Review of the General Geology and 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies in the ... 

Vicinity of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer 

'. 

Review of the General Geology and 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies in the 

Vicinity of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer 

By ELWIN l. MOSIER and JOHN H. BULLOCK, JR. 

Review of the general geology and of 

previously reported geochemical studies that relate 

to the vicinity of the Central Oklahoma aquifer 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1019 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988 

Any use of trade names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does 

not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Mosier, Elwin L. 

Review of the general geology and solid-phase geochemical studies in the 

vicinity of the Central Oklahoma aquifer. 

(U.S. Geological Survey circular; 1019) 

"Summary of review of the general geology and of previously reported 

geochemical studies that relate to the vicinity of the Central Oklahoma aquifer." 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.4/2:1019 

1. Geology, Stratigraphic-Permian. 2. Geology-Oklahoma-Central 

Oklahoma aquifer region. 3. Geochemistry-Oklahoma-Central Oklahoma 

aquifer region. 4. Central Oklahoma aquifer (Okla.) I. Bullock, John H. 

II. Title Ill. Series. 

QE674.M67 1989 557.66 88-600316 

Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Geologic setting 3 

Pennsylvanian rocks 3 

Permian rocks 3 

Quaternary deposits 5 

Solid-phase geochemical studies 6 

References cited 17 

FIGURES 

1. Index map of study area showing counties 2 

2. Generalized geologic map, Central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma 4 

3-10. Maps showing geochemical distribution of: 

3. Arsenic in stream sediments 7 

4. Selenium in stream sediments 8 

5. Chromium in stream sediments 9 

6. Fluorometric uranium in stream sediment 10 

7. Neutron-activation uranium in stream sediments 11 

8. Thorium in stream sediments 12 

9. Barium in stream sediments 13 

10. Copper in stream sediments 14 

11. Diagram showing average and range of values for NURE stream-sediment 

samples in the Central Oklahoma aquifer study area and average of 

crustal rocks for As, Se, Cr, U-NT, U-FL, Th, Ba, and Cu 17 

TABLES 

1. Detection limits of variables determined in stream-sediment samples 15 

2. Statistical summary for stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma 

aquifer 16 

CONVERSION FACTORS 

For readers who wish to convert measurements from the metric system of units to U.S. customary 

units, the conversion factors are listed below. 

Metric unit 

meter (m) 

kilometer (km) 

Multiply by 

3.281 

0.6214 

To obtain U.S. 

customary unit 

foot 

mile 

Contents Ill 

Review of the General Geology and 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies in the 

Vicinity of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer 

By Elwin L. Mosier and John H. Bullock, Jr. 

Abstract 

The Central Oklahoma aquifer is the principal source of 

ground water for municipal, industrial, and rural use in central 

Oklahoma. Ground water in the aquifer is contained in 

consolidated sedimentary rocks consisting of the Admire, 

Council Grove, and Chase Groups, Wellington Formation, 

and Garber Sandstone and in the unconsolidated 

Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits that occur along 

the major stream systems in the study area. The Garber 

Sandstone and the Wellington Formation comprise the main 

flow system and, as such, the aquifer is often referred to as 

the ·Garber-Wellington aquifer. • The consolidated 

sedimentary rocks consist of interbedded lenticular 

sandstone, shale, and siltstone beds deposited in similar 

deltaic environments in early Permian time. Arsenic, 

chromium, and selenium are found in the ground water of the 

Central Oklahoma aquifer in concentrations that, in places, 

exceed the primary drinking-water standards of the 

Environmental Protection Agency. Gross-alpha concentrations also exceed the primary standards in some wells, 

and uranium concentrations are uncommonly high in places. 

As a prerequisite to a surface and subsurface solidphase geochemical study, this report summarizes the 

general geology of the Central Oklahoma study area. 

Summaries of results from certain previously reported solidphase geochemical studies that relate to the vicinity of the 

Central Oklahoma aquifer are also given; including a 

summary of the analytical results and distribution plots for 

arsenic, selenium, chromium, thorium, uranium, copper, and 

barium from the U.S. Department of Energy's National 

Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Program. 

INTRODUCTION 

Solid-phase geochemical studies of the Central 

Oklahoma aquifer are a result of the National Water 

Quality Assessment (NA WQA) Program of the U.S. 

Geological Survey. The Central Oklahoma aquifer, 

Manuscript approved for publication, May 25, 1988 

which underlies about 8,000 km2 occurs mostly within 

the Oklahoma City 1 °X2° quadrangle (scale 1:250,000) 

and extends slightly south into the Ardmore 1 °X2° 

quadrangle. The solid-phase geochemical study area is 

between lat 34°45' and 36°'00' N. and long 96°45' and 

97°45' W. and includes the following counties: all of 

Oklahoma, Cleveland, and McClain; most of Logan, 

Lincoln, and Pottawatomie; and parts of Kingfisher, 

Payne, Canadian, Grady, Seminole, Garvin, and Pontotoc (fig. 1 ). 

At various localities in the aquifer, ground-water 

concentrations of toxic element3 such as arsenic, 

selenium, and chromium approach or exceed the primary 

drinking-water standards of the Environmental 

Protection Agency (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 1975). Some wells also show evidence that 

radionuclides of uranium and thorium are entering the 

ground-water system. In the interest of further 

development of the aquifer, it is important to know the 

location of the natural contaminant problem and, 

moreover, to know the solid-phase sources and geochemical causes of the elevated trace-element concentrations. 

The objectives of the solid-phase geochemical 

investigation are (1) to determine the toxic-element 

concentration levels in various surface and subsurface 

solid-phase geologic materials, (2) to determine how 

easily toxic elements are extracted and mobilized from 

the geologic media by the ground-water system, and (3) 

to identify areas in the aquifer likely to have high 

concentrations of naturally occurring contaminates. 

The principal sources of ground water in the 

Central Oklahoma aquifer used for municipal and 

industrial purposes are the Garber Sandstone and the 

Wellington Formation; hence, the aquifer has often been 

called the "Garber-Wellington aquifer." However, the 

water in the underlying Admire, Council Grove, and 

Chase Groups, and in the overlying alluvium and terrace 

deposits is part of the same flow system and, therefore, 

these units are considered as parts of the Central OklaIntroduction 
Approximate boundary 

of study area 

GRADY 

OKlAHOMA 

LOGAN 

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-~------------ 1 

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_9-~~MA 

1' _________ 0 Qklahoma City 

~-----------~ 

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LINCOLN 

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I McClAIN ~ I 

I '~0b ""' I I ,~-____j_----._-_/ I '-/-J '\1 

~------------------- oBya~s_J I oPaoli I 

I 

._/ 

PONTOTOC 

GARVIN 

10 20 30 MILES 

10 20 30 KILOMETERS 

Figure 1. Index map of study area showing counties. 

2 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
homa aquifer. The consolidated sedimentary rocks in the 

aquifer are lower Permian deltaic deposits that consist 

mainly of sandstone with interbedded shale, mudstone, 

and siltstone. 

Previous geologic descriptions and maps of all or 

parts of the study area have been made by Gould (1905), 

Aurin and others (1926), Patterson (1933), Miser (1954 ), 

Hart (1974), and Bingham and Moore (1975). Further 

summaries of the general geology and structure of the 

area are published by county by a number of authors in 

Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 40 as part of the 

series "Oil and Gas in Oklahoma" (Gould, 1930). 

This report summarizes the geology of the study 

area and some of the principal features of the solid-phase 

geochemical data that have been previously reported on 

the Central Oklahoma aquifer. The amount of geologic 

information available concerning water quality, 

outcropping strata, and oil and well-drilling data is 

imposing, but little surface and (or) subsurface geochemical information exists. 

GEOLOGIC SETTING 

The generalized geologic map (fig. 2) and the 

description of the geologic units that crop out in the study 

area are taken from Hart (1974) and Bingham and 

Moore (1975). Rocks that are exposed in the study area 

are Pennsylvanian and Permian consolidated 

sedimentary units that are known generally as the red 

beds and unconsolidated terrace deposits, alluvium, and 

sand dunes of Quaternary age. Structurally the surface 

formations generally dip gently to the west at about 10 

m/km and strike slightly west of north. The formations 

are apparently conformable and become progressively 

younger to the west. Sediments that make up the Permian beds were deposited by a large fluviatile system 

flowing from the east into a Permian basin that extended 

into western Oklahoma and Texas. Patterson (1933) 

placed the main part of the delta in approximately the 

area of central Oklahoma County. 

Pennsylvanian Rocks 

The oldest rocks exposed in the study area are 

red-brown to gray shale and red-orange-brown finegrained sandstone of Late Pennsylvanian age that occupy 

the eastern one-eighth of the study area. These rocks 

make up the Vanoss Group and yield limited to 

moderate amounts of water of poor to fair quality. The 

ground water contains high concentrations of dissolved 

solids which may make the water unsuitable for some 

purposes. Total thickness of the group ranges from 75 to 

150 m and increases to the north. 

Permian Rocks 

Overlying the Pennsylvanian rocks are siltstones, 

sandstones, and shales of Permian age. It is the Permian 

rocks that are generally called the red beds; however, 

color change can not be used as a key for distinguishing 

the Pennsylvanian-Permian contact (Aurin and others, 

1926; Anderson, 1941). 

The Permian rocks exposed in the study area are, 

in ascending order, the Admire, Council Grove, and 

Chase Groups, Wellington Formation, Garber 

Sandstone, and the Hennessey and El Reno Groups. 

Hart (1974) and Bingham and Moore (1975) indicated 

that the El Reno Group, which crops out in the southwest 

corner of the study area, consists of the following six 

formations, in ascending order: Cedar Hills Sandstone, 

Duncan Sandstone, Chickasha Formation, Flowerpot 

Shale, Blaine Formation, and Dog Creek Shale. They 

also indicated that the Hennessey Group, which crops 

out in the northwest corner and to the east of the El Reno 

Group in the southwest corner of the study area, consists 

of the following four formations, in ascending order: 

Fairmont Shale, Kingman Sandstone, Salt Plains 

Formation, and Bison Formation. For this report, these 

two groups, the Hennessey and El Reno Groups, are 

shown as single units on the geologic map (fig. 2). 

The strata referred to as the Admire, Council 

Grove, and Chase Groups overlie the Vanoss Group and 

crop out to the west of the Vanoss Group in the eastern 

portion of the study area. Rocks of the Admire, Council 

Grove, and Chase Groups are red-brown to gray shale 

and orange-brown fine-grained, crossbedded sandstone 

that grade into arkosic sandstone and conglomerate 

toward the south. The Admire, Council Grove, and 

Chase Groups contribute ground water to the Central 

Oklahoma aquifer and are collectively 90-180 m thick. 

The Wellington Formation and the Garber 

Sandstone are the main water-bearing units of the 

Central Oklahoma aquifer and crop out across the 

middle portion of the study area. These two units are a 

single aquifer system because their lithologies and waterbearing characteristics are similar (Wood and Burton, 

1968). The units are a complex of interfingering lenticular beds of sandstone, siltstone, and shale that can change 

in thickness over very short distances. In general, the 

sandstones are fine to very fine grained and friable. The 

most common matrix is a fine red mud. The sandstone 

beds vary in color from white to pink, orange, deep red, 

or purple and most beds show rather deep hematitic 

staining. The percentage of sandstone in the aquifer 

varies throughout the study area. Carr and Marcher 

Geologic Setting 3 
97"45' 

36°00' 

35°30' 

....... .. . 

: . : .:~ ·. ~ .-·.: 

10 20 MILES 

10 20 30 KILOMETERS 

Figure 2 (above and facing page). Generalized geologic map, Central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma. 

Data modified from Hart (1975) and Bingham and Moore (1975). 

4 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
EXPLANATION 

Alluvium, terrace deposits, and dune sand (Quaternary)-Sand, silt, clay, and gravel of fluvial and 

eolian origin. Thickness ranges from a few meters to 

about30 m 

El Reno Group (Upper Permian)-Red-brown to 

orange-brown fine-grained sandstone, with some 

variegated conglomerate, shale, and siltstone. Thickness ranges from 60 m to about 225 m 

Hennessey Group (Lower Permian)-Reddish-brown 

blocky shale with some interbedded orange-brown to 

greenish-gray siltstone and reddish-brown finegrained sandstone. Grades into Garber Sandstone. 

Thickness ranges from 40 m to nearly 200 m 

Garber Sandstone (Lower Permian)-Mostly orangebrown to red-brown fine-grained sandstone, irregularly bedded with red-brown shale and mudstone 

conglomerate. Thickness ranges from 50m to 120m 

Wellington Formation (Lower Permian)-Red- brown 

shale and orange-brown fine-grained sandstone, 

containing much maroon mudstone conglomerate to 

the south. Thickness ranges from about 50 m to 

150m 

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups (Lower 

Permian)-Red- brown to gray shale and orangebrown fine-grained, crossbedded sandstone; grades 

southward into arkosic sand and conglomerate. 

Thickness ranges from 90 m to 180 m 

f ~ ~ .:~~fJ Vanoss Group (Pennsylvanian)-Red- brown to gray 

shale and orange- brown fine-grained, crossbedded 

sandstone; grades southward into arkosic sand Total 

thickness ranges from 75 m to 150 m 

(1977) reported that studies of geophysical logs in Logan 

and Oklahoma Counties show that the sandstone 

composes 35-75 percent of the aquifer and averages 

about 50 percent. Sandstone beds reach a maximum 

thickness of 12 m, but 1.5-3-m beds are most common. 

The combined thickness of the Wellington Formation 

and Garber Sandstone is 100-270 m. 

In the approximate western one-fourth of the study 

area, the aquifer is confined by shales and siltstones of 

the Hennessey Group. The Hennessey Group ranges 

from 40 to 200 m thick and becomes thicker to the west 

and south. The Hennessey consists mainly of massive 

shale beds that range from a few centimeters to 3 m or 

more in thickness with less common layers of wellindurated siltstone and sandstone beds that similarly 

range from a few centimeters to about 3m in thickness. 

Generally, the contact between the Garber Sandstone 

and the Hennessey Group can be readily detected 

because of changes in the geomorphology and vegetation. 

Areas underlain by sandstone are characterized by 

rolling steep-sided hills that are chiefly forested with 

scrub oak, whereas areas underlain by shale are typically 

rather flat, grass-covered prairies that are mostly devoid 

of trees. Exceptions are areas where outcrops of wellindurated beds of Hennessey siltstone and sandstone 

have weathered to form low shelves or ledges or local 

areas where the contact appears to be gradational. 

Rocks of the El Reno Group were the last Permian 

beds to be deposited in the study area. These rocks crop 

out in the western part and southwest corner of the study 

area and are mostly of the Duncan Sandstone with some 

Chickasha Formation. The Duncan Sandstone is mainly 

red-brown to orange-brown fine-grained sandstone, with 

some mudstone and shale. The Chickasha Formation is a 

variegated mudstone conglomerate and red-brown to 

orange-brown silty shale and siltstone, with minor 

amounts of orange-brown fine-grained sandstone. The 

Duncan Sandstone and Chickasha Formation are 30-50 

m thick and form the hilly area that is located in the 

western part of McClain County and extends into Grady 

County to the west and Garvin County to the south. 

In contrast to the rest of the study area, the strata 

south of the Canadian River, in the southweste.rn and 

southern portion of the study area, strikes southwest and 

dips northwest. North of the Canadian River, the older 

Pennsylvanian formations in Pottawatomie County strike 

east of north, whereas the strike of the top of the Permian 

Hennessey in Cleveland County is west of north. Thus, 

there is a hub like center in the approximate vicinity of the 

Canadian River in eastern McClain County from which 

the formations are spread apart (Anderson, 1927). The 

hublike center in eastern McClain County indicates the 

southeastern termination of the northwest-southeast 

synclinal axis of the Anadarko Basin, which is a geosyncline that dominates structural features in western Oklahoma. 

Quaternary Deposits 

The Quaternary deposits of the study area include 

terrace deposits of one or more levels adjacent to and 

associated with broad alluvium-filled stream and river 

valleys and dune sand. Terrace deposits are relics of old 

stream systems that have since cut valleys to lower levels. 

Wind-blown sand accumulates on the northern side of 

major rivers due to the prevailing south winds and forms 

in places rather large dunes that are 6-10 m thick. Three 

major rivers with wide alluvium-filled valleys cut across 

the area from west to east. These include the Cimarron 

River to the north, the North Canadian River in the 

central part of the study area, and the Canadian River to 

the south. The Deep Fork of the North Canadian River, 

between the North Canadian and Cimarron Rivers, and 

Geologic Setting 5 
the Little River, between the North Canadian and Canadian Rivers, also have significant alluvium-filled valleys 

but do not transect the total width of the study area. 

SOLID-PHASE GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES 

Reports on surface and (or) subsurface solid-phase 

geochemical studies in the vicinity of the Central Oklahoma aquifer are limited. However, there are numerous 

reports concerning copper-bearing formations in Permian red-bed strata in the region (Schmitz, 1896; 

Haworth and Bennet, 1901; Tarr, 1910; Richards, 1915; 

Path, 1915; Rogers, 1916; Merritt, 1940; Ham and 

Johnson, 1964; Hill, 1967; Stroud and others, 1970; 

Smith, 1974; Fay, 1975; Hagni and Gann, 1976; Kidwell 

and Bower, 1976; Rose, 1976; Waugh and Brady, 1976; 

Cox, 1978; Lambert, 1979; Elrod, 1980; Ripley and 

others, 1980; Berendsen and Lambert, 1981). The redbed copper deposits are found world-wide and generally 

occur in comparable geological environments of late 

Paleozoic and (or) early Mesozoic age. Mineralization 

usually occurs in gray to greenish argillaceous material 

enclosed by typical red oxidized sandstone and shales of 

the red-bed strata and is nearly always associated with 

carbonaceous matter, especially carbonized and 

fossilized wood, plant stems, and grasses. Chalcocite is 

the primary copper mineral and occurs as a replacement 

mineral in the cement of sandstone, in iron sulfide 

nodules, and in fossilized wood. Other copper minerals, 

some of which are alteration products of chalcocite, are 

also common. Pyrite and marcasite occurrences, either as 

concretions in sandstones or pseudomorphs after wood, 

generally are partially or completely replaced by chalcocite and other copper minerals. The mineralized zones, 

which are usually small, occur as lenses, pods, and layers 

in the enclosing sediments. Because these deposits, with 

few exceptions, are low in tonnage and grade, the primary 

interest to geologists has not been their economic 

importance but rather the unique circumstances 

connected with their origin. 

The copper-bearing Permian red-bed strata of 

Oklahoma occur in a sinuous belt as wide as 300 km that 

extends from north-central Texas through Oklahoma to 

southeastyrn and south-central Kansas (Stroud and 

others, 1970). Specific to the Central Oklahoma aquifer 

study area, Merritt (1940) mentioned two areas of 

copper occurrences: one in the far south-central part of 

the study area near the town of Paoli in Garvin County 

and the other near Byars in McClain County, about 15 

km to the northeast of the first occurrence. Both 

occurrences are typical, distinctly local red-bed deposits, 

and although they contributed a few tons of ore in the 

early part of the century, they have no commercial value 

today. Shockey and others (1974) described the Paoli 

deposit as a copper-silver solution or roll-front similar, 

except for mineral content, to uranium roll-fronts found 

in Wyoming and New Mexico. 

Extending through the entire north-south length of 

the Central Oklahoma aquifer study area and 

corresponding closely with the top of the Garber 

Sandstone is a zone of barite mineralization (Ham and 

Merritt, 1944). Near the southern boundary of the study 

area the top of the Garber Sandstone and the zone of 

barite mineralization make a large bend and continue on 

to southwestern Oklahoma and north-central Texas. The 

zone of barite mineralization roughly correlates with the 

copper belt, and in many of the references listed above, 

barite is mentioned as being associated with the red-bed 

copper ores. Barite occurs in the red beds in the form of 

concretions, veins, cement, and disseminated grains. 

Although the total volume is extensive, the barite does 

not occur at any one location in sufficient concentrations 

to be economically important. Of all the types of barite 

occurrences, the ones that have received the most 

attention are the sand-barite rosette concretions. These 

rose-shaped crystal aggregates of barite are especially 

abundant in central Oklahoma and locally are found 

weathering out of sandstone, particularly the Garber 

Sandstone, or in Quaternary gravels derived from the 

weathering of sandstone. Because of the roselike 

configuration, the sand-barite rosettes are of special 

interest to collectors and they have been selected as 

Oklahoma's official state rock. They occur in only a few 

places in the world, and as such there has been some 

scientific interest to explain their origin (Tarr, 1933; Ham 

and Merritt, 1944). 

The most extensive geochemical reconnaissance 

investigation in the study area has been conducted by the 

U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogeochemical and 

Stream Sediment Reconnaissance Survey as part of the 

NURE Program. Geochemical data for stream-sediment 

samples that are within the boundaries of the Central 

Oklahoma aquifer area were obtained from reports 

provided by Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear 

Division (1978a, b). These data are summarized in the 

geochemical distribution maps of figures 3-10. 

A total of 1,629 stream-sediment samples were 

collected within the boundaries of the two quadrangles 

by personnel from the Bendix Field Engineering 

Corporation, Austin, Tex., under the auspices of the 

NURE staff. All samples were returned to the NURE 

project laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tenn., for preparation 

and analysis. From the data set, 522 samples fall within 

the boundaries of the Central Oklahoma aquifer study 

area. The < 150-p.m fraction of the stream-sediment 

samples was analyzed. The elements that were 

determined, the analytical techniques that were used, 

and the detection limits are given in table 2. 

6 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
97"45' 96.45' 36•.-------~--~~--------~--~r-----------~~~----------~ 

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Figure 3. Geochemical distribution of arsenic (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 521 samples 

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Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies 7 
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Figure 4. Geochemical distribution of selenium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 522 samples 

piotted. 

8 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
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0 

UJ 80 a: 

u. 

60 

40 

20 ii: 

~ . 0 h-= 

(CJMNOOtOCCCOMOO 

LtiOO--NMI.OCO~~ 

• OOLl.O ,..• A 

•=32-38 

Cr(ppm) 

Figure 5. Geochemical distribution of chromium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 522 

samples plotted. 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies 9 
97"45' 

36' 

00' 

• 

ll7 

'V 

45' 

30' 

"' liJ) 

'V 

0 

w 

~ 

·----~ o'V 

• . ~ '---- fJ 0 oo 

0 

0 

• 

0 

0 

0 

0 

'V 

0"-'b 

0 

'V 

96'45' 

2 \JD 

'V 'V 

"' 0 • 'V \JO 

'V 'V 

o• 

oo 

0;90 

vg 0 'V 

'V 0 Fork 'V 0 

----------- "' 0 • • 0 o • 'V 

• • I!J_~ • 0 

'V"' 

0\}7 

G 

'V 'V • 

Sl 

0 "' 0 'V 

o"' 0 ~<.. 0 'V 

.,,...o 

0 'V 0 0 0 'V "' 'V 0 'V'V 'V 'V 'V 0 

00 "' 0 'V ~ 0 

~ 0 'V 

ov~~ • 

"' . "' """' 

'V 

~ 

.. 'V "' 

- 0 ~ v• v 0 '¢ 

'V cO IJ{>Q\7 • 

'V 0 

"' IV • "' \ " 'V 

0 .. 0 

"' . ... 

)o ~ 'Vo 

• \l ~ \;;;' 0 

'V • 1 RiveT. 'V 'VJ 0 

• v ;tv 

'V • 34'L_ ______ L_~'-B----__\,/ji.:::=::....::::::o::::_ ---..... __ ~r---l----~>--_J 

45' 

10 20 MILES 

10 20 KILOMETERS 

iJ 

z 

UJ 

:::> 

0 

UJ 

CI: 

u. 

200 

180 

160 

140 

120 

60 

40 

20 u rh~ oc.oooteM~~~~~~N 

~~~~--NMLOCO.-

FLUOROMETRJC U (ppm) 

Figure 6. Geochemical distribution of fluorometric uranium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 

516 samples plotted. 

10 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
97"45' 

36° 

DO' 

45' 

mv 

'V 

'6~0 'V 

'V 

'V 

30' ·~ 

So c. 

c. !ill 

8 

~~ '7 '70 

0 

15' 0 

0 

0 

'V 0 0 

... 00 

0 

c. • c. vo • 

c. 

0 

0 

00'6 

ooo 'V 

0 0 c. 0 

0 

'V 

c. 'V c. 

c. 

0 

0 0 c. 

0 0 ODe. 'V 0 

~ 0 c. 

c. 

C)) 0 • c. 

• 0 

0 

'V 

10 

10 

c. c. 

<> 'V Off c. 0 c. 

0 " c. Fork o 

• 0 

0 'V 

C'o c.' 0 • • ""o&. L'>. 0 ..... o.., o ... 

" 'V c. 'V 

0 '$.; <?,.._ 0 

c. c. 

0 'V 'YO 'V 

'il c. 

0 

• 

jJ 

0 

'V~<$'<>"" •• 

" ittlg c. 

0 • • eo 

96.45' 

g 'V vc. 0 

0 'V v"" 0 

o• 

lfll(a 

'Vc. 

oo 

c. 

0 oo 

<!1 

c. 0 

")" 0 

0 

0 0 'V 

0 'V 

ro\Jil1o 0 

'V 

0 

• c. 

o /~o 

c. 7 • ... - , ... 0 OJ '7 

c. 0 &c.o o 

"" c. 

'V c. 

!?,· er 

0 

c. 

4) /\~ • 0 0 ... 0 

0 

'V 0 0 'V 0 

0 0 o c. 0 

20 MILES 

20 KILOMETERS 

t; 

z 

UJ 

::) 

0 

UJ 

a: 

LL 

240 

220 

200 

100 

80 

60 I 

40 

20 

)

C:OCCMNOOtCC:O<OMNC:OCCOO<O 

If ~-= Mll>oo......:....:NMLria:i.-.-NMLn 

000 

O'VDL:l..O'V ••••• A 

NEUTRON-ACTIVATION 

U(ppm) 

Figure 7. Geochemical distribution of neutron-activation uranium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma 

aquifer; 495 samples plotted. 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies 11 
97"45' 96°45' 36° A DO' 0 0 A AA 

Riuer 0 • D A 

0 

A 

D A 

. AO 0 0 • Zi 0 

0 AO 160 0 'V "" • \1 0 0 

"" " 0 'V 

•• " c.ft & O'V 0 0 0 'V 0 140 

45' 0 o • 0 A 

0 "8 'V 0 0 0 'V 0 0 "'" 120 0 Fork 0 0 go D o"'o " • CD 'V " " " " 0 

o It!~ ~ 100 c. . 0 8 0 

. 0 'V 

• 0 " " 'V z 

"" " • ~ w 

• 0 ::::> 80 '1.-- C.o " 0 0 

q. o o"' w 

~ a: 

"" 0 'V u.. 60 " ,f' 

,B D 

'V 0" 

30' c 0 r9 <'0 0 0 " Q...., 0 'V 40 0 0 0 " oo;. 0 0 D Q".> 0 'V 0 0 0 o"' " D 20 'V [b 0 0 0 'V " 0 

'$· A 

-= 00 0 0 0 6~ ...... 6 Q)<OOO<CMN<OtOC:OCOM 6I> 0 0 .....:NMilicri--NM~c.c 

o" 0 0 0 0 v ~ " " 0 0 • D 00 0 O'VOe.O •• .... ••• 'V • " oo,. 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 • Th(ppm) ., . " 0 

0 

0 O'V ., 00 

" 0 0 6' 0 oo • 0 0 ~ ~ 0 " 0 • ::s<%· . " 0 tl.ittle • o• " 0 

0 "q..._, 'V 0 0 eo ... 'C A • .,. o • . • 

• • 0 ,. ... A 0 " <9 0 

" 'V 0 A 0 " 0 <90<' o<' 0 0 

0 dl ... "lfl " f/.ler . o 

A • "' • • " 

.. • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

D 0 

•" w • 

45' 

10 20 MILES 

10 20 KILOMETERS 

Figure 8. Geochemical distribution of thorium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 522 samples 

plotted. 

12 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
97"45' 

36° 

00' 

45' 

30' 

0 

• u 

• 

c» o 

0 

oo 

0 

• • .'* • • 

• • 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 0 

• 

0 

• 6 

cP 

0 

~ 

0 6 0 

• 

0 @o 

- "' 

l 0 0 

• • 0 • 

• • • t> 

0 0 

• ~ 0 ~~. /Q" 

<o 0 

0 

o o08o 6 

Ch o6 6 0 

0 OfY 0 

0 

"' "' 

0 0 

~ 0~ 

o<> -;-

"' 6 

06 

6 

• 6 

• • 0 

• oo 0 ,. • 0 

oo 

0 

6 

OJ • 0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 0 6 

Fork 6 

0 

0 0 

• 

oo 0 

0 

R 

"' 0 

0 6 

0 

o e 

& 0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

"'oo 

& 

0 

0 

6 

"' ftJ 

0 

• 0 0 b.itt/fi 0 

"' "' 0 60 

6 0 

0 0' 6 0 6 610 0 oo 0 6 

6 

10 20 KILOMETERS 

96.45' 

0 

g 0 o6 0 

l:l 0 0 0 

0 

<>O 

Jtl!e'f-

"' 0 

0 

"' 0 00 

0 

"' "'o 

6> 

0 

. &> 

() 

z 

UJ 

::J 

0 

UJ 

ex: 

u.. 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

I rl-n 0 <O<O<OMOOOOOOO 

NMLnOONCX:)(COO<CMO --NMil>OOO 

A 

oa6oo6o •••• 

Ba(ppm) 

Figure 9. Geochemical distribution of barium (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 522 samples 

plotted. 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies 13 
sr45' 

36° 

DO' 

45' 

0 

0 

0 

"'6 

"' 

~ ~ oOS 

0 oo ~~ 

0 0 

0 

,.o 

0 

cfl 

• 

b. 

0 

6 

• 

o • 

s 

0 

6 "' 

• 

... er 

b. "' "' 0 

• 

"' 0 

• 

b. ,.~:;0 

B 0 

ern oo 0 0 B "' ob. 0 0 

oo 0 

0 ocr,. "'o 0 

b. 

0 "'"' "' Fork "' "' EPO "' 0 0 0 

0 b. 

• 0 

'0 0 

0,;, ~ ~-<;>? 

6 

0 

0 

Mo o o 0 • • 

~:;b. 

"' 0 

0 

• "' 

0 

0 

"' 

"' 

"'6 0 

~ 0 

"' 0 

"' "'"' 0 

"' OJ 0 0 0 "' 0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 oO 0 ... 

6 

... 0 

0 

10 

• 

fb 

"'"' 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

e tc. 0 6 

6 

0 

c}l 

0 

"' 

"' 

"'"'o 0"' 

l!.ittle "' 

"'"' 

6 0 0 

0 

~--

c§J 8 "'"' 

(ll)/:;0 0 

0 @ 0 0 oo 

• 0 0 b.tc, 

... 0 

20 MILES 

10 20 KILOMETERS 

96.45' 

160 

"'"' "' 0 0 oo 140 

"' 

0 0 b. 

0 0 

oo 

0 

120 

~100 

z 

~ 80 

d 

w 

a: 

u.. 60 

40 

OOC.OCOC.OMNOO<OCO<OMOOOO 

....: N M uicri-- NM U')(X) N <0 CD 0 ..-NMO 

Cu (ppm) 

Figure 10. Geochemical distribution of copper (ppm) in stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer; 522 samples 

plotted. 

14 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 
Uranium in stream-sediment samples was analyzed by 

two techniques: a hot-acid-soluble uranium concentration 

(U-FL) and a total uranium concentration obtained by 

delayed neutron activation (U-NT). Arsenic and 

selenium were determined by hydride formation atomic 

absorption (AA), and the remainder of the elements 

were determined by plasma source emission 

spectroscopy (PS). A more detailed description of 

NURE procedures dealing with sample collection, 

preparation, analysis, and quality control and assurance 

can be obtained from Union Carbide Corporation, 

Nuclear Division (1979a, b). Statistical summaries for 

the measurable values of the elements are given in table 3. 

Areal distribution plots and histograms are given 

for arsenic, selenium, chromium, fluorometric uranium, 

neutron-activation uranium, and thorium (figs. 3-8) 

because of their importance to this study and also for 

barium and copper (figs. 9, 10) because of their 

characteristic nature in red-bed formations. To present 

the analytical results in log increments, the boundaries 

for the concentration ranges in the histograms were 

chosen as the multiples of every second ,£!Oduct of the 

reciprocal of the 12th root of ten ( (

12Y10r1 = 0.825) 

rounded to two figures (0.83, 0.56, 0.38, 0.26, 0.18, 0.12, 

and so forth). The areal distribution plots are helpful in 

identifying areas whe.re the elements of interest show 

anomalous concentrations in the drainages and, 

therefore, may reveal areas of higher concentration levels 

in the bedrock from which the sediments were derived. 

The density of the stream-sediment sampling from 

the NURE program gives reasonable coverage of the 

study area. The average and range of values for the 

NURE stream sediment samples and the average 

abundance in common crustal rocks, as given by Rose 

and others (1979), for arsenic, selenium, chromium, 

fluorometric uranium, neutron-activation uranium, 

thorium, barium, and copper are presented graphically in 

figure 11. The ranges of values are significantly large as 

compared to the average values which suggest "hot 

spots" in the study area. The areal distribution plots show 

a significant clustering of samples in the west-northwest 

corner of the study area that are anomalous in arsenic, 

chromium, fluorometric uranium, thorium, barium, 

copper, and to a lesser extent, selenium. The samples are 

from north-flowing tributaries of the Cimarron River 

that have been developed in the Hennessey Group. With 

the exception of the area described above, anomalous 

uranium values appear to be concentrated in streams in 

the eastern portion of the study area that have been 

developed in the Vanoss Group and the Admire, Council 

Grove, and Chase Groups. For the most part, the 

anomalous barium values delineate the barite belt. 

Table 1. Detection limits of variables determined in 

stream-sediment samples 

[Method: AA, atomic absorption; FL, fluorometry; NT, neutron 

activation-delayed neutron count; PS, plasma source emission 

spectrometry. All values are in parts per million except values for 

AI, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, and Ti, which are in percent. Detection limits 

forK and Sr were not given in Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear 

Division (1979a, b)] 

Variable 1 

limit 

Ag ......... Al ......... As ......... B ........... Ba ......... 

Be ......... Ca ......... Co ......... Cr ......... Cu ......... 

Fe ......... Li ......... Mg ......... Mn ......... Mo ......... 

Na ......... Nb ......... Ni ......... p .......... Sc ......... 

Se ......... Th ......... Ti ......... U-NT ....... U-FL ....... v .......... y .......... Zn ......... Zr ......... 

Method Detection 

PS 2 

PS 0.05 

AA 0. 1 

PS 10 

PS 2 

PS 1 

PS 0.05 

PS 4 

PS 1 

PS 2 

PS o.os 

PS 1 

PS 0.05 

PS 4 

PS 4 

PS 0.05 

PS 4 

PS 2 

PS 5 

PS 1 

AA 0.1 

PS 0.01 

PS 0.001 

NT 0.02 

FL 0.25 

PS 2 

PS 1 

PS 2 

PS 2 

Anomalous copper values may suggest additional 

localities of stratbaound red-bed copper deposits, 

particularly the area along the Cimarron river in the 

northeast corner of the study area. 

Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies 15 
.... 

0) Table 2. Statistical summary for stream sediments of the Central Oklahoma aquifer 

C) (522 samples. All values are in parts per million except values for AI, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Ti, which are in percent. Statistics are computed on measured values only. FL, fluorometry; NT, neutron 

CD activation-delayed neutron count method] :I 

CD 

.. 

!. 

C) Element Measurable Minimum Standard Relative standard CD Maximum Mean 0 

0 values value value deviation deviation {percent) ca 

'< 

m 

:I 

Q. Ag ......... 43 2.0 6.0 2.35 0.81 34.5 CJ) 

2. Al ......... 521 0.26 9.2 1.98 1. 40 70.7 

a: 

I As ......... 520 0.20 11.6 1.82 1. 1 9 65.4 "tt 

::r B .......... 365 10.0 125.0 2 1. 2 13.5 63.8 m Ba 522 195.0 76.3 CD 

en ......... 32.0 2221.0 255.5 

C) 

CD Be 383 1.13 0.44 38.9 () 

0 ......... 1.0 7.0 ::r 

CD Ca ......... 514 0.05 5.2 0.53 0.60 113.2 

3 

c;· Co ......... 416 4.0 24.0 7.82 3. 41 43.6 

!. Cr ......... 522 6.0 124.0 20.4 10.2 50.0 CJ) Cu 522 2.0 1369.0 13.6 61.9 455.2 ... . ........ c 

Q. 

;· 

~"' Fe ......... 522 0.27 4.42 0.98 0.51 52.0 

0 

CD K • • • • • • • • • • 522 0.079 2.43 0.69 0.42 60.9 :I Li 522 4.0 69.0 15.4 9.52 61. 8 .. 

... . ........ !. Mg ......... 506 0.05 2.47 0.35 0.33 94.3 0 Mn ••••••••• 522 53.0 3258.0 338.2 273.3 80.8 :11:' 

iii' 

::r 

0 

3 Mo ......... 16 4.0 8.0 4.63 1. 0 2 22.0 m 

> Na ......... 500 0.05 1. 3 1 0.36 0.25 69.4 .Jl 

c Nb ......... 431 4.0 75.0 6.99 5.09 72.8 ;: 

.. Ni ......... 516 2.0 90.0 9.47 6.68 70.5 

p .......... 522 26.0 1568.0 174.1 130.5 75.0 

Sc ......... 521 1.0 13.0 2.95 2. 0 5 69.5 

Se ......... 219 0.10 1 1 • 1 0.53 1.29 243.4 

Sr ......... 522 9.0 2300.0 65.6 112.8 172.0 

Th ••••••••• 490 2.0 66.0 6.12 5.10 8 3. 3 

Ti ......... 522 0.04 2.44 0.16 0. 14 87.5 

U-NT ....... 495 0.55 46.0 2.68 2.65 9 9. l 

U-FL ••••••• 513 0.33 9. 1 1.28 0.68 53. 1 

v .......... 522 8.0 112.0 29.1 13.6 46.7 

y .......... 522 1.0 70.0 8.62 5.66 65.7 

Zn ......... 522 4.0 69.0 2 1. 2 1 1. 8 55.7 

Zr ......... 522 25.0 880.0 97.5 77.6 79.6 
1000 

100 

E As 

~ 10 

0.1 

Cr 

Se 

u 

NT 

u 

FL 

Th 

Ba 

Cu 

Average of 

crustal rocks 

Average of NURE 

Central Oklahoma 

aquifer stream 

sediments 

co 

E~ 0 c: ..c.Q) 

.::t:_·-

~E 

0~ -0 

~E c: co Q) Q) 

u;:; 

-(/) 

0 .._ 

Q)~ tn•-

c: ::I roC" O:CO 

Figure 11. Average and range of values for NURE stream-sediment samples in the 

Central Oklahoma aquifer study area and average of crustal rocks for As, Se, Cr, U-NT, 

U-FL, Th, Ba, and Cu. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Anderson, G.E., 1927, Cleveland and McClain Counties, in oil 

and gas in Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey 

Bulletin 40-N, 18 p.; also in Bulletin 40, v. 2, p. 179-192 

[1930]. 

___ 1941, Origin of line of color in red bed deposition: 

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 52, 

p. 211-218. 

Aurin, F.L., Officer, H.G., and Gould, C.N., 1926, The 

subdivision of the Enid Formation: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 10, 

p. 786-799. 

Berendsen, P., and Lambert, M.W., 1981, Copper sulfides in 

the Lower Permian red beds of south-central Kansas, 

stratigraphy and host rock lithology: Kansas Geological 

Survey Bulletin 223, pt. 1, 19 p. 

Bingham, R.H., and Moore, R.L., 1975, Reconnaissance of the 

water resources of the Oklahoma City quadrangle, 

central Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey 

Hydrologic Atlas HA-4, 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000. 

Carr, J.E., and Marcher, M.V., 1977, A preliminary appraisal of 

the Garber-Wellington aquifer, southern Logan and 

northern Oklahoma Counties, Oklahoma: U.S. 

Geological Survey, Open-File Report 77-278, 23 p. 

Cox, R.E., 1978, Subsurface geochemical exploration of stratabound copper in Lower Permian redbeds in northcentral Oklahoma: Stillwater, Oklahoma State 

University, M.S. thesis, 117 p. 

Elrod, D.D., 1980, A geochemical and petrographic survey of 

the Wellington Formation, North-Central Oklahoma: 

Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, M.S. thesis, 

100 p. 

Fath, A.E., 1915, Copper deposits in the "Red Beds" of 

southwestern Oklahoma: Economic Geology, v. 10, 

p. 140-150. 

Fay, R.O., 1975, A possible origin for copper in Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 35, no. 4, p. 151-153. 

Gould, C.N., 1905, Geology and water resources of Oklahoma 

(terr.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply and 

Irrigation Paper 148, 178 p. 

___ 1930, Oil and Gas in Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological 

Survey Bulletin 40, v. 2, 3. 

Hagni, R.D., and Gann, D.E., 1976, Microscopy of copper ore 

at the Creta Mine, southwestern Oklahoma, in Johnson, 

K.S., and Croy, R. L., eds., Stratiform copper deposits of 

the Midcontinent region, a symposium: Oklahoma 

Geological Survey Circular 77, p. 40-50. 

Ham, W.E., and Johnson, K.S., 1964, Copper in the Flowerpot 

Shale (Permian) of the Creta area, Jackson County, 

Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 64, 

32 p. 

Ham, W.E., and Merritt, C.A., 1944, Barite in Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 23, 42 p. 

Hart, D.L., 1974, Reconnaissance of water resources of the 

Ardmore and Sherman quadrangles, southern Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 

HA-3, 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000. 

References Cited 17 
Haworth, E., and Bennet, J., 1901, Native copper near Enid, 

Oklahoma: Geological Survey of America Bulletin, v. 12, 

p. 2-3. 

Hill, W.E., Jr., 1967, Copper in redbeds of south-central 

Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 187, pt. 1, p. 

13-14. 

Kidwell, A.L., and Bower, R.R., 1976, Mineralogy and microtextures of sulfides in the Flowerpot Shale of Oklahoma 

and Texas, in Johnson K.S., and Croy, R.L., eds., Stratiform copper deposits of the Midcontinent region, a 

symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 77, p. 

51-60. 

Lambert, M.W., 1979, Copper sulfides in the Permian red beds 

of Kansas: Bloomington, Indiana University, M.A. 

dissertation, 99 p. 

Merritt, C.A., 1940, Copper in the "Red Beds" of Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma Geological Survey Mineral Report 8, p. 4-8. 

Miser, H.D., 1954, Geologic map of Oklahoma: Oklahoma 

Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey, scale 

1:500,000. 

Patterson, J .M., 1933, Permian of Logan and Lincoln Counties, 

Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin, v. 17, p. 241-253. 

Richards, L.M., 1915, Copper deposits in the "Red Beds" of 

Texas: Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 634-650. 

Ripley, E.M., Lambert, M. W., and Berendsen, P., 1980, 

Mineralogy and paragenesis of red bed copper 

mineralization in the Lower Permian of south-central 

Kansas: Economic Geology, v. 75, no. 5, p. 722-729. 

Rogers, A.F., 1916, Origin of the copper ores ofthe "Red Bed" 

type: Economic Geology, v. 11, p. 366-380. 

Rose, A.W., 1976, The effect of cuprous chloride complexes in 

the origin of red bed copper and related deposits: 

Economic Geology, v. 71, no. 6, p. 1036-1048. 

Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., and Webb, J.S., 1979, Geochemistry in mineral exploration (2d ed.): New York, Academic 

Press, p. 30. 

Schmitz, E.J. 1896, Copper ores in the Permian of Texas: 

Transaction AIME, v. 26, p. 97-108. 

Shockey, P.N., Renfro, A.R., and Paterson, R.J., 1974, Coppersilver solution fronts at Paoli, Oklahoma: Economic 

Geology, v. 69, p. 266-268. 

Smith, G.E., 1974, Deposition system, San Angelo Formation 

(Permian), north Texas-Facies control of red bed 

copper mineralization: Texas Bureau of. Economic 

Geology Report of Investigation 80, 73 p. 

Stroud, R.B., McMahan, A.B., Stroup, R.K., and Hibpshman, 

M.H., 1970, Production potential of copper deposits 

associated with Permian red bed formation in Texas, 

Oklahoma, and Kansas: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigation 7422, 103 p. 

Tarr, W.A., 1910, Copper in the "Red Beds" of Oklahoma: 

Economic Geology, v. 5, p. 221-226. 

___ 1933, The origin of the sand barites of the Lower 

Permian of Oklahoma: American Mineralogist, v. 18, p. 

260-273. 

Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division, 1978a, Hydrogeochemical and stream-sediment reconnaissance basic 

data for Oklahoma City NTMS quadrangle, Oklahoma: 

U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Gaseous 

Diffusion Plant, report GJBX-109 (78), 124 p. 

___ 1978b, Procedures manual for stream sediment 

reconnaissance sampling: U. S. Department of Energy, 

Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, report GJBX-84 

(78), 50 p. 

___ 1979a, Hydrogeochemical and stream sediment 

reconnaissance procedures of the uranium resource 

evaluation project: U.S. Department of Energy, Oak 

Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, report GJBX-32 (80), 

56 p. 

___ 1979b, Hydrogeochemical and stream-sediment 

reconnaissance data for Ardmore NTMS quadrangle, 

Oklahoma: U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge 

Gaseous Diffusion Plant, report GJBX-142 (78), 129 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, National interim 

primary drinking water regulations, Part IV, Water 

Program: Federal Register, v. 40, no. 248, p. 

50566-59588. 

Waugh, T.C., and Brady, L.L., 1976, Copper occurrences 

associated with Permian rocks in south-central Kansas, in 

Johnson, K.S., and Croy, R.L., eds., Stratiform copper 

deposits of the Midcontinent region, a symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 77, p. 76-79. 

Wood, P.R., and Burton,L. C., 1968, Ground-water resources in 

Cleveland and Oklahoma Counties, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 71, 75 p. 

18 General Geology and Solid-Phase Geochemical Studies, Central Oklahoma Aquifer 

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