SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTASY NUMBER 62 

A Scanning Electron Microscope 

Survey of the Epidermis 

of East African Grasses, IV 

Patricia G. Palmer 

and Susan Gerbeth-Jones 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

City of Washington 

1986 
ABSTRACT 

Palmer, Patricia G., and Susan Gerbeth-Jones. A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the Epidermis of East African Grasses, IV. Smithsonian 

Contributions to Botany, number 62, 120 pages, 86 plates, 1986.-In developing a reference collection as a standard for using fossil grass cuticles as a 

paleoecological tool, we have examined leaf epidermal features of grasses 

using SEM. Descriptions (abaxial and adaxial surfaces) of 43 East African 

species are presented comprising three tribes: Arundinelleae, Isachneae, and 

Paniceae. 

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is 

recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Snithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Leaf 

clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiph~llum japonicum Siebold 8c Zuccarini. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

(Revised for vol. 4) 

Palmer, Patricia G’. 

A scanning electron microscope survey of the epidermis of East African grasses. 

ISmithsonian contributions to botanv : no. 49. 53. 55) 

i’ol. 3 by Patricia G. Palmer, Susan Gerbeth-Jones, and Susan Hutchison. 

Vol. 4 by Patricia G. Palmer and Susan Gerbeth-Jones. 

Supt. of Docs. no. : SI 1.29:62 

1. Grasses-Africa, East-Anatomy-Atlases. 2. Grasses-Anatomy-Atlases. 3. LeavesAnatomy-Atlases. 4. Epidermis-Atlases. 5. Ultrastructure (Biology)-Atlases. I. Title. 11. Series. 

QKl.S2747 no. 49, etc. 581 s [584’.909676] 80-19201 [QK495.G74] 

Includes bibliographies and indexes. 
Contents 

Page 

Introduction ............................................ 1 

Acknowledgments 1 .................................... Materials and Methods. 1 

Fortnat 2 for Species Descriptions ............................. 

Tribe ARUNDINELLEAE .................................... 2 

Arundinella nepalensis Trinius 2 ............................. 

Gilgiochloa 3 indurata Pilger ................................ 

Loudetia arundinacea (A. Richard) Steudel 3 

Trichopteryx stolziana Henrard ............................. 4 

Tristachya bequaertii De Wildeman .......................... 4 

Zonotriche 5 inamoena (K. Schumann) W.D. Clayton .............. 

T~~~~ISACHNEAE 6 

Coelachne africana Pilger 6 ................................. 

Heteranthoecia guineensis (Franchet) Robyns 6 ................... 

7 

TribePANICEAE 8 

Acritochaete volkensii Pilger 8 ................................ 

Acroceras zizanioides (Kunth) Dandy ......................... 8 

Alloteropsis angusta Stapf 9 ................................. 

Anthephora elongata De Wildeman .......................... 10 

Axonopusflexuosus (Peter) Troupin ......................... 10 

Brachiaria brizantha (A. Richard) Stapf ...................... 11 

Cenchrus ciliaris Linnaeus ................................ 1 1 

Chaetopoa taylori C.E. Hubbard ............................ 12 

Chloachne oplismenoides (Hackel) Robyns ..................... 1 3 

Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum W.D. Clayton. .................. 13 

Cyrtococcum multinode (Lamarck) W.D. Clayton ................ 14 

15 

Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris Launert ........................ 15 

Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf ........................ 16 

Entolasia imbricata Stapf ................................. 17 

Eriochloa meyerana (Nees) Pilger ........................... 17 

Holcolemma inaequale W.D. Clayton. ........................ 18 

Hylebates chlorochloe (K. Schumann) Napper .................. 19 

Melinis ambigua Hackel .................................. 19 

Odontelytrum abyssinicum Hackel ........................... 20 

Oplismenus burmannii (Retzius) P. Beauvois ................... 

Paspalidium geminatum (Forsskal) Stapf ...................... Paspalum conjugatum Berg. ............................... 23 

................................ 

................... 

........................................ 

Isachne buettneri Hackel .................................. 

......................................... 

Digitaria diagonalis (Nees) Stapf var. uniglumis (A. Richard) Pilger . 

2 1 

2 1 

22 

Panicum trichoides Swartz ................................. 

... 

111 
1v SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher ......................... 23 

Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf ................... Rhynchelytrum kallimorphon W.D. Clayton .................... Sacciolepis africana C.E. Hubbard and Snowden ............... 

Setaria plicatilis (Hochstetter) Engler ........................ Snowdenia petitiana (A . Richard) C.E. Hubbard ................ Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (Linnaeus) Brongniart ............... Stereochlaena caespitosa W.D. Clayton ....................... 

Tricholaena tenergae (Linnaeus f.) Link ...................... 

Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy ...................... 

24 

25 

25 

26 

27 

28 

28 

29 

30 

Appendix: Material Studied ................................ 31 

Literature Cited ......................................... 33 

Plates ................................................. 34 

Index to Grass Species .................................... 120 
A Scanning Electron Microscope 

Survey of the Epidermis 

of East African Grasses, IV 

Patricia G. Palmer 

and Susan Gerbeth-Jones 

Introduction 

This paper represents the fourth part of a 

survey of East African grasses. The purpose of 

this survey is to develop a reference collection of 

the microanatomical features of the leaves of 

modern grasses. The reference collection will 

provide a standard of comparison for identifying 

fossil leaf fragments that are abundant in East 

African lake sediments (Palmer, 1976). As in the 

first three volumes of this survey (Palmer and 

Tucker, 198 1, 1983; Palmer, Gerbeth-Jones, 

and Hutchison, 1985), we are examining the 

grass leaves using scanning electron microscopy 

(SEM). The reader should refer to the first volume (Palmer and Tucker, 1981) for discussion 

of terminology and illustrations of diagnostic features. 

This volume includes 43 genera representing 

three tribes: Arundinelleae, Isachneae, and Paniceae. 

We delimit East Africa to include Uganda, 

Kenya, and Tanzania, the region dealt with in 

the Flora of Tropical East Africa, Gramineae by 

Patricia G. Palmer, Department of Biology, Louisburg College, 

Louisburg, ‘Vorth Carolina 27549. Susan Gerbeth-Jones, Department of Zoolog+j, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 

27706. 

Clayton (1970, 1974, 1982). We also follow the 

nomenclature of the Flora of Tropical East Africa. 

stone of the Department of Zoology, Duke University for research support and encouragement 

in this study. T. Perdue, L. Burney, N. Saunders, 

D. Burney, and D. Thompson provided valuable 

technical assistance. We are grateful to W.D. 

Clayton and S. Renvoize of the Kew Herbarium, 

T. Soderstrom of the National Herbarium, and 

G. Davidse of the Herbarium of the Missouri 

Botanical Garden for providing material for 

study. This research was supported by NSF 

grants DEB78-17669, ATM80-03516, and 

ATM83-04488 to D.A. Livingstone and BSR84- 

00520 to P.G. Palmer and D.A. Livingstone. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Leaf material for 

scanning electron microscopy was taken from 

dried herbarium material. A section from the 

middle portion of a blade from an upper, mature, 

undamaged leaf was chosen for study. Wax was 

removed by soaking the specimen in xylene for 

24 hours. Two pieces of the leaf (one exposing 

the abaxial or lower surface, the other exposing 

the adaxial or upper surface) were mounted on 

stubs with double-coated Scotch tape. The 

specimens were sputter-coated with gold-palladium, observed with a JEOL T20 or a Philips 50 1 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.-We thank D.A. Living1 
2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

scanning electron microscope, and photographed using Polaroid P/N 665 or P/N 55 film. 

Occasionally, specimens were examined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis using the EDAX 

9 100/60 to clarify certain anatomical features. 

The photomicrographs are deposited in the laboratory of D.A. Livingstone, Department of Zoology, Duke University. 

Format for Species Descriptions 

STOMATA.-Frequency; subsidiary cell shape; 

distribution; special features. 

LONG CELLS.-Shape; outline of walls. Papillae: Number/cell, distribution on each cell, 

shape, size. 

PRICKLES.-Frequency; location and type. 

SHORT CELLs.-Location and distribution. Silica Cells: Location and frequency. Cork Cells: 

Location and frequency. 

SILICA BODIES.-Location and shape. 

MICROHAIRS.-Frequency ; number of cells; 

MACROHAIRS.-Frequency; location; nature of 

SPECIAL FEATURES.-Description of unique 

shape; shape of apex. 

base. 

features not covered in other categories. 

Tribe ARUNDINELLEAE 

Arundinella nepalensis Trinius 

PLATES 1-2 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2-3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band. 

Intercostal zone is very wide (Plate la,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular, long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly to markedly 

concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. 

Papillae: None seen. Interstomatal cells are often 

interrupted by short cells (Plate la,b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate lb,c). 

PRICKLES.-common; costal and intercostal 

prickles, occasionally intercostal hooks (Plate 1 d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 

row; intercostal solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal 

and intercostal abundant (Plate la,b,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal highly 

variable from elliptical to round to square to 

crescent-shaped to narrowly saddle-shaped (Plate 

1 b,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long; apex tapered. 

Basal and apical cells are usually collapsed (Plate 

1 e). 

MACROHAIRS.-InfreqUent, intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate If). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2 stomata] 

band/intercostal zone, 1-3 rows/band (Plate 2a, 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 2a). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular, long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 2a,c,d). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 2c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal and intercostal solitary, 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common (Plate 2d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal shape 

highly variable from round to square to elliptical 

to crescent-shaped to saddle-shaped to crossshaped (Plate 2a,d,e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long; apex tapered 

(Plate 2e). 

MACROHAIRS-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 2f). 

b). 
NUMBER 62 3 

Gilgiochloa indurata Pilger 

PLATES 3-4 

ABAXIAL 

times collapsed and appearing parallel; 2-3 stoniatal bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band 

(Plate 3b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 3c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 3c,e). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 3c,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 3d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal dumbbell, ends straight to concave, middle narrow, 

long (Plate 34. 

MICROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long; apex tapered 

(Plate 3f). 

MACROHAIRS.-common to abundant; intercostal; basal cells markedly raised. There are two 

sizes of macrohairs, large, intercostal ones that 

appear infrequently and small ones that are abundant on raised intercostal ridges (Plate 3a,c). 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome or someADAXIAL 

times collapsed and appearing parallel; 2-3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

4b,d). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends straight to 

convex; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 4c). 

LONG CELLS.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 4c). 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome or somePRIcKLEs.--Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 4c,d). 

SHORT CELLs.-CostaI paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 4d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal dumbbell, ends concave to straight, middle narrow, long or short; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 4d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long; apex tapered 

(Plate 4e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. There are two sizes of 

macrohairs, large, intercostal ones that appear 

infrequently and small ones that are abundant 

on raised intercostal ridges (Plate 4af). 

Loudetia arundinacea (A. Richard) Steudel 

PLATES 5-6 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 3 or 4 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

5a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square, rectangular; ends straight to slightly concave; nonsinuous. 

Papillae: None or l/cell, globose, uniform. 

Sometimes the interstomatal cell is raised to resemble a papilla. Sometimes there are several 

interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 5b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular; nonsinuous 0). Papillae: None seen (Plate 5a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; costal 

prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 5a,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal 3-5/row or >5/row; 

intercostal solitary (cork cells only). Silica Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal common (Plate 5a, 

4. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle short and narrow; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 5d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium or basal 
4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

longer, apical slightly shorter; apex rounded 

(Plate 5e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 5f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 1 stomata] 

band/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 

6a,b). 

JNTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 6a). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None or l/cell, globose, uniform. Papillae when 

present are on the long cells adjacent to the 

stomata and opposite the stomata (Plate 6a,b). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal and intercostal 

prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 6cf). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row or 

>5/row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only). silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. 

Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen 

(Plate 6d,e). 

SILICA BoDrEs.-costal and intercostal dumbbell, ends rounded, middle short and narrow 

(Plate 6d,e). 

MIcRoHA1Rs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

longer, apical slightly shorter; apex rounded 

(Plate 6e). 

MAcRoHAms.--Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 6f). 

Trichopte yx stolziana Henrard 

PLATES 7-8 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 4-7 stomatal band/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band 

(Plate 7b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

markedly concave; slightly sinuous. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 7c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular, long narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 7c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent, marginal prickles. 

SHORT CELLS.-coStal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 7d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle narrow, long or short; intercostal not seen. Silica cells are sometimes adjacent 

to each other (Plate 7d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 7e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised (Plate 7af). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 8a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 8c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular; nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 8c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; marginal prickles. 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 8d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle narrow and short, nodular; intercostal not seen. Silica cells are sometimes adjacent (Plate 8d). 

MIcRoHA1Rs.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex tapered. Both cells are collapsed (Plate 8e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised. There are two sizes of macrohairs (Plate Sf). 

Tristachya bequaertii De Wildeman 

PLATES 9-10 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-NOne seen. 

LONG CELLS.-LOIIg, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 9b,c). 
NUMBER 62 5 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal and intercostal 

prickles, intercostal hooks (Plate 9a,c,d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 

row, >5/row; intercostal solitary, paired. Silica 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. 

Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal common (Plate 

9 b , d ,e) . 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends 

rounded or concave, middle short, narrow; intercostal tall and narrow, elliptical (?), crossshaped (Plate 9d,e). 

celled; basal and apical equal 

apex tapered (Plate 9b,eJ). 

MIcRoHAIRs.--~ommon to 

M ACROHAIRS. - None seen. 

abundant; twoin length, long; 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 2-3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band. 

Subsidiary cells appear deflated perhaps because 

of thin walls (Plate lob). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to occasionally rectangular; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous (?) (Plate 1 Ob,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen. Intercostal zone is 

very narrow, swollen, and lacks cellular detail. 

Papillate-type prickles occur in intercostal zone 

(Plate 1 Oc,d). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal prickles; intercostal prickles, hooks, short macrohairs, and papillate-type prickles (Plate lOa,d,f). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (cork cells only). Silica 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. 

Cork cells occur adjacent to prickles (Plate 10d, 

e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight to rounded or sometimes lobed, middle 

short, narrow; intercostal not seen (Plate 10e). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; short 

macrohairs. See Prickles (Plate 1 Of). 

Zonotriche inamoena (K. Schumann) 

W.D. Clayton 

PLATES 11-12 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent to common; parallel 

to low-dome; 1 stomata1 band/intercostal zone, 

1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 1 lb,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None 

seen. Sometimes a short cell is interspersed between two interstomatal cells (Plate 1 Ib,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 1 lbf). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles and intercostal hooks (Plate 1 Id). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded to concave, middle narrow, long; intercostal saddle-shaped, cross-shaped (Plate 1 1 eJ). 

1 kf). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 1 la). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-~ommOn; low-dome; 2 (?) stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band. Stomata 

are sunken in intercostal grooves (Plate 12a,b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS. - Rectangu lar , long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

slightly sinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 12c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

slightly sinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 12c, 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 12dJ). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOSta~ paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant: intercostal not seen (Plate 12d.e). 

f 1. 

JI 'I 
6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle narrow, long or short; intercostal not seen (Plate 12d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical much longer; apex tapered. Apical 

cells are usually deflated, basal cells sometimes 

deflated (Plate 12f). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 12a). 

Tribe ISACHNEAE 

Coelachne africana Pilger 

PLATES 13-14 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Infrequetlt to Common; IOWdome; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 13a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l /cell, globose, uniform. Papillae appear 

thin-walled and are usually deflated. There are 

often 2 or 3 interstomatal cells between stomata 

(Plate 13b). 

LONG CELLs.-Square to rectangular to pentagonal; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, globose, 

uniform. Papillae are probably thin-walled and 

are usually deflated (Plate 13c,d). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent to abundant; intercostal prickles and short macrohairs (Plate 13d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 13e). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal acutely-angled; intercostal not seen (Plate 13e). 

MIcRoHA1Rs.-None seen. Microhairs are perhaps difficult to distinguish from papillae. 

MAcRom1Rs.-Infrequent to abundant; intercostal; basal cells markedly raised or absent 

(short macrohairs). See Prickles (Plate 13f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-IIlfrequent; low-dome; 2 stomata] 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band. Distribution is difficult to determine because stomata may be obscured in grooves (Plate 

14b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-square to pentagonal; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, globose, uniform. There are 2 or 

3 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 146). 

LONG CELLs.--Square to rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; nonsinuous. Papillae: 1 / 

cell, globose, uniform. Papillae are apparently 

thin-walled, usually deflated, and are sometimes 

located near one end of cell (Plate 14b,c). 

PRrcKLm-Infrequent to common; intercostal prickles and short macrohairs. Prickles have 

raised epidermal cells at base (Plate 14af). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/rowr; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 14d). 

SILICA BoDrEs.-costai acutely-angled; intercostal not seen (Plate 14d). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. Microhairs are perhaps difficult to distinguish from papillae. 

MACROHAIRS.-~ee Prickles. 

Heteranthoecia guineensis (Franchet) Robyns 

PLATES 15-16 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common; low-dome; 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band (Plate 15b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square, pentagonal, 

hexagonal; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. 

Papillae: l/cell, globose, uniform. Papillae are 

usually deflated and apparently thin-walled. 

There are often 2 or more interstomatal cells 

between stomata (Plate 15b). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, 

globose, uniform. Papillae are often deflated 

(Plate 15b,c). 

PRICKLEs.-common; intercostal prickles to 

short macrohairs. Prickles are surrounded by 

raised basal cells (Plate 1 5af). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal>5/row; intercostal not 
NUMBER 62 7 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork cells are papillate (Plate 15d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ acutely-angled; intercostal not seen (Plate 15d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-NOne seen. Microhairs may be 

difficult to distinguish from papillae. 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. See Prickles (Plate 15a). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent to common; lowdome; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 16/14). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, globose, uniform. Papillae are often 

deflated and are sometimes located near one end 

of the cell. There are sometimes 2 interstomatal 

cells between stomata (Plate 16c). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular, pentagonal or occasionally long, narrow, width uniform; nonsinuous. Papillae: 1 /cell, globose, uniform. Papillae are often deflated (Plate 166,~). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal or sometimes intercostal prickles and short macrohairs. Prickles 

are surrounded by raised basal cells (Plate 16a, 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal %/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork cells are papillate (Plate 16d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal acutely-angled; intercostal not seen (Plate 16d,e). 

b1ICROHAIRS.-NOne seen. Microhairs may be 

difficult to distinguish from papillae. 

MACROHAIRS.--common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. See Prickles (Plate 16f). 

f ). 

Isachne buettneri Hackel 

PLATES 17-18 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band. Stomata1 bands adjacent to vein (Plate 17a, 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square; ends 

slightly concave; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, 

globose, uniform. Papillae are apparently thinwalled, often deflated (Plate 176). 

LONG CELm-Square to rectangular; nonsinuous. Papillae: 1 /cell, globose, uniform. Papillae 

are apparently thin-walled, often deflated (Plate 

17c). 

PRIcKms.-Common; costal prickles (Plate 

17c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row, intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Some cork cells papillate 

(Plate 17c,d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal figure-eight; intercostal not seen (Plate 17c,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter to basal and apical equal in 

length, medium; apex tapered. Microhairs often 

located on veins (Plate 17e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal. Macrohairs are arranged in a row in the midintercostal region, clustered in groups of 3 or 4 per 

group (Plate 17aJ). 

6). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome to triangular; distribution indeterminable. Stomata are 

too infrequent (Plate 186). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS-Square; ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 186). 

LONG CELLS.-Pentagonal, hexagonal; nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 18c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal short macrohairs (Plate 1 Sf). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOsta~ >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 18d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ figure-eight; intercostal not seen (Plate 18d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

longer, apical shorter to basal and apical equal in 

length, medium; apex tapered (?), usually deflated (Plate 18e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; costal; basal cells 

markedly raised. Short macrohairs. See Prickles 

(Plate 18f). 

Tribe PANICEAE 

Acritochaete volkensii Pilger 

PLATES 19-20 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 

19b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square; ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, 

globose, uniform. Papillae often deflated. Often 

2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 19c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None (on midvein) or l/cell, 

globose, uniform. Papillae often deflated and 

located near one end of cell (Plate 19c,e). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 19f). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row, paired, 3-5/ 

row (midvein only); intercostal not seen. Silica 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork 

cells usually papillate (Plate 19d,e). 

SILICA BODIEs.-costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle wide, short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 19d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 19e). 

MACROHAIRs.-~ommon; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 19aJ). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 

20 b, c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular to pentagonal; ends straight to convex; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

1 /cell, globose, uniform. Papillae often deflated. 

Often 2 interstomatal cells between stomata 

(Plate 20c). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to pentagonal to 

hexagonal; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None or l/cell, globose, uniform. Papillae often deflated and located near 

one end of cell (Plate 20c,d,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal and marginal prickles (Plate 20b,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-COStal >5/row, paired on 

midvein and margins; intercostal not seen. Silica 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork 

cells usually papillate (Plate 20c,d,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-Costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends concave, middle narrow, short, and crossshaped on margins and midvein; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 20c,d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded. Microhairs 

only seen in marginal areas (Plate 20f). 

MACROHAIRS.-short macrohairs abundant; 

intercostal; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 

20a). 

Acrocerus rizanioides (Kunth) Dandy 

PLATES 2 1-22 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; parallel to low-dome; 

1 or sometimes 2 stornatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 21b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex or slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 2 1 c,e). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 2 1 a,c,e). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 
NUMBER 62 9 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal 

abundant. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common (Plate 21d,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle narrow, short; intercostal crossshaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 2 1 b,d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 2 If). 

MACROHAIRS.-~One seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent to common; lowdome to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 row/band (Plate 22b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 22c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 22a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; marginal prickles 

(Plate 22e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary; paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal common (Plate 22c,d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends straight, middle narrow, wide; intercostal cross-shaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 

2 2c, d). 

M1cRoHAIRs.-common, two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 22f). 

MACROHAIRS,-None seen. 

Alloteropsis angusta Stap f 

PLATES 23-24 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 236,~). 

slightly to markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

2 3a,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 23c). 

PRICKLEs.-~ommon; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 23d). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cell only), paired (sometimes paired 

silica cells). Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent (Plate 23d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal cross-shaped or nodular (Plate 23d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-hfrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 23e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 23af). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome or sometimes triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 24b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to slightly concave; nonsinuous. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 24b,c). 

Long Cells.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 24a,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; costal and 

intercostal hooks. Sometimes there is a single 

cork cell adjacent to hook (Plate 24d,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row (sometimes a 

row of adjacent silica cells); intercostal solitary 

(cork cell only). Silica Cells; Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal common (Plate 24d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ cross-shaped, nodular, 

dumbbell, ends concave, middle narrow, short; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 24d,e). 

M1cRoHAIRs.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex tapered 

(Plate 24f). 

MACROHAIRS-None seen. 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Anthephora elongata De Wildeman 

PLATES 25-26 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome to triangular; distribution indeterminable. Stomata are 

seen only near the margins (Plate 25b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat. Papillae: None seen (Plate 25b,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 25c,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 25d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends straight, middle wide, short; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 25d). 

MICROHAIRS,-Common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex tapered 

(Plate 25e). 

MACROHAIRS,-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 25af). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-COmmOn; low-dome; 2 (?) Stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band. Distribution is hard to determine because of a large 

number of hairs and folded cells. Costal areas are 

indistinct (Plate 26b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELm-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex (?); nonsinuous (?). 

Papillae: None seen. Sometimes there are 2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 26b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 26c,e). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 26cf). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, 3-5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal infrequent; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen (Plate 26df). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle wide, short and long, narrow; intercostal not seen (Plate 26df). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 26e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal and 

costal; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 26aJ). 

Axonopusflexuosus (Peter) Troupin 

PLATES 27-28 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 4 stomata] 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band (Plate 27b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly to markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes 2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 

2 7 c, e). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 27~~). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles and 

hooks (Plate 27e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, >!)/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 27d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 27d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 27f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 3 to 4 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 

rows/band (Plate 28b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly to markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

28c). 
NUMBER 62 11 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 28a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; marginal prickles, intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 28e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costa~ >?)/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 28d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 28d). 

M1cRoHAIRs.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 28f). 

M ACROHAIRS .-N one seen. 

Brachiaria brizantha (A. Richard) Stapf 

PLATES 29-30 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome; 2 stomata] 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

29a, b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly or 

sometimes markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes 2 interstomatal cells or 2 interstomatal cells 

and a short cell between stomata (Plate 29c,d). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 29c,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal hooks, marginal prickles and short macrohairs (Plate 29d,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common, abundant 

near margins. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent, abundant near margins (Plate 

29d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short or rarely nodular; intercostal cross-shaped (Plate 29d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer to basal and apical equal in 

length, long; apex tapered(?) (Plate 29e). 

MACROHAIRS-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised (Plate 29f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-COmmOn; low-dome; 2 Stomata] 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

3 Oa, b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes 2 interstomatal 

cells or 2 interstomatal cells and a short cell 

between stomata (Plate 30c,d). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 30c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal hooks, marginal prickles and short macrohairs (Plate 30b). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent (Plate 30c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costa~ cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends rounded, middle wide, short or rarely 

nodular; intercostal cross-shaped (Plate 30c,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered(?) (Plate 

30e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised (Plate 30f). 

Cenchrus ciliaris Linnaeus 

PLATES 31-32 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 1 stomata] 

band/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 3 1 b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 31b,c). 
12 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 31a,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 3 1 d). 

SHORT CELLs.-CostaI paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only), paired. 

Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common (Plate 3 1 d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle narrow, short; intercostal crenate-vertical, cross-shaped (Plate 3 1 d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 3 If). 

M ACR~HAIRS. - None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome to triangular; 2 or sometimes 3 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 row/band (Plate 326,~). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes 2 interstomatal 

cells or 2 interstomatal cells and a short cell 

between stomata (Plate 32a,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 32c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 32c,d,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOStal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common. Cork 

Cells: Costal abundant: intercostal common 

(Plate 32d,e). 

SILICA BoDrEs.-costal dumbbell, 

rounded, middle narrow, short; intercostal 

shaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 32d,e). 

M1cRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; 

cells markedly raised (Plate 32f). 

ends 

crossbasal 

32d). 

basal 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Chaetopoa taylori C.E. Hubbard 

PLATES 33-34 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular to highdome; 2 or sometimes 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band. Shape of subsidiary cell 

hard to determine because of collapsed cells 

(Plate 336,~). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 33c). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 33a,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles and 

short macrohairs (Plate 33d,e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary, paired (marginal areas 

only). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent (Plate 33d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ cross-shaped (marginal areas only), dumbbell, ends concave, middle narrow, long and wide, short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 33d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 33f). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 33e). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; high-dome; distribution indeterminable. Stomata occur in marginal 

area only (Plate 346). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 34b,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles and 

short macrohairs, intercostal hooks (Plate 34e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only). Silica 
NUMBER 62 13 

Cells: Costal and intercostal infrequent. Cork 

Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen 

(Plate 34 c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short to rarely nodular; intercostal cross-shaped (Plate 34d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 34f). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly or markedly raised. Two sizes of 

macrohairs are present; the smaller ones have 

slightly raised basal cells (Plate 34a,e). 

Chloachne oplismenoides (Hackel) Robyns 

PLATES 35-36 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; parallel to low-dome; 2 

stomata1 bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band 

(Plate 35b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised (?). Papillae: None seen (Plate 

35d). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular, sometimes pentagonal; slightly sinuous. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 35a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; prickles on midvein 

and margins only, intercostal short macrohairs 

(Plate 35a,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row, 3-5/row 

(midvein only), paired (midvein only), solitary 

(midvein, cork cells only); intercostal solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 35d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ nodular, dumbbell, 

ends rounded or concave, middle narrow, short; 

intercostal cross-shaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 

35d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 35f). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. There are two sizes of 

macrohairs present (Plate 35a,e). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome, high-dome 

(margins only); 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 36b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes more than one 

interstomatal cell between stomata (Plate 36a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 36a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; costal and 

intercostal prickles (Plate 36a-c). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOStal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only), paired. 

Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent (Plate 36c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight to concave, middle narrow, short; 

intercostal crenate-vertical, cross-shaped (Plate 

3 6 c, d) . 

MICROHAIRS.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 36e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 36f). 

Chlorocalymma c yptacanthum W.D. Clayton 

PLATES 37-38 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to triangular to high-dome; 2 or sometimes 4 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 37b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 37b,c) 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

width uniform; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 37a,c). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 37a,c). 

SHORT CELLS.-coSta~>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 37d). 

SILICA BODIEs.-Costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends rounded, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 37d). 

MICROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 37e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 37f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to highdome; 6, 8, or 10 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 row/band (Plate 38a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular to long, narrow, width uniform; ends 

slightly concave; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen. Sometimes 2 interstomatal cells or 2 interstomatal cells and a prickle between stomata 

(Plate 386,~). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 38b,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 38a,c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

common; intercostal infrequent. Intercostal cork 

cell sometimes adjacent to a prickle (Plate 38c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped; intercostal cross-shaped to dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short (Plate 38c,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 38e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly to markedly raised (Plate 38f). 

Cyrtococcum multinode (Lamarck) 

W.D. Clayton 

PLATES 39-40 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome to triangular 

to high-dome; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 

1 row/band (Plate 39b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell; globose (?); uniform. Papillae are 

usually deflated. Sometimes there are 2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 39b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell; globose (?); uniform. Papillae are often deflated. 

Outline of cell is difficult to determine because 

of collapsed cells (Plate 394~). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 39a,c). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen. Cork cells are sometimes 

papillate (Plate 39d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOstal square, elongatedsmooth; intercostal not seen. Silica bodies are 

sometimes lobed on the end (Plate 396,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded. Sometimes 

the apical cell has a swollen papillate tip (Plate 

39e). 

MAcRoHAIRs.-Common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. There are two sizes of 

macrohairs present (Plate 39c,f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome; distribution indeterminable because only a few stomata 

seen near the margins and on the midvein (Plate 

406,~). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends straight to convex; mark- 
NUMBER 62 15 

edly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 406,~). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None or l/cell, globose, uniform 

(Plate 40a,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal hooks and short macrohairs (Plate 40a,d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 

row, >?)/row, intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: 

Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen 

(Plate 40d). 

SILICA BODIES.-COStal elongated-smooth; intercostal not seen (Plate 40d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 40e). 

MAcRoHAms.-Common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 40f). 

Digitaria diagonalis (Nees) Stapf 

var. uniglumis (A. Richard) Pilger 

PLATES 4 1-42 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-COmmOn; triangular; 1 or 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone; 1 row/band (Plate 

4 1 a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends slightly to markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 4 l a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

Kone seen (Plate 4 1 6,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent; prickles only seen 

near margin (Plate 41c). 

SHORT CELLS.-COS~~~ >!)/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 

4 1 d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle wide, short, to cross-shaped; 

intercostal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle wide, short (Plate 4 1 d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 4 If). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common; low-dome to highdome; 1 or 2 stomata1 bands/intercostal zone; 1 

row/band (Plate 426,~). 

INTERSTOMATAL C~~Ls.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform to nonuniform; 

ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 42b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 42a,c). 

PRICKLES.-Common; costal prickles; infrequent intercostal hooks (Plate 42df). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: 

Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen (Plate 

42d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costa~ nodular, dumbbell, 

ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal 

dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short. 

Sometimes silica bodies are adjacent (Plate 

42d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common to abundant; twocelled; basal and apical equal in length, medium; 

apex rounded or basal shorter, apical slightly 

longer; apex tapered (Plate 42f). 

MAcRoHAIRs.--1\Jone seen. 

Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris Launert 

PLATES 43-44 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 1 or 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 

rows/band 0). Intercostal zones difficult to determine (Plate 436,~). 
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 43c)d). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 43a,d). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-costal and intercostal solitary, 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal infrequent 

(Plate 43d,e). 

SILICA BODIEs.-costal cross-shaped to dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal cross-shaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 43d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 43f). 

M ACROHAIRS. -None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2 or 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

44a, b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly to 

tnarkedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 44b)c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 444~). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only), paired. 

Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal common. Cork 

Cells: Costal common, intercostal infrequent 

(Plate 44c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends concave, middle narrow, short; intercostal crenate-vertical, cross-shaped (Plate 

44c, d ) . 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 44e). 

cells markedly raised (Plate 44f). 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; intercostal; basal 

Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf 

PLATES 45-46 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome or sometimes triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 45a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square, rectangular; ends straight to convex to slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised (?). Papillae: l /cell, globose, uniform. Sometimes there 

are 2 or 3 interstomatals between stomata (Plate 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular, long, narrow, 

width nonuniform (slightly wider in middle). Papillae: I/cell, globose, uniform (Plate 45c,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal prickles on 

midvein and veins near margin, rarely intercostal 

short macrohairs (Plate 454. 

SHORT CELLS.-costaI >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

common; intercostal not seen. Cork cells are 

papillate (Plate 45d). 

SILICA BODIES.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight or slightly lobed, middle wide, short or 

sometimes nodular; intercostal cross-shaped 

(Plate 45d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

slightly longer, apical slightly shorter; apex 

rounded (?) (Plate 45e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised. Short macrohairs. See Prickles (Plate 45f). 

45cf ). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOIl; low-dome; 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band (Plate 46b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square, rectangular; ends straight to convex; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised 0). Papillae: l/cell, globose, 

uniform. Sometimes there are 2 or more interstomatals between stomata (Plate 46c). 
NUMBER 62 17 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular, long, narrow, 

width nonuniform (middle slightly wider) or 

sometimes square; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised (?). Papillae: l/cell, globose, uniform 

(Plate 46c,d). 

PrucKLEs.-Infrequent; mainly on margin but 

rarely costal and intercostal prickles (Plate 46a). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >?)/row; intercostal 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal common to abundant; 

intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common 

to abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells 

are papillate (Plate 46d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends 

rounded, straight or lobed, middle wide, short 

(Plate 46d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

slightly longer, apical slightly shorter; apex 

rounded (?). Apical cell is usually deflated (Plate 

MAcRoHAIRs.-Common to abundant; intercostal; basal cells slightly to markedly raised. 

There is a large number of raised cells (Plate 

46a). 

46f ), 

Entolasia imbricata Stapf 

PLATES 47-48 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 

2 or sometimes 1 row/band (Plate 47a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly to 

markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 47c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 47c,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; intercostal prickles. Prickles are often obscured in intercostal groove (Plate 47c). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent to common (Plate 47c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight or lobed, middle wide, short; intercostal 

cross-shaped (Plate 47d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 47e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common to abundant; intercostal; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 47f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 4 rows/band (Plate 48a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 48a). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 48d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 48c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common (Plate 48c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal dumbbell, ends 

straight or lobed, middle wide, long or short; 

intercostal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends straight 

or lobed, middle wide, short (Plate 48c,d). 

M1cRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 48e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; costal and intercostal; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 48f). 

Eriochloa meyerana (Nees) Pilger 

PLATES 49-50 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 

1 row/band (Plate 49a,b). 
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends straight to 

convex or slightly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes there are 2 interstomatal cells and a cork 

cell between stomata (Plate 49a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 496,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; intercostal hooks and sometimes prickles (Plate 49e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal %/row; intercostal 

solitary (cork cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal 

common; intercostal abundant (Plate 49b,d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight or lobed, middle wide, short or 

long; intercostal cross-shaped to square (Plate 

49 b,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex tapered (Plate 49f). 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular; 2 or sometimes 3 or 4 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band. Subsidiary 

cells are often collapsed (Plate 50a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends straight to 

convex; nonsinuous (may be an artifact of collapsed cells). Papillae: None seen. Sometimes 

there are 2 interstomatal cells and a cork cell (or 

prickle) between the stomata (Plate 50c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform 

(?), nonsinuous (?). Papillae: None seen. It is very 

difficult to determine shape and outline because 

of collapsed cells (Plate 50a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles and 

hooks (Plate 50c). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

common; intercostal not seen (Plate 50d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal nodular or dumbbell, 

ends lobed or sometimes straight, middle wide, 

long or short; intercostal cross-shaped (Plate 

5 0 d, e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex tapered (?). Apical 

cell is usually deflated (Plate 50f). 

MACROHAIRS-None seen. 

Holcolemma inaequale W.D. Clayton 

PLATES 51-52 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to triangular; 2 or 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 

row/band (Plate 51a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular, long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 51b). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular, long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 5 16). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; marginal, costal and 

intercostal prickles (Plate 5 Ic). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 5 Id,f). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle narrow and short or wide and 

short; intercostal cross-shaped. Silica cells are 

sometimes adjacent to each other (Plate 51dj). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 5 le). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 5 If). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common; low-dome to highdome; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 

rows/band (Plate 52a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular, long, 

narrow, width uniform or nonuniform (wider in 

middle); ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 52c). 
NUMBER 62 19 

LONG CELLs.-Pentagonal, long, narrow, 

width nonuniform (wider in middle); nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 52a,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; costal and 

intercostal prickles (Plate 52a). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only). Silica 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. 

Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen 

(Plate 52a,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight or lobed, middle wide and short or sometimes nodular; intercostal cross-shaped. Sometimes silica cells are adjacent to each other (Plate 

52a,d). 

MIcRoHA1Rs.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered. Microhairs 

are often on the costal regions (Plate 52d,e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly or markedly raised (Plate 52f). 

Hylebates chlorochloe (K. Schumann) Napper 

PLATES 53-54 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; low-dome or sometimes triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 53b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends slightly concave; slightly sinuous or 

indeterminable in most cases. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 53c). 

LONG CELLS.-square, rectangular, long, narrow, width uniform; slightly sinuous (best seen 

near the margin) to markedly sinuous (on costal 

areas), interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 53a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-~ommon; intercostal and marginal prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 53a,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOStaI solitary (cork cells only 

and only on midvein), 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 53c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded to straight, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 53c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex 

rounded (Plate 53e). 

MACROHAIRS-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 53f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 54b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform to sometimes rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 54b,d). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 54a,c). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal prickles and intercostal hooks (Plate 54c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal infrequent. Sometimes 

there are >5 adjacent silica cells in a row, not 

separated by cork cells (Plate 54d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle wide, short; intercostal crossshaped (Plate 54d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium, or basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (Plate 54b). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 54f). 

Melinis ambigua Hackel 

PLATES 55-56 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band. Interstomatal zones are very narrow and 

somewhat grooved (Plate 55a,b). 
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 55b,e). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 55b,d). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; intercostal prickles 

and hooks (Plate 554. 

SHORT CELLS.-cOstal >5/row7; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 55d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen 

(Plate 55d). 

MrcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long or basal shorter, 

apical slightly longer; apex rounded (Plate 55e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. Two sizes of macrohairs 

are present (Plate 55af). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 8- 1 O(?) 

stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 

2 rows/band. Costal zone is difficult to detect 

(Plate 56b,d). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular or 

sometimes long, narrow, width uniform; slightly 

or sometimes markedly concave; slightly sinuous. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 56c). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 56d). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal prickles (Plate 

56e). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >?)/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 56f). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 56f). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Odontelytrum abyssinicum Hackel 

PLATES 57-58 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band. Costal zones are difficult to 

detect (Plate 57a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular or 

sometimes square, long, narrow, width uniform; 

ends straight to convex; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 1, 2, 3 or more/cell, 

single row or irregular, globose to elongate, variable. Sometimes there seem to be 2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 57b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

3 or more/cell, single row, globose to elongate, 

variable (Plate 57a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.--ru’one seen. 

SHORT CmLs.--Costal solitary, paired, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: 

Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Costal 

cork cells are papillate (Plate 57b,d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal cross-shaped, nodular, 

dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal crenate-vertical (Plate 57b,d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 57f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 

1-2 rows/band. Costal zones are difficult to detect (Plate 58a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: 1, 2, 3 or more/ 

cell, single row, elongate or globose, variable 

(Plate 58b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 
NUMBER 62 21 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: 1, 2, 3 or more/cell, single row, 

globose or elongate, variable (Plate 58c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; prickles costal to intercostal. Large, straight prickles without swollen 

bases are more or less on sides of veins (Plate 

58c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired; intercostal solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal and 

intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal infrequent (Plate 58d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped, dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal crenate-vertical (Plate 58d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 58f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Oplismenus burmanii (Retzius) P. Beauvois 

PLATES 59-60 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 59b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

markedly concave (?); slightly sinuous. Ends and 

outline of cells are difficult to determine because 

of collapsed cells. Papillae: None seen (Plate 59c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous to markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 59a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; marginal prickles. 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common. Cork Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 

5 9c, d ) . 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular or dumbbell, 

ends rounded, middle wide and short; intercostal 

cross-shaped, crenate-vertical (Plate 59c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~onlmon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 59e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. Two sizes of macrohairs 

present (Plate 59af). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome; distribution indeterminable because stomata are too infrequent (Plate 60b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Indeterminable because stomata are too infrequent. 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous to markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None or 3 or 

more/cell, irregular, globose. Papillae only on 

long cells adjacent to veins. Raised rectangular 

masses are scattered throughout intercostal long 

cells (Plate 60a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal, intercostal and 

marginal prickles (Plate 60d,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-coStaI >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal and 

intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 60d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal mainly nodular or occasionally dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide 

and short; intercostal crenate-vertical, crossshaped (Plate 60d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 60e). 

MACROHAIRs.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. There are two sizes of 

macrohairs present (Plate 60f). 

Panicum trichoides Swartz 

PLATES 6 1-62 

ABAXIAL 

~TOMATA.-~ommon; low-dome or sometimes triangular; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 row/band (Plate 61b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly or markedly concave; slightly to markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None 
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

seen. There are often more than one interstomatal cell between stomata (Plate 61c). 

LONG CELLs.-Square to rectangular; markedly to slightly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 61a,d). 

PRICKLES.-Infrequent; marginal prickles 

only. 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. There are sometimes >1 adjacent 

silica bodies (Plate 61d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight or concave, middle narrow and 

short; intercostal cross-shaped (Plate 6 1 d,ef). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent to common; twocelled; basal and apical equal, medium, to basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded. Apical cell 

very thin and deflated (Plate 61f). 

MAcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised (Plate 61a). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome to triangular; 2-4 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 

rows/band (Plate 62b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen. Sometimes there are >1 interstomatal cells 

between stomata (Plate 62c). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular, pentagonal; slightly sinuous (markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised in marginal areas). Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 62a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; marginal prickles 

only. 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 62d). 

SILICA BoDrEs.-costa~ nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle wide and short; intercostal 

not seen. Sometimes there are >I silica bodies 

adjacent to each other (Plate 62d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 62e). 

cells slightly raised (Plate 62f). 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; intercostal; basal 

Paspalidium geminatum (Forsskal) Stapf 

PLATES 63-64 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 1 or 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band 

(Plate 63a,6). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 63c,d). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 63a,c). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (cork cells only). Silica 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent 

(Plate 63d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped or dumbbell, ends straight, middle wide, short; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 63d,e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 63f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Common to abundant; low-dome; 

1 or sometimes 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/band (Plate 64a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular or 

sometimes square to pentagonal; ends straight to 

convex; nonsinuous (?). Papillae: 1 /cell, globose 

to elongate, variable. Papillae are located near 

one end of cell and are often deflated. There 

often are 2 interstomatal cells between stomata 

(Plate 646,~). 
NUMBER 62 23 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular, pentagonal; nonsinuous (?). Papillae: 1 /cell (sometimes the papilla 

is deflated so as to appear absent), globose to 

elongate, variable. Papillae are often deflated 

and located near one end of cell (Plate 64a,c,d). 

P~~c~~~s.-Infrequent; cosal short macrohair-type (Plate 64e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal %.!)/row, >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen. Cork cells are papillate 

(Plate 64d,f). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 64f). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. Microhairs may be: 

obscured by papillae. 

MACROHAIRS.-see Prickles. 

Paspalum conjugatum Berg 

PLATES 65-66 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome to triangular; 5 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 65b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: None seen (Plate 65b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular, long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat. Papillae: None seen (Plate 65a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal and marginal prickles (Plate 65f). 

SHORT cELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal 

common; intercostal not seen. Sometimes there 

are adjacent silica cells without cork cells between 

them (Plate 65a,d). 

SILICA BODIES.-costal narrowly saddleshaped, unlobed, tall and narrow; intercostal 

crenate-vertical (Plate 65a,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 65e). 

cells markedly raised (Plate 65f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2 or 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 

rows/band. Some subsidiary cells have a pair of 

papillae on each cell (Plate 66b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen. Sometimes there are 2 or more interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 66b,c). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform (?); nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen. Shape is hard to determine because of 

collapsed cells (Plate 66a,f). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal hooks 

(Plate 66f). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOStal >5/row7; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 66c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal widely saddle-shaped, 

unlobed, tall and narrow to square; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 66c,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate Me). 

MACROHAIRS.-common; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 66f). 

Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher 

PLATES 67-68 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common to abundant; low-dome; 

8 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 67a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly to 

markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 67b). 

LONG CELts.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 67b,d). 

PRICKLES.-common; costal prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 67d). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOstal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal common to abundant. Cork 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen (Plate 

67c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, short; intercostal cross-shaped 

(Plate 67c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon to abundant; twocelled; basal and apical equal in length, medium 

to basal shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered (Plate 67e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common to abundant; intercostal; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 67f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular or sometimes low-dome; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 6%~). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 6th). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 68c,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 68a,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal 3-5/row, >!)/row; intercostal solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica 

Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

Costal common; intercostal infrequent (Plate 

68d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle wide, short; intercostal tall and 

narrow, crenate-vertical, cross-shaped (Plate 

68d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 68e). 

MAcRoHArRs.-Abundant; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly to markedly raised (Plate 68f). 

Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf 

PLATES 69-70 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome, triangular, 

high-dome; 3 or 4 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or 2 rows/band. Shape of subsidiary cells 

difficult to determine because of collapsed cells 

(Plate 69b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends slightly concave; nonsinuous. Papillae: There seems to be one large, collapsed 

papilla on each cell. Ends and cell outlines are 

difficult to determine because of collapsed cells. 

Sometimes there are two interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 69c). 

LONG CELLS.-square, rectangular; nonsinuous. Papillae: There seems to be one large, 

collapsed papilla on each cell. Outline of cells is 

difficult to determine because of collapsed cells 

(Plate 69a,c). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-coStal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Sometimes there are several silica cells adjacent to each other without cork cells between 

(Plate 69d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-cosral nodular, dumbbell, 

ends concave, middle wide and short; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 69d). 

MICROHAIRS.-cO~mon; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded 0). Both the 

basal and apical cells are commonly collapsed 

(Plate 69e). 

cells slightly raised. Basal cells seem thin-walled 

and sometimes are deflated (Plate 69f). 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; intercostal; basal 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome; distribution indeterminable because stomata are too infrequent (Plate 70a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 
NUMBER 62 25 

slightly concave; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen. 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; slightly sinuous to markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 70b,d). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; intercostal and marginal prickles (Plate 70b,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal>5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen (Plate 70c). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular or dumbbell, 

ends rounded or straight, middle short and narrow; intercostal not seen (Plate 70c). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium or basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex rounded 

(Plate 70d,e). 

~AcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 70f). 

Rhynchelytrum kallimorphon W.D. Clayton 

PLATES 71-72 

ABAXIAL 

Stomata.-Common to abundant; low-dome; 

2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band 

(Plate 71b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 71b,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 7 Id). 

PRICKLES.-common; costal and intercostal 

prickles (Plate 7 la,e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired; intercostal solitary (cork cells only). Silica Cells: Costal 

infrequent; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal infrequent (Plate 7 ld,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle short and narrow; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 7 ld,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-InfreqUent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

slightly shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered (Plate 7 IcJ). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome to triangular; 3 to 5 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 

2 rows/band (Plate 72a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly to markedly concave; slightly to markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 72c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

slightly to markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 72e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal and intercostal 

prickles, intercostal hooks (Plate 72b,c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary (cork cells only). Silica 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent 

(marginal areas only). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends concave or straight, middle narrow and 

short; intercostal not seen (Plate 72d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length to basal slightly 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 72f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Sacciolepis africana 

C.E. Hubbard and Snowden 

PLATES 73-74 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome or occasionally high-dome; 6-8 stomatal bands/intercostal 

zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band. Subsidiary 

cells are usually collapsed perhaps because of thin 

walls (Plate 73b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectan- 
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

gular; ends straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, globose to elongate, uniform. Papillae are usually deflated. Sometimes there are 

2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 73a, 

c). 

LONG CELLS.-square to rectangular to pentagonal to hexagonal; nonsinuous. Papillae: 1 / 

cell, globose to elongate, uniform (Plate 73a,d). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal papillate-type 

prickles. Prickles are very abundant on large 

veins (Plate 73e). 

SHORT CELLS.-COstal solitary (silica cells 

only), paired, 3-5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. 

Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. 

Cork cells are papillate (Plate 73e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal nodular, dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle wide and short; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 73e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length to basal shorter, apical 

longer; apex tapered. Apical cell is usually deflated (Plate 73f). 

!vfACROHAIRS.-NOne seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2-4 stomata] bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band. 

Subsidiary cells are usually collapsed (Plate 74b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends straight to convex nonsinuous. Papillae: l/cell, elongate, uniform. Papillae are usually deflated. Sometimes there are 2 interstomatal cells between stomata (Plate 74c,d). 

LONG CELLS.-square to rectangular to pentagonal to hexagonal; nonsinuous. Papillae: 1 / 

cell, elongate, uniform. Papillae are usually deflated (Plate 74c). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal papillate-type 

prickles (Plate 74d). 

SHORT CELLS.-COstal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork cells are papillate 

(Plate 744. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costa~ nodular or dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle wide, short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 74d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex tapered. Microhairs are difficult to distinguish 

from papillae when both are collapsed (Plate 

74f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Setaria plicatilis (Hochstetter) Engler 

PLATES 75-76 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common to abundant; triangular; 1, 2, or sometimes 3 stomata1 bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band (Plate 

7 5a, b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends straight to 

convex or slightly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

7 5 b ,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 754). 

PRICKLES.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks. The base of the prickle 

is often deflated (Plate 75f). 

SHORT CELLS.-COstal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent. There are sometimes 

adjacent silica bodies without a cork cell between 

(Plate 75c,d,e). 

SILICA BODIEs.-Costal nodular (sometimes 

very long with 4-5 lobes on each side), dumbbell, 

ends straight, middle short, narrow; intercostal 

crenate-vertical, cross-shaped, or sometimes 

dumbbell, ends straight, middle short, wide 

(Plate 75c,d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long or basal shorter, 

apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 75c). 

MACROHAIRS-Infrequent to common; inter- 
NUMBER 62 27 

costal; basal cells markedly raised. There are two 

sizes of macrohairs-one type is much longer 

than the other. The macrohairs occur in 3-4 

rows in some of the intercostal zones (Plate 75f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; triangular; 1 or sometimes 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 76aJ). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform: ends slightly concave; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 76a,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform: 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 76b,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 76a,c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >?)/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only). Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen. There are sometimes adjacent silica bodies without a cork cell 

between (Plate 76d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle short, wide or narrow or sometimes nodular; intercostal crenate-vertical, crossshaped (Plate 76d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length to basal shorter, apical 

longer: apex tapered (Plate 76e). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells markedly raised. Macrohairs seem to be in 

widely separated rows and not very abundant in 

rows (Plate 76f). 

Snowdenia petitiana (A. Richard) 

C.E. Hubbard 

PLATES 77-78 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Common to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular: 1 or sometimes 2 stomatal bands/ 

intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/band. 

Subsidiary cell shape is difficult to determine 

because cells are often collapsed (Plate 77b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular (?); 

ends straight to convex; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None seen. Cells are often collapsed; shape 

and outline of walls are difficult to determine 

(Plate 77b). 

LONG CELLS.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform (?); slightly sinuous. Papillae: 

None seen. Cells are often collapsed: shape and 

outline of walls are difficult to determine (Plate 

77b,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Common to abundant; costal and 

sometimes intercostal prickles (Plate 776,~). 

SHORT CELLs.-CostaI solitary (silica cells 

only), paired, 3-5/row; intercostal not seen. Szlica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. 

Cork Cells: Costal infrequent to common; intercostal not seen (Plate 77b,df). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular; intercostal 

not seen. Some are very long with many nodes 

(Plate 77d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium to basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (?) (Plate 

77e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common to abundant; costal; 

basal cells markedly raised (Plate 77aLf). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent (seen near margin 

only); triangular to high-dome; distribution indeterminable because stomata are too infrequent 

(Plate 78b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends straight to 

convex; slightly sinuous. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 78b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform (shape indeterminable except 

near margin because of collapsed cells); slightly 

sinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 78b,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-~ommon to abundant; costal and 

sometimes intercostal prickles (Plate 78a,c). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOstal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal infrequent to common; intercostal not seen. Cork 

Cells: Costal infrequent; intercostal not seen. 

Sometimes there are 2 or 3 adjacent silica bodies 

(Plate 78d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costa~ nodular (very long); 

intercostal not seen (Plate 78d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 78e). 

MACROHAIRS.-common to abundant; intercostal and costal; basal cells markedly raised 

(Plate 78f). 

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (Linnaeus) 

Brongniart 

PLATES 79-80 

ABAXIAL 

~ToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome to triangular; 1 stornatal band/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 79b,e). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform or sometimes rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised. Papillae: None seen. Sometimes there are 

2 interstomatal cells and a silica cell between 

stomata (Plate 79e). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 79a,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 79e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >!)/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

Costal and intercostal common (Plate 79b,c). 

SILICA BODIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide, short; intercostal crenate-vertical or sometimes cross-shaped 

(Plate 79b,c). 

MICROHAIRS.-common to abundant; twocelled; basal shorter, apical longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 79f). 

~ACROHAIRS.-NOne seen. 

AD AXIAL 

SToMATA.-~ommon; low-dome to triangular; 1 or 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 

row/band (Plate 80b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends slightly concave; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, raised (Plate 80c). 

LONG CELLS.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 80a,c). 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal prickles (Plate 

80d). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

Costal common; intercostal infrequent to common (Plate 80d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide, short; intercostal crenate-vertical or sometimes cross-shaped 

(Plate 80d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common to abundant; twocelled; basal shorter, apical longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 80f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Stereochl aena caespitosa W. D. Clayton 

PLATES 81-82 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-None seen. 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen. The intercostal 

long cells are collapsed and folded and shape is 

difficult to determine (Plate 8la,b,c). 

PRIcKLES.-Abundant; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 81b,c). 

SHORT CELLS.-cOStal paired, 3-5/row, >5/ 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 8 lb,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costa~ dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide and short; intercostal not seen (Plate 81b,d). 
NUMBER 62 29 

MICROHAIRs.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered. Microhairs 

occur in rows adjacent to vein (Plate 8lef). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-commOn; low-dome; 2 or 3 Stoniatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

8 2 b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 82c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; nonsinuous. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 82c). 

PRICKLES.-Abundant; costal prickles; intercostal prickles and hooks (Plate 82b,c). 

SHORT C:ELLS.-COStal 3-5/row, >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 82d,e). 

SILICA BODIEs.-costa~ dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle !vide and short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 82d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 82f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Tricholaena teneriffae (Linnaeus f.) Link 

PLATES 83-84 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-common; triangular; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band. Costal zones are high ridges, and intercostal zones are deep grooves. It is sometimes difficult to determine intercostal features (Plate 83a, 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, 

width uniform; ends slightly to markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 83a,d). 

b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 83a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 83d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary, paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 83c,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide, short; intercostal tall and narrow (Plate 83c,e). 

~ICROHAIRS.-Common; two-celled; basal 

shorter; apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 83f). 

MACROHAIRS. -None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Common to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 

1-2 rows/band (Plate 84a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, lvidth uniform; ends straight to 

convex or slightly concave; nonsinuous to slightly 

sinuous. Papillae: None seen. The entire interstornatal cell appears markedly raised giving the 

stomata a depressed appearance. There are often 

two interstornatal cells between stomata (Plate 

8 4a ,c) . 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

nonsinuous to slightly sinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 84c,d). 

PRICKLES.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 84d). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal 

solitary. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent (Plate 84d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-Costal elongated sinuous, 

nodular, dumbbell, ends rounded, middle wide, 

short; intercostal cross-shaped, square (Plate 84d, 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex tapered (Plate 84f). 

e). 

hfACROHAIRS.-NOne seen. 
30 

Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy 

PLATES 85-86 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

ADAXIAL 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn to abundant; triangular 

or sometimes low-dome; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 85b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to 

long, narrow, width uniform; ends slightly to 

markedly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 85c,d). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 856,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-bione seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal 3-5/row, >5/row, or 

sometimes paired; intercostal solitary (silica cells 

only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal common to 

abundant; intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal 

common to abundant; intercostal common (Plate 

85d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave or straight, middle narrow or wide, short, 

sometimes cross-shaped, rarely nodular; intercostal crenate-vertical or cross-shaped (Plate 85d). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 85e). 

MAcRoHArRs.-Infrequent; intercostal and 

costal; basal cells markedly raised. Macrohairs 

often occur in pairs where they do occur, but 

they are sparselv distributed (Plate 85f). 

SToMATA.-~ommon to abundant; low-dome 

to triangular or sometimes high-dome; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 86b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular or 

sometimes long, narrow, width uniform; ends 

slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised 0). Papillae: None seen (Plate 86b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen. Often the demarcations of the cell 

walls are not obvious, and it is difficult to distinguish one cell from another (Plate 86a,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

and hooks (Plate 86c). 

SHORT CELLS.-CostaI >5/row; intercostal 

solitary (silica cells only), paired. Silica Cells: Costal common: intercostal infrequent to common. 

Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent (Plate 86a,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped or dumbbell, ends straight or lobed, middle wide, short; 

intercostal crenate-vertical, cross-shaped (Plate 

86a,d). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent to common: twocelled; basal shorter, apical longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 86e). 

MAcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent to common; basal 

cells markedly raised. Only the basal cells are 

left, or parts of the shaft, no intact hairs seen 

(Plate 861). 
APPENDIX 

Material Studied 

Species 

Acritochaete volkensii 

Acroceras zizanioides 

Alloteropsis angusta 

Anthephora elongata 

A rundinella nepalensis 

Axonopus jlexuosus 

Brachiaria brizantha 

Cenchrus ciliaris 

Chaetopoa taylori 

Chloachne oplismenoides 

Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum 

Coelachne africana 

Cyrtococcum multinode 

Digitaria diagonalis var. uniglumis 

Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris 

Echinochloa haploclada 

Entolasia imbricata 

Eriochloa meyerana 

Gilgiochloa indurata 

Heteranthoecia guineensis 

Holcolemma inaequale 

Hylebates chlorochloe 

Isachne buettneri 

Loudetia arundinacea 

Melinis ambigua 

Odontelytrum abyssinicum 

Oplismenus burmannii 

Panicum trichoides 

Paspalidium geminatum 

Collection 

Davidse 7008 

Reekmans 4864 

Hitchcock 24788 

Adamson 10 

Liebenberg 2390 

Trapnell 170 1 

Hitchcock 24884 

Bogdan2242 

Milne-Redhead & 

Taylor 9684 

Brenan, Jones, Richards 9551 

Greenway & Kanuri 

13980 

Auquier 3437 

Dawkins D57 1 

Boaler 738 

Boaler 246 

Johnston s.n. 2 November 1933 

Bogdan 4054 

Glover, Gwynne & 

Samuel 454 

Greenway 14367 

Simon & Williamson 

Davidse & Handlos 

Polhill & Paulo 619 

Bogdan AB 3909 

Ba 1 d w i n 

Thomas 3920 

Greenway 14489 

Ash 2103 

Nicholson 2 13 

Gillman 1462 

Ash 1376 

1925 

7217 

Origin Herbarium 

Kenya 

Burundi 

Kenya 

Tanzania 

S. Africa 

N. Rhodesia 

Uganda 

Kenya 

Tanzania 

MO 

MO 

US 

K 

us 

MO 

us 

K 

K 

British Camerouns US 

Tanzania MO 

Rwanda MO 

Tanzania K 

Tanzania K 

Uganda K 

Uganda K 

Kenya K 

Kenya K 

Tanzania MO 

Zambia MO 

Zambia us 

Kenya 

Kenya 

Kenya 

Uganda 

Tanzania 

Ethiopia 

Tanzania 

Tanzania 

Ethiopia 

K 

K 

MO 

us 

MO 

MO 

K 

K 

MO 

31 
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Material Studied-Continued. 

Species 

Paspalum conjugatum 

Pennisetum purpureum 

Pseudechinolaena polystachya 

Rhynchelytrum kallimorphon 

Sacciolepis africana 

Setaria plicatilis 

Snowdenia petitiana 

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum 

Stereochlaena caespitosa 

Tricholaena tenergae 

Trichopteryx stolziana 

Tristachya bequaertii 

Urochloa mosambicensis 

Zonotriche inamoena 

Collection 

Lye 6171 

Liebenberg 489 

Mwasumbi, Harris & 

Tadro 10830 Magogo 1537 

Milne-Redhead & 

Taylor 9423 

Thomas 4544 

Hitchcock 24746 

Thomas 2573 

Allan 145 

Faulkner 1424 

Dyson-Hudson 6 

Reekmans 1786 

Milne-Redhead 

Brooks G 104 

Davidse & Handlos 

3845 

7270 

Origin 

Uganda 

Uganda 

Tanzania 

Kenya 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

Kenya 

Uganda 

Kenya 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

Burundi 

Rhodesia 

Uganda 

Zambia 

Herbarium 

K 

K 

MO 

K 

K 

us 

K 

K 

K 

K 

us 

MO 

US 

K 

MO 
Literature Cited 

Clayton, W.D. 

1970. Gramineae, Part 1. In E. Milne-Redhead and R.M. 

Polhill, editors, Flora of Tropical East Africa, pages 

1 - 1 76. London: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations. 

Gramineae, Part 2. In E. Milne-redhead and R.M. 

Polhill, editors, Flora of Tropical East Africa, pages 

177-449. London: Crown Agents for Oversea 

Governments and Administrations. 

Gramineae, Part 3. In E. Milne-redhead and R.M. 

Polhill, editors, Flora of Tropical East Africa, pages 

450-850. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkenia. 

Grass Cuticles: A New Paleoecological Tool for 

1974. 

1982. 

Palmer, P.G 

1976. 

East African Lake Sediments. CanadianJournal of 

Botany, 54(15):1725-1734. 

A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the 

Epidermis of East African Grasses, I. Smithsonian 

Contributions to Botany, 49: 84 pages, 48 plates. 

A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the 

Epidermis of East African Grasses, 11. Smithsonzan 

Contributions to Botany, 53: 72 pages, 32 plates. 

Palmer, P.G., and A.E. Tucker 

1981. 

1983. 

Palmer, P.G., S. Cerbeth-Jones, and S. Hutchison 

1985. .A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the 

Epidermis of East African Grasses, 111. Smithsonian 

Contributions to Botany, 35: 135 pages, 98 plates. 

33 
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Arundinella nepalensis, Liebenberg 2390: a, overview of wide 

intercostal zone, X 208; b, stoma, long cells, intercostal silica body (arrow), X 960; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 448; d, costal prickles, X 240; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), microhair (arrow), X 640;J macrohair, X 160. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 2.-Adaxial epidermis Arundinella nepalensis, Liebenberg 2390: a, overview, in ' terstomatal cells (arrow), X 384; b, stoma, intercostal silica body (arrow), X 960; c, costal and 

intercostal prickles (arrow), long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; 

e, microhair, X 768;j macrohair, X 120. 

35 
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 3.-Abaxial epidermis Gilgiochloa indurata, Greenway 14367: a, overview, macrohair, 

X 160; 6, stoma, costal silica body (arrow), prickle, X 1287: c, interstoniatal cell, long cells, 

macrohair, X 608; d, costal prickles, silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, long cells, 

intercostal cork cell (arrow), X 912;f; microhair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 4.-Adaxial epidermis Gilgiochloa indurata, Greenway 14367: a, overview, macrohairs, 

X 120: b, stoma, x 1250; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, intercostal prickles, X 480; d, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), prickles, X 640; e, microhair, X 544;f; macrohair, X 324. 

37 
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 5.-Abaxial epidermis Loudetia arundinacea, Thomas 3920: a, overview, intercostal 

cork cell (arrow), X 320; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, X 960; c, interstornatal cells, long cells, 

X 480; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, microhairs (arrow), X 640;f; base of 

macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 6.-Adaxial epidermis Loudetia arundinacea, Thomas 3920: a, overview, interstomatal 

cell (arrow), long cells, X 384; b, stoma, long cell with papilla (arrow), X 1250; c, costal prickles, 

X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 960; e, 

niicrohairs, intercostal hooks (arrow), X 640;f; base of macrohair, X 352. 

39 
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 7.-Abaxial epidermis Trichopterjx stolzzana, Reeknians 1786: a, overview, X 160; b, 

stomata, X 320; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), long cells, microhair, X 480; d, costal silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, rnicrohair, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1290; f; 

macrohairs, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE S.-Adaxial epidermis Trichopteryx stolziana, Reekmans 1786: a, overview, interstomatal 

cell (arroi\.), X 320; b, stomata, X 640; c, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), X 480; e, 

microhair, X 1250;J base of macrohair, X 640. 

41 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 9.-Abaxial epidermis Tristachya bequaertii, Milne-Redhead 3845: a, overview, X 264; 

b, long cells, intercostal hook, microhair, X 864; c, intercostal hooks, X 576; d, costal prickles, 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 576; e, microhairs, intercostal silica body (arrow), intercostal 

cork cell (cc), X 576;f; microhairs, X 864. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 10.-Adaxial epidermis Tristachya bequaertii, Milne-Redhead 3845: a, overview, X 160; 

b, stomata, interstomatal cells, X 864; c, intercostal zone with prickles and hooks, X 432; d, 

intercostal zone with papillate-type prickles, long cells, X 640; e, costal prickles, silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), X 691;f; intercostal short macrohair, X 640. 

43 
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 1 1 .-Abdxial epidermis Zonotrzche inamoena, Davidse and Handlos 7270: a, overview, 

macrohair, X, 160; b, stoma, long cells, X 960; c, interstornatal cell, intercostal cork cell (cc), X 

640; d, costal prickles, intercostal hooks, X 320; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 

640;J intercostal silica body (sb), X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 12.-Adaxial epidermis Zonotriche znamoena, Davidse and Handlos 7270: a, overview, 

macrohairs, X 160; b, stoma, X 1875; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, X 896; d, costal prickles, 

microhairs, X 320; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640;f; microhair (arrow), hooks, 

costal prickles, X 480. 

45 
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE lJ.--Abaxial epidermis Coelachne africana, Auquier 3437 (d, e), Schlieben 4 161 (a-c, 

f): a, overview, X 293; b, stoma, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 867; c, long cells with inflated 

papillae, X 867; d, long cells with deflated papillae, intercostal prickle, X 867; e, costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 867;J; base of macrohair, X 625. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 14.-Adaxial epidermis Coelachne ufrzcuna, Auquier 3437 (a,d), Schlieben 4 161 (b,c,eJ): 

a, overview, X 295; b, stoma, long cells, X 960; c, long cells and interstomatal cells (arrow), X 

867; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 867; e, costal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), X 

2970;J intercostal prickle, X 625. 

47 
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 15.-Abaxial epidermis Heteranthoecia guzneensis, Simon and Williamson 1925 (a), 

Davidse and Handlos 7217 (b-f): a, overview, macrohairs, X 299; b, stomata, interstornatal 

cells, long cells, X 867; c, stoma (arrow), long cells, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(cc), X 867; e, costal silica body (sb), papillate cork cell (cc), X 2970;J; intercostal prickle with 

raised basal cells, X 867. 
NUMBER 62 49 

PLATE 16.-Adaxial epidermis Heteranthoecia guineensis, Davidse and Handlos 72 17 (a-e), 

Simon and Williamson 1925 cf): a, overview, X 295; b, stomata, interstomatal cell (arrow), X 

867; c, long cells, short cells, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells with deflated papillae 

(cc), X 867; e, costal silica body (sb), papillate cork cell (cc), X 2970;f; base of costal macrohair, 

X 867. 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 17.-Abaxial epidermis Isachne buettneri, Baldwin 67 18: a, overview showing distribution of macrohairs, X 150; b, stomata, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 867; c, long cells, costal 

prickles, short cells, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 867; e, costal microhair, 

X 1696;J macrohairs, X 295. 
NUMBER 62 51 

PLATE lS.-Adaxial epidermis Zsachne buettnerz, Baldwin 67 18: a, overview, X 295; 6, stoma, 

interstornatal cell (arrow), X 1285; c, long cells, X 629; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(cc), X 867; e, microhair, X 1696;f; macrohair, X 640. 
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 19.-Abaxial epidermis Acritochaete volkensii, Davidse 7008: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stomata, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(ccj, X 640; e, microhair, midvein silica bodies (sb), cork cells (ccj, X 1250;J intercostal prickle 

(arro\v), base of macrohair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE PO.-Adaxial epidermis Acritochaete volkensii, Davidse 7008: a, overview, macrohairs, X 

160; b, stoma, prickle (arrow), X 1500; c, interstornatal cells, long cells, costal silica bodies (sb), 

cork cells (cc), X 640; d, midvein silica bodies, cork cells, X 320; e, marginal prickles, short 

cells, X 640;J microhair, X 1250. 

53 
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 2 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Acroceras zizanioides, Reekmans 4864: a, overview, X 240; b, 

stoma, intercostal silica bodies (arrow), X 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, 

intercostal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 480; e, interstomatal cells (arrow), costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 480;f; microhair, X 960. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 22.-Adaxial epidermis Acroceras zizanioides, Reekmans 4864: a, overview, X 240; b, 

stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 480; 

d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 640; e, marginal 

prickles, X 320;J microhair, X 1250. 

55 
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 23.-Abaxial epidermis Alloteropsis angusta, Hitchcock 24788: a, overview, X 240; 6, 

stoma, x 1625; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 640; d, intercostal silica bodies (sb), 

cork cell (cc), prickles, x 640; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), microhair, X 1875;f; 

base of macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 24.-Adaxial epidermis Alloteropszs angusta, Hitchcock 24788: a, overview, X 240; b, 

stomata, interstomatal cell, X 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 480; d, intercostal hook, 

costal silica bodies (arrow), X 1230; e, costal and intercostal hooks, intercostal cork cell (arrow), 

X 640;J microhair, X 1250. 

57 
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 25.-Abaxial epidermis Anthephora elongata, Adamson 10: a, overview, X 160; b, stoma, 

long cells, X 1250; c, long cells, costal and intercostal prickles, X 640; d, costal silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, microhair, X 1250;J bases of macrohairs, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 26.-Adaxial epidermis Anthephora elongata, Adamson 10: a, overview, X 160; b, 

stomata, interstomatal cells, X 960; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, costal and intercostal 

prickles, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1500; e, microhair, X 960;f; base 

of macrohair, X 640. 

59 
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 27.-Abaxial epidermis AxonopusJlexuosus, Trapnell 170 1 : a, overview, X 160; b, stoma, 

x 960; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; 

e, costal prickle (arrow), intercostal hooks, X 320;f; microhair, X 1250. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE PB.-Adaxial epidermis Axonopusflexuosus, Trapnell 170 1 : a, overview, X 180; b, stoma, 

x 640; c, interstornatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 544; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), 

X 1250; e, costal prickles, intercostal hooks (arrow), X 320;j microhair, X 1250. 

61 
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 29.-Abaxial epidermis Brachiaria brizantha, Hitchcock 24884: a, overview, X 160; b, 

stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells (arrow), long cells, X 320; d, interstomatal cell, costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, intercostal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), microhairs, 

hook (arrow), X 640;f; base of macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 30.-Adaxial epidermis Brachiaria brizantha, Hitchcock 24884: a, overview, X 160; b, 

stomata, interstomatal cells, intercostal hooks, intercostal cork cell (arrow), X 480; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc). X 640; e, microhair, X 

9SO;J base of macrohair, X 320. 

63 
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 31 .-Abaxial epidermis Cenchrus ciliaris, Bogdan 2242: a, overview, X 160; b, stoma, X 

1250; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), costal 

and intercostal prickles, X 384; e, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), X 1500;J microhair, 

X 680. 
NUMBER 62 

Plate 32.-Adaxial epidermis Cenchrus ciliaris, Bogdan 2242: a, overview, X 208; 6, stoma, X 

1250; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, intercostal hook (arrow), X 320; d, costal prickles, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), microhair, X 544; e, intercostal silica bodies (arrow), X 320;f; 

base of macrohair, X 320. 

65 
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 33.-Abaxial epidermis Chaetopoa taylorz, Milne-Redhead and Taylor 9684: a, overview, 

short macrohairs, X 320; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 480; d, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal short cells (arrow), X 640; e, base of macrohair, 

costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640;f; microhair, X 1250. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 34.-Adaxial epidermis Chaetopoa taylori, Milne-Redhead and Taylor 9684: a, overview, 

X 320; b, stoma, long cells, intercostal silica cell (arrow), X 480; c, costal cork cells (arrow), long 

cells, X 480; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 320; e, costal prickles, intercostal hook 

(arrow), base of macrohair, short macrohairs, X 320;J microhair, X 1250. 

67 
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 35.-Abaxial epidermis Chloachne oplismenoides, Brenan, Jones, Richards 955 1 : a, 

overview, intercostal short macrohairs (arrow), X 160; b, stoma, X 1625; c, intercostal silica 

bodies (arrow), long cells, X 640; d, interstomatal cell (arrow), costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(cc), X 640; e, prickles on midvein, base of macrohair, X 320;f; microhair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 36.-Adaxial epidermis Chloachne oplismenoides, Brenan, Jones, Richards 955 1 : a, 

overview, long cells, X 240; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, costal prickle, X 640; c, costal prickle, 

intercostal silica body (arrow), X 480; d, long cells, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 

960; e, microhair, X 1250;j base of macrohair, X 320. 

69 
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 37.-Abaxial epidermis Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum, Greenway and Kanuri 13980: a, 

overview, X 160; b, stoma, interstomatal cells, X 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; 

d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, microhair, X 125O;J base of macrohair, X 

640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 38.-Adaxial epidermis Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum, Greenway and Kanuri 13980: a, 

overview, x 160; b, stoma, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 640; c, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), intercostal cork cell (arrow), costal and intercostal prickles, X 480; d, intercostal silica 

bodies (arrow), X 640; e, microhair, X 1250;J macrohairs, X 320. 

71 
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 39.-Abaxial epidermis Cyrtococcum multinode, Dawkins D57 1 : a, overview, long cells, 

X 480; b, stomata, interstomatal cell (arrow), X 1250; c, long cells, intercostal prickle (arrow), 

X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1250; e, microhair with swollen tip (arrow), 

X 1024;J base of macrohair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 40.-Adaxial epidermis Cyrtococcum multinode, Dawkins D37 1: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, X 640; d, costal and intercostal prickles, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, microhair (arrow), X 125O;J base of macrohair, X 

320. 

73 
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 4 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Digitaria diagonalis var. uniglumis, Boaler 738: a, overview, 

interstomatal cell (arrow), X 320; b, stoma, X 640; c, marginal prickles, X 320; d, costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 640 e, intercostal silica body (sb), 

cork cell (cc), X 640;J microhairs, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 42.-Adaxial epidermis Digitaria diagonalis var. uniglumis, Boaler 738: a, overview, X 

320; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, X 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, costal 

prickles, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 480; e, intercostal silica body (arrow), X 640; 

J intercostal hook (arrow), microhairs, X 640. 
76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 43.-Abaxial epidermis Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris, Boaler 246: a, overview, long 

cells, X 240; b, stomata, X 640: c, interstomatal cells (arrow), stomata, long cells, X 320: d, 

intercostal silica bodies (arrow), costal silica bodies (sb), cork cell (cc), X 416: e, costal silica 

bodies (arrow), X 640;J microhair, X 1250. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 44.-Adaxial epidermis Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris, Boaler 246: a, overview, X 160; 

b, stoma, x 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(cc), intercostal silica bodies (arrow), X 320; e, microhair, X 125O;f, base of macrohair, X 320. 

77 
78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 45.-Abaxial epidermis Echznochloa haploclada, Johnston s. n., 1 November 1933: a, 

overview, X 320; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstornatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 640; d, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, microhair, X 1250;J intercostal short macrohair, X 

640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 46.-Adaxial epidermis Echinochloa haplocada, Johnston s. n., 1 November 1933: a, 

okerview, macrohairs, intercostal prickle, X 320; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells (arrow) 

long cells, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, intercostal silica body (sb) 

cork cell (cc). X 1250;f, microhair, X 1250. 

79 
80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 47.-Abaxial epidermis Entolasia imbricatu, Bogdan 4054: a, overview, X 320; b, stoma, 

X 1250; c, interstoinatal cell, long cells, intercostal cork cell (arrow), prickles, X 640; d, 

intercostal silica body (arrow), costal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), X 640; e, microhair, X 640; 

J base of macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 48.-Adaxial epidermis Entolasia imbricata, Bogdan 4054: a, overview, interstoniatal 

cells, X 320; b, stoma, X 1250; c, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), prickles, X 1250; d, 

costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), long cells, X 640; e, microhair, X 640; f, base of 

macrohail-, X 320. 

81 
82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 49.-Abaxial epidermis Eriochloa meyerana, Glover, Gwynne, Samuel 454: a, overvie!\., 

X 320; b, stoma, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), X 640; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), 

X 640; d, long cells, hooks, intercostal cork cells (arrow), X 640; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), X 640;f, microhair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 50.-Adaxial epidermis Eriochloa meyerana, Glover, Gwynne, Samuel 454: a, overview, 

X 320; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells, X 640; d, long cells, costal silica bodies (sb), 

cork cells (cc), X 640; e, intercostal silica body (sb), X 1250;f, microhair, X 640. 

83 
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 51 .-Abaxial epidermis Holcolemma znaequale, Polhill and Paulo 619: a, overview, X 

240; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, X 640; c, long cells, prickles, X 320; d, costal silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 640; e, microhair, X 960;f, intercostal 

macrohair. X 480. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 52.-Adaxial epidermis Holcolemma inaequale, Polhill and Paulo 619 (a), Nicholson 11 3 

(b-f): a, overview, prickles, X 160; b, stoma, X 1625; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), X 832; d, 

costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 832; e, microhair, X 832; 6 base of macrohair, X 832. 

85 
86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 53.-Abaxial epidermis Hylebates chlorochloe, A. Bogdan AB3909: a, overview, long 

cells, X 240; b, stomata, X 960; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 640; d, costal silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, intercostal hook (arrow), microhair (mh), X 640; f, base of 

macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 54.-Adaxial epidermis Hylebates chlorochloe, A. Bogdan AB3909: a, overview, long 

cells, X 160; 6, stoma, microhair, X 1250; c, interstomatal cells, costal prickles, intercostal hooks 

(arrow), X 320; d, costal silica bodies (arrow), X 640; e, costal cork cells (cc), silica bodies (sb), 

intercostal cork cells (arrow), X 640;f, base of macrohair, X 320. 

87 
88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 55.-Abaxial epidermis ,Velinis ambigua, Greenway 14489: a, overview, macrohairs, 

X 208; b, stoma, X 1625: c, interstomatal cell, prickles, X 416; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), X 832: e, microhair (arrow), X 832;f, base of macrohair, X 416. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 56.--Adaxial epidermis Melinis ambzgua, Greenwav 14489: a, overview, X 208; 6, stoilla, 

X 1623; c, interstomatal cell, X 832; d, long cells, X 832; e, prickle, X 832;f, costal silica bodies 

(art-o~v), X 832. 

89 
90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 57.-Abaxial epidermis Odontelytrum abyssinicum, Ash 2103: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stomata, intercostal cork cell (cc), silica body (sb), X 640; c, interstomatal cells, long cells, X 

480; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell 

(cc), X 960;J microhair, X 1250. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 58.-Adaxial epidermis Odontelytrum abyssznicum, Ash 2103: a, overview, X 240; b, 

stomata, interstoniatal cells, X 960; c, long cells, intercostal prickle (arrow), X 320; d, costal 

silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 480; e, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640;f, 

microhair, X 1250. 

91 
92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 59.-Abaxial epidermis Oplzsmenus burmannii, Nicholson 2 13: a, overview, macrohairs, 

x 160; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), long cells, intercostal silica body (sb), X 

544; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal cork cell (arrow), silica body, X 512; 

e, microhair, X 1230;f, macrohairs, X 272. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 60.-Adaxial epidermis Oplismenus burmannii, Nicholson 2 13: a, overview, X 160; b, 

stoma, x 1250; c, long cells, intercostal silica bodies (sb), raised rectangular cell (arrow), X 320; 

d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 640; e, microhair 

(mh), prickle (arrow), X 640;J base of macrohair, X 320. 

93 
94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 61 .-Abaxial epidermis Panicum trichoides, Gillinan 1462: a, overview, macrohair, X 

160; b, stoma, X 1250; c, interstornatal cells (arrow), long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies 

(sb), cork cells (cc), X 480; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 960;J, microhairs (arrow), 

intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell (cc), X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 62.-Adaxial epidermis Panicum trichoides, Gillman 1462: a, overview, long cells, X 

320; b, stoma, x 960; c, interstomatal cells (arrow), X 480; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells 

(cc), x 960; e, microhair, X 1250;f, macrohair, X 320. 

95 
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 63.-Abaxial epidermis Paspalzdiurn geminaturn, Ash 1376: a, overview, X 295; b, stoma, 

X 1285; c, interstoniatal cell, long cells X 416; d, intercosral cork cell (arrow), costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 867; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1283;J microhair, 

X 1285. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 64,--.4daxial epidermis Paspalidium geminaturn, Ash 1376: a, overview, X 295; b, stoma, 

x 1696; c, interstornatal cell (arrow), X 867; d, long cells, interstomatal cell (arrow), X 625; e, 

prickle, X 1285;f, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 867. 

97 
98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 65.-Abaxial epidermis Paspalurn conjugatum, K.A. Lye 6 17 1 : n, overview, long cells, 

intercostal silica body (arrow), X 160; b, stoma, X 640; c, interstomatal cells (arrow), long cells, 

X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc). intercostal silica body (arroiv), X 640; e, 

niicrohair, X 1250;J marginal prickles, niacrohairs, X 160. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 66.-Adaxial epidermis Paspalurn conjugaturn, K.A. Lye 6171: a, overview, long cells, 

x 240; b, stoma, x 640; c, interstomatal cells (arrow), X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), X 1250; e, microhair, x 960;f, base of macrohair, X 320. 

99 
100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 67.-Abaxial epidermis Pennisetum purpureum, Liebenberg 489: a, overview, X 295; b, 

stoma, interstomatal cell (arrow), X 625; c, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1285; d, 

long cells, intercostal silica bodies (sb), hook (arrow), X 867; e, microhair, X 1285;J base of 

macrohair, X 295. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 68.-Adaxial epidermis Pennisetum purpureum, Liebenberg 489: a, overview, prickles, 

X 288; b, stoma, X 1063; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, X 544; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 576; e, microhair, X 1125;J base of macrohair, X 

576. 

101 
102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 69.-Abaxial epidermis Pseudechinolaena polystachya, Mwasumbi, Harris & Tadro 10830: 

a, oveniew, long cells, X 384; 6, stoma, X 768; c, interstomatal cell, X 768; d, costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 960; e, microhairs (arrow), X 640;f, base of macrohair, X 832. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 70.-Adaxial epidermis Pseudechinolaena polystachya, Mwasumbi, Harris 8c Tadro 10830 

(a-c, f); Magogo 1537 (d, e): a, stoma, X 1250; b, long cells, X 320; c, costal silica bodies 

(arrow), X 1250; d, microhairs, prickles, X 416; e, microhair, X 960;J base of macrohair, X 

320. 

103 
104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 7 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Rhynchelytrum kdlimorphon, Milne-Redhead and Taylor 9423: 

a, overvieiv, prickles, X 240; b, stoma, X 960; c, prickles, microhairs (arrow), X 320; d, long 

cells, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal cork cell (arrow), X 640; e, long cells, 

prickles, X 640;f, microhair, X 960. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 72.-Adaxial epidermis Rhynchelytrum kallzmorphon, Milne-Redhead and Taylor 9423: 

a, o\er\ieii, X 240; b, stomata, X 640; c, stomata, interstomatal cells, X 320; d, costal silica 

bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, long cells, intercostal cork cell (arrow), X 640;f, microhairs 

(‘trioM), X 640. 

105 
106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 73.-Abaxial epidermis Sacciolepis africana, Thomas 4544: a, overview, X 4 16; b, stoma, 

X 1290; c, interstomatal cell, X 832; d, long cells, X 640; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cell 

(cc), costal papillate prickles (arrow), X 1250;J microhair, X 1250. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 74.-Adaxial epidermis Sacciolepis africana, Thomas 4344: a, overview, X 320; b, stoma, 

X 1250: c, long cells, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), papillate prickles (arrow), 

X 640; e, costal silica body (sb) cork cell (cc), X 1250;f, microhair, X 1625. 

107 
108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 75.-Abaxial epidermis Setaria plicatilis, Hitchcock 24746: a, overview, costal prickles, 

X 320; 6, stoma, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 1250; c, interstornatal cell (arrow), 

microhair, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; d, long cells, costal silica bodies (sb), 

cork cells (cc), X 1250; e, intercostal silica body (arrow), X 1250;J macrohair, X 320. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 76.-Adaxial epidermis Setaria plicatilis, Hitchcock 24746: a, overview, costal prickles, 

X 320; b, stoma, long cells, X 1250; c, interstomatal cell (arrow), costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), X 640; d, intercostal silica body, X 1250; e, microhair, X 640;f, base of macrohair, X 

320. 

109 
110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 77.-Abaxial epidermis Snowdenia petitiana, Thomas 2573: a, overview, macrohair, X 

320; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, long cells, costal prickles, X 640; c, costal prickle, long cells, 

x 640; d, costal silica body, X 1250; e, microhair (arrow), X 2970;J base of macrohair, X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 78.-Adaxial epidermis Snowdenia petitiana, Thomas 2573: a, overview, costal prickles, 

X 320; b, stomata, interstomatal cell, long cells (near margin), X 640; c, long cells, costal prickle, 

X 640; d, costal silica body (arrow), long cells, X 1250; e, microhair (near margin), X 1250;f, 

base of macrohair, X 320. 

111 
112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 79.-Abaxial epidermis Stenotaphrum dzmzdzatum, Allan 145: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stonid, X 1250; c, intercostal silica body (arrow), costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; 

d, intercostal prickle, X 640; e, interstornatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 640;J microhair, X 

640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 80.-Adaxial epidermis Stenotaphrurn dzrnidiaturn, Allan 145: a, overview, X 320: b, 

stoilla, x 1250: c, interstotnatal cell (arrow), long cells, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), paired intercostal short cells (arrow), X 640; e, intercostal silica body, X 1250; f, 

mict~oliair. X 640. 

113 
114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 8 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Stereochlaena caespztosa, Faulkner 1424: a, overview, prickles, 

x 160; b, long cells, prickles, X 320; c, long cells, intercostal prickles and hooks, X 192; d, 

costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, costal prickles, microhair (arrow), X 320;f, 

microhair. X 640. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 82.-Adaxial epidermis Stereochlaena cuespitma, Faulkner 1424: a, overview, X 160; b, 

costal /one, pricAles, X 480; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, intercostal hook (arrow), X 640; d, 

costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 640; e, costal silica bodies, cork cells, X 320; J, 

microhair, X 960. 
116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 83.-Abdxial epidermis Tricholaena tenerffue, Dyson-Hudson 6: a, overview, interstoniatal cell (arroH) X 320; b, stoma, X 1875; c, long cells, intercostal silica body (sb), cork cell 

(cc), X 640: d, long cells, intercostal prickles, X 640; e, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), X 

640:J microhair (arrow), X 960. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 84.-Adaxial epidermis Tricholaena tenerqfue, Dyson-Hudson 6: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stoma, X 1250; c, interstomatal cell, long cells, X 320; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), 

intercostal cork cell (arrow), X 640; e, long cells, costal short cells, X 640;f, microhair, X 640. 

117 
118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 85.-Abaxial epidermis C'rochloa mosambicensis, Brooks G 104: a, overview, X 320; b, 

stoma, x 640: c, interstoniatal cell, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork cells (cc), intercostal 

silica body (arrolv), X 640: e, microhair, X 640;f, macrohairs, X 160. 
NUMBER 62 

PLATE 86.-Adaxial epidermis Urochloa mosambicensis, Brooks G104: a, overview, X 320; b, 

interstomatal cell, X 640; c, long cells, intercostal hook, X 640; d, costal silica bodies (sb), cork 

cells (cc), intercostal silica body (arrow), X 1250; e, microhair, X 1250;f, base of macrohair, X 

320. 

119 
Index to Grass Species 

Acritochaete volkensii, 8, 32 (pl.), 33 (pl.) 

:\cl-ocei~;is /ii;inioides, 8, .54 (pl.), .5.5 (pl.) 

;\llotei.opsis iiiigusta, 9, .56 (pl.), 57 (pl.) 

i1iitIieplioi';i elonpa, 10. 38 (pl.), 39 (pl.) 

Aiwndinella nepiileiisis, 2, 34 (pl.), 35 (pl.) 

Bix1ii;iri;i tx-imntlia, 1 1, 62 (pl.), 63 (pl.) 

(:erichriis ciliai-is. 1 1, 64 (PI.), 6.5 (pl.) 

(~1iaetopo:i tii\ loi.i, 12, 66 (pl.), 67 (pl.) 

<:lilo;ichne ol'lisiiienoides, 13, 68 (pl.), 69 (pl.) 

~:Iiloi~oc~~il~~iii~~i~i ei-y~~tiic~iiittiuiii, 13, 70 (pl.), 71 (pl.) 

<:oel;ictiiie afi-ic;ina, 6, 46 (id.), 47 (pl.) 

C)-i~tococciiriintiltinode, 14, 72 (pl.), 73 (pl.) 

1ligit;iri;i tli;igoiialis var. uniglumis, 1.5, 74 (pl.), 73 (pl.) 

E:ccol'toc~ii.ijli;i obconiciventl-is, 1.5, 76 (pl.), 77 (pl.) 

k:cliiiioclilo:i liaploclada, 16, 78 (pl.), 79 (pl.) 

Eiitol;isia iiiibl-ic;it;i, IT, 80 (pl.), 81 (pl.) 

F,i~iocIilo;i iiteyeraiia, IT, 82 (pl.), 83 (pl.) 

(;ilgioclilo;i iiidul-iita, 3, 36 (pl.), 37 (pl.) 

€ietei~;iiitlioeci;i guineensis, 6, 48 (pl.), 49 (pl.) 

Holco1eiiiiii;i in;iequ;ile. 18, 84 (pl.), 85 (pl.) 

:\50110p11s flesrloslls, 10, 60 (pl.), 61 ("I.) 

1 i)-let,arcs c~lllol~ocllloe, 19, 86 (pl.), 87 (pl.) 

1s;ichne buettnel-i, 7, 50 (pl.), 31 (pl.) 

Imidetia aruiidinace;~, 3, 38 (pl.), 39 (pl.) 

llelinis anibigua, 19, 88 (pl.), 89 (pl.) 

<>doiitel)-ti~uni abyssiiiicicm, 20, 90 (pl.), 9 1 (pl.) 

Oplisiiienus bul-niannii, 21. 92 (pl.), 93 (pl.) 

P;inicuiii triclioides, 2 1, 94 (pl.), 95 (pl.) 

1'asp;iliditirii geniinatiim, 22, 96 (pl.), 97 (pl.) 

I'asp;ilum corijugatiiiii, 23, 98 (pl.), 99 (pl.) 

Periiiisetirm ptripul-euni, 23, 100 (pl.), 10 1 (pl.) 

Pseuciecliinolaeiia polystach)-a, 24, 102 (pl.), 103 (pl.) 

Kliyiicliel~~tr-i~iii kallirtioi~phon, 2.5, 104 (pl.), 103 (pl.) 

S~cciolepis iifiic:iiiii, 2.5, 106 (pl.), 107 (pl.) 

Setatia pliciitilis, 26, 108 (pl.), 109 (pl.) 

Sno\\-denia petitiaiia, 27, 11 0 (pl.), 11 1 (pl.) 

Stenotaphl-uni diiiiidiatum, 28, 1 12 (pl.), 1 13 (pl.) 

Stereoclilaena c;iespitosa, 28, 114 (pl.), 115 (pl.) 

1'ricliolaeiia teiiel-iffae, 29, 1 16 (pl.), 1 1 7 (pl.) 

l'l-iclioptei-\x stolri;in;i, 4. 40 (Ill.), 4 1 (pl.) 

l'l-istacliya Imiuaei.tii, 4, 42 (pl.), 43 (pl.) 

Ll-ochloa mosaiiihicensis, 30, 118 (pl.), 119 (pl.) 

Zonoti-iche inanioeiia, 3, 44 (pl.), 4.5 (pl.) 

120