22-1968-cv

Harris v. TD Ameritrade Clearing Inc. 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER

FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE 

PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A 

DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 10th day of May, two thousand twenty-three.

PRESENT:

JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,

BARRINGTON D. PARKER,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

Jan Harris,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 22-1968-cv

TD Ameritrade Clearing Inc.,

Defendant-Appellee.

_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Jan Harris, pro se, Hilo, HI.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE: Laith J. Hamdan, Eric Rieder, 

Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner 

LLP, New York, NY. 
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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

New York (Vyskocil, J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff-appellant Jan Harris, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s judgment 

dismissing her breach of fiduciary duties and trust claims against defendant-appellee TD 

Ameritrade Clearing Inc. (“TD Ameritrade”). In 2005, Harris purchased shares in Bancorp 

International Group, Inc. (“Bancorp”) through her brokerage accounts with TD Ameritrade’s 

predecessors (Ameritrade, Inc and Scottrade, Inc.). Following her purchase, the SEC announced 

it was suspending trading in Bancorp securities. In the intervening years, Harris initiated multiple 

arbitration proceedings and lawsuits against TD Ameritrade. None has been successful. In fact, 

this Court previously affirmed the dismissal of an earlier federal lawsuit based on the same facts 

and asserting similar claims as the instant action. See Harris v. TD Ameritrade, Inc., 837 F. App’x 

841 (2d Cir. 2021) (summary order).

In the current action, Harris has again asserted claims related to the Bancorp stock and the 

defendant’s inability to transfer her shares. The district court determined that Harris’s claims 

failed for three independent reasons: they were time-barred, they were precluded by arbitration 

agreements between the parties, and they were also precluded by the doctrine of res judicata. See

Harris v. TD Ameritrade Clearing Inc., No. 21-CV-8851, 2022 WL 3544171, at *4–8 (S.D.N.Y. 

Aug. 18, 2022). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural 

history of the case, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to affirm.
3

On an appeal from a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, this Court conducts de novo review of a 

district court’s legal conclusions, including its interpretation and application of a statute of 

limitations. City of Pontiac Gen. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. MBIA, Inc., 637 F.3d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 2011).

A statute of limitations defense can be raised in a motion to dismiss “if the defense appears on the 

face of the complaint” and shows that the claim is “clearly . . . out of time.” Whiteside v. HoverDavis, Inc., 995 F.3d 315, 319 (2d Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

We agree with the district court that, based upon the allegations in the operative complaint, 

Harris’s claims are clearly time-barred. Under New York law (which Harris and TD Ameritrade 

agree applies here), her claims would be subject to, at most, a six-year statute of limitations.1 See

N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 213(1), 214(4); Held v. Kaufman, 91 N.Y.2d 425, 431 (1998); Mendler v. JaneHoratio LLC, 142 N.Y.S.3d 492, 493–94 (1st Dep’t 2021). A New York tort claim, including

claims for breach of fiduciary duty and trust, accrues “when all elements of the tort can be 

truthfully alleged in a complaint.” IDT Corp. v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 12 N.Y.3d 

132, 140 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 

In the operative complaint, Harris alleges that in early 2010, she requested that TD 

Ameritrade reregister her shares in her name. In early 2011, after TD Ameritrade had still failed 

to implement that request, Harris brought her first arbitration action, alleging similar claims to the 

ones contained in this action, demonstrating the accrual of her claims at that point. Thus, to timely 

1 Even assuming we were to apply Nebraska law, where TD Ameritrade is incorporated, Harris’s claims 

would be subject to, at most, a four-year limitations period. See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-207 (establishing 

four-year limitations period for “[a]ctions for trespass, conversion, other torts, and frauds”); 25-211 (same 

for “[a]ctions on contracts by reason of failure or want of consideration”); 25-212 (same for “[a]ctions not 

specified”); see also Knoell v. Huff, 395 N.W.2d 749, 753 (Neb. 1986). Thus, the claims also would be 

time barred even under Nebraska law. 
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state any of her claims under New York law, Harris would have needed to have filed her complaint 

in 2017. Instead, she filed this lawsuit in 2021. Her claims are, therefore, time-barred.

Harris nevertheless argues that her claims are timely because a full accounting of her 

brokerage accounts had not been performed by the time she filed this lawsuit, and the statute of 

limitations thus had not started to run. However, the case she relies on, Webster v. Forest Hills 

Care Ctr., LLC, 164 A.D.3d 1499, 1501 (2d Dep’t 2018), applied a limitations period, in part, to 

a breach of a fiduciary duty claim even though plaintiff was seeking an accounting. 

Harris also contends that the limitations period has not started to run because the fiduciary 

relationship continues due to the non-repudiation of the trust. However, “[t]he reason for such a 

tolling rule is that the beneficiary should be entitled to rely upon a fiduciary’s skill without the 

necessity of interrupting a continuous relationship of trust and confidence by instituting suit.” 

Golden Pac. Bancorp v. F.D.I.C., 273 F.3d 509, 519 (2d Cir. 2001). Here, as the district court 

correctly determined, see Harris, 2022 WL 3544171, at *7, Harris cannot show any reasonable 

reliance on the continuing fiduciary relationship which was repudiated, at the very latest nearly a

decade ago, when TD Ameritrade successfully opposed Harris in the 2014 arbitration. 

Because Harris’s claims are time-barred, we need not reach the other grounds for dismissal 

upon which the district court relied. Finally, upon de novo review, we agree with the district court 

that, given that the claims are time-barred, any further amendment of the complaint would have 

been futile. See Melendez v. Sirius XM Radio, Inc., 50 F.4th 294, 309 (2d Cir. 2022) (denial of 

leave to amend based on futility is reviewed de novo). Therefore, the district court correctly 

denied leave to amend.
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We have considered Harris’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court