperature

for ...... ...................286

Marl deposits in lakes. ............... 9

Maxinkuckee Lake at Culver, lake levels

for ................. 176-183,270

surface temperatures for.... 20, 286-299

temperature profiles for .. 25, 27, 29, 30, 

32,33,35,299-309 

Muskelonge Lake near Warsaw, lake

levels for ........... 183-189,270

surface temperatures for........... 310

Nevada Mills, Jimerson Lake at,. 143-152,

269,283

North Webster, Webster Lake at ... 68-69, 

252-258,272,319

Origin of Indiana lakes ............... 7-8

Organic matter, lake filling by ........ 9

Ormas, Loon lake at ..... 170-176, 270, 286

Oswego, Tippecanoe Lake at.... 33, 34, 69,

238-245,271, 316-318 

Outflow of lakes, studies of ......... 69-70

Pierceton, Ridinger Lake at. 68-69, 70, 72-

76, 189-196,271,310

Pleasant Lake, legal lake levels....... 270

water loss by evaporation ........ 56-57

Present investigation................. 6-7

Preservation of lakes, Indiana laws

for..................... ....5-6

Profiles, of lake temperatures ...... 17-49

Purpose of the report ................ 7

Records of evaporation, analyses of . 52-59 

Ridinger Lake near Pierceton, control

of level of........... 68-69, 72-76

inflow and outflow studies .......... 70

lake levels for ............ 189-196,271

surface temperatures for .......... 310

temperature profiles for ........... 310

Rochester, Lake Manitou at.. 163-169, 270,

286

Rome City, Sulvan Lake at 68, 69, 224-230,

271,315

Page 

Round Lake at Clear Lake, Ind., lake

levels for........,, 203 211,271

surface temperatures for ..... 311-313

Round Lake at Tri=-Lakes, Ind,, lake

levels for..197-200, 203-204, 271 

surface temperatures for ......... 310

Round Lake in Steuben County. See

Round Lake at Clear Lake, Ind. 

Bound Lake in Whitley County, See

Round Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind.

Sedimentation of lakes, methods of

measuring............... 10-11

Shriner Lake at Tri-Lakes, Ind., lake

levels for. ..,,,.... 212-217, 271

surface temperatures for .........315

Smalley Lake near Washington Center,

lake levels for. ..... '218-224/271

surface temperatures for......... 315

Stabilization of lakes.............. 65-77

Storage capacity of lakes, relation to

flood control............. 70-72

Streamflow, effect of storage in lakes

on ......................70-72

Surface area of lakes, effect of size of,

on temperature ............. 45

Surface temperatures of lakes ..... 15-17

See also surface temperatures for

individual lakes. 

Sylvan Lake at Rome CUy, contro.l of

level of..;............... 6J,69

lake levels for. ..I'...'.... 224^23,0, 271

surface temperatures for .........315

Syracuse Lake at Syracuse, lake levels

for................ 231^237, 271

surface temperatures fpr .........316

Temperature, effects of, on ice cpnditions of lakes. .......... 61-64

Temperature of lakes, density relation

to ...................'.,. 18,rl9

effect of air temperatures ........ 81

effect of solar insolation ......... 21

effect of wind action ............. 21

implications of information about 47-49 

methods of measuring ............ 273

profiles. ......,,,,,.........., i7-49

scope of studies .,..,,,.,......14-15

surface....................... 15-17

Temperature profiles, comparison

of ...................... 31-45

effect of depth of water on ...... 45-46

effect of size of drainage area on. . 45 

effect of size of surface area on... 45 

theory of changes below the

surface ................. 19-31

Temperature zones in lakes ....... 22-23

Thermocline..................... 22-31

Tippecanoe Lake at Oswego, capacity

of......................... 48

control of level of ............... 69

lake levels for .......... 238-245, 271

surface temperatures for........ 316

temperature profiles for. . . 33, 34, OA?-

318

Tippecanoe River drainage basin, effect 

of lakes on discharge in... 71-72
INDEX

Page

Tri-Lakes, Ind., Cedar Lake at. .197-204,

268

Round Lake at 197-200,203-204, 271,310 

Shriner Lake at .......212-217, 271, 315

Turnover of lakes ..................46-47

Use of lakes, agricultural............. 66

effect of imprc- ed transportation

on........................65-66

recreational ....................66-67

Valparaiso, evaporation station at .... .323 

Flint Lake at.. .33, 37, 130-135, 268, 281-

282 

measured evaporation at ... .58, 339-343

Warsaw, Muskelonge Lake near. . .183-189,

270,310

Winona Lake at 39, 40, 258-265, 272, 320-

321

Page" 

Washington Center, Smalley Lake

near ............218-224, 271, 315

Waterloo, Cedar Lake near. . .117-123, 268,

280 

Water loss from lakes ..............54-59

WEiwaseS,' Lake, hear Wawasee, lake

levels for............245-251, 272

surface temperatures for.......... 318

temperature profiles for. .... .39, 41, 319

Webster Lake at North Webster, control

of level of................ 68-69

lake levels for..;......... 252-258, 272

surface temperatures fbr.......-..-; 319

Wind action, affect on lake temperatures 21 

Winona Lake at Warsaw, lake levels

for .................258-265,272

surface temperatures for.......... 320

temperature profiles for .... .39,40, 321

Wolflake, Bear Lake at .... .84-90, 268, 275

Big Lake near...........91-97, 268, 275

Crooked Lake near.. .. .124-130, 268, 280

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