Filed 2/2/16 P. v. Garner CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

TOM J. GARNER, JR.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E062231

(Super.Ct.No. RIF1400003)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Charles J. Koosed, Judge. 

Affirmed.

Christian C. Buckley, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Alana C. Butler, and Stephanie H. 

Chow, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Defendant Tom J. Garner, Jr., punched his former fiancé in the eye. When, 

months later, the victim’s injury still had not healed, she sought a second medical opinion
and underwent corrective surgery for a fractured orbital bone. The jury convicted 

defendant of inflicting corporal injury on a cohabitant (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a))1

and found true the allegation that he personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, 

subd. (e)).

2

Defendant challenges his conviction for the great bodily injury enhancement on 

two grounds. First, he contends the instruction for the corporal injury count likely caused 

the jury to believe that the great bodily injury enhancement required only proximate 

causation, rather than direct causation. Second, he contends there was insufficient 

evidence that the victim’s broken bone constituted great bodily injury and that he broke 

her bone. We disagree with both contentions and affirm the judgment.

I

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Incident

The victim testified that, in the fall of 2015, she was engaged to defendant and he 

was living in her home with her two sons. In the middle of the night on September 29, 

2013, defendant pulled the victim out of bed to continue an argument they had been 

having earlier that day. Defendant accused her of cheating on him and began looking 

through her phone and smelling her underwear. Defendant held his fist in front of the 

 

1

 All statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2

 Defendant was also charged with two counts of assault with a deadly weapon, 

but the prosecution dismissed one of the counts before trial and the jury acquitted 

defendant of the other count.
victim’s face, and she asked him if he was going to hit her. Defendant responded, “You 

think you’re tough” and punched her in the left eye. The punch knocked the victim to the 

ground. She began to bleed and could feel her eye starting to swell. It was hard for her 

to breathe, but she cried out for ice and said she needed to go to the hospital. She 

remembers that someone brought her ice and that defendant was begging her not to call 

the police. Defendant told her he would go to counseling if she promised not to call the 

police.

John Doe No. 2, the victim’s 16-year-old son, testified he woke up that night from 

hearing defendant and his mother arguing. He heard a smack and his mother called out to 

him for help. When he got to her bedroom she was curled up on the bed, covering her 

face. She was crying and asked him to call the police. Defendant looked nervous and 

told John Doe No. 2 that he had hit the victim in self-defense. John Doe No. 2 did not 

call 911 because he did not want to be in the same house as defendant while they were 

waiting for the police to arrive.

John Doe No. 1, the victim’s 12-year-old son, testified he heard his mother scream 

in the middle of the night. He went to her bedroom door and saw defendant standing in 

the doorway. His mother was crying and shouting, “My eye.” John Doe No. 1 brought 

her ice and went back to his bedroom because he was scared. The next day, his mother 

wore sunglasses around the house.
B. The Injury

The victim went to work the next day wearing sunglasses but she was sent home 

because of her injury. That same day, she took a photograph of her eye, which the 

prosecution showed the jury. In the photograph, the victim’s left eye is bruised and 

swollen shut.

The victim testified she spent the next few weeks at home in bed and in pain. At 

the end of the two weeks, she was still having headaches and a sharp pain behind her eye. 

She testified that it felt like her “skull [was] stretching out or stretching in.”

Defendant refused to take her to the emergency room, so the victim walked there 

one day in mid-October 2013. At that point, she was still trying to cover for defendant,

so she told the doctor she had been hit by a football. The doctor visually examined her 

eye and checked her pupil pressure. The doctor diagnosed the victim with a contusion 

and traumatic mydriasis, and gave her a prescription for Vicodin. The victim did not 

receive any x-rays or CAT scans during that hospital visit.

Shortly thereafter, the victim ended her relationship with defendant and reported 

the incident to the police. On January 1, 2014, the victim moved to Texas. She was still 

feeling a sharp pain in her left eye, so she went to a hospital in Texas for a second 

opinion. An x-ray revealed she had a broken orbital bone, and the doctors recommended 

corrective surgery. The victim underwent surgery in February 2014. Afterward, the 

doctors told her that her eye was still about a “millimeter off” and if it got worse they 
would consider another surgery. At the time of trial, the victim’s left eye visibly sagged 

below her right eye.

C. Defense Case

Defendant’s friend testified that the victim often started arguments with defendant. 

The friend was staying at the victim’s house on the night of the incident. He did not hear 

a smacking noise, but he did hear the victim call to her son for help. The next morning, 

he did not see any injury on the victim’s face.

Another one of defendant’s friends testified that he was at the victim’s house in 

September or October 2013, and heard the victim arguing with defendant in the bedroom. 

He claimed not to have seen anything and denied telling an investigator before trial that 

he heard the victim say, “He hit me.”

Defendant’s cousin testified that the victim was a possessive girlfriend, who often 

yelled at defendant. He saw the victim in mid-October and did not see any injury on her 

face. Defendant’s mother testified that the victim had called her near the end of October 

and promised that she would drop all charges if defendant got back together with her.

Dr. Ryan O’Connor, an emergency medical physician, reviewed the victim’s

medical records. He testified that a “contusion” is swelling or bruising, a “traumatic 

mydriasis” is an enlarged pupil dilation, and an “orbital floor fracture” is a fracture to a 

bone at the bottom of the eye socket, typically caused by the buildup of pressure from 

injury to the eyeball. He opined that the emergency room physician would not have 

made any other diagnoses that were not listed on the victim’s records.
II

DISCUSSION

A. The Great Bodily Injury Enhancement Instruction Was Proper

1. Background

The court instructed the jury that the corporal injury count required a finding that 

defendant willfully and unlawfully “inflicted a physical injury” on his former cohabitant 

that resulted in a traumatic condition. The court instructed the jury that causation for a 

traumatic condition is satisfied if:

“1. The traumatic condition was the natural and probable consequence of 

the injury;

2. The injury was a direct and substantial factor in causing the condition;

AND

3. The condition would not have happened without the injury.

“A natural and probable consequence is one that a reasonable person would know 

is likely to happen if nothing unusual intervenes. In deciding whether a consequence is 

natural and probable, consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence.

“A substantial factor is more than a trivial or remote factor. However, it does not 

need to be the only factor that resulted in the traumatic condition.”

The court then instructed the jury regarding the great bodily injury enhancement as 

follows:
“If you find the defendant guilty of the crime charged in Count 1, you must then 

decide whether the People have proved the additional allegation that the defendant 

personally inflicted great bodily injury on [the victim] during the commission of that 

crime, under circumstances involving domestic violence.”

2. Analysis

Defendant contends that the instruction for the corporal injury count likely caused

the jury to believe that proximate causation, as opposed to direct causation, was sufficient 

to support a true finding on the great bodily injury enhancement. Defendant does not 

contend either of the instructions was legally incomplete or incorrect. Rather, the 

gravamen of his challenge is that the trial court should have “additionally instructed that 

the proximate cause portion of [the corporal injury count instruction] did not apply to the 

section 12022.7 enhancement.” As a threshold matter, defendant forfeited this challenge 

by failing to object or request a clarifying instruction. (See, e.g., People v. Livingston

(2012) 53 Cal.4th 1145, 1165.) In any event, defendant’s argument fails on the merits 

because neither instruction was erroneous or prejudicial.

“ ‘An appellate court reviews the wording of a jury instruction de novo and 

assesses whether the instruction accurately states the law.’ [Citation.] ‘ “ ‘[T]he 

correctness of jury instructions is to be determined from the entire charge of the court, not 

from a consideration of parts of an instruction or from a particular instruction.’ ” ’ ” 

(People v. Acosta (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 108, 119.) Jury instructions are flawed only if, 

after taking into account the instructions as a whole and the trial record, there is a 
reasonable likelihood the jury misconstrued or misapplied the words of the instruction. 

(Ibid.; People v. King (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1281, 1316.) “ ‘We presume that jurors 

are intelligent and capable of correctly understanding, correlating, applying, and 

following the court’s instructions.’ ” (People v. Acosta, supra, at p. 119.)

Here, each instruction correctly stated the law. The instruction for the corporal 

injury count provided that defendant’s acts must be, at the very least, the “proximate 

cause” of the injury. The instruction for the great bodily injury enhancement provided

that defendant must “personally” inflict the injury. We disagree with defendant that it is 

likely the jury applied the proximate cause requirement for the charged offense to the 

enhancement. The word “personally” in the enhancement instruction logically conveys 

the idea that, in order for the enhancement allegation to be true, the jury must find 

defendant himself performed the act that caused the physical injury. (See People v. Cole

(1982) 31 Cal.3d 568, 579 [as used in the § 12022.7 enhancement, “[p]ersonally” was 

intended to “limit the category of persons subject to the enhancement to those who 

directly perform the act that causes the physical injury to the victim”].) Thus, because 

the enhancement instruction contained the word “personally,” an additional instruction 

stating that the proximate causation language in the corporal injury count instruction did 

not apply to the enhancement would be superfluous and therefore unnecessary.

There is no reason to think a jury would import causation language from one

instruction into a separate instruction, especially where, as here, that separate instruction 

contains its own causation language. To conclude otherwise would effectively require 
trial courts to instruct the jury that the definitions and elements in each instruction apply

only to that instruction and to no other. Common sense obviates the need for such a 

requirement.

Moreover, defendant’s reliance on People v. Rodriquez (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 341 

is misplaced, as that case involves a differently worded instruction for the great bodily 

injury enhancement. In Rodriguez, the instruction was erroneous because it used the 

“standard definition of proximate cause” as the type of causation required for the 

enhancement. (Id. at p. 347.) Significantly, the enhancement instruction at issue here did 

not contain any proximate causation language to confuse the jury. The proximate 

causation language about which defendant complains was used in a separate instruction, 

given immediately before the enhancement instruction. This language did not impute a 

proximate cause requirement to the enhancement instruction. We assume the jury 

understood that separate instructions are just that—separate.

Finally, even if the failure to give a clarifying instruction were error, which it is 

not, such error would be harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence that defendant 

directly caused the victim’s injury. (See, e.g., People v. Mil (2012) 53 Cal.4th 400, 417-

419.) The prosecution presented strong evidence that defendant punched the victim in 

the left eye and that this one act caused the fracture of her orbital bone. The victim 

described the punch, and her two sons testified that their mother was covering her eye 

when they came to her room upon hearing her scream in pain. One of the sons heard a 

smacking noise and testified that defendant admitted he had hit the victim, albeit in self-
defense. In comparison, the defense theory was that the victim fabricated the incident 

and defendant did not inflict any injury on her.

The prosecution’s evidence was stronger than the defense’s theory because it was 

supported by the testimony of multiple eyewitnesses. In contrast, there was no evidence 

the victim’s injury was caused by anything other than defendant punching her. Thus, 

even if the court had given an additional instruction stating that defendant must be the 

direct, not proximate, cause of the victim’s injury, it is unlikely the result would have 

been different.

B. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Finding that Defendant Personally 

Inflicted Great Bodily Injury

Defendant argues the enhancement should be reversed because there was 

insufficient evidence that the victim’s fracture constituted great bodily injury and that he 

caused the fracture. We find substantial evidence supports the jury’s finding.

“To determine the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, an appellate 

court reviews the entire record in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine 

whether it contains evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value, from which a 

rational trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People 

v. Jurado (2006) 38 Cal.4th 72, 118.) All conflicts of evidence are resolved in favor of 

the judgment and all reasonable inferences are drawn in its favor. (People v. Rodriguez

(1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.) “ ‘ “If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s 

findings, the opinion of the reviewing court that the circumstances might also reasonably 

be reconciled with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment.” ’ ” 
(People v. Burney (2009) 47 Cal.4th 203, 253.) In other words, reversal is unwarranted 

“unless it appears ‘that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial 

evidence to support [the conviction].’ ” (People v. Sanchez (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 325, 

329, quoting People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331.)

Great bodily injury is defined as “a significant or substantial physical injury.” 

(§ 12022.7, subd. (f).) The definition “contains no specific requirement that the victim 

suffer ‘permanent,’ ‘prolonged’ or ‘protracted’ disfigurement, impairment, or loss of 

bodily function.” (People v. Escobar (1992) 3 Cal.4th 740, 750.) “ ‘ “Whether the harm 

resulting to the victim . . . constitutes great bodily injury is a question of fact for the jury. 

[Citation.] If there is sufficient evidence to sustain the jury’s finding of great bodily 

injury, we are bound to accept it, even though the circumstances might reasonably be 

reconciled with a contrary finding.” ’ ” (Ibid.)

The victim testified that she suffered pain immediately after defendant punched 

her and that she continued to suffer headaches and a sharp pain behind her eye for over 

three months, until she was diagnosed with a fractured orbital bone and underwent 

corrective surgery. The prosecution showed the jury photographs of the victim taken 

prior to the incident to demonstrate that, by the time of trial, her left eye sagged and had 

not returned to its original condition. Additionally, the victim testified that she may 

require additional surgery.

Defendant makes much of the victim’s initial emergency room diagnosis and the 

fact that she was simply “sent home with pain killers.” Such an argument is unpersuasive 
because our task on review is to determine whether sufficient evidence supports the 

jury’s finding of great bodily injury, not whether the “circumstances might reasonably be 

reconciled with a contrary finding.” (People v. Escobar, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 750.) 

Based on the victim’s and Dr. O’Connor’s testimony, the jury could reasonably find 

either that the emergency room physician failed to detect the fracture (possibly due to the 

victim’s downplaying the cause of the injury) or that the victim’s orbital bone was not yet 

broken because the pressure in her eye socket caused by defendant’s punch had not yet 

increased to the point to cause a fracture. That the emergency room physician did not 

detect the fracture does not require a conclusion that the fracture did not then exist or was 

not caused by defendant.

Defendant next argues there was insufficient evidence that he caused the fracture. 

Defendant concedes he punched the victim, but asserts that “the reasonable conclusion is 

that the fracture occurred sometime after [the victim] was seen in the Riverside 

emergency room.” Again, defendant places too much emphasis on the emergency room 

diagnosis. Defendant is unable to identify any evidence to support a finding that the 

fracture was caused by something other than his punch. Instead, the evidence supports a 

finding that the full extent of the victim’s injury was not detected or had not yet occurred 

when she visited the emergency room.

We conclude the record supports defendant’s conviction for the great bodily injury 

enhancement.
III

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

McKINSTER

J.