DOCUMENTS AND

COMMITTEE REPORTS

Statistics Neededfor

National Policies Related

to Fertility

A Report of the United States

NationalCommitteeon

Vital and Health Statistics

As a basis for population policy, existing information and data

collection systems on fertiIity-related variables are evaluated and

recommendations for their improvement are made.

DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 78-1455

Series 4

Number 18

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Md. January 1978
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

United States. National Committceon Vital and Health Statistics.

Statistics needed for national policies

(Vital and health statistics: Series

(DHEW publication; no. (PHS) 78-1455)

Includes bibliographical references.

Sul>t. of Dots. no.: HE20.6209:4/8

related to fertilit>.

4, L>ocurnents ancl committee reports; no. 18)

1. ‘Fertility, Iiuman–LTnited Stat’es. 2. United S{atcs - S(:\tistics, Vital. 3. United Stales

Statistical services. I. Title. H. Series: Unitecl States. Na[i(~nal Center fol- IIcalth St~tistics.

Vital and health statistics: Series 4, Documents and c(jnlmi~tee t-ept)rts: no. 18. [I)NIM: 1.

Health and welfare planning–U. S. 2. Fertility. Lti2 A N148v(I no. 18]

HA37.U1693 no. 18 [HB915] 312’.0973s [301.32’.0973]

ISBN 0-8406 -0080-1 76-608241

—

For sale by the Superintendent of Dccummlts. l“. s. Govrrnmt,llt I’ri]lt in: Olliw

\f’ashinqtOn, 11, [;.3)102

Stock NTo. 017-(122-[1060+1
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

DOROTHY P. RICE, Director

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director

JACOB J. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis

GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics System

ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems

JAMES T. BAIRD, JR., Ph. D., Associate Director for International Statistics

ROBERT C. HUBER, Associate Director for Management

MONROE G, SIRKEN, Ph. D., Associate Director for Mathematical Statistics

PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director for Operations

JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for Program Development

PAUL E. LEAVERTON, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 4-No. 18

DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 78-1455

Library of Congress catalog Card Number 76-608241
FOREWORD

Sound statistical information is needed as a basis of evolving national r30rmlation policy, a major portion of which focuses on fertility, Following publication

. .

of the Report of the CommMon on Population Growth and the American Future, the United States National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics called

attention to the need to identify the specific types of information required by

fertility-related policy issues articulated by that Commission. Accordingly, this

report is a statement of those information requirements. It is based on a review of

existing fertility data and underlying data collection systems. The utility of the

current statistical information is appraised and recommendations for its improvement are made, including the need for new data and for improved methods of

collection, analysis, and dissemination of information bearing on fertility.

Kerr L. White, M.D.

Chairman, United Stat es National Committee

on Vital and Health Statistics

...

Ill
UNITED STATES NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS

Chairperson

WHITE, Kerr L., M.D.

Director

Institute for Health Care Studies

United Hospital Fund

3 East 54th Street

New York, New York 10022

Executive Secretary

ROBEY, James M., Ph.D.

Associate Director for Program Development

National Center for Health Statistics

Health Resources Administration, PHS, DHEW

Center Building

3700 East-West Highway

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

Members

ACSADI, Gwendolyn Johnson, Mrs.

Chief

Fertility and Family Planning Studies Section

Population Division

United Nations

New York, New York 10017

BAUERSCHMIDT, Alan D., Ph.D.

Associate Professor of Management

College of Business Administration

University of South Carol@a

Columbia, South Carolina 29208

BUCK, Carol W., M.D., Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive

Medicine

University of Western Ontario

London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7

COONEY, James P.,Jr., Ph.D.

Executive Director

Rhode Island Health Services Research, Inc.

56 Pine Street

Providence, Rhode Island 02903

FEINLEIB, Manning, M.D.

Chief, Epidemiology Branch

National Heart and Lung Institute

National Institutes of Health, DHEW

Bethesda, Maryland 20014

FERR4N, Manuel A., Ph.D.

435 Amherst, N.E.

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106

GREENBERG, Bernard G., Ph.D.

Dean, School of Public Health

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North CaroIina 27514

KJELSBERG, Marcus O., Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Division of Biometry

School of Public Health

University of Minnesota

1226 Mayo Memorial Building

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

LUDDEN, Forest E., Ed.D.

Director

Specizd Services Administration

State Department of Public Health

State Office BuiIding

Montgomery, Alabama 36104

REID, John D., Ph.D.

Population Division

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Washington, D.C. 20233

SCITOVSKY, Anne A., Mrs.

Chief, Health Economics Division

Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation

860 Bryant Street

Palo Alto, California 94301
SHANAS, Ethel, Ph.D.

Professor of Sociology

College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle

BOX 4348

Chicago, Illinois 60680

WENNBERG, John E., M.D.

Department of Community Medicine

Dartmouth Medical School

Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
CONSULTANTS FOR STATISTICS NEEDED FOR NATIONAL

POLICIES RELATED TO FERTILITY

Chairperson

POWERS, Mary G., Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Sociology and Anthropology

Fordham University

Bronx, New York 10458

Secretary

GODLEY, Frank H., Ph.D.

Statistician (Demography)

Division of Analysis

National Center for Health Statistics,

PHS, DHEW

Center Building

3700 East-West Highway

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

Members

BOUVIER, Leon Francis, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Sociology and Anthropology

The University of Rhode Island

Kingston, Rhode Island 02881

CAMPBELL, Arthur A.

Deputy Director

Center for Population Research

National Institutes of Health, PHS, DHEW

Bethesda, Maryland 20014

GENDELL, Murray, Ph.D.

Professor of Sociology

Director, Demography Program

Center for Population Research

Georgetown University

The Kennedy Institute

Washington, D.C. 20057

MOORE, Maurice J., Ph.D.

Chief, Fertility Statistics Branch

Population Division

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Washington, D.C. 20233

PATTERSON, John E.

Director

Division of Vital Statistics

National Center for Health Statistics,

PHS, DHEW

Center Building

3700 East-West Highway

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

PRESSER, Harriet, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Sociology

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland 20742

WELLER, Robert H., Ph.D.

Professor

Center for the Study of Population

Institute for Social Research

Florida State University

Tallahassee, Florida 32306

vii
CONTENTS

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................

Highlights ................................................................................................................................................

A.

B.

c,

Data Collection Systems ...............................................................................................................

Analysis ........................................................................................................................................

Methods of Dissemination ............................................................................................................

Introduction: Policies and Programs Related to Fertility ................................................................

Policy-Related Data Needs...............................................................................................................

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Fertility Statistics and Policies Concerning Population Chmge ................................................

Data Sources ......................................................................................................................

Data Needs.........................................................................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

Desired and Actual Births: Timing and Number ......................................................................

Introduction ......................................................................................................................

Measurement ......................................................................................................................

Extent of Occurrence and Temporaf Trends ......................................................................

Differentials .......................................................................................................................

Causes................................................................................................................................

Implications .......................................................................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

Marital Patterns in Relation to Fertility ..................................................................................

Marital Fertility .................................................................................................................

Data Needs and Potentiaf Sources ......................................................................................

Premarital Pregnancy and Illegitimacy ...............................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

FemaIe Employment, the Status of Women, and Child Care ...................................................

Introduction ......................................................................................................................

Female Employment and FertfiiV .....................................................................................

Status of Women and FerWiW ...........................................................................................

Child Care and Fertility .....................................................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

Social and Economic Correlates of FertfliW ............................................................................

Socioeconomic Variables ...................................................................................................

Religion .............................................................................................................................

Data Sources .....................................................................................................................

Data Needs.........................................................................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

Methods of Fertility Control: Contraception, Sterilization, and Abortion ..............................

Introduction ......................................................................................................................

Contmception ....................................................................................................................

Sterilization .......................................................................................................................

Abortion ............................................................................................................................

Recommendations .............................................................................................................

Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................

References ...............................................................................................................................................

Appendixes

I. Data Collection Systems of the National Center for Health Statistics ......................................

II, Data Collection Systems of the Bureau of the Census .............................................................

III, Questionnaires Relating to Fertifity ........................................................................................

...

m

1

1

1

2

2

4

4

4

6

10

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37

40

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52

ix
FIGURE

1. U.S. population: 2- vs. 3-child family.............................................................................................. 5

LIST OF TABLES

1. Estimatedcompleted fertilityratesfor women 18-24 years,by birth order: 1967 and 1971-74..... 7

2. Comparisonof period and cohort fertifityrates,by birth order: selectedyears 1967-74................. 8

SYMBOLS

Data not available–––-------—--——— ---

Category not applicable——--–--——––--—-- . . .

Quantity zero—--——------–-——--—- -

Quantity more than Obut less than 0.05— 0.0

Figure does not meet standards of

reliabilityy or precision—— *
STATISTICS NEEDED FOR NATIONAL POLICIES

RELATED TO FERTILITY

HIGHLIGHTS

The consultants on Statistics Needed for

National Policies Related to Fertility, U.S.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, having reviewed existing data on fertilityrelated variables, have made a number of

recommendations concerning the procurement,

analysis, and dissemination of the most relevant

statistics. The detailed list of. recommendations

appears in chapter C of this report and is organized into three broad categories: data col1ect io n systems, analysis, and methods of

dissemination. Within each of these categories,

there is a focus on the two primary official

sources of fertility data, the National Center for

Health Statistics and the U.S. Bureau of the

Census. The recommendations highlighted here

are those thought to have the greatest priority

and should be given special consideration for

implementation by the appropriate agencies.

Many of the most important recommendations

emphasize continuation of existing data collection activities, but there are also some recommendations for new kinds of data, analyses, or

methods of dissemination.

Data Collection Systems

The National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS) is urged to continue at regular intervals

the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

and through it to continue to collect data on

number, timing, wontedness, and planning status

of births; data on contraception, sterilization,

and abortion; and data on marital status,

employment of women, child care, educational

attainment, and other social and economic

factors affecting fertility.

Two important additions to the NSFG are

needed. One is a prospective design, the additional cost of which would be far outweighed

by potential gains in the resulting longitudinal

data needed for analysis of a great number and

variety of policy-related issues. Secondly, the

NSFG sample should incIude all unmarried

women in addition to the present inclusion of all

ever-married women. The group presently excluded, never-married women without children

living at home, is crucial to such policy areasas

birth prevention methods, unwanted childbearing, and “illegitimacy. “a

NCHS should vigorously work toward complete coverage by including all States in the

reporting areas for illegitimate births, for marriages and divorces , and for induced abortion.

Expansion of the national abortion-reporting

area is particukuly important.

The Bureau of the Census should retain its

annual fertility supplement to the Current Population Survey as well as the fertility items

contained in past decennial censuses. Both provide invaluable time-series data needed for

national policies related to fertility.

Analysis

NCHS should develop interpretive analyses

of recent and prospective trends in fertility,

drawing on all relevant data collection systems.

New analytical measures of fertility need to be

developed and interpreted. Additional funds and

aThe consultantswould prefer a term other than

“illegitimacy.” Despite some objections to use of this

term, which refers to births out of wedlock, it is used

in this report because of the convention established in

many data sources.

1
personnel should be made available to NCHS for

these new functions.

The full analytical potential of the fertilityrelated data collected by NCHS and the Census

Bureau needs to be realized by providing each

age n cy with additional resources for both

inhouse and contract research.

Methods of Dissemination

NCHS, or NCHS and the Census Bureau

jointly, should publish biennially an interpretive

report on recent and prospective trends in fertility based on all available data sources.

Both NCHS and the Census Bureau should

continue to produce reasonably priced publicuse data tapes for the National Survey of Family

Growth, the National Natality Followback Survey, national birth-registration statistics, the

Current Population Survey (especially the June

fertility supplement), and the decennial census.

Delays in public release of printed reports

and computer tape data should be minimized.

A. INTRODUCTION: POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

\RELATED TO FERTILITY

The United States, like many other countries

of the world, has experienced and is experiencing marked fluctuations in its population

growth rates as well as changes in population

size, distribution, and composition. These have

resulted from changes in fertility, mortality, and

migration. Mortality and migration are clearly

important factors contributing to population

growth in the United States. They are complex

enough, however, to be considered as subjects

for separate reports. Some aspects of both are,

in fact, treated in a previous report in this series

and could be the subjects of future reports as

well.1 This report focuses on fertility.

The Commission on Population Growth and

the American Future has articulated some of the

issues in a yet-to-be-evolved national population

policy.z The Commission report suggests that a

significant part of any national population

policy will focus on fertility. The U.S. National

Committee on Vital and Health Statistics noted

that any such policy should be based on sound

statistical information about factors related to

fertility. It therefore charged this group of

consultants on Statistics Needed’ for National

Policies Relating to Fertility to identify data on

fertility-related variables and to make recommendations concerning the procurement,

analysis, and dissemination of such data.

As the data were being reviewed and evaluate d it became apparent that, although a

national population policy has not yet been

developed, the United States has supported pro2

grams affecting aspects of fertility since 1963.

At present these programs are administered by

two different agencies within the Government:

the Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare and the Department of State.

International population programs are

largely administered by the Department of State

and its Office of Population Affairs, located in

the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Liaison with the

United Nations is maintained by the Bureau of

International Organization Affairs within the

Department of State, and principal responsi-

‘ bility for assistance to population and family

planning programs of developing countries rests

with the Agency for International Development.

Primary responsibility for domestic population activities rests with the Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW)

through the Office of Population Affairs (OPA).

OPA research activities emanate from the Center

for Population Research, National Institute of

Child Health and Human Development, DHEW.

Although a number of other DHEW agencies are

involved in population research, the National

Institute of Child Health and Human Development has primary responsibility for federally

supported population research except for research related to the Census Bureau. In the

family planning area, program activities of OPA

are related primarily to the Office for Family

Planning in the Bureau of Community Health

Services, Health Services Administration. The
Office of Maternal and Child Health, Bureau of

Community Health Services, and the Bureau of

Medical Services, Health Services Administration, are also involved in family planning

services activities.

Prior to the 1960’s most birth control and

family planning services were provided by private groups-notably, Planned Parenthood. These

were largely medically oriented programs in

which family planning services were perceived as

a component of health care, particularly maternal and child health. The birth control or family

planning movement in the United States was

largely concerned with improving the health and

welfare of individual mothers and children

rather than with reducing fertility. The goals of

national domestic policies and programs in the

1960’s focused on the delivery of improved

maternal and child health care services, emphasizing the health and welfare of individuals.

Essentially, the 1970 Family Planning

Services Act and its 1972 counterpart made the

goals of private family planning organizations

Federal policy. That is, the objective was to provide services to the poor, not to focus on the

tot al societal consequences of population

growth. In June 1974, Caspar Weinberger, then

DHEW Secretary, spoke at the Planned Parenthood International Convocation on the Population Crisis, held in New York. He noted that

wit h the Family Planning and Population

Research Act of 1970 the Federal Government

became involved in supporting organized family

planning programs, and he emphasized that the

objective of the national program had not been

population control but rather the reduction of

maternal and child mortality rates and enabling

women to have the number of children they

wanted. By 1973 more than 3.2 million women

were participating in the program, almost 4

times the number served in 1968. Almost threequarters of the total were from low-income

farnilies.3 At the 1974 World Population Conference, Mr. Weinberger, as leader of the U.S.

delegation, indicated that there would be no

reduction in funds for domestic family planning

programs.4

Various attempts have been made to evaluate the effects of Federal expenditures for

family p 1arming programs for low-income

women.5 The results have been somewhat ambiguous, both because of different research goals

and because of Iimited data. In order to evaluate

family planning programs and other aspects of

national policy related to fertility, new data collection systems as well as improvements in

existing systems are required. This report is concerned with data needs related to domestic

policy and program issues. A considerable body

of data related to fertility is already available

from the National Center for Heziith Statistics,

DHEW, and the U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Several of the data collection systems are described in detail in the appendixes. These

existing systems provide an adequate picture of

U.S. fertility levels and trends for the present

and recent past. Information on the determinants of fertility and on fertility differentials,

however, is less complete.

Although data on the determinants of fertil--

ity, including the norms, values, and contraceptive practices underlying fertility

differentials, have been available since 1955

through both privately sponsored and publicly

funded surveys, such data from Govemmentconducted surveys were not available until the

1970 ‘s. This report focuses on current data collection efforts with a view toward their contribution to present and future policy needs.

After reviewing the recommendations of the

Commission on Population Growth and the

American Future for needed fertility data and

reviewing the existing fertility-related programs

and policies, the following areas were identified

as most pertinent to the objectives of this report.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Fertility statistics and policies concerning population change.

Desired and actual births: timing and

number.

Marital patterns in relation to fertility.

Female employment, the status of women, and child care.

Social and economic correlates of fertility.

Methods of fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion.

3
The following sections of the report consider with an overview of the data needs and proposed

each of these areas with respect to (1) existing recommendations for meeting those needs. The

types and sources of data and analyses and (2) major data collection systems that now exist are

needed data and analyses. The report concludes described in the appendixes.

B. POLICY-RELATED DATA NEEDS

1. FERTILITY STATISTICS AND POLICIES

CONCERNING POPULATION CHANGE

The Commission on Population Growth and

the American Future prepared population projections showing what would happen to the total

population of the United States if women had

an average of two or of three children.z With

two children per woman, the population of the

United States would reach a maximum of

around 350 million late in the 21st century. (See

figure 1.) With three children per woman, however, the population would be over 1 billion

before the end of the next century. Although

these alternative Iongrun possibilities now seem

remote, the attitudes and behavior patterns that

determine which is the more likely to occur are

now being formed.

Population change is also important in a

shorter time perspective. The unexpectedly large

number of children born in the 20-year period

of relatively inflated fertility, 1946-65, brought

with it a huge bulge in the U.S. age distribution

that seriously affected the functioning of our

educational and economic institutions. One goal

of population policy worth considering would

be to dampen such tremendous fluctuations or

at least to foresee their occurrence and try to

prepare for them.

At the present time the United States is

recording total fertility rates below the 10west

levels observed in the 1930’s. Although demographers know that these rates may simply reflect

changes in the age distribution of fertility rates,

the reaction of some portions of the public is

that the United States has already reached zero

population growth. A special effort should be

made to correct this misinterpretation and to

provide the data needed to evaluate the longterm implications of current fertility rates. Such

data would include long- and short-term birth

expectations, birth spacing, attitudes toward

family size, and success in controlling fertility.

Some proposals for implementing this recommendation are presented later in this report.

Data Sources

The fertility data needed to identify and

interpret fertility trends and their effects on

population change are provided by two Government agencies, the National Center for Health

Statistics (NCHS) and the Bureau of the Census.

The major components of their relevant data

collection systems and the information they provide are described in detail in appendixes I and

II. The following list provides a brief summary.

Birth registration statistics (NCHS). –These

are based on a 50-percent sample of birth

records collected by the States and independent registration areas. They include

numbers of births by various geographic classifications down to urban places of 10,000

or more, all of the standard fertility

measures for the United States, and cohort

fertility tables for the total population and

separately for white and “all other. ”

National Survey of Family Growth

(NCHS). –This provides a wealth of information on such topics as fertility desires and

expect ations, contraceptive behavior, and

child-spacing patterns. These data are needed

for the interpretation of trends in fertility.

National Natality Survey or National Natality Follo whack Survey (NCHS). —This is an

irregularly occurring mail survey of a small

sample of mothers of births registered in a

given year that provides some important

data not collected in the birth registration

system.

Decennial census (Census Bureau). –Data on

number of children ever born are obtained

for a sample of women in each census. The

4
POPULATION

(in millions)

1000 3-CHILD

FAMILY

900

800 A

700

500

v

2-CHILD

r FAMILY _

400 .

300 Miilion 199!

300 A

200MI

200 A

100 Million 1915 -

80 90 10 20 30 40 50 61J 70 80 90 102030405050 70

1870 1900 2C00

YEAR

The populationofthe UnitedStates passed the 100-million mark in Sources: Prior to 1900– U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical

1915 and reached 200 million in 1968. Iffamilies average two children

inthe future,growth rateswill slow, and the populationwill reach 300

Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957,1961.

millionintheyeer2015. At the 3-child rata, the populationwould raach 1900 to 2020– U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population

300million inthlacenturyand 400milllon inthe year 2013. Reports, Sen”esP-25. 2021 to 2050–unpublished Census Bureau

(Projectionsassumeamall future reductlonain mortality, andaasume projections. Beyond 2050–extrapolation.

future immigration at present levels.)

Figure 1. U.S. population: 2- vs. 3-child family.

data are especially useful because the large to derive surrogate measures of recent fertilsample size makes it possible to identify ity.

childbearing patterns for relatively small seg- Current Population Survey (Census Buments of the population. The decennial cen- rea.u).—This is a continuing survey based on

sus also provides data on number of own a large national sample. Every June since

children in the household, which can be used 1971 the Census Bureau has included in this

5
survey questions on childbearing expectations. Because the results of the survey are

usually published by October of the same

year, this has proved to be an unusually valuable means of identifying trends in numbers

of births expected, both for the short-term

future (next 5 years) and for the eventual

fertility of cohorts. In addition, the Census

Bureau has also used the Current Population

Survey to collect valuable data on child

spacing and is attempting to regularize the

collection of these data once every 5 years.

Data Needs

At the present time, all of these data collection systems are providing information that

can be used to identify and interpret trends in

fertility at the national level and for major subgroups of the population (such as those identified by race or color, religion, place of residence, and income). In the opinion of the

Committee members, these data collection

systems are now adequate for the purposes of

providing fertility data that could assist in the

formulation and evaluation of policies regarding

population change.

On the other hand, it also appears that

simply providing the data in published volumes

or on computer tapes is not sufficient. The Committee suggests rather that data analysis and dissemination be improved. Two objectives are

emphasized: (1) expanded analysis, resulting in

interpretive reports that will provide information about current and probable future trends

in fertility and (2) development and regular publication of new measures of fertility-related

variables that will give more information than

those currently in common use.

Expanded analytical publications. –The

expanded analytical program and resulting publication of interpretive reports should not necessarily be tied to each data collection instrument

separately, as is now the case, but should draw

on all of them and focus on the interpretation of

trends in fertility rather than on topics peculiar

to any one data collection system. These reports

would be similar to the occasional publication

‘ ‘Natality Statistics Analysis” published by

NCHS, but they should be considerably broader

in scope. The series might be entitled “Recent

and Prospective Trends in Fertility.” An effort

should be made to maintain a publication schedule of about once every 2 years.

These reports should analyze recent trends

in fertility, separating the effects of changes in

the timing of births from prospective changes in

completed fertility. They should interpret the

latest data that bear on future trends in fertility.

Improved fertility measures. –Along with the

expanded analytical program, an effort should

be made to develop new measures of fertility

that will help people relate period and cohort

trends. One simple set of measures that could

easily and immediately be introduced, for

example, would be comparisons between orderspecific components of the total fertility rate

and similar components of expected completed

fertility rates. These comparisons would show

how much period fertility rates are above or

below eventual expected cohort rates at each

birth order. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate how these

rates might be presented.

Table 1 shows the derivation of expected

completed fertility rates by birth order from distributions of young married women by total

number of births expected collected in the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. The

rates shown are for women who were 18-24

years of age in the survey year. In table 2 these

expected completed cohort fertility rates are

compared with actual period fertility rates

observed in the same year that the survey was

conducted. The total fertility rate in 1973, for

example, was 1,868 per 1,000, or 281 points

below the completed fertility rate of 2,149

expected by the 1949-55 cohorts who were then

18-24 years old.

This comparison indicates that if the fertility

rates of the future are likely to resemble the

birth expectations of the 1949-55 cohorts, then

the period rate for 1973 can be considered relatively depressed.’ The detail by order of birth

indicates that the 1973 rates are most depressed

for first and second births. If continued indefinitely, they would result in only 1,270 first and

second births per 1,000 women, although young

women expect to reproduce at a rate that would

yield 1,733 first and second births, a level 36

percent above the current period level. Since a

large majority of women want at least two

births, it seems likely that rates for first and

6
Table 1. Estimated completed fertility ratas for women 18-24 years, by birth order: 1967 and 1971-74

Total number of

births axpected

and birth order

Total numbar of

births expected

Total .......................,..,.,, . . . . . . . ...0... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0,,,,.,..,,,,,,,,,,.,.,.,,.,,,,, ,,,,,,.,0, ,,,, ,,.,.,., ,,,.,.,.. . . . . . . . . . . .

2............................................................................

3............................................................................

5or6 ,,,, .,,. ,.,,,,.,.... ................................................

7 or more ..............................................................

Birth order

Total .............................................................

First births ............................................................

Second births 0.0,,, ,0,,.,.., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third births ...........................................................

Fourth births ,,,,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,,.,,,..,

Fifth births .,.,,.,,0,,.,,0,.,., s..,,, !,,,,...,..., .....................

Sixth and higher order births .................................

Total .,s,,,.,...,,,.,.,,.,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First births .,,., ,,,.,,...,,. ...........................................

Second births ........................................................

Third births ...........................................................

Fourth births .........................................................

Fifth births ,.,,..,...,.,,,,.,.,.., ,,.,.,.,.,.O,,, ......................

Sixth and higher order births .................................

Calendar year and cohort group

1974, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1967,

1950-56 1949-55 1948-S4 1947-53 194349

cohort cohort cohort cohort cohort

Percent distribution of young married women by

total number of births expectedl

100.0

4.7

12.6

56,1

1B.3

6.1

1,9

0.3

100.0 I 100.0 I 100.0 100.0

I I

4.0 3.6

9.6 9.8

56.2 56.6

21.1 20.B

6.4 6.7

2.4 2.3

0.4 0.1

4.0

8.4

51.5

23.7

8.6

3.4

0.3

1.3

6.1

37.1

28.8

18.2

6.6

1.0

Implied completed fertility rates by

birth order per 1,000 married women2

2,165 2,262 2,255 2,375 2,852

963 960 964 960 987

827 864 B66 876 926

266 302 300 361 555

83 91 92 124 257

22 27 25 38 75

14 18 8 16 52

Impliad completed fertility rates by birth order

per 1,000 woman, assuming 95 percent marry

2,057 2,149 2,143 2,256 2,709

905 912 916 912 938

766 821 823 832 660

253 287 285 343 527

86 87 llB 244

: 26 24 36 71

13 17 8 15 49

1974: Weighted average of percentages for ages 18-19, 20-21, and 22-24 ahowrs in Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No.

269, p. 5.

1973: Cument Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 265, p. 19.

1967, 1971, and 1972: Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 248, p. 19.

2Sources1974: Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 269, p. 4.

1973: ihrrrent population Reports, Series P-20, No. 265, p. 17,

1967, 1971, and 1972: Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 248, p. 17.

second births will increase sometime in the The detail by birth order also shows that

future to compensate for currently low levels. women were having more third and higher order

Such a trend was already underway at ages births than the number then expected by young

25-29 in the period 1970-74. women of reproductive age. There are two

7
Table 2. Comparison of pariod and cohort fertility rates, by birth order: selected years 1967-74

Sirth order

Total ..................................................................

First births .................................................................

second births .............................................................

Third bi~hs ................................................................

Fourth bitihs ..............................................................

Fifth births .................................................................

Sixth and higher order births ......................................

Total ..................................................................

First births .................................................................

Secondbirths.............................................................

Thirdbirths................................................................

Fourthbirths..............................................................

Fifthtinhs.................................................................

Sixthandhigherorderbirths......................................

Total ..................................................................

First births .................................................................

Second births .............................................................

Third births ................................................................

Fourth births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifth births .................................................................

Sixth and higher order births ......................................

1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967

21,829

-.

1950-

56

cohort

1,86E

707

563

283

141

73

101

1949-

55

cohort

Period fertility ratesl

==+=

735 784

576 626

310 370

166 204

89 112

124 156

I

1948- 1947-

54 53

cohort cohort

2,436

844

653

404

228

127

180

1946-

52

cohort

2,450

829

405

237

135

198

1945-

51

cohort

2,48G

827

833

403

243

14G

214

1844-

50

cohort

2,562

803

847

432

270

160

250

1943-

49

cohort

Expected completed cohort fertility

rates for women 18-24 years3

2,057 I 2,149 I 2,143 I 2,2581 –1 –] –1 2,709

, , , ,

1 I I

905 912 916 912 --- – -- 938

786 821 823 832 - – -- 880

253 287 285 343 – -- -- 527

79 86 87 118 – - – 244

21 26 24 36 – – -- 71

13 17 8 15 - - -- 49

Period minus cohort ratea

-228 -281 -143 6 - – -- -147

-205 -181 -118 – — – -135

-258 -247 -206 – – - -233

4 25 27 – – -- -95

55 79 86 - – – 26

47 65 76 – - - 88

84 116 141 – – -- 201

11967-69:

Surna of centralratesfor cohortfertilitytablespublishedinvariousissuesORNationalCenterfor Health Statistics, Vital Statistics

of the United States, Volume I, Natality.

1970-73: Unpublished data from NCHS.

2PreIiminery estimate.

3From table 1.

possible interpretations of this finding: (1) that ih e Census Bureau. These could indicate

third and higher order births will continue to whether and to what extent a “backlog” of

decline until they reach the levels expected by wanted births is building up that might affect

young women or (2) that the expectations for fertility over the next 5 years. Another set of

third and higher order births are unrealistically measures in urgent need of development relates

low. to birth spacing. These measures should help us

Measures suggestive of the timing of future to see how current patterns in the timing of

changes in fertility might be derived from data births are related to eventual completed fertility

on short-term birth expectations collected by rates.

8
Development and regular publication of

these improved fertility measures are based on

the general premise that data systems should

produce much more than tapes and tables, especially if they are going to be useful in the essentially political processes of policy formulation.

Additional resources. –In order to accomplish the foregoing objectives, the resources

devoted to fertility study at both NCHS and the

Census Bureau should be expanded substantially. At the present time, NCHS and the

Bureau of the Census combined have only 12

professional staff members engaged in fertilityrelated work, and much of their time is devoted

to operational and administrative aspects of data

collection. It is therefore recommended that the

number of professional positions allocated for

the purpose of preparing analytical reports on

fertility at each of these agencies be increased by

at least five and that the number of clerical and

other support positions be expanded proportionately.

While analysis of fertility data would be

their primary activity, the added staff would

also provide each agency with increased flexibility to achieve its total mission. The addition

of scientific staff and increased emphasis on the

interpretation of data should also result in improvements in the kinds of data collected and

their presentation, As different needs for data

become evident to those who are trying to use

them, the data collection systems can be modified in order to meet these needs. This general

principle applies not onIy to changes in data

collection instruments (questionnaires and certificates), but also to changes in tabulations. The

interaction between those involved in research

and those involved in data collection has always

been useful, and the closer their relationship the

more productive their collaboration will be.

Data dissemination. –NCHS is to be commended for establishing the National Survey of

Family Growth (NSFG), which was largely set

up along the lines recommended by the U.S.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. Thislperiodic ~survey program includes the

provision of a public-use data tape. The first

NSFG was conducted in late 1973, and the

second in early 1976. However, as of early 1976,

reports on the findings of the first round have

not yet been published, nor has a firm date for

the release of the data tape been announced,

NCHS is strongly urged to improve this record

Although much of the data collected has grea

analytic potential which does not depend o

timeliness, there are also substantial rewards t

be earned by the production of up-to-date infcmation, and the first is no substitute for te

second.

A reasonable schedule to fix for the NSF( is

as follows. Release simple descriptive findingof

major importance within the first 12 moths

after the end of data collection. (Exampl~ of

such findings from the first round are th incidence of abortion, estimates of unwnted

births, family size desires, and the distrit~tion

of use of the various fertility-control meaures.)

All the most complex analytic reports arfto be

published within the following 12 montis. Release of the public-use data tape shculd be

targeted for the. 25th month after the end of

fieldwork. NCHS should give high pfirity to

providing the Family Growth Survey Branch

with staff and ancillary SUppOrt neede{ to continuouslymeet such a schedule.

NCHS is also urged to meet a CIOS schedule

of data release for its National Nataiy Followback Survey. Public-use data tapes from the

followback survey should be releasedwithin 12

months of the close of data collction. These

tapes contain important fertility data on unwanted births and provide trend dztaneeded for

development of population policy and program

planning.

The Bureau of the Census hasin recent years

incIuded questions on birth expectations in its

June Current Population Survey (CPS). A documented copy of the June CPS public-use data

tape should be routinely produced at a reasonable cost to the user.

In addition, inasmuch as thb great volume of

data collected cannot be amdyzed completely

even by the increased staff proposed, it is also

recommended that funds be sought by each

agency to enable it to negotiate contracts with

scientists outside the Government to prepare

analytical reports from the data generated by

the various collection systems. It is uncertain

how much money would be required for such

c011ab o rative efforts with non-Govemment

scientists, but at least $200,000 annually should

9
le sought by each agency to begin such a proram. This program ~hould be continued thereker, with a significant proportion of the budget

t each agency allocated for it.

Recommendations

1.

,

4

3.

4.

The National Center for Health Statistics

should expand its analytical program by

developing and regularly publishing

analyses of recent and prospective trends

in fertility.

The National Center for”HealtE Statistics”

should develop and regularly publish

new fertility measures, such as those

comparing order-specific components of

period and cohort fertility, in order to

better understand fertility trends.

The Census Bureau an”d the National

;enter for Health Statistics should ‘inrease the staff and financial resources

&voted to fertility analysis in order to

eqxmd both in-house and extramural

wwk on analytical reports.

Tht Census Bureau and the National

Certer for Health Statistics should strictly aihere to a fixed schedule in dissemination to the public of reports and data

tapes from major fertility data collection

prognms such as annual vital statistics of

natali~y, the National Survey of Family

Growth, the National Natality Followback Sm-vey,and the June Current Population h.u-vey.

2. DESI RED AND ACTUAL BI RTHS: TIMING

AND NUMBER

Introduction

The number of births in a given year, and

therefore the rate of population growth, is a

function of the number of births that occur to

each existing cohort and the timing of these

births. The timing and number of births can and

do vary independently. It is therefore essential

that data be collected on the number and timing

of births that occur to various cohorts of

women. A determination should be made of the

extent to which these births are the result of

conscious choices by parents. Data are needed to

answer the following questions. What are the reproductive expectations and/or desires of the

national population with respect to the number

and timing of births? To what extent are births

either not wanted or wanted but at some other

time? Do parents have preferences about the

timing and spacing of births and are these stable

through time?

Unwanted childbearing has implications for

society as well as for the individuals who have

unwanted births. On the one hand, if a substantial number of births are unwanted, there exists

a potential for a significant reduction in current

fertility levels. On the other hand, if only a small

fraction of births are not ,wanted, then the

elimination of unwanted childbearing would not

affect fe~ility levels very much. In the former

case, suitable policies of reducing fertility would

be oriented toward increased distribution and

,use.of birth prevention techniques. In the latter

case, deliberate attempts to lower levels of fertility might be most effectively aimed at reducing

the number of children people want to have.

This line of reasoning led Ryder and Westoff to

state: “The extent of unwanted fertility is at the

core of the debate over the kind of fertility

policy necessary to achieve replacement.”6

Unwanted fertility is of demographic relevance for other reasons. One reason is its role in

producing differences in family size between

various population segments. Also, unwanted

births, especially those that occur to parents

fairly early in the life cycle, may result in the

closure of educational and/or occupational alternatives that are associated with relatively small

family sizes; thus they may contribute to the

formation of larger families than would otherwise be the case, had the unwanted childbearing

not diminished educational and occupational

opportunities.

In the foregoing discussion, unwanted fertility referred to the failure to control number of

births. In addition to number failures one must

also consider timing failures, i.e., births that are

wanted but at some other point in time. The

ability to control the timing of first births is

10
particularly important because of the potential

impact upon a woman’s role orientation of the

age at which reproduction begins. For many

women, a premarital pregnancy is the reason for

marriage.7

Although a recent study shows that most

legitimate births resulting from premarital pregnancy are wanted, they are more than twice as

likely as other legitimate births of identical

panty to be timing failures, i.e., to have been

wanted but at a later time.8 Special problems

with regard to the collection and analysis of data

on illegitimacy and premarital pregnancy are

considered in detail in the next section (B.3).

The remainder of this section deals with five

major areas within which knowledge concerning

unwanted childbearing may be organized:

measurement, incidence, differentials, causes,

and implications. The section concludes with a

list of recommendations for needed data.

Measurement

The most effective means of data collection

seems to be survey research conducted among a

representative sample of individuals, at risk of

unwanted childbearing, There are three major

aspects of unwanted childbearing to be considered: the number of unwanted births that

occurs, the proportion of individuals who experience an unwhted birth, and the rate of unwanted childbearing (measured as the number of

unwanted births per 1,000 years of exposure).

To date, most analyses of unwanted childbearing have used one of two approaches to the

problem. One is the direct approach, which

consists of a pregnamcy history containing a

series of parity-specific questions concerning

whether each pregnancy was wanted at the time

it occurred, was wanted but at a,later time, or

was not wanted at all. The other, indirect approach compares responses to questions on

desired and on either cumulative or expected

completed family size. Women who would like

to have fewer children than they expect to have

are classified as having excess or unwanted fertility, with the numericrd difference being an indicator of the number of unwanted births.

Neither the direct nor the indirect approach

is entirely satisfactory. Each has its uses and

limitations. The approach that compares desires

and expectations would seem preferable to the

pregnancy history approach for estimating the

demographic effects of programs designed to

help each person to not have more than the

number of children desired. This approach is not

conducive to calculating rates of unwanted

childbearing, however, unless the assumption is

made that family size desires remain constant

throughout reproductive life. To justify this

assumption would require longitudinal panel

data in which desired family size (among numerous variables) is measured at successive intervals,

perhaps begiming as early as the onset of marriage. This longitudinal perspective would also

permit an estimation of the effects, if any, of

number and timing failures upon subsequent

family size desires.

The pregnancy his tory approach was

adopted by analysts of the earlier fertility

studies, such as the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies. This approach seems particularly

suitable for estimating the extent to which persons have had more children than they wanted

or have had failures in timing. On the other

hand, it is not well suited for use with women

who have not completed their childbearing experience, and it does not permit estimation of

the extent to which persons are not having as

many children as they want to have. However,

one of its strengths is that it is amenable to

calculating rates of unwanted childbearing,

which greatly enriches the meaningfulness of

compmisons between population segments at

various time intervals.

Consideration should be given to the measurement of unwanted childbearing for husbands

as well as wives. Childbearing tends to be the

result of a complex pattern of interaction between husband and wife. To date, studies of

unwanted childbearing have been concentrated

on the experience of wives, largely ignoring

husbands. It is not known to what extent children reported as unwanted by the wives are also

unwanted by their husbands. The National Fertility Studies did ask wives to report their

husband’s desires concerning each birth, but

other research has indicated these reports and

perceptions to be relatively invalid indicators of

the husband’s own reports.g

11
Extent of Occurrence and Temporal Trends

Data from the National Natality Followback

Survey indicate that the proportion of legitimate births that are unwanted by the mother

declined from 12.7 percent in 1968 to 8.2 percent in 1972. In absolute terms, the numbers of

such births were about 40,5,000 and 234,000,

respectively, enough to account for a considerable portion of the population growth in the

United States that is attributable to reproductive

change (births minus deaths). Moreover, about

27 percent of the legitimate births surveyed in

each of these years were reported by the mother

as timing failures.8 National fertility surveys in

1965 and 1970 also had a substantial proportion

of women reporting an unwanted birth, although the rate (but not the number) of unwanted births declined substantially from the

1961-65 to the 1966-70 interval.G

Given the extent to which unwanted childbearing seemingly occurs, and given its potential

demographic and social implications, it seems essential to monitor the extent to which it occurs.

Both the National Natality Followback Survey

and the National Survey of Family Growth represent effective mechanisms for continuation of

this monitoring if the proper items are included.

Each should continue to collect data on unwanted childbearing, because each is collected

from a different population of women–the

former from women giving birth in a given year,

the latter from women in the childbearing ages

in a given year. Moreover, each survey also serves

a variety of other purposes.

The Current Population Survey also presents

a currently existing mode , of data collection

amenable to monitoring unwanted childbearing,

but its length “makes it hard to collect all of the

auxiliary data necessary to study unwanted

childbearing, and the population covered would

be similar to that for the National Survey of

Family Growth. However, consideration might

be given to the inclusion of occasional questions

on unwanted childbearing as a means of determining the validity and reliability of the items

appearing in the National Survey of Family

Growth. Because it already is centered around

fertility behavior, the June Current Population

Survey would seem the most appropriate time to

accomplish this.

To date, most estimates of the extent of

unwanted childbearing have been based on data

collected only from ever-married women.

Knowledge of the extent of unwanted fertility

among other women is incomplete. The assumption has been that almost all of these births

are unwanted. This may not be the case.10 The

National Natality Followback Survey would be

an especially appropriate means of collecting

information on the proportion of births that are

unwanted. At present, however, information on

the wontedness status of births is collected only

from the mothers of legitimate births. Until a

means is devised to collect data on the wontedness status of births to all unmarried women, it

will be difficult to establish accurately the full

national incidence of unwanted childbearing. In

the meantime, the National Survey of Family

Growth provides data on the wontedness status

of births to ever-married women and to nevermarried women whose children live with them.

Differentials

Data from the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies yield considerable insight into

major differentials in unwanted childbearing, as

will the data from the 1968, 1969, and 1972

National Natality Followback Surveys when

they are fully analyzed. The National Survey of

Family Growth will perform the same function.

When repeated at set intervals of time and on

comparable samples with comparable measurement instruments, these surveys can provide a

very effective mechanism for determining the

strength of various differentials and their change

over time and whether differentials in unwanted

childbearing contribute to overall differentials in

family size. However, a major need is to explain

the unwanted childbearing differentials themselves. To do this it is necessary to have insight

into the causes of unwanted childbearing, a

topic discussed next, and to bear in mind that

not all unwanted pregnancies result in unwanted

births.

Causes

The causes of unwanted fertility are very

incompletely known. Consequently, existing differentials in unwanted childbearing are not

adequately explained, and there is no secure

12
base of knowledge upon which to formulate

policies designed to minimize its occurrence.

The problem relates more to inadequate analysis

of existing data than to the absence of a proper

methodology.

Ryder and Westoff” have argued that the

number of unwanted births is the product of

two components.G One is the rate of unwanted

births (per 1,000 years of exposure to risk). This

would be primarily the result of failure to utilize

existing birth prevention techniques effectively.

The second component is the mean years of

exposure per woman, and it is affected by variations in the age at marriage, the timing and

spacing of wanted births, the duration of marriage, and the number of children desired. It

should be possible to disaggregate variations in

unwanted childbearing in such a way that they

can be explained in terms of their components

and relative weights can be assigned to each

element of each component. This would provide I

a much sounder ba;is for formulating policies [

aimed at reducing current levels of unwanted

childbearing. Another benefit would be much

richer insights into why certain segments of the

population are much more likely than others to

experience unwanted childbearing.

Another cause of unwanted childbearing lies I

in the extent to which husbands and wives do

not desire the same number of children. When

differences in desired family size exist, at least

three possibilities are present: a family size intermediate to each spouse’s desires, a family size

equal to the wife’s desires, or one equal to the

husband’s desires. In two of these outcomes, one

spouse will have more children than he or she

desires. Yet the causes of these births are quite

different from the causes of births that are the

result of failure to utilize existing birth prevention techniques properly and which occur in

families in which neither spouse wants more

children.

Implications

It is advisable to distinguish between demographic and social implications of unwanted

childbearing. One method of approaching the

demographic effects of unwanted childbearing is

to estimate the number of births that would occur if no unwanted births took place. Bumpass

and Westoff used this approach in analyzing the

1965 National Fertility Study data.11 However,

the value of their analyses is somewhat diminished by the absence of data on unwanted births

among unmarried females, a point raised earlier.

Moreover, this analysis pertained to number

failures only. Cutright estimates that 31 percent

of all white illegitimate births and 41 percent of

illegitimate births to all other persons would not

have been replaced by later legitimate births had

the illegitimate birth been avoided. 12 Cutright

also states that the effect of illegitimacy on a

period fertility rate for a given year will be

@eater than the effect on the ;omp~eted fertility

of the cohort.

The demographic implications of timing

failures are much more difficult to ascertain

than the implications of number failures are.

Timing failures have the potential to result in

changes in completed family size. As pointed

out earlier, timing failures may result in the

closure of certain patterns of behavior outside

the family (for women, alternative careers to

child rearing) and hence may result in a larger

family size than would otherwise be the case.

Likewise, timing failures may lead to a decreased

perception of personal efficacy and cause the

couple to believe there is little point in attempting to control the number and spacing of

their births. However, the preceding points are

largely conjectural, and a great deal of empirical

research is necessary before definitive statements

can be made. To deal with them adequately, we

need to know to what extent preferences and/or

strategies of timing and spacing of births exist,

to what extent these are stable, and whether

timing failures produce changes in the overall

plans. We also need to know whether women

tolerate timing failures more than number

failures. A longitudinal research design would

maximize the potential for information on these

matters.

Recommendations

1. Data on the number and timing of births

that occur to the various birth cohorts

and the extent to which these are

wanted should continue to be collected

in the Nat ions.1 Survey of Family

Growth and the National Natality Followback Survey.

13
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The

vey

National Natalitv Followback Sur-

.

should collect at regular intervals,

perhaps biennially, information on the

mothers’ marital and pregnancy histories.

Data on unwanted pregnancies and their

outcomes should be collected in the

National Survey of Family Growth from

all never-married as well as all evermarried women.

Longitudinal panel data should be collected in which family size desires and

expectations (among numerous variables) are measured at successive intervals, beginning soon after marriage. In

addition to permitting stu~les of the

stability of desires and expectations, this

would allow an estimation of the effects

of number and timing failures on subsequent family size desires and expectations.

Data on unplanned births should be collected from husbands as well as wives.

Data should be collected which allow a

determination of the extent to which

preferences and/or strategies of timing

and spacing of births exist, to what

extent these are stable, and whether

timing failures produce changes in the

overall plans.

Longitudinal “studies are needed in which

the personal, social, and health characteristics of children reported as wanted

are compared with children reported as

unwanted by parents with matching

socioeconomic and personality characteristics.

3. MARITAL PATTERNS IN RELATION TO

FERTILITY

Marital Fertility

In the United States in recent years close to

90 percent of all live births have been to married

couples. It follows that the age at which marriage begins and ends and the distribution of the

population according to marital status are of

14

fundamental importance in accounting for variations in natality.

Marital disruption and remarriage also have

important effects on fertility. This is especially

so given the rapidly rising rates of divorce and

remarriage. The relation between marital stability and fertility, moreover, is not one-sided.

Considerations should be given to the influence

of natality (in and out of marriage) on marital

dissolution and subsequent remarriage. In

general, there is a need to elucidate the interrelations of family formation, growth, and disruption.

Data sources. –Data and literature on the

relation between nuptiality and natality in the

United States are meager. One of the few pertinent analyses is contained in two chapters of the

American Public Health Association’s vital and

health statistics monograph entitled Trends and

Varz”ationsin Fertility in the United States, 1~

Except for data used in the discussion of the

fertility of birth cohorts, aJl data presented in

that report were collected in the decennial census and the Current Population Survey. Small

samples probably deterred use of nongovernmental survey data, and registration data have

been and still are inadequate for this purpose.

There are some main shortcomings of registration data. Many States are not in the marriage- and divorce-registration areas, and the information collected on registration forms regarding previous marital status and social and

economic characteristics is quite limited. Even if

these shortcomings did not exist, it would still

be necessary to either link marriage and birth

records—a difficult and expensive task—or, alternatively, to collect information about current

and previous marital status on the birth record.

Efforts to get on the birth certificate even the

date of latest marriage of the parents have so far

been unsuccessful.

Essentially, the registration system provides

information about events (marriages, divorces,

and annulments), not statuses. It reports for

each specified time period on a sample of the

population that is self-selected and not representative (those married in a given calendar year,

for example). Hence information about current

or previous marital status which can be generalized to the total population is not available. Information on the duration of marriage is also
I

not available from registration data nor are data

on the number and duration of the various possible statuses after a marriage has ended. Despite

their shortcomings, registration data offer certain advantages. Unlike retrospective census and

survey data, registration data are not dependent

on the accuracy of memory. (Informants may,

of course, provide mistaken or fake information,

as in censuses or surveys.) Registration data are

also not subject to another disadvantage of retrospective information—the loss of reports from

persons who have died or migrated since the

event surveyed occurred. (These losses may be

selective with respect to marital status and fertility.) Both census enumeration and vital registration may suffer from undercounts.

The 1955 and 1960 Growth of American

Families surveys obtained retrospective marital

and fertility histories, but the small sizes of

the samples–1,700 wives in 1955 and 3,300

wives in 1960—limit the potential for analyzing

the interrelations between natality and nuptiality. Similar histories were collected in the

larger 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Study

samples–5,600 wives in 1965, of whom 4,800

were under age 45, and 6,000 wives of similar

age in 1970. In 1965 about 800 wives aged

45-54 were also interviewed, and in 1970 information was also obtained from ever-married

‘women who were not currently married.

The first of the lperiodic series of National

Surveys of Family Growth was conducted by

NCHS in 1973. A larger number of women,

about 10,000 under age 45, were in this sample

than in the National Fertility Study sample. The

NSFG sampling included ever-married women as

well an never-married mothers with children of

their own in the household. An important innovation was the substantially larger number

of black women (about 13,600) included in the

1973 sample as compared with previous surveys.

In 1977 a public-use data tape is expected to

make the detailed marital and fertility history

‘information gathered in this survey available for

analysis. In the future, the interval between the

end of fieldwork and the release of the publicuse data tape should not exceed 2 years.

Several Current Population Surveys have collected marital and fertility histories which, while

not as detailed as those gathered in the surveys

described above, nevertheless permit identification of almost all of the events in the process of

family formation, growth, and disruption for almost all of the ever-married population in relatively large samples. In June 1971 the CPS obtained information on the number of times married (up to three or more), the dates (month and

year) of the beginning and end of each marriage,

whether the first marriage ended by the death of

the spouse, the date of the latest marriage, and

current maital status. In addition, the dates of

birth of the first, second, third, fourth, and most

recent child were obtained. (Birth dates of the

fifth up to and including the next to Iast child

were estimated by linear interpolation.) The

June 1975 CPS collected similar data, as did the

CPS surveys in August 1959 and June 1965 and

the February-March 1967 Survey of Economic

Opportunity.1 4-17

The more detailed information available in

the National Survey of Family Growth would

make it preferable to the CPS, but the latter’s

larger sample size is a definite attraction. The

June 1975 CPS included 19,500 ever-married

women aged 15-44 years, while there were 9,151

women of comparable marital status and age in

the 11973 NSFG sample. In addition, the CPS

sample, unfike that of the NSFG, is not restricted to women in the childbearing ages (15-44).

Hence the large number of ever-married women

45 years of age or more can be included in analyses of CPS, but not NSFG, data.

An important reason for stressing sample

size is that a large sample is needed for the study

of all but first marriages. This is because about

80-85 percent of the ever-married population in

the United States is currently in a first marriage.

h order to compare fertility in first marriages to

that in remarriages, as well as to study the effect

of marital disruption on fertility, the number of

ever-married women in the sample who are no

longer in their first marriage needs to be large.

This is especially the case given the need to control for current age and either age at marriage or

duration of marriage and the need to study the

natality-nuptiality interrelation in major sectors

of the population (rural and urban, upper and

lower socioeconomic groups, for example).

With all these surveys, and more to come,

the possibility exists of comparing the findings

from each survey concerning the patterns of

family formation, growth, and dissolution. Such

15
a comparison would permit an answer to at least

two questions: (1) what is the relative reliability

of the data obtained in each of these surveys?

and (2) how much and what kind of change has

occurred in these patterns? If there were only

two surveys to compare, it would be difficult to

detect whether differences between them were

due to a substantive change in behavior or to

differences in reliability of the surveys. While

this would also be true if there were little agreement among a larger number of surveys, with a

larger number the possibility exists that certain

patterns would appear consistently in ,most, if

not all, of the surveys. These patterns could provide a basis for judging trends and the extent

and nature of pattern deviations observable in

any of the surveys.

The largest samples by far are in the decennial census. These are the only samples large

enough to permit analysis of relatively small

areas (States and large metropolitan areas) or of

small population categories (Puerto Ricans,

American Indians, persons of Asian descent,

etc.). The decennial enumeration, however, has

been limited in how much information it can

obtain on any one topic. In addition to direct

information on cumulative fertility (i.e., number

of children ever born to a person) and indirect

information used to estimate current fertility

(i.e., number of own children in the household

and their birth dates—year and quarter), the censuses have asked for current marital status, date

of first marriage, whether married more than

once, and, in the 1970 census only, whether the

first marriage ended because of the death of the

spouse. In the 1950 census information was obtained on years in present marital status. The

marital history which can be constructed from

this information is quite limited. Yet, both alone

and in conjunction with the natality data, the

marital data have been useful.

The most detailed census data dealing with

the natality-nuptifllty interrelation come from

the 1970 census. The 1970 Subject Report

PC(2)-3A, Women by Number of Children Ever

Born, relates cumulative fertility to age at first

marriage, year of first marriage by age at marriage, years since first ma.n-iage,difference in age

of husband and wife, age of husband by age of

wife, and whether or not the spouse had been

previously widowed or divorced. The subject report on child spacing and current fertility provides a large variety of fertility measures, as well

as first-marriage rates, in relation to age at first

marriage, whether married more than once, current marital status, difference in spouses’ ages,

marriage cohort of woman, and interval since

first marriage. In the preparation of that report,

a procedure was developed to estimate the birth

dates of own children not present in the household. The main aims are to construct patterns of

family building for birth cohorts of women from

1920 to 1954 and for first-marriage cohorts of

women from 1950 through 1969 and to construct birth rates for periods from 1955 to 1969.

In addition to the printed report, there is a special public-use data tape which provides recodes

especially useful for the study of fertility.

Data Needs and Potential Sources

Fertility surveys. –As noted above, the

Growth of American Families surveys, the two

National Fertility Studies (NFS), and the National Survey of Family Growth sought to ascertain the dates of all pertinent events in the

respondents’ marital and fertility histories.

These sources, then, provide opportunities

(within the limits of the quality of the data and

the sample size) for more detaiIed analyses of

the interrelation between natality and nuptiality

than are provided by the Current Population

Surveys and the decennial cerxus.

Two recent analyses, by Cohen and Sweet18

and by Thornton, 19 have used the 1965 and

1970 NFS data to study the impact of the disruption of a first marriage and of remarriage on

fertility. Though inconclusive for various reasons, including the retrospective nature of the

data used, these studies provide some information on a complex relationship which has received little attention so far. Given the steady

increase in divorce and remarriage, there is a

high-priority need for further studies using more

suitable data.

A prospective research design would, in principle,be desirable, but it is not feasible except

for analyses limited to relatively short spans

because of the long intervals the respondents

would have to be followed. Unlike the 1965 survey (but like that of 1970) it would be desirable’

to include all ever-married women in the sample,

16
not just those currently married. This would

avoid the bias inherent in studying marital disruption only among the currently remarried. A

larger sample size would also be helpful. If large

enough, it would allow for more intergroup

comparisons than that between blacks and

whites in the two studies cited. It might also

permit more reliable conclusions to be drawn.

Small numbers are evident in parts of the analysis of Cohen and Sweet and throughout

Thornton’s analysis. Also, given the considerable

changes in nuptiality and natality during the

past 50 years or so, a very large sample would be

particularly valuable in permitting the analysis

to be conducted for separate cohorts (preferably

of intervals of 5 years but no greater than 10

years) and to include older cohorts than those

sampled in the 1965 and 1970 surveys.

Using a subsample of the National Survey of

Family Growth as a panel to be reinterviewed

over time would provide prospective family history data. The histories obtained in the first interview would need only to be updated subsequently, requiring little interviewing time in

second and later cycles. If this were done and

retrospective histories were also obtained in future cycles of the NSFG from the nonpanel subsample, a rare opportunity would be available to

compare retrospective and prospective data:

Cuwent Population Surveys.–The Current

Population Surveys described above have not

collected as much detail on respondents’ family

history as the surveys just discussed, but what

they have obtained has much the same analytic

potential as these surveys have and considerably

more than the decennial censuses have. The marital history information available permits construction of a dated sequence of marital status

changes up to and including the end of’ the

second marriage, except for intervening intervals

of separation, for those who have been married

no more than twice. This may encompass about

98 percent of the ever-married population, with

the figure being greater among those currently

of reproductive age than among those older. The

others (those married three or more times) can

be identified, and the dates of their latest marriage as well as the beginning of their current

marital status if not presently married are available. A deduction for this latter group is that

there have been two or more intervening marriages which ended, but the sequence of marital

status changes and their dates cannot be ascertained.

Natality information collected in the June

CPS includes the total number of births, with

the dates of the first three or four and of

the last one or two. With interpolation, a

fairly accurate history for at least the first six

births can be obtained. Thus, fairly detailed, interrelated marital and fertility histories would be

available for over 95 percent of alI ever-married

women, the percentage being inversely related to

increasing age of women because of the increasing risk of having more than six births or of

being married more than twice.

The pubIished reports of these CPS’S provide

considerable detail on the relationship between

natality and nuptiality, but the analytic potential of the surveys exceeds what has been done in

the reports. Since these surveys provide the

largest samples available, the pubIic-use data

tap es are part icukrly valuable and their

widespread use is encouraged.

An important innovation of the June 1975

CPS is that never-married, separated, and divorced women aged 18-29years, along with currently married women 14-39 years of age, were

asked how many children they expected to have.

With the trend toward delayed marriage, it

would be desirable in future surveys to also ask

the currently unmarried whether they expect to

marry and, if so, when.

More ambitiously, a panel study of single

women, perhaps from the NSFG, could be selected. If the study covered a long enough period it

would” provide valuable data on the degree of

congruence between premarital expectations

with respect to marriage and childbearing and

actual family histories. Such information might

enable data on the expectations of single women

to be used in fertility projections. Since a large

fraction of births in, say, a 5-year period occur

to young women who were single at the beginning of that period, evidence of the usefulness of

data on the birth expectations of these women

would be quite important.

Decennial censuses. –It was noted above that

fertility histories can be reconstructed fairly accurately from data from the decennial censuses.

Much less adequate, however, is the information

on marital history. From what was asked in the

17
1970 census it is possible to distinguish among

people never married, those in intact first marriages, those whose first marriages were disrupted and who have not remarried, those in

intact remarriages, and those whose remarriages

were disrupted. (Which remarriage it is—first,

second, third, etc.—was not ascertained.) However, except for the date of first marriage, the

dates of the changes in marital status are not

provided. It would be desirable, therefore, to obtain more information about this chronology.

The distribution of the ever-married population according to current marital status provides

a basis for assigning priority to the additional

questions desirable. Given that the vast majority

of ever-married men and women (around 80-85

percent) are in intact first marriages, the date of

first marriage-a question asked in a number of

censuses—deserves the highest priority. Next priority would be given to the date of the end of

the first marriage, since there are obviously more

who have ended a first marriage than who have

gone on to remmy. This is especially important

because about 15-20 percent of the ever-married

are no longer in an intact first marriage. (In the

1970 census, only how the first marriage

ended—death or, by implication, divorce—was

ascertained.) The next question in order of priority would be on the date of the start of the

second marriage. Data from the June 1971 CPS

indicate that more than half of the people ever

remarried are in current second marriages.

What is known about the distribution of current marital status indicates that about 90 percent of the ever-married could be accounted for

with a marital history chronology through the

date of the start of the second marriage. The

percentage accounted for, however, seems to

vary inversely with age, so among older evermarried men and women it could be considerably less than 90 percent. For this reason, it

would be desirable to obtain the date of the end

of the second marriage. Carrying the chronology

that far would leave only a small percentage of

the ever-mamied-perhaps no more than 5 percent, even among the older cohorts—for whom a

complete marital record would not be available.

In summary, the three most important questions to add to the decennial censuses are date

first marriage ended, date second marriage began, and date second marriage ended. As mentioned above, asking when the first marriage

ended, even if no additional question were

asked, would add much to the marital history

record; asking also when the second marriage began would be even more valuable. If the trend of

rising divorce and remarriage continues, such information will become increasingly important.

On balance, considering the need for and value

of the addkional information versus the difficulty of lengthening the census questionnaire, a reasonable compromise would be adding the two

questions about when the first marriage ended

and the second began.

In this discussion, the reference to “additional” questions means that all the family history information gathered in 1970 (number of

children ever born, birth dates of own children

in the household, age at first marriage, whether

the first marriage ended with the death of the

spouse, and current marital status) should continue to be collected in the future. One other

question asked in 1970–whether married once

or more than once—should be kept in spirit but

revised in formulation. As in the CPS, the decennial enumeration should have a question on how

many times the respondent has been married

(once, twice, or three or more times). This

formulation provides the ability to distinguish

those married twice from those married at least

three times (not possible now with decennial

census data). If it becomes clear that the number

of persons married three or more times is large

enough to warrant separate consideration, three

marriages can be distinguished from four or

more.

Another feature of the 1970 census which is

important to retain is the provision of a very

large public-use sample data tape, In 1970, six

different data tapes were made available, each

containing data on 1 percent of the persons and

housing units enumerated. Only three of these

contained marital history information. But even

if only one of these three were used (the choice

depending on the geographic detail desired), the

sample would still contain about 2,000,000 persons in approximately 650,000 households. A

single 1-percent 1970 census sample is almost 12

times larger than the sample of approximately

55,000 households on which information is obtained in the CPS.

Aside from surveys focused on particular

18
subpopulations, there is no source which permits

the examination of family history dynamics for

such relatively small population categories as

ethnic groups, e.g., people of Mexican birth or

descent and American Indians. The fertility of a

number of these ethnic populations is quite

high. It may also be that such a large sample as

in a decennial census is needed to study these

dynamics on a detailed (marriage and birth) cohort basis. For these reasons, it is important that

the public-use data tape for the 1980 census

continue to be a l-percent sample.

Premarital Pregnancy

and IIlegitimacyb

Although most births occur to married women, significant proportions are “illegitimate”

or premaritally conceived. The number of such

births is sufficiently large to have an impact on

our national rate of population growth. Indeed,

illegitimate births in 1974 are estimated to number over 418,000, and they represent 13 percent

of all live births that year. Moreover, according

to data for 1972 from the National Natality

Followback Survey, about 16 percent of all legitimate first births occurred within 8 months

after marriage.

Since failure to control the timing of the

first pregnancy contributes to premature marriage and to illegitimacy, if all first births were

,planned the incidence of both illegitimacy and

hasty marriages presumably would be reduced.

Thus for many women, planned timing of the

first birth would result in alater age at marriage

and motherhood. By precipitating marriage, premarital conceptions lower the average age at

marriage and thus, ceteris paribus, the mean age

at childbearing, Moreover, there is some evidence that premarital conceptions are associated

with diminished economic opportunities because

of early termination of education and assumption of family financial responsibilities.z 0 However, some of these effects may be more shortrun than Iongrun phenomena. It is not known

what proportion of these women might-had

they postponed pregnancy somewhat longer—

bThc terra “ikgitimacy” is briefly discussed in

footnote a on page1.

have developed less of a familial role orientation

and perhaps-have chosen to remain single and/or

childless permanently.

Cutright reports that mothers whose first

child was conceived before marriage had more

children than mothers whose first child was conceived after marriage;Z1 Freedman and Coombs

report that the 20 percent of their sample who

were premtitally pregnant had their subsequent

children in a shorter time span than others

did.z O The evidence suggests that most live

births resulting from a premarital pregnancy represent timing rather than number failures.

Data on premarital pregnancy. –Existing

sources of data are of limited usefulness in establishing the incidence of premarital pregnancy,

factors associated with it, and the long-range

consequences. At the present time there are several major mechanisms that have the potential

for collecting such data.

The Current Population Survey conducted

by the Bureau of the Census has occasionally

included retrospective data on the interval between marriage and birth. For total births, irrespective of birth order, the intervals since first

marriage which are specified &-e: “before marriage,“ “6 months,” and “9 months. ” The last is

not helpful in identifying premarital pregnancies, and the first two provide only partial information. More useful is the greater detail supplied

for first births: in addition to “before marriage,”

the intervals are reported for each month from

the 5th to the 8th. (The report of the 1959 data,

however, omits “5 months” and “before marriage” in reporting on first births, and “6

months” when dezding with total births.) These

data are reported by year of first marriage crossclassified by color and by social and economic

characteristics.1s Hence, they provide one basis

for estimating trends in the incidence of premarital pregnancy and in the relative number of

births conceived prior to marriage, differentiated

by color and by social and economic status. In

addition to sampling error, these data are subject

to variation from one survey to the next because

the ,compositions of the marriage cohorts are influenced by mortality and migration. It is not

surprising, therefore, that rates for comparable

cohorts are not the same in the various reports.

In some cases the differences are substantial. Although one cannot expect great precision from

19
these data, persistent trends and pronounced differentials are expected to be consistent from

one set of survey data to the next.

The National Survey of Family Growth, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, is the most recent Government-sponsored

survey to collect data on date of marriage and

date of first birth. Information from various natality followback surveys, also conducted by

NCHS, permits calculation of the interval in

months between marriage and first birth. With

the exception of the National Natality

Followback Survey, these sources of data cti be

useful in understanding the causes underlying

and explanatory variables associated with premarital pregnancy. Because of the necessary

brevity of the mailed questionnaire, followback

survey data are of limited utility for this purpose. If data in the National. Natality

Followback Survey were collected at regular intervals, however, this survey would be a useful

mechanism for monitoring trends in the incidence of premarital pregnancies that result in a

live legitimate birth.

There have been several privately conducted

survey research operations involving local and

even national samples. Some have combined record linkage with questionnaires. Financing for

these surveys has become increasingly difficult

to obtain. In the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity, data on birth intervals were obtained

which permit an estimate of the incidence of

premarital pregnancy and a limited assessment

of some of its long-term effects.l 7

None of the data sources’ are completely adequate for estimating the incidence of premarital

pregnancy and/or any secular trends that might

be present. Most take place at irregular intervals.

In addition, ‘tith the excep}ion of the Survey of

Economic Opportunity, Government-sponsored

surveys have tended to be restricted to married

women, while privately conducted surveys tend

to be restricted in terms of age groups or geographic coverage, which limits the generalizations that can be made from the data. Moreover, these sources of data miss premarital pregnancies that do not result in a live birth. What is

needed is a method of collecting data on the

relative frequency of the various outcomes of

nonmarital conception, which are:

1. live birth

a. legitimate

b. illegitimate

2. pregnancy termination

a. spontaneous

b. induced

Viewed from the perspective of population

growth, the most relevant outcome of a premarital pregnancy is a live birth.

There are sever+ questions about nonmarital

pregnancy to which the answers are imperfectly

understood. They are listed below, not necessarily in the order of their perceived importance.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

What distinguishes women whose nonmarital pregnancies result in live births

from those whose nonmarital pregnancies do not?

What .distin~ishes women whose nonmarital pregnancies lead to marriage

from those whose nonmarital pregnancies result in illegitimate live births?

What is the association between premarital pregnancy and age at marriage?

What is the association between premmital pregnancy and completed family

size?

Is premarital pregnancy associated with

higher infant and child mortality than

other births of the same parity that were

conceived after marriage?

What are the consequences of a memar- -.

ital pregnancy in terms of the socioeconomic development personal satisfaction, and marital adjustment of the parents?

One problem is identification of persons

who have had a live birth as a result of premarital pregnancy. Ordinady, probability samples

of women in the reproductive ages do not contain a large enough number of cases of premarital pregnancy to permit the types of detailed

analyses necessary to answer the questions

shown above. One way to solve this problem

would be to stratify the sample according to

whether or not women conceived premaritally.

This could be done either through record

linkage-problematic in many cases-or through
a mechanism such as the Natality Followback

Survey, in which date of marriage as well as date

of first birth are ascertained. It would allow

cross-sectional examination of differences between the two groups with respect to the variables being examined and could be complemented by a longitudinal design in which a subsample, of women—matched on key variables—

would be reinterviewed at 5-year intervals until

they passed through the reproductive years. The

longitudinal feature would be very expensive,

but it would provide some very useful data that

cannot be obtained cross-sectionally.

Data on illegitimacy. –At the present time

there are two major sources of data on illegitimacy available:

1.

2.

vital statistics. Annual natality statistics,

published by the National Center for

Health Statistics, are based on information reported on birth certificates

in 38 States and the District of Columbia. In addition to publishing these data

in annual volumes of Vital Statistics of

the United States and in the Monthly Vital Statistics Report series, NCHS also

uses them in preparing special reports.

This provides reliable and fairly valid annual estimates of the number of illegitimate births but does not yield much information concerning the characteristics

of the parents or other variables associated with the birth.

Special studies. Research conducted privately in which survey data are utilized,

occasionally combined with information

obtained by access to official records,

is a much richer source of information

than data collected from birth certificates are, Data generated by special studies are usually not comparable; hence,

they are rarely helpful in establishing

and studying temporal trends.

There are several needs for additional data

collection and processing which can be met by

adaptation of existing systems.

Efforts should be made by NCHS to expand

its coverage of annual natality statistics to all

States. Until all States provide information on

out-of-wedlock births, estimates for the nonreporting States should continue to be made,

although NCHS might consider revising its estimating procedures. (See Cutrightl 2 and Sklar

and Berkov22 for differing positions regarding

this latter point.)

At present, illegitimacy rates can be computed by age and race at the national Ievel only.

Reporting ordy the number of illegitimate births

or the illegitimacy ratio (number of illegitimate

births per 1,000 total births) poses severe analytical problems when making comparisons between segments of the population. Emphasis

should be placed on the computation of illegitimacy rates (number of illegitimate births per

1,000 unmarried women) whenever possible. It

is, of course, difficult to obtain or estimate the

number of unmarried women of specified characteristics for subnational populations or localities in intercensal years.

Recommendations

1.

2.

Obtain complete coverage of all States in

marriage- and divorce-registration statistics. Acquisition of information on the

national incidence of mamiage and divorce, particularly the latter, continues

to be handicapped by the incompleteness

of the marriage- and divorce-registration

areas. Progress has been SIOW,but at

least it has occurred. Continued efforts

need to be made to persuade all States

to join the marriage-registration area and

the divorce-registration area. There are

now 41 States and the District of Columbia in the marriage-registration area.

A concerted effort is needed to bring in

the other nine States.

Reduce delays in dissemination of National Survey of Family Growth and

Current Population Survey reports and

tapes. The valuable marital and fertility

history data gathered in the 1973 and

1976 NSFG and in the 1971 and 1975

June Current Population Surveys should

be made available to the public in both

printed and computer-readable formats.

There should be a minimum of delay in

producing reports and public-use sam21
pies, and the latter should be made available in a format or formats attractive to

most users at a price low enough to encourage widespread use.

3. Follow up panels from the NSFG. The

limitations of retrospective data can be

overcome through the use of a prospective design. NCHS is urged to select part

of its NSFG sample as a panel to be interviewed repeatedly. The panel could be

a representative probability sample of

U.S. women of specified characteristics.

This would open up many substantive

analytic possibilities, some of which have

been indicated above, and also make it

possible to compare patterns of change

based on prospective data with those derived from retrospective reports. Such a

comparison would provide a valuable

and rarely available check on the quality

of the retrospective data.

4. Include single women in the CPS and

N SFG. Young never-married women

should be asked at least some questions

about marriage and fertility, e.g., their

desires and expectations with respect to

marriage and the timing and number of

births. These questions do not seem offensive, and they provide valuable information. They have just begun to be

asked in the CPS, and more information

should be sought. In addition, single

women should be included in future

NSF’G samples.

5. Ask “number of times married” in the

decennial census. In the 1980 decennial

census of population th’e Census Bureau

should substitute a question on the number of times married for the query on

whether married once or more than

once. Questions on cu~ent marital status, date of first marriage, and whether

the first marriage ended with the

spouse’s death should be kept as in the

5-percent sample of households in 1970.

6. Ask in the decennial census the dates

first and second marriages began and

ended. The Census Bureau is urged to

obtain additional information, as applicable, on when the first and second marriage ended and how the second marriage

ended, as well as on the date the second

marriage began. If it would be too impractical to include all of these questions

in a 5-percent sample, consideration

should be given to getting this information from a smaller sample, or asking

only some of the questions, with priority

given to the dates of end of first marriage, start of the second, and end of the

second, in that order.

7. Collect more data on women with premarital pregnancies. Consideration

should be given to longitudinal studies in

which matched samples of women who

conceive premaritally and those who do

not tie monitored and data are collected

on family size, birth intervals, socioeconomic characteristics, infant and child

mortality, marital adjustment, and personal satisfaction.

8. Obtain complete coverage of all States

for illegitimacy statistics. Efforts should

be made to expand the coverage of annual statistics on illegitimacy to all States.

Meanwhile, NCHS should review the adequacy of its procedures for estimating illegitimacy in nonreporting States.

4. FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, THE

STATUS OF WOMEN, AND CHILD CARE

Introduction

Previous sections of this report have indicated data needs with respect to family formation and dissolution, wanted and unwanted

childbearing patterns, premarital pregnancy, and

illegitimacy. This implies needs for data on the

status of women as well. The increase in the

proportion of households with female heads reflects trends like the increasing rates of divorce

and of participation of women in the labor

force.

The labor force participation of American

women has been increasing steadily over past

decades. In 1940, 27 percent of women aged 16

22
and over were in the labor force; by 1970, the

percentage had risen to 42.28 The increases continued during the early 19 70’s, and by 1974 it

was estimated that 46 percent of all women aged

16 and over were in the labor force.zq

In general, women in the labor force have

lower fertility than those not in the labor force.

This relationship raises many questions of interest. To what extent has the recent decline in

fertility been related to the greater participation

of women in the labor force? Will the negative

relationship between female employment and

fertility continue as increasing proportions of

women enter the labor force and working

women become a less selective group and more

like the general population? To answer these and

other relevant questions, it is necessary to gain a

thorough understanding of the relationship between female employment and fertility.

A major problem in understanding this relationship is determining the causal linkages. Do

women work because they have fewer children

or do they have fewer children because they

work and want or have to continue working? It

is difficult to assess the extent of influence in

each direction or how this relationship may

change over the reproductive span. Data establishing the relationship between female employment and fertility generally refer to one point in

time: a woman’s current or past work experience in relation to her cumulative fertility

(children ever born). Studies of change over time

typically are based on cros’s-sectional comparisons rather than longitudinal observations of the

same group of women; this limits our knowledge

of the sequence of events. Employment histories

and retrospective attitudinal questions are helpful in documenting this sequence but subject to

recall error. Some studies have analyzed work

experience (past or current) in relation to expected fertility, the assumption being that fertility expectations are valid projections of future

behavior. While there is some support for this

assumption on an aggregate basis, panel data indicate that both individual fertility expectations

and family size desires change considerably over

timeo25, 26

The growing labor force participation of

women with preschool children suggests that

whatever the effect of female labor force participation on fertility, having young children is

becoming less of a deterrent for women who

wish or need to work. Between 1950 and 1970,

the percent in the labor force of ever-married

mothers with children under 6 years of age increased from 12 to 31; considering only mothers

with children under age 3, the percent in 1970

WaS 27.2s The issue of child Cme, as we sh~l

discuss shortly, is relevant to the study of female

employment and fertility.

The increased participation over past

decades of women in the labor force (especially

young mothers) and their higher educational attainment are evidence of change in the roles of

women outside the family. To what extent does

this correspond to changes in women’s status?

How does the status of women relate to fertility ?

The answer in part depends on how the

status of women is defined. If the status of

women is considered to be derived from their

husbands, then we need to consider changes in

the socioeconomic characteristics of husbands

only, although this ignores nonmarried women.

The status of women may also be defined in

terms of the participation of women relative to

men in roles both inside and outside the home.

The extent to which men care for children as

well as the extent to which women work outside

the home become relevant considerations. It is

this definition of status that will be examined in

this section.

It is generally hypothesized that as women

gain equality with men, their fertility will decline. The converse relationship also has been

proposed: by having fewer children, women can

enhance their position relative to men. These are

speculations that cannot be explored without

comparable data for men and women. For married couples, comparisons between spouses are

also needed. Federal sources of data focus on

the nonfamilial activities of men and, to a lesser

extent, women. We know relatively little on a

national level about the division of labor within

the home in relation to female participation outside the home. Yet the status of women outside

the family is undoubtedly affected by their

status within the family. Women are unable to

participate equally with men in activities outside

the home insofar as they bear children and are

the persons primarily responsible for child

rearing and the performance of household

23
chores. Accordingly, the status of women outside the family may be enhanced if women have

fewer children, and/or if men assume greater responsibility for child care and household tasks

within the family, and/or if arrangements are

made for nonparents to care for the children and

perhaps also the household.

Clearly, the status of women and child care

are related policy issues. Not only may the enhancement of women’s status lower fertility and

thus reduce the need for child care, but child

care by others may lower subsequent fertility by

enabling women to participate more fully in

roles outside the family. A contrasting view is

that shifting child care responsibilities away

from the mother (during the time she is outside

the home) may increase fertility because the

burden of having children is reduced. These

hypotheses remain to be tested. Indeed, the

hypothesis that the status of women relative to

men affects fertility has not been fully explored.

It is of special importance from a policy

perspective to evaluate the recent fertility decline in relation to both the changing status of

women and to the rise in the proportion of

employed women with preschool-aged children.

To what extent are Federal data available

that may serve to clarify the issues raised above?

What kinds of data need to be collected? These

questions will be considered separately for

female employment, the status of women, and

child care.

Female Employment

and Fertility

Data sources, –On a national level, the main

sources of published data on female employment and fertility are the decennial censuses and

the Current Population Survey. The National

Survey of Family Growth, begun by the National Center for Health Statistics in 1973, also provides data of this type.

The decennial census obtains information on

the number of children ever born and relates this

to current labor force status, previous labor

force status (the year preceding the census), and

whether employment was part time or full time.

Neither information on previous labor force

status nor information on children ever born is

collected in the form of histories—that is, with

specific birth or labor force intervals specified.

Work disability (including the length of disability) is cross-tabulated by number of children

ever born.

In the census the number and age of own

children are also cross-tabulated with labor force

status, including whether employment is part

time or full time. Information on the number of

hours worked is available for women with a

child under 6 as well as for categories of women

with older children. The number of weeks

worked in the year prior to the census (1969) is

also cross-tabulated by the presence and age of

own children, with children under age 6 being

the youngest category. The only published

census tabulations that relate detailed occupation (not simply labor force status) to number

of children ever born is for women 35 to 44

years old–that is, women who are nearing the

end of the reproductive span. Public-use data

tapes from the census are available for more

specific analyses.

The CPS provides data annually on number

of children ever born by the labor force status of

women. Some of the tabulations distinguish

part -t ime from full-time employment. The

number of months since the birth of the latest

child (or since marriage, if childless) is crosstabulated by labor force status annually. Also

available for 1972 are the number of births to

date and additional births expected (for wives

aged 14 to 39) by labor force status. Public-use

tapes from the CPS can be made available at the

cost of reproducing the tapes.

The birth records of the vital registration

system do not include information on labor

force status. NCHS, however, does collect in its

NSFG a substantial amount of data on the labor

force and fertility histories of ever-married

women, including employment during specific

birth intervals and their future work and fertility

expectations. The study design is cross-sectional,

but intercohort comparisons would provide

some estimates of change over time and can be

obtained from this data source; public-use data

tapes from the NSFG will be made available to

investigateors.

In the National Natality Followback Survey

of women who had legitimate births in 1963

24
specific questions were asked on employment

during pregnancy.z 7 The analyses considered,

among other variables, the trimester of pregnancy and the number of previous live births.

This source provides data on the employment of

women at a specific reproductive phase of their

lives (pregnancy) and on the relevance of prior

fertility to the employment-fertility relationship.

Data needs, –The decennial census and the

CPS would be more reveahg of the process

whereby female employment is related to fertility if both variables were measured with greater

specificity. In particular, there is a lack of data

indicating how the timing of births is related to

the timing of employment. As previously noted,

a better understanding of the sequence of events

is needed. The NSFG could provide such data on

a longitudinal as well as a cross-sectional basis if

a panel design were adopted.

Other specific data needs on female employment and fertility at the national level are the

total number of years worked, the last year

worked, and (for those not currently employed)

the number and age of children when last

worked. The data collected from the decennial

census and the CPS should be sufficiently comparable that intercensal measures of the relationship between female employment and fertility

are available.

Status of Women and Fertility

Data sources. –Data on the activities of men

and women outside the home have traditionally

be collected by the Government, particularly by

the Census Bureau. From Census Bureau data,

the following are indicators of the nonfamilial

roles of student and worker: school enrollment,

educational attainment, labor force status, occup ational status, and income. TO varying

extents data are available for each sex relating

these variables to fertility. The data are available

in two forms: data tapes and published tables.

Data tapes provide the potential for a more detailed analysis than exists in the published form.

A review of numerous Government documents revealed the following:

1. School enrollment. Cross-sectional data

are available on college enrollment of

persons aged 16 to 49 classified by sex

and by the presence of children under 18

years old. Age breakdowns of enrolled

persons are also available.

2. Educational attainment. Cross-sectional

and cohort data are available from the

decennial census and the CPS which relate years of school completed by

women to number of children ever born,

presence of preschool-age children, and

birth intervals. Tables vary as to whether

they include all women, ever-married

women, or currently married women.

The age range falls within the span of 15

to 49 years old. Generally, breakdowns

by age are provided. Comparable data

for men do not exist except for husbands

of women aged 35 to 44 who have been

married once and whose husband is present in the household. The birth records

from the vital registration system include

data on the educational attainment of

the child’s mother and father separately

(although information on the father is

often absent if the mother is unmarried).

The reporting of educational attainment

is not, however, complete for all States.

While “mother’s education is crosstabulated by such variables as mean

interval since last birth and age of

mother, this is not done for father’s education. For further discussion of data on

education and fertility, see the following

section of this report, “Social and Economic Correlates of Fertility. ”

3. -Labor force status. Cross-sectional data

from both the decennial census and the

CPS relate the labor force status of

women to the number of children ever

born and the ages of those children. The

ages of women range from 14 to 64, and

age breakdowns are available. Comparable data for men do not exist except

for husbands of women 15 and older

who are married and whose husband is

present in the household.

4. Occupational status. The decenniaI census and the CPS offer cross-sectional

25
data relating the occupational status of

women to number of children ever born

but only for ever-married women aged

35 to 44. The data are somewhat more

extensive for men and relate occupational status of employed husbands (present in the household) to number of

children ever born to their wives; the age

span for the wives (age 15 and over) is

broken down by 5-year intervals, but

this breakdown is not given by the ages

of their husbands. The occupational

status of heads of families (male and female heads are distinguished) is crosstabulated with the presence of children

by age of head of family. Age breakdowns are more detailed for male heads

than for female heads.

5. Income. The decennial census and the

CPS provide cross-sectional and cohort

data on family income and husband’s income in relation to number of children

ever born, ages of children, and birth

intervals. Classifications of these data by

age of wife are provided within the

broad range of 15 years and over. For

husband-wife famiIies, the earnings of

wives are cross-tabulated by age category

of husband and age categories of children. Cross-sectional data are also available for family income of heads of

households by number of own children

under 18. Such tables provide comparable data for female heads of households and male heads who are not in

husband-wife families, and they are

broken down into broad age categories.

Data needs. –Generally, cumulative measures

of fertility (e.g., number of children ever born)

relate fertility to the activities of women (and,

to a lesser extent, of men) outside the family.

The timing of fertility in relation to nonfamilia.1

role behavior cannot be clearly assessed from

these data for either women or men. Cohort fertility data which associate birth intervals with

marriage and with nonfamilial roles are limited

to women. To investigate the differential effect

of nonfamilial roles on the fertility of men and

women and the effect of fertility on these roles,

comparable data for men are needed. As previously noted, there is a need to develop

measures which more specifically relate the

timing of births to the timing of nonfamilial activities, taking into account cumulative experience (e.g., number of years worked). The

analyses of such data would provide some understanding of the process by which differences

between men and women emerge with respect to

the relationships between nonfamilial roles and

fertility.

Additional tabulations from data now available would fill some gaps in knowledge. Tabulations for men similar to those available for

women are needed for the indicators of status

like items 1 to 5 mentioned above; comparisons

between spouses would be especially revealing.

Data are needed on the occupational status of

unmarried (including never-married) women and

men by fertility of different age groups. Data on

the separate incomes of women and men in the

labor force are needed for cross-tabulations with

the number and ages of children. Such data are

especially important in the context of the cost

of child-care arrangements for working peopIe.

Child Care and Fertility

Data sources. –Government sources of data

that consider both child-care arrangements and

fertility are limited. The prime source is the

National Survey of Family Growth, which in

1973 asked employed women the kind of childcare arrangements they had, if any, and the

extent of use. These data could be analyzed in

relation to fertility and fertility desires to obtain

a cross-sectional view of the association.

There have been several indepth analyses of

the child-care arrangements of working mothers.

The focus of these studies, however, has been on

how children are cared for, not the effect of

child care on fertility. Such studies include a

Census Bureau survey in 1958 conducted for the

Children’s Bureau.2S Supplementary questions

regarding child care were added to the CPS of

February 1965, and an extensive analysis was

published by the Women’s Bureau and the Children’s Bureau under the authorship of Low and

Spindler.29 More recently, the CPS of October

1974 included questions on the after-school care

of children 7 to 13 years old, and the February

26
1975 CPS focused on the care of children 3 to 6

years old. These two sets of data are to be

combined into one CPS report, as yet unpublished. The data are for children of both working

and nonworking women of all marital statuses.

A subject report on school enrollment based

on the 1970 Census of Population includes data

on the enrollment status of children 3 to 5 years

old,~ O Beginning in 1964 the National Center

for Educational Statistics has been issuing annual reports on nursery school and kindergarten

enrollment based on the Census Bureau’s

October CPS. The 1973 report, prepared and

published by the Bureau of the Census, includes

a review of related reports.s 1

Nongovernmental national surveys that were

federally funded include data on child-care

arrangements. The National Longitudinal Survey

of Young Women and the National Longitudinal

Survey of Mature Women, which are both panel

studies, have data on child care and fertility.

They provide a potential source for analyzing

the impact of various child-care arrangements on

fertility. The survey of mature women began in

1967, continued with annual interviews through

1972, and was conducted again in 1974. The

panel on young women ran from 1968 to

1973 and began again in 1975; an additional

interview is planned for 1977. Data on child care

from the 1971 National Longitudinal Survey of

Mature Women have been compared with the

1965 CPS data.s Z Unto, Inc., a private organization, has a national survey for the Office of

Child Development. The resulting information

on the need for child care has not yet been published.

Data needs. –The question of the relationship between child care and fertility has a

bearing on a large number of American women.

Over 4 million women are employed and have at

least one child under 6 years of age.z3 No published data on this subject are available on a

national level for the folio wing groups of

women: unemployed women, women students,

and women who do not work or go to school

but who send their children to child-care

centers.

The 1965 CPS data revealed that ‘about 15

percent of the children of employed women

were cared for by their father. (Many of these

women were undoubtedly employed part time.)

Data are needed on the relationship between

paternal child care and fertility. The composition of the household is extremely important

to the study of chiId-care arrangements, as is the

related consideration of the cost of child care,

and data are needed on these topics. The consequences of various child-care arrangements for

the well-being of children as well as of their

parents also need to be explored, but the needed

data are lacking.

The relationship between child care and fertility is essentially a longitudinal one and should

be analyzed accordingly. The National Longitudinal Surveys, previously referred to, could be

exp 10red for this purpose. Hopefully, the

National Surveys of Family Growth will continue to include child-care questions in subsequent years. The June CPS, which collects

information on fertility, could also be used as a

vehicle for the collection of such data. Both surveys could ask these questions of nonworking

women as well. They could also measure the

child-care needs of women who presently have

no such arrangements (e.g., women who may

not be going to school or working because good

child-care arrangements are unavailable or too

expensive). This too is an area in which we have

little data, and the fertility of women with this

“unmet need” is of special interest.

Overall, there is a need to obtain the kinds

of data that will help assess the extent to which

the responsibility for child care attributed to

and assumed by women affects both their status

vis~a-vismen and their fertility. This requires detailed educational and labor force data on the

characteristics of men and women crosstabulated by fertility and child-care arrangements.

Recommendations

1. Efforts should be directed toward greater

specificity in the measurement of the

timing of employment, postsecondary

education, and fertility in Census Bureau

data, with comparable data for men

and women.

2. NCHS is urged to add to the National

Survey of Family Growth a panel design

27
of first-panty women. This addition

should focus on the longitudinal relationship between nonfamilial roles and

fertility for these women who have had

their first birth and, if they are married,

their husbands.

3. It is recommended that more questions

on child-care needs and practices be incIuded in the NSFG and in the June

CPS. These questions should be asked of

all women, including those who are not

working.

4. Federal agencies should promote the use

of public-use data tapes for more refined

analyses of the relationship between the

status of women and fertility.

5. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

CORRELATES OF FERTILITY

This part of the report examines data needs

with respect to social and economic variables.

Because many of the data needs with respect to

occupation and income have been noted in the

previous section, education and religion are

emphasized in this section. Each variable has

been examined in terms of the following questions: (1) why 1is the variable important? (2)

what data are now available? and (3) what are

the data gaps? ,Each variable has also been

viewed in the context of the downturn in U.S.

fertility which has occurred during the last

decade and in terms of the questions and issues

raised in the report of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future.2

Socioeconomic Variables

Education. –In the study of fertility in the

United States, educational attainment is routinely used as a social factor by which fertility

levels have been differentiated. There is a vast

literature documenting the existence of a generally negative relationship between fertility and

level of educational attainment in the United

States and in most other countries.s 3‘4 6

A generation ago the inverse relation of fertility to educational attainment in the United

States was thoroughly documented and assumed

to be fixed.35 Y 38 Since then there has been a

marked narrowing of differentials in the United

States and in all modernized countries.39 ~ 40

The relationship between education and fertility

is not the same for all subgroups of the population at any time. It is modified by farm or

nonfarm background, color, whether or not the

wife is in the labor force, and religion, among

other factors. sA~4T‘s0

Attention has been given to two specific

questions about educational differentials in

relation to fertility. One question is whether the

wife’s or the husband’s educational level has the

stronger relationship with fertility levels. In the

United States, the wife’s education seems to be

more important in this respect than the husband’s. The second question is on the minimum

education necessary for adoption of modem fertility practices. Apparently, completion of at

least a primary school level of education is

necessary before any fertility reduction occurs.

Evidence from Puerto Rico as well as information from attitude surveys in the United

States concerning ideal or desired family size

suggest that completion of a grade school education seems to be the point at which fertility

differentials by education narrow significantly.33 ~ 49 Fertility differentials by years of

schooling among women with some high school

and college education are small, and there is

some suggestion that education and fertiIity

have a u-shaped or even a direct relationship.

The latter occurs among women with relatively

low levels of fertility and a narrow range of

fertility and educatiord differential. Studies

based on the 1960 and 1970 censuses and the

Current Population Surveys of 1965 and 1967

indicate that some fertility differentials by education still exist, as do differentials with respect

to birth expectations and spacing of births.

Those with less than a high school level of education had both higher expectations and higher

fertility than others had.s T~s 1

Other socioeconomic van”ables.–The effect

of education on fertility probably never operates

completely independently of other social and

economic factors. Participation of women in the

labor force certainly affects the relation between

education and fertility, as discussed in detail in

the previous section of this report. In the United

28
States

urban

and other industrial and predominantly

nations, female labor force participation

tends to be associated with lower fertility. Occupations of men and women and family and

individual income levels tend to operate in a

similar fashion to education; that is, higher

status tends to be associated with lower fertility.52 Here too, however, differentials appear to

have narrowed considerably since 1940. Some

part of the convergence may be due to differences in the occupational classifications used.

Also, despite the general convergence, the traditional inverse relationship appears to exist

among some subgroups of the population,

notably rural residents and persons other than

white.

Recent comparisons of 1960 and 1970 census data on public-use tapes and analyses of

1967-73 CPS data suggest that the decline in

fertility since the 1950’s has been most pronounced and rapid among those groups which

previously had the highest fertility-blacks,

American Indians, and Mexican-Americans-and

among low-income women. 58‘56 The fertility

measure used in the comparison of ethnic groups

was not very sophisticated. Also, the poor still

have higher fertility than high-income women

and, according to the 1970 National Fertility

Study, significantly higher rates of unwanted

fertility.

What appears to be important for policy and

planning purposes is that the combination of

socioeconomic variables associated with high fertility in the past is characteristic of increasingly

smaller proportions of women in the United

States. This probably means continued low fertility with some temporary variations due to

shifts in size and spacing preferences. More and

better information is needed about small subgroups of the population in which differentials

still appear to exist—minorities, immigrants, and

some geographically classified groups. There is

also a need for more cohort analysis with respect

to child spacing and fertility expectations.

Ryder’s critique of the national fertility

surveys included some suggestions for future inquiry which are appropriate here.s 7 It may be

time to move to more narrowly focused research

which would permit the identification of different groups of decision-makers with respect to

fertility

fluence

and the group properties which infertility n&-ms- m-d 6ehavior. If most

future changes ‘are likely to be shortrun changes

within a narrow range and associated with shifts

in norms regarding numbers and spacing, profiles

of those making fertility decisions are needed. A

profile of their characteristics and some analysis

of the personal and social consequences of the

types of fertility decisions they make within a

specified time period would be useful. This

might be accomplished through modification of

sampling procedures in the fertility surveys,

which, in spite of the problems noted, have produced significant research findings with respect

to the control of fertility, the extent of unwanted fertility, and other policy-relevant

data.s8

Religion

For almost as long as one can determine,

there has been a relation between religion and

fertility. Regional studies undertaken in the first

decades of the 20th century suggested that

Catholics had larger families than Protestants

had and that Jewish families were the smallest.

In the 1930’s a number of researchers forecast

an end to this differential.b 9 The limited evidence pointed to a greater decline in fertility

among Catholics than among Protestants. However, surveys after World War H, beginning with

the 1955 Growth of American Families study,

once again showed a significant difference in the

family size plans and the contraceptive behavior

of Catholics and Protestants.s5

The authors of the 1955 report were somewhat suspicious of the stated family size expectations of Catholics, but the 1960 GAF survey

indicated validity. It was not until the 1965

National Fertility Study that the possibility of

future convergence between fertility of Catholics and Protestants was noted and this only

among younger married women. By 1970 it

was apparent that the process of convergence

was continuing. RegionaI studies, such as those

conducted in Rhode Island between 1967 and

1971, yielded similar results. By 1971 what differences still remained were quite small. Nevertheless, a minority of Catholics stiIl exhibit high

fertility expectations and, if they practice birth

29
control, rely on rhythm and abstinence. Apparently their proportion in the total U.S.

Catholic population is declining, however.

Whether this pattern of convergence will

continue remains to be seen. The 1930’s showed

similar signs, but these were not realized in the

1940’s, 1950’s, or even early 1960’s. Is the

present trend merely the result of economic disturbances, as in the 1930’s ? Will a new differential emerge with economic improvements or

perhaps with a resurgence of religious fervor?

When discussing religion and fertility in the

United States, the obvious comparison is between Catholics and others. This is understandable, given the position of the Catholic

Church and the size of the population. However,

other high-natality religious groups should also

be studied for their impact on population

growth. The Church of the Latter-day Saints,

Southern Baptists, and fundamentalist sects have

all exhibited relatively high fertility in the

past.60 Have recent developments in contraceptive technology, along with economic fluctuations, contributed to declining fertility among

these groups?

Data Sources

Most of the data on social and economic correlates of fertility are from the Division of Vital

Statistics in the National Center for Health Statistics and the Population Division of the U.S.

Bureau of the Census. Current statistics and

analyses produced by both organizations as well

as future plans are described more completely in

the appendixes.

The annual natality volumes from NCHS,

however, have had speciaI significance for policy

questions related to social and economic factors

affecting fertility. In general, these volumes include data on births by race, sex, nativity of

mother, birth order, legitimacy, plurality, birth

weight, attendant at birth, age of mother, and

education of mother and father.

Until now much information on differential

fertility has come from ad hoc surveys such as

the Growth of American Families studies, the

National Fertility Studies, and the Princeton

studies. The current National Survey of Family

Growth should yield more and better information on social, economic, and religious differentials because the sample size is large,

allowing for better controls. The National Survey of Family Growth provides a considerable

amount of data on fertility expectations and

preferences, contraception, and child-spacing

patterns. It should richly supplement both the

fertility and the socioeconomic data derived

from the Standard Certificate of Live Birth.

The Census Bureau collects data on women

by number of children ever born and by number

of children present in the home in the decennial

censuses. In Current Population Surveys the

Bureau collects data on birth intervals, child

spacing, and, more recently, on birth expectations. These fertility measures are tabulated by

age, race, occupation, education, income, and

other social variables but not by religion. For

example, the subject report “Women by Number

of Children Ever Born” relates fertility to years

of school completed by both husband and wife,

occupation of employed husbands and wives,

family income, income of husband, country of

origin, and urban-rural and metropolitann.onmetropolitan residence.G1 Two shortcomings exist. The detail is available only down

to the regional level, and most tables attribute

childlessness to all single women. A special

PC(S1) report (No. 21), “Fertility and Family

Composition for the United States, 1970,” is a

rich source of data with ~eat analytical potential.6ZThe Current Population Survey has significantly expanded coverage since 1969, especially with respect to ethnic origin and to

fertility expectations, child spacing, and marriage and fertility histories.

Data Needs

In both the su’mmary and special report census volumes it would be useful to have a more

clear-cut breakdown of the “Spanish Origin

Population,” a tabulation which includes

persons of Spanish language in 42 States and the

District of Columbia, persons of Spanish kmguage or Spanish surname in five southwestern

States, and persons of Puerto Rican birth or

par entage in three Middle Atlantic States.

Regional comparisons facilitate comparison of

ethnic differential but do not completely solve

the problem. Small area data are also limited.

Census tract reports, for example, show the fer30
tility of women 35-44 years of age as an indication of completed fertility, neglecting childbearing at older ages. In tracts where large

proportions of women, such as Puerto Rican and

Mexican women, are under 35, this provides a

misleading picture of current fertility.

The National Fertility Surveys and National

Survey. of Family Growth are useful mechanisms for obtaining data on single women and

on ethnic differentials which are not available

through the Census Bureau or in vital statistics

volumes.

The Census Bureau should provide more

data on fertility differentials by socioeconomic

status for small areas such as census tracts. The

detail now published on education and income

appears to be satisfactory. As noted earlier, increasing proportions of women are entering the

labor force and their occupations vary more

than previously. Data from boih the decennial

census and the Current Population Survey

should be tabulated to indicate the social and

economic characteristics of women as well as

those of men, along with some indicator of

family socioeconomic level based on the characteristics of both spouses. In view of the good

data available on socioeconomic variables and

fertility, it is time to focus on aspects of data

gathering and analysis which create an understanding of the consequences of socioeconomic

fertility differentials for projected future employment patterns, for occupational structures,

for educational attainment, and for other socioeconomic facets of American life.

The fact that questions on religion are not

included in the decennial census or in vital statistics data makes it difficult to develop meaningful trends. From a data-gathering perspective,

the ideal solution would be to inquire in the

1980 census as to religious affiliation (as was

done in an earlier Census Bureau survey in 1959)

and to include this information on birth certificates in all States. This remains an ideal, however, because of practices and viewpoints with

respect to the individual’s right to privacy and

the separation of church and state.

Religious affiliation has been a significant

factor in fertility behavior in the past, but there

is increasing evidence that it now accounts for

very little variation in fertility. It is nevertheless

important to monitor very closely any possible

changes in the current pattern. It is equally important to understanding fertility behavior to be

able to identify those groups or subgroups which

continue to maintain patterns of high fertiIity.

While it is not presently possible for the Bureau

of the Census or the national vital statistics

system to supply such information, national surveys can yield rich information on this subject.

The National Natality Followback Survey and

the National Survey of Family Growth both include questions on religion.

It is recommended that National Survey of

Family Growth data be analyzed in depth to

determine religious differences in actual family

size, fertility desires and expectations, the use of

various types of contraceptives, and attitudes

toward sterilization and abortion. Furthermore,

the continuing analysis of such variations is vital

to determine the Iongrun importance of religious

affiliation. The emphasis necessarily is on differentials between Catholics and non-Catholics,

but with a large sample, other religious groups

should also be studied.

Recommendations

1.

2.

3.

4.

Continue to coIlect current items on

education, occupation of husband and

wife, and income in the Current Population Survey, National Survey of Family

Growth, and National Natality FoIlowback Surveys.

Improve sampling in the surveys to

permit more detaiIed analyses of small

subnational populations, ethnic groups,

and place-of-residence categories.

Expand the analytical potential of each

source by providing interpretive reports

drawing on all data sources. These could

be in the form of occasional papers by

the National Center for Health Statistics

and the Census Bureau jointly.

Provide indepth analyses of the religion

items in the National Survey of Family

Growth to determine the importance of

religious affiliation as a factor affecting

fertility.

31
6. METHODS OF FERTILITY CONTROL:

CONTRACEPTION, STERILIZATION,

AND ABORTION

Introduction

Major shifts in acceptance and use of modern contraceptive methods, surgicaI sterilization,

and induced abortion have taken place in recent

years and probably will continue. These changes

have facilitated declines in American fertility.

This section deals with the impact of these practices on fertility and not with the areas of public

controversy that surround some of the methods

of fertility control.

Practices governing the use of contraceptives

and the performing of abortions and sterilizing

operations are obviously subject to potential

governmental regdation; hence, policies may

evolve that ultimately affect fertility through

such means. Viewed historicaI1y, fertility control

methods have long been subject to varying degrees of both formal and informal social control

in the United States. It was not until 1966 that

legal restrictions on the sale of contraceptives

and dissemination of contraceptive information

were removed from alljurisdictions. Legal issues

affecting abortion are still being adjudicated,

and although surgimI sterilization is legs.1in all

States, access to it is still restricted by administrative policies and regulations.

Government policies and programs concerning contraception, as discussed in the introductory section to this report, are directed toward the health and welfare of individual

mothers and their children. Nevertheless, family

planning programs obviously have some effects

on the level of fertility. Despite such developments, th:re is a Iack of adequate data on the

relationship to ,fertility of the various fertilitycontrol methods. Greater reliance on methods

like the contraceptive pill, sterilization, and

induced abortion has facilitzited a reduction of

unwanted fertility and contributed to a decIine

in the national birth rate. Available data, however, do not permit quantitative statements

about the demographic impact of each one of

the above-mentioned methods of fertility control.

Contraception

Two important changes have occurred in

contraceptive usage in American society during

the past decade. One is the dramatic shift to

modern, highly effective methods, especially to

the oral contraceptive, or “pill. ” The other is

really the continuation of a longer term process

of the spread of contraceptive knowledge and

use throughout all segments of society. This

process has greatly diminished differences by

race, class, and religion. These major changes

have been well documented for married couples

in national studies, beginning with the Growth

of American Families (GAF) studies of 1955

and 1960 and continuing through the 1965 and

1970 National Fertility Studies (NFS).ss~~GY58*63

From their analysis of the two NFS surveys

for the Commission on Population Growth

and the American Future, Ryder and Westoff

attributed half of the 1965-70 decline in fert~lty to improved control of unwanted births.6

More widespread use of effective contraceptive

methods like the “pill” was undoubtedly responsible for some portion of the decline

in the rate of unwanted fertility, but precise

quantitative estimates of the contribution of

various contraceptive methods and other factors

are unavailable.

Data so urces.–The National Survey of

Family Growth continues to collect data on contraception that are comparable to the data

produced by GAF and NFS, thereby facilitating

analysis of trends. A detailed report from the

1973 NSFG will analyze trends in contraceptive

use by socioeconomic characteristics. An advance report will provide data on the use of

specific contraceptive methods by married

women. The NSFG provides very detailed contraceptive information obtained from a family

planning history classified by pregnancy intervals for each respondent (see the NSFG questionnaires in appendix III). In the survey, questions were asked about the specific methods used

in each interval and why each method was used,

and about wontedness and success in timing of

each birth. Similar information, but with additional detail, was obtained for birth intervals

occurring within the 3 years preceding the survey. The ardytical potential of these data is

further enhanced by the availability of a publicuse data tape. An innovation of the NSFG is a

set of questions concerning the source and

funding of family planning services received by

the respondents–married women of childbearing

32
age. The survey will obtain information on the

provider of the service, specific methods recommended, and any side effects. An NCHS report

from the 1973 NSFG is forthcoming. It will deal

with the sources and quality of family planning

services received by currently married women

classified by age, race, and socioeconomic characteristics (including Spanish origin). Such data

should be helpful in the operation and evaluation of national family planning programs and

in formulating related policies.

In addition to the NSFG, NCHS operates

two other data systems providing family planning information-the National Inventory of

Family Planning Services and the National Reporting System for Family Plaqning Services

(NRSFPS). The latter is based on a subset of the

former, the Inventory being a master list of

some 10,000 providers of family plannin’g services. The Inventory yields data on institutions

and their staffs as well as on the patients

served.G4 The NRSFPS provides data on patients receiving services at most publicly funded

family planning clinics, most Planned Parenthood-World Population affiliates, and some

other voluntarily participating private and public

organizations. The nature and size of these data

bases are an important advantage over the

NSFG, in which less than 10 percent of the

respondents are expected to be users of public

family planning programs. The incomplete coverage of the NRSFPS, however, is a major disadvantage. Like the National Inventory of Family

Planning Services, the NRSFPS does not cover

the many family planning services received by

patients from physicians in private practice.

Data needs. –There is a wealth of data on

contraceptive behavior of the married population of reproductive age relative to the data

available for unmarried persons. Nearly all major

fertility surveys have excluded the unmarried

segment of the childbearing population. As

noted in previous sections of this report, a substantial portion of fertility occurs out of wedlock. Little is known, however, about the control of fertility prior to marriage. The survey of

females aged 15-19 reported on by Zelnick and

Kantner includes data on the never-married and

indicates a basic lack of knowledge about human

reproduction and contraception by that segment

of the population. Gs Most of the sexually active

had used contraception at some time, but the

pattern of use was characterized as “casual” or

irregular in relation to the risk of pregnancy. As

mentioned earlier, a substantial proportion of

first births are the result of conceptions occurring prior to marriage. A more complete analysis

of the control of fertility requires data on all

unmarried women at risk of pregnancy, their

pregnancies, and the outcomes. The relative

impact of contraception and induced abortion

could then be better gauged.

Because the NSFG excludes never-married

women who do not have children of their own

living with them, there is a gap ii-ithe most likely

potential source of data on fertility control. This

gap prevents analyses of trends in contraceptive

behavior among the never-married. It also restricts an understanding of how contraceptive

knowledge; attitudes, and practice develop- over

the course of the reproductive cycle., Inclusion

of the never-married along with the ever-married

would greatly facilitate analysis of how use of

contraception evolves and how unwanted fertility comes to be recognized and controlled.

Another major data gap concerns the relative

extent to which induced abortion is used when

contraception fails. Again, data on the nevermarried are important to the analysis. NSFG

questions from an indirect form of questioning

known as the randomized response–which provide group but not individual case data on

induced abortion—do not permit the needed

cross-classification of these methods of fertility

control at the individual level. A direct abortion

question is being introduced as an experiment in

the 1976 NSFG. When available, the data should

be analyzed in terms of the demographic impact

of abortion. The related problem of access to

contraceptive supplies and services should also

be analyzed using the direct-approach abortion

data.

Sterilization

Sterilization is an effective method of contraception that is becoming increasingly popular

because of its lack of long-term side effects and

permanent freedom from risk of unwanted pregnancy. It has become the most popular method

of fertility control among married couples with

the wife between the ages of 30 and 44. Among

younger wives, however, the method is much

33
1ess prevalent because of its irreversibility.

Because of their age and the greater chance of

marital dissolution, remarriage, and a related

change in desired fertility, younger wives are

more likely to avoid such a final solution. An

additional drawback to sterilization is the small

but real surgical risk. Such risks are less for male

sterilization (vasectomy) than for the various

female sterilizing operations, e.g., tubal ligation.

Data sources and needed improvements. –In

an analysis of data from the 1965 and 1970 Nati onal Fertility Studies (NFS), Presser and

Bumpass have documented the major shift that

has occurred in both approval and use of sterilization for contraceptive purposes. 66A majority

of married couples of reproductive age now

approve of both male and female sterilization.

By 1970, moreover, 10 percent of the couples

had been sterilized, nearly half by vasectomy.

Preliminary data from the NSFG indicate a continuation of these trends toward increasing proportions of couples having sterilizing operations

for contraceptive purposes. Because some sterilizing procedures are performed for a variety of

purposes (e.g., hysterectomy may be performed

for a health problem), it is important to distinguish between sterilizations for contraceptive

and for noncontraceptive purposes. This distinction should be included in analyses of trends

in sterilization so that the data can be useful

for formulations of fertility policy.

Sterilization is a method of controlling the

number but not the spacing of births. Until and

unless research uncovers an attractive, easily reversible sterilizing procedure, other effective

methods like oral contraceptives, the IUD

(intrauterine device), and induced abortion will

be used to control the spacing of births. Because

such methods are more prevalent, sterilization

may have had relatively little impact on the

birth rate. Data from the 1970 NFS show that

most sterilized couples had previously used

highly effective contraceptive methods like the

“pill” or IUD’S. Hence, sterilization has probably represented a substitution of one effective

method for another among substantial proportions of couples for whom unwanted births have

already been minimized.

The NSFG will provide more data on sterilization as a contraceptive method. In order to

properly assess the impact of the method on fertility, it is important to include sterilization categories in tabulations and analyses of use of contraceptive methods. It is also important to

cross-tabulate sterilization with methods previously used and reasons for changing methods.

Because of racial and socioeconomic differentials in attitude toward and choice of sterilization (particularly of vasectomy) shown in the

1965 and 1970 NFS, analyses of the NSFG data

should include these variables. Finally, data are

needed on sources of contraceptive sterilization

and on administrative, economic, or other institutional barriers to access to such services. The

policies underlying such barriers, though formulated for other purposes, may have a latent

effect on fertility.

Abortion

Until recently most induced (as opposed to

spontaneous) abortions performed in the United

States were illegal. Thus data have been very

scant with reference to the number of abortions,

the characteristics of women having abortions,

and the demographic effects on abortion. The

liberalization of State laws governing abortions

beginning in 1967, together with the January

22, 1973, U.S. Supreme Court “abortion on

demand” decision, have generated a tremendous

increase in the number of legal induced abortions in the Nation. The Supreme Court decision

legalized abortions induced in the first trimester

of pregnancy at the request of the pregnant

woman and the concurrence of a licensed physician. This created the potential for a large accumulation of data. Available data, which are

incomplete and imprecise, show that the number

of reported legal induced abortions increased

from less than 25,000 in 1969 to more than

615,000 in 1973.67 It is important to gather

and compile this kind of information at higher

levels of reliab~lty and with complete national

coverage. The characteristics of persons having

abortions are needed as well as the extent of

abortions.

There is an obvious relationship between the

extent of abortions and the rate of fertility, yet

it is difficult to estimate precisely the extent to

which abortion contributes to declining fertility.

At one totally unrealistic extreme, 1 million

34
abortions in any given year would have been 1

million births were it not for the availability of

abortion. At the other equally implausible

extreme, perhaps these 1 million abortions

would have taken place anyway through legal or

illegal channels and irrespective of the number

of births. Obviously, neither extreme is valid.

Much more knowledge about abortions and

about the psychological and sociological factors

contributing to the decision to have an abortion

is needed before a determination can be made of

the effect of abortions on fertility.

As Tietze pointed out in his report to the

Presidential Commission on Population Growth

and the American Future: 68

66

. . . the initial demographic impact of liberalized abortion laws, including New York’s law

authorizing elective abortion, has been comparatively minor. A similar modest initial effect

may be expected on a nationwide scale if restrictive abortion laws were to be struck down

by the Supreme Court or repealed by legislation. The impact will almost certainly become

greater over the years; but, neither its ultimate

level, nor the speed at which this level will be

attained, can be predicted. ”

More recently, Tietze found that increased

utilization of legal abortion, made possible by

the liberalization of the law in 1970, accounted

for 17,000-21,000 births averted, or about half

of the decline in births, in New York City during

1971 and 1972.69 Whatever the intensity of

its effect, fertility is lower than it would be

without liberalized abortion laws.

Induced abortion and the use of effective

means of contraception have both facilitated

declines in the Nation’s birth rate. According to

Tietze and Dawson, abortion and contraception

have a common objective, the prevention of

unwanted births. When societies and individuals

are motivated to begin the effort to control their

fertility, abortion and contraceptive use can rise

simultaneously. TO Later, if the contraceptives

being used are effective, less reliance is placed on

abortion. In any case, abortion is part of the

overall package called “family limitation. ” As

such, better information is needed to ascertain

its effect on fertility rates. Thus a number of

related questions need answering.

1. How many women do not use contraceptives, or do not insist on their use by

2.

3.

4.

males, primarily because of the availability of Iegzd abortion? If abortion were

not readily available, would they be

more likely to rely on contraceptives? In

other words, how many abortions result

from the fact that some people consider

them another method of birth control–

another “contraceptive”?

Of all the induced abortions, how many

would have resulted in spontaneous

abortions anyway? The WorId Health

Organization estimates that spontaneous

abortions terminate between 15 and 20

percent of all pregnancies.71 It is reasonable to assume that at least some of the

pregnancies intentionally aborted would

never have come to full term.

How many pregnant women who had

legal abortions would have resorted to

illegal abortions if the former were not

available?

How many of the births that would have

occurred -if abortions were not performed would have resulted in neonatal

deaths?

Such information must be gathered or estimated

in order to gauge the relative role of abortion in

the achievement of low fertiliity.7 z

Data sources. –Past surveys have been unreliable sources for estimating the incidence or prevalence of induced abortion (legal as well as

illegal) in the United States. Campbell, in referring to the very low fertility of the 1920’s and

1930’s, concluded: “It seems probable that

there was widespread resort to illegal abortion in

these decades,”7 3 Yet the actuzd extent can be

inferred only indirectly.

More recently, estimates of the incidence of

legal abortions have been made by the Center

for Disease Control of the U.S. Public Health

Service in its Abortion Surveillance: 1973report,

in which it is stated: “This report summarizes

information received from collaborateors in state

health departments, hospitals, and other perti-

~s67 J@ deffition, these data ‘e nent sources.

limited. They are of variable quality and content.

The Joint Program for the Study of Abortion

(JPSA) has provided data on medical compIi-
cations associated with legal abortions in the

United States, based on a limited number of participating institutions in a few States.T4 A

promising source of data is the question on abortion experience included in the 1973 NCHS

National Survey of Family Growth. This is asked

in an experimentally different manner-a randomized response technique. The additional

direct-question approach to abortion introduced

in the 1976 NSFG should permit comparisons

and reliable estimates about the incidence of

induced abortion in the 12 months preceding

the interview.T5

There now exists a comprehensive summary

of almost all previous reports and studies on

abortion both in the United States and elsewhere.T6 It can serve as a base for more indepth

anzdysis of earlier studies to determine their

wdue to the present needs. In addition, the

numerous articles that have appeared in such

journak as Family Planning Perspectives, based

on New York City data, can serve as usefi-d

guides to help determine what national data are

needed in the future.

Data needs. –Numerous recommendations

have been made in the past. Perhaps repetition

of some may be of value at this time. In 1970 a

report of the U.S. National Committee on Vital

and HeaIth Statistics recognized the need for

national reporting of induced abortion. 1

Three years Iater, the Committee to EvaIuate

the National Center for Health Statistics stated

as follows:

“A serious gap in thevitalstatisticsreporting system is the lack of reporting of the abortion component of fetal deaths. The policy of

the NCHS has been to collect and publish data

only on fetal deaths with a gestation age of 20

weeks or more. . . .

“The growing importance of legal or therapeutic abortion as a determinant of fertility snd

the recent sharp changes in laws covering this

area reinforce the need for collection and analysis of the vital records for such pregnancy terminations. The NCHS has lagged behind New

York City and those other jurisdictions which

have taken leadership in reporting in this field,

analyzing the social and demographic characteristics of the women and reporting their receipt

of medical care.

“As improved abortion reporting through

the vital event registration system will require

the solution of difficult problems involving confidentiality and differences in legal reporting

requirements by States and other jurisdictions,

the path to adequate data will be difficult and

lengthy. NCHS should continue to work with

State and local vital registration officials to

obtain implementation of necessary changes in

the legal registration systems. Meanwhile, a way

to produce better nationwide data is to develop

supplemental national sample reporting programs by hospitals and other health service

providers. The Center for Disease Control is

experimenting with a system based on service

reports from hospitals, which may serve as a

basis for further NCHS development.”77

It is important to add that this same committee explicitly recommended that NCHS

establish an abortion-reporting program as part

of the vital statistics program. Yet the 1970 recommendations remain appropriate today.

Indeed, since the Supreme Court decision, some

of the objections to these recommendations

have been eliminated. The 1972 recommendation that NCHS establish an abortion-reporting

program as part of the vital statistics program

has not yet reached the implementation stage

and remains a basic recommendation of this

report. At present the abortion data collection

systems of very few States meet the reporting

standards required by NCHS for other vital

events. NCHS is now developing reporting standards for legal abortions and is recommending the

adoption of a standard reporting form for the

few States ready to join an abortion-reporting

area.

The National Center for Health Statistics

should consider publishing annual reports and

the release of public-use data tapes derived from

State data on abortion similar to those now

available for fertility, mortality, marriage, and

divorce. Each State should be encouraged to

gather the necessary information from each

woman having an abortion and compile the

information. This information could include

marital status, number of previous live births,

number of previous abortions, race, age, religion,

and education. In a hospital setting much of this

information would be relatively easy to collect.

More medical information could also be collected: type , of procedure, possible aftereffects,

etc. Together, these data would yield significant

36
information leading to better analyses of the

relationships between abortion and fertility and

between abortion and other demographic variables as well as improved evaluation of the various abortion techniques.

The recent Iy developed U.S. Standard

Report of Induced Termination of Pregnancy is

endorsed as the recommended abortion-reporting form. The form provides demographic and

medicaI information about the patient and the

abortion without naming the patient. States that

have not yet adopted that form or met the

NCHS abortion-reporting standards are urged to

proceed toward these goals while continuing to

report abortion data to the Center for Disease

Control. The ultimate objective, of course, is for

all States to meet the NCHS criteria and to

become part of the nationzd vital statistics system through inclusion in a nationzd abortion-reporting area.

Some of the questions raised above concerning the effect of abortion on fertility cannot be

answered through vital statistics records systems

alone. Funding should be made available for

properly prepared surveys of the population at

risk to allow a more complete understanding of

the forces behind the decision to have an abortion. The National Survey of Family Growth,

through use of its “blind” question on abortio’n,

is another potential source of information. If

this technique is proven successful, much

national data could be derived that would complement the registration data provided by States.

All these recommendations, present and

past, can be utilized to develop regular compilations of data on abortion for the entire Nation.

These data are vital to a better understanding of

declining fertility rates in recent years. They are

also vital to better understanding characteristics

of the persons having abortions. Finally, there is

need for data on attitudes regarding abortion.

An attitude in favor of abortion does not necessarily coincide with actually having an abortion.

Because an unwanted pregnancy can very

quickly result in the rationalization of a person’s

ideals concerning abortion, attitudinal information for the general population could serve as

guidelines toward the development of policies

on both fertility and abortion.

Recommendations

1. The National Center for Health Statistics

should continue its collection of information on contraception, sterilization,

and abortion through the National Survey of Family Growth. The NSFG has

become the major source of data on

these methods of fertility controI, and

the information is crucial to formulation

of national policies related to fertiIity.

2. The National Inventory of Family P1anning Services and the NationaI Reporting

System for Family Planning Services

should be continued by NCHS. The data

bases of these systems provide the large

numbers of users of clinics needed for

analysis and policy formulation and evaluation.

3. A national abortion-reporting area

should be implemented by NCHS to

obtain complete coverage of all States

and fulfillment of NCHS reporting standards for abortions.

37
C. RECOMMENDATIONS

A summary of the recommendations

accorded highest priority appears in the

“Highlights” section at the beginning of this 5.

report. Those were distilled from the following,

more detailed list. The recommendations were

developed from the preceding textual material

and organized into three main classes: I. data 6.

collection systems, II. analysis, and III. methods

of dissemination. Within each of these classes a

distinction is made as to whether the recommendation is addressed primarily to: A. NationalCenter for Health Statistics or B. Bureau of the 7.

Census. This distinction was made in order to

facilitate implementation of the recommendations, which is largely the responsibility of the

respective Government agencies. 8.

I. Data Collection Systems

A. National Center for Health Statistics

should :

1. Continue its collection of infor- 9.

mation on contraception, sterilization, and abortion through the

National Survey of Family

Growth. The NSFG has become

the maior source of data on these

familial roles of women, and

wanted and unwanted children.

Sample all unmarried women, including those who have children

not living with them, in the

NSFG.

In the NSFG data for women, increase specificity of measurement for timing of employment,

education, and fertility and add

comparable data for men.

For all women, including the

nonworking, collect data in the

NSFG on child-care needs and

practices.

Continue to collect ‘data on education, occupation of husband

and wife, and income in both the

NSFG and the National Natality

Followback Survey.

Design samples of the NSFG and

the National Natality Followback Survey to enable detailed

analyses of small subnational

populations, ethnic groups, and

place-of-residence categories.

metho& of fertility control, and

the information is crucial to formulation of national policies related to fertility.

2. Continue to collect data on number and timing of births by cohort and planning status and data

on unplanned pregnancies and

their outcomes (adding information from husbands) in the

NSFG.

3. Through the NSFG collect data

on the existence, stability, and

effect on overall plans of strategies or preferences in birth

timing and spacing.

4. Include a prospective design in

the NSFG in order to provide

data on change, evaluate retrospective data, and analyze the

family building process, non10. Collect data on marital and pregnancy histories of mothers

through the National Nata.lity

Followback Survey on a regular

(biennial) cycle.

11. Work for complete coverage of

all States in marriage- and divorce-registration areas and of

States in birth-registration areas

that report legitimacy.

12. Implement a national abortionreporting area to obtain complete coverage of all States and

fulfillment of NCHS reporting

standards for abortions.

13. Continue the ‘National Inventory

of Family Planning Services and

the National Reporting System

for Family Planning Services.

The data bases of these systems

provide the large numbers of

38
users of clinics needed foranalysis and policy formulation and

evaluation.

B. Bureau of the Census should:

1.

2.

3.

Retain on an annual basis the fertility supplement to the Current

Population Survey in order to

continue the time series on birth

expectations.

Retain in the CPS and decennial

censuses all questions on fertility

(e.g., children ever born) and on

marital history.

In the decennial census, ask additional questions on beginning

and ending dates of first and second marriages and on total number of times married.

II. Analysis

A. NationaI Center for Health Statistics

should :

1.

2*

3.

4.

5.

Develop interpretive analyses of

fertility trends (recent and prospective changes), drawing on all

pertinent sources. The requisite

additional personnel and funds

should be provided,

Develop new measures comparing order-specific components of

period and cohort total fertility

so that fertility trends may be

better understood.

Develop new measures of birth

timing in relation to completed

family size.

Use a longitudinal design to compare children of wanted and unwanted births in terms of their

personal, health, and social characteristics and to compare

women who conceive premaritally with those who do not in

terms of fertility behavior, socioeconomic, and other characteristics.

Analyze the information on religion in the NSFG to determine

the importance of religious affiliation as an explanatory variable

with respect to fertility.

6. Provide a significant amount of

additional resources for inhouse

fertility analysis and to contract

for analytical fertility reports.

B. Bureau of the Census should:

1.

2.

Make efforts to folly exploit

public-use data tapes for more refined analyses of the relationship

between status of women and

fertility.

Provide a significant amount of

additional resources for inhouse

fertility analysis and to contract

for analytical reports.

III. Methods of Dissemination

A. National Center for Health Statistics

should:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Publish a report on recent and

p respective trends in fertility

biennially. (See recommendation

II-A-l.)

Release NSFG descriptive reports

within 1 year of data collection,

most analytic reports within 2

years, and public-use data tapes

within 25 months.

Release National Natality FolIowback Survey pubIic-use data

tapes within 1 year of data collection.

Reduce delays in public release

of printed reports and computer

tape data from the NSFG, the

Nat ional Natality Followback

Survey, and the national vital statistics systems.

B. Bureau of the Census should:

1. Continue to produce a reasonably priced pubIic-use data tape

for the Current Population Survey of June (when the fertility

supplement is added).

2. Reduce delays in public release

of printed reports and computer

tape data from the CPS.

nnn

39
REFERENCES

1National Center for Health Statistics: Needs for national studies of population dynamics, a report of the

United States National Committee on Vital and Health

Statistics. Vital and Heulth Statistics. PHS Pub. No.

1000-Series 4-No, 12. Public Health Service. Washington.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr. 1970.

2Commission on Population Growth and the American Future: Population and the Amen”can Future. Final

Repoit. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,

1972.

3PPWP Population Convocation: Experts agree 2!Z0

growth rate is too high, but differ on means to slow

growth. Family Planning Digest. 3(6) :2, Nov. 1974.

4Jaffe, F. S.: Bucharest: the tests are yet to come.

Family Planning Perspectives. 6(4): 216, Fall 1974.

5Savings in averted births: Federal investment in family planning results in $2 saved for each $1 spent. Family

Planning Digest. 3(6) :5, Nov. 1974.

6 Ryder, N. B., and Westoff, C. F.: Wanted and unwanted fertility in the United States: 1965 and 1970, in

C. F. Westoff and R. Parke, Jr,, eds., Commksion on

Population Growth and the American Future, Research

Reports, Vol. & Demographic and Social Aspects of Population Growth, Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1972. pp. 467-477.

7Presser, H. B.: Perfect fertility control: consequences for women and the family, in C. F. Westoff et

al,, eds., Toward the End of Growth. Englewood Cliffs.

Prentice Hall, 1973. pp. 133-144.

8Nation~ Center for Health Statistics: Unwanted

childbearing in the United States, 1968, 1969, and 1972.

Series 21. Public Health Service, DHEW, Hyattsville, Md.

To be published.

9Green L., et al.: The Dacca Family Planning Experiment. Paci>ic Health Education Report No. 2. Berkeley.

University of California, School of Public Health, 1972.

10Cutright, P.: Illegitimacy: myths, causes and cures.

Family Planning Perspectives. 3:26-48, Jan. 1970.

11 Bumpass, L,, and Westoff, C. F.: The “perfect contraceptive” population, Science. 18:1177-1182, Sept.

1970.

12 Cutright, P.: Illegitimacy in the United States:

1920-1968, in C. F. Westoff and R. Parke, Jr., eds.,

Commission on Population Growth and the American

Future, Research Reports, Vol. I, Demographic and Social Aspects of Popukztion Growth. Washington. U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1972, pp. 376-438. ‘

13Kiser,

Trends and

C. V., Grabill, W. H., and Campbell, A. A.:

Variations in Fertility in the United States,

Cambridge. Harvard University Press, 1968. Chs. 7 and

13.

14 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Fertility histories and

birth expectations of American women. Cuwent Population Reports. Series P-20, No. 263. Washington. U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1974.

15 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Marriage, fertility md

childspacing: August 1959. Current Population Reports.

Series P-20, No. 108. Washington. U.S. Government

Printing Office, 1961.

16U.S. Bureau of the Census: Marriage, fertility and

childspacing: June 1965. Current Population Reports.

Series P-20, No. 186. Washington. U.S. Government

Printing Office, 1969.

17 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Previous and prospective fertility: 1967. Current Population Reports. Series

P-20, No. 211, Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1971.

18 Cohen, S. B., and Sweet, J. A.: The impact of

marital disruption and remarriage on fertility. journal of

Marriage and the Family. 36(1): 87-96, Feb. 1974.

19Thornton, A.: The Effect of Marital Disruption on

Childspacing and Family Size: Black-White Differentials.

Paper presented at the 1975 meeting of the PAA,

Seattle, Wash., Apr. 1975.

20 Freedman, R., and Coombs, L.: Childspacing and

family economic position. American Sociological Review. 31:631-648, Oct. 1966,

21 Cutright, P.: Timing the first birth: does it matter? Journal of Marriage and the Family. 35:585-595,

Nov. 1973.

22 Sklar, J., and Berkov, B.: Teenage family formation in postwar Ame-tics. Family Planning Perspectives.

6(2):80-97, Spring 1974.

23 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Employment status

and work experience. Census of Population: 1970. Final

Report PC(2)-6A. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. Table 2.

24u.s. Bureau of the Census: Population profile of

the United States: 1974. Current Population Reports.

Series P-20, No. 279. Washington. U.S. Government

Printing Office, 1975.

25 Presser, H. B., and %lsberg, L. S.: Public assistance and early family formation: is there a pronat alist

effect? Social Problems, 23:226-241, Dec. 1975.

40
26Westoff, C. F., Potter, R. G., Jr., and Sagi, P. C.:

The Third Child. Princeton. Princeton University Press,

1963.

27 National Center for Herdth Statistics: Employment

during pregnancy, legitimate live births, United States,

1963. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No.

1000-Series 22-No. 7. Public Health Service. Washington.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept. 1968.

28 Children’s Bureau: Child ~are Arrangements of

Full-Time Working Mothers, by H. G. Lajewski. Pub. No.

378, Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,

1951.

2gChildren’s Bureau: Child Care Arrangements of

Full-Time Working Mothers in the United States, by S.

Low and P. Spindler, Pub. No. 461. Washington. U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1968.

30 U.S, Bureau of tie Census: School enrollment.

Census of Population: 1970. Final Report PC(2)-5A.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973.

31 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Nursery school and

kindergarten enrollment: October 1973. Cm-rent Population Re+orts, Population Characteristics. Series P-2o, No.

268. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,

1974,

‘2 Waite, L. J., Shortlidge, R., and Suter, L. E.: Child

Care Arrangements of Working Mothers in 1971. Paper

presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Aug. 1974.

33 Blake, J.: Reproductive ideals and educational attainment among white Americans, 1943-1960. Population Studies. XXI: 159-174, 1967.

34 Freedman, R., and Slesinger, D. P,: Fertility differentials for the indigenous non-farm population for the

United States. Population Studies. XV: 161-173, Nov.

1961.

35 Freedman, R,, Whelpton, P. K., and Campbell, A,

A.: Family Planning, Sterility and Population Growth.

2d ed. New York. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959. pp.

215-219,

36Whelpton, P. K., Campbell, A. A., and Patterson, J.

E,: Fertility and Family Planning in the United States.

Princeton. Princeton University Press, 1966. pp. 75-80

and 122-124.

37 Hastings, D. W.: Child-spacing differentials for

white and non-w~te couples according to educational

level of attainment for the 1/1000 sample of the United

States population in 1960. Population Studies.

XXV:105-116, 1971.

38 Kiser, C. V., and Whelpton, P. K.: The Fertility of

American Women. New York. John Wiley and Sons,

1958. pp. 183-261.

3gKiser, Grabill, and Campbell, op. cit.,pp. 147-178.

40 Powers, M.G.: The effects of education on population structure, in M. V. Muhsam, cd., Education and

Population: Mutual Impacts. Liege, Belgium. Ardinia

Editions, 1975;pp, 245-251.

41 Kiser, C, V.: Assortative mating by educational attainment in relation to fertility. Eugenics Quarterly.

15(2) :98-l 12, June 1968.

42 Khalifa, A. M.: The influence of wife’s education

on fertility in rural Egypt. Journal of Bioso cial Science.

(Cambridge, England.) 8(1):53-60, Jan. 1976.

43 Tien, H. Y.: Employment and Education of

Women in China: Implications for Fertility Change. \

Paper presented at the I.U.S.S.P. Congress, London,

Sept. 1969.

44 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: The Determinants and Consequences of

Population Trends. New York. United Nations, 1973.

45 Westoff, C., and Potvin, R. H.: College Women and

Fertility Values. Princeton. Princeton University Press,

1967. Ch. 5.

46 Gendell, M.: Fertility and development in BraziL

Demo#aphy. 4(l): 143-157, 1967.

47 Dunc~, 0. D.: Farm background and differential

fertility. Demography, 2:240-249, 1965.

48 Goldberg, D.: The fertility of two-generation urbanites. Population Studies. XII: 214-222, Mar.’ 1959.

49 Carleton, R. O.: Labor force participation: a stim.

UIUSto fertility in Puerto 11.ico? Demography. 2:233-239,

1965.

50 Barnett, L. D.: Education and religion as factors

influencing attitudes toward population growth in the

United States. Social Biology. XVII:26-36, Mar. 1970.

51 Da~dson, M.: Expectationsof additional children

by race, parity and selected socio-economic characteristics, United States: 1967. Demography. 8(1 ):27-36, 1971.

52powers, M. G.: Socioeconomic status and the fertility of married women. Sociology and Social Research.

50(4):472-482, July 1966.

53Jaffe, F. S.: Low-income families: fertility in

1971-1972. Family Planning Perspectives. 6(2): 108-

110, spring 1974.

54 Sweet, J. A.: Differenti~s in the rate of fertility

decline: 1960-70. Family Planning Perspectives. 6(2):

103-107, Spring 1974.

55 Goldscheider, C., and Uhlenberg, P. R.: Minority

group status and fertility. Amen”can Journal of SociozOfl. 74(4): 361-372, 1969.

56 Sly, D. F.: Minority group status and fertility.

American Journul of Sociology. 76(3) :443-459, Nov.

1970.

57 Ryder, N.: A critique of the National Fertility

Study. Demography. 10(4) :495-506, Nov. 1973.

58 Westoff, C. F.: Yield of the imperfect: the 1970

National Fertility Study. Demography. 12(4) :573-580,

Nov. 1970.

59 Bouvier, L. F., and Rae, S. L. N.: Socioreliga”ous

Factors in Fertility Declines. Cambridge, Mass. Ballinger,

1975.

60 GustaWs, & 0., ~d N-, C. B.: The formation

and stability of ideal family size amoung young people.

Demography. 7(1):43-51, Feb. 1970.

61 U.S. Bureau of the Census: Women by number of

children ever born. Census of Population: 1970. Final

Report PC(2)-3A. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1973.

41
62u.s. Bureau of the Census: Fertility and family

composition for the United States, 1970. Census of PofJzdation: 1970. Final Report PC(S1), No. 21. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.

63 Ryder, N. B., and Westoff, C. F.: Reproduction in

the United States, 1965. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1971.

64 National Center for Health Statistics: Development

of the National Inventory of Family Planning Services.

Vital and Health Statistics. Series l-No. 12. DHEW Pub.

No. (HRA) 76-1312. Health Resources Administration.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

65 Zelnick, M., and Kantner, J, F.: sex ~d con.

traception among unmarried teenagers, in C. F. Westoff

et al., eds. Toward the End of Growth. Englewood

Cliffs, NJ. Prentice-Hall, 1973.

66 Presser, H. B., and Bumpass, L. L.: Demographic

and social aspects of contraceptive sterilization in the

United States, in C. F. Westoff and R. Parke, Jr., eds.,

Commission on Population Growth and the American

Future, Research Reports, Vol. I, Demographic and

Social Aspects of Population Growth. Washington. U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1973. pp. 505-568.

67 Center for Disease Control: A&ortion Sumeillance:

1973. DHEW Pub. No. (CDC) 75-8205. Atlanta. U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1975.

68 Tietze, C.: The potential impact of legal abortion

on population growth in the United States, in C. F.

Westoff and R. Parke, Jr., eds., Commksion on Population Growth and the American Future, Research Reports, Vol. I, Demographic and Social Aspects of Population Growth. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1973. pp. 579-585.

69Tietze, C.: TWO years’ experience with a liberal

abortion law: its impact on fertility trends in New York

City. Family Planning Perspectives. 5(1) :36-41, Winter

1973.

70Tietze, C., ~d Dawson, D. A.: Induced abortion,

a factbook. Reports on Population/Family Planning.

No, 14. New York. The Population Council, 1973. p. 5.

71World Health Organization: Spontaneous and

Induced Abortion : Report of a WHO Scientific Group,

WHO Technical Report No. 461. Geneva. World Health

Organization, 1970.

72 Van der Tak, J.: Abortion, Fertility and Changing

Legislation: An International Review. Lexington, Mass,

Lexington Books, 1974.

73 Campbell, A. A.: Three generations of parents.

Family Planning Perspectives. 5(2): 110, Spring 1973.

74Tietze, C., and Lewit, S.: Joint program for the

study of abortion (JPSA): early medical complications

of legal abortion, Studies in Family Planning.

3(6):97-122, June 1972.

75 Shimizu, I. M., and Bonham, G. S.: The Use of

Randomized Response to Measure Abortions in the National Survey of Family Growth. Paper presented at the

Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Montreal, Apr. 29, 1976.

76Moore-Cavar, E. C.: International Inventoy of Information on Induced Abortion. New York. Columbia

University, International Institute for the Study of

Human Reproduction, 1974.

77 Nation~ Center for He~th Statistics: He~th ~tatis.

tics today and tomorrow, a report of the Committee to

Evaluate the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital

and Health Statistics. Series 4-No. 15, DHEW Pub, No,

(HRA) 75-1452. Health Resources Administration,

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept.

1973. pp. 11-12.

42
APPENDIXES

CONTENTS

I. Data Collection Systems of the National Center for Health Statistics ..............................................

Basic Vital Statistics ...................................................................................................................

National Natality Followback Sumeys .......................................................................................

National Survey of Family Growth ............................................................................................

National Reporting System for Family Planning Sewices ..................................................#........

IL Data Collection Systems of the Bureau of the Census .....................................................................

Decennial Census .......................................................................................................................

Current Population Suwey .........................................................................................................

111. Questionnaires Relating to Fertility ................................................................................................

Sample Questionnaire, 1973 Nationaf Survey of Family Growti ...............................................

Sample Questionnaire, 1976 Nationrd Survey of Family Growth ...............................................

Questionnaire,June 1975 Current Population Smey ................................................................

Supplement to Questionnaire, June 1976 Current Population Survey, .......................................

50

50

50

:;

100

150

154

APPENDIX FIGURE

L U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth ........................................................................................... 46

43
APPENDIX I

DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS OF THE

NATIONAL CENTER FOR H-E7WTW3TATISTICS

BasicVital Statistics

Basic vital statistics provided through the

registration system come from records of live

births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages, and divorces or other dissolutions of marriages. Registration of these events is a local and State

function, but uniform registration practices and

use of the records for national statistics have

been established over the years through cooperative agreements with the National Center for

Health Stat istics (NCHS) and predecessor

agencies having a coordinating responsibility.

The program was initiated in the 1800 ‘s. The

present authority for the national program is

Public Law 93-353, Section 306, 93d Congress

(H.R. 11385), July 23, 1974, titled “Health

Services Research, Health Statistics, and Medical

Libraries Act of 1974.”

The civil laws of every State provide for a

continuous and permanent birth and fetal death

registration system. In general, the local registrar

of a town, city, county, or other locality collects

the records of births and deaths occurring in the

area; inspects, queries, and corrects if necessary;

maintains a local copy, register, or index; and

transmits the records to the State health department. There the vital statistics office inspects

the records for promptness of filing and for

completeness and consistency of information;

queries if necessary; numbers, indexes, and processes the statistical information for State and

local use; and binds the records for permanent

reference and safekeeping. Microfilm copies of

individual records or machine-readable data are

transmitted to NCHS for use in compiling

national vital statistics.

The system for collecting national data on

marriages and divorces is not as well developed

as the system for births and deaths is. All States

have marriage and divorce laws, but as of January 1, 1975, only 47 States had a central file of

marriage records and 46 States had a central file

of divorce records. Forty-one States and the

District of Columbia had been admitted to the

marriage-registration area (MR4) and 29 States

to the divorce-registration area (DRA). It is

these registration-area States that provide microfilm copies of their marriage and divorce certificates or machine-readable data from which

NCHS derives data on characteristics of

marriages and divorces and the persons involved.

Only counts of events are provided by States

that have central files but are not in the registration areas. For States without central registration, counts are collected from individual

counties either by the State vital statistics office

or by NCHS. Some counties report only marriage licences issued and divorce petitions filed

rather than marriages performed and divorces

granted.

Provisional vital statistics are collected and

published monthly and summarized annually.

They are derived from monthly reports of the

States to NCHS, giving the number of certificates accepted by the State for ~llingbetween

two dates a month apart, without regard to

date of occurrence. These reports to NCHS are

to be mailed on or before the 25th of the month

following the data month. They are the source

of the provisional vital statistics published in the

Monthly Vital Statistics Report.

Final co-unts and detailed national statistics

on births, deaths, and fetal deaths are obtained

44
from copies of the original certificates prepared

at the local level, but final counts of marriages

(by month and county) and divorces (by

county) are collected annually by NCHS on

special forms.

To promote uniformity in the statistical information collected from States and local areas

for national purposes, NCHS recommends standard certificates of births, deaths, marriages, and

divorces, The standard certificates are developed

in cooperation with the States, local areas, and

the Federal agency, taking into account the

needs and problems expressed by the major providers and users of the data. The standard certificates are reviewed about every 10 years to

assure that they meet, to the fullest extent

feasible, current needs and legaI records and are

adequate sources of vital and health statistics.

Although the use of standard certificates by

States is voluntary, and the form and content of

the certificates vary according to the laws of

each State, the certificates in most States follow

closely the standard certificates. The Standard

Certificate of Live Birth (1968 revision) is

shown in figure I. The States are scheduled to

adopt new standard certificates in 1978. Revisions are expected to be minor.

Machine-readabIe data are accepted from

States participating in the Cooperative Health

Statistics System (CHSS). Data from all other

States are coded and entered on magnetic tape

either by NCHS or under reimbursable agreement with the Bureau of the Census. Currently,

mortality data, both demographic and medical,

are processed by the Data Preparation Branch,

Division of Operations; natality, marriage, and

divorce data are processed under contract with

the Bureau of the Census.

For States not ‘participating in CHSS, a

50-percent sample of live births is processed by

selecting records with image numbers terminating in an even number. For CHSS States, the

entire birth file is utiIized.

In general, all States in the marriage- and

divorce-~egistration areas that do not submit data

under CHSS send microfilm copies of all their

marriage or divorce certificates to NCHS, where

a sample of the records is selected and processed.

Vital statistics data reach the public through

the Monthly Vital Statistics Report (MVSR),

supplements to the MVSR, Vital Statistics of the

United States (bound volumes issued annually),

microdata tapes (issued annually), and Vital and

Health Statistics series reports and special reports (issued on an irregularbasis). Unpublished

tabulations are available upon request.

MVSR publications containing provisional

monthly counts are published within 60 days

following the end of the data month; advance

supplements to the MVS R releasing final annual

statistics are published within 12 months of the

data year; data tapes and unpublished tabulations are released at the same time as these

advance MVSR supplements and have a corresponding lag; series and special reports are

issued as resources permit; and the annual bound

volumes are expected to soon be distributed

with no more than a 1.5-year lag.

NCHS policy requires that data not be released in a manner that will in any way compromise the confidentiality guaranteed the

respondents who supplied the original data.

Names and addresses for vital records are not

coded and never appear on data tapes or tabulations, certificate numbers are never released

without written permission from the States

whose records are involved, and data tapes including data from localities having less than

250,000 population are classified to reflect

population sizq but do not reveal specific geographic names.

Vital statistics data are collected, processed,

and made available for public use. In addition to

their use in fertility-related policy matters, the

data serve a wide variety of purposes. Vital statistics are used in making population estimates

and projections; in assessing the health of the

U.S. population; in pinpointing health problems;

in measuring progress made by national health

programs; in epidemiological studies; in marketing research; in demographic, sociological,

and economic studies; in studies of the family;

and in numerous and varied other aspects of

research aimed at understanding our society and

its problems and progress.

Among the principal users of the data are

parts of the Public Health Service, such as the

Center for Disease Control, the Food and Drug

Administration, and the National Institutes of

Health; other Federal agencies, such as the

Bureau of Labor Statistics and Departments of

45
EA.., . ...””.” .“. - -. . . . . . .

nmm MJREALI No. 68-R1900

r 1

U.S. STANDARD r 1

TYPE, OR PRINT IN LOCAL FILE NUMDER

CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH BIRTH NUM9ER

PERMANENT INK

SEEHAHDBOOXFOR

IHSTRIACTIONS 1. 1.. Ill M.

SEX THIS BIRTH—sINGLE, WIN, rRl~LETt flc. IF NOT SINGLE BIRTH—BoRN FIRM, SECOND,

(SPECIFY)

COUNTY OF BIRTH

THIRD, ETC. [ SPECIFf )

3. 4a. 4b. SO.

CIW, TOWN, OR LOCATION OF BIRTH INSNS::Y :I&Y ;;M;:: HOSplTAL—NAME t IF NOT IN HOSPIIAL, GIVE STREETAND NUMIER 1

MOTHER—MAIDEN NAME F!RST MIDDLE LAsr AGE {Al TIME OF STATE OF BIRTH [1$ NOT IN U. S.A., NAME COUNTRY)

THIS BIRTH1

60. bb. k.

RESIDENCE—STATE COUNTY CITY, TOWN, OR LOCATION ;:;;;;y :\’ :;M;:; STREET AND NUMBER

FATHER—NAME FIR.5T IAIDDLE LA51 AGE [Al TIME OF STATE OF BIRTH (IF NOT IN u.s.A., NAME COUNTRYI

THIS BIRTH)

%.

1 CERIIFY lHAT THEABOVE NAMED CHILD WAS BORN ALIVE AT THE PLACE AND TIME AND ON THt DATE

STATED ABOVE

ATTENDANT —M.D., D.o., MI DWlfE, oIHfR

1oo. SIGNATURE 10+.

c~ [TYPE OR PRIN11 MAILING ADDRESS ( STREETOR R.F.0, NO,, CIR’ OR TOWN, STATE, ZIP I

REGISTRAR—SIGNATURE DATE RECEIVED BY LOCAL REGISTRAR

MONTH D&v YEAR

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION FOR MEDICAL AND HEALTH USE ONLY

0 RACE —FATHER EDuCATION—SPECIFY HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED PREVIOUS DELIVERIES—HOW MANY OTHER CHILDREN

WHITE, NEGRO, AMERICAN INDIAN, ETC. ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE ARE NOW ,,”,!4; WERE BORN AIWE - WERE 80RW DEAD

1SPECIFY 1

,0,1.2,3,4, on :1 ( 1,2,3, OR 41 ( 1.2,3,4, Ot 5 + 1

NOW DEAD {FETALOEATH AT ANY TIME

AFTER cONCf?llONl

RACE—MOTHER EDUCATION-SPECIFY HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED DATE OF LAST LIVE BIRTH DATE OF LAST FETAL DEATH

MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR

WHITE, NEGRO, AMERICAN INDIAN, ETC. EIEMENIARY

( SPECIFY) 10,1,2,3,4, 01 11 .1,2,3 ,4, OR5 + 1

I 5. I 6. lrb

DATE LAST NORMAl MENSES BEGAN MONTH OF PREGNANCY PRENATAL PRENATAL VISITS TOTAL FWMMR LEGITIMATE

DEATH

MONTH

BIRTH WEIGHT

DAY . YEA~ CARE BEGAN {IF NONE, SO STATE I ( SPECIFY YES OR NO I

UNDER ONE YEAR

FIRST, SECOND, ITIIRD, ETC. 1 SPECIFY )

OF AGE

ENIER SIAIE FILE

NUMtER OF DEATH

CER1lflCAIE FOR

COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PREGNANCY ( DESCRIBE OR w117E ‘NONE”’ 1 &lRrH INJURIES TIJ CHILD ( DESCRIBE OR WRITE ‘“NONE””)

THIS CHILD.

21 23.

COMPLICATIONS NOT RELATED TO PREGNANCY [ DE5CR11EOR WRITE ““NONE” 1 CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OR ANOMALIES OF CHILD [DESCRIIE OR WRITE ‘“NONE’”]

MULTIPLE BIRTHS

ENIIR SIAIE FILE 14 15

NUMUR me

Aunts) COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR (DESCRIBE OR WRIIE “NONE’ 1

LIVE BIRTH(S) N

FETAL OEATH(S)
Agriculture, Defense, and Transportation;

members of the U.S. Congress; State and city

governments; public and private research institutions; life insurance companies; faculty and

students of universities; newspaper reporters and

feature writers; and physicians and workers in

health information and education groups.

National Natality Followback Surveys

The national followback surveys were initiated in 1961. Mortality surveys were conducted

annually from 1961 through 1968 and nata.lity

surveys from 1963 through 1969 and again in

1972. A National Infant Mortality Survey was

conducted for 1964-66. These surveys are based

on samples of registered births and deaths occurring during a calendar year.

The nationrd followback surveys extend for

statistical purposes the range of items which are

rmrmally included on the vital records. They

provide national estimates of births and deaths

by characteristics not available from the vital

registration system. They also serve as a basis for

evaluating the quality of information reported

on the vital records.

The procedures for conducting the national

followback surveys involve utilizing the national

system for the registration of vital events. The

birth or death record serves as the sampling unit,

and samples of these units are selected from a

frame of records representing births or deaths

registered during a given period of time.

The sampling frame for the National Natality Surveys is the file of microfilm birth certificates received each month by NCHS from the

birth-registration areas of the United States. As a

general rule, each registration area assigns a

number to each certificate prior to or during

filming of the birth record. Each 1,000 consecutive images constitutes a primary sampling

unit. From each 1,000 records, 1 record is

chosen at random. Thus a sample of 1 out of

every 1,000 births is selected from the records

for each registration area.

Data for all the followback surveys were

collected primarily by mail. In the natality surveys, id&esses were taken from the birth certificate, and questionnaires were sent to the

mother, the physician who delivered the baby,

and the medical facility where the baby was

born. After all methods of obtaining complete

questionnaires had been exhausted, the data

were edited, coded, and transcribed onto punch

cards. Basic range edits were made to eliminate

punching errors, and the cards were then used as

input for magnetic tape. Computer processing

included consistency checks, interval edits, estimation or assignment of weights, and imputation of missing data.

The followback survey data have been released as they became available through the

Vital and Health Statistics series reports, supplements to the Monthly Vital Statistics Report,

and microdata tapes.

Data provided through the natality surveys

are used by agencies and individuals responsible

for or studying maternal and child health care

programs and by researchers and others studying

social and demographic issues. They have provi d e d data on such subjects as unwanted

pregnancies, prenatal and postpartum care,

health status of mother and infant at delivery,

health insurance coverage for medical bills related to pregnancies, illegitimacy, and other

related subjects.

National Survey of Family Growth

The National Survey of Family Growth

(NSFG) is a multipurpose statistical survey that

provides a wide range of information serving

needs of persons and organizations concerned

with the dynamics of population change, family

planning, and maternal and child health. Developmental funds and necessary positions were

provided for establishing the NSFG in NCHS in

fiscal year 1971, and full funding for the program was provided in the budget for fiscal year

1972 and subsequent years. Fieldwork for 1973

was begun in July 1973 and completed in February 1974.

The NSFG is designed primarily to produce

data on factors influencing trends and differentials in fertility, family planning practices of

the population, sources from which family planning advice and services are obtained, effectiveness and acceptability of the various methods of

family planning, and those aspects of maternal

and child health that are most directly related to

fertility and family planning. The survey is based

on personal interviews with women in child47
bearing ages selected from a nationwide area

probability sample of households.

The NSFG is based upon a cross-sectional

sample of women in the conterminous United

States 15-44 years of age who are or have been

married or who have never been married but

have children of their own living with them in

the household. Excluded from the sample are

women living in group quarters and nevermam-iedwomen without children. The design is a

multistage area probability sample.

II-I the first (or 197 3) survey, the firststage primary sampling units (PSU’S) included

101 standard metropolitan statistical areas,

counties, parts of counties, and independent

cities. Secondary sampling units consisted of

enumeration districts or block groups within

selected PSU’S. Where feasible, secondary units

were subdivided into third-stage listing units

with a probability of selection proportional to

estimated housing. In the fourth stage, housing

units within the third-stage listing units were

chosen by systematic sampling. A fifth level of

sampling among eligible women within a household was required to obtain one and only one

interview in each household with at least one

eligible respondent. To assure sufficient precision for presenting intragroup comparisons on

various fertility variables, the black population

was oversampled. The overall sample design

called for 10,000 completed interviews, comprising approximately 3,600 black women and

6,400 women of white and other racial groups.

The provisional estimate of the response rate is

an overall 83 percent, with approximately 79

percent among eligible black women and 85 percent among eligible women of white and other

races. The final number of interviews was 9,800,

comprising 3,859 black respondents and 5,941

white and other respondents.

The NSFG is a continuing program of NCHS

based upon periodic cycles of data collection.

Data collection is done under contract with

private survey organizations which have capability in the design and execution of national

probability samples and have a national field

interviewing staff. In the 1973 survey, interviews

were conducted with 9,800 eligible women

from July 1, 1973, into February 1974. FieIdwork for the 1976 survey was conducted from

January through Sept;mber 1976.

The questionnaires for the NSFG are

designed by the Family Growth Survey Branch

of the Division of Vital Statistics and cover such

topical areas as marital history, detailed pregnancy history, fecundity, expected or intended

future births, pregnancy planning practices and

utilization of specific contraceptive methods,

source and financing of family planning services,

and a broad range of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. The 1973 questionnaire

for currently married women is reproduced in

appendix III. A similar questionnaire not shown

here was used for post-mamied women. In the

1973 survey the average length of an interview

was 73 minutes. In 1976 the average time had

been reduced to 55 minutes in the pretest. The

1976 questionnaire for the currently married is

reproduced in appendix HI. Again, a similar

questionnaire was administered to the postmarried.

It is anticipated that once the basic survey

instrument and procedures are well established,

subsamples of respondents will be selected as

panels for longitudinal followup interviews. This

procedure will provide prospective data and the

opportunity to “verify” them in relation to

actual subsequent experience.

For 1973, initial preparation of the data tape

was accomplished under a reimbursable agreement with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. NCHS

is now processing the data through all stages required to edit, impute, recode, and weight the

data records to be used for input to table

production. For 1976, preparation of edited,

unweighed data tapes was performed by the

contractor for the fieldwork. NCHS is again responsible for producing the fiial imputed,

recoded, and weighted data records.

Tabulation specifications and programs are

prepared in NCHS, except in the case of certain

specific analytical reports that are prepared

under contract by private researchers. NCHS

establishes the scope and specifications for these

contracted reports and releases them in its WZl

and Health Statistics series.

The publication program for the NSFG includes: (1) advanced reports in the form of supplements to the MVSR, (2) methodological

reports and indepth substantive analyses to be

presented in one of the Vital and Health Statistics series, and (3) a public-use tape. Publications

48
from the 1973 survey were scheduled for release

between fall 1975 ~d the end of 1976. It is

anticipated that the public-use tape for 1973

will be available early in 1977. This schedule is

substantially longer after the close of fieldwork

than is planned for future cycles due to the

sizable amount of developmental work in the

1973 survey.

National Reporting System for

Family Planning Services

The National Reporting System for Family

Planning Services (NRSFPS) is an ongoing reporting system to collect data on the number

and characteristics of persons receiving family

planning services, the number and types of visits

made to clinics, and the number and types of

services provided. In addition, the system COI,

lects data about clinics and projects through

which the patients are served. The projects that

participate in NRSFPS include both federallyfunded and non-federally-funded family planning projects.

NRSFPS was developed in two stages. An

interim reporting system was operated by NCHS

from May 1969 through December 1971. During

1971 NCHS revised and improved the interim

system and thus developed NRSFPS.

Participation in NRSFPS is limited to clinics

that provide family planning services. It involves

the completion of a report form (Clinic Visit

Record for Family Planning Services) for each

patient visit at which family planning services

are provided except those visits the sole purpose

of which is to pick up contraceptive supplies.

The completed forms are then sent to the NCHS

contractor either weekly or biweekly depending

on the patient load at each clinic.

The form, which contains 18 items, is used

to collect social, demographic, and family planning service information. The form also contains

a section for agency use only. This section

greatly increases the flexibility of NRSFPS since

it allows the participating agencies and clinics to

obtain information relevant to their specific

operations but not required for the national data

system.

All completed forms are transmitted to the

processing firm under contract to NCHS. A

typing optical-character-recognition input

system is used to convert recorded patient data

to magnetic tape.

Since there were some established automated systems in existence when NRSFPS was

developed, NCHS accepts data from these

systems on either magnetic tape or punched

cards according to specifications established by

NCHS.

A variety of computer-generated tables are

produced by the reporting system as follows:

(1) Monthly. –Tabulations showing number

of clinics and number. of patients aggregated to regional levels.

(2) Quarterly. –Number of patients and type

(3)

of se~ce aggregated at the agency,

State, regional, and nationaI levels.

Annually. –Demographic and social characteristics of patients for the United

States, regions, and States.

In addition to the regular tabulations, special

tabulations may be obtained from NRSFPS.

Agencies desiring such tabulations submit a

written request to NCHS stating what information is desired and the purpose for which this

information will be used. NCHS reviews the

request with regard to any confidentiality

implications and the feasibility of compliance.

Further, data tapes are available for public distribution beginning with calendar year 1971 and

will be available for subsequent years.

The primmy users of the data are the clinics

that provide the data, project directors, Planned.

Parenthood-World Population and their affiliates, DHEW, DHEW regional directors, State

maternal and child health directors, the Bureau

of Community Health Services, and State

departments of health.

o 00

49
APPENDIX II

SYSTEMS OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data

concerning the fertility of American women

from a sample of the female population in the

decennial census and in a series of surveys which

have periodically supplemented the monthly

Current Population Survey.

Decennial Census

In the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, 1950,

1960, and 1970 samples of women were asked

how many children they had ever borne. The

question on number of children ever born, which

is a cumulative fertility measure, is the only direct question regarding fertility that has ever

been asked in the decennial censuses. However,

scholars and researchers have developed various

techniques for estimating current period fertility, based principally on the number of children

under 3 or under 5 years old who are identified

as living with their mothers. Pxjor to 1970, only

women who had ever been married were asked

to report on numbers of children ever born. In

1970 the item was extended to single women as

well.

The sample size for the census question on

children ever born has varied over time. In 1970

this question was asked of 20 percent of the

population. In 1960 the item was on the 25-

percent sample, Most published tabulations from

the 1960 and 1970 censuses, however, are from

smaller samples. In the censuses prior to 1960

the sample sizes have usually been 5 percent or

less, with the exception of the 1910 census,

where the sample was approximately 9 percent.

In Census Bureau publications and in the

public-use samples from the 1960 and 1970

censuses, other data from census schedules are

available for purposes of cross-classifying

numbers and rates of children ever born. Chief

among these are race, marital status, whether

married more than once, age at census, age at

first marriage, family income, husband’s income

for the calendar year preceding the date of the

census, years of school completed, occupation

of employed husband, and labor-force status of

women.

Census Bureau publication of fertility data

from the 1960 and 1970 decennial censuses includes some limited tabulations in Chapter C of

the Volume I reports, Characteristics of the

Pop u la tion for the respective years. More

detailed data were presented in a series of Subject Reports. Three Subject Reports were

published from the 1960 census: PC(2)-3A,

Women by Number of Children Ez’er Born;

PC(2)-3B, Childspacing; and PC(2)-3C, Women

by Children Under 5 Years Old. The 1970

census Subject Reports on fertiIity included

PC(2)-3A, Women by Number of Children Ever

Born, and PC(2)-3B, ChildsPacing and Current

Fertility. In addition to the published reports,

public-use samples of basic household and person records from the censuses of 1960 and 1970

were made available on magnetic tape. Computer-tape publication includes a sample from

the 1970 census with special recodes which

facilitate the study of child spacing and period

fertility.

Current Population Survey

The Current Population Survey (CPS) has

periodically served as a vehicle for collecting information on children ever born, marital and

fertility histories, and expectations of future

50
births. Since 1971 the June survey has been used

for this purpose annually. In addition, the 1967

Survey of Economic Opportunity was used to

collect data on marital and fertility histories and

birth expectations.

Specifically, in August 1959, June 1971, and

June 1975, data were collected on marital and

fertility histories. The 1975 questionnaire is

reproduced in appendix III. The June surveys of

1972-74 collected data on both numbers of

children ever born and expectations for future

births. Information on birth expections was also

collected in the 1971 and 1975 surveys mentioned above. Typical pages of the fertility supplement to the CPS questionnaire for June 1976

are also shown in appendix III.

In 1975 the sample for the CPS contained

about 55,000 households, as compared with

40,000 in 1965. Vacancies and various types of

noninterview situations resulted in interviews

being taken in only” approximately 47,000

households in 1975. In 1976 the sample was

expanded to 68,000 households, of which about

55,000 were interviewed. The primary purpose

of the CPS is to collect employment statistics

for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although supplemental information on various topics of

interest are collected almost every month.

When questions on marital and fertility

histories are included, statistics are available on

cumulative numbers of children born to date,

spacing of births in terms of the mother’s age

and date of first marriage, spacing of births

between one order and the next, age at completion of childbearing, and median age at first

marriage and births. Birth expectations yield

statistics on the number of chddren expected in

the next 5 years and in all future years and on

the timing of the next expected birth. In

combination with data on children ever born to

date, data on birth expectations provide information on expected lifetime fertility.

The basic demographic data collected in the

CPS are available for use in analyzing the fertility statistics. These data include age, race,

marital status, age at first marriage, labor force

participation, family income, occupation of

husband, and years of school completed.

Offici~ publication of data from the CPS

(and fi-om the Survey of Economic Opportunity) is in the Current Population Reports,

Series P-20. For additional information regarding

fertility-related data collected by the Bureau of

the, Census, write or teIephone:

Fertility Statistics Branch

Population Division

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Washington, D.C. 20233

Tel. (301) 763-5303

@oo

51
APPENDIX Ill

QUESTIONNAIRES RELATING TO FERTILITY

Sample Questionnaire, 1973 National Survey of Family Growth

Survey 4604

July, 1973

OM8 No. 68-S72170

Expires: April 30, 1974

Collected for the National

Center for Health Statistics

NATIONAL OPINION HESEARCH CENTER

University of Chicago

Elnun Duln~

(Psu) (SEGNENT) (PT) (LINE)

A

(cAsE Nm48ER) (LETTER IF

ADD’L DU)

SVEN: ODD:

NHITE PINK

CAROS CARDS

NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY GROWTH

CUR RENT LY-MARRIE D QUESTIONNAIRE

NOTICE: All information which would permit identification

of any individual will be held in strict confidence,

will be used only by persona engaged in and for the

purpose of the survey, and will not be disclOsed

or releaaed to others for any purpose, as in accordance with Section 305(a) of.the Public Health

.$erviceAct, Section 1.103(a) of the Public Health

Service Regulations [42 CFR 1.103(a)] and under

Public Health Service Delegation of Authority

Number 31.

52
-2-

BEGIN DECK 01

TIMK :

AM

PM

SECTION I

We hear a lot of talk these days shout the birth rate and the

10 11 12

13

number of babies being

born. So, to begin with, we are asking women about the number of children people h&e.

1 What do You think is the”idea1 number of children for the average American familv

AI today? -

A. IF DEPENDS, ETC.:

14 15

NUMBER OR RANGE

‘l!here isnoide alnumbe r.. . . . . . . ...97

Depends, God’a will, don’t know, etc. .(ASK A) . 98

Many people feel that way, but still they have some idea.

As things are nnw for the average American family, hnw

many children would you say is the ideal number?

mER OR RANGE

16 17

There ia no ideal number . . 97

Dependa, God’s will,

don’t know, etc. . . . . . . 98

z, Before you and Mr. (NAMZ OF PRESENT HUSBAND) were married, did the two of you talk

about the number of children you would like to have together? 16

Yea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 19

No . . . . . . . (sK2p TOQ. 4).... . . 7.

Don’t know, don’t ramember . (SKIP TO Q. 4) . S

D Volunteered either R or husband sterile (SKIP ‘M Q. 5)

s, Did you agree or disagree on a particular number of children at that time?

Agree . .. (ASK A).... .1

Disagree . (ASK BANDC) . . . . 2

One or both undecided . (ASK D). 3

IF AGREE:

A. How many waa that?

IF DISAGID3E:

B. Hcw many did he want?

(SKIP TO Q. 5)

NUMBER OR RANGE

NDMSER OR RANGE

C. Hnw many did you want? (SKIP TO Q. 5)

NDMBER OR lUNGE

IF ONS OR BOTH DNDECIDED:

D. Did you have a number in mind, did your husband have a number in mind,

or were you both undecided?

Wife had number . [ASK (l)] . . . 1

Husband had number [ASK (1)] . . . 2

Both undecided . (SKIP TO Q. 5) . . 3

(1) How many did (you/he) want? (SKIP TO Q. 5)

NDMEER OR RANGE

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

27

20 29

4, Well, before you were nmrried to Mr. (NAME OF PRESENT HUSBAND), did ~ have an

idea of the number of children yg would like to have?

Yea. .(ASKA) . . ..l 90

No . . . . . . . . . . .2

31 32

NUMBER OR RANGE

A. IF YSS: liowmany was that?

53
-3- DECKS 01-02

5, Fllt~ny babies were born to your mother altogether, including any who died after

33 34

(Number of Babies Born)

IF VOLUNTEERED: Respondent adopted . . . . 97

6, When were you born? Immm

(Month) (Day) (Year)

HO

7, wI+l’f’E CARDS ONLY

In what month and year was your mother born? Im

(Month)

m

(Year)

k’w Don’t know . . . 98

g, And Mr. (NAMB OF PRESENT HUSBAND). How many babies were born to his mother altogether, including any who died after birth?

43 44

(Number of Babiea Born)

IF VOLUNTEERED: Husband adopted. . . . . . 97

g, When was your h“aband born? mmm 4!i50

(Month) (Day) (Year)

10, Have you ever been married before?

}

Yes. .(ASKA). l F.lCALL S1

NO . . . . ...2 CHART @

A. IF YES: Including your present marriage, how

many times have you been married?

(Number of Times)

52

“ &%E~HU&~a~dm%i$W ‘F mmm

(Month) (Day) (Year)

u

IF R MARRIED ONLY ONCE: YEAR ON EECALL CRART @ ; CHECK ❑ IF 59

AND SKIP TO SEC. 11, P. 4. INFORMAL UNION

ASK Q‘s 12-15 FOR E2iCHmmtous MARRIAGE BEFORB GOING oN TO mm MARRIAGE. 60 72/R

BEG+NCDECK 02

D,

IF MARRIED MORE

THAN ONCE:

When were you

married the (lst/

2nd/3rd, etc.)

time?

CHS6K BOX BELOW DATE

IF INFORMAL UNION

,QmmYEAR

OF 1st MARRIAGE)JO ‘!

INFORMAL ~ 1c

RECALL CHART @’

Ig r---lJ lr--J

OF 2nd t@RRIAGE)26 3I

INFORMAL ❑ 3:

.Mm!m

DAY YE4R

OF 3rd MARRIAGE)42 *J

INFORMAL ~ II(

13, I

14,

How did that

marriage end? IF DIVORCE ;

(READ CATEGORY QIJ 1

IF DEATH:

IF NECESSARY) ANNULMENT : ~ m 18

12333

Qw

34

1 2

3 ‘9 QQ

50

21

37

53

-u ,

IF DIVORCE, ANNULMBNT@

=TION:

When did you and

your (lst/2nd/

etc.) husband

stop living

“together?

LLJQ22 25

Qw 38 41

I 58 7a

IF MORE THAN FOUR MARRIAGES, GO TO CONTINUATION BOOKLET, PAGE 3.

Q’S 16 & ~ OMITTED.

54
IEEEl

Yes. .l Married more than once? No 2

Year first married

m

Number of live births

Children in household?

Yes. .l

No ..2

Currently pregnant?

Yes. .l

No ..2

Ever pregnant?

Yes. .l

NO ..2

Year sterile or

menopause

Yes. .l

Currently using method? No

. . 2

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

N.

P.

s.

w.

Pill . . . . . . . .

Douche . . . . . . . .

Foam . . . . . . . .

Jelly, Cream, Sup.

IUD . . . . . . . . .

Condom, Rubber . . . .

Diaphragm . . . . . .

Diaphragm & Jelly . .

Rhythm-calendar . . .

Rhythm-temperature . .

Not having intercourse

to avoid pregnancyabstinence . . . . . .

Withdrawal . . . . . .

Sterile-wife . , . . .

Sterile-husband . . .

Abortion . . . .

Other.....:::

.-

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 ~

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

55
BEGIN DECKS 32

--BIRTH AND PSXGNANCY SECOkD--

10 1$ 16 17 18

-+7 Y

(FROM Q. 19A)

BIRTH DATE

OFFICE USE OF

ONLY CHILD

PREGNANCY ENDED pre~.LO.SS?# M~nth~

Month I Day I Year

1 2

1 Ill

1 Ill

FIRST CHILD

1 2

1 Ill

1 Ill

SECOND CHILE

1 2

1 Ill

,:HIRDCHILD

1 2

1 Ill

FOURTH CHILL

1 2

1 Ill

FIFTH CHILD

1 2

1 Ill

SIXTH CHILD

1 2

1 ///

5EVSNTH CHILD

1 2

1 Ill

31GHTH CHILD

1 2

1 Ill

NINTH CHILD

1 2

1 Ill

CP CURSENT PREGNANCY

DRAW A WAVY LINE JUST ABOVS FIRST PRSGNANCY ENDING

AFTER JUNE 30, 1970.
-4- BEGIN DECK 04

SECTION II

In a study of family growth in this country, one of the most important things is knowing

some basic facts about pregnancies and births that women have.

1/3, ~o~th~gyat;~~ bOrn Yes . . .(ASKA) . ...1 10

No . (SKIP TO Q. 21) . . 2

A. —IF YES.. Altogether, how many babies have you had born to you,

including any who died very young? (Number of

P

Recall

live births) Chart @

1 12

19, Now I‘d like to get some information about (each of) your (baby/babies).

(ASK A-F FOR EACH LIVE BIRTH.)

A. When was your (first, second, etc.) child

born? (ENTER DATE IN COL. Y OF BIRTH &

PKSG, RECOBD BETWEEN HEAVY LINES.)

B. What did you neme the baby? (ENTER IN

COL. Z OF BIRTH & PREG. RECOSD NEXT TO

DATE OF BIRTH.)

(ENTER c-F IN CHILD COLS. TO RIGHT)

c, Was that baby a boy or a girl?

D, How much did (CHILD) weigh at birth?

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -

IF DON’T KNOW TO D:

(1) Did (he/she) weigh more than

5+ lbs. or less?

E. IF NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD, ASK:

I do not have (CHILD) listed in the house

hold. Is (he/she) still living?

—--- ---- ---- -— -- -— -- —

IF YES, ASK:

(1) Is this where (CHILD) usually lives

or does (he/she) live somewhere else

most of the time?

—--- ---- ---- ---- ---- -

(2) When did (CHILD) last live with you

(His/her) own household . . .

Long-term care institution . .

College/away at school . . . .

With other relatives . . . . .

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . .

--— --- --- —-- --- --

~Fii~,%3K:

(4) When did (CHILD) die?

F. IF (CHILD) LIVSD WITH MOTHER AT LEAST

TWO MONTHS, ASK:

(1) When (CHILD) was an infant. did vou

you quit breastfeeding (him/her)

altogether? RECORD VRRBATIM IF R

DOES NOT ANSWER IN “WEEKS.”

Still feedine . . . . . . . .

FIRST

CHILD

. . . . . . . ...! . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boy Girl

1 2

.b_ oz_

---- —--

fore . . ..l

;+ or less . 2

)on’t know . g

Yes[ASK(l)]. 1

No [ASK(4)]. 2

-——- —-—

Lives here . 1

Lives somewhere else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

mm

. . . . . . 1

. . . . . . 2

. . . . . .

. . . . . . :

5

mm

!es[ASK(2)]. 1

10 . ...2

I

Weeks

. . . . . 97

R definitely-does not remember . . ...98

~, Sometimes we miss a baby who died shortly after

birth or never lived at home. Have we listed

all your babies now? I

SECI)ND

CHILD

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boy Girl

1 2

Lb_ oz_

---- ----

More . . ..l

5* or less . 2

Don tt know . 8

Yes[ASK(l)]. 1

No [ASK(4)]. 2

—--- ---

Lives here . 1

Lives somewhere else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

Dm

. . . . . .

. . . . . . ;

. . . . . .

. . . . . . ;

5

nm

Yes [AsK(2)]. 1

No . ...2

I I

Weeks

. . . . . . 97

. . . . . . 9[

THIRD

CHILD

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . . . . . . . . . . ..0..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boy Girl

1 2

Lb_ oz_

---- ---— -

More . . ..l

5+ or less . 2

Don ]t know . 8

Yes[ASK(l)]. 1

No [ASK(4)]. 2

---— -----

Lives here . 1

Lives somewhere else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

mm

. . . . . .

. . . . . . :

. . . . . .

. . . . . . :

5

mm

Yes [AsK(2)]. 1

NO . ...2

I

Weeks

. . . . . 97

Yes . . . . . . ..l

No . (A2KA) . . 2

A. ~: How many did we miss?

c1

GO BACK TO Q. 19 AND ASK A-F FOR EACH BABY

MISSED? ENTER INFORMATION ABOUT MISSED BABIES

AND INDICATE PROPER BIRTH ORDERBY ARROWON

BIRTHAND PREGNANCYRECORDAND IN COLUNNSABOVS.

57
-5-

12mm BEGIN DECKS 41

67

FOURTH

CHILD

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boy Girl

1 2

Lb_ oz_

.— —-- —--

More . . ..l

5* or less . 2

Don’t know . g

Yes[ASK(l)]. 1

No [ASK(4)]. 2

----- ---

Lives here . 1

Lives somewhere else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

Qm

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . ;

. . . . . .

. . . . . . :

5

mm

YesfASK(2)]. 1

NO . ...2

I 1

Weeks

. . . . . . 97

~

FIFTH

CHILD

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Boy Girl

1 2

Lb_ oz_

----- --—

More . . ..l

5+ or less . 2

Don’t know . 8

Yes[ASK(l)]. 1

NO [AsK(4)I. 2

----- ---

Lives here . 1

Lives somewhere else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

mm

. . . . . .

. . . . . . ;

. . . . . .

. . . . . . :

5

mm

Yes[ASK(2)J. 1

NO . ...2

[ I 1

Weeks

. . . . . . 97

. . . ...3

/

SIXTH SEVSNTH EIGHTH

CHILD CHILD CHILD

=+4= ........................................................................................

............................................

Boy Girl I

Boy Girl IBoy Girl

1 2 1 2 1 2

Lb_ oz_

---- ----

More . . ..l

5+ or less . 2

Don’

Yes[ASK(1)

t know

]

.

.

8

1 IwYes[ASK(l)]. 1 I Yes[ASK(l)]. ]

No [ASK(4)]. 2 No [ASK(4)]. 2 No [ASK(4)]. 2

---- —-—- --—- ---- --—— ----

Lives here . 1 Lives here . 1 Lives here . 1

Lives some- Lives some- Lives somewhere else. 2 where else. 2 where else. 2

[ASK(2)&(3)] [ASK(2)&(3)] [ASK(2)&(3)]

. . . . . . . . . . . . ‘1 . . . ...1

. . . . . . : . . . ...2 . . . ...2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . : . . . . . . : . . . . . . :

5 5 5

Yes[ASK(2)]. 1 Yes[ASK(2)]. 1

NO . . ..2 NO... .2

I I I

Weeks

m

Weeks

mWeeks

NINTN

CHILD

10 11

Boy Girl

1 2 12

Lb— QZJ’ “

-— -- -—-

More . ..ll7

5$ or less.2

Don’t know.8

Yes[ASK(l)].11n

No [ASK(4)].2

----- --

Lives here.1 19

Livee somewhere eti.2

[ASK(2)&(3)]

mm ;;-

Month Yr.

. . . . .1 24

. . . . .2

. . . . .3

. . . . .4

5

mm ::-

Month Yr.

Yes[ASK@J.1 29

No ...2

m 30-

31

Weeks

. . . . . . 97

. . . . . . 98

IF 14.XUZTHAN

9 LIVR BIRTHS,

SO TO CONTINUATION BOOKLET,

PAGE 4.

.

58
DECK 04

-6- CONTINURD

2L Are your monthly menstrual periods regular--that is, about the same number of

days between each period?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 13

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

No periods -- operation/menopause . . 3

Never had period (“No” AT E & F 00

ON RKCALL CHART & SKIP TO Q. 28) . 4

~, What wasthedate yo”rlast normal period began?

mmm Month Day Year(IFH:SliYiT.RTEALLc.RT@ THEN SKIP TO INTRO..FOR Q’S 24-26.)

IF “operation/menopause” TO Q. 21,

ENTER YEAR ON RECALL CHART @&

SKIP TO INTRODUCTION FOR Q’S 24-26.

14 19

~, Areycm pregnant now?

Yes . . . . 3

. . (ASK A) . . 1 RECALL

No . . . . . . . . . . . .J c?

Don’t know ..(ASKB). .B

A. —IF YES.. When do you expect the baby to be born? ENTER DATE ON LAST LINE OF

COLUNN Y ON BIRTH AND

PREGNANCY RECORD.

B. IF DON’T KNOW: Well, do you think you probably are pregnant or not?

1

Probably am . (ASK C) . . 1 ~RECALL

Probably not . . . . . . .ZJ c?

c. IF PROBABLY PRBGNANT: If you are pregnant, when do you think the.baby

will be born? ENTER DATE ON LAST LINE OF COLUMN Y

ON BIRTH AND PREGNANCY RECORD.

20

21

INTRODUCTION FOR Q’S 24 - 26

Many pregnancies do not end in live birtha. We are talking with women about all their

uresznancies .- that did not end in live births, including those which ended very early

and are easily forgotten. We are ~ aakin”gwhether ~hese pregnancies ended-in -

abortion, miscarriage, or stillbirth.

INTERVIEWER:

SEE BJICALLCHART: @

/

M31UZTHAN ONE LIti BIRTH; GO TO Q. 24.

“R” HAS HAD ONB LIVE BIRTH: GO TO Q. 25.

\ NO LIVK BIRTHS: GO TO Q. 26.

1

Keypunch:

Go to

page 8

59
248

-7-

M3K2 THAN ows LIVE BIRTH (ASK A, B, & c)

A. Before you were pregnant with

7

(FIRST CHILD) were you pregnant Yes . . [ASK (1)-(3)1

at any time? No (cIRCLE ~ IN COL. Z ON BIRTH &

ASK FOR EACH INTERVAL PRBG. REC9SD)

B. Were you pregnant at any time

between (lst and 2nd, 2nd and

3rd, etc.)

c. (Besides your present pregnancy)

Yes . . [ASK (1)-(3)1

have you been pregnant at any No (CIRCLE ~ IN COL. Z OF BIRTH &

time since (LAST CHILD) was born? PKEG. RECORD.,THEN SKIP TO Q.27)

---- ---- —--- ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ __

(1) How many times? RECORD BELOW AND CIRCLE ~ IN COL. Z ON SEPARATE LINE

IN PROPER BIRTH INTERVAL FOR EACH PREGNANCY LOSS.

ASK (2) AND (3) FOR EACH.

Before Since

1st lat-2nd 2nd-3rd 3rd-4th 4th-5th 5th-6th 6th-7th 7th-8th 8th-9th last

(2) When did that pregnancy end? ENTER DATE IN COL. Y IN PROPER BIRTH

INTEFWAL.

(3) How many months were you pregnant at that time? ENTER # OF KM. IN COL. Z

IN PROPER BIRTH INTERVAL AND PROCEED TO

NEXT PREGNANCY OR NEXT BIRTH INTERVAL.

IF MORE THAN NINE LIVE BIRTHS 1

jCO TO CONTINUATION BOOKLET, PAGE 6.I

]AFTER LAsT PREGNANcY LOSS, SKIP TO Q. 27

~, oNE LIVE BIRTH (ASK A, mm AsK B)

A. Before you were pregnant with 1 ‘“ (Besidea your present pregnancy)

(ONLY CHILD) were you pregnant , have you been pregnant since

at any time? I

(ONLY CHILD) was born?

Yea . . [ASK (1)-(3)1 I Yes . [ASK (1)-(3)1

No . (CIRCLE ~ IN COL. z ON ~ No . (CIRCLE ~ IN COL. z ON

BIRTH & PREG. RECORD & , BIRTH & PREG. RECOm &

ASK B) I

SKIP TO Q. 27)

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- —— -- ---- ---- ____ ____ _

(1)

(2)

(3)

How many times? RECOSD BELOW AND CIRCLE ~ IN COL. Z ON SEPAMTE LINE

FOR EACH PREGNANCY LOSS, THEN ASK (2) & (3) FOR EACH.

Before

n

Since

n

When did that pregnancy end? ENTER DATE IN COL. Y.

How many months pregnant were you that time? ENTER # OF MOS. IN COL. Z.

IAFTER LAsT pREGNAIiCYLOSS, SKIP TO O. 27j

Zfj, NO LIVE BIRTHS

A. Have you ever been pregnant (before your present pregnancy)?

Yes . . . . . . . (ASK B) . . . ...1

NO (CIRCLE ~ IN COL. z ON BIRTH &

PKEG. RECORD & CO TO Q. 27). . . 2

B. How many times? CIRCLE ~ IN COL. Z ON SEPARATE LINE FOR EACH PKEGNANCY LOSS, THEN ASK (1) AND (2) FOR EACH.

(1) When did (that/the lat/etc.) pregnancy end? ~TER DATE IN COL. Y,

(2) HOW many months were you pregnant that time? ENTER # OF MOS. IN COL. Z.

~AFTER LAsT PREGNANCY LOss, co TO Q. 27[

60
-a- DECK 04 

CONTINUD 

REVIEW 

27, Now, let me be sure that I have everything recorded'correctly. 

A. IF ANY LIVB.BIRTHS: 

&our (first) child (NAME) was born in (YEAR) . . . 

and (NAME) tlas born in (YEAR) . . . 

and your youngest child (NAME) was born in (YEAR). 

B. IF NO LIVE BIRTHS: 

You have had no children. 

C. IF ANY PREGNANCY LOSSES: 

[Before (FIRST CHI&D)l:you lost a pregnancy in (YEAR). . . 

Between (FIRST AND SECOND CHILD, ETC.) you lost a pregnancy in (YEAR). . 

Since (YOUNGEST CHILD) you lost a pregnancy in (YEAR). 

D. IF NO PREGNANCY LOSSES: 

You have not lost any pregnancies.. 

E. You (are/are not) pregnant now. 

F. Do I have alk of that right? 

Yes. * . . , . . 

-r 

EVER PREGNANT 

No @iVIEW& RECALL CHART @ 

CORRECT) . . 2 

G. IF ANY PREGNANCIES: 

Altogether, then, you have had pregnancies (counting this one), 

(TOTAL No.) 22 23 

and - of these ended in live births. 

(No.) 24 2s 

H. IF ANY MULTIPLE BIRTHS: 

That is, you have had - children altogether. 

(NO.) 2b 27 

INTEPS'IBWER: WERE ANY CHANGES MADE AS A RESULT OF THIS REVIEW? 

Yes.......1 7.8 

No . . . . . . . 2 

R HAS ANY OF HER OWN CHILDREN IN HOUSEHOLD? YES OR NO ON RECALL CHART @ 

2, (In addition to the children born to you) has your husband had any children whom 

you are bringing up or have brought up? 

Yes . . . . . (ASK A) . . . . 1 29 

No . . . . . . . . . . ...2 

A. IF YES: How many children is that? 

NUMBER OF 

HUSBAND'S CHILDREN: 30 31 

29, Have you adopted any children? 

Yes . . . . . (ASK A) . . . . 1 32 

No . . . . . . . . . . ...2 

A. IF YES- - How many children have you adopted? 

NUMBER OF 

CHILDREN ADOPTED: 33 ?.c 

61 
-9- 

SECTION III 

We are talking with women about their uses of family planning methods, if 

any, and how this has affected the number and timing of their pregnancies. 

rl 

This card lists both old and new methods men and wmen use to 

HAND plan their families. Please look it over carefully before I 

CARD go on with my questions. 

1 

INTERVIEWER: 

CHECK 

0 IF R NEVER PREGNANT, SKIP TO Q. 50, PAGE 14. 

q IF FIRST PREGNANCY ENDED a JULY 1, 1970, START WITH 

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS AT TOP OF PAGE 10; THEN Q. 30. 

Cl IF FIRST PREGNANCY ENDED SINCE JULY 1, 1970, OR IS A CURRENT 

PREGNANCY, FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS BELOW: 

FILL IN TOP OF INTERVAL COLUMNS ON PAGE 13 

FROM INFO IN COLS. Y & 2 OF BIRTH & PREG. RECORD; 

THEN START AT TOP OF PAGE 12. 

(IF MORE THAN FOUR INTERVALS m JULY 1, 1970, 

FILL IN COLUMNS IN CONTINUATION BOOKLET, PAGE 10.) 

NB: IF RESPONDENT VOLUNTEERS AT ANY POINT IN TBIS SECTION 

THAT SHE IS "OPPOSED TO OR NEVER USED A METHOD," YOU 

MAY CODE Q. 30, Q. 37, OR Q. 50 "No" WITHOUT ASKING 

IN ALL SUBSEQUENT INTERVALS. HOWEVER, BE SURE R BAS 

READ LIST OF METHODS! 

62 
-lOINTERVIEWER: 

FILL IN TOP OF INTERVAL COLS FRCM INFO IN COLS Y & 2 OF BIRTH & PRBG. RECORD. 

ENTER ON P. 10 & 11 ONLY DATES/EVENTS FOR INTERVALS ENDING m JULY 1, 1970. 

ENTER ON P. 13 ONLY DATES/EVENTS FOR INTERVALS ENDING SINCE JULY 1, 1970, AND 

FILL IN TOP OF PAGE 14. 

(IF MORE THAN 7 INTERVALS BEFORE JULY 1, 1970, GO TO CONTINUATION BOOKLET, P. 8) 

3[1 (Before you becane pregnant the first time/Between DATES/EVENTS THIS 

' INTERVAL) did you ever use s method to delay or prevent a pregnancy? 

Yes . . . .(CODE 1 IN BOX I AND ASK A) 

No . (CODE 2.m Box 1 & ~0 TO Q. 31) 

A. IF YES* -3 Had you stopped using all methods before you became pregnant? 

Yes . . . (CIRCLE l 6. GO TO 9. 31) 

No . . . (CIRCLE 2 6 SKIP TO Q. 32) 

31, Was the reason you (were not/stopped) using any methods because you, 

yourself, wanted to become pregnant? 

Yes . . (CIRCLE 1 & CODE 1 IN BOX II & SKIP TO Q. 33) 

No . . (CIRCLE 2 AND GO TO Q. 32) 

32, At the time you became pregnant (THIS INTERVAL) did you, yourself, actually 

want to have a(nother) baby at some time? 

Yes . . (ASK A) Don't know, didn't care . (ASK C) No. (ASK B) 

A. As you recall, is that how B. As you recall, is that'how you felt 

you felt before you became before you became pregnant, or did 

pregnant, or did you come you come to feel that way later? 

to feel that way later? 

Before (CCDE 2 IN BOX II d GO TO 9. 33) Before (CODE 4 IN BOX 11 &CODE 2 IN BOX III L SKIP TO 9. 34 

L.trr (CODE 2 IN BOX II 6. GO TO 9. 33) racer (CODE 2 IN BOX II h CODE 5 IN BOX III h SKIP TO 9. 34 

__,_______________________________________--------------------------------------. 

C. It is sometimes difficult to 

recall these things, but as you Probably yes. (CODE 5 IN BOX II 6r GO TO 9. 33) 

look back to just before that Probably no . (CODE 2 

pregnancy began, would you say 

IN BOX II h III & 

you probably wanted a(nother) 1 DOU'C kn~. . (CODE g SKIP TO Q. 34) 

baby some time or probably not? 

33, 

(IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1 IN BOX III m Go TO 9. 34) 

ASK ONLY FOR LIVE BIRTHS: Did you become pregnant sooner than you actuallywanted, 

later than you actually wanted, or just about the right time? 

Somar (CODE 2 IN BOX III 6r ASK A) 

# 

Right time (COJE 4 IN BOX III) LP~.X (CODE f IN BOX Iii f. ASK B) 

------__--------- ----______---__-____------------------------------- 

A. How much later did you want to be- )c- _ 

B. How much sooner did you want to 

come pregnant? (ENTER # 0F Mos. IN become pregnant? (ENTER I OF 

INTERVAL COLUMN.) MOS. IN INTERVAL COLDMN.) 

3, (IF BEFORE LAST LIVE BIRTH, CODE 2 IN BOX IV & SKIP TO INSTR. BELOW Q. 35.) 

ASK ONLY FOR LAST LIVE BIRTH AND SHBSEQWNT PREG. LOSSES: And what about 

your husband at the time you became pregnant (THIS INTERVAL), did he want 

you to have a(nother) baby at some time? 

Yen . . . .(CIRCLE 1 &GO TO Q. 35) 

ik'i irm (CIKCLS 8 &CODE 8 IN BOX IV&SKIP TO INS& BELW Q: 35) 

. .('==I= 2 h CODE 2 IN BOX IV & SKIP TO INSTS BELOW Q 35) 

R not married .t time beam-prcSnant 

. (CIP.GLE 7 h CODE 1 IN BOX IV L SKIP TO INSTK. BELOW 9.35) 

5, (IF PRRG. LOSS SINCE LAST LIVE BIRTH, CODE 1; IN BOX IV & GO TO INSTR. BELOW 

ASK ONLY FOR LAST LIVE BIRTH: Did you become pregnant sooner 9.35) 

than he wanted, later than he wanted, or just about the right time? 

soon~. (CODE g IN BOX IV) Later. (CODE 5 IN BOX I") Right time. (CODE 5 IN BOX I”) 

Don’t know . . . (CODE g IN BOX IV) 

) 

1 

. - 

3 

2 

Y 

Before 

first 

pregnancy 

BOX I 

0 

Yes No 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 

BOX II 

q 

BOX III 

q 

----- --s---- 

13A. 33B. 

Mos.P 1 ’ 

'es No DK NM 

1287 

BOX IV 

q 

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS: 

IF NEXT PREGNANCY ENDED BEFORE JULY 1, 1970, GO BACK 'IO Q. 30, NEXT INTERVAL. 

IF NEXT PREGNANCY ENDED m JULY l, 1970, GO TO PAGE 12. 

IF NO ADDITIONAL PREGNANCIES, GO TO PAGE 14. 

63 
-11- 

INTERVALS ENDING BEFORE 

BEGIN DECKS 31A 

JULY 1, 1970 

nd: 

~twn: 

nd: 

c.?n: 

.nd: 

3twn: 

ind: 

twn: 

nd: 

twn: 

6 

nd: 

BOX I' " BOS I BOX BOX I BOX I BOX I 

cl 

Ye.3 NO 

1 2 

17 cl cl cl 10 

11 59/R 

Ye.9 NO 

1 2 69 

0 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Ye.9 NO 

1 2 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 

llC3 No 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 61 

Yes No 

1 2 

BOX II BOX II 

cl 

BOX II 

il 

BOX II 

0 

BOX II 

0 

BOX II 

El cl 62 

BOX III BOX III BOX III BOX III BOX III BOX III 

cl El 63 

3E--- 31; _-__ 

P Mos.PMos. 

Yes No DK NM 

1287 

es No DK NM 

1 2 8 166 

Yes No DK NM 

1 2 8 7 

,~E-- 33~~ ----

Mos.ciz- 1; 

Yes No DK NM 

1287 1287 1287 

BOX IV 

Cl 

BOX IV 

0 

BOX IV 

0 

BOX IV 

0 

BOX IV 

0 

BOX IV 

il 

67 

64 
-12- 

For pregnancies ending in the last three years, we are talking with women about particular 

methods of family planning they have used, if any, and about other matters which affect 

the timing of their pregnancies. Please look again at the card. 

5, DO NOT ASK FOR INTERVAL BEFORE FIRST PREGNANCY. Between (DATES/EVENTS THIS IHJJERVAL), 

were there any periods of one month or more in which you were not having intercourse-- 

such as after your pregnancy ended, when one of you was away, sick, or for some other 

reason? 

Yes . . . (ASK A) No . .(CI& 2 IN APPROPRIATE INTERVAL COL.) 

A. What months &year were those? PROBE: What other months? Ez;Vz.CELYR. IN 

37 

(Before you became pregnant the first time/Between DATES/EVENTS THIS INTERVAL) did you ever use s 

8 method to delay "1 prevent B pregnancy? 

Yes . . . (CODE 1 IN BOX I h GO TO Q. 38) No . (CODE 2 IN BOX I & SKIP To 9. 42) 

38, Starting with the first method used during this time, please tell me all methods in the order you used 

them. (INTERVIEWER: DO NOT COUNT METHODS USED FOR LESS THAN ONE MONTH.) 

PROBE: Whet other methods7 

IF HORS THAN ONE METHOD: Did you use any of these together? (IF YES, CIRCLE METHODS USED TOGETMER 

AND TREAT AS SINGLE HETIIOD.) 

3, In what month and year did you start to use (METHOD)? ENTSR MONTS & YEAR IN APPROPRIATE INTERVAL COLUNN. 

\ 

&While you were using (METHOD) weee there .some times when you skipped using any method at all7 

Yes . . . (ASK A) No . . (CIRCLS 1 IN INTSRVAL COLUMN) 

A. Would you say you skipped using (MRTROD) often, acmetimes, or only once or twice7 

Often. . (CIRCLE 2 smetinles. . (CIRCLE 2) only once or twice . (CIRCLE 9 

41, I" whet month end year did you stop using (METHOD)? ENTER MONTH AND YEAR IN APPROPRIATE INTERVAL COLbMN. 

( IF LAST METHOD, CONTINUE; OTHERWISE GO BACK TO Q. 39 FOR NEXT MBTHOD.( 

42, In what month and yesr did YOU became pregnant7 EmER MONTH &YEAR IN APPROPRIATE INTERVAL COLUMN. 1 

IF 80 METHOD THIS INTERVAL, SKIP TO Q. 44. 

m LAST METHOD STOPPED, SKIP TO Q, 44. 

IF PREGNANCY BEGAN 

< 

m LAST METHOD STOPPED, SKIP To Q. 45. 

IN m MONTH LAST METHOD STOPPED, CONTINUE WITH Q. 43. 

,!&Hsd you stopped using (METHOD) before you became pregnant? 

Yes . . . (CIRCLE 16 ~0 ~0 Q. 44) No . . (CIRCLE 2 & SKIP TO Q. 45) 

&Was the reason you (were not/stopped) using any methods because you, yourself, wanted to become Dre!z"a"t? 

Yes . (CIRCLE 1 & CODE 1 IN BOX II h SKIP TO Q. 46) No . (CIRCLE.2 6. Go TO Q. 45) 

/&,Lt the time you became pregnant (THIS INTERVAL) did you, yourself, actually want to have a(nother) baby 

.t sane time7 

YES . . . (ASK A) Don't know, didn't care . . (ASK C) No . . (ASK B) 

A. As you recall, is that how you felt B. As you recall, is that how you felt before you 

before you became pregnant, O+ did bgcame pregnant, Q= did you come to feel that 

you come to feel that way later? way later7 

Before (CODE 2 IN BOX 11 & ~0 To q.46) Before (CODE & IN BOX II&CODE 5 IN BOX III & SKIP ~0 Q. 47) 

w02r (CODE 2 IN BOX II &GO To 4.46) Later (CODE 2 IN BOX II&CODE fi IN BOX III & SKIP TO Q. 47) 

C. It is sometimes difficult CO recall these things, 

but BS you look back to just before that preg- Probably yes. (CODE a IN BOX 11 6r GO TO Q. 46) 

"ancy began, would you say you probably wanted Probably no . (CODE 1 

a(nather) baby scme time or probably not? IN BOX II h III h 

Don't know . (CODE & SKIP TO Q. 47) 

46 (IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1 IN BOX III AND GO To Q. 47) 

'ASK ONLY FOR LIVE BIRTHS & CURRENT PREGNANCY: Did you beccme Pregnant sooner thm you actually wanted, later than you 

actually "anred, or ,ust about the riaht rime? 

Sooner (CODE 2 IN BOX III h ASK A) Right time (CODP. &IN LX 1;I) 

_-_-_____-_--__------------- + _____-__--___________ 

A. How much later did you want to becane pregnant7 

BNTER # OF MONTHS IN INTERVAL COLUMN. I 

_-______________ Y:~_(~~i-?~~-?:~~~~~~ ---------. 

B. How much s~""er did you want to become pregnant7 

ENTER # OF MONTHS IN INTERVAL COLUMN. 

-47 And what about your husband at the time you became pregnant (THIS INTERVAL), did he want you Co have 

'a(nother) baby at some time7 

Yes . . . .(CIRCLF, 1 h GO TO Q. 48) 

. .(CIRCLS 2 h CODE 2 IN BOX IV 61 SKIP To INSTR. BEUH ,Q. 48) 

k,'; how (CIRCLE 8 h CODE 8 IN BOX IV h SKIP TO IKSTR. BELO,! Q. 48) 

R not married 8t +e beePme Pregnant . (CIRCLE 7 hCWE 1 IN Box IV& SKIP TO INSTR. BELOW Q. 48) 

,@ (IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1 IN BOX IV AND GO TO INSTRUCTION BBLO" Q. 48) 

'ASK ONLY FOR LIVE BIRTH L CURRENT PREGNANCY: Did you become pregnant sinner than he wanted, later than 

he wanted, or just about the right time7 

Sooner . (CODE f? IN BOX IV) Later . (CODE 2 IN BOX IV) Right time . (CODE fi IN BOX IV) 

Don't know . . . (CODE 8IN BOX IV) 

IF ADDITIONAL PREGNANCY, GO BACK TO Q. 36 NEXT INTERVAL. 

IF No ADDITIONAL PREGNANCY, GO TO PAGE 14. 

65 
INTERVAL! 

Betwn: & -- 

or 

before 1st pregnancy 

Month(s)/Ycai-(s) NC 

I I 

2 

L-l 

1st ; 2nd ; 3rd i 4th 

(METHOD SYMBOL) 

mm 

Month Y&W 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Yes No 

1 2 

BOX II BOX II 

cl q 

BOX III BOX III BOX III 

cl ~~.----- - r~~B - .- ------I 

Yes No DK NU Yes No DK NH Yes No DK NM Yes No DK NM 

12 8 7 12 8 7 1 2 8 1 2 8 7 66 

BOX IV BOX IV 

Ll 

-13- 

ENDING SINCE JULY 

Between: Between: 

And: 

1st : 2nd ; 3rd ; 4th 

(METHOD syMBoL) 

mm mm Month Year Month Year 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Yes NO 

1 2 

Cl 

And: 

Month(s)/Year(s) pqa 

2 

I 

BOX I 

El 

1st ; 2nd ; 3rd ; 4th 1st 

(METHOD sm~o~) 

: 2nd ) 3rd 1 4th 

(METHOD smoL) 

I I I : , ,i 11- I I I I I I I 8 I I 1 14 I t I ! I I I 

Yes No 

1 2 

Yes NO 

1 2 

BOX II 

q 

BOX IV BOX IV 

17 Ll 07 

BEGIN 

Between: 

6 7 

And: 

Month(o)/Year(s)l N, 

2 

0 5 

- 

!rl lo 

Yes NO 60 

1 2 

Yes NO 

1 2 51 

BOX II 

q 62 

BOX III 

66 
-14- 

OPEN INTERVAL 

BEGIN DECKS 31C 

CURRENTLY PREGNANT: CHECKOAND SKIP TO Q. 56. 

IF NO PREGNANCIES SINCE JULY 1. 1970, READ: He are talking with women about particular 

methods of family planning they have used during the last three years. Please look again 

at the card. 

CHECK RESPONDENT: OPEN INTERVAL BEGINS: 

cl NEVER PREGNANT 

0 LASTEVENT ENDED 

> 

JULY 1, 1970 

BEFORE JULY 1, 1970 TO: PRESENT 

0 LAST EVENT ENDED 

SINCE JULY 1, 1970 + (DATE/NAME) LAST EVENT 

SINCE JULY 1, 1970 

- 

49, DO NOT ASK IF NEVER PREGNANT. 

Since (your last pregnancy/July 1, 1970) have 

there been any periods of one month or more in 

which you were not having intercourse such as 

(after your pregnancy ended) when one of you 

was away, or sick or for any other reason? 

Yes.. (ASK A) NO.. (CIRCLE 2) 

A. What months and years were those? 

PROBE: What other months? 

50, Since (your last pregnancy/July, 1970), did you 

ever use any method to delay or prevent a 

pregnancy? 

Y~S.(C~DE 1 No.(CODE 2 IN BOX I, RECALL CHARTC 

IN BOX I) AND SKIP TO Q. 56) 

n, Starting with the first method used during this 

time, please tell me all methods in the order 

that you used them. (INTERVIEWER: DO NOT COUNT 

METHODS USED FOR LESS THAN ONE MONTH.) 

PROBE: What other methods? 

IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD: Did you use any of 

these together? (IF YES, CIRCLE METHODS USED 

TOGETHER AND TREAT AS SINGLE METHOD,) 

;2, In what month and year did you start to use 

(MEW? ENTER MONTH AND YEAR. 

IF R OR HUSB. STERILIZATION OPERATION, SKIP TO 4.56 

3, While you were using (METHOD) during this time, 

were there some times when you skipped using any 

method at all? 

Yes..(As~ A) No . . (CIRCLE 1) 

A. Would you say you skipped using (METHOD) 

often, sometimes, or only once or twice? 

Often..(cI~cLE 2) Sometimes..(CIRCLE 2) 

Only once or twice..(C~~c~E 4) 

F LAST METHOD, SKIP TO Q. 55; 

THERWISE CONTINUE WITH 0. 54 

WI In what month and year did you stop using (METHOD)? 

jG0 BACK TO 0. 52 FOR NEXT METHOD.] 

55, LAST METHOD THIS INTERVAL, ASK: Are you and your 

husband still using (METHOD)? 

Yes . . (CIRCLE L AND ~0 TO Q. 56) Rl3CALL 

No . . (CIRCLE 2 AND ASK A) 

CHART@ 

A. In what month and year did you stop using 

(METHOD)? ENTER MONTH AND YEAR AND GO TO Q. 56. 

Month(s)/Year(s) 

BOX I 

q 

6 7188 

NO 

2 

8 S/R 

10 

1st I , 2nd 1 3rd 1 4th 

;(~~~TH~DI~YMBOL) 1

I I 11- I 

I I I 14 

I I I 

I I I 

I I I 

I I 

1 I1; 111 

I 3 *- 

I I 212,2 12 34 

I I I 

31313 13 

I I 

414 I4 14 I I I 

Month Year 56 67/R 

67 
56, Now let me review

have recorded the

-15-

the past three years with you - month by month - to be sure I

information correctly.

PROCEDURE FOR 3 YEAR CHART

REFERRING TO INTERVAL PAGES, ENTER DATA ON 3 YEAR CNART FOR PERIOD SINCE

JULY 1, 1970 TO THE PRESRNT.

READ 11-lSENTRIES TO THE RESFUNDENT AS YOU RECOSD THEM TO GIVE HER A CHANCE

TO MAKE ADDITIONS OR CORRECTIONS.

EACH MJNTH MUST HAVR A SYMBOL.

ENTER SYMBOLS IN BEGINNING AND ENDING M3NllK FOR EACH IC3THODAND PERIOD.

THRN DRAW A CONNECTING LINE BETWEEN THEM.

-- ENTER PERIODS OF PREGNANCY -- ~

-- ENTER PERIODS OF NO INTERCOURSE -- ~

-- ENTER PERIODS OF USE FOR EACH ME’IHOD-- A-W —

-- ENTER PERIODS OF NO METHOD -- Q

-- ENTER ~ IN WL l@NTHS WHICH HAVE NOT OCCURBED

IF A CORRECTION IS MADE TO THE 3“YEAR CHART, BR SURE TO CORRECT THE CORRESPONDING ‘INTERVALCOLUMNS, IF APPROPRIATE.

08
BEGIN DECK 05

LIST OF MHI-IODS

SYMBOLS

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

P

s

w

o

v

x

z

Pill

Douche

Foam

Jel1y,.Cream, Suppository

IUD, Coil, Loop

Condom, Rubber

Diaphragm

Diaphragm aridJelly

Rhythm or safe period - Calendar

Rhythm or safe period - Temperature

Not having intercourse to avoid

pregnancy - abstinence

Withdrawal, Coitus interruptus

Operation; sterilization - Wife

Operatiqn; sterilization - Husband

Abortion

Other @pECIFy)

No method

Pregnant

Months which hava not yet occurred

Not having intercourse, post partum

THREE-YEAR CHART

YEAR

MONTH

1970 1971 1972 1973

January

17 30 43

x

18 31 44

February x

19 32 45

March x

20 33 46

April x

May x

21 34 +7

June x

22 35 48

10 23 36 49

July

11 24 37 50

August

12 25 38 51

September

13 26

October

14 27 40 53

November

15 26 41 54

December

TlINTERVIEWER:

WERE ANY CHANGES MADE AS A RESULT OF

THIS REVIEW?

Yes. ..l 56

No ...2

METHOD(S) SINCE JULY, 1970?

RECALL CHART @

69
-16- BEGIN DECK 06

SECTION IV

IF R WAS ALRKADY MENTIONED HER OR HUSBAND’S STERILITY, CHECK ❑ AND SKIP TO Q. 59. Io

We are talking with women about children they may have in the fiture, aa we11 as about

those they already have. For the moment we are talking only about babies who may be

born to VOU.

~, Some couples find it difficult to have children. Do

it would be difficult or impossible for you and your

(after this one)?

Yea .

No

you have any reason to believe

husband to have a(nother) baby

. . . . . . . . . 1 11

(SKIP TO Q. 60) . 2

~, Have you or your husband talked with a doctor about this?

Yes. .(ASKA). ..l No ..(ASKB) . ...2 12

A. What did the doctor say? B. Why do you think it would be

difficult or impossible?

]RECORD VBSBAT7M AND CODE CATEGORY CLOSEST TO RSSPONDE~’S 8ESPONSE [

rHusband has had a sterilizing operation . .(GO TO Q. 59) . 01 13 lb

l,,R,ihashadan operation . . . . . . . ..(GOTOQ. 59) . 02

I

Impossible due to accident . . . . . . . . .(GO TO Q. 59) . 03

L

l’R1lor husband sterile for other reaaona . .(GO TO Q. 59) . 04

ltRllhas reached menOpaJSe (SKIP TO Q. 65) . 05

r

It is difficult for “R” to carry baby the

full nine montha . . . . . . . . . . . .(SKIPTOQ. 60) . 06

There ia a physical difficulty getting pregnant,

but no danger . . . . . . . . . . . .. (SKIPTO Q. 60).07

It ia difficult for husband to father

a child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(SKIPTOQ. 60) . 08

uRV haa difficulty getting pregnsnt but

reason is unknown . . . . . . . . . . .(SKIP TO Q. 60) . 09

There is a non-medicalfnon-physical

reaaon . . . . . . . . ... .,. . ..(SKIPTOQ. 6O).1O

It would be dangerous for “R” to become

pregnant (again) , . . . . . . . . . . .(SKIP TO Q. 6QJ . 11

It would be dangeroua for the baby . . . .(SKIP TO Q. 60) . 12

70
m -17-

(IF “Sterile--unspecified” OR I CHOOSE APPROPRIATE QUSSTrON

“Accident or illness,“ CODE 7

OR 8 WITHOUT A.3KING& co TO B) (1) When was the operation done?

----- ----- -— --- (2) When did the accident occur?

What kind of operation was it? I(3) when did you learn (you were/

I

Removal of one ovary

(Ovariectomy) . . . . . . 1

“ m

(Month)

m

(Year)

1619

Removal of both ovaries

(Ovariectomy) . . . . . . 2 * mm

(Month) (Year)

One tube tied (tubal

1igation) or removed . . 3 mm

(Month) (Year)

Both tubes tied (tubal *

ligation) or removed . . 4 mm

(Month) (Year)

Removal of uterus

(hysterectomy) . . . . . 5 * mm

(Month) (Year)

Vasectomy (cutting male *

sperm ducts) . . . . . . 6 mm

(Month) (Year)

Accident or illness . . . 7

* mm

(Month) (Year)

*

Sterile--unspecified . . 8

I mm

(Month) (Year)

DECK 06

c ASK FOR OPERATIONS

I

1 2

(slp&

1 2

12 (SKIP TO

Q. 65)

1 2

(SKIP TO

Q. 65)

1 2

(SKIP TO

Q. 65)

F::::::::::::: Q. 65)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

a), ;:g::) pe

A. IF YES:

—

has a medical doctor advised you n= to become pregnant

Yes

No. . &I~Ti ;! ;7; :

Did he say it would be dangerous for you, and/or for the

or was it for some other reason?

Dangerous for R . . . .

Dangerous for baby . . .

Dangerous for both . . .

Other reason . . . . . .

1 21

2

baby,

1 22

2

3

4

~, when did you talk with the doctor about this? mm Z3 26

(Month) (Year)

&, Will you have an operation to be sure y.” don’t beccme pregnant (again)?

Yes . (SKIP TO Q. 65) . 1 27

No . . . . . . . . ...2

Maybe . . . . . . ...3

~, Will your husband have an operation to be sure you don ‘t become pregnant (again)?

Yes . (SKIP TO Q. 65) . 1 28

NO . . . . . . . . ...2

Maybe . . . . . . ...3

~ If (after this baby is born) you find that you are pregnant (again), wil1 you have

‘ the pregnancy ended by a doctor for health or medical reasons?

Yes . . . . . . . . ..l 29

. (SKIP TO Q. 67) . 2

%ybe. (SKIP TO Q. 67) . 3

65 Even though it is unlikely or impossible for you to have a(nother) baby, would you

i we to have a(nother) baby (after this one)?

Yes . . . . . . . . ..l 30

No . . . . . . . ...2

~, Would your husband & a(nother) baby?

Yes . . . . . . . . ..l

No . . . . . . . ...2

}

SKIP TO 31

Don’t know . . . . . . .g Q. 109

71
-18- BEGIN DECK 07A

V, IF NOT CURRSNTLY PREGNANT, CONTINUB; OTHERWISE SKIP TO Q. 85. SEE RECALL CHART@

Do you and your husband intend to have a(nother) baby?

Yes . (GO TO

R/Husband disagree . . . 3

No . (SKIP TO

Q. 68) . 1 D.K., Up to God, etc. Q. 71) . 2 10

B,

59,

‘o,

How many (more) do you intend to

have?

(NUMBER/RANGE) 11 1

Don’t know . (SKIP TO Q. 73) . . 98

Of course, sometimes things do not

work out exactly aa we intend them

to, or something makes us change

our minds. In your case, how sure

are you that You will have (NUM8ER/

RANGE IN Q. 68) (more) babies?

Would you say you are very sure or

not very sure?

Very sure (SKIP TO IItCERV. 1

CHECK ITEM, PAGE 19) . . . . 1

Not very sure . . . . . . . .>

Even though you are not completely

sure, still you probably have aorne

idea about how close you will come

to the number of babies you now

intend to have. As things are

likely to work out for you,

A.

B.

What is the largest number of

(additional) babies you expect

to have?

(NUMBER) 14 1

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . 98

What is the smallest number of

(additional) babies you expect

to have?

16 1

(NUMBER)

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . 98

ISKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEM, P. 191

Q. 73) . ..8

71,

72,

Of course, sometimes things do no

work out exactly as we intend the

to, or something makes us change

our minds. In your case, how sur

are you that you will have no

(more) babies? Would you say you

are very sure or not very sure?

Very sure (SKIP 370 INTERV. 1I

CHECK ITEM, PAGE 19) . . . 1

Not very sure..... . ..2

Even though you sre not completel

sure, still you probably have ~

idea about how close you will com

to the number of babiea you now

intend to have. As things are

likely to work out for you,

Whst is the largest number

of (additional) babies you

expect to have?

(NUMBER) 19 2C

Don’tknow . . . . ...98

]SKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEM,P.19 [

~, Many people aren’t sure, but still have

some idea about the future. As things

are working out for you,

A. What is the largest number of

(additional) babies you expect to

have?

NONE, GO TO INTERVIEWER

(NUMSER)

21 22

CHECK ITEM, PAGE 19.

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . ..98

B. What is the smallest number of

(additional) babies you expect to

have?

(HER)

23 24

Don’tkr30w . . . . . . . . . ..ga

72
-19- DECK 07A

INTERVIEWER CRECK ITEM

‘!RiiINTENDS (MORE) CHILDREN ‘tR1tAND RUSBAND DISAGREE *’R”IWTKNDS (NONKINO MlRR)

~ Don’t know, Up to God etc. ~

VERY SURS OF (MORE) ~

(Q. 68)

NoT VERY SURE OF (LARGEST SEE RKCALL CHART @ SEE RECALL CWART @

NUMBER) (Q. 70)

SEE RECALL CSART @

CUEJU3NTMETHOD USE: CUEKENT METHOD USE: CURPJINTMETHOD USE:

YES, CHECK H AND YES, CWRCK ❑ AND YES, CHECK ❑ AND

SKIP TO Q. 79 SKIP TO Q. S4 SKIP TO Q. 75

NO, CHECK ❑ AND NO, CHECK ❑ AND NO, CHECK ❑ AND

GO TO Q.76 GO TO Q. 74 SKIP TO Q. 74

Tf+,What is the reason you are not using a method to delay or prevent pregnancy?

RKCORD VERBATIM.

25 26

27 28

~, ASK ONLY IF R INTENDS (NONSINO MORE) IN Q. 67; 02w8wIsE snp TO Q. S4.

What is the main reason you and your husband do not intend to have any (more)

babies in the future? RECORD VERBATIM

ISKIP TO Q. S4. I

76,Is the reason you are not using a method to delay or prevent pregnancy because

you, yourself, want to become pregnant as soon as possible?

Yes . . . . ..l 29

No . . . ...2

77, Does your husband want you to have a(nother) baby as soon as possible?

Yes . . (5UP TOQ. 80) . . 1 30

No . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

78, ASK ONLY IF NO TO BOTH Q’S 76 and 77; OTRRRWISE, SKIP TO Q. SO.

Since neither of you want to have a baby as soon-as possibie,

you are not using a method to delay or prevent pregnancy?

RECORD VERBATIM.

what is the reason

31 32

33 34

[SKIP TO Q. 80. [

79,~o~r~;;nn do you think it will be until you stop using a method so you can

(MOWTHS FROM NOW)

35 36

Don’t know . . . . . .98

37 37jR

73
-20- DECK 07A

80, When do you expect your (first/next) baby to be born? (YEARS PRIM NOW)

Don’t know . (ASK A) . . 98 so 59

A. Well, no one can be sure, but do you think it will probably be within two years

from now, between two and five years from now, or five Or mOre Years fr~ nOw?

Within 2 years from now . . . . 1 60

Between 2 and 5 years from now . 2

Five or more years from now . . 3

Donlt know . . . . . . . . . ..8

81, ASK ONLY IF “2 OR MORR” IN INTRRV. CHECK ITSM, P. 19; OTHSEWISE, SKIP TO Q. 83.

When do you expect your last baby to be born--that is, about how many years from

now?

NUMBER OF YEARS FROM NOW: 61 62

(IF 5 YSARS OR LESS, SKIP TO Q. 83)

Don’t know . . . . . . . . ...98

82, ASK ONLY IF 1’3OR MORN” IN INTERV. CHECK ITEM, P. 19, OR “DK” TO Q. 81,

OTHRRWISE, SKIP TO Q. 83.

If YOU dO have (NuMBER IN INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEiL)(more) babies, how many of

these do you expect to have in the next five yeara?

(NUMEERIKANGE) 63

Don%t know . . 8

83* If it should turn out that you and your husband are not able to have (the one more

child/all the children) you expect, would you adopt a child?

Yes . . ..$. l 64

No . . . ...2

Maybe . . ...3

~, Once they have all the children they expect, some people take extra steps tO be

sure they have no more; othera do not feel it’s so important. In your case,

(now that/once) you have all the children you expect, what will you and your

husband do to be sure you will have no more babies? DO NOT READ CATEGORIES.

IF M3RR THAN 0N8i=HOD, RECORD VERBATIM AND CODE ALL THAT APPLY BELOW. 65

Don’t know . (CHECK D&ASK A) A. Of course, we cannot be sure about the

future, but considering the methOds On

this card (HAND CARD 1), what will YOU

and your husband dO, if anythinsj tO

be sure you will have no more babies

Use contraception [CODE METHOD(S)]: than you expect? CODE BEIJXJ.

Pill . . . . . . . . . . .T

Douche . . . . . . . . . . B

Foam . . . . . . . . . . . C

Jelly, Cream SuppOsitOry . D

IUD, Coil, LooP . . . , . . E

Condom, Rubber . . . , . . F

Diaphragm ... . . . ..G

Diaphragm & Jelly . . . . . H

Rhythm - Calendar . . . . . J

Rhythm - Temperature . . . K

Not having intercourse to

avoid preg., abstinence . L

Withdrawal . . . . . . . . M

Respondent have operation . N

Husband have operation . . P

Abortion . . . . . . . ..s

Other (SPECIFY) w

No method . . . . . . . . . O

Don’tknow to A. . . ...8

—

66

67

68 70/R

SKIP TO Q. 109

74
85, m CURRENTLYmdtw, (xNJmus;

Do you and your husband intend to

-21- DECK 07B

OTHERWISE SKIP TO Q. 109.

have another baby after this one is born?

R/Husband disagree . ...3

Yes . (GO TO Don’t kn(

Q. 86) 1 (SK2P i

85,

87,

83,

How many more babies do you intend

to have, not counting this one?

(NIJMBER/KANGE) 11 12

Don’t know . (SKIP TO Q. 91) . 98

Of course, sometimes things do not

work out exactly as we intend them

to, or something makes us change

our minds. In your case, how sure

are you that you will have (NUM8ER,

RANGE IN Q. B6) more babies?

Would you say you are very sure or

not very sure?

Very sure (SKIP TO INTSRV. 18

CHECK ITEM, PAGE 22) . . . . 1

Not very sure..... . ..2

Even though you are not completely

sure, still you probably have ~

idea about how close vou will come

to the number of babi& you now

intend to have. As things are

likely to work out for you,

A. what is the largest number you

expect to have after this one?

(NUMBER) lb 15

Don’t knew . . . . . . . . 98

B. What is the smallest number yot

expect to have after this one?

~

16 17

Don’t know . . . . . . . . 98

ISKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEM, P. 22 [

91,

Up to God,etc. No . (SKIP TO

!.91) . ..8 Q. 89) . 2 ,0

89,

w,

—

Of course, sometimes things do not

work out exactly as we intend then

to, or something makes us change

our minds. In your case how sure

are you that you wi11 have no mort

babies? Would you say you are

very sure or not very sure?

Very sure (SKIP TO INTERV. 1:

CHKCK ITEM, PAGE 22) . . . . 1

Not very sure . . . . . . ..2

Even though you are not completely

sure, still you probably have ~

idea about how likely you are to

have more babies in the future.

As things are likely to work out

for you,

What is the largest number you

expect to have after this one?

(NMER)

19 20

Don’t know . . . . . . . .98

ISKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEM, P. 22 I

Many people aren’t sure, but still have

some idea about the future. As things

are working out for you,

A. What is the largest number of babies

you expect to have after this one?

NONS, GO TO INTERVIEWER

(NUMBER) CHECK ITRM, PAGE 22. 21 22

Donlt know ...,... . . ...98

B. What is the smallest number of babies

you expect to have after this one?

@UMEER)

23 26

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . ..98

75
-22- DECK 07B

INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

,,R,,lN~~S ~~--Q. 85 ,IR!,Am H“sBA~ DISAG~E l!R))IN~NOS NO kf3r0%--Q.85

AND Don’t know, Up to God,etc.

VERY SURE OF M3RE --Q. 85

(Q.86)

OR

NOT VSRY sum OF (LARGEST CRECK ❑ AND cw!lm D AND

NUM8ER) (Q. 88)

AND //

$

ISKIP To o. 97( ISKIP TO Q. 97 ~ lGOTO Q. 92 [

.. ....

3’ ~~y~b~~~y~n~’band going

25 36[K

to use a method to delay or prevent pregnancy after

Yes . . . . . . . . . . 1 37

No . (SKIP TO Q. 95) . 2

~, What method or methods do you intend to use? 38

[METHOD(S)]

39

~, After this baby is born, how long do you think it will be until you start using

[METHOD(S) IN Q. 931?

— WEEKS

}

SKIP TO Q. 96

_ MONTHS 40 41-

95, What is the reason you will not use a method? RSCORD VERBATIM.

42 43

44 4s

~ What is the main reason you and your husband do not intend to have any (more)

‘ babies after this one is born? RECORD VE~ATIM.

~

97., Are you and your husband going to use a method to delay or prevent pregnancy

after this baby is born?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 46

No. . .(SKIP TO Q. 101) . . 2

~, What method or methods do you intend to use? 47

[MRTH3D(S)1

48

~, After this baby is born, how long do you think it will be until you start using

[METHOD(S) IN Q. 98,]?

}

— WEEKS IF “DK’tOR “DISAGRSE”

Q. 85, SKIP TO Q. 1o6>

MONTHS OTHERWISE CONTINUE. 49 50

1(J), How long do YOU think it will be until YOU stop using a method so you can start

your next pregnancy?

MON~s (SKIP TO Q. 102) .5153.

la, Is the reason you will not use a method after this baby is born because you want

to become pregnant as soon as possible?

Yes . (SKIP TO INSTR.

No . . . . . . (ASK A)

A. ~ what is the reason you will not use a method?

BELOW A) . 1 53

. . . . . . 2

SECORD VERBATIM. 54 55

S6 57

I IF ,IDK,,OR llD~sAG~E,,TO Q. 85 sK~p To Q. 106, oT~RwIsE co~~.[

76
-23- DECK 07B

1~, And when do you expect your next baby to be born?

(YEARS FROM NOW)

58 59

Don’t know . (ASK A) . 98

A. IF DON’T KNOW: Well, no one can be sure, but do you think it will

probably be within two years from now, between two and five years from

now, or five or more years.from now’1

Within 2 years from now . . . . . . 1 60

Between 2 and 5 years from now . . . 2

5 or more years from now . . . . . . 3

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . ..S

103, ASK ONLY IF “2 OR MORE” IN INTERV. CRECK ITEM, P. 22; OTSESMISE SKIP TOQ. 105.

When do you expect your last baby to be born?

NUMBER OF YEARS FROM NOW: 61 62

(IF 5YEAKS OR LESS, SKIP TO Q. 105)

Don’t know . . . . . . . . .98

1(YL ASK ONLY IF “3 OR MORR” IN INTERV. CHECK ITEM, P. 22, OR “DK” TO Q. 103; OTHERWISE

SKIP TO Q. 105.

If you have (NUMBER IN INTERV. CSECK ITEM, P. 22) more babies after this one,

how many of these do you expect to have in the next five years?

(NDMBER/RANGE) 63

Don’t know . . . 8

1~, If it should turn out that you and your husband are not able to have (the one

more child/all the children) you expect, would you adopt a child?

Yes . . . . . ..l 64

No . . . . ...2

Maybe . . . ...3

Once they have all the children they expect, some people take extra steps to

be sure they have no more; others do not feel itts so important. In your

case, (now that/once) you have all the children you expect, what wil 1 you and

your husband do to be ~ you have no more babies? DO NOT READ CATEGORIES.

IF M3RE THAN ONE MSTHOD, RECORD VERSATIM AND cODE ALL TRAT APPLY BELOW. 65

Donft know . (CHECK ❑ & ASK A) A

Use contraception [CODE METHOD(S)]:

Pill . . . . . . . . . ..A

Douche . . . . . . . . ..B

Foam . . . .. C.. . ..C

Jelly, Cream, Suppository. D

IUD, Coil, Loop . . . . . E

Condom, Rubber . . . . . . F

Diaphragm . . . . . . ..G

Diaphragm & Jelly . . . . H

Rhythm - Calendar . . . . J

Rhythm - Temperature . . . K

Not having intercourse to

avoid pregnancy;

abstinence . . . . . . L

Withdrawal . . . . . . . . M

Respondent have operation. N

Husband have operation . . P

Abortion . . . . . . . ..S

Other (SPECIl?Y) w

Nomethod . . . . . . ..O

Don’tknow toA . . . . . 8

Of course, we cannot be sure about the future,

but considering the methods on this card

(HAND CARD 1).., what will vou and vour husband

~o, if anything,

more babies than

to be sure you w~l1 have no

you expect? CODE BELOW.

66

67

66 70/R

Q‘S 107& 1~ OMITTED.

77
ASK EVERYONE:

1(J4, The number

would 1ike

just about

-24- BEGIN DECK 08

of children people expect is not always the same as the number they

to have. Now, if you could start over, knowing things would turn out

the way they have for you and your husband, how many children would

you most like to have by the time you are through having children?

IIF NONE. SKIP TO SECTION V i

>

IF 1 THiOUGH 5, CIRCLE APPROPRIATE NUMBER ON

(NOM8ER)

-------------

LEVEL I; THEN ASK D. 10 11

IF 6 OR MORE, ASK A.

(GO TO B)

(RANGE)

Don!tknow, upto God, etc. . . ..(GOTO C)..... . . ...98

.

A. If you couldn’t have (NUMBER), would you choose one more or one leas?

1

Onemore...1

One less . . . 2

(GO TO Q. 110)

12

B. If you had to choose a single number between (NuMBERS IN SANGE), which would

you choose?

IF NONE, SKIP TO SECTION V.

------------->

(NWBER)

IF 1 THROUGH 5, CIRCLE APPROPRIATE NUMBER ON 13

LEVEL I; THEN ASK D.

IF 6 OR MORE, GO TO Q. 110.

c. A lot of people feel that way, but if you could choose, how many would you

have?

IF NONE, SKIP TO SECTION V.

IF 1 THROUGH 5, CIRCLE APPROPRIATE NUMBER ON

(NUMBER) -------------> [ LEVEL I; THRN ASK D. I III

Don1t know . (GO

TO Q.106) . . . . .

D. The next questions may

if you try to give the

couldnit have (NUMBER), but you had to choose between _ and _. &ich

would you choose? CIRCLE NUMBER ON LEVEL 11.

IF 6 OR MORE, GO TO Q. lIIJ,

.

8

seem a little unusual. Hnwever, it will be helpful

answers that seem most natural to VOU. %DDOSt? YOU

E. If you couldntt have that, would you choose or ? CIRCLE NUMBER ON

LEVEL 111 AND CONTINUE UNTIL R. CHOOSES !lO!I=6.!! —

LEVEL I--

LEVEL II--

IEVEL 111--

LEVSL IV--

LBVEL V--

LBVEL VI--

15 20

78
-25- DECK 08

.uO, Sometimes the number of boys and girls makea a difference. If you had exactly

~ children, how many would you want to be boys, and how many girls?

No difference, don’t know . . CHECK ~ & PROBE:

Many people feel as you do, but if they had to choose they could. If you had

to choose and you had ~ children, how many would you want to be boys, and how

many girls?

CIRCLE R ‘S CHOICE IN THE TOP ROW, BELOW. THEN FOLIOW THE ARROWS FROM R ‘S FIRST

CHOICE Zt)THR SECOND ROW, AND ASK A . (IF R CH00SE5 EITHER w BOYS OR ~ GIRLS,

GO TO Q. 111.)

A. If you could not have that combination, would you choose or _. P

CIRCLE R ‘S CHOICE IN THE SECOND ROW. THEN FOLLOW ARROW T= THIRD ROW,

AND ASK B. (IF R CHOOSES ~ BOYS OR ~ GIRLS, GO TO Q 111.)

B. If you could not have that combination, would you choose or ?

CIRCLE R’S CHOICE IN THIRD ROW.

—.

No Boys, 3 Girls

‘G0T0732Gir1s ::j’:’:;

No Bwya,L3 Girls 2 Boys, 1 Girl

(~~o~v ~~::~

No Boys, 3 Girls 3 Boys, No Girls No BOyS> 3 Girls 3 Boys,JNo Girls

21 22

23 24

25 26

Ill., If you had the = number of boys and girls, how many children in all would you

most 1ike to have--none, two, four, or six?

CIRCLE R’S CHOICE IN THE TOP ROW, THBN FOLLOW ARROWS TO SECOND ROW, AND ASK A.

(IF R cHO05E5 EITHER “o” OR “6,” GO TO sEcTIoN v.)

A.

B.

If you could not have , would you moat like to have ?

CIRCLE R’S CHOICE IN T=ECOND ROW. FOLLOW ARROWS TO T= ~W~D ASK B.

(IF R CHOOSES “o” OR “6,” GO TO SECTION v.)

And if you could not have , would you most like to have _ or _. ‘7

CIRCLE R’S CHOICE IN THIHD ROW.

None 2

None b

‘GOTOsEcT1x ‘h(GO TO SE:TION V)

NoneL

(GOTOSECTM ,Jm:v

27

28

29

79
-26- DECK 08

SECTION V

In this survey, we are also talking with wOmen ahOut where they gO for medical services

and information about planning their f.milies, and about medical cOnditiOns which they

have experienced.

IF NEVRR PREGNANT, OR CORRRNTLY PREGNANT WITH FIRST PRXGNANCY, SKIP TO Q. 118. (SEE

RECALL CHART @ AND @ )

~, This card lists some of the places where women go for prenatal care. During your

last pregnancy, to which of these places did YOU gO fOr prenatal care, Or did YOu

go to some other place? CODE ONLY ONE.

u

HAND

CARD

2

Own medical doctor or group of doctors . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 30

A hospital out-patient clinic where they assign

adoctor to you..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

A separate clinic which is not in a hospital . . . . . . . . . 3

A midwife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

Some other place (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

No care during pregnancy. (sKIPTo Q. 114) . . . . . . . . ..6

~ This card lists some of the ways in which prenatal care could be paid for. During

‘ your last pregnancy, in which Of these ways was the care paid fOr, Or was it paid

for in some other way? CODE ONLY ONE.

D

HAND Your own income only... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 31

CARD Insurance only (which you carry or is carried for you) . . . . 2

3 Dwnincome and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3

Medicaid (Welfare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Other government (such as military) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Parents or relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Some other way . . . ..(SPEcIFy) . . . . . . . . . . . ...7

~4, ASK ONLY IF ANY LIVB BIRTHS; OTHRRwISE SKIP TO Q. 117 (SEE RECALL CHART @ )

This card lists some of the ways in which hospital bills can be paid. When your

(last) baby was born, in which Of these ways was the hOspital bill paid, Or was

the bill paid for in some other way? CODE ONLY ONE.

n

HAND

CARD

3

Your own income only.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-1 32

Insurance only (which you carry or is carried for you) . . . . 2

Ownincome and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3

Medicaid (Welfare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Other government (such as military) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Parentsor other relatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6

Some other way . . . .. (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

No hospital care . . . . ..(5KIPTOQ. 116) . . . . . ...0

~ Did (LAST CHILD) come home from hospital at the same time YOU did, Or did (he/she)

stay longer?

Same time (or before mother). . . . 1 33

Stay longer (or was transferred

to another institution). . . . . 2

~G, Did (LAST CHILD) have to be hospitalized any time during the firat year after

(he/she) was born?

Yes . . . ..l 34

No . . ...2

80
m’,

-27- DECK 08

~ than hospitalization for normal delivery or false labor, have you ever been

hospitalized becauae of pregnancy?

Yea . (AsKA&B).1 35

IF YES.

r“ How many times?

B, In what year were you(firs~ hospitalized

‘“’””m’ 3’

37 36

for a complication of pregnancy?

(YEAR)

fig, ~l~L!LSE experienced any of these conditions? READ CONDITIONS SLOWLY AND

A. Diabetes or sugar?

Yes . [AsK (I)] . . 1

39

No .( GO TO B) ..2

(1) IF YES TO A: In what year did

you first know you had diabetea? [1 1

40 41

(YEAR)

B. High blood pressure when you were Yes . [ASK (1)] . . I 42

not pregnant? —

(1) IF YES TO B: In what year did you

‘0 “ ‘Gob’

43 !+4

first know you had high blood preasure?

(YEAR)

c. Anemia or thin blood of any kind Yea [ASK (1) & (2)] 1 45

when you were not pregnant? — NO . . . . . ...2

IF YES TO C:

(1) In what year did you first know

you had anemia? I

46 !+7

(yEAR)

(2) Did a medical doctor tell Iron-deficiency anemia 1

you what kind? What did Cooley1s anemia . . . 2

(he/she) say? Sickle cell anemia . . 3

Other (SPECIFY) . . . 4

Not medically diagnosed, doctor didn%

say, don’t know . . . 8

~, ASK owLy IF FIRST -IED - JAN. 1968; OT~RWISE, SKIp m Q. 120 (SEE

RBCALL CHART @ )

Around the time-you were (first) married,

did you see a medical doctor in connection Yes . (ASK A-D) . . I

with your marriage? No (GO TO Q. 120) . 2

IF YES:

A. Did you have a pelvic or interns1

Yes . (GO TO B). .l

examination at that time? No . [ASK(1)] . . 2

(1) IF NO TO A: Have you had a

Yea .

pelvic exam at any time with- (GO TO B) ..1

in the last five years? No .( GO TO B) ..2

B. Did you have a Pap smear to test for Yes .

cancer at the time you saw the doctor (GO TO C). .l

in connection with your marriage? No . [ASK(1)]. . 2

(1) IF NO TO B: Have you had a Pap

smear at any time within the Yea. (GO TO C). .l

last five years? No .( GO TO D) ..2

c. In what year did you —last have a

Pap smear?

(YEAR)

D. Did the doctor prescribe

or talk with you about Yes . . . [ASK.(1)] . . . . . . 1

methods for delaying or No . . . (SKIP TO Q. 121) . . 2

preventing a pregnancy?

(1) IF YES TO D: Did you bring up the subject or did (he/she)?

Respondent (SKIP TU Q. 122) . . 1

Doctor . (SKIp To Q. 122) . . 2

Don’t remember (SKIP TO Q. 122) 8

49

50

51

52

53

54 .35

56

57

81
m, Haveyou

—.IF YRS o

A. Have

B. Have

(1)

-28- DECK 08

seen a medical doctor for any reason within the past five years?

Yes . (ASK A& B).1 58

NO . . . . . ...2

you had a pelvic or internal exam during the paat five years?

Yea,. . . . . . ..l 59

NO . . . . . ...2

you had a Pap smear to test for cancer within the past five years?

Yea . [ASK (1)] . . 1 60

No . . . . . ...2

Don’t know . . . . 8

IF YES TO B: In what year did you

~ have a Pap smear? 61 62

~, IF STKRILE BEFORE JAN. 1968, CKECK~ , AND SKIP TU Q. 129 (SEE RECALL CWART@);

OTHERWISE, CONTINUE.

During the paat five yeara, haa a doctor or other trained person prescribed, or

talked with you about a mathod for delaying or preventing pregnancy?

Yea . . . . . . ..l 63

NO (SKIp TU Q.124) 2

~, When was the ~ time you talked about methods of family planning with a doctor

or trained person?

UI [_Tl+@sK A)

64 67

(YEAR)

A. Where waa this?

El HAND

CARD

4

CODE ONLY ONR.

Own doctor’s officefgroup of doctors . . . .7

1

6a

General medical clinic, hospital outpatient (ASK B)

clinic or public health clinic . . . . . .

21

Family planning clinic or office . . . . . .A

While R waa in the hospital [ASK (l)] . . . . 4

Somewhere else (SPECIFY AND ASK B) . . . . . 5

(1) IF WHILE R WAS IN HOSPITAL:

Was this with your regular doctor, a doctor asaigned to you, or

someone else?

Regular doctor . . . .

7

Assigned doctor . . . . . 2 ~(ASK B)

Someone else (SPECIFY). .3J

B. Did you bring up the subject or did (he/she)?

69

.Respondent . . . . . . . 1

Trained person . . . . . 2

Don’t remember, don’t

know . . . . . . ...8

82

70
Iz

.29- BEGIN DEGK 09

At that time did the doctor or trained person recommend a change in method or that

..

you start a method~

Yes . . (ASK A-D) . 1 10

No (GO TO Q. 124). 2

~:

A.

B.

c.

D.

What method was recommended? (CODE AS MANY AS t@,NTIONED.)

Pill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A

Douche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B

Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C

Jelly, Cream, Suppoaitow . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . D

IUD, Coil, Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E

Condom, Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F

Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G

Diaphragm and Jelly. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H

Rhythm or safe period - calendar . . . . . . . . . . . J

Rhythm or safe period - temperature . . . . . . . . . . K

Not having intercourse to avoid pregnancy,

abstinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L

Withdrawal, Coitus interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . M

Operation; sterilization - Wife . . . . . . . . . . . . N

Operation; sterilization - Husband . . . . . . . . . . P

Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S

Other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..W

Did (he/she) say how effective (METHOD was/MZTHODS were)?

Yes. . . . . . . . 1

No . . . . . . . .2

Did (he/she) discuss possible side effects or problems with you

or your husband?

Yes. . . . . . . . 1

No . , . . . . . ..2

Did (he/she) tell (youfyo”r husband) to return for a check-up in

connection with using (METHOD)?

Yes . [ASK (1)] . . 1 Is

No . . . . . . . .2

13

14

(1) IF YES TO D: How soon?

(MONTHS FROM VISIT) 16 17

~~, IF R IS:

2<

STERILE, OR USING

(SEE NO METHOD,

RECALL

ABSTINENCE, SKIP TO Q. 125;

CHART RHYTHM,

@&@)

WITHDRAWAL

You are now using (~HOD). Where did YOU go

eupplies)?

Clinic .

Drugstore

OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

the last time for (METHOD/

. . . . . . . . . . . 1

. . . . . . . . . . . 2

18

Medical doctor . . . . . . . . 3

Other . (SPEC’IFY). . . . ...4

83
X25

-30-

In the past five years, have you talked with a Yes (ASK A&B)

medical doctor or to any other trained person No . . . . .

about increasing your chances of having a baby?

IF YES:

A When did you last go for help? mm

(MoNTH) (YEAR)

B. On this card are listed some

n

HAND

placea people go for this kind Your own medical doctor

CARD

of help. To which of these or group of doctors . .

5

placea did you go, or did you A separate medical clinic

go someplace else? not in a hospital . . .

A hospital out-patient

clinic . . . . . . . .

A family counseling

service . . . . . . . .

Somewhere else (SPECIFY)

DECK 09

1 19

2

1

2

3

4

5

20 23

24

~, IF STERILE BEFORE JULY 1, 1970, CHECK ❑ AND SKIP TO Q. 129 (SEE RECALL CHART @ );

OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

In the past three years, have you used

a calendar or temperature method of

rhythm to increase your chances of Yes (ASK A) . 1 2s

becoming pregnant? That is, in order

to know the days when you are most

No . . ...2

likely to become pregnant.

A. IF YES. Can you tell me in which months you were trying to become pregnant

‘“ this way? (IF MOKB ‘IWANONE PREGNANCY ATTEMPTED, ENTER DATES IN

APPROPRIATE BOKES.)

First Time Second Time Startedm m 2’z9Q m 34‘7 cH=i=i (MONTH) IF MORE THAN

StoppedQm

(YEAR)

so“m

(MoN~)

m

(YEAR)

38u‘OT1ms

42

m’,

Started

Stopped

In the past three years, have you used Yes (AsK A) . 1 43

the Pill for medical reasons onlv--not

for delaying or preventing pregnancy?

No (GO TO

Q. 128) . 2

A. IF YESO Can you tell me when you started and when you stopped using the

‘o Pill this way? (IF MORE THAN ONE PERIOD, ENTER DATES IN APPROPRIATE BOKBS.)

First Time Second Time

m mq’k’m m =ssCHECKO

(MON2TI) (YEAR) (MONTH) (YEAR) IF MORE THAN

m m“ ~lmm 565’‘O’l”s

(MONTH) (YEAR) (MONTH) (YEAR)

60

~, Do you regularly douche after intercourse Yes (ASK A) . 1 61

No . . ...2

A. IF YES: How soon after intercourse do you

usually douche? Would you say

Less than a half

hour [ASK (1)] . 1

62

leaa than a half hour or more

than a half hour?

More than a

half hour . . . 2

(1) IF LESS THAN RALF HOUR: In what

year did you start to douche m 63 6$

regularly after intercourse?

(YEAR)

w
-31- BEGIN DECK 10

~, IF R. HAS SAID THAT SHE IS OPPOSED TO OR NEVBR USED A NETHOD, CHECK ❑ AND SKIP

TO Q. 130; OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

A CIRCLE “1” FOR LAST (cuRHENT) MRTHOD;

CIRCLE “2” FOR ALL OTHERS USED.

(SEE HECALL CHART ~)

[In addition to (NKTHODS CIRCLED)],

have you or your husband ever used —

any (other) method to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

Yes , . 2 Which ones? CIRCLE

No . . 3 (GO TO Q. 130)

v

A) Pill 1 2

B) Douche 1 2,

C) Foam 1 2

D) Jelly, Cream,

suppository 1 2

E) IUD, Coil, LOOFI 1 2

F) Condom, Rubber 1 2

G) Diaphragm 1 2

H) Diaphragm and 1 2

Jelly

J) Rhythm - Calendar 1 2

K) Rhythm -

Temperature

1 2

L) Not having intercourse Eo m ~ 2

pregnancv, abstinence

M) Withdrawal 1 2

N) Operation: Wife 1 2

P) Operation:Husband 1 2

s) Abortion 1 2

W) Other 1 2

B

FoR RACH METHOD USED, ExcEpT LAsT

(CURRENT) METHOD, ASK:

You used (MSTHOD). WY did 9

you change to another method?

RECORD REASON ON LINE FOR

TRAT METHOD.

Reaaon

1

10 11

12 13

i4 15

16 17

18 19

20 21

22 23

24 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

32 33

34 35

36 37

38 39

40 41

42 43

44 45

46 47

48 49

50 31

52 53

54 55

56 57

““””””””””””””’”””””””””””““””””””””””<i”i9

..........................................

..........................................

...........................................

60 &l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62 63

64 65

66 67

68 69

85
-32-

SECTION VI

~, CODE RACE OF RESPONDENT BY OBSERVATION.

BEGIN DECK 11

10 Black . . . 1

White ...2

Other . . . 3

ln, These questions are about you r family background. When you were growing up,

that is, between the ages of 6 and 16, did you live on a farm most of the time?

(Half of the time, or more.)

4

Yes . . ..l 11

No . ...2

~, When you were growing up, that is, between the ages of 6 and 16, in what state

or foreign country did you live most of the time? (Half of the time, or more.)

KSFER TO STATE CODES BRLOW AND

m

12 13

BNTER CODE NUMBER IN BOX . . . . .

IF FOREIGN COUNTRY, RNTER CODE NUMBER IN EOX AND

SPECIFY HBRE :

Alabama. . . ...63’

Alaska . . . ...94

Arizona. . . . . . 81

Arkansas . . . . . 71

California . . . . 93

Colorado . . . . . 86

Connecticut . . . . 15

Delaware . . . . . 51

Umhington, D.C. . 55

Florida . . . . . . 59

Georgia . . . . . . 58

Hawaii . . . ...95

Idaho . . . ...82

Illinois . . . . . 32

Indiana . . . . . . 33

Ioul . . . . ...42

Kansas . . . ...47

Kentucky . . . . . 61

STATE CODES

LOuXsiana . . . . . 73

M3ine . . . . . ..ll

Maryland . . . . . 52

Nassachucctts . . . 14

Michigan . . . . . 34

yinnesota . . . . . 41

Mississippi . . . . 64

Missouri . . . . . 43

Montana. . . . . . S1

Nebraska . . . . . 46

Nevada . . . . ..S4

New Hmnpshire . . . 13

New Jersey . . . . 22

New Nexim . . . . 88

New York . . ...21

?brth Carolina . . 56

North Dakota . . . 44

Ohio . . . . ...35

Oklahonn . . . . . . 72

Oregon . . . . ...92

Pennsylvmia . . . . 23

Shmie Island . . . . 16

south Carolina . . . 57

South Dakota . . . . 45

Tennessee . . . . . 62

Texas . . . . ...74

Utah . . . . . ...85

VermOnt . . . . ..l2

Virginia. . . . . . 54

Washington. . . . . 91

WestVirgin%a . . . 53

Wisconsin . . . . . 31

Wyoming . . . ...83

Foreigncountry . .

01

~, When you were 14, were you living with both your own mother ~ your ovinfather?

A. IF NO:

Yes . . . .

NO (ASK A).

Was that because one or both

of them had died, they were One or both died . .

divorced, or for-some-other

reason? They were divorced .

Some other reason .

1 14

2

3 15

4

5
-33-

~, What is your origin or descent? CODE ALL THAT APPLY.

c1HAND

CARD

6

DECK 11

ORIGIN CODES

German . . . . . . . . . . . ..1161 Puerto Rican. . . . . . . 2 24

Italian . . . . . . . . . . .. 217 Cuban 3 25

Irish . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.8 Other S~~i~h”(~I;Pbb)” I 4 26

French . : . . . . . . . . . .. 419

Polish . . . . . . . . . . . . .520

Russian . . . . . . . . . . ..6z I

English, Scot, Weleh . . . . . . 7 22

Mexicano, Chicano,

Mexican American . . . . . . . 1 23

Black, African, Negro . . 5 27

American Indian . . . . . 6 28

Asian -- Chinese,

Japanese, etc. . . . . . 7 ZY

Other (SPECIFY) 1 30

Don’t know . . . . . . . .8 91

U5, What is tha highest grade or year of regular school or college you have attended?

RSFER TO GRADE CODES AND

ENTER CODE NUMBER IN BOX . . . .m ‘Zw

GRADE CODES

No formal schooling . . . . 00 (SKIP TU Q. 140)

Elementary: High School:

lstgrsde . . . . ...01 lstyear . . . . . . ..O9

2ndgrade . . . . . ..O2 2ndyear . . . . . . ..lO

3rd grade . . . . ...03 3rdyear . . . . . . ..ll

4th grade . . . . ...04 4thyear. ., . . . ..l2

5th grade . . . . ...05 College:

6th grade . . . . ...06 lyear . . . . . . . ..l3

7th grade . . . . ...07 2 years......,.. 14

8th grade . . . . ...08

3yasrs, . . . . . . . . 15

4yeara. , . . . . . ..l6

5years . . . . . . . ..l7

6 years or more . . . . . 18

~, Did you complete that grade or year? Yes . . . . ..l 34

No . . . ...2

~, Have you had any other schooling, such as business COIlege, nurains, or

technical school?

Yes . . (ASK A&B) ..1 3s

No . . . . . . . ...2

—.IF YES.

A. How many years of such schooling have you had?

Less than one year . . . 0

36

lyear . . . . . . . ..l

2yeera, . . . . ...2

3years . . . . . ...3

B. Did you include any of this schooling in answering the question on the

highest grade of regular school you have attended?

Yea . . (GO BACK MD CORRECT

CODE IN Q. 135) ,. ...1 37

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

87
-34- DECK 11

~, Did you get any of your education in a church-related school (or college)?

Yes ..(ASK A&B) . ..1 38

NO . . . . . . . . ...2

—.IF YES.

A. Which grades of school (and/or college) were in a church-related school?

CODE ALL THAT APPLY

Elementary: High school:

lst grade . . . ...01 lstyear . . . . ...09

2nd grade . . . . ..o2 2ndyear . . . . . ..lO

3rd grade . . . ...03 3rd year . . . . . . 11

4th grade . . . ...04 &th year . . . . . . 12

5th grade . . . ...05 College:

6th grade . . . . ..o6 lstyear . . . . ..l3

7th grade . . . ...07 2nd year . . . . . . 14

8th grade . . . ...08 3rd year . . . . . . 15

4th year . . . . . . 16 39

5th year . . . . . . 17 40

6th year or higher . 18 41

B. Which church or religious group was that?

Roman Catholic . . . . , . . . . 1 42

Baptist, Lutheran, or other

Protestant . . . . . . . . ..2

Jewish . . . . . . . . . . . ..3

Muslim . . . . . . . . . . ...4

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . , . . 5

J39, What was the highest grade or year of regular school (or college) you had completed

at the time of your (first) marriage?

REFER TO GRADE CODES IN Q. 135, AND

ENTER CODE NUMBER IN BOX . . . . . m w H

140, ASK ONLY IF MARRIED MORE THAN ONCE (SEE mCALL CHART @); 0TH8RWISE SKIp ~ Q. 142.

What wae the highest grade or year of regular school or college your first

husband had completed, at the time of your marriage?

REFER TO GRADE CODES IN Q. 135, AND

ENTER CODE NUMBER IN BOX . . . . . m H H

141, When was your first husband born?

mmm w =

MONTH DAY YEAR

IF DON ‘T KNOW:

Don’t knOw (ASK A & B) . 98

A. How old was he when you were married? AGE: 53 54

B. When is his birthday?

mm ’5’8

(MONTS)

142’ ~~~e~o~o~~~o~f~;~) ‘arried, did

(DAY)

Yes . . (ASK A) . . 1 59

No . . . . . ...2

A. IF YE8: Altogether, how long did you work bO 6]

before you were (first) married? (YEARS)

Less than one year 00
143,

-35- BEGIN DECK 12

IF R HAS NEVER HAD A LIVE BIRTH, SKIP TO Q. 14S (SEE RECALL CHART ~) ;

OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

Between the time of your (first) marriage Yes . . . (ASK A) . 1 10

and the birth of your (first) child, did

you ever work for pay?

No . . . . . . ...2

A. Altogether, how long did you work between 11 12

the time of your (first) marriage and the (yEAR)

birth of your (first) child? Less than one year . 00

14’ ;~T*~ ;%i%i$S!%O%;UF

SKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEM BELOW (SEE RECALL

Between the birth of your first child and Yes . . . (ASK A) . 1 13

the birth of your second child, did you

ever work for pay?

No . . . . . . ...2

A. Altogether, how long did you work between 14 15

the birth of your first child and the (yEARS)

birth of your second child? Less than one year . 00

145, IF R HAs HAD ONLY TWO LIVE BIRTHs, SKIP TO INTERV. CHECK ITEIdBELOW (SEE RECALL

CHART ~; OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

Between the birth of your second child and Yes . . . (ASK A) . I 16

the birth of your third child, did you ever

work for pay?

No . . . . . . ...2

A. Altogether, how long did you work between 17 18

the birth of your second child and the (YEiRS)

birth of your third child? Less than one year . 00

1%, IF RHAS RAD ONLY THKKE LIVE BIRTHS, SKIP TO INTERv. CHECK ITEM BELOW (SEE RECALL

CHART @); OTHERWISE CONTINUE.

Between the birth of your third Yes . , . (ASK A) . 1 19

child and the birth of your last

child, did you ever work for pay?

No (SKIP TO Q. 149). 2

A. Altogether, how long did you

work between the birth of your (YEARS)

20 21

third child and the birth of Less than one year . 00

your last child?

INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

MORE THAN ONE

LIVE BIRTH: DID R WORK BETWEEN BIRTH OF NEXT TO LAST CHILD AND LAST CHILD?

Yes . . . .

No . . . . .

Don’t know .

ONLY ONE

LIVE BIRTH: DID R WORK BEFORE BIRTH OF CHILD?

Yes . . . .

No . . . . .

CHECKm& CONTINUE WITH Q. 147.

CHECKn& SKIP TO Q. 149.

CHECK a CONTINUE WITH Q. 147.

CHECKD & CONTINUE WITH Q. 147.

CHECK n& SKIP TO Q. 149.

147, How long before the birth of your (last) child did yo. ~working?

Less than one month (SKIP TO Q. 149) . 00 22 23

Number of months (.5KIPTO Q. 149)

One year or more (SKIP TO Q. 149) . . 12

1~, Since you were (first) married, Yes (ASKA) . ...1

have you ever worked for pay?

24

No . . . . . . ...2

A. Altogether, how long have 2S 26

you worked since your (YEAR)

(first) marriage? Less than one year . 00

89
-36-

14, ASK EVERYONE: Last week, were you working full time, part time, going to

school, keeping house, or what?

CIRCLE ONE CODE ONLY. IF M3RE THAN ONE RSSPONSE,

CODE RESPONSE WITH SMALLEST NUMBER.

Working full time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . 1

Working part time (1 to 34 hours) . . . . . . . . 2

With a job, but on maternity leavd . . . . . . . 3

With a job, but not at work because of temporary

illness, vacation, strike . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . . 5

Retired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6 SK1P

> TO

DECK 12

27

In school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

7 Q.153

Keeping house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...8

~, ASK ONLY IF R, HAS CHILDRRN IN HOUSEHOLD (SEE RECALL CHART @));

IF R. HAS NO LIVE BIRTHS, SKIP TO Q. 157 (SEE RECALL CHART 0);

IF R. HAS NO CHII.DRENIN HOUSEHOLD, SKIP TO Q. 154.

Do you have any regular arrangement for the care of your child(ren) while

you are working?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . 1 28

No . (SKIP TO Q. 155). 2

~1, ~fi:s care of your children), and where? EJ3CORDVERBATIM AND CODE AS MANY

.

In own home, by relative. . . . . 1 29

In own home, by nonrelative . . . 2

30

In relative’s home . . . . . . . 3

31

In nonrelative’s home . . . . . . 4

32

In day care center or other

special organized facility . . 5 33

Other.. . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3*

~z, During the average week of the school year, how many hours Per week of child care do

you uae for (your child/each of your children)? R3CORD HOURS FOR~CH~, AND

ADD UP.

CHILD HOURS NEEDED

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

s

9

TOTAL (SKIP TO Q. 155) 3s 37

~,Do you expect to look for, or return Yes . . . (ASKA) ...1 30

to, a job sometime in the future?

No . . . . . . . , . .2

Don’tknow ..,... 8

A. About how soon will that be? Less than one year . 00 99 40

Number of years .

Don’t know . . . . . 98

~, IF NO LIVE BIRTHS, SKIp TO Q. 157 (SEE MCALL CHART @J); 0THBPJ41SECoNTINUS.

Have you worked for pay at any time since your (last) child was born?

Yes . . . . 41

No . (SKIP TO &iy7j : ;
-37- DECK 12

~, Altogether, how long have you worked Less than one year . . . . 130 42 43

since the birth of your (lastjchild? Number of years . .

~, In what month and year did yo. begin

to work after your (last) child was

born? mm

(MONTR) (YEAR)

w

jLL, ASK ONLY IF R WAS EvF,RWORKSD; OTHERWISE SKIP TO Q. IG1.

A. What (is/was) your (last) occupation, That is, what (is/was) your job called?

JOB TITLE: +% 50

B. What (are/were) your most important activities or duties?

DUTIES: 51 52

c. What kind of place (do/did) you work for? What do they make or do?

INDUSTRY:

~, ~t~~hj$~/d’d) YOU earn per ho.r AMOUNT: per HOUR 53 36

g

WEEK . . 1 62

AMOUNT: per l@NTH . 2

57 61 YEAR . . 3

HOURS PER WEEK 63 S4

la, IF R HAS NOT WORKED SINCE LAST CHILD WAS BORN (Q. 154), SKIP TO Q. 161.

In the past 12 months--that is, since (MONTH), 1972--how many weeks did you work

either full-time or part-time, including paid vacations and paid sick leave?

NUMBER OF WEEKS 63 66

None . . . . . . . . . . . 00

ASK EVERYONE:

Ifl, Are you Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or something else?

Roman Catholic . . .(SKIP TO Q. 163) . . 10 67 66

Protestant . . . . (ASK A) . . . . . . . 20

Jewish . . . . . . (GO TOQ. 162) . . . 30

<— Other (SPECIFY AND GO TO Q. 162) . . . 40

None . . . . . . . .(SKIP TO Q. 164) . . 50

A. IF PROTESTANT: What specific denomination is that, if any:

Baptist . . . . . . . . . . ..21

Lutheran . . . . . . . . . ..22

Methodist . . . . . . . . . . .23

Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . 24

Episcopalian . . . . . . . . . 25

No specific denomination . . . 28

~ Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . 00

1~, ;HjySTMT, JEWISH, OR

: About how often do

you usually attend religious

services? 7

Oncea week or more . . . 1

2 or 3 times a month . . 2

Once amonth . . . . . . 3 (SKIP

Several times a year . . 4 > TO

About once a year . . . . 5 Q.164)

Less than once a year . . 6

Never ., . . . . . ...7

69

1~’: ;~ez”;;;u~n:ften More than once a week . . . . . . 1 70

Once a week . . . . . . . . . ..2

2or3times amonth . . . . ..3

Once a month . . . . . . . . ..4

Several times a year . . . . . . 5

About once a year..... . ..6

Less than once a year . . . . . . 7

Never . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8

91
ASK SVERYONE:

l@, NOW about Mr.

agea of 6 and

or rsore.)

(PRESENT 3wmmwD).

16, did he live on

-38- BEGIN DECK

When he was growing up, that is between the

a farm Q of the time? (Half of the time,

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO ., . . . . . . . ...2

DOn’t know . . . . . . . . . 8

10

165, ~;h:&’& or foreign country did he live most of the time (between tha ages

RRFER TO STATE CODES BELOW,

lm

11 12

AND ENTER CODE NO. IN BOX . . . . .

IF FORRIGN COUNTRY, ENTER CODE NUMBER IN BOX AND

SPECIFY HERS:

Alabama. . . . . . 63

Alaska’. . . ...%

Arizona. . . . . . 87

Arkansas . . . . . 71

California . . . . 93

Colorado . . . . . 86

Connecticut. . . . 15

Delaware . . . . . 51

Washington,D.C. . 53

Florida. . . . . . 59

GcOrgia. . . . . . 58

Hawaii . . . ...93

Idaho . . . ...82

Illinois . . . . . 32

Indiana. . ... . . 33

Ima . . . . ...42

Kansas . . . . ... 47

Kmtucky . . . . . 61

ST#T8 CODES

Louisiana. . . . . 73

Haine . . . . . ..ll

Naryland . . . . . 52

Nassachusctts. . . IL

Michigan . . . . . 34

Minnesota- . . . . 41

Mississippi. . . . @+

Missouri . . . . .43

Montana: . . . . . 81

Nebraska . . . . .46

Nevada . . . . ..~

New Hampshire. . . 13

New Jersey . . . . 22

New NexicO . . . . 88

New York . . ...21

NorthCarolina . . 56

NorthDakota . . . 44

Ohio . . . . ...35

Oklahoma. . . . . . 72

Oregon . . . . ...92

Pennsylvania. . . . 23

8hode Island . . . . 16

South Carolina. . . 57

SouthDakOta . . . . 45

Tennessee . . . . . 62

Texas.......74

Utah . . . . . ...85

VcrmOnt . . . . ..l2

Virginia. . . . .. . 54

Washington. . . . . 91

West Virginia . . . 53

Wisconsin.. . . . . 31

Wyoming . . . ...83

Foreigncountry . .

01

166, What is his origin or descent? CODE ALL TRAT APPLY.

n

WAND

CARD

6

ORIGIN CODES

German ..,...... . ...119 Puerto Rican . . . . . .

Italian . . . . . . . . . . . .21* Cuban . . . . . . . . .

Irish . . . . . . . . . . . . ,31s Other Spanish (HISPANO)

French .,..,.,.. ., ..416 t Black, African, Negro ,

Polish . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 American Indian . . . .

Russian . . . . . . . . . ...616 Asian -- Chinese,

.2 21

.3 22

4 23

:5 24

.6 25

English, Scot, Welsh . . . . . . 7 19 Japanese, etc. . . . . . 7 26

Mexicano, Chicano, Mexican Other (SPECIFY) 1 27

American . . . . . . . . . . .12.0 Don’t know . . . . . . . . 8 20

167, When your husband was 14, waa he living with both hia own mother @ his own

father?

Yea . . . . . ..l 29

No .. (ASK A). 2

A. _IF NO: Waa that because one or both of them had died, they were divorced, or

for some other reason?

One or both died . . . . . 3 30

They were divorced . . . . 4

Some other reason . . . . . 5

92
-39- DECK 13

1~, ~;~n~~d;he highest grade or year of rewlar school or college your husband has

REFER TO GRADE CODES

m

31 .32

p AND ENTER CODE NO IN BOX . . . .

GRADE CODES

No formal schooling . , . . o! (SKIP TO Q. 170)

Elementary: HighSchool:

lstgrade . . . . . ..Ol lst year . . . . . . . . 09

2nd grade . . . . . ...02 2ndyear . . . . . . ..lO

3rd grade . . . . ...03 3rdyear . . . . . . ..ll

4th grade . . . . ...0+ 4thyear . . . . . ...12

5thgrade . . . . . ..O5 College:

6th grade . . . . ...06 l year . . . . . . . . . 13

7th grade . . . . ...07 2years . . . . . . . ..l4

8thgrade” . . . . . ..O8 3 years . . . . . . . . . 15

4years . . . . . . . ..lG

5 years......,.. 17

6 yearsor more . . . . . 18

l@, Did he complete that grade or year? Yes. ..ol 33

NO . . ...2

Don’t know . 8

~(j, Is this your husband’s only marriage, Only marriage . . . . . 1 34

or has he been married before? Married before . . . . 2

~1, IS he Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish, or something else?

Roman Catholic . (SKIP TO Q. 173) . . . 10 35 36

Protestant . . . . . . (ASK A)..... 20

Jewish . . . . ..(Go To Q. 172).. . . 30

<— Other (8PECIFY AND GO TO Q. 172). . . . 40

None . . . . . . (SKIP TO Q. 174). . . . 50

Don’t know . . . . (GO TO Q. 172). . . . 98

A. IF PROTESTANT: What specific denomination is that, if any?

Baptist. . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Lutheran . . . . . . . . . . .22

Methodist . . . . . . . . . ..23

Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . 24

Episcopalian . . . . . . . . . 25

No specific denomination . . . 28

~ Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . 00

U2n IF PROTESTANT, JEWISH, llO~R,lt OR DON!T KNw: About hnw often does he

usually attend religious servicee?

1

Once a week or more . . . 1

37

2 or 3 times a month . . 2

Once amonth . . . . ..3 SKIp

Several times a year . . 4

About once a year . . . . 5

Q;174

Less than once a year . . 6

Never . . . . . . . . . . 7

~, IF ROMAN CATHOLIC: How often does he receive Communion?

More than once a week

Once a week.....

2 or 3 times a month .

once a month . . . . .

8everal times a year .

About once a year . .

Less thsn once a year

Never . . . . . . . .

. . . 1 3a

. . . 2

. . . 3

. . . 4

. . . 5

. . . 6

. . . 7

. . . 8

93
-40- DECK 13

~1{, ASK EVERYONE: Last week, was your husband working full time, part time, going to

school, keeping house, or what?

CIRCLE ONE CODE ONLY. IF MOKS THAN ONE RESPONSE, CODE

RESPONSE WITH SMALLEST NUMBER.

Working full time (35 hours or more) . . . . . 1

Working part time (1 to 34 hours) . . . . . . 2

With a job, but not at work because of

temporary illness, vacation, strike . . . . 3

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . 4

Retired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Inschool . . . . . . .. (ASK A) . . . ...6

Keeping house . . . . .. (ASK A).... ..7

Other (SPECIFY AND ASKA) . . . . . . . ...8

39

A. IF IN SCHOOL, KEEPING HOUSE,

OR OTHER: Did he ever have Yes . . . . . . ..l 40

a job or business for pay? NO (.3KIPTO Q. 180) 2

What (is/was) your hushand’s (main) occupation? lzh ‘“ called, That is, what (is/was) his job

“JOB TITLE: 41 43

B. What (are/were) his most important activities or duties?

DUTIES: 44 45

c. what kind of place (do/did) he work for? What do they make or do?

INDUSTRY: 46/R

~G, In the past 12 months--that is, since (MONTH),

1972--how many weeks did your husband work at weeks 47 48

his (main) job, including paid vacations and

paid sick leave? None (SKIPTO Q. 180) 00

~, How many hours a week does he

usually work at that job? hours per week 49 50

~& In the paSt 12 months, how many weeks has weeks

your hushand worked at any other jobs or

s,352

business for pay? None (SKIPTO Q. 180) 00

179n How many hours a week does he usually

work at (that job/those jobs)? hours per week 5s 54

18(j, ASK ONLY IF R WORKED IN’LAST 12 MONTHS (Q. 160); 0THERW7.SEGO TO Q. 181.

In the past 12 months--that is, since (MONTH), 1972--what did yg earn in wages,

salary or in your own business or profession?

Total earnings: 55 S9

Don’t know, refused (ASK A)

A. IF DON‘T SNOW OR REFUSED: Here is a card showing smounts of weekly and yearly

incomes. Next to each amount is a letter.

I -

would YOU tell me what letter repHAND

resents the income before taxes and other deductions that you earned in wages,

CARD salary or in your own business or profession during the past 12 months?

7

CARD 7

Weekly Income Yearly Income ENTER LETTER: 60 61

A. Under $20 AA. Under $1,000

B. $20- $38 BB. $ 1,000 - $ 1,999 Don’t know . . 98

c. $39-$57 CC. $ 2,000- $2,999 Refused . . . . 9?

D. $58-$77 DD. $ 3,000- $3,999

E. $7S - $96 EE. $ 4,000- $4,999

F. $97 - $115 FF. $ 5,000 - $5,999

G. $116-$134 GG. $ 6,000 - $ 6,999

H. $135-$154 HH. $7,000- $7,999

I. $155-$173 11. $ 8,000- $8,999

J. $174-$192 JJ. $ 9,000- $ 9,999

K. $193-$231 KK. $10,000- $11,999

L. $232-$288 LL. $12,000- $14,999

M. $289-$480 MM. $15,ooo - $24,999

N. $481 or more NW. $25,000 or more
-41- BEGIN DECK 14

181, ASK ONLY IF R’S HUSBAND WORKED IN LAST 12 MONTHS (Q. 176); OTHERWISE GO ‘IOQ. 182.

In the past 12 months--that is, since (MONTH) 1972--what did your husband earn in

wages, salary, or in his own business or profession?

A. IF DON’T KNOW OR RBFUSED:

0

v:

7

Total earnings: 10 14

Dontt know, refused . (ASK A)

Here is a card showing amounts of weekly and yearly

incomes. Next to each amount is a letter. Would

you tell me what letter represents the income before taxes and other deductions that your husband

earned in wages, salary or in his own business or

profession during the past 12 months.

ENTER LETTER: 1.-S16

Don’t know . . . . . . . . 98

Refused . . . . . . . . . .97

182, ASK ONLY IF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS LIVING IN HOUSEHOLD; OTHERWISE SKIP TO Q. 183.

Did any other members of your family living here have earnings from wages, salary

or their own business or profession?

Yes ..(ASKAANDB) ...1 17

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

A. How many other fmnily members had earnings in the past twelve months?

Number,of other earners: 18

B, How much did (EACH ADDITIONAL EARNER)

First Total Earninga

Second Total Earnings

Third Total Earnings

earn?

Don’t know . . . . 99998 19 23

Don’t know . . . . 99998 24 28

Don’t know . . . . 99998 29 33

1~, ASK ONLY IF R’S PLUS HUSBAND’S EARNINGS ARE LESS THAN $10,000; OTHERWISE SKIP TO

Q. 184.

In the past 12 months, did you or anyone else in the family here receive any welfare paymenta for aid to your dependent children?

Yes . . ..(ASKl). .l 34

No . . . . . . . ...2

A. Altogether, how much did you receive in the past twelve months for support of

the children?

Total Amounts: 35 38

DOn’t know (ASK B AND c). 9998

IF DON’T KNOW TO A:

B. How much did you receive per month?

Monthly rate: 39 41

c. In how many of the last 12 months did you receive welfare aid for your

dependent children?

Mnnths 42 43

95
-42- BEGIN DECK 15

~, Did you or any membera of your family living here receive income in the past

twelve months from any of these source.? RRAD ITEM (l). THRN ASK A AND B AS

NECESSARY BEFORR ASKING NEXT ITEM.

Source of Income

(1) Dividends, interest,

property rental?. ,

(2) Unemployment or Work

men’. Compensation’

(3) Social Security or

retirement? . . .

(4) Any (other) public

assistance or welfare payments? (IN

CLUDE old age assis

tance, aid to the

blind or totally

disabled, general

assistance) . . .

(5) NOT ASKED FOR CURRBNTLY MARRIED

(6) Regular contribution!

from persons not il

this household, or

anything else?. .

zDon’t

‘es No know

12 8

10

12 8

19

12 8

28

12 8

37

11//111111111

12 8

51

IF YES: ASK A AND B

A. How much total income did your

= receive

from (SOURCE)?

Ion’ t

know

Amount

9998,

9998

9998

9998

1111

+

11 14

s

20 23

$

29 32

$

38 41

1111111111111

B. HOW much ~

~ income did

your husband

receive?

999B

9998

9998

9998

11//

.$

15 18

$

24 27

$

33 36

$

42 4s

lllllllll[1150;;-

9998 $

56 S9

BEGIN DECK 16

B5, ASK EVERYONE: Taken altogether, then, about what was the total income of your

family during the past twelve months?

A.

n

HAND

CARD

7

Total Amount $ 10 14

Don’t know, refused . . . . . . . (ASK A)

IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED: Here is a card showing amounts of weekly and

yearly incomes. Next to each amount is a letter. Would you tell me what

letter represents the income of your family during the past 12 months? This

-es income from all sources that you, your husband, and all other members of your family living here received, before taxea and other deduction..

ENTER LETTER: 1S 16

Don’t know . . . . . . . .98

Refused . . . . . . . . . . 97

~, Are there any other persons not living with you now who are dependent upon your

family’s income for at least half of their support? Don’t forget to include any

children of this or a former marriage, other relatives, adopted children, and

so on.

Yes . . ..(ASKl). .l 17

No . . . . . . . ...2

A. IF YES: How many persons? persons 18 19

187,PINK CARDS ONLY

This time last year, did you live in a different county or state than this one?

(IF THE RESPONDENT NOW LIVES IN LOUISIANA, SAY: “different parish or state.“

IF R. NOW LIVES IN THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, SAY: “different township or state.“)

Yes . . . . . . . . ..l 20

No . . . . . . . ...2

96
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lfj& fitE=: As far as you know now, where wi11 you be living this time

Same address (RECORD ADDRESS BKLOW) . 1

Other (GET BEST POSSIBLE ADDRESS AND

OBTAIN NAILING ADDRESS IF R IS IN

RURAL AREA AND RECORD BELOW) . . . . 2

(Number) (Street)

(City/Town) (State) (Zip)

I 1~, At some time in the future, we will need to talk again with some of the

women we are interviewing now. We don’t know who these women will be,

I as they will be chosen by chance. In case we need to get in touch with

I you again . . .

I

I A.

I

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I B.

I

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I

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I D.

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I E.

I

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1

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Would you please give me the names of two close relatives or friends

who would be likely to know where you have moved? ENTER NANES BEL~ .

TREN ASK B-E FOR EACH.

How is (pERSON)

related to you?

What is (his/her)

address?

What is (his/her)

telephone number?

(Name)

(Relationship)

(Number) (Street)

(City/Tcmn & State) (Zip]

(Area Code-Phone No.)

IF PERSON IS

MARRIED FEMALE , ASK:

What is her husband’s first nsme? (Husband’s First Name)

Single . . . X

I

I

1Ununnuml

I

Psu SEG. PT LINE

(Name)

(Relationship)

(Number) (Street)

(City/Town& State) (Zip)

(Area Code-Phone No.)

(Husband’s First Name)

Single . . . X

I II

CASE

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ICONTINUE WITH Q. 190 ON PAGE 45. I

97
l.w,

-45- DECK 16

This last question is different. Scientists have found an interesting

way to ask questions which some people feel are too private to talk

about. It allows the person to anawer honestly, yet secretly. In

order to get much needed information on how many abortions there are

each year, this method is being used here.

It works this way. To find out which of these two questions (NAND

CARD 8) you should answer, you toss a penny. If you get a ‘VUMU” on

your penny, you answer the question that comes after the “head’!of a

penny (POINT TO PICTURE OF A PENNY AND QUESTION). If you get a “TAIL,’1

you answer the question that ceyea after the ‘itailttof the penny. DO

~ te11 me which side of the penny turns up. No one but yourself--

not even I--wi11 know which question you are answering! Now, teas

this penny (HANO “R” PENNY) and just give ma your answer, “yea’tor “no.11

TRE RESPONDENT’S ANSWER WAS: Yes. ,+. l 21

No . ...2

Thank you very much.

1

.,

REMEMBERIN’IT.RVIEWSR RMAKKSON P. 47

I

98
-47-

INTERVIEWER RSMAKKS--FILL OUT AS SOON

AS POSSIBLE AflER LEAVING RRSPONDRNT.

!

A, Respondent1s cooperation was:

Very good ., . . . . ..l 22

Good . . . . . . . ...2

Fair . . . . . . . ...3

Poor . . . . . . . ...&

B. (Wa6/Were) other person(s) present durinl

the interview, other than an official

observer?

Yes . [ANSWER (1)1 . . . 1 23

NO . . . . . . . . ...2

(1) IF YES: Who was that? CODE ALL

THAT APPLy.

Child(ren) under 6 . 3

24

Older child(ren) . . 4

25

Husband . . . ...5 26

Other relatives . . 6

27

Other adulta . . . . 7

28

c, The quality of this interview ia:

Questionable [ANSWER (l)] . 1 29

Generally adequate . . . . 2

High quality . . . . . . . 3

(1) IF QUESTIONABLE QUALITY: Themain

reason for this ia: CODE ONLY ONE.

Spoke English poorly. 1 30

Evasive, suspicious , 2

Drunk, mentally

disturbed . . . . . 3

Poor hearing or

vision ... . ...4

Confused by frequent interruptiolls, . . . . ..s

Bored or uninterested . . . . ...6

Other (SPECIFY) . , . 7

DECK 16

D. Total length of interview:

minutes 31 33

E. Number of interruptions during the

interview. CODE ONE

012345678+ 3+

[IF ~, ANSWER (1) & (2)]

(1) Total time taken for interruptions:

minutes 3S 36

(2) Reason(s) for interruptions:

EIq ,7

Telephone call(s) 1

Visitor(s) . . . 3 4 38

Attend to

child(ren)ts

needs . . ...56 39

Attend to household chores . . 1 2

40

Other (SPECIFY) . 3 4 41

F. Was this interview officially observed?

Yea, in person . . 1 42

Yes, tape recorded 2

Yes, both . . ...3

No . . . . . ...4

G. Note anything else essential to the interpretation and understanding of this interview.

43

H, Date interview completed: mm 44b7

MONTH DAY

I. Interviewer’s signature:

J. Interviewer’a ID Number:

I I I I

4052

99
Sample Questionnaire, 1976 National Survey of Family Growth

0F5KLCE USE. ONLY

::::ived: mm

Month Day

Name:

‘43zlzl •1

12345 10

ONS NO. 68-S74071

Expires

December 31, 1976

NATIONAL SURVEY OfFAMILYGROWTH

CYCLE II

COLLECTED FOR:

NATIONAL CENTER

for

HEALTH STATISTICS

BY

w estat.Inc.

11600 MM Straet

Rockville, Matyland 20S52

CURRENTLY-MARRIED

QUESTIONNAIRE

a. Enter from screener:

--bib-- +yNN

If ODD: If EVEN:

USE PINK USE WRITE

SHOW CARDS- SHOW CARDS.

b. Verify R’s age and marital status, from screener.

If not ver<f<ed, expla$n belou.

C. If erpor <n screener-reported age/marita2 status

found dur<ng interview, explain below.

ASSURANCE OF CONFIDENTIALITY

In accordance with Section 308(d) of the Public Health Service (Act 42 USC 242ml

and the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC 552a), the National Center for Health

Statistics assures each respondent that all information which would permit

identification of any individual or family will be held in strict confidence,

will be used only by persons engaged in, and for purposes of, this study and

will not be disclosed to others for any purposes.

INTERVIEWER NOTE: Be sure you Rave handed tfteres ondent a copy of the advance

letter and pamphlet before star !“lng the interview.

100
SECTION A

In this study, we are talking with women about their families and about

the children they may want to have in the future. K begin --

BEGIN DECKQL

A-1, What do you think is the ideal number of children for the average

, American family today?

(PROBE “Notr5”5BSP0NSE) NUMSER (A-3)

There is no ideal number . . . 7 (A-3) 1, ,.

Depends, Godts will, DK, etc. .

E (A-2)m

A-2 , Many people feel that way, but still they have some idea. As

things are now for the average family, how many children would

you say is the ideal number?

(pROBE “NON5” RESPONSE) NUMBER

There is no ideal number . . . 7

Depends, God’s will, DK, etc. . 8

A-3 , Before you were married, did you and Nr. (NAME OF PRESENT

HUSBAND) agree on a number of children you would like to

have together?

Yea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (A-4)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (A-5) ,5

Never discussed. . . . . . . . 3 (A-6)

DK, Dontt remember . . . . . . ,8 (A-6)

A-4, At that time, what number did you agree on? 16

—

NOMBER (A-7) ~

A-5, At that time, how many children did Mr. (NAME OF PRESEN!T 17

HUSBAfiD)want you to have together?

NUMBER •1

Had no preferred number. . . .. 7

DK, Never discussed. . . . . . S

A-6* At that time, how many children did you yourself want to have

in this marriage?

NUWBER

Had no preferred number. . . . 7

DO . . . . . . . . . . . ...8

0

A-7, When were you born? 19 20 21 22 2s 2+

miA-fAF~

BOX 10 IF R WAS BORN BEFCIRE1931 OR .4FTER1961, TERMINATE INTERVIEWI

OTHERWISE, WHITE CARDS CONTINUE, PINK CARDS Go TO A-9,

A-B, WHITE CARDS ONLY: 25 26

Counting yourself and any children who died very young,

how many babies did your mother give birth to?

Number Babies

A-9 , Whenwas Your husband born?

4

27 28 29 30 S1 32

2

101
CONTINUE OECK ~

A-1o, Have YOU ever been married before? Yes . . . .

No . . . . .

. . 1 (A-II) ~,

. . 2 (A-12)

A-n, Including You present n==riage, how many times

have you been married?

n

NUMBER OF TIMES

A-n, ~r;ie y.. and nr. (NAME OF PRESENT EUSBARD)

ENTER DATE AND IF NO PSEVIOUS MARRIAGES,

ALSO ENTER BELOW B & P RECORD.

o

2KA7’+ IFINFORMAL UNION, CHECK SEX/E

AND THEN ENTER DATE . UuIncl

COLUMNS 42-50: BLANK FILL

Box 2, IF No PREVIOUS MARRIAGES, Go TO SECTIONB, OTHERWISE, AsK A-13THROUGH A-17

SEQUENTIALLY FOR RESPONDENT’S FIRSTAND SECONDli4RRIAGESONLY,

A-~, ~:pwere you married the (lst, 2nd]

(ENTER DATE OF FIRST mRIAGE HERE

AND BELOW B & P RECORD. )

CHECK CIRCLE IF INFOFMAL UNION

A-14, HOW did thet marriage end?

Daath of your husband . . . . . . .

Divorce or annulmsnt. . . . . . . .

Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . .

/+-~, When did your husband die?

A-16, ~tig:tiy date of Your (divorce/

A-~, And when did you and your husband

stiopliving together?

Box 3, Go BACK TO A-13FOR SECONDMARRIAGE

OTHERWISE, Go TO SECTIONB.

FIRST

I

SECOND

MAPJUAGE MARRIAGE

mwiiAAi ,- 51 52 53 54 55 se

ZItlIl UUIIl

0“0 0“0

58 I

20

,.. 3 (A-15) . . . . . . . 3 (A-15)

,.. 4 (A-16) . . . . . . . 4 (A-18)

,.. 5 (A-17) . . . . . . . 5 (A-17)

/

MONTH / YEAR

(Go to Box 3)

m

/

MONTH / YEAR

(Go to Box 3)

-m

/

Wxmi /

&“

EF APPLICABLE,

A-18TO A-24OMITTED,

COLUMNS 29-41: BLANK FILL

3

102
Cl[ILll DATE or

at U.D *m

6

Child,. Nanm u

* y

DIWtll OR lbrwnancy I,fms In focm,tt ion

PINEIIAKcY

Loss Prey. w,.? # N“, . Iltrd ;.XLW.IJ

Prcg.

5 j t

m. Oay Yr, Yes No ~ ~ ~

1 2 123

1- 123

1- 123

1ST

1 2 123

1- 123

1- 123

2ND

1 2 122

1- 123

3RD

“1 *

1 2 123

1- 123

— :P4TH

1 2 123

1- 123

5TH

1 2 123

1- 123

6TH

1 2 123

1- 123

‘ml

12 123

1- 123

..

2’CH

1 2

r

1 23

1- 123

..——.. ..

9TN

1 2 123

1- 123

CP CUPAHTPREMhX

DATE OF (FIRST) MARRIAGE:

-mdAK103
SECTIONB, BEGIN DECK Q ~

~ a study of family growth in this country, one of the most important things is knrwing

soma basic facts abaut pregnancies and births that woman have.

B-1, Have you given birtb to a baby at any time? Yes . . . . . ..l (B-Z) 19

W3 . . . . . . ..2 (B-13)

B-2, Altogether, how many babies have you given 14 15

birth to, including any who died very young?

NO. LIVE BIRTHS m

DECK o ~ CONTIi{UESUITH B-13.

Now, 11d like to get som information about ( your baby/each of your babies ).

LIVEB

I

BEFORE GOING TO THE HEXT BI~

B-3s Whenwas your (lst, 2nd, etc. )

child born? (ENTER DATE IN COL.Y OF

B & P RECORD BETWBEN HEAVY LINES. )

B-4, What did you name the baby?

(ENTER cmLD’s NAME IN B & P sscop.o

IN COL .—Z NEXT TO DATE.)

B-5, Was (CHILD) a boy or a girl?

B-6. How much did (s/be) weigh at birth?

B-7, Did (s/he) weigh more than 5 1/2 lbs,

or less?

RTHS BEGIN OECK ~ ~

FIRST I SECOND I THIRD

CHILB I

CHILD CHILD

‘13 14 15 16 19 14 15 16 13 14 15 16 ,

Boy . . ...l EOy . . ..l

Girl. . . . 2 Girl ...2

2B~72B~~ DK. . S (B-7) DK. . S (B-7)

18 19 20 21 18 19 20 21

More . . ..l More. . ..1

5+ or less. 2 5% or less .2

DK . ..8DK .8

.2; . ;2. .

Boy . . ..l

Girl. . . . 2

17

&(B;:

DK. . S (B-7)

10 19 20 21

II

MOre . . ..l

5!sor less .2

DK . . ...8

22

Box 5, IF CHILD LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD (SEE SCREENER), ~~ Go To B-1.1,OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

B-8, (CHILD)is not listed in the house- Yes. .1 (B-9)

hold, is (s/he) still living?

No. ..2 (B-1O)

23

B-9, Where is (s/he) living now? I

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

( His/Her ) own household . . . . . 01 1124-25 .

Long term care institution. . . . . 02

College/away at school.

With ( his/her ) fathar

With other relatives. .

In foster home. . . . .

With adopted parents. .

Other (SPECIEY) . . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. 03

!1 !

04 (E-11) .

05

06

. 07

08

Yes. .l (B-9)

No. ..2 (B-1O)

23

1

01

2k-Z5

02

03 .

04 (B-11)

05

06

Q7

08

Yes..1 (B-OJ

No. ..2 (R-1O)

23

1

01 -

02 2’ 2s

03

04 (B-II)

05

06

07

0s

l—

B-10, whendid (CHILD) die? 1+

11,,,

26 27 “28 29

Box 6, lF CHILD LIVED AT LEAST Two MONTHS, CONTINUE. OTHERWISE, Go TO Box 7, I

B-u, When (CEILD) was an infant, did you Yes..l(B-l2) Yes..l(B-l2) Yes..l(B-l2)

breast feed (him/her) at all? No. ..2 (Box 7) N.3...2(BOZ 7) NO. ..2(BOX 7)

30 so 30

B-12, HOW n=Y we@kS old was (s/he) when

you quit breast feeding ( him/her )

WEEKS : _ WEEKS : WSEKS : _

altogether? (R!3COR0VB=ATIM IF *R” ‘1 ‘z

DOES NOT ANSWER IN WBEKS .)

m m m

Still feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...95 . . . ...95 . . ...95

i

Definitely doasn’t remamber . . . . . . . ...98 ., . ...98.... .98

I

Box 7, IF MORE LIVE BIRTHS, Go BACK TO B-3 (USE CONTINUATIONBOOKLET IF NECESSARY),

OTHERWISE, Go TO B-13t ‘-- 1

104
LIVEBIRTHSCONTINUED

FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH

CHILD CHILD CHILD CHILD CHILD CHILD

Boy . . ..l Boy . . ..l Boy . . ..l Boy . . ..l Boy . . ..l Boy . . ..l

Girl. . . . 2 Girl ...2 Girl. . . . 2 Girl ...2 Girl ...2 Girl. . . . 2

L“:: L“:: L(B:~ L(B:~ LBS.I’;2’S.(B;TL(’::

DI(. . 8 (B-7) DK. . 8 (B-7) DK. . 8 (B-7) DK . 8 (B-7) DK.

18 19 20 21 18 19 20 21 18 19 20 21 18 1.9 20 21

8 (B-?) DK. 8 (B-7)

18 1.9 20 21 18 1.9 20 21

HHI Cun Uln urn inn Inn

More . . ..l More . . . .1 More. . . . 1 More. . . . 1 More . . . .1 More. . . . 1

Sk or less . 2 5+ or less .2 5% or less. 2 5% or less. 2 Sk or less .2 5% or less. 2

DK. . .8 DK .8 DK . 8 DK. . .,2.. 8 DK . . ...8 DK.

.22. . .22. .

8

.2.2. . 22 .22. . .

Yfm. .1 (B-9) Yes. .1 (B-9) Yes. .1 (B-9) Yes. .1 (B-9) Yes. .1 (B-9) Yes. .1 (B-9)

No. ..22,(B-10) NO. ..223(B-10) NO. ..22,(B-10)NO. ..223(B-10) NO. ..223(B-10) No. ..2 #-10)

!!l :;l;’’’’l:!/’”) :$’”) !l”;) :!/(’:”

& immAm & -mmAr -=mAii- &

26 27 28 29 28 27 28 29 26 27 28 29 26 27 28 29 28 27 28 29 26 2, ‘2* *9

pn3 EulJ CDn UEcl CEIn 1111

YeB. .l(B-12) Yes. .l(B-12) Yes. .l(B-l2) Yes..l(B-l2) Yes. .l(B-l2) Yes. .l(B-12)

No. ..2(’ox 7 ) No. ..2(Boz 7) NO. ..2(B0iT7) NO. ..2(BOLT ?) NO. ..2(B0iT7) NO. ..2(BOX 7)

30 .30 90 30 30 30

WEEKS : WEEKS : WEEKS : WBEKS : _ WEEKS : _ WEEKS : _

m m m m m m

. . . . . . 95 . . . ...95 . . ...95 . . . ...95 . . . ...95 . . . ...95

. . . . . . 98 . . . ...98 . . ...98 . . . ...98 . . . ...98 . . . ...98

5

105
B-13,

CONTINUE DECK .-O 3

Sc.metimeswe miss a baby who died shortly after birth or never

lived with you.

a. IF ANY LIVE BIRTHS: .....Have we listed all your babies now?

b. IF NO LIVE BIRTHS: ......You haven’t given birth to any children,

is that right?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-15) ,6

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (B-14)

B-14, HOW many did we miss?

(CORRECT B-2 , THEN ASK B-3 THROUGH B-12 FOR BACH BASY NUMBER

MISSED. INDICATE PROPER BIRTH ORDER BY ARROW ON

B & P RECO~ AND IN COLUMN HEADINGs ON PAGES 4 AND S.) n

B-15, In ~his survey, we are als,otalking with women about health and

med~cal matters related to having children. At what age did you

start having your nmnthly menstrual periods?

AGE : . . . . . . . (B-16)

18 19

Never had a period (R is

STERILE) . . . . . . . . . . . 96 (D-43) m

B-16, =e yourmonthlymenstrual periods regular - that is, about the

same number of days between each period?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l(B-17J2@

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (B-1?)

No periods: operation/

menopause (R IS STERILE) . . 3 (Pop of P, ?)

B-17, What was the date your last normal period began?

21 22 2S 24 25 26

i.md&m 1111111

BoX8, ~ CODE “NO” TO B-18,THEN GO TO TOP OF PAGE 7,

OTHERWISE, ASK B-18,

B-18, Are You pregnant now?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-20) 27

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Z’op of P. 7)

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . . S (B-19)

B-19, Well,do YOU think you are probably pregnant or not?

Probably Yes.... . . . . . 1 (B-20) ‘o

Probably Not..... . . . . 2 (Top of P. 7)

B-2(I, DO you expect this pregnancy to go full term?

(Probably) Yes , . . . . . . . 1 (B-21) 2$

(Probably) No. . . . . . . . . 2 (B-21)

Definitely DOn’t KuOw. . . . . 8 (ToP.of P. 7)

B-21 , (If you are pregnant, ) when do you expect the (pregnancy to end/

baby to be born)?

(ENTER DATE ON LAST LINE OF cOLuMN Y, B & P RECORD.)

Box9, IF FULL TERM PREGNANCY EXPECTED, CONTINUE t OTHERWISE, GO TO TOP OF PAGE7,

B-22, WouldYOU prefer to have a boy or a girl?

BoY . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

Girl . . . . . . . . . . . ..2go

Makes no difference. . . . . . 3

6

100
CONTINUE OECK 0,~

PREGNANCYLOSSES,BIRTHBY BIRTH

Many pregnancies don’t end in live births. We are talking with women

about all their pregnancies that did not end in live birtha, including

those which ended very early and are =ily forgotten.

~CIXlo, IF I$J1-,”,BIRTHS, CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO WI B-28, I

B-23, HaveYOU =- been pregnant (befOre yOur current pregnancy)?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-24)

NO (CIRCLE “2” IN 1ST ROW UNDER COLUNN Z

33

OFB&p RJ3com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (B-43)

B-24, HOW many ttias?

NUNBER

(CIRCLE “l” FOR EACH LOSS UNDER COLUMNZOF B & P RECORD. )

n

B-25, When d’

COLUNN~~Ft~’th

e lst, etc. ) pregnancy end? (ENTER rrsrEmDER

& P RECORD. )

B-zfj, How many months were you pregnant at the time? (ENTER NO. OF

MONTHS UNDER COLUWN Z OF B & P RECORD.)

B-27, HOW did that pregnancy end? (CIRCL wHET~R MISCARRIAGE,

STILLBIRTH OR ABORTION uNDER COLUNN% OF B & P RECORD. )

I

Box11, IF MORE PREGNANCY LOSSES, GO BACK TO B-25FOR NEXT LOSS, OTHERWISE,

GoTO Box 17,PAGE 9, I

B-28, Before YOU w-= Prew-t with (.vAM~ OF lST/ONLY CBILD), were YOU

pregnant at any time?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-29)

NO (CIRCLE “2r’IN 1ST ROW UNDER COLUNN Z

33

OF B& P RECORD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2(Box 13)

B-29, How many times?

ii

(CIRCLE “1“ FOR ~ LOSS UNDER COLUMN Z OF B & P RECORD. )

u

B-30, When did ( that/the lst, etc. ) pregnancy end? (ENTER DATE UNDER

cOLUMN Y OF B & P ~CORD. )

B-31, How many months wer

MONTHS UNDER COLUNN%YOF B & P RECORD.)

ou pregnant at the time? (ENTER NO. OF

B-32, HOW did that pregnancy end? (cIRcL wsETBER MISCARRIAGE,

STILLBIRTH OR AEORTION UNDER COLUNN%OF B & P HECORD.)

P

OX 12, IF MORE PREGNANCY LOSSES BEFORE FIRST LIVE BIRTH, GO BACK TO B-30FOR

NEXT LOSS, OTHERWISE, GO TO Box 13,

BOX 13, IF 20 R MORE LIVE BIRTHS, CONTINUE, IF ONLY 1 LIVE BIRTH, GO TO B-38,

7

107
CONTINUE DECK Q ~

B-33, wereYOU ever pregnant between the births of (NAME) and (NEXT NAME)?

IF “YES,” GO TO B-34.

IF “NO,“ CIRCLE “2“ IN APPROPRIATE ROW UNDER COLUMN Z

OF B & P RECORD, THEN GO TO BOX 15.

B-34, How many times? (ENTER NUMBER ON LINE BELOW

APPROPRIATE ROW [S] FOR EACH LOSS UNDER COLUMNYO%CTP’’YC%.,

BETWEEN NO. OF BETNSEN NO. OF

BIRTHS LOSSES BIRTHS LOSSES — —

1 and 2: 5 and 6:

2 and 3: 6 and 7:

3 and 4: 7 and S:

4 and 5: S and 9:

B-35, When did ( that/the lst, etc. ) pregnancy end? (ENTER DATE UNDER

COLUNNY OF B & P HRCORD. )

B-36, HOW many ~ont s were YOU pregnant that time? (ENTER NO. OF MONTHS

UNDER COLUMN 2 OF B & P RECORD. )

B-37, 3iowdid that pregnancy end? (CIRCL WHETHER kIIS~AGE,

STILLBIRTH OR ABORTION UNDER COLUWN% OF B & F RECORD. )

F

ox 14, IF MORE PREGNAWCY LOSSES BETWEEN THESE 2 LIVE BIRTHS, GO BACK TO B-35

FOR NEXT LOSS, OTHERWISE, GO TO Box 15,

box 15, IF MORE“BETWEENBIRTH”INTERVALS, GO BACK TO B-33, OTHERFUSE, CCNW*NLN

Cl40

D

bl

•142

B-38, (Besides your current pregnancy, ) have You been pregnant at any

time since (NAME OF LAS3’/ONLY CRILD)?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-39)

‘°CC%ti%OF B& PSECORD) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2(WCI?)”

!,~,,~~ Row ApTE~ ~sT (-H~LD~~~~

B-39, How many times?

NUMBER

(CIRCLE “l” IN ROW [s1 AFTER LAST CHILD FOR EACH LOSS

UNDER COLUMN z OF B & P RECORD. )

B-40, When did ( that/the lst, etc. ) pregnancy end? (ENTER DATE UNDER

COLUMN Y OF B & P RECORD.)

B-41t HOW many months were YOU pregnant at the time? (ENTER NO. OF MONTHS

UNDER COLUMN z OF B & P RECORD. )

B-42, HOW did that pregnancy end? (CIRCLE WHETHER NISCAREIAGE,

STILLBIRTH OR ABORTION UNDER COLUMN Z OF B & P RRCORD .)

10s

I

Box 16, IF MORE PREGNANCY LOSSES SINCE BIRTH OF LAST CHILD, GO BACK TO B-40t

OTHERWtSE, GO TO Box 17, I

8
CONTINUE OECK j3

ox 17, B & P REVIEW

A) DRAW A WAVY LINE ON THE B & P RECORD JUST BELOW THE LAST PREGNANCY

ENDING BEFORE JANUARY 1, 1973, AND SAY:

Now let me be sure I have everything recorded correctly.

,---- -- —-- ----- _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

s) RSVIEW ALL OF R’S PREGNANCIES IN ORDER: READING ALOUD TU R, TRANSFER --

PREGNANCIES ABOVE THE WAVY LINE TO HEADINGS ON PAGE 13,

PREGNANCIES - THE WAVY LINE TU HEADINGS ON PAGE 17.

NOTE : ENTER NAME AND DATE OF LIVE BIRTH OR DATE AND OUTCONE

(M, S, or A) OF PREGNANCY LOSS ON LINE lIB”OF THE PROPER

PREGNANCY INTERVAL AND ON LINE “An OF THE NEXT PRRGNANCY INTERVAL.

---- ---- ---- ---- ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___

c) WHEN DONE , SAY: Do I have (all of) that right?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ..l (B-43)

No (CORRECT B & P FWCOAD) . 2 (B-43)

B-43, (Inadditionto the [ child/children 1 born to you), has your

husband had any ch~ldren whom you are bringing up or have

brought up?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (B-44)

*S

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (B-45)

B-44t HOW m~y children is that? L

NUMBER OF HUSBAND ‘S CHILDSEN R BRINGING UP/BROUGHT UP: u

NUMBER

B-45, H== You adopted any children (other than your husband’s children) ?

Yes . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1 (B-46) 47

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Sect<on C)

B-46, HOW may children have You adopted? 48

NUMBER OF CHILDRXN ADOPTED:

NUMBER ❑

CODER USE ONLY 49 50

1. Number pregnancies ending in

at least one live birth. Cil51 52

2. Number pregnancies ending in

pregnancy loss. m

3. Currently pregnant

“cl

4. Total pregnancies m5*s..

9

109
BEGIN DECK Q ~

SECTIONC

We are talking with women about their uses of family planning methods,

if any, and how this has affected the number and timing of their

pregnancies.

c-l, This card lists methods that many people use to plan their

families. Please follow the list with me; as I read each method

will you tell me if you know how it is used. Just give me a

“Yes” or “No” an8wer. (READ METHODS )

•1HAND

Yes No ——

CARDl A. Pill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 13

B. Foam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2

14

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

Ii.

J.

K.

L.

M.

N.

P.

R.

s.

Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..121S

Jelly, Cream, Suppository. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 16

Diaphragm and Jelly.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 —

2 17

Douche .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 18

ItJD,Coil, LaOp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2 1$

Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2 20

Operation: Female Sterilization. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 21

Operation: Male Sterilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 22

Condom, Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2$

Whythm or safe period by temperature . . . . . . . . . 1 2 24

Rhythm or safe period by calendar. . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 ?.5

Withdrawal or coitus interrupts’ . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 26

Abstinence (non-intercourse to avoid pregnancy). . . . 1 2 27

DD YOU know of any other method? (IF YES,

..!4.,-..3” \? -1 28

e.uu.. . ,----

OX 18 INTERVIEWER ROUTING

HECK:

o

1F R NEVER PREGNANT: Go TO C-36,P, 18, OPEN INTERVAL BEGINS

JANUARY 1, 1973.

0

IF FIRsT pREGNANcy ENDED BEEQEE JANUARY L 1973: CONTINUE WXTH

P, 12,

0

IF FIRsT pREGNANcY ENDED ~ oR IS A cuRRENT

PREGNANCY : GO TO C-16,P, 14,

,110

DECK ~ ~ CONTINUES HITH C-34.

II
ASK C-2 THROUGH C-13 FOR EACH PREGNANCY ENDING BEFORE JANUARY 1, 1973,

C-2, ( Before you became pregnant the first time/Between Yes . . . . . . .

[ A and B ] ) did you ever use ~ method to prevent

or delay a pregnancy? No . . . . . . . .

‘C-3, Had you stopped using all methods before you became Yes . . . . . . .

pregnant? No. . . . . . . .

c-4, Was the reason you ( were not/,stopped) using any methods Yes . . . . . . .

because you yourself wanted to become pregnant? No. . . . . . . .

c-5, At the tiw you becam pregnant with (B) , did you your- Yes . . . . . . .

self actually want to have a (nother) baby at some time? No. . . . . . . .

DK . . . . . . . .

C-6, As you recall, is that how you felt _ you bec.am Before. . , . . .

pregnant, or did you come to feel that way later? Later . . . . . .

C-7, As you recall, is that how you felt before you became Before. . . . . .

pregnant, or did you come to feel that way later? Later . . . . . .

C-8, It is sonwtimes difficult to recall these things but, Probably Yes. . .

as you look back to just before that pregnancy began,

would you say you probably wanted a (nether) baby at Probably No . . .

- tirm or probably not?

c-9, IF PR2GNAWCY LOSS, CODE 1. OTHERWISE ASK: Did you Preg. 10ss. . . .

become pregnant sooner than you actually wanted, later

than you actually wanted, or just about the right tire? Sooner. . . . . .

Later . . . . . .

Right tinw. . . .

C-10, HOW much later did you want to become pregnant? No. months

Later . . . . . .

C-U, HOW much sooner did YOU want to becom pregnant? No. months

Sooner. . . . . .

c-~, And what about your husband at the time you becam Yes . . . . . . .

pregnant with (B) , did he want you to have a (nether)

b~y at some tine? (IF VOLUNTEERS NOT WARRIED AT

No. . . . . . . .

THAT TIME, CODE 3.) Not married . . .

DK . . . . . . . .

c-~ , IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1. OTHERWISE ASK: Did you Preg. 10ss. . . .

become pregnant sooner than he wanted, later th& he

wanted, or just about the right time? Sooner. . . . . .

Later . . . . . .

Right tire. . . .

DK. . . . . . . .

)OX19,S IF NEXT PREGNANCY ENDED:

BEFORE JANUARY L 1973, GO BACK TO C-2, NEXT INTERVAL,

ON OR SINCE JANUARY 1, 1973 OR Is CURRENT PREGNANCY, SAY:

For pregnancies ending in the last three years, we are

talking with women about particular methods of family

planning they have used, if any, and about other matters

which affect the timing of their pregnancies.

THEN GO TO C-14, PAGE 14,

@ IF NO ADDITIONAL PREGNANCIES, SAY:

We are talking with women about particular nethods

of family planning they have used since their last

pregnancy.

THEN GO TO Box 23, PAGE 18. OPEN INTERVAL BEGINS SINCE

(LAST) PREGNANCY,

\

2

111
‘-m l-14m ,,-lu~ ,,-1, m ,3-lw~ “-”m

:%;”08PR&WCY@lNTERVA&S EHDIN6 BEFORE&AHUARY 1973

@ @

Before First

Pregnancy

Between

A

&

n

Between

i

i

Between

I

Between IBetween

IB

..1(C-3) . .

..2 (c-4) . .

..l (c-3) . .

..2 (c-4) ..

,.1 (C-3) . .

,.2 (c-4) ..

..1 (c-3) . .

..2 (c-4) . .

..1 (c-3) . .

I

..1(c-3)

..2 (c-4) .. ..2 (c-4)

F

15

..1 CC-4) ..

..2 (c-s] ..

16

..1 (C-9) ..

..2 (c-.5) . .

17

..1 (c-s) . .

..2 (C-71 ..

..8 (C-8) . .

18

15

..1 (c-4) . .

15

,.1 (C-4) . .

,.2 (c-5) ..

..1 (C-4) . .

..2 (c-5) .. ..2 (c-5) . .

16

..1 (C-9) ..

16

,.1 (c-9) ..

,.2 (c-s) . .

17

,.1 (C-6) . .

,.2 (c-?) ..

,.8 (C-8) ..

la

16

..l (C-91 . .w

..2 (c-s) . .

.17

..1 (c-6) ..

..2 (c-5) . .

1?

..1 (C-6) . .

..2 (c-?) ..

..8 (C-8) ..

la

..2 (c-7) ..

..8 (C-8) . .

18

1..1 (c-a) . . ..1 (c-9) ..

..2 (C-9) . .

,.1 (c-9) . . ..1 (c-9) . . ..1 (c-9) . . I ..1 (C-9)

L

..2 (c-9) . .

19

..1 (C-12 ).. +%+-k%- ,.2 (c-9) ..

19

..2 (c-9) . .

19

..1 (C-12) ..

..2 (C-12) ..

20

,.1 (c-12) . . ..1 (C-12 )..

k

..2 (C:lz )..

20

..1 (C-9) . .

..2 (C-12) ..

21

=a-2G- ,.2 (C-12) . .

20

..2 (C-12 )..

20

..1(C-9) . .

..2 (C-12) . .

21

,.1 (C-9) . .

,.2 (C-12) ..

21

..1 (c-9) ..

..2 (C-12 )..

21

..2 (C-12) . .

I

..2 (C-12)

21 21

IEtw ..1 (C-121 . .

..2 cc-lo )..

..3 (C-n) . .

..1 (C-12) . .

..2 (c-lo) ..

..3 (C-II) . .

,.1(C-12) . .

..2 (c-lo) . .

,.3 (C-n) . .

..1(C-12 )..

..2 (c-lo)..

..3 (C-II)..

..4 (C-121..

22

..4 (C-12) ..

22

,.4 (C-12) . .

22

..4 (C-12 )..

22

E

23 2

—uMa. (C-12)

2s 2

—uMO. (C-lZJ

..1 (C-13)

23 24

—ukio.(C-12)

25 26

—uno. (C-12)

..1 (C-13)

..2 (Boz 19)

..3 (Bo.z 19)

..8 (Box 19)

27

29 24 —u {0.(C-12)

2s 26

—it 40. (C-12)

2s 21

—II Ho. (C-12)

2s 2,

I Elo.(c-lz)U__J-u I_

25 26 25 26

— —

-II

..1 (C-13)

~MO.fc-lz) LL1l-u

,.L (C-13)

..2 (BOZ 19)

,.3 (Box 19)

..8 (Box 19)

27

..1 (c-13J I..1 (C-13)

..2 (Box 19)

..3 (B02 19J

..2 (Box 19)

..3 (Box 19)

..8 (~,z 19)

..2 fBo.x 19)

..3 (Box 19)

..2 (BOC 19)

..3 (BOC 19)

..8 ~~ 19)

..1 (Box 19)

..2 (Box 19)

..3 (BOX 19)

..4 (BOZ 19)

..0 (Bor 18)

7.,

..8 :yx 19)

r

..1 (Em 18)

..2 (Be= 19)

..3 (Box 19)

..4 (Box 19)

..1 (BOX 19).

..2 (Box 19).

..3 (Box 19).

..4 (Box 19).

..8 (Be= 19).

Za

,.1 (BOZ 19).

..2 (Box 19).

..3 (Box 19).

,.4 (Box 19).

..1 (Box 19)

..2 (Box 19)

..3 (BOX 19)

..4 (Box 19)

..1 (Box 19). .

..2 (Box 19). .

..3 (Box 19)..

..4 (Box 19)..

..8 (Box 19). .

.7* I

..0 (Be= 19)

2,

..8 (i30x 19).

28

..8 (BOZ 19)

28

1

uSE CONTINUATION BO03U,ET

IF MOF03SPACE

NEEDED.

13

112
ASK C-14 THROUGHCd3 FOR EACH INTERVALENDINGJANUARY1, 1973

OR L4TER,

C-14, FOR INTERVAL BEFORE -PREGNANCY, START WITH c-16.

Between (A and B) were there any periods of one month or

more in which you were not having intercourse -- such as

after your pregnancy ended, when one of you was away,

sick, or for some other reason?

C-15, what months and years were those?

PROBE : What other months?

C-16, (BEFORE ASKING THE 1st TIME, HAND CARD 1 AND SAY: Please

look again at the card.) (Before you became pregnant the

HAND first tiime/Between [A and B]), did you ever use any method

ARD 1 for one month or more to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

C-17, Starting with the earliest method you used during this

period, please tell me all the methods you used for one

month or more in the order that you used them.

PROBE: What other methods? (ENTER IN ORDER IN ANSWER AREA.

IF ABORTION IS ONLY NETHOD, GO TO C-22.)

(ASKC-18 THROUGHC-21 SEQUENTIALLYFOR EACH F!ETHODIN AN INTERVAL,)

C-18, In what month and year did you start to use (METHOD)?

C-19, while YOU w@= usiw (M.EYfI’oD),W=e Yes... 1 (C-20)

there some times when you skipped using No ....2 (C-21)

any method at all?

C-ZO, Would you say that you skipped using Often.........l

all methods often, sometimes, or only Sometimes.....2

once or twice? Once/Twice....3

c-z~, In what month and year did you stop using (METHOD)?

Box 20, IF No OTHERMETHODSTHIS lNTERVAL OR lF NEXT NETHOD IS

ABORTION,CONTINUE, OTHERWISE,Go BACK TO C-18, /

C-22, In what month and year did you become pregnant?

Box21, IF NoMETHODTHIS INTERVAL, , , , , , , , , , t , , , , ,Go TO C-24

,41 ,F(bST)p,ETHoD<&:SMfio~Tj+~~,:A;I’OTOC-2

(OR TIMING NOT KNOWN , , , c , ,6’ TO C-23

STOPPED BEFORE PREG, BEGAN , , , ,Go TO C-24

STOPPED AFTER PREG, BEGAN, , , t ,Go TO C-25

113
H m W’ m

BEFORE FIRST

PREGNANCY, OR

BETWEEN BETWEEN

A. A.

and and

B. B.

Yes . . ..l (C-15)

No .....2 (C-16)

q /

onth = =

From

Year ~~

-------—- ----- ------

[

ma imm Month

To

— — .

Year Year Year

I I

Yes ....l (C-17)

No .....2 (c-22)

III 1st 2nd 3rd Lsst

Meth Meth Meth Meth

Yes ....1 (C-15)

No .....2 (C-16)

E

G- Month

—xYear Year

------ ------ -------

izxKii&zF Month

—zYear Year

Yes. ;..l (C-17)

No.,... 2 (c-22)

1st 2nd 3rd Last

Meth Me th Meth Meth

x MO. MO. MO.

. —

x YR. YR. YR.

..1 ..1 ..1 ..1

.& i 290 & 2c-2ij2

“-’” m

@ .5~

BETWEEN

B.

Yes ....1 (C-15)

No . . . . . 2 (C-16)

T= Month

+

—xYear

----- -----

Month Month

Month

Year

--------

Month

Yes ....l (C-17)

No .....2 (c-22)

III

1st 2nd 3rd Last

Meth Meth Met Meth

— — MO. MO.

+

—.

YR. YR.

..11 ..

MO.

YR.

-i- ..

MO.

YR.

. . 1

..2 1..2 1..2 1..2

(If 2, go to C-21)

-=m7kT-

‘3-’4 u-l

@ l+T’J

BETWEEN

A.

and

B.

Yes ....1 (C-15)

No .....2 (C-16)

Year

=1 t

—~Year

------------- ------

Month ii&zKi’zxi

Year I—GYear

Yes ....1 (C-17)

No, . . . . 2 (c-22)

R

1st 2nd 3rd Lasl

Meth Met Meth Meth

—.

MO. MO. MO. ~

——

YR. YR. YR. x

..1 ..1 ..1 ..1

.i~fi,.290 7X2c-iif

/

MONTH/YEAR

114
C-23, Had YOU stopped using all methods before you became

pregnant?

C-24, was the reason You (were not/stopped) using any methods

because you yourself wanted to become pregnant?

C-25, At th. time YOU b.-m. pregnant with (B), did you yourself

actually want to have a(nother) baby at some time? -

C-26, AS you recall, is that how you felt before you became

pregnant or did you come to feel that way later?

C-27, AS You recall, is that how you felt before you became

pregnant or did you come to feel that way later?

C-28, It is sometimes difficult to recall these things, but as

you look back to just before that pregnancy began, would

you say you probably wanted a(nother) baby at some time

or probably not?

C-29, IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1. OTHERWISE, ASK: Did you

become pregnant sooner than you actually wanted, later

than you actually wanted, or about the right time?

C-so, How much later did you want to become pregnant?

C-31, How much sooner did you want to become pregnant?

C-32, IF NOT NARRIEDAT THAT TINE, CODE 3. OTHERWISE, ASK:

And what about your husband at the time you became

pregnant with (B), did he want to have a(nother) baby

at some time?

c-33, IF PREGNANCY LOSS, CODE 1. OTHERWISE, ASK: Did you

become pregnant sooner than he wanted, later than he

wanted, or just about the right time?

16

115
u m

“El (0 ‘EGrN

13-14 L--u 13-’4 L-L-l

BEFORE FIRST

PREGNANCY, OR

BETWEEN BETWEEN BETWEEN BETWEEN

A.

and

A. A.

and

A.

and and

B. B. B. B.

Yes ....l (C-24)16

No .....2 (c-25)

Yes ....1 (C-24) 16

No .....2 (C-25)

Yes ....l (C-24) 16

No .....2 (C-25)

Yes . . . . 1 (C-24) 16

No .....2 (C-25)

Yes ....1 (C-29) I?

No. . . . . 2 (C-25)

Yes ........l(C-i?.)

No .........2(C-27)

Don’t Know.8(C-28)

Yes . . . . 1 (C-29) 17

No . . . . . 2 (C-25)

Yes........l(C-2.)8

No .........2(C-27)

Don’t Know.8(C-28)

Before.....29\-29\’

Later ......2(C-29)

Before.....32?C32?C

Later ......2(C-32)

Yes . . . . 1 (c-29) 17

No .....2 (c-25)

Yes ........l(C-2:;

No .........2(C-27)

Don’t IZnow.8(C-28)

Before.....2.?-2.?

Later ......2(C-29)

Before.....3.j-3.j

Later ......2(C-32)

Yes . . . . 1 (C-29) 17

No .....2 (C-25)

Yes ........l(C-2.~

No .........2(C-27)

Don’t Know.8(C-28)

Before.....29~-29~ Before.....~2C-~2’)

Later......2(C-29) Later ......2(C-29)

Before.....;;)-;;)

Later......2(C-32)

z<

Before.....32)-32)

Later ......2(C-32)

Proba~+~...l(29)9)

Yes

Probably

No”.”..’.2 (C-32)

Probably

Yes....”.l(c-29)

Probably

NO’”.’’-.32)-32)

ProbaMy...l(c_2gl

Yes

Probably

N0.-”.-.’32)-32)

Probably

N0.”.”..”2(C-32)

y?gyw..l (C-3:;

Sooner .....30)-3O)

Later ......3(C-3l)

Right time.4(C-32)

23 24

J

‘r;s:..l (C-322;

Sooner.....30)-3O)

Later ......3(C-8l)

Right time.4(C-32)

A

2S 26

~

Months sooner(C-32,

‘r;g?..l(C-32!:

Sooner.....30)-3O)

Later ......3(C-3l)

Right tiIne.4(C-32)

Sooner.....30)-3o)

Later......3(C-3l)

Right time.4(c-32)

23 24 23 24

-

25 26

I

Months sooner(C-32)

~

Months soonerLC-32,

Yes ......1 (C-33)2:

Months sooner(C-32)

Yes ......l (C-33)27

No .......2(Box 22)

Yes ......1 (C-33)2:

NO .......2(BOX 22)

Yes ......l (C-33)27

NO .......2(BOX 22) NO .......2(BOX 22)

Not ..3(Box 22) married

Don ft

Know .....8(BOZ 22)

Not

married ..3(Box 22)

Don’~ ....8(Boz 22)

Know

Pregnancy 1

Loss ..........z[

Not

married ..3(Boz 22)

Don’t

Know .....8(BOZ 22)

Pregnancy

LOSS..”.....”’.8

Not ..3(Box 22) married

Don’t

Know.’”.”B(Box 22)

Pregnancy

LOSS”.........$8

Pregnancy 1

Loss.......... *I

Sooner..........2 Sooner..........2

Later ...........3

Right time......4

Donqt Know ......8

Sooner..........2

Later...........3

Right time......4

Don’t Know......8

Sooner..........2

Later...........3

Right time......4

Don’t Know......8

Later...........3

Right time......4

Don’t Know......8

~~

Box22, IFMOREPREGNANCIES,Go BACKTO C-14ON PAGE 1

OTHERWISE, Go TO Box 23, PAGE 18, OPEN INTERVAL I

1

I

I

BEGINS SINCE (LAST) PREGNANCY, I 17

116
OPEN INTERVAL CONTINUE 0ECK~6

Box23, IF CURRENTLY PREGNANT, Go To C-43, OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

I

C-34, Since your (last) pregnancy, have there been periods of one month or

more in which you were not having intercourse, such as after your

pregnancy ended , when one of you was away or sick, or for any other

reason?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (C-35)

29 ,

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (C-36)

C-35, what months and Y,... were those?

PROBE : What other months?

FROM

&

&

&

2

-=7k

&

30 S1 S2 39 S4 35 S6 .37

I

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

CIImITcl

246 U7 48 49 50 51 52 53

Cniiiiil

C-36, pleaselookagain at the card. Since ( your [last] pregnancy/January, 1973 )‘,

have you ever used aoy method for one month or more to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

nCwl

C-sl, Starting with the earliest method you

used during this period, please tell

me all the methods you used for one

month or more in the order vou used

them. PROBE: What other me~hods?

(ENTER m ORDER IN AWSWER AREA.),

(ASK C-38THROUGH C-42 SEQUENTIALLY FOR

EACH METHOD,)

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I(C-37)54

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (P-43)

BEGIN DECK 07_

-ls& &TJHOg + _2~d_~~QD~ ~rd_~_THID~L~ST_ NgT~OD_

I I I

55 56 1,, ,,!1314 [26 27

m:rn

‘m\m

+& &&

;7 58 5960 70 71 72 73 15 IS 171?128 2930 31

Ilz+na m:m

Box 24, IF THE METHOD Is STERILIZATION (’J’ OR ‘K’ ABOVE) Go To BOX 26.

OTHERWISE, CONTINillE,

C-39, While you were using (METHOD) during

this time, were there times when you

skipped using any method at all? 61 7b 19 32

Yes . . . . . . 1 (C-40) 1 (C-40) 1 (C-40) 1 (C-40)

No . . . . . . 2 (Box 25) 2 (Box 25) 2 (Boz 25) 2 (Box 25)

C-40, wouldYOU w YOU Sk@w.d using U

methods often, sometimes, or only

once or twice?

Often. . . . . 1 1 1 1

Sometimes. . . 2 62 z 7s 2

20 233

Once/Twice . . 3 ,3 3 3

Box 25, IF LAST METHOD, ASK C-41, OTHERWISE, C-42,

C-41i ?m You and your husband still

using (METHOD)?

63 76 23 34

Yes . . . . . 1 (c-43) 1 (c-43) 1 (c-43) 1 (C-43)

No . . . . . . 2 (c-42) 2 (C-42) 2 (c-42) 2 (c-42)

C-42, In whet nwnth and year did you

stop using (METHOD)?

=7kr- & “o./L. +

6!!6566 67 77 78 79 80 22.f18..2425 3536 37 38

Box26, Go To NEXTMETHOD(C-38),IF ANY, OTHERWISE,Go To C-43,

18

117
CONTINUE OECK ~ ~

C-43, NOW let me review the paSt three years with you -- month by

month -- to be sure I have recorded the information correctly.

(REFERRING To pAGES 15 AND 18, mTER IN 3-YEAR METHOD CALENDAR,

SYMBOLS FOR PREGNANCY, NONINTERCOURSE , AND MSTHODS . ACCOUNT

FOR ALL MONTHS FR3M JANUARY, 1973 TO THE PRESSNT .)

C-44. ( In additiOn tO [METEODS MEY3’1OMF.DI ) have you or your husband

ever used any (other) method to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (C-45) ~,

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Box 27)

C+, ~ich Ones have YOU or your husband used? (CODE ALL THAT APPLY)

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

x.

L.

M.

N.

P.

R.

s.

Pill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01

Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..oz

Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o3

Jelly, Cream, Suppository. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04

Diaphragm and Jelly... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..05 —

Douche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...06

IUD, Coil, Loop..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o7

Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..os

Operation: Female Sterilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 09

Operation: Male Sterilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Condom, Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

Rhythm or safe period by temperature . . . . . . . . . . 12

Rhythm or safe period by calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . 13

WitMrawal or coitus intierruptus . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Abstinence (non-intercourse to avoid

pregnancy). . . . . . . . . . .............~~

Other (SPECIPY) 16

ho b

d+2 4s

m

m

m

m

I

Box 27. IF IUDCURRENT OR MOST RECENT METHOD, CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO

SECTIOND, I

C-46, &at;::tm:fy:D\~are/were ) using ZI(n) ( IUD/COIL/LOOP ). Here

. Can you tell me which type it ( is/was )?

❑

SAND

CARD2

Letter (MoST RECENT ONE) _

Other (SPECIFY)

DOn’t know . . . . . . . . ..9s

50 51 m

118

C-47, men was it ~serted most recently?

52 $8 5* 55 56 57

EiiAA~

19
LISTOF METHODS

A. Pill

B. Foam

c. Diaphragm

D. Jelly, Cream, Suppository

E. Diaphragm ~ Jelly

F. Oouche

G.

::

K.

L.

M.

N.

P.

R.

s.

IUD, Coil, Loop

Abortion

Operation: Femele Sterilization

Operation: ‘Male Sterilization

Condom, Rubber

SILythmor safe period by temperature

Rhythm or safe period by calendar

Withdrawal or Coitus Interrupts

Abstinence (non-intercourse to avoid

pregnancy)

Other

o. Nomthod

v. Pregnant

w. Non-use because of sterility

x. Months which have not occurred

z. Not having intercourse - Absent husband, not married, post-p artum, etc.

METHODCALENDAR

MONTH YEAR

1973 1974 1975 1976

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

Oecember

(GOBACKTO C-44,)

119
SECTIOND

BEGIN DECK 15_

We are talking with women shout children “tieymay have in the future, as well as about those

they already have. (IF “R” SM ALREADY MENTIONED STERILITY, MSNOPAUSE, ETC.: I think we

have already covered some of these nsxt questions, but I‘d better go through thsm with you

to be sure that I record the answers correctly. )

D-1, It is physically impossible for some Possible. . . . . . . . . . . 1 (D-6)

couples to have children. As far as

you know, is it possible or impossible Impossible. . . . . . . . . . 2 (D-2) 19

for you and your husband to conceive

a (nother) baby, that is, to get Don’t Know, Not Sure. . . . . 8 (D-6)

pregnant (again)?

D-2, What is the reason that you are unable to have a (nether) baby? (RECORD VERBATIM ON

LINES AT LEFT, CODE ALL THAT APPLY, THEN FOLLOW SKIP INSTRUCTION FOR SWALLEST CODE

NUNBER. IF RESPONSE INDICATES A PROBLEM OTHER THAN STERILITY, CHANGE D-1 TO

,,pOSSIBLE!,~D GO TO D-6 .)

“R”

;peration.

has had sterilizing

. . . . . . . m

Impossible for “R” due

to accident or Illness .

“~” sterile for other

reasons . . . . . . . . . .

“~” has reached menopause .

Husband has had

sterilizing operation. . .

Impossible for husband

due to accident or illness

Husband sterile for

other reasons. . . . . . .

Couple unsble to conceive,

don!t how reason. . . . .

PROBE : How many years altogether have YOU gone without using any birth

control method and still not become pregnant? (RECORD VERBAT3W

ON LINES AT LEFT AND ENTER NUMBER OF =5.)

NO. OF YHS. ‘B”X 27A)

.01 (D-3)

.02 (D-3)

.03 (D-3)

.04 (D-14)

.05 (D-3)

.06 (D-3)

.07 (D-3)

.OB (Probs)

m

I

BOX 27A, JF 3 YFARS OR IFSS, SAY: I know that You ‘v. talked about the reasons that you

haven $t become pregnant but could you tell me a little

bit more your difficulty in getting pregnant?

I

THEN CODE “YES” IN D-6 AND RECORD RESPONSE IN D-7,

I h MORE llIAN3 Ymii, CODE 6 IN D-3 AND CONTINUE,

J

D-3, D-4, I D-5,

(ASK QUESTION ONLY IF CHOOSE APPROPRIATE QUESTION : Was ~ reason for

D-2 IS FEMALE OPERATION; (A) When was the operation done? the operation

OTHERWISE , CODE because you had

WITHOUT ASKING .) (B) When did (you/your husband) becom all the children

What kind of operation sterile? (If D.K., PROBE:. . . you wanted?

was it? learn of the sterility)

I

Oneovary

Ofl ‘–CHECK THE APPROPRIATE CIRCLE IN D-3 AND PROBE TO FIND OUT IF SHE

=oved (“R” IS SURE THAT SHE IS STERILE.

~ sterile) . . .

If she is sure, circle Code “6 - other reasons” in D-3 and follow

One tube tied O( the appropriate skip instruction for that category.

~removed (”R“ If she is not sure, record her answer verbatim and skip to D-S.

~ sterile) . . .

Both ovsrie5 Yes . . . 1 (D-78)

=ved. . . . . . 1 (D-4A) /

MONTH / YEAR (D-5) No. . . . 2 (D-14)

Both tubes tied Yes . . ~ 1 (D-76)

~emoved . . . . 2 (D-4A)

MONTH ! YEAH (D-5) No. . . . 2 (D-1.4)

Hysterectomy

(Rsmoval of

Yes . . . 1 (D-76)

/

uterus) . . . . . . 3 (D-4A) MONTH / YEAH (D-5) No. . . . 2 (D-14)

Vasectcrny Yes . . . 1 (D-76)

(cutting male /

sperm ducts) . . . 4 (D-4A) MONTH / YEAH (D-5) No. . . . 2 (D-14)

Other operation or Yes . . . 1 (D-7E~

type unknown . . . 5 CD-4AJ /

MONTH / (D-5) No . . . . 2 CD-14)

Accident, illness or

other reasons. . . 6 (D-4B) /

MONTH / YEAR (D-14)

20

20❑ 21-24uln25 D

120
CONTINUE DECK

D-6, Some people are able to have a (nother) baby, but they have difficulty getting

pregnant or holding onto the baby. As far as you know, is there any problem

or difficulty for you and your husband to conceive or deliver a (nother) baby?

YeS . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-7)

~0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 (D-8)

D-7, What is the reason it would be difficult for you to have a (nother) baby?

(RBCORD VERBATIM ON LINES AT LEFT AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE CODE BELOW. )

Physical difficulty getting

pregnant . . . . . . . . . . 1

Difficult for husband to

father child . . . . . . . .2

Dangerous for “R” to

become pregnant (again). . . 3

Dangerous to the baby . . . . 4

Difficult to carry

pregnancy full 9 months. . . 5

Other . . . . . . . . . . ..rj

D-8, At any time has a medical doctor advised you never to become pregnant (again)?

Ye. . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-9)

15

26

27

,.

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2( Boz 28)--

D-9, Did he or she say it would be dangerous for you, and/or for the baby, or

was it for some other reason?

Dangerous for R . . . . . . . 1

Dangerous for baby. . . . . . 2

Dangerous for both. . . . . . 3 29

Other reason (sPECIFY)

D-10,whendidYOU talk with the doctor about this? 31 32 33

inn

/

MONTH / YSAR

B-11, will YOU have an operation to be sure You don’t become pregnant (again)?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-14)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2(D-12)3~

Maybe . . . . . . . . . . ..3 (D-12)

D-12, will Your husband have an operation to be sure You don’t become

pregnant (again)?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-14)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2(D-13)3s

Maybe . . . . . . . . . . . .3 (D-13)

D-13, If (after this b~y is born) YOU find that You are pregnant (again), will YDU

have the pregnancy ended by a doctor for health or medical reasons?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-14)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2( Box28)~s

Maybe . . . . . . . . . . ..3(Boz 28)

D-14,Even though it is unlikely or impossible for you to have a (nether)

baby, would you like to have a (nother) baby (after this one)?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ...1 37

No. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .2

D-15,Would your husband ~ a (nether) baby?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 38

non’t Know . . . . . . . . ..8

D-16, (Since/If) you and your husband are unable to have a (nother)

baby, do you intend to adopt any children?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

}

(D-76) as

Maybe . . . . . . . . . ...3

Box 28, IF R IS CURRENTLY PREGNANT, SKIP TO D-41: OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

21

121
CONTINUE DECK 15

D-17,

NOT CURRENTLYPREGNANT(Q,D-17- D-40) 40

c1

Do you and your husband intend to have a (nother) baby?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l(LI-18)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (D-19)

41

Husband/R disagrees . . . . . 3 (D-26)

DK, up to God, etc. . . . . . 8 (D-26)

D-18, HOW many (more) do You intend to have? (ENTER ON LINE BELOW

AND IN BOX 32, PAGE 25.)

NUMBER OR RANGE

‘D-”) m

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . 98 (D-26)

D-19, Let me summarize quickly what I have listed (SUMMARIZE AS INDICATED,

ENTERING NUMBERS ON THE LINES. )

You have had bab (y/ies) to date.

Ino. of live births)

You intend to have (additional) bab (y/ies).

(from D-17 or D-18)

So you intend to have bab (y/ies)

(total of above entries)

altogether, is that right?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l(Boz 29).,

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2( D-ZO)

D-20, What ~ the total number of babies you intend to have altogether?

(pROBE TO FIND SOURCE OF ERROR IN TOTAL IN D-19. IF RESPONSES TO

EARHER QuEsTIot4sARE AFFECTED, GO BAcK AND CORRECT.)

NuMBER OR RANGE

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . ...98

Box 29, IF NoMORE BABIES INTENDED, Go To D-24, OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

1

D-21, Of course, sometimes things do not work out exactly as we intend

thsm to, or something makes us change our minds. In your case,

how sure are you that you will have (NUMBER/RANGE IN D-16) (more)

babies? Would you say you are very sure or not very sure?

Very sure. . . . . . . . . . .1 (Box 30,

Not very sure. . . . . . . . .2 (D-22)

p. 24),,

D-22, No one can be certain about the future, but you probably have

some idea of how close you will come to the number you intend

to have. What is the largest number of (additional) babies

you expect to have?

NUMBER

Dontt Know . . . . . . . . . ..9S m

D-23, ~c~t:h:a:n&est number of (additional) babies you

NUMBER (Box 30, P. 24)

Don’t KNOW. . . . . . . .98 (Box 30, p. Z4) m

22

122
D-24,

CONTINUE OECK 15

Of course, aometimee things do not work out exactly as we intend

them to, or something makes us change our minds. In your case,

how sure are you that you will have no (more) babies? Would you

say you are very sure or not very sure?

Very sure. . . . . . . . . . .1 (Em 30)

Not very sure. . . . . . . . .2 (D-25)

50

D-25t NO m. ... be certain about the future, but You probably have

some idea of how close you will come to your intention to

have no more babies. What is the largest number of (additional)

babies you expect to have?

None . . . . . . . . . . ..00 (Boz 30)

NUNBER

“0” 30) m

Don’t Snow . . . . . . . ..98 (Boz 30)

D-26, N&w&wJe =en’ t sure, but still have some idea about the

As things are working out for you, what is the

lar est number of (additional) babies you expect to have?

*HERE AND IN BOX 32, PAGE 25.)

None . . . . . . . . . . ..00 (D-28)

NUNEER

‘D-27) m

Don’t Know . . . . . . . ..98 (Boz 30)

D-27, ~c&tfia:~llest numberof (additional) babies ‘you

56

NUNSER

m

Dontt Know . . . . . . . ..98

D-28, Let me summarize quickly what I have listed. (5uw12E AS INDIcATED,

ENTERING NUNBERS ON THE LINES. )

You have had bab (y/ies) to date.

Ino. of live births)

You expect to have at most (additional) bab (y/ies).

no. from D-26)

So you expect to heve no more then

ltotal of above entries)

bab (y/ies) altogether, is that right?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l(Box 30)57

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (D-29)

D-29, what & the largest numberof babies you expect to have altogether?

(PROBE TO FIND SOURCE OF ERROR IN TOTAL IN D-28. IF RSSPONSES TO

EARLIER QUESTIONS ARE AFFECTED , GO BACK AND CORRRCT .)

NUMBER

Dontt Rnow. . . . . . . 9S

23
D-30,

lox30, CHECK CIRCLES THAT APPLY, THEN SKIP AS INSTRUCTED,

MORE BABIES INTENIIED? CURRENTLY USING METHOD?

(SEE D-17) (SEE METHOD CALENDAR) GO TO:

o

YES, ,,, o D-34

YES, ,,,

NO, ,,, , o D-31

o

YES, ,., o D-74

NO, ,,, ,

NO, ..,, o D-30

D,K, OR DIS0

YES, ,., 0 D-74

AGREES WITH

HUSBAND , , NO, ,,, , o D-31

CONTINUE DECK 15

What is the reason you are not using a method to delay or prevent pregnancy?

(RECORD VERBATIM ON LINES AT LEFT, THEN CODE ALL THAT APPLY. ) S8 5S 60 61

I I I I I

R or H doesn’t believe in I I

it or against religion . ..01 (D-76)

Waiting to get operation. ..02 (D-76)

Waiting to get method

other than operation

I

(e.g., pill, IUD). . . . . .03’

Experienced or fears

bad side effects . . . ...04

Doesn’t care if

becomes pregnant . . . ...05

Little chance of

pregnancy; subfecund . ...06 (D-74)

Infrequent or no

intercourse. . . . . . . . .07

Post partum; breastfceding. .08

Don tt know; doesn’t have

reason; just decided

mot to...... . . ...98

Other . . . . . . . . . . ..10

D-31, 1S we reason YOU are not using a method to delay Or prevent pregnancy because

you, yourself, want to become pregnant as soon as possible?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..162

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

D-32, Do= Your husband want You to have a (notber) baby as soon as possible?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-35)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2(Box 31)63

Dontt Know. . . . . . . . . . 8 (D-35)

Box 31, IF R SAID“No”TO BOTHD-31AND D-32.CONTINUE,OTHERWISE,Go TO D-35,

I

D-33s Since neither of you wants to have a bsby as soon as possible, what is the

reason you are not using a method to delay or prevent pregnancy?

vEREATIM ON LINES AT LEFT, THEN CODE ALL TSAT APPLY. )

‘mcomm

R or H doesn ‘t believe in

)

it or against religion . . .01

Waiting to get operation. ..02

Waiting to get method

other than operation

(e.9.1 pill, IUD). . . . .

Experienced or fears

bad side effects . . . . .

Doesn’t care if

becomes pregnant . . . . .

Little chance of

pregnancy; subfecund . . .

Infrequent or no

intercourse. . . . . . . .

Post partum; breastfceding.

Don 1t know; doesn *t have

reason; just decided

mot to...... . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . 1

.03

.04

.05 (D-35)

.06

.07

.08

.98

.10

24

124
D-34, HOW long from now do you think it

so you can become pregnant?

CONTINUE OECK 15

will be until you stop using a method

or from now

MONTHS YEARS

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . ...98 m

D-35, men do YOU expect your (first/neKt ) baby to be born?

or from now (D-37) , ,

MONTHS YEARS

Dou’t Know. . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (D-36) m

D-36, NO one can be sure, but do YOU think it will probably be within two

years from how, between two and five years from now, or five or more

years from now?

Witbin 2 years from now . . . 1

Between 2 and 5 years . . . . 2

Five or more years. . . . . . 3 72

Don’t Know . . . . . . . ...8

D-37, WouldYOU like your (first/next) baby to be a boy or girl?

Boy . . . . . . . . . . ...1

Girl . . . . . . . . . . . ..273

No preference . . . . . . . . 3

Box 32, ENTER NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL BIRTHS EXPECTED: , IF 2 OR MORE ADDITIONAL

BIRTHS EXPECTED, CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO D-40.

D-38. m= do YOU expect your last baby to be born -- that i% about how many

years from now?

Less than 5 years . . . . . . 1 (D-40)

5 or more years . . . . . . . 2 (BO= 33) 74

Don’t Know. . . . . . . . . . 8 fD-~IJ)

Box 33, IF 3 OR MORE ADDITIONAL BIRTHS EXPECTED (SEE Box 32) CONTINUE, OTHERWISE Go

TO D-40,

D-39, If you d. have (NUMBER FROM BOX 32) (more) babies, bow many of these

do you expect to have in the next five years?

NUMBER

Don’t Know . . . . . . . ...98 n

D-40, If it should turn out that you and your husband are not able to have the

number of children you expect, would you adopt a child? \

Yes . . . . . . . . ..-. .1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

}

(D-74) 76

Maybe, Don’t Know . . . . . . 3

BEGIN DECK 16; COLUMNS 13-46: BLANK FILL

25

125
CONTINUE DECK 15

D-41 , Do yOU

one is

CURRENTLYPREGNANT

and your husband intend to

born?

(Q.D-41- D-69)

have another baby after this

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-42)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2( D-43)b I

Iiusband/Rdisagree. . . . . . 3 (D-50)

D.K., up to God, etc. . . . . 8 (D-SO)

D-42, HOW many more do You intend to have, not counting this one?

(ENTER ON LINE BELOW m IN BOX 37, PAGE 30.)

NUNBER OR RANGE

Donvt Know. . . . . . . 98 ‘“-43) (D-SO) m

D-43, Letme summarize quickly what I have listed. (SUMMARIZE AS INOIcATED,

ENTERING NuNBERS ON THE LINES. )

You have had bab (y/ies) to date.

Ino. of live births)

YOU are pregnant now & , and you intend to

have additional bab (y/ies) after

(fXDIU5-41 or D-42)

this one is bDrn,

So you intend to have bab (y/ies)

(total of above entries)

altogether, is that right?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l(Box 34)46

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 (D-44)

D-44, whatis the total number of babies you intend to have? (PROBE

TO FIND SOURCE OF ERROR IN TOTAL IN D-43. IF RESPONSES TO

EARLIER QUESTIONS ARE AFFECTED , GO BACK AND CORRECT. )

NUMBER OR RANGE

Don!t Know. . . . . . . 98

Box 34, IF No MORE BABIES INTENDED, Go TO D-48, OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

[

D-45, Of course, sometimes things do not work out exactly as we intend

than to, or something nm.kes us change our minds, In your case,

how sure are you that you will have (NuMBER/RANGE IN D-42) more babies

after this one? Would you say you are very sure or not very sure?

Very Sure . . . . . . . . ..l(B0z35)b5

Not very sure . . . . . . . . 2 (D-46)

D-46, No one can be certain ebout the future, but YDU probably have

some idea of how close you will come to the number you intend

to have. What is the largest number of additional babies you

expect after this one Is born?

lWM5ER

Don’t Rnow. . . . . . . 9S m

26

126
CONTINUE OECK 15

D-47, whatis the smallest numberof additional babies you expect

to have after this one?

NUMBER

“0’ 35) m

Don’t snow. . . . . . . 98 (BOZ 35)

D-48, of cOurse, sometimes things do not work out exactly as we intend

.tham to, or something makes us change our minds. In your case, how

sure are you that you w,illhave n.omore babies after this one? Would

you say you are very sure or not very sure?

Very sure . . . . . . . . ..l(Box 35)50

Not very sure . . . . . . . . 2 (D-49)

D-49, NO one can he certain about the future, but you probably have

some idea of how close you will come to your intention to have

no more babies. What is the largest number of additional

babies you expect to have after this one is born?

NUMBER

“0” 35) m

Don’t mow. . . . . . . 98 (BOX 35)

D-50, Many people aren ft sure, but still have some idea about the future,

As tbingB are working out for you, what is the largest number of

additional babies you expect to have after this one? (ENTER HERE

AND IN BOX 37, PAGE 30.)

None . . . . . . . ...00 (D-52)

NUMBER

‘D-”) m

Dontt Snow. . . . . . . 98 (Boz 35)

D-51, whatiS the smallest number of additional babies you expect

to have afte~ne?

None . . . . . . . . . .00

NUMBER

Don’t Know. . . . . . . 98 m

D-52, Let me summarizequickly what I have listed. (SUMMARIZE AS INDICATED,

ENTERING NUMBERS ON LINES. )

You have had bah (y/ies) to date.

_(no.of live births)

You are pregnant now 1 and you axpect to have at most

additional bah (y/ies) after this one,

(no. fXOIIID-50 )

So you expect to have no more than bab (y/ieB)

(total of above entries)

altogether, is that right?

YeS. . . . . . . . . . . ..l{’0x3S)

=.7

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (D-53)

D-g, What is the largest number of babies you expect to have

altogether? (PROBE TO FIND SOURCE OF ERROR IN TOTAL IN D-52.

IF RBSPONSES TO EARLIER QUESTIONS ARE AFFECTED, GO BACK AND

CORRECT .)

NUMBER

Dontt snow. . . . . . . 98

.

FILL

27

COLUMNS 58-SO : BLANR

127
I

Box35, IF R INTENDSMOREBABIES(.%EQ, D-41),Go TO D-58, OTHERWISE,

CONTINIJE, I

BEGIN DECK 16

D-54. he YOU and your husband going t. use a method to delay or

prevent pregnancy after this baby is barn?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . .. I(D-S5)13

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 (D-57)

D-%, what method do YOU intend to use?

METHOD m

D-56, After this baby is bOrn, how long do you think it wiil be

until you start using (MEi+nOD[s] IN D-55)?

or (D-74)

WEEKS MOXTHS

Don’t Snow . . . . . . . . . . ..98 (D-74) m

D-57, What is the reason you will not use a method? (F@coso

VERRATIM ON LINES AT LEFT, THEN CODE ALL THAT APPLY. )

m

R or H doesn tt believe in

it or against religion .

Waiting to get operation.

Waiting to get method

other than operation

(e.g., pill, IUD). . . .

Experienced or fears

bad side effects . . . .

Doesn’t care if

becomes rmeqnent . . . .

. .01 (D-76)

. .02 (D-76)

. .03

. .04

. .05 1

Little ch~nc~ or

pregnancy; subfecund . ...06 \(D-74)

Iifr&quent or no

intercourse. . . . . . ...07

Post partmn; breastfceding. .08

Don’t know; doesn ct have

reason; just decided

mot to....... . ...98

Other . . . . . . . . . . ..10

D-58, we YOU =d yourhusbandgoingto use a method to delay or

prevent pregnancy after this baby is born?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . .. I(D-59)

22

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 (D-62)

D-59, whatmethod d. you intend to use?

ml 3 24

METHOD

D-60, After this boy is born, how long do you think it will be

until you start using (M.KWOD[S] IN D-59)?

or

WEEKS MONTHS

Don’t Know . . ... . . . . . . ..98 m

28
D-61,

CONTINUE OECK 16

From the time you start using a method, how long do you think

it will be until you stop using a method so you can start your

next pregnancy?

or (D-85)

MONTHS YEARS

Don*t Know. . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (D-65) m

D-Ijz, Is the reason you will not use a method because you, yourself,

want to become pregnant as soon as possible?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ...129

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2

D-63, Doesyourhusb~nawantYOU to have another baby as soon as

possible after this one?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ..l (D-65)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2( Boz 36)30

Don’t Know. . . . . . . . . . 8 (D-65)

Box 36, IF “No”TO BOTHD-62AND D-63,CONTINUE,OTHERWISE’,Go TO D-651

1

D-64, Since neither of YOU wants to have a baby as soon as possible after

this one, what is the reason you will not use a method to delay or

prevent pregnancy? (REcOSD VERSATIM ON LINES AT LEFT, THEN CODE 3 I 32 ss 34

ALL THAT APPLY .)

R or H doesn’t believe in

it or against religion .

Waiting to get operation.

Waiting to get methnd

other than operation

(e.9., pill, IUD) . . . .

Experienced or fears

bad side effects . . . .

Doesn’t care if

.

becomes pregnant . . . . .

Little chance of

pregnancy; subfecund . . .

Infrequent or no

intercourse. . . . . . . .

Post partum; breastfeeding.

Don’t know; tloesn’t have

reason; just decided

not tn...... . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . .

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05 )(D.

.06

.07

.08

.98

.10I

-65)

D-65, when do you aspect your next baby after this one to be born?

or from now (Box 37) 35 36

MONTHS YEARS

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . . ..98 (D-6fi)

D-66, N? o~e can be sure, but do you think it will probably be

wlthm two years from now, between two and five years

from now, or five or more years from now?

Within 2 years from now . . . 1

Between 2 and 5 years . . . . 2

Five or more years. . . . . . 3

37

Don*t Know . . . . . . . ...8

29
CONTINUE DECK 16

Box 37, ENTER NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL BIRTHS EXPECTED: IF 2 OR flOREADDITIONAL

BIRTHS EXPECTED, CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, Go TO D-69, ‘

D-67, when do YOU expect your last baby to be born -- that is, about

how many years from now?

Less than 5 years . . . . . . 1 (D-69)

5 or more years . . . . . . . 2 (Bo.c36) Be

Dontt Snow. . . . . . . . . . 8 (D-69)

Box 38, IF 3 OR MORE ADDITIONAL BIRTHS EXPECTED (SEE Box 37), CONTINUE, OTHERWISE,

60 TO D-69,

D-68, If YOU do have (NUMBER FROM BOA’ 37) more babies after this one, how

many of these do you expect to have in the next five years?

NUMBER

Don*t Know . . . . . . . ..98 n

D-69, If it should turn out that You and your husband are not able to have

all the children you expect, would you adopt a child?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2*o

Maybe, Donrt IWOW . . . . . . 3

D-70 , TO D-73, OMITTED, COLUMFS 41-46: BLANK FILL

D-74 , Once they have all the children they expect, some people use different

or additional methods to be sure they have no more; others do not feel

it’s so important. In your case, (now that/once) you have all the

children you expect, will you and your husband take extra steps to be

sure you will have no more babies?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t.laybe,Don~t Know . . . . .

1 (D-?s)

. 2 (D-76) 4?

8 (D-75)

&7’5, LOOking Once more at the list, what different or additional methods

will you most likely use? (DO ~ READ CATEGORIES; CODE ALL THAT

APPLY .)

Pill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Am

•1

HAND Foam.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..B

CARD 1 Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..c

Je13y, Creamr Suppository . . . . . . . 0

Diaphragm and Jelly.... . . . . ..E

Douche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..F

IUD, Coil, Loop.... . . . . . . ..G

Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..H

Operation: Female Sterilization. . . . J

Operation: Male Sterilization. . . . . K

Condom, Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . ..L

~ythm or safe perid by temperature. . M

Rhythm or safe period by calendar . . . N

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus. . . . P

Abstinence (non-intercourse to

avoid pregnancy). . . . . . . . . . . . R

Other (SPECIFY) s

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..T

30

130
CONTINUE DECK 16

D-76,Then@er Of children people expect is not always the same as

the number they would most like to have. Knowing how other

things are for you and your husband, if you could choose

exactly the number of children to have in your whole life,

how many would you choose now?

None. . . . . . . . . . . . .00( Section E)

WUNRER (D-79)

RANGE

‘D-78) m Don’t Know. . . . . . . . . .98 (D-77)

D-77,:a&w:~l~yg&h~ thatway,but if You = choose, how

None . . . . . . . . . . . ..00

NUMBER

RANGE

Don’t Know. . . . . . . . . .98

(Section E)

(D-79)

m

(D-78)

(Section E)

D-78, If YOU had to choose a single number between (NUMBERS IN

RANGE), which would you choose?

None. . . . . . . . . . . . .00 (Section E)

NUMBER (D-?,) M

Dontt Know. . . . . . . . . .98 (Section E)

D-79, If YOU were *0 have exactly (NUMBER) child (ren), (would that be a

boy or a girl/how many girls and how many boys would that be)?

GIIU (S)

BOY(s)

Doesn$t matter, D. K.. . . 98 n

D-S(I, If you couldn 1t have exactly (SAME NUMBER AS D-79) child (ren),

what would be your next choice, one more or one less?

OnemOre. .,.... ..1

62

Oneness . . . . . . . ..2

31

131
BEGIN DECK 17

SECTIONt

In this survey we are also talking with women shout medical and family

planning services which they may have used.

Box 39, IF NEVER PREGNANT, GO TO E-5, OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

I

E-1, During ( your last/this ) pregnancy, ( did you get/are you getting )

pre-natal care?

yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-2)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

2 (Box 40)

E-2, In what month of pregnancy did you first get pre-natal care?

u

MONTH (2ND, 3RD, ETC.)

E-3, During ( your last/this ) pregnancy, where ( did/do ) you go for

pre-natal care? (IF MOSS THAN ONE PLACE, F33CO~ ONLY WERE

R WENT MOST OFTEN. )

Own medical doctor or group of doctors . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Hospital out-patient clinic where doctor is assigned . . . . 2 IS

Separate clinic not in a hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Other (SPECIFY) 4

ox 40, IF NO LIVE BIRTHS, GO TO E-5, OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

I

E-4, This card lists some of the ways in which hospital bills can be

paid. When your (last) baby was born, in which of these ways

was the hospital bill paid, or was the bill paid in some other

way?

❑

You or your husbandls own income only. . . . . . . . . . . . 01

HAND

CAS03 Insurance only (which you carry or is carried for you) . . . 02

Ownincome and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...03

Medicaid (welfare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..041.-,8

Other government (such as military, state, local) . . . . . . 05

Parents or other relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0s

Some other way (SPECIFY) 07

E-5, Have you had a pelvic or internal exam during the past three

years?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

13

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2

E-6* Have you had a Pap smear to teat for cancer within the past

three years?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

20

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

E-7. Some doctors advise women to douche after intercourse and some

do not. Dn You re9UlarlY douche after intercourse?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-8)

21

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Box 41)

E-8. HOW soon after intercourse do You usually douche? Would you say

less than a half hour or more than a half hour?

Less than a half hour. . . . . 1

7.2

More than a half hour. . . . . 2

32

132
CONTINUE OECK 17

Box41, IF R OR HUSBAND STERILE BEFORE JANUARY, 1973 (SEE D-4), GO TO E-24.

OTHERWISE, CONTINUE,

E-9 , During the past three years, has a doctor or other trained person

prescribed, or talked with you about a method for delaying or

preventing a pregnancy?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-12) *3

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (E-1O)

E-1(J, Have you ever had a discussion with a doctor or other trained

person about methods to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-n)

24

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (E-18)

E-n, When was the very first time you had a discussion with a doctor or ,, ,6 ,, ,,

other trained person about methods

to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

+“”””””””””(’-18’= MONTH YEAR

D.K. or Don’t remember . . . 9898 (Probe)

PROBE : Well, how old were you at that time? 29 30

—“” ““”””” ““”” Ha) m

AGE

D.K. or Don’t remember . . . . 98 (E-18)

E-n, The last time you talked with a doctor or trained person about a

mathod, did he or she recommand that you change msthods or that

you start using a method?

No recommendation. . . . . . . 1 (E-15)

Recommendation to

start ank?thod . . . . . . . . 2 (E-13) 31

Recommendation to

change mthod . . . . . . .“. 3 (E-12A)

E-12A, mat method were You using at the tin= the recommendation to

change mathods was made?

(USE METHOD CODES FROM E-1 3)

METHOD CODE ‘E-’” m

E-13 , What method was reconnnended? (CODE As w AS MENTIONED) .

Pill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jelly, Cre_, Suppository. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragm and — Jelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Douche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IUD, Coil, LOOp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation: Female Sterilization . . . . . . . . .

Operation: Male Sterilization . . . . . . . . . .

condom, Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhythm or safe period by temperature . . . . . . .

shythm or safe period by calendar. . . . . . . . .

Withdrawal or coitus interrupts . . . . . . . . .

Abstinence (non-intercourse to

avoid pregnancy )..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other (SPECIFY)

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

P

R

s

E-14, Did he or she discuss possible side effects or problems with you

or your husband?

96 37

m

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1.8

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

33

133
CONTINUE DECK 17

E-15, Where was it that you talked with a doctor or other trained person

about a mathod for delaying or preventing a pregnancy?

(PROBE TO FIND OUT IF A “CLINIC” OR “OFFICE” WAS EXCLUSIVELY

FOR FAMILY PLANNING. IF SO, CODE “3.” OTHERWISE, CODE

OR “2.”)

Own doctor’s office/group of doctors . . . . . ~. . 1 (E-17)

General medical clinic, hospital out-patient

clinic or public health clinic . . . . . . . . . 2 (E-17)

Family planning clinic or counseling office. . . . 3 (E-17) 3*

While hospital in-patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 (E-16)

Somewhere else (SPECIFY) 5 (E-17)

E-16, ~~e~~e~; your regular doctor, a doctor assigned to you, or

Regular doctor . . . . . . . . 1

Assigned doctor. . . . . . . . 2

Sornsoneelse (SPECIFY)

3

E-17, men was the W=Y first time YOU had a discussion with a doctor or

other trained person almut methods to delay or prevent a

pregnancy? bl *2 *3 bb

&

D.K. or Don’t remember . . . 989S (Probe)

PROBE : well, how old were you ak that time?

m

bs *

AGE

D.K. or Don’t remamber . . . . 98

E-18, In the past three years, have you talked with a medical doctor

or to any other trained person about increasing your chances

of having a baby?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-19) ,7

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (E-20)

E-19, ~b:bfi you last go for help to increase YOU chances of having

ha *9 50 51

FmEAix

E-20, In thepastthreex+=, haveYOU used a calendar or temperature

method of rhythm to increase Your chances of becoming pregnant?

That is, in order to ICUOWthe days when you are most likely to

become pregnant.

ayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-21) ,=

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (E-22)

E-21, In which months were you trying to become pregnant this way?

(ENTER DATES ON APPROPRIATE LINES. ) PROBE: What other MOnthS?

STARTED (IF) STOPPED

“RST ‘1” & &

5s 56 5s 56 57 59 59 so

61 62 c1 64 6s 8s 67 61

SECOND TIME

&4y MONT YEFLW

CHECK IF 3 OR MORE TIMES

o

34
BEGIN DECK 18

E-22, In the p=~ t~r= ye-s, have YOU used the pill for medical

reasons only -- not for delaying or preventing pregnancy?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-23) ~,

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Section F)

E-23, &u YO:PO:+ me when You started using the Pill this way and when

(ENTER DATFS ON APPROPRIATE LINES. ) PROBE: What Other times?

STASTED

1

(IF) STOPPED 1+ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

‘1”’ ‘w FEmAil mmAm ~

(sect<on F)

22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29

‘EcOND ‘“ mimA A m=m=m

CHECK IF 3 OR MOP.ETIMES o c1

E-24, Have YOU s had a discussion with a doctor or other trained

person about methods to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (E-25) ~1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Section F)

E-25, When was the very first time you had a discussion with a doctor or ,, ,, ,, ,,

other trained person about methods

to delay or prevent a pregnancy?

& ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ‘S”=’’”*F) =

D.K. or Don’t remember . . . 9898 (Probe)

PROBE : Well, how old were you at that time? 36 37

AGE

m

D.K. or Donlt remeuber . . . . 9B

35

,135
BEGIN DECK 19

SECTIONF

These questions are about when you were growing up and about your work experience.

F-1, CODE RACE OF SJ3SPONDENTBY OBSERVATION.

Black . . . . . . . . . . ...1

white . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Other . . . . . . . . . . ...3

13

F-2, When you were growing up, that is, between the ages of 6 and 16,

in what state or foreign country did you live the longest?

Alabama . . . . . . . . . ..63

Alaska . . . . . . . . . ..94

Arizona . . . . . . . . ...57

Arkansas . . . . . . . . ..71

California . . . . . . . . . 93

Colorado . . . . . . . . ..S6

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . 15

Delaware . . . . . . . . ..51

District of Columbia . . . . 55

Florida . . . . . . . . . ..59

Georgia . . . . . . . . . ..5s

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . ..95

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . ..82

Illinois . . . . . . . . ..32

Indiana.. . . . . . . . . ..33

Iowa . . . . . . . . . ...42

Kansas . . . . . . . . . ..47

Kentucky . . . . . . . . ..61

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . 73

Maine . . . . . . . . . . ..11

Maryland . . . . . . . ...52

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . 14

Michigan . . . . . . . . ..34

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . 41

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . 64

Missouri . . . . . . . ...43

Montana . . . . . . . . . ..S1

Nebraska. . . .

Nevada. . . . .

New Hampshire .

New Jersey. . .

New Mexico. . .

New York. . . .

North Carolina.

North Dakota. .

Ohio . . . . . .

Oklahoma. . . .

Oregon. . . . .

Pennsylvania. .

Rhode Island. .

South Carolina.

South Dakota. .

Tennessee . . .

Tsxas . . . . .

Utah . . . . . .

Vermont . . . .

Virginia. . . .

. . . . . 46

. . . . . 84

. . . . . 13

. . . . . 22

. . . . . SB

. . . . . 21

. . . . . 56

. . . . . 44

. . . . . 35

. . . . . 72

. . . . . 92

. . . . . 23

. . . . . 16

. . . . . 57

. . . . . 45

. . . . . 62

. . . . . 74

. . . . . 55

. . . . . 12

. . . . . 54

Washington (state). . . . 91

West Virginia . . . . . . 53

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . 31

Wyoming . . . . . . . ..s3

Foreign country (5pEcIFY)

01

F-3, When you were growing up, that is, between the ages of 6 and 16,

did you live on a farm ~ of the time (half of the time, or

more) ?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

F-4, When you wsre 14, were you living with both your own mother snd

your own father?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-6)

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 (F-5)

F-5, Was that because one or bnth of thsm had died, they were divorced,

or for some other reason?

Oneor both died.... . . . 1

They were divorced . . . . . . 2

Some other reason. . . . . . . 3

14-1s

xc

17

10

36
CONTINUE DECK 19

F-6, Which of these groups ~ describes your national origin

or ancestry? (cHEcK ALL THAT APPLY. )

•1 German . . . . . . . . . .

HAND o

CMuI 4

Italian . . . . . . . . . . 0

Irish . . . . . . . . . . . 0

French . . . . . . . . . . 0

Polish . . . . . . . . . . 0

Russian . . . . . . . . . . 0

English, Scot, Welsh . . . 0

Asian or Pacific Islander,

such as Chinese, Japanese,

Korean, Philippine or

Samoan . . . . . . . . . 0

Black, African, Negro . . . 0

Puerto Rican. . . . . . . . 0

Cuba! ) . . . . . . . . . . o

t4e.xicano, Chicano,

Mexican -rican. . . . . 0

Other Spanish (Spain/Hispano/

Other Latin American) . . 0

American Indian . . . . . . 0

Other (SPECIFY) o

Don”t Know . . . . . . . . . 0 19 20 m

F-7, What is the highest grade or year of regular school or college

you have attended?

No formal schooling. . . . 00 (BO.Z 43)

Elementary:

1st grade.

2nd grade.

3rd grade.

4th grade.

5th grade.

6th grade.

7th grade.

8th grade.

. . . . . . . 01

. . . . . . . 02

. . . . . . . 03

. . . . . . . 04

. . . . . . . 05

. . . . . . . 06

. . . . . . . 07

. . . . . . . 08

High School:

lst year . . . . . . . . ...09

2nd year . . . . . . . . ...10

3rd year . . . . . . . . . ..11

4th year . . . . . . . . . ..12

College and Graduate/Professional

School : 21-22

l year . . . . . . . . . . ..13

2 years . . . . . . . . . . ..14

3 years . . . . . . . . . . ..15

4 years . . . . . . . . . ...16

5 years . . . . . . . . . ...17

6years or more . . . . . . . .18

F-8, Did you complete that grade or year?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

23

F-9, Have you had any other schooling, such as business school,

nursing or technical school?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-1O) ,,

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-II)

F-10, Did You include any of this schooling in answering the question

on the highest grade of regular schc-alyou have attended?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (Box 42) ,~

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-II)

IBOX 42, PROBE AND CORRECT F-7 AND F-8 IF NECESSARY. THEN GO TO F--U, 1

37

137
CONTINUE DECK 19

F-U, Did YOU get aw of your education in a church-related school

(and/or college) ?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-12) ZG

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-14)

F-12, During which wades did YOU attend a church-related schcol

(and/or college)? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY. )

Elementary:

lstgrade . . . . . . ..Ol

2nd grade . . . . . . . .02

3rd grade . . . . . . . .03

4thgrade . . . . . ...04

5thgrade . . . . . . ..O5

6thgrade . . . . . . ..O6

7thgrade . . . . . . ..O7

8th grade . . . . . . . .08

High School:

lst year . . . . . . . . . . .09

2nd year . . . . . . . . . ..10

3rd year . . . . . . . . ...11

4th year . . . . . . . . . ..12

College and Graduate/Professional

School :

lst year . . . . . . . . ...13

2nd year . . . . . . . . . ..14

3rd year . . . . . . . . . ..15

4th year . . . . . . . . . ..16

5th year . . . . . . . . . ..17

6th year or higher . . . . . . 18

27 28 29

J

F-13, Which church or religious group was that?

Roman Catholic . . . . . . . . 1

Protestant . . . . . . . . ..230

Other (SPECIFY) 3

F-14, what was the highest grade or year of regular school (or COIOCI)

you had completed at the time of your (first) marriage?

TO GRADE CODES IN F-12 AND ENTER CODE BELOW. )

CUDE

31 32

m

IBox43, IF MARRIED MORE TWA ONCE (SEE A-10), CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO Box L14,1

F-15, whatwas the highestgradeor yearof regular school or college

your first husband had completed, at the time of your marriage?

(REFER TO GRADE CODES IN F-12 AND ENTER cODE BELOW. )

CODE

Don’t Snow . . . . . . . . ..98

m

F-16, When was your first husband born?

~oNTH~Ay~EAR . . . . . . . . (B,.z44)

Don It Know . . . . . . . . ..98 (F-17)

3s 36 $7 38 39 *O

138

F-17, HOW old was he when you were married? 41 42

m

AGE

Donlt Snow . . . . . . . . ..98

38
CONTINUE DECK 19

Box 44, IF 1ST BIRTH BEFORE (FIRST) MARRIAGE (CHECK DATES ON B & P RECORD),

CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO F-19,

6

F-18, Bef-= the birth Of your (first) child, did you ever work for

pay continuously for six months or more either part-time or

full-time?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243

F-19, ASK ALL THAT APPLY, THEN GO TO BOX 46.

Did you ever work for pay continuously for six months or more

either part-time or full-time:

... ..

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

x es ~

. . . before you were (first) married? . . . . . . -72.Q

IF ANY LIVE BIRTHS: . . . between the time of

your (first) marriage and the birth of your

(first) child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..12q.

IF 2 OR MORE LIV7?,BIRTHS:. . . between the birth

of your first child and the birth of your

second child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 46

IF 3 OR MORB LIVE BIRTHs: . . . between the birth

of your second child and the birth of your third

child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 47

IF 4 OR MOR?,LIVE BIRTHS:. . . between the birth

of your third child and the birth of your last

child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2 b8

BOX 46, IF NO LIVE BIRTHS, GO TO F-24,

IF ONE OR MORE LIVE BIRTHS m

“yEs” TO LAST QUESTION ASKED, GO TO F-20

“No” TO LAST QUESTION ASKED, GO TO F-22,

F-20, HOW long before the delivery of your (last) child did you stop

working?

Less than one mnth. . . . . . 00 (F-21)

NUNBER OF MONTHS (F-21) *S so

One year or more . . . . . . . 12 (F-22)m

F-21, :JG::TY:Up:&: ~hen YOU did? (mcom VBRBATIM. IF “BECAUSE

,

51 52

m

F-22, Ha= YOU ~rked fox pay continuously for six months or more

either part-the or full-time since your (last) child was born?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-23) 53

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-25)

F-23, :i~~wa~::n~d ye= did YOU begin to work after your (last) 5* 55 56 .57

imimAm.......

(,-25)UUI

39

139
CONTINUE DECK 19

F-24, since You were (first) married, have You ever worked for pay

continuously for six months or more either part-time or

full-time?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

S8

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

F-25, HOW may weeks during the past 12 months did you work either

full-time or part-time, including paid vacations and paid sick

leave?

NUMSER OF WEEKS (Boz 47) SY so

Did net work..... . . ..00 (F-32) m

Box 47, IF R CURRENTLY PREGNANT AND WORKED IN LAST 12 MONTHS, CONTINUE,

OTHERWISE, GO TO F-32,

‘-26’~~~i~~~~ao~h~ki~~I~#E-~N~~o&~~~~’ ~~~~t~&hml‘

ONE RESPONSE, CODE RESPONSE WITH SMALLEST NUWSER. )

Working full-time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . . 01 (F-27)

Working part-time (1 to 34 hours) . . . . . . . . . 02 (F-27)

With a job but not at work because of temporary

illness, vacation, strike. . . . . . . . . . . . 03 (F-27)

With a job but on maternity leave. . . . . . . . . 04 (F-28) ~1-62

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . . . 05 (F-27)

In school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..06 (F-28)

Keeping house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..07 (F-28)

Other (SPECIFY) 08 (F-28)

F-27, HOW long before the end of your current pregnancy do you plan to

stop ( workLng/looking for work )?

. . . . . . . . (F-29)

NUMBER OF WEEKS OR NUMSER OF MONTHS C3 6*

Isnotgoing to stop... . . . . . . . . . ...00 (F-30) m

F-28, When did you stop working?

6s 66 *7 cm

/

MONTH/YEAR

SEGIN DECK 20

F-29, ~;c~:/&~:~~T:,,s~~B::) that time? (RECORDVERBATIM. IF

m

F-3o; Aft= this pregnancy, do YOU expect to (return to/look for) a

job at some tine in the future?

Yes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-,31)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Box 48) IS

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . 8 (Box 48)

F-31, When dO YOU expect to begin working (again)?

A m

BOX 48, IF CURRENTLY WORKING, GO TO BOX 49.

IF NOT CURRENTLY WORKING, GO TO F-38,

40

140
CONTINUE OECK 20

F-32, Last week, were YOU w-king full-time, part-time, going to schml,

keeping house, or what? (CIRCLEONE CODE ONLY. IF MORE THAN

ONE RESPONSE , CODE RESPONSE WITH SMALLEST NUMBER. )

Working full-time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . . 01 (Box 49)

Working part-time (1 to 34 hours) . . . . . . . . . 02 (Box 49)

With a job but not at work because of tsmporary

illness, vacation, strike. . . . . . . . . . . . 03 (Boa 49)

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . . . 05 (BOLT 49) ~0-2,

InschOOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...06 (F-33)

Keeping house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..07 (F-33)

Other (SPECIFY) 08 (F-.53)

F-33, Do YOU expect to look for a job sometime in the future?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-34)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Boz 50) ~~

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . S (Box .50)

F-34, When do YOU expect to begin working (again)?

. . . (Box 50)

DonltknOw . . . . . . . . ..98 (Boz SO)

23 24 25 26

49, IF CHILD(REN) AGED 0-12 IN HOUSEHOLD, (sEE scREENER) J CONTINUE,

OTHERWISE, GO TO Box 50, I

F-35, Do You have any regular arrangement for the care of your child (ren)

while you are working, with a f eamilymember or outside the family?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-36)

27

No . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..2(Boz 50)

F-36, ~L~ss care of your child (...) and where? (CODE ALL THAT

By husband, in respondent’s home . . . . . . . . . 01

By other relative, in respondent’s home. . . . . . 02

By non-relative, in respondent’s how. . . . . . . 03

Inrelative’ shome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

In non-relative’s home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05

In day care or other special organized facility. . 06

Other (SPECIFY) 07

28-29

F-37, During the average week of the school year, how many hours per

week of child care do you use for ( your child/each of your

children )? (RECORD HOURS FOR EACH CHILD AGED 0-12. BECORD

“O‘iIF NO DAY CARE. CARE BY ANOTHER CHILD AGED 0-12 DOES NOT

COUNT AS DAY CASE. )

CHILD NOMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

HOURS -— —— —— —— — ‘m

IBOX50, IF R HAS EVER VKJRKED,CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO To F-44, I

141
CONTINUE OECK 20

F-38, what ( is/was ) your (last) occupation? That is, what ( is/was )

your joh called?

F-39, What ( are/were ) your most important activities or duties?

F-40, what kind of place ( do/did ) you work for? That is, what

( do/did ) they make or do? 33 3! 35 36 37

1111

F-41, HOW manY hours a week ( do/did ) you usually work at this job?

m

HOURS PER WSEK

F-42, And how much ( do/did ) you earn on this job?

hour

s

week

per month (CIRCLE owm (F-44)

year

Refused . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (F-43)

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . . . 98 (F-43)

bo 41 42 *3 V* *S 48

F-43, Here is a card showing amounts’of weekly and yearly earnings.

Next to each amount is a letter. Would you tell me which letter

represents your salary on this job? (ENTER LETTER. )

•1

*7 *O

HAND

CARD 5

LETTER m

F-44, Are you Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or something else?

Roman Catholic . . . . . . . . 1 (F-47)

Protestant . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-45)

Jewish . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (F-46)

Other (SPECIFY) 4s

4 (F-46)

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 (3’-48)

F-45, What denomination is that?

Baptist . . . . . . . . . . ..21

Lutheran . . . . . . . . ...22

Methodist . . . . . . . . ...23

Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . 24 50-51

Episcopalian . . . . . . . . . 25

142

No specific denomination . . . 28

Other Protestant (5pECIFy) —

29

42
CONTINUE OECK 20

F-46, AbouthowOften dO YOU usually attend religious services?

1

Never . . . . . . . . . . ...01

More than once a week. . . . . 02

Once a week . . . . . . . . ..o3

2 or 3 times a month . . . . . 04 (F-48) 52-53

Once anmnth . . . . . . . ..o5

Several times a year . . . . . 06

Once a year or less. . . . . . 07

F-47, How often do you receive ccmmunion?

Never . . . . . . . . . . ...01

More than once a week. . . . . 02

Once a week . . . . . . . . ..o3

2or3times am-anth . . . ..04 54-55

Once a month . . . . . . . ..o5

Several times a year . . . . . 06

Once a year or less. . . . . . 07

F-48, NOW v ebout M. (NAME OF PRESENT HUSBAND). Which of these groups

best describes his national origin or ancestry? (CHECK ML THAT APPLY. )

German . . . . . . . . .. .

❑c!&D4 Italian . . . . . . . . .

Irish . . . . . . . . . .

French . . . . . . . . . .

Polish . . . . . . . . . .

Russian . . . . . . . . .

English, Scot, Welsh. . .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Asian or Pacific Islander,

such as Chinese, Japsnese,

Korean, Philippine or

Samarl. . . . . . . . . 0

Black, African, Negro. . .

Puerto Bica . . .

Cubs. . . . . . .

Mexicsno, Chicano,

Mexican ?+msricsn

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

Other Spanish (Spain/Hispano/

Other Latin Xumrican) . .

Amrican Indian. . . . . .

Other (sPECIFY)

Oon’t mow . . . . . . . .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

56 57

m

F-49, g~h~wpf~ry 14, was he living with both his own mother

—

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-51)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-60) se

Don*t Know . . . . . . . . . . 8 (F-51)

F-5(I,was that because one or both of tham had died, they were divorced,

or for some other reason?

Oneor both died..... . . 1

They were divorced . . . . . . 2

Some other reason. . . . . . . 3

Don’t Know..... . . ...8

59

43

143
CONTINUE DECK 20

F-51, What is the highest grade or year of regular schml or college

your husband has attended?

No formal schooling . . . . . 00 (F-53) ~n’t HnOW. . . . . . . 98 (F-53)

ELEMENTARY : HIGH SCHOOL:

lst grade . . . . . . . . 01 lst year . . . . . . . . . ..09

Znd grade . . . . . . . .02 2nd year . . . . . . . . ...10

3rd grade . . . . . . . .03 3rd year . . . . . . . . ...11

4th grade . . . . . . . . 04 4th year . . . . . . . . . . .12

5th grade . . . . . . . . 05 COLLEGE AND GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL

6thgrade . . . . . ...06 SCHOOL :

7th grade . . . . . . . . 07 l year . . . . . . . . . ...13

8th grade . . . . . . . . OS Z years . . . . . . . . . ...14

3 years . . . . . . . . . . ..15

4 years . . . . . . . . . . ..16

5 years . . . . . . . . . ...17

6yearsornmre . . . . . . ..18

F-52, Did he complete that grade or year?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...262

Don’t know . . . . . . . . ..S

F-53, ~gf~~~; your husband’s only marriage, or has he been married

Only marriage. . . . . . . . . 1

Married before . . . . . . . . 2 63

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . ..S

F-54, Is he Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or something else?

60-61

Roman Catholic . . . . . . . . 1 (F-57)

Protestant . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-55)

Jewish . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (F-56)

Other (SPECIFY) 66

4 (F-56)

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 (F-58)

Mn’t wow. . . . . . . . . . S (F-56)

F-55, What denomination is that?

Baptist . . . . . . . . . ...21

Lutheran . . . . . . . . ...22

Methodist . . . . . . . . ...23

Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . 24

Episcopalian . . . . . . . . . 25 6s-66

No specific denomination . . . 2S

Other Protestant (SpECIFy) _

29

Don’t Know . . . . . . . . ..9S

F-56, About how often does he usually attend religious services?

144

(

Never ...,..... . ...01

More than once a week. . . . . 02

Once a week . . . . . . . . ..03

2 or 3 times a month . . . . . 04 (F-58) ~7-6~

Once a month . . . . . . ...0

Several times a year . . . . . 06

Once a year or less. . . . . . 07

Don’t3010w . . . . . . . ...98

44
F-57, HOW often does he receive Communion?

Never. . . . .

More than once

Once a week. .

2 or 3 times a

Once a month .

CONTINUE OECK 20

. . . . . . . . 01

aweek . . . ..O2

. . . . . . . . 03

month . . . ..O4

. . . . . . . . 05 69-70

Several times a year . . . . . 06

Once a year or less. . . . . . 07

Don*t know . . . . . . . . ..98

F-58t Lastweek,wasyourhusbandworking ~R;;meep~ar;t~+ go#g

to school, keeping house, or what?

MOPX THAN ONE RSSPONSE , CODE RESPONSE WITH SMALLEST NUMSE;. )

?

Working full-time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . . 01

Working part-time (1 to 34 hours) . . . . . . . . . oz

With a job, but not at work because of temporary

illness, strike, vacation. . . . . . . . . . . . 03 F-60) ,,-72

Retired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o4

Unemployed: laid off, looking for work . . . . . . 05

1

In school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06

Keeping house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07 (F-59)

Other (SPECIFY) 0s—

F-59t Did he everhavea jobor business for pay?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (P-b-o)

73

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-63)

BEGIN OECK 21

F-60. whet ( is/was) Your husband’s (main) occupation? That is, what

( is/was ) his job called?

F-61, mat ( =dw=e ) his most important activities or duties?

F-62, Whatkfidof Place ( does/did ) he work for? That is, what

( do/did ) they make or do?

m

F-63, In the Past 12 months - that is, since ( MONTE/YEAR ) - what was

your husband’s income, considering all sources such as wages,

profits, interest and so on?

$ per year (Box 51)

Refused. . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (F-64)

Don’t know . . . . . . . . ..9 S(F-64)

18 13 20 21 22

11111

F-64, H== is a cardshowing~omts of weeklyand yearly incomes.

Next to each amount is a letter. Would you tell me which letter

represents your husband’s income, considering all sources?

n

HAND

23 24

L~TER

CASD5 Infused . . . . . . . . . ...97 m

Don”t know” . . . . . . . . ..98

80X51, IF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS, AGED ~ AND OLDER, LIVE IN HOUSEHOLD

(SEE SCREENER), CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO F-67,

45

145
46

CONTINUE OECK 21

F-65, Did any other members of your family living here have earnings

from wages, salary, or their own business or profession?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-L96)

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-67) 2=

F-66, Hoiol;n:o::~family members had earnings in the past

26 27

m

NUMBER OF OTHRR EASNER8 —

F-67, Did YOU Or any members of your family living here receive income

in the past twelve months from any of the following sources?

AU may not apply to you, but it is easiest if I ask you about

each one at a time.

SOURCE OF INCOME YEs NO DON ‘T HNOW

1. Dividends, interest, property rental. . . . 1 2 8

2. Unemployment or Workmen’s Compensation. . . 1 2 s

3. Social Security or retirement . . . . . . . 1 2 8

4. Welfare payments for aid to your

dependent children. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8

5. AIIY (other) public assistance or welfare

payments (include old age assistance, aid

to the blind or totally disabled, general

assistance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2 s

6. Child support from a former husband . . . . 1 2 8

7. Regular contributions from persons not in

this household, or anything else. . . . . . 1 2 8

28

29

30

31

32

$3

34

F-68, In tbe past 12 months -- that is, since ( MONT1l/i’EAR ), what was

your total combined family income, that is yours, your husband’s

and any other family mamber living here now? Include income

from all sources such as wages, salaries, social security or

retirement benefits, help from relatives, rent from property,

and so forth.

s

TOTAL FAMILY INCOME

(F-70)

Refused. . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (F-69)

Don’t know..... . . . ..9 S(F-69)

35 36 37 38 39

F-69, Here is a card showing amounts of wsekly and yearly income.

Next to each amount IS a letter. Would you tell me what letter

represents the income of your family during the past 12 m~

ENTER LETTER.

I I

u

HAND

CARD5 LETTER

Refused . . . . . . . . . ...97

Don’t know . . . . . . . ...98

F-70. PINK CARDSONLY:

This time last year, did You live in a different county or state

than this one?

IF RESPONDENT NOW LIVES IN LOUISIANA, SAY: “parish or state.”

IF R NOW LIVES IN THS NEW ENGLAND STATES, SAY: “township or state.”

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

40 41

!33

42

146
CONTINUE DECK 21

F-71,

n

HAND

CASD

6

The nsxt question is different. On this card (SHOW CASD) are two

different statements. Each may be answered with a simple ‘yesm or

,,no 1,. You choose ~ of the statements by tossing a penny. If the

penny turns up - you just say “yes” or “no” to this statement

(POINT TO THE STATEWENT FOLLOWING THE HEAD OF TSE PENNY) . If the

penny comes up TAILS, Then just snswer “yes” or “no” to this

statement (POINT TO THE STATEWENT FOLLOWING THE TAIL OF THE PENNY).

Please do not tell me which side of the penny comes up. No one

but YOU - not even I - will know which statement was selected by

the penny toss.

Here is a penny (5E5p0NDENT NAY uSE HER OWN COIN) . Just tell me

the answer - ‘ryes”or “no.“

RESPONDENT ‘S ANSWER WAS: Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

No . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

IF RESPONDENT WANTS YOU TO EXPLAIN THE QUESTION, SAY:

There are evsnts which some people wnuld rather not talk abut.

For instance, some people who have abortions would rather not talk

about them, even though they are legal.

But it is very important for doctors and public health services to

have a national count of the number of abnrtions each year. So

scientists have developed this special way of asking questions.

Half the people we talk to will answer one statement and half will

answer the other, but we will not know which statement each individual

got. In this way, we axe able to estimate the number of abortions

in the country, without knowing which individuals had them.

Of course, not everyone feels the same way abut talking of akortions.

However, to make a reliable estimate for the country, we need everyone

to toss the penny and answer “yes” or “no” to the statsment chosen by

the coin.

CONTINUE WITH F-72,

43

E55i44 45 46

47

147
F-72, As far as you know, where will you be living this time next year?

Same Address

(RECORDNAME, ADDRESSr TELEPHONE NUWGER

BELOW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

Other

(RECORONAME, TELEPHONE NUWBER: GET BEST

PosSIBLE ADDRRSS AND OBTAIN MAILING ADDRESS

IF “R” IS IN RURIL ASEA: SECOP.DBELOW). . 2

RESPONDENT’S NANE APJ3ACODE TELEPHONE NUNBER

NUWSER STREET

CITY, TOWN STATE ZIP CODE

F-73,

F-74,

F-75,

F-76,

F-77,

F-78,

At some tire in tbe future, we will need to talk again with sonrsof the women

we are interviewing now. We don’t know who these women will be, as they will be

chosen by chance. In case we need to get in touch with ~ again, would you

please give me the na-s of two close relatives or friends who would be likely

to know where you can be reached (in case you move).

(ENTER NAKZS BELOW, THEN ASK F-74 to F-78.)

HOW is CRERSON)

related to you?

What is ( his/her

address?

What is ( his/her

telephone number?

Is (PERSON)

now married?

)

)

(IF ins:) What is

( her husband’ s/his

wife!s ) full name?

Thaok you very much.

NAWE

RELATIONSHIP

NUNEER STSEET

CITY STATE Z1P

( )

AREA CODE TELEPHONB #

Yes. . . .1

No . ...2

NAME

RELATIONSHIP

NUWEER STRBET

CITY STATE zIP

( )

AREA CODE TELEPHONE #

Yes. . . .1

No . ...2

REMEMBER TO FILL IN ENDING TIME ON PAGE 47 AND INFORMATION BELOW,

I

-* -’+--

REMINDER

IF ASSIGNMENT Box ON SCREENER REQUIRES MXSSED D,U, PROCEDURE,

COMPLETE PROCEDURE AND FORM ON PAGE 4 OF SCREENER BEFORE

LEAVING HOUSEHOLD, IF ASSIGNMENT Box REQUIRES MISSED STRUCTURE PROCEDURE, COMPLETEPROCEDUREAS OUTLINED ON MISSED

STRUCTUREFORMBEFORE LEAVING HOUSEHOLDS

49

148
CONTINUE OECK 21

INTERVIEWERREMARKS: FILL OUT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER LSAVING RESPONDENT.

R-1t (Was/Were)other person(s)

present during the interview,

other than official observer?

47

Yes . . . 1 (R-2)

No. . . . 2 (R-3)

R-5, The interview was conducted

in:

English . . . 1

63

Spanish . . . 2

R-2, who was that? (CODE ML TSAT R-6, Note anything else essential to the

APPLY.) interpretation and understanding of

48 this interview.

Children onder six . . . 1

•1 Older children . . . . . 2 ~g

Husband. . . . . . . . . 3 ❑50

Mother . . . . . . . . .4

Other relatives. . . . . 5 ❑~1

Other adults . . . . . . 6 ❑

R-3, Nomber of interruptions

during the interview.

(CODE ONE. )

o . . . . . . . . . . . (R- ;;

12345678 +(R-4) n

R-4, Reason(s) for interruptions:

(CODEALL TNAT APPLY.)

Telephone call(s) . . . , . ,01

Visitor(s), salesmen,

repairmen. . . . . . . . . .02

Household mambers

passing through. . . . . . .03

Attend to child!s needs . . .04

Attend to household

responsibilities . . . . . .05

Attend to business

responsibilities . . . . . .06

Persons present during

interview. . . . . . . . . .07

Respondent or interviewer

needs...,.... . ...08

Environmental distractions. .09

Obtain interview

information. . . . . . . . .10

Other (5pEcIFY)

53 54 5S 56 57 S0 59 60 61 62

R-7, Date interview completed:

/ /

MONTH / DAY I YE?&

ImTIYl

R-8, Interviewer1s signature:

I

R-9, Interviewerts ID Number:

rrrrcl

REMEMSER TO FILL IN PSU INFORMATION, PAGE 49,

51

149
Questionnaire, June 1975 Current Population Survey

INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

C!+ CPS-I for hw$ehold . . . . . . . . . D

First CPS-I of cc.minuotico h’h.ld.. n

kxd CPS.I of cmtlnuotim h’h.ld. m

Third, fwr,h, .md 51h CPS-I . . . . . . . n

LINE NO, OF N’HOLD RESP,

NON H’HOLO RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . D

(s,o##ifi cad S,d I“lcrroalll)

K

#

NONINTERVIEW

TYFEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c1

TYPE B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n

TYFEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a

FORM CPS.I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CONTRUL NUMBER

@u,ew of the Cm,.,

,

CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY ,

1

F.m,4ppm”./ ,

26.1:1 O,M, B. No. 41.RJW1-J4 Psu SEGMENT SERIAL

CH!MIIRHNIUPOPW4ATRWNISURVEY
7

t, INTERVIEWER cfiEcK ITEM FORM CP3.1 u.s. OtiARTMWT OFCOMMERCE 2. &JfP~E ,

Cnly CPS.1 Itihcos.hold . . . . . . . . o

}

3. CONTFX)L NUMBER

(Fill .11.PPII.*M. 3 20 75 .U,m” or m, crmus

First CP$lafcm!lnuotlm h>hld.. 0 1,<.s 0. &i*pg.) fNUIFdFJEGWW2PU2MUUON $U2FlVflV 00

,

kti CP$tof<mtinuotim h,hld 0 t

Th,rd, lwrh,,lc.C Phi..., . . . . . 0

p--;:p.,,

S-1)

JUNE 1975 F*,R ,@om.ci

26.1:1

i@

O.U,8, No. 4J.R12Q2.14

!AONTH ■ :

I YEAR 4. TYPE OF LIVING WARTERS 5. LAND 6. PSU NO, 7. SEGMENT 8. SERIAL 9. HOUSE

!3,30!300000000;0 ,300.

USAGE NO. NO. NOLO

HOUSINGUNIT ■ OTHER UNIT

O. INTERVIEWER CODE

■ fTm.tib.

{,.” Co.:ml

NO.

ABC DE FGNJKLM Hcuse, ~mtmenl, No?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o ~

Cordiu.u

c!clclL,oiJclooga o

I amrlers .01

10%1, ., ,2,

,>1:31->IS,7 :+9 HU h .ca!rmslent hold, motel, .1., . . . . . . . 0 “~ unr~onm~nn.r boarding hwse 0 ~.

00 000 00

,,:.-:, .,. .,,>, q,q

111 1111 11 1

Hu, p-em, in tmnsient hotel, mold, etc. O ;

1. OATE COMPLETED

BO Z?E CZEZ 2: z

I. trmsi,n! h,!,!, mmsl, etc. . . 0 co

HUlnr.xmning hcus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ~

333 3333 33 3

r.

DO + 4- ~:- f- !- q- 5- + .,- c,-

,1, . .’, ,- ..,.,- .>

‘ Tent site or trailer site . . . . . . . . . . 0 E.

obll. hmortmilw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ~

,

HU not spcilkd otove (D.,<,ik. Mow,. . . . . 0 : Ofher no, HU (.o,..,ib. &,,oW)..,,. a

■

2. LINE NO. OF H’HOLO RESP.

■

/

,

/

553 553:, 5> ‘j

1.: .4 :--4..+

GGG GGGG 6G 6

NM, h’hid, rasp, (spmify) o (Smi lmcr Co.m)

~77 7’ 77? ~7

r

/

::, ,:: ::, :> ,., ::, ,: ,:: ::, ,;

999 93. .) 9

------------------------------------ _____________________________________________________________

1’ “;:;:yyo ~

NONINTERVIEW

TYPE A NPE 8

P*rwod ,... 0

TYPE C SEASOtfAL STATUS

14, (Uwk reasond m,,,) 1

T*I, .mgultx . 0

15.

V=mt-q”l.r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

,

1

■

/

; hmofishad . . . . . . . . . . . 0

16. (Fill w’s if Yearend . . . . . . 0 “Uh,,<a,)

T.1. .calIb%k O REAYJN RACE OF [FLU :

ICR IIlld . . . 0

Vxmt - SW-of h,hld i,mitu,a 0

HEAD 16) ~ H.a,se O, ,r.ail., mod.. 0

Tenr,. ccc. by pram, wl,h URE 0

■

I

I

1; 1

}

Mkmtuy -k”, 0 ,Fitl ,,,= ,, ,,&ti

Noc.mhc.m O ~

TmWmNy

¤~ M,lde,epn, . . . . . . . 0 ■ SQOscmol.. . . . . . 0 Vnu t“ I,*” JJ

ob,ent. 0 ; white 0

Unfltwto tadmlished . . . . . . . o : Cmvui,d to ,rurmmn,

UJ,y,rynxlim, ml mody. . . . O

bus!”.,, 0, SI.a,c.y 0 ~o”,’ 17. IS this nit U,,OIIY occupi,d,

Raked. . 0 ; Negro 0

to temp. business c+ ,,oqe 0 ~wcf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~

1S-171

Cfcc. by And F.aIce

sanrrl+rs ml” 0

Owm.occ. 0 : Other 0

(0.1, ;

}

fTw.tib. u

Mb,, c+ps,sons under 14. . 0

[D..cr& 16.17), &.dmd . . . . . . . . . . . o

winters c+ 0 i.st,..ted .“ bock

k<lolw) Uncuupied tent site or tr.iler site O other . . . . . . . 0

./ Co.uol CWL,

\

Pmmll grmled, ! &JNt .aher A#dl 1, 19iU 0

(Duuih

cm$tmctim n.t ,1.at,d ., . 0

■

k.1..]

Other (Sp,ei{y b,lmo, . . . . . . . . . . 0

.

Other [D<s.rib. below) . . 0

\--____-_ --___ --_-:, __z_______________________ - i -_-_-__,

--------------------- . -----------

~.

,

I

- --------------------- _______________________________________________________ . . ---------------------- J

qTERVIEWER CNECK ITEM NOTES:

(m c+ &cm -r. (., ~ m.,wr.w,i Aa”,bHt)

6. Ted Fdy Inanx (TMUA In,m Coswol Cd item w -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AOEOIO MCI

80 FO=JOp O

CCIGOKO __________________________________________________________________________________ ________

0(3 HOL0

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

COOER NUMBER

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ■

ABC OEFGHJKLM

. . ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

000000000000

01 E3’;-5G?:{.9

3

151
. LINE NUMBER

,.W’h w.. . . . doing m,l ef

LAST WEEK -

{

working

Knpfng he+,,

GOIng m ,chml

.d;;;;::>w :

WNho@b-rm,a tvmwk.. J 0

Lceklngfwwak . . . . . . ..LK 0

K@ngfwm. . . . . . . . . . . H O

GOinqmscba l . . . . . . . . . S O

Unable t.+ (Skip *W. U O

R, Nmd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..R. O

Othor(Sp<,,~) . . . . . . . . ..OT O

\

---------------------- .

Oc. CQ,S . . . USUALLY wmk 35

hours or mm, a w,,k of this lob

Y,, C! %, [, ,h, ,,meu . . .

wo,k,d 1,,s !hm 23

kaurs LAST WEEK?

N. 0 Mmt is the reman. . .

U3UAUY vmrks !,ss

thm 3E fnurs a w,k?

(M”k N. appmpri.t. r..’..)

SIcckw-xk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Matcrlols hxtcqe . . . . . . . . . . O

mm~~~vrr...... o

N.w @ stmed d.rlrg wnk . 0

J& tumirmmd during -k . . 0

Ccdd fird c+ p.m.tirnc wwk O

Nolidcq (Lv1 ., m[{xlnul. . . 0

Ltidiswt, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

%Jwmthw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Dmillnoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Onvccolim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

Tc.a by with ka,,wark,

S&al, P.ncmd b,., ● tc. o

Oid c-at w., full.time wuk . . 0

F,!l-t,nw

‘mk w-k &35 k-wrs 0

Othw “osm (SP,CVI) . . . . . . 0

\

--------------------- -

(S&p Id 13 cd ,.,.r fob world

., l“, “4)

!3. 0E3CRIPTION OF JOB OR BUSI

BA. For whom did . . . w.,k? (Non,

O. O,d . ..d+myworkold

LAST WEEK, ..1 counting

work mound th, house?

(N.:.: IIfua 0? b“.i..’.

.p,mmr ;“ M. “k *.4

..+ W*)

4

Yes 0 N. O (G. m 21,

/

OA. HOW mcq h..,. ~ o

did. .. work * *

LAST WEEK ~ ;

@ .11 lobs? ~ ~

“,. . ..

1

00. INTERVIEWER ~ >

Of ECK ITEM G G

(2k#pb ? 7

~+ o i,.. 23) :2 :::

34 0 (Colem) 99

3542 0 (G. IO WDJ

—/.

00. Did . . . I*,, my Nms o

tak, my lime oIf LAST

WEEK i,, any ,m,m

such os illness, h.llday

O, ,I=k vmrk?

(,s O How mmy hours

dfd. . .

tak, .[f?,

—

(co”.., m ii 1.,’ h.

ma, ./,.+ i.&,.J,

if M r.ird J,f.w 3s,

■ ,.”.., mB and /ill WC;

.A.rui.., .&/p * ?3.)

No OME. Old . . . wn,k myov,rNnM ., a m+,, thca ma

ir,b LAST WEEK?

(*S 0 How may sx!ro

h,.,. did . . . WA

,

“—

(c.”.,, 29,44 m u

..CC..V {( .,”. Amm

“., &cdy M.(,4 ad

*kip t. 23.)

N. 0

(M;p la 231

IFFICE USE ONLY

INDJSTRY

00 Ao

1100

GG GO

Z’??HO

:3s:3 JO

59’3 KCI

LO

R,\. O M O

21. (1/1 i. 19, SIrp la 21A.]

Did . . . hav. a i.b O.

kin.,. fmn which h.

was tmpamilr .bsm! o

c+ Iuydf LA3T WEEK?

4

Y,, 0 No 0 (C. * ?2,

/

21A. WIIy W- . . . ,bmnt

from wwk. LAST WEEK?

Gvm Nllms s.... 0

Ollv’xdal.... 0 ■

Ekdwlhw..,, o

Lcbe+dispw, ., 0

N*w bb to t+ IsA/p t,

within 32 dq, O 22B u

Tmpmy fay.ff

22C21

}

(U.i,rm {q.) 0 (WP

fd.flnlf. layoff 22C:

,s0 dq, m ,wr. or o

“a @ r...u @.)

oh 6,.M71 . . 0

f

----------------

21ss, b . . . gelling wmp m

sdwy I., my of Ihe

tlm, off LAST WEEK?

Y., . . . . . . . . 0

No . . . . . . . . . . 0

Stff-ercplcy,d O

21C. 03, . . . . usually work

35 k-w= or m-armo wml

al ihls i.b?

Y*S 0

N. O ■

.

(Skip to 23 ad ..,,, fib

hfd I-I w.(k)

OCCUPATION

00C3 NO

rzrpo

:=2 (JO

333 RO ■

+++ so

555 TO

GGG Uo

7? Vo

:-S ::. w 0

9’9X0

Yo

R.(, O Zo

!2. fVLK {m19, .kip IO 22.4.)

Ho.. . . km Iwkins for wmk

/

during tb. post 4 w“ks?

9

Yes o NO 0 (G. la 24) /

!2A, N%., h.. . . . b“. doing I. the lest

4 weeks t. f,nd work? (u-k &

..lda& ..,A & w! ,CEJ h.)

Chocked

withp+b. employ. wcy O

pvt. W1.ay. WCy o

mpl.pr dirutfy 0

friocds w ral.ativ.s 0

Plmdw. nswmdds . . . . . . . . . o

No!hlrq( $%nmzf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

G&r (S9aify 1. mat., ..g., MDT.d,

.“/.. Or ~m(. ,,’i’tcr, ,,..). . . . . 0

!2B. Why did. stint Imking f.r ■

work? W.. 1, b,c.wso . . l.,!

m w o iob at !fmt tire. (pa..]

or was thcm sum, mh,r ,,CSM?

Los!lob . . . . . . . . . . . . O

@fat@ . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Leflschcal . . . . . . . . . 0

Wmmd tmp=awy WUk 0

Oihw (xccify u -,.s) O

12L 11 HOW mmy iv,,ks

ha, . . . b,m

Do

1~~

baking for wink? > ;

2) How mmy wm.kz ; ;

c+odid. .. stati

lkakfng f,, wink?

55

~~

2) H.aw many w,,ks ; ~

w w= . . . ICid

:,: :,;

off? 95

22D. H... . bun Imkins for I.ll+lm.

0, p.,,.,im, W.*?

FuN o

■

Pmo ●

22E. Is there my r,,scm why. . . could

mt take a it.b LAST WEEK?

Yes o

{

Alrecdykas ai&a . . . . . O

\ T-q ilk,, . . . . 0

&.ingloscM . . . . . . 0

No 0 Oik+v (sp,eif~ i“ mot.,) 0

22F. VilIUI did. . . l,,! work at o

Ful!.tim. j.b .r !wsin.ss fasting

2 MN,CUIIW w-k, O, mar.?

19icl w 101., frrh. ..”6 m,ipr) . . 0

f

(M.”* d 7.”)

&fm1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

NOV. wc+kad f.11-tim+ 2 wks. w mm O

Ncwrwwla dolal l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

fskip w 23 ad ..,,,1.,, [.11.ti.. .Itil<n.

job fut;.’2 “<A. .,..”, @ [m. .Alch

la .[(. . . -ffevtr rarkci-)

!

4. fNTERVIEWER Of ECK fTEM ~-----

Unit in mtel[m w

(#”d ..’ <id, .“ly)

0 1, 2,3, 5, 6 m 7 (EEJ p..ti..d

o 4-8(C. IOW

‘4A. mm did . . lo. fWA for W at o

t.gulor i.b m Lwsmem, .ithw bll. w

pit-tiwm?

WMhfn Fast 12 mlh, 0 ‘1

!4B. Wny did .. . . fmv. that i.b?

P.mc.ml, fmil”

(bd. ,reg.-.y) w SCkal. . . . . 0

Healt h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Re!irmmntw. fdV . . . . . . . . . . 0

s+a%.ml ,d.cwd.td . . . . . . . . . ‘o

Skk wk w busira,, anditirm 0

Twipmy

ncosncsm.al i.b curplated . . . @

Unmtisfcaq -k

.mXg9nmnls (flow.. W, .t<.l o

Otfw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

!4c. O-as. wm! a rqular i.b now,

,ith,r full. O, pc.rt+lm,?

h%..., . . . . . . . . . 0

M+ - it Ckpmds )

{c. 10 ND

(Spc+ i. “d..) o

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

On’lknw . . . . . . . 0 }

(skip ,.24,

140. klm O* AN rmmm. . . is C-Ytlcaki,

f., w,k?

(#”k !944 ,...0” “i.lh”d)

● ESdbve, M wwk .wll.bb

i“fi”. ofwcrkww m.. . . . . 0

● &l& ’t f,dmy van. .,....... C)

● L-k, INC. sdwlirq,

training, skills w e.p,tmc... O

● EnVlqers

i~nk’~m’~d..... ‘3

● O!hw FUS . h.mdicq lm fimJiW ,CJJ 0

● Cm’lo-ck. . . . . . . . . c’

.Mm+cosibilities . . . . . . . . . 0

.*wolhertr.inirq . . . . . . . 0

● H, FAYsiml dis.bihty . . . . 0

. O!h.r 6PCV% {. W, . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

● Da+kmw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

24E. Oa.s. . . i.!ccd 1. leak br WA

d my kind in tht next 12 m-m!hs?

■

Y., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

It +** (Sp,fy t“ -1.,/ o

N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c,

Cdt km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C’

[V .“u? i“ 243, Asc.16c Pb i“ 23)

,.p”y, bui”.w o,,.nl,o,lo. ., d,, ,.,+,r) ,: –._ 23E. W.* ihi, m,mn

o ~ -@v-of $RIVA~ c%

h% m ,d{”idml fw -s, SOlay d cm. . . P o

!3B. Whl kind cd b.sinosx m I.d.slw Is lhb? (.% .xa.wl.: W wimdk -b., rtt.il tk=. .IW., 3taI. L.hr Dvt., pm.) ~ AFELSSFWWvemm! .mplcyea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..F @

1

ASTATE~vwmmK IQloye, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$ C,

t

ALCCALYWnmmt enployn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..L O

!2C. Wmt kind of work ..s. . . 401,9? (F., m+, <I,dd.d .I@m,r, stick cf,rk, t@f, [mu.] , SaIfapl. in OWN bus., pof. pm!;.., w lam

------------------ J

25, LINE NUMBER

I

00

II

2A RELATIONSHIP TO HEAO OF

NOUSEHOLO

9

Hud vdth .atEe ref,tl-s

[,*.I. d.> t. h Md.

Ohw ,: fa,v,s’m h hld ;

Ho.dwithnu

‘.”

Wlf..af had. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xC,

OIha CO!ON* al hwd ‘:,

Nm.mf, of hrcd w,* m

,,[s. (id. I+) In h’h Id.. C’

NcmmloN,. .f hsd with

m mm mla!,v- ,. h’hfd. C’

17. AGE 28. MARITAL STATU!

■

Mcai.d - .lvlllm

w- P~*~ o

80 w,.d .

II hoi Fwc,s

S+-Xn P*I !Cl

:: hfm(,,j -

SW,, .ab,am -

q. q. ,(.,1”4 .,,”.,*d, Q

5’ wKJWmd

G c.

w d,vmmd C,

72

,,:

~, .,, Never mm,cd . . ,3

i9, RACE SO. SEX ANO

VETERAN STATU

_ tint. Mc,b

c1 vfamam E,. t:,

Kw- Wc(. . ‘:’

NW Wcdd Ww ff ‘:’

u

o Wcrld Ww f. C,

O!hm S+Nlc. ,0

OIh,, Nmvmf,,m 0

0

Fib . . . . . . . . o

31. HIGNES1

GRAOE

AT -

TENDED

EHC

111

:Zz

1“7

:3 N,m,

■ ‘“

,

1

t3D. Whet ..,. , .8s most Impwt.nt mtivlti.s .r dvlbs? ffw .-PI.: IXU.., k..p . . . ..w bcoks, fib.. .dl. .-s, :

O,WEIC, pri”lh’ ,rm., m.!..m.,.,..)

,S,khsln.ss!”cmw.!d ~;:;:;::;; :

, Wn+frq WITHXfT PAYlnfan tws. wfam........fVP C’

NEVER WORKEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..NEV O

.GRAO

COM -

‘LETE

■

Yes

o

w

0

?fGl

J ~.’

11

33

.,

,:

—

6

152
4, INTERVIEWER OiECK ITEM 135. w%- did . . . b,,.ame wi&w,, t.How mwy times

ho... . b,.. nmrritd?

Mo,rl*d . . . . . 0 (S% 1. M)

WldoA . . . . O

‘}

OIwrcd. . . . c1 td.k 3s)

%omt,d . . . 0

[&mU,.pm,.d]7

JuI. 000

Feb. O I I

Mm. O :2

Apr. O 3 3

May o

+ .,.

June 0=55

July 0 G G

Au.. 0 ??

Jm. 0 c1 o

Feb. O I 1

Mm. 0 :e

Apr. O 3 3

May 0

... ‘..

Juw O~55

July 0 G G

+@. o ?2

Sep. o * ,<

CM. o 99

N,.. O

O&G o

] 0 (SklP!o@A)

20

}

(A.k 37)

3+ 0

N,vumarid o (WOW I u 0 :> ,+

I ‘“-”- Ott. 0 99

Nov. o

k. o

8, Did,.,’ * N,* I .O<riqm

md b.ouss of th. d.oh

cd her husbmd (Ai, if.)?

Y., 10

No @

I, Mm did. . ;. first mortiove md? . Who did. . . morw?

Wnm did . ... mmrry ~r th.

flml Iim,?

Jon. o 0 0

Feb. O 11

M.,. o :2

At.,. 0 33

41. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

0 Famlebnin 15Q30,10ter -dlw, ever

Lwmmmrld (.4.* 42)

HowmmykNes ha, ,,. w,rb,fl

(Do not . ..”. .tilfh<r,h]

JOI. O 00

Feb. 0 11

Ma. O ?Z

Apr. O 3 3

10

=]

20

30

40

Female, 18 to 75

{

0 ln,.toliongro”p4

Y~,s old,

(A,k 42]

“,.,, nmrmd. O Allothm ro!m,ongmups

■ (Skip to 48) May O <. ‘;.

J.ne 0=55

July O G G

50

1

(Ask #.4)

■ ;:

80

90

10+o

0 Allmole,, ondmyfwole not [i,t,ddz-ove

s;. o :,: .2 (End ~u”,fm,)

cd. o 99

Nov. O

k. o

Aug. O 1?

sap. 0 .,: .2

Oct. o ~> 9

Nov. 0

cu. 0 Nom O (SkiPw 49)

IA, Wh was ., .’S Nrsl child ham?

Jon. ~ July Q Oa

Feb. O Aug. 0 1 I

Mir. 0

A#,. (3g LT: :;

Ma. c1 N... 0

q. . ..

Jan. O July 0 0

:1 Jan. 0 July 0 0 0

Feb. O Au.. O 1 I

J.n. 0 July 0 0 @ Jo”. 0 July O ,3 0

Feb. O Aug. O I 1 Feb. O AU9011

Mm. 0 sep. 0 ?2 Ma. O ~.o ::

Apr. O ■ 00. 0 33 Apt. 0 ■ k,. O 33

MW 0 Nov. 0 ‘:- ‘- PAW 0 N... 0

q. +.

Feb. O Aug. O I

Mm. O S*. 0 :

Apr. O ■ Oct. O 3

May 0 N... 0 4-

June 0 Ode. o 3

G

a Mm. 0 & 0 z:

3 Apr. O ■ Oct. O 3 ::

q. Moy O Nov. O ‘,-

5 June O O&. 0 5 ‘,

G 66

? 7 ,

:3 s

99

IB, Is AI, child mrd. m lmml.?

Mol. O

Fornole O

IC, MM,, A,, ,h, child 1(,. now?

plldresldas ln!hlsbseheld... O

Cl+ld mslde, ,l,miwm

. ,“(hl,fi,,) omhws,h,ld, . . O

-wlfhmlnflwx G,.n+a,mt(,) O

■

Father . . . . . . 0

Ocher . . . . . . . O

.?.

9

149.1. III, child nml, or land,?

Male 0

Fsmdo 0

f4C. ~,,o~,s,h, ~ldli,, now?

:,; d .! ,

438. Is $bo child mol. or Iemafo?

Mole 0

Female 0

4SC. Whmado,s dm child Ii . . ...?

46B. Isthechil dmdeorfmml.? 47B.Is th, child mol. o, fmmle?

Mole O Mole O

Female O Fnrmle 0

4dC. Wh,,,dacs iheddld live n..? 47C. Wcr. &.she~ildllve now?

Chlldreddes lnthishwsahold . . . O

Child ret.iks elsewhetw

-In(bislled ovmh.wsahold... O

- wl!h ,. IO,IVOS Gr.mdp.arenl(s) 0

■

Father . . . . . . 0

Other . . . . . . . 0

Child resides in!Ms household . . . O

Gild resides el$ewimre:

-in(hisi%er) owmhouse+of d... Q

-wi!h relet, ves Gmndporeot(s) 0

■

Father . . . . . . . 0

Ocher . . . . . . . O

~ldres,des,n this household . . . O

Child res, des elsewhere:

- in (hisjh) own household . . . 0

-with mlo,,vex Grmdpo<enti,) 0

~ifdresidos inthrsho.sehld... O

~ iId reddes .Isewbew

-in(tisfiw )owb.s+old... 0

-with rn(ctiwx Gmdp~<s) C’

■

Fo!her . . . . . . . O

Other . . . . . . . 0 ■

Fmhsr . . . . . . 0

Other . . . . . . . O

- wl!h .O,,, IOIIV,, . . . . . . . . . . 0

Chllddumwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Cmn’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

-wlthnonrelo!hes . . . . . . . . . . 0

ChNdd@sosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Cm+tkr,ow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

-with rc.wn Motives . . . . . . . ...0

Odlddeceased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Ce#tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

- w,!h n.a.,el.at, ve, . . . . . . . G

Child decensed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

Cm”lknmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C’

-V,,, hmre low,., . . . . . . . ...0

Child deceased . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . O

cbn%kn.aw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f)

I

TRANSCRIPTION ITEMS

L Oues his parson hove o- children

I INTERVIEWER CWECK ITEM INTERVIEW WIJNAN FOR HERSELF. IF NOT PRE3EHT, MAKE TELEPHONE CALLBACK.

55. 14a”dl of bi,lh

(Tr-...ribc {r.” c. c.) Curr*ntly morrl.d tut

not s,pmmec, .14-39 ~ecis old

o

(A,k 49)

Wld.swd, d,vurd, sqwa! ad,

wn,wm orrid, 18-29 y,wsold

o

(A.k {9, ■

9. Looking mitod, do you *ZP.CI

M hov. my (more) chlldrm?

!3. H,wm.ny (more) 51. INTERvIEWER CHECW ITEM

dO v.. -P*CI M h.,.?

10 CuITent Iy marrmd

20 b, not .ep.r.td

30 0

living I. this household?

(Tramcnb. [r.” c. c.]

Ye., o (A.kw) Jai. @

Feb. 0

No 0

}

(End ~w.t;m,,

Unc..oin 0

40 I

(Ad52}

50

Mm. o

W. n

Ma/ ,>

he

July u

Aug. I:,

% “

Oa. [,

Nov. O

ko

6+ 0 W,dowed, dw.xed,

■ -orated, m

never m.mr,ed

1!

■ ~.How mony (more) & “Ml ,xp,.t

mh.av. in thancxt5ymrs?

i3. !4hn &,you expdyc. .r

(.ext, /ir:t) c$ild b be tar 0

(Endwstiml AN others

o

(w ,“**t{*u)

10

2 0 1(’4.ks3)

Within 12manths O

Iuptozyeo,s o

2upto3y=rs 0

3“pto5y.ors 0

Odlkr,ow . . 0

3+0)

11

153 ‘
Supplement to Questionnaire,June 1976 Current PopulationSurvey

1. N(TEPWEWER CNECK ITEM

Fml. E ad has

w. &m m,rr,nd

0

(A.k 3s1

Fml, 18.59

d nav. m-amid

■ o

(h.k %)

All hors

0

(Ed ,...,il..l

I. “b mm!h andy-did ..

Wafq b Ih, II”t Ikw?

Jm 0 (3

Ftb. O I

July O G G

Au-g. o 2’?

%p. o ::

ox o 9

N... 0

Cu. 0

rd. H.. ... -* M my babi.s? 37. In w’b mslllhd y.n, -* ....s

(D. ma cow .,iUbiA.J (--.’ -cd child Sun?

■✚✚

I

A#,. 0

bog:: ■$:

40 Jum O 55 40

50 (Ask37) July O G G so

60 &!. o I’? 60

70 %.0 S 70

80] ] Cd.o 9 I 80

90

10+ 0 J

, y..:

1 1 1

1. NITERVIEWER CHECK ITEN INTERVIEW Wow FOR HERSELF. IF NOT PRESENT, MAKE TELEPHONE CALL SACK.

C.mtl* nwrmd but

M wmmd, 14-3$ years old

o

(A.k 49)

W,ckmd,diwctd, ,~md,

w INVWmmino, 18-34 WUS old

“

[A.k +?) ■

40. Smk!nq akd, doyou qwcl 42. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

10how my (-) chlldmn? Clmnll” rmrid

A

Y., O [A,b 41) iw lnt bad

No O

)

0

(E”{ ,...U.”., (A,k 43)

U“,w.in 0

/w#&43)

W&v/d, d,vwod,

41. Hw m+ny(II.,,) d+ yw Wcfatd, w ■

oapel 10k-av,? m. mmid

o

All oh,, 10

0

(zd y-.b”a,

20 fill Maw

(1.4 ,...tu,u, fill AA* 45) 30

40

50

6+ O

■

●

.How mw (RC4 d. YW

W.plctlohnwhlwlo

nut 5 pm.?

10

20

3+ o

Ncim O (z.i ,.,suu,,

fill 44* 4.3)

.

I

9+ o

TRdJKCRIPTICU ITEAIS

1.Do., this nwsm have mm .hl!dm s.wawh OAb&lh

(r-.**k.IIN cc)

Jm. o

F&. 0

IAOr. 0

#r. o

May 0

Jm, O

July 0

Aug. c1

S+ o

03. 0

N.w 0

Cu. o

‘:,

1“

c,

. .

+

3

,:

I

* U. S. GOVERNMENT P3UNTSNG OFFICE :1978 260-937/3 11 m rm, 0- X+.ml

154
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATIONS SERIES

Series 1.

Sen”es 2.

Series 3.

Series 4.

Series 10.

Series 11,

Formerly Public Health Service publication No. 1000

Programs and Collection Procedtires. -Reports which describe the general programs of the National

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions, and

other materiaf necessary for understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Research .–Studies of new statistical methodology including experimental

tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical techniques,

objective evacuations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical Studies. –Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and Comm,”ttce Reports. –Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised birth

and death certificates. ‘P

Data from the Health Interview Survey .-Statistics on illness; accidental injuries; disability; use of

hospital, medical, dental, and other services; and other heafth-related topics, based on data collected in

a continuing national household interview survey.

Data from the Health Examination Survey .–Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement

of na~ional samples ‘of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population provide” the ba~k for two types of

reports: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United States and

the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an

explicit finite universe of persons.

Series 12. Data from the Institutionalized Population Survey s.–Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports from

these surveys will be in Series 13.

Series 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization. –Statistics on the utilization of heakh manpower and facilities

providing long-term care, ambulatory care, hospital care, and family planning services.

Series 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities. –Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Series 20. Data on Mortality .–Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annuaf or monthly

reports. Special anafyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and time

series amalyses; and statistics on characteristics of deaths not available from the vital records, based on

sample surveys of those records.

Series 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce. –Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce other

than as included in regular annuaf or monthly reports. Special analyses by demographic variables;

geographic and time series anafyses; studies of fertility; and statistics on characteristics of births not

available from the vital records, based on sample surveys of those records.

Series 22. Data from the National Mortality and Natality Surveys.–DiscGntinued effective 1975. Future reports

from these sample surveys based on vital records will be included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.

Series 23. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth .–Statistics on fertility, family formation and dissolution, family planning, and related maternal and infant health topics derived from a biennial survey of

a nationwide probability sample of ever-married women 1544 years of age.

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Scientific and Technical Information Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Public Health Service

Hyattsville, Md. 20782
NCHS

US, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDu CAT IO N, AND WE LFAR6

Pub,,. Health S.,. $.,

Na, !o”al Center Ior Health SIar I,r ICS

cent., B“,ld<ng

3700 E.., W,,, H(ghww

Hvattwlle, Marvl... Z0782

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE uSE $300

PoSTAGE AND FFf SPAID

U 5. DE PA17TbAENT [IF HEW

ki[’fi 390

c

*

THIRD CLASS U.S.MAIL

BLK. RATE

r—— I I C>, p.wcatm!,, ,,, the

[,*to/ n.d //<,2!,/, .St<,l,, t,.<

~ ,cr,m cd,, 40,4,4, xc,,,.