U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930--G 

International Strategic Minerals Inventory 

Summary Report-Titanium 

Prepared as a cooperative eHort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of 

Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of 

Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the 

United Kingdom, and the United States of 

America 
Major geologic age units 

I 

Million years Age before present 

Holocene 

QUATERNARY t- 0.01 

Pleistocene 

u t- 2 

Pliocene 5 

N 5 ...___ 

Miocene 0 

z - w I- 24 

Oligocene TERTIARY u 

1--- 38 

Eocene t- 55 

Paleocene - 63 

Late Cretaceous 

Cretaceous 1--- 96 

u Early Cretaceous 5 

N t- 138 

0 Jurassic (/) 

w 

~ t-- 205 

Triassic 

--240 

Permian 

- t- 290 

Pennsylvanian 

Carboniferous t---330 

Mississippian u t- 360 5 

Devonian N 

0 

w t- 410 ...J 

<( Silurian 0.. 

- 435 

Ordovician 

t- 500 

Cambrian 

-570 

Late Proterozoic I ~ 

0 

t- 900 N 

0 

Middle Proterozoic a: 

w 

1- -1600 z 

~ 0 

Early Proterozoic a: 

a.. 2500 

a: 

m 

~ 

z <( 

u <( 

w w 

:J: a: 

u 0.. 

a: 

I 

<( 

I 
International Strategic Minerals Inventory 

Summary Report-Titanium 

By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and lyn M .. Porter 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930- G 

Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of 

Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of 

Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the 

United Kingdom, and the United States of 

America 

1988 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Towner, R. R. 

International strategic minerals inventory summary 

report, titanium. 

(U.S. Geological Survey circular; 930-G) 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.4/2:930-G 

1. Titanium. I. Gray, Jonathan M. II. Porter, 

Lyn M. Ill. Title. IV. Series. 

TN490.T6T68 1989 333.8'5 88-600060 

The use of trade names in this publication is for Identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. 

Geological Survey. 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1988 

Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 
FOREWORD 

Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries 

started the International Strategic Minerals Inventory in order to gather 

cooperatively information about major sources of strategic mineral raw materials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits of 

titanium, one of the mineral commodities selected for the inventory. 

The report was prepared by Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and Lyn 

M. Porter of the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and 

Geophysics. Titanium inventory information was compiled by Eric R. Force, 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); Ian Goldberg, South African Department of 

Mineral and Energy Affairs (MEA), Minerals Bureau; David M. Sutphin, 

USGS; Sebastiaan J. Van Graan, MEA, Minerals Bureau; Jan Zwartendyk, 

David E. C. King, and Andrew G. Sozanski, Canadian Department of Energy, 

Mines and Resources (EMR), Mineral Policy Sector (MPS); and Gordon A. 

Gross, EMR, Geological Survey of Canada. Additional contributions to the 

report were made by Langtry E. Lynd and Aldo F. Barsotti, U.S. Bureau of 

Mines, John H. DeYoung, Jr., USGS; and Antony B. T. Werner and Jan 

Zwartendyk, EMR, MPS. 

Director 

iii 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii 

Abstract- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 

Part I -Overview - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 

Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 

Background, processing, and use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 

Supply aspects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 

Distribution of titanium deposits - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 

Titanium resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 

Titanium mineral production - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 

Titanium exports - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 

Conclusions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 

Part II -Selected inventory information for titanium deposits and districts- - - - - - - - - - - - 22 

References cited - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 

I LLUSTRA liONS 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Diagram showing United Nations resource categories used in this report ----- 3 

2-5. Maps showing: 

2. Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the 

world's major ilmenite deposits and districts - - - - -- - -- - - - --- - -- - - - 7 

3. Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's 

major rutile deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 

4. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries 

containing major ilmenite deposits and districts- - - -- -- - - - -- - -- -- -- 9 

5. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries 

containing major rutile deposits and districts-- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - -- 10 

6. Pie charts showing distribution of ilmenite and rutile identified economic 

resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by country and 

economic class of country - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 

7-8. Bar graphs showing: 

7. Distribution of total world production of ilmenite and rutile, 

by country; selected years 1930-85----------------------------- 15 

8. Ilmenite and rutile production, by country; selected years 1940-85------- 16 

9. Graphs showing concentration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral 

commodity production in 1913 and 1980---------------------------- 17 

10-11. Maps showing: 

10. Major ilmenite deposits and districts, their present production 

status, and their probable production status in 2020- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 

11. Major rutile deposits and districts, their present production 

status, and their probable production status in 2020- --- -- - -- - - -- - - 20 

12. Pie charts showing distribution of world exports of titanium 

products in 1984, by country ----------------------------------- 21 

v 
TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Principal titanium-bearing minerals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 

2. Titanium resources in, and cumulative production from, the world's 

major titanium deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type 

and resource category - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 

3-5. Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits and districts: 

3. By country and resource category- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 

4. By economic class of country and resource category - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - 13 

5. By mining method and economic class of country, and ilmenite and rutile 

cumulative production, by mining method-------------------------- 14 

6-7. Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) production of 

ilmenite and rutile: 

6. By country - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 

7. By economic class of country - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 

8. Export of titanium products by country in 1984 -------------------------- 18 

9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for titanium 

deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 

10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for 

titanium deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 

VI 
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY 

SUMMARY REPORT 

TITANIUM 

By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and lyn M. Porter1 

ABSTRACT 

Ilmenite and rutile are currently the most important 

titanium-bearing minerals, although anatase may be important in the future. Both ilmenite and rutile occur in hard-rock 

and placer deposits, but at present all rutile production and 

about half of the ilmenite production are from placer deposits. 

Anatase occurs in laterite deposits in Brazil, which at present 

are largely undeveloped. 

World ilmenite resources in identified deposits that are 

economically exploitable (RlE) are sufficient for about 150 

years at current production rates, and about two-thirds of 

these resources are in China, the Soviet Union, and Norway. 

World rutile RlE resources would last about 80 years at 

current production rates, and some 54 percent of these 

resources are in Australia, the United States, and Italy. Combined RlE resources of anatase (which are all in Brazil) and 

rutile would last 300 years at current rutile production rates. 

Over 95 percent of the world's mine production of 

titanium-bearing minerals is used to manufacture titanium 

dioxide pigment for paint and other products. Most of the 

remaining 4 to 5 percent of production, which is largely rutile, 

is used for making titanium metal. Australia and Canada are 

the largest ilmenite producers, together supplying about half 

the world total; South Africa, Norway, and the Soviet Union 

together account for another third. Australia accounts for half 

the total world rutile production, with Sierra Leone and South 

Africa together accounting for another third. Australia and 

Norway are the largest exporters of titanium minerals. 

Unless major new deposits are discovered and developed 

in the traditional producing countries, the pattern of world 

production of both ilmenite and rutile could change substantially by 2020. 

1 Authors are with the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and 

Geophysics, Australian Department of Resources and Energy. 

PART I-OVERVIEW 

INTRODUCTION 

The reliability of future supplies of so-called 

strategic minerals is of concern to many nations. 

This widespread concern has led to duplication of 

effort in the gathering of information on the 

world's major sources of strategic mineral materials. With the aim of pooling such information, a 

cooperative program named International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 

by officials of the governments of the United 

States, Canada, and the Federal Republic of Germany. It was subsequently joined by the Republic of 

South Africa, Australia, and the United Kingdom. 

The objective of ISMI reports is to make 

publicly available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and characteristics of major 

deposits of strategic mineral commodities for policy 

considerations in regard to short-term, mediumterm, and long-term world supply. This report 

provides a summary statement of the data compiled 

and an overview of the supply aspects of titanium 

in a format designed to be of benefit to policy 

analysts and geologists. Knowledge of the geologic aspects of mineral resources is essential in 

order to discover and develop mineral deposits. 

However, technical, financial, and political decisions must be made, and often transportation and 

marketing systems must be constructed before 

ore can be mined and processed and the products 

transported to the consumer; the technical, financial, and political aspects of mineral-resource 
development are not specifically addressed in this 

report. The report addresses the primary stages in 

the supply process for titanium and does not 

include considerations of titanium demand. 

The term "strategic minerals" is imprecise. 

It generally refers to mineral ore and derivative 

products that come largely or entirely from foreign sources, that are difficult to replace, and that 

are important to a nation's economy, in particular 

to its defense industry. Usually, the term implies a 

nation's perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions and of a need to safeguard its industries 

from the repercussions of a loss of supplies. 

Because a mineral that is strategic to one 

country may not be strategic to another, no one 

list of strategic minerals can be prepared. The 

ISMI Working Group decided to commence with 

chromium, manganese, nickel, and phosphate. All 

of these studies, plus those for platinum-group 

metals and cobalt, have now been published. Additional studies on titanium (this report), graphite, 

tungsten, vanadium, tin, and zirconium have been 

subsequently undertaken. 

The data in the ISMI titanium inventory 

were collected from January 1984 to February 

1986. The report was submitted for review and 

publication in July 1986. The information used 

was the best available to the various agencies of 

the participating countries that contributed to the 

preparation of this report. Those agencies were 

the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and 

Geophysics of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy; the Bureau of Mines 

and the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department 

of the Interior; the Geological Survey of Canada 

and the Mineral Policy Sector of the Canadian 

Department of Energy, Mines and Resources; the 

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural 

Resources of the Federal Republic of Germany; 

the Geological Survey and the Minerals Bureau of 

the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs of 

South Africa; and the British Geological Survey, a 

component of the Natural Environment Research 

Council of the United Kingdom. 

No geologic definition of a deposit (or district) is used for compiling records for this report. 

Deposits (or districts) are selected for the inventory on the basis of their present or expected 

future contribution to world supply. Records for 

all deposits compiled by ISMI participants meet 

this general "major deposit" criterion and are 

included in the inventory. No information is pro2 

vided on deposits that were once significant but 

whose resources are now considered to have been 

depleted. Some records, for example Zhanjiang 

(China) and Perak-Selangor (Malaysia), refer to 

districts which contain several deposits; these 

deposits are grouped together because they are 

too small to be listed individually or because published data are available only for the deposits as a 

group. 

The ISMI record collection and this report 

on titanium have adopted the international classification system for mineral resources recommended by the United Nations Group of Experts 

on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral 

Resources (United Nations Economic and Social 

Council, 1979; Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource categories of this system were 

established in 1979 to facilitate international 

exchange of mineral-resource data; the Group of 

Experts sought a system that would be compatible with the several systems already in use in 

several countries. Figure 1 shows the U.N. 

resource classification used here. This report 

focuses on category R1, which covers reliable estimates of tonnages and grades of known deposits. 

The familiar term "reserves," which many would 

consider to be equivalent to r1E or R1E, has been 

interpreted inconsistently and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classification. 

It should be noted that, generally, until a 

deposit has been extensively explored or mined, 

its size and grade are imperfectly defined. In many 

cases, deposit size will prove to be significantly 

larger, sometimes even several times larger, than 

was established when the decision to mine was 

made. Experts with a sound knowledge of a 

deposit and its geologic setting might infer that 

the deposit extends beyond the bounds reliably 

established up to that time. Tonnage estimates for 

such inferred extensions fall into category R2. For 

major deposits, ISMI records show R2 estimates 

in the few cases for which they are readily available. Category R3, postulated but undiscovered 

resources, is not dealt with in this report. 

The term "ore" in tables 9 and 10 (Part II) 

refers to mineralized rock or sediment which contains an economic quantity of titanium-bearing 

minerals whether in the form of rutile, ilmenite, 

leucoxene, or titanomagnetite or in any combination thereof. 

Not all companies or countries report 

resource data in the same way. In this report, all 
R* 

IN SITU RESOURCESQuantities of economic interest 

for the next few decades 

R1 R3 

KNOWN DEPOSITS- EXTENSIONS OF KNOWN DEPOSITS UNDISCOVERED DEPOSITSReliable 

~ 

estimates AND NEWLY DISCOVERED DEPOSITS- Tentative estimates 

Preliminary estimates 

R1E/ R1IM ~R1S R2~2S Economically Marginally Subeconomic 

exploitable economic 

Economically . Subeconomic 

exploitable 

*The capital "R" denotes resources in situ; a lower case "r" expresses the corresponding recoverable resources 

for each category and subcategory. Thus, r1E is the recoverable equivalent of R1E. This report deals only 

with R1 and R2, not with R3. -

Figure 1.-United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313). 

resource data are quoted as being in place. Mining 

recovery from an ore body depends on individual 

conditions and may vary considerably. For placer 

deposits, in excess of 90 percent of the ore is 

generally recovered; for open-cut primary deposits, mining recovery is generally in the order of 7 5 

to 90 percent. After mining, up to about 5 percent 

of the economic mineral content of alluvial ore 

may be lost in processing (concentration and separation stages). The metallurgical recovery rates 

of hard-rock ore depend very much on grain size. 

The World Bank economic classification of 

countries (World Bank, 1985, p.174-175), which is 

based primarily on GNP per capita, has been used 

in this and other ISMI reports to illustrate distribution of resources and production according to 

economic groupings of countries. This classification was chosen because it relies primarily on 

objective economic criteria and does not contain 

political bloc labels that might be perceived differently by different countries. 

BACKGROUND, PROCESSING, AND USE 

Titanium was named after the Titans, the 

first sons of the Earth in Greek mythology, to 

indicate the strength of the element. All igneous 

rocks contain at least a trace of titanium, and 

some 60 minerals have it in their listed chemical 

composition. Approximately 0.62 percent of the 

Earth's crust is titanium (1.05 x 1014 metric tons), 

making it the ninth most abundant element. 

Despite the widespread distribution of titanium in the crust, however, there are relatively few 

3 

economic deposits of titanium minerals. The economic viability of deposits is determined not only 

by grade and available tonnage but also by the 

constituent mineralogy and deposit type. Titanium never occurs in nature in the free state; it is 

generally in chemical combination with oxygen 

as titanium dioxide (Ti02). The main titaniumbearing minerals are listed in table 1. 

Rutile, ilmenite, leucoxene, and titanomagnetite are the only titanium-bearing minerals currently being mined. Leucoxene is actually a finegrained alteration product of other titanium 

minerals, usually ilmenite. Titanomagnetite is of 

lesser economic significance. To be of commercial 

interest, titanomagnetite must have a titanium 

grade approaching 20 percent, or it must contain 

another important element such as vanadium. 

Anatase has great potential as a future 

source of titanium. Concentrates have been produced successfully at a pilot plant in Tapira, Brazil. As a result, the very large resources of this 

mineral in Brazil may soon be exploited. Perovskite and sphene are also important as a potential 

source of titanium. Large deposits occur in the 

United States and the Soviet Union, but as yet 

there has been no commercial exploitation of these 

minerals. Brookite does not occur in quantities 

significant enough to be seriously considered for 

exploitation. 

Mining of titanium deposits is generally by 

open-pit methods, although in some deposits, such 

as the Otanmaki mine in Finland, underground 

methods are used. Secondary "mineral sand" 
Table I.-Principal titanium-bearing minerals 

Mineral Ideal formula 

Rutile--------·-·----------- Ti0 2 

Anatase-·----------------- Ti02 

Brookite--------------···-- TiO~ 

Ilmenite----·--·------····· FeT10 

Leucoxene -----------·-·-- Fe~id5 Perovskite ----------·--·-- CaTi03 

Sphene-·--·-·---------·---- CaTiSi05 T1tanomagnetite--------- TiFe20 4 

Usual Ti02 content 

(percent) 

92-98 

90-95 

90-100 

35-60 

60-90 

40-60 

30-42 

2-20 

deposits are commonly exploited by suction or 

bucket-line methods of dredging. Primary "hardrock" deposits and some of the more indurated 

secondary deposits require blasting, front-end 

loaders, shovels, and other heavy earth-moving 

equipment. The mined ore is processed by a combination of gravity, magnetic, electrostatic, and 

chemical separation methods to concentrate the 

various titanium minerals. 

Most of the rutile, ilmenite, and leucoxene 

produced is processed into various upgraded products, with a minor quantity (1-2 percent) being 

used directly as coatings for welding electrodes and 

as a flux in smelter operations. Ilmenite is used 

in sand-blasting operations and more recently as a 

weighting agent in oil well drilling muds. 

Beneficiation of ilmenite, leucoxene, and 

titanomagnetite leads to the production of either 

titania slag or synthetic rutile (upgraded ilmenite), both of which may be considered as 

upgraded raw material. Further processing of 

these materials, and of natural rutile, is needed to 

produce titanium dioxide (Ti02 ) and titanium 

metal. These upgraded materials (titania slag and 

synthetic rutile) are discussed below. 

Titania slag available on the world market is 

produced at Sorel, Canada (80 percent Ti02 content), and at Richards Bay, South Africa (85-87 

percent Ti02 content). The slag is produced by 

reduction of ilmenite with carbon in an electric 

furnace. The high-titanium, low-iron slag is preferred over lower grade feedstock for titanium 

dioxide manufactured by the sulfate-route process (which utilizes sulfuric acid and a feedstock of 

ilmenite, leucoxene, or titania slag), because this 

slag reduces the quantity of sulfuric acid required 

and curtails waste disposal pollution. Japan, the 

Soviet Union, and China also produce slags of 

similar grade for use in local titanium-metal manufacture (Adams, 1984). 

Synthetic rutile (upgraded ilmenite) produced from ilmenite has a Ti02 content approach4 

ing that of natural rutile (that is, greater than 90 

percent Ti02). Production first started in the early 

1970's, and plants are now located in Australia, 

India, Japan, Taiwan (currently not in operation), 

the United States, China, and the Soviet Union. In 

the most common method of production, the iron 

oxide content is reduced to the metal or ferrous 

state and then chemically leached away from the 

titanium (Adams, 1984). The product has a much 

greater Ti02 content than the original ilmenite 

and may substitute for natural rutile in the production of titanium metal and in the manufacture 

of titanium dioxide pigment by the chloride-route 

process. In this process, chlorine is used, generally 

with a feedstock of natural or synthetic rutile. 

The manufacture of titanium dioxide 

accounts for 95 percent of the world's titaniummineral production (Lynd, 1985). In addition to 

the sulfate-route and the chloride-route processes, 

Du Pont has developed a process which allows the 

use of lower grade feedstocks such as high-grade 

ilmenite, leucoxene, or titania slag. The chlorideroute process is now preferred in most developed 

countries, because it is highly automated, requires 

less manpower, and has lower levels of waste. The 

sulfate route is more common in less developed 

countries such as India and Mexico because of its 

lower capital outlay and technical requirements. 

Such countries have low labor costs and less strict 

pollution regulations (Adams, 1984). 

The major use of titanium dioxide is as a 

pigment, but there are other important industrial 

applications. The various applications of titanium 

dioxide reflect its special properties, which include 

high refractive index which imparts considerable 

opacity or hiding power; high reflectivity which 

imparts great brightness and brilliant whiteness; 

chemical inertness which contributes to excellent 

color retention; and thermal stability over a wide 

range of temperatures. Titanium dioxide is nontoxic, nonfibrogenic, biologically inert, and has 

useful electrical properties (Adams, 1984). 

The largest market for Ti02 pigment is in 

the surface-coating industries, where it is used 

particularly in paint but also in varnish and 

lacquer. In all western countries, Ti02 is the 

most widely used white pigment in paint. 

Surface-coating industries accounted for 62 percent of world Ti02 pigment demand in 1984, the 

second largest market being the plastics industry 

(15 percent), and the third largest the paper industry (12 percent). In the United States, however, the 
paper industry consumes more Ti02 pigment than 

the plastics industry (Callow, 1985). In addition to 

its use as a pigment in these three major industries, titanium dioxide is also consumed in small 

amounts in the manufacture of rubber, leather, 

ceramics, textiles, concrete, cosmetics, catalysts, 

glass fibers, and other products (Adams, 1984). 

Approximately 4 percent of the world's 

annual production of titanium minerals, including 

25 percent of the rutile production, goes to make 

titanium metal. Only in the Soviet Union and 

China is ilmenite used; all western producers use 

natural or synthetic rutile in the manufacture of 

titanium metal. 

Titanium-metal ingots are produced in three 

stages which are often carried out at separate 

localities. The first stage involves the production 

of titanium tetrachloride (TiC14), which is used 

also in the chloride-route process for Ti02 production. The second stage concerns the reduction of 

TiCl4 by molten sodium (the Hunter process) or by 

molten magnesium (the Kroll process) to produce 

titanium sponge metal-so called "sponge" 

because of its appearance and high porosity. The 

third stage is consolidation of the sponge metal 

into ingots, which is normally done by vacuum-arc 

melting and may require several melts to remove 

trace impurities. Alloying elements are added at 

this stage for the production of titanium alloys. 

Scrap titanium metal, which is used in 35 to 40 

percent of world ingot production, is also added at 

this stage (Lynd, 1985). 

Of the total titanium metal produced in the 

world, approximately 30 percent is used as pure 

metal, 65 percent as titanium-based alloys (for 

example with minor amounts of vanadium or aluminum), and 5 percent as a minor additive in 

alloys based on aluminum, nickel, copper, or other 

metals (Adams, 1984). 

Consumption of titanium metal and its 

alloys is in two broad markets: aerospace and 

industry. The aerospace market, which accounted 

for 45 percent of Western World titanium-metal 

consumption (60 percent of U.S. consumption) in 

1983 (Adams, 1984; Lynd, 1985), primarily consists of commercial and military aircraft but also 

includes spacecraft and guided missiles. Titanium 

is used in airframe structural parts and in jet 

engine components because of its very high 

strength-to-weight ratio and its ability to maintain its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. 

5 

The industrial market includes a diverse 

group of markets where titanium metal is used for 

its resistance to corrosion, its lack of toxicity, and 

other properties. The 55 percent of 1983 Western 

World consumption of titanium metal in the industrial market was chemical and desalination 

plants, 28 percent; power station equipment, 11 

percent; and food, medical, and marine applications, most of the remaining 16 percent (Adams, 

1984). 

SUPPLY ASPECTS 

At the end of 1985, world capacity for titanium dioxide production in about 52 separate 

plants in 24 countries was 2. 7 million metric tons. 

The United States accounted for approximately 

30 percent of the total; the Federal Republic of 

Germany, 12 percent; the United Kingdom, 9 percent; Japan, 9 percent; and France, 6 percent 

(Lynd, 1985). Four companies through their international subsidiaries and affiliates account for 62 

percent of the world production capacity; these 

are Du Pont, Tioxide Group, SCM Corp, and NL 

Industries (Callow, 1985). Production by these 

companies is partly from raw materials, including 

titania slag and synthetic rutile, imported from 

mines and plants in countries such as Australia, 

Canada, and South Africa. The major net exporters of titanium dioxide are the Federal Republic of 

Germany, France, Belgium, and Japan. The 

United States is a net importer (Lynd, 1985). 

In the past 15 years, world titanium dioxide 

production capacity has been comfortably in 

excess of demand (Adams, 1984). During 1984 and 

1985, however, the gap between demand and supply diminished substantially, so that over the next 

few years demand will exceed supply. The industry is now considered to have reached maturity. 

The U.S. Bureau of Mines forecasts that for the 

United States, the average annual growth rate for 

titanium dioxide demand to the year 2000 will be 

1.8 percent. The forecast is somewhat higher for 

the rest of the world, and particularly higher for 

developing countries (Lynd, 1985). 

The 1985 world titanium sponge production 

capacity was estimated at 132,000 metric tons, of 

which the Soviet Union accounted for 39 percent; 

Japan, 29 percent; the United States, 26 percent; 

the United Kingdom, 4 percent; and China, 2 percent. There are 20 separate production plants 

located in these 5 countries. Three companies 
account for 58 percent of Western World titanium 

sponge production: Osaka Titanium Corp, Toho 

Titanium, and Titanium Metals Corp of America 

(Adams, 1984). None of the Western World titanium sponge producers own their source of raw 

material. They must import rutile from countries 

such as Australia, Sierra Leone, and South Africa. 

Titanium-metal demand has varied widely in 

the past as a result of changes in the requirements 

for military and commercial aircraft. Demand 

from nonaerospace industries has also been difficult to forecast. This situation has led to periods 

of undersupply followed by periods of oversupply. 

Annual growth in demand for titanium metal in 

the United States to the year 2000 has been estimated at 5.5 percent (Lynd, 1985). 

Several points regarding the supply of titanium raw materials, titanium dioxide, and titanium metal are noteworthy: 

• Although they have a large share of the export 

markets, the traditional major exporters of raw 

material, for example, Australia, Canada, and 

Norway, have been affected by the newly established exporters, such as Sierra Leone and 

South Africa. 

• Because some titanium mines-for example 

those in the Soviet Union, China, Brazil, and 

India-are government owned, production 

might be maintained when normal market 

forces would require their closure. 

• Additions to the United States' strategic stockpile may provide stimulus to the titanium-metal 

industry. As of September 1986, the inventories 

were 37 percent of the goal of 96,000 metric tons 

of rutile and 13 percent of the goal of 177,000 

metric tons of sponge metal (Lynd, 1987 a, b). 

• Brazil may emerge in the near future as a major 

producer of titanium-bearing minerals through 

its vast reserves of anatase (90 percent Ti02 ). A 

titanium dioxide pigment plant having a capacity of 200,000 metric tons per year is to be 

constructed at Araxa and will use anatase as its 

feedstock (Industrial Minerals, 1984). 

• There are no completely satisfactory substitutes for titanium metal or titanium dioxide. 

The metal may face competition in the future, 

however, from new boron and carbon fiber materials. In the pigment industry, cheaper substitutes, such as zinc oxide, lithopone, calcium 

carbonate, and others, may be used in place of 

6 

titanium dioxide, although they result in an 

inferior product. 

• Future demand for titanium raw materials will 

continue to depend essentially on the titanium 

dioxide pigment industry. This industry 

requires 95 percent of the world's titanium-ore 

production for raw material, while the metal 

industry requires just 4 percent. 

DISTRIBUTION OF TITANIUM DEPOSITS 

The world maps in figures 2 and 3 show the 

locations of the 86 major ilmenite and 52 major 

rutile deposits and districts in the inventory. In 

this report, leucoxene and titanomagnetite2 deposits are grouped with ilmenite deposits, and anatase with rutile. Many of the deposits contain both 

ilmenite and rutile giving a total of 96 titanium 

mineral deposits. They are located in relatively 

few (21) countries on all continents but Antarctica, although identified deposits are scarce in 

central and north Africa and South America exclusive of Brazil. Also noteworthy is the fact that 

many of the deposits, as in Australia, South 

Africa, Canada, and China, are grouped together 

in provinces. Figures 4 and 5 show the economic 

class of each country having a major deposit. 

Titanium minerals are currently produced 

from both secondary placer deposits and primary 

magmatic deposits. However, there exists a third 

deposit type, laterite deposits. The secondary 

placer deposit type includes the greatest number 

of selected deposits with 59 out of the total 96. 

These placer deposits are composed of generally 

unconsolidated sands that are enriched in heavy 

minerals. The great majority of secondary placer 

deposits are marine in origin; the remainder are 

alluvial. The majority are Quaternary (younger 

than 2 million years) in age and occur on or very 

near to the surface. However, buried placer deposits, such as the Cretaceous-Tertiary deposits of 

Dnepropetrovsk and Zhitomir in the Soviet Union, 

are important. Most placer deposits have grades 

in the order of 5 to 10 percent ilmenite and 1 

percent rutile. Sand deposits containing less than 

2Titanomagnetite reserves are included only where a bulk oxide 

concentrate exceeds an economic cutoff figure for Ti02 content (approximately 25 percent in industrial market countries); where ilmenite 

occurs as discrete and separate grains within the magnetite; or where a 

byproduct like vanadium can be economically recovered necessitating 

chemical destruction of the magnetite. 
....... Aurora 

• Brunswick 

• Cumberland 

0 Trail Ridge 

0 Green Cove Springs 

.. -:.~ .. \ 

e y b ) t CANADA - ""'"= ; rO Suncor 

0 Syncrude 

• Otanmaki 

~NORWAY • Rodsand 

0Tellnes 

~Lac de Ia Blache 

Magpie Mountain 

Lac Tio 

Kellog Property 

St Urbain D. 

Lac du Pin Rouge 

ROMANIA • 

SOUTH AFRICA 

o,Langping De Miao 

• Heishan 

Panzhihua 

Beihai D. 

Xun Jiang 

~ '1' 0 Zhanjiang D. 

0 Wuzhaung 

Sai-Lao D. 

0 

0 

Richards 

Bothaville 

Bay-

~ 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessarily authoritative 

Base from Bundesanstalt fur 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

160° 120° 

• Placer 

GEOLOGIC DEPOSIT TYPE 

• Magmatic 

' B0° 40° 

0 West Cape Coast 

• Umgababa 

0 Transkei Coast 

• Cape Morgan 

• Ciskei Coast 

oo 

0 > 30 X 106 

~ 

70° 70° 

1000 500 0 500 1000 km 

40° B0° 120° 160° 

TOTAL RESOURCES (METRIC TONS OF ILMENITE) 15/0/6 

0 5 X 106 -30 X 106 • < 5 X 106 • Unreported 

D. District 

Figure 2.-Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major ilmenite deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
QO 

Lakehurst 

Bingham Canyon 

• Kerr McGee 

• Oak Grove 

o Natchez Trace 

• Brunswick 

o Cumberland Island 

Trail Ridge 

Green Cove Springs 

,• ~ ..... , 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessarily authoritative 

Base from Bundesanstalt flir 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

160° 120° 

.. 

• Placer 

GEOLOGIC DEPOSIT TYPE 

• Magmatic 

80° 

.t. Lateritic 

" oo 

Richards Bay 

Umgababa 

Transkei Coast 

Cape Morgan 

Ciskei Coast 

Bothaville 

West Cape Coast 

40° 

oo oo 

70° 70° 

1000 500 0 500 1000 km 

80° 120° 160° 

TOTAL RESOURCES (METRIC TONS OF RUTILE) 

0 > 10 X 106 0 106-10 X 106 • < 106 • Unreported 

D. District 

Figure 3.-Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major rutile deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
-:> 

160° 

-.. 

40° 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessarily authOritative 

Base from Bundesansta/t fUr 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

160° 120° 

- Low-income economies D 

80° 

Upper middle-income 

economies 

' 40° 

~ Industrial market 

economies G 

.. 

East European nonmarket 

economies 

D. District 

\ 4' 

160° 

Figure 4.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1985, p. 174-175) for countries containing major ilmenite deposits and districts. Location names are from the 

tables in Part II. 
0 1-oo 

40 ° 

Boundary and names representation 

authoritative 

Base from Bundesanstalt fUr 

Geowissenschahen und Rohstoffe 

- Low-income economies D Upper middle-income 

economies 

... 

~ 

oo 

Industrial market 

economies u 

'""' AUSTRALIA 

s Water 

r Island 

;:::L'~Mor eto n Island 

0 o====c:=:::=. 0 o 

70° 70° 1000 500 0 500 1000 km 

East European nonmarket 

economies 

D. District 

120° 

broke 

15/0/9 

Figure 5.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1985, p. 174-175) for countries containing major rutile deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables 

in Part II. 
1 percent ilmenite (as in China) and less than 0.5 

percent rutile (as in Australia) may be economic, 

but grades may be much higher as at Pulmoddai, 

Sri Lanka (73 percent ilmenite, 11 percent rutile). 

The easily minable character of some rutile beach 

placers, such as those in eastern Australia, allows 

mining of grades below the average titanium concentration of the Earth's crust (Brooks, 1976, p. 

149; Force, 1976, p. 8). 

The remainder of the deposits which contain 

most of the world's resources are predominantly 

magmatic which, for this report, includes metamorphic deposits (Piampaludo, Italy, and Shubino 

Village, Soviet Union). The host rocks are typically basic or ultrabasic and are frequently associated with anorthosites (Lac Tio, Canada; Tellnes, 

Norway; and Sanford Lake, United States); others 

are associated with alkaline igneous rocks (Afrikanda, Soviet Union, and Powderhorn, United 

States). Most are Precambrian in age, but some 

are of Paleozoic age. The mineralization may be 

massive, occurring as lenses, layers, or seams, or it 

may be disseminated. In magmatic deposits, 

titanomagnetite, often occurring in close association with ilmenite, is the common titaniumbearing mineral; rutile is not common. Economic 

deposits of this type generally have a grade 

between 10 to 30 percent Ti02 , although some 

deposits in the Soviet Union are being mined with 

as little as 1 to 2 percent Ti02 • 

Four deposits in Brazil are the only known 

economic titanium-laterite deposits in the world. 

These deposits are derived from former alkalic 

igneous rocks that underwent intense tropical 

weathering to leave a lateritic mantle that is highly 

enriched in titanium (approximately 20 percent 

Ti02 as anatase). 

TITANIUM RESOURCES 

Total RlE resources in the world's major 

deposits are as follows: ilmenite, 839 million metric tons; rutile, 28 million metric tons; and anatase, 96 million metric tons. The world total of 

reported "all other Rl and R2" resources (RIM, 

RlS, R2E, and R2S) is as follows: ilmenite, 1,835 

million metric tons; rutile, 50 million metric tons; 

and anatase, 57 million metric tons. These figures 

are based on data reported in table 10 of Part II. 

Table 2 shows the grouping of these 

resources by deposit type. Magmatic deposits contain the bulk of the ilmenite resource with 7 4 

11 

TABLE 2.-Titanium resources in, and cumulative production 

from, the world's major titanium deposits and districts, by 

geologic deposit type and resource category 

[Figures are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part II and are in million metric 

tons; figures in parentheses denote percentage of each mineral accounted for by 

each deposit type] 

Resource category 

D 't t 1 No. of Titanium RlE2 All other Rl Cumulative 

eposl ype records mineral and R23 production 

Magmatic---- 33 

Placer-------- 59 

Lateritic----- 4 

Ilmenite4 625 (74) 1,625 (89) 57.0 (61) 

Rutile 6 (22) 16 (32) 0 (0) 

Ilmenite 214 (26) 210 (11) 36.9 (39) 

Rutile 21 (78) 34 (68) 5.9 (100) 

Anatase 96 (100) 57 (100) .03 (100) 

Totals 

Total -- 96 Ilmenite 839 (100) 1,835 (100) 93.9 (100) 

Rutile 28 (100) 50 (100) 5.9 (100) 

Anatase 96 (100) 57 (100) .03 (100) 

1 Deposit types of the world's major titanium deposits are shown in figures 2 

and3. 2 Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable 

resources (fig. 1). 3 Includes resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. 1). 4 Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, perovskite, and 

titania slag. 

percent of RlE resources and 89 percent of all 

other Rl and R2 resources. The remaining ilmenite resource is in placer deposits. The situation is 

the reverse for rutile, however, where placer deposits account for 78 percent of RlE resources and 68 

percent of all other Rl and R2 resources. If anatase and rutile resources are grouped, then the 

laterite deposits of Brazil account for 78 percent 

of the RlE rutile resources, while placer deposits 

and magmatic deposits account for 17 percent 

and 5 percent, respectively. The laterite deposits 

would account for 53 percent of all other R1 and 

R2 rutile resources. 

The distribution of the world's titanium 

resources in major deposits by resource category 

and by country is shown in table 3 and figure 6. 

China has the largest share of the world's RlE 

ilmenite resources, with 26 percent of the total, 

closely followed by the Soviet Union with 25 percent; then Norway, 15 percent; South Africa, 10 

percent; Canada, 9 percent; and India, 7 percent. 

China and Canada have the major share of the 

world's other R1 and R2 ilmenite resources with 

50 percent and 30 percent of the total, respectively. 

Australia has the largest share of the world's 

R1E rutile resources with 24 percent of the total, 

but a portion of these resources is currently 

unavailable for mining because of alternate land 

uses. Italy, South Africa, and India each have 

approximately 15 to 20 percent of R1E rutile 

resources. Sierra Leone has 4 7 percent of the 
ILMENITE RUTILE 

EXPlANATION 

LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES ~ INDUSTRIAL MARKET ECONOMIES 

li"·!ii.!!i!id UPPER MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES ~=j EASTERN EUROPEAN NONMARKET ECONOMIES 

A AUSTRALIA INDIA SA SOUTH AFRICA 

C CANADA IT ITALY SU SOVIET UNION 

CH CHINA N NORWAY SRI SRI LANKA 

F FINLAND SL SIERRA LEONE T TANZANIA 

US UNITED STATES 15/0/10 

Figure G.-Distribution of ilmenite and rutile identified economic resources (RlE) in the world's major deposits and districts, 

by country and economic class of country. Economic classes are based primarily on GNP per capita (World Bank, 1985, p. 

174-175). Two additional classes-lower middle-income economies and high-income oil exporters-are not shown because 

those countries do not have reported titanium R1E resources. Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and 

perovskite. Countries in the ilmenite inventory (fig. 2) that do not have reported ilmenite R1E resources are Bangladesh, 

Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, Madagascar, New Zealand, Romania, and Sri Lanka. Rutile does not include anatase. Countries in 

the rutile inventory (fig. 3) that do not have reported rutile RlE resources are Bangladesh, Brazil, Mozambique, Romania, and 

the Soviet Union. 

world's rutile resources in other Rl and R2 categories. Brazil has major significance if its anatase 

resources are included with rutile, but such figures are not included in table 3. 

Distribution of the world's resources by economic class of country is shown in table 4 and in 

figure 6. Countries in each class are shown in 

figures 4 and 5. 

The major share of both RlE and other Rl 

and R2 resources of ilmenite is in the low-income 

economy countries (35 percent and 53 percent, 

respectively), with China and India the dominant 

12 

countries in this class. Industrial market economy 

countries rank second in both resource categories, 

followed by the eastern European nonmarket economy countries and the upper middle-income economy countries. The lower middle-income economy 

countries have no reported resources. The industrial market economy countries have the largest 

share of the world's RlE resources of rutile with 

56 percent of the total. Low-income economy countries have 25 percent of the RlE rutile resources, 

and over 50 percent of the other Rl and R2 

resource categories. Upper middle-income econ-
TABLE 3.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major 

deposits and districts, by country and resource category 

[Includes only countries having major ilmenite and rutile deposits and districts 

in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory. See figures 2 and 3. Figures 

are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part II and are in million metric tons; 

figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses are 

percent of each mineral accounted for by each resource category. N.r.=None 

reported] 

Ilmenite1 Rutile2 

Country R1E3 All other RlEs All other 

Rl and R24 Rl and R24 

Australasia 

Australia------- 27 (3) 3 (0) 6.7 (24) 0.6 (1) 

New Zealand --- N.r. 31 (2) N.r. N.r. 

North America 

Canada---------- 75 (9) 541 (30) 1.8 (6) N.r. 

Mexico---------- N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r. 

United States -- 19 (2) 77 (4) 1.5 (5) 5.5 (11) 

South America 

Brazil----------- N.r. 24 (1) N.r. N.r. 

Europe 

Finland--------- 5 (1) N.r. N.r. N.r. 

Italy------------- N.r. N.r. 6 (21) 12 (24) 

Norway--------- 128 (15) N.r. N.r. N.r. 

Romania-------- N.r. 8 (0) N.r. 1.7 (3) 

Soviet Union--- 211 (25) 118 (6) N.r. N.r. 

Africa 

Mozambique---- N.r. 30 (2) N.r. 2 (4) 

South Africa --- 85 (10) 50 (3) 5.1 (18) 2.4 (5) 

Sierra Leone---- N.r. N.r. 2.5 (9) 23 (47) 

Tanzania -------- 13 (2) N.r. N.r. N.r. 

Madagascar---- ? ? N.r. N.r. 

Asia 

Bangladesh----- N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r. 

China------------ 216 (26) 910 (50) 0.2 (1) N.r. 

India------------ 58 (7) 33 (2) 4.2 (15) 1.8 (4) 

Malaysia-------- N.r. 10 (1) N.r. N.r. 

Sri Lanka------- 2 (0) N.r. 0.3 (1) N.r. 

Total----- 839 (100) 1,835 (100) 28 (100) 50 (100) 

1 Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and perovskite. 2 Rutile does not include anatase from Brazil. 3 Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable 

resources (fig. 1). 4 Includes resources in the RIM, RlS, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. I). 

omy countries have a minor share of rutile 

resources, but if Brazilian anatase were included, 

this class would be by far the most important. 

The distribution of the world's ilmenite and 

rutile resources according to mining method and 

economic class of country is shown in table 5. 

Most of the resources of both minerals occur in 

deposits that are currently being surface mined. 

Only a very . minor proportion of the resources 

occurs in deposits being mined underground, the 

Otanmaki deposit in Finland being the most 

important. 

Table 2 indicates that the total ilmenite and 

rutile resources in the world's major deposits are 

many times that of the total reported cumulative 

production from these deposits. Using the estimates of R1E resources for these two minerals 

13 

TABLE 4.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major 

deposits and districts, by economic class of country and 

resource category 

[Figures are in million metric tons and are based on data as reported in table 10 of 

Part II; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in 

parentheses are percent of column totals. N.r.=None reported] 

Resource category2 

Economic1 class No. of 

records RlE All other 

Rl and R2 

Ilmenite3 

Low-income--------------- 16 290 (35) 973 (53) 

Upper middle-income--- 12 85 (10) 84 (5) 

Industrial market------- 42 253 (30) 652 (36) 

Eastern European 

nonmarket-------------- 16 211 (25) 126 (7) 

Total---------------- 86 839 (100) 1,835 (100) 

Rutile4 

Low-income--------------- 12 7 (25) 27 (53) 

Upper middle-income--- 14 5 (18) 2 (4) 

Industrial market------- 23 16 (56) 20 (39) 

Eastern European 

nonmarket-------------- 3 N.r. 2 (4) 

Total---------------- 52 28 (100) 50 (100) 

1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-175). Countries where 

major ilmenite deposits or districts occur are, by class: low-income economiesBangladesh, China, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania; 

upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa; 

industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, 

and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the 

Soviet Union. Countries where major rutile deposits or districts occur are, by class: 

low- income economies-Bangladesh, China, India, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and 

Sri Lanka; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa; 

industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Italy, and the United States; 

eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Two 

additional economic classes, lower middle-income economies and high-income oil 

exporters, are not listed because those countries do not have identified major 

ilmenite or rutile deposits. 2 Categories are defined in figure 1. 3 Includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and perovskite. 4 Does not include anatase from Brazil. 

(table 2) and production at the 1985 rates (see 

table 6), ilmenite resources would be expected to 

last for about another 150 years and rutile 

resources for another 65 years. If Brazilian anatase is included with the rutile resources, production could be supported at the current rate for 

about another 300 years. In addition, the world's 

ilmenite and rutile resources in other R1 and R2 

resource categories and further discoveries could 

extend production life significantly. 

TITANIUM MINERAL PRODUCTION 

Total world cumulative production during 

the period 1925 through 1985 was 126.0 million 

metric tons of ilmenite3 and 10.1 million metric 

3 Ilmenite includes equivalent titania slag, leucoxene, and 

titanomagnetite. Method of calculation is to convert these products to 

an equivalent quantity of Ti02 , then convert the Ti02 to an equivalent 

quantity of ilmenite (50 percent Ti02 ). Refer to table 10 of Part II for the 

reported titanium products from each major deposit or district. 
TABLE 5.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major 

deposits and districts, by mining method and economic class 

of country; and ilmenite and rutile cumulative production, 

by mining method 

[Resources include those in R1 and R2 categories (fig. 11; figures are based on data as 

reported in table 10 of Part I I and are in million metric tons; figures may not add 

to totals shown due to rounding. N.r.=None reported] 

Mining method 

Economic class 1 Surface Under- Never Not 

ground mined reported 

llmenite2 

Low-income---------------- 1,244 N.r. 17 2 

Upper middle-income---- 117 N.r. 52 N.r. 

Industrial market-------- 338 7 561 N.r. 

Eastern European 

nonmarket--------------- 76 14 21 227 

Total----------------- 1,775 21 651 229 

Cumulative production-- 90.1 3.5 N.r. 0. 

Rutile3 

Low-income---------------- 34.0 N.r. N.r. N.r. 

Upper middle-income---- 6.9 N.r. 0.5 N.r. 

Industrial market-------- 10 N.r. 24.4 N.r. 

Eastern European 

nonmarket--------------- N.r. N.r. 1.7 N.r. 

Total---------------- 50 N.r. 27 N.r. 

Cumulative production-- 5.9 N.r. N.r. N.r. 

1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-1751. Countries where 

major ilmenite deposits or districts occur are, by class: low-income economiesBangladesh, China, India, Madagascar, Mozambique. Sri Lanka, and Tanzania; 

upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa; 

industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, 

and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the 

Soviet Union. Countries where major rutile deposits or districts occur are, by class: 

low-income economies-Bangladesh, China, India, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and 

Sri Lanka; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa; 

industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Italy, and the United States; 

eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Two 

other economic classes, lower middle-income economies and high-income oil exporters, are not listed because those countries do not have identified major ilmenite or 

rutile deposits. 2 Includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, perovskite, and titania slag. 3 Does not include anatase from Brazil. 

tons of rutile (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926-34 and 

1933-87; British Geological Survey, 1987). Over 

99 percent of both of these totals is accounted for 

by the 21 countries listed in this inventory. The 

current annual (1985) world production is 5.7 million metric tons of ilmenite and about 0.4 million 

metric tons of rutile. Thble 6 and figures 7 and 8 

present the production of ilmenite and rutile by 

individual countries. 

Australia and Canada are the major producers of ilmenite; in 1985, output from each country 

amounted to about 1.4 million metric tons (49 

percent of the total world output). Norway ranks 

next (13 percent), followed by South Africa (11 

percent), the Soviet Union (10 percent), the United 

States (5 percent), and Malaysia (4 percent). Australia is by far the dominant producer of rutile 

with 212,000 metric tons in 1985 (52 percent of 

world output), with Sierra Leone (20 percent), 

14 

TABLE 6.-Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) 

production of ilmenite and rutile by country 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons; figures may not add to totals shown due to 

rounding. Figures in parentheses are percent of column totals. N .r. =None reported] 

Ilmenite Rutile 

Country1 Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative 

production production2 production production2 

Australia3 -------1,432 (25) 23,217 (18) 212 (52) 8,132 (81) 

Canada4 ---------1,350 (24) 28,570 (23) N.r. N.r. 

Norway---------- 735 (13) 18,437 (15) N.r. 2 (0) 

South Africa4 --- 610 (11) 2,951 (2) 62 (15) 434 (4) 

Soviet Union ---- 445 (8) 4,535 (4) 10 (2) 140 (1) 

United States5 -- 290 (5) 25,730 (20) 30 (7) 560 (6) 

Malaysia--------- 249 (4) 5,083 (4) N.r. N.r. 

India------------- 170 (3) 8,640 (7) 7 (2) 113 (1) 

China------------ 140 (2) 730 (1) N.r. N.r. 

Sri Lanka-------- 115 (2) 1,677 (1) 9 (2) 115 (1) Brazil------------ 76 (1) 457 (0) .7(0) 25 (0) 

Finland---------- 53 (1) 4,180 (3) N.r. N.r. 

Romania--------- 6 (0) 17 (0) N.r. N.r. 

Madagascar----- N.r. 371 (0) N.r. N.r. 

Mozambique----- N.r. 12 (0) N.r. N.r. 

Mexico-------·--- N.r. .4(0) N.r. N.r. 

Sierra Leone----- N.r. N.r. 81 (20) 532 (5) 

Others6 ---------- .3(0) 1,362 (1) N.r. 24 (0) 

Total------ 5,671 (100) 125,968 (100) 412 (100) 10,077 (100) 

1 Includes all countries with major ilmenite or rutile deposits or districts in the 

International Strategic Minerals Inventory except for Bangladesh, Italy, New 

Zealand, and Tanzania which had no reported ilmenite or rutile production for the 

years 1925 through 1985. 2 Calculated from reported production figures (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1926-87; 

British Geological Survey, 19871. 3 Includes leucoxene. 4 Includes equivalent of titania slag (Canada, average 71 percent Ti02 through 

1983, 80 percent Ti02 thereafter; South Africa, 85 percent Ti021. 5 Majority of U.S. rutile production figures withheld; figures are estimates 

calculated from available data. 6 Countries not included in this inventory (in order of importancel: IlmeniteSpain, Senegal, Egypt, Gambia, Portugal (current producerl. and Thailand. 

Rutile-Cameroon, Egypt, and Senegal. 

South Africa (15 percent), the United States (7 

percent), and the Soviet Union (2 percent) the next 

most important producers. 

Over the period 1940 to 1970, there was an 

average increase per decade of 140 percent in 

ilmenite production and 330 percent in rutile production, but over the decade 1970 to 1980, the 

production increase was only 45 percent for ilmenite and 5 percent for rutile. From 1980 to 1985, 

ilmenite production decreased by 8 percent and 

rutile production decreased by 14 percent. Several 

important conclusions can be drawn from the patterns of world production shown in figures 7 and 8: 

• Production of ilmenite is about 12 times greater 

than that of rutile ( 5 to 7 times in terms of Ti02 ). 

• During the period 1930 to 1985 total annual 

world production of ilmenite has increased from 

48,000 metric tons to 5,671,000 metric tons or 

about 120 times. Annual production of rutile 

increased from 400 metric tons to 412,000 metric tons or about 1,000 times, but rutile is only 
ILMENITE 

100 

90 

80 

70 

c 

c 

..., 60 

~ = 

c 

c.. 

~ 

~ 50 

15 

c 

"' ..., 40 

Q., "' 

30 

20 

10 

Year 1930 40 50 60 70 80 

Total world (48) (333) (790) (2359) (4302) (6191) 

production (thousand metric tons) 

(·<·+:·};~] AUSTRALIA 

• BRAZIL 

~P£W;J CANADA 

II CHINA 

~=E-==~ FINLAND 

~INDIA 

85 

{5671) 

~MALAYSIA 

[]]NORWAY 

1930 

(0.4) 

~ SIERRA LEONE 

a SOUTH AFRICA 

~ SOVIET UNION 

~ UNITED STATES 

RUTILE 

40 50 60 70 80 

{6) (25) (114) (460) (481) 

85 

(412) 

• 

Countries with major deposits but with 

production less than 3 percent of 

world total 

Countries that produced ilmenite or 

rutile but that do not have major 

deposits included in this inventory 

(Cameroon, Egypt, Japan, Portugal, 

Senegal, and Spain) 

Figure 7.-Distribution of total world production of ilmenite and rutile, by country; selected years 1930-85 (U.S. Bureau of 

Mines, 1926-87; British Geological Survey, 1987). Values for the United States are approximate. 

15 
ILMENITE RUTILE 

Production (thousand metric tons) Production (thousand metric tons) 

400 BOO 1200 1600 0 400 BOO 1200 20 40 60 BO 100 200 300 400 500 

1940 AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA 1940 

50 50 

60 60 

70 70 

BO BO 

B5 85 

1940 1940 )( BRAZIL 50 50 

60 60 )( 

70 70 )( 

BO + 60 )( 

85 + 85 )( 

1940 CANADA 1940 INDIA 50 50 

60 60 )( 

70 70 

BO 80 

85 85 

1940 1940 SIERRA LEONE 50 50 

60 60 

70 70 

BO 80 

B5 85 

1940 FINLAND 1940 SOUTH AFRICA 50 50 

60 60 

C'CI 70 C'CI 70 

>-"' BO >-"' BO 

B5 85 

1940 INDIA 1940 SOVIET UNION 50 50 

60 60 

70 70 

BO BO 

85 B5 

1940 MADAGASCAR 1940 SRI LANKA 50 50 

60 + 60 

70 70 

BO 80 

85 85 

1940 MALAYSIA 1940 UNITED STATES 50 50 

60 60 

70 70 

BO BO 

85 B5 

1940 NORWAY 1940 )( OTHERS 50 50 

60 60 )( 

70 70 

BO BO 

85 85 

1940 ROMANIA 15/0/12 50 

60 

70 

BO 

85 + 

EXPLANATION 

+ PRODUCTION LESS THAN 20,000 METRIC TONS NOTE: CHANGE OF SCALE AT 100,000 METRIC TONS. 

BUT GREATER THAN 1,000 METRIC TONS. 

X PRODUCTION LESS THAN 2.000 METRIC TONS. 

OTHERS COUNTRIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS INVENTORY 

(EGYPT, JAPAN, PORTUGAL. SENEGAL, AND SPAIN) OTHERS COUNTRIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS INVENTORY 

(CAMEROON. EGYPT. AND NORWAY) 

Figure 8.-Ilmenite and rutile production, by country; selected years 1940-85 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1942-87); British 

Geological Survey, 1987). Ilmenite includes equivalent titania slag (Canada and South Africa) and leucoxene (Australia and 

the United States). Values for the United States are approximate. 

16 
7.5 percent of the total amount of titanium raw 

materials (ilmenite and rutile) produced. 

• India was a major ilmenite producer in 1930 

and 1940 but is now of relatively minor importance. 

• The United States was a major rutile producer 

in 1930, 1940, and 1950 and a major ilmenite 

producer in 1950, 1960, and 1970, but present 

production is of moderate significance. 

• Australia has been a major rutile producer 

since 1940, accounting for nearly 90 percent of 

world production in 1960 and 1970. Australia 

now accounts for 50 percent of world production. 

• Sierra Leone emerged as a major rutile producer in 1970 and is increasing in importance. 

• The number of countries having 3 percent or 

more of world production of each mineral 

has steadily increased over the period shown. 

Figure 7 shows that these major ilmeniteproducing nations have increased from 4 to 8, 

while major rutile-producing nations have 

increased from 2 to 5. 

Figure 9 shows that in 1980 world ilmenite 

and rutile production was concentrated in relatively few countries. The top four ilmeniteproducing countries accounted for 71 percent of 

the world's ilmenite production, while the top four 

rutile-producing countries accounted for 94 percent of the world's rutile production in 1980. The 

top eight producing countries provided 94 percent 

the ilmenite and 100 percent of the rutile. 

Current (1985) annual world production and 

1925 to 1985 cumulative production grouped by 

World Bank economic class of country are shown 

in table 7. In the case of ilmenite, the industrial 

market economy countries account for the major 

part of both the current and cumulative production totals (68 percent and 80 percent, respectively); upper middle-income economy countries 

are significant in terms of current production (17 

percent). For rutile, the industrial market economy countries again account for the major share 

of current world production (59 percent) and more 

particularly in the cumulative production (86 percent). Both low-income and upper middle-income 

economy countries have significant proportions of 

current world rutile production (24 percent and 15 

percent, respectively). 

Reported cumulative production of ilmenite 

and rutile from the world's major deposits cur17 

~ w 

~ 

~ 

0 

~ z 

0 

g 

z 

w 

u 

z 

0 

u 

70 

eo 

50 

40 

1913 1980 

P:OUPt-COUNTRY 

"ATIO 

Mica 

v 

Au 

Co 

Mn 

Cr 

w 

Fe 

Cu.F 

Pb 

Barite 

1913 1980 

Cu 

EIGHTACOUNTRY 

"ATIO 

Ni,Sb 

Gypsum 

Pb 

Barite 

Figure 9.-Concentration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral 

commodity production in 1913 and 1980. The ratios are 

percent of total world production for . the· indicated 

commodities, designated by chemical-element symbols (PG E 

for platinum-group elements), for the four or eight countries 

with the largest reported production of the commodity in 

1913 and 1980. (Sources of data: U.S. Geological Survey, 

1921; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1982.) 

rently in production, according to geologic 

deposit type, is shown in table 2. Sixty-one percent of the ilmenite production (57.0 million metric tons) has come from magmatic deposits, and 

100 percent of the rutile production (5.9 million 

metric tons) has come from placer deposits. An 

insignificant amount of anatase has been produced from Brazilian laterite deposits. 

Surface mining, which accounts for 96 percent of the reported cumulative ilmenite production and 100 percent of the reported cumulative 

rutile production, is by far the most common 

method of recovering ore from the world's major 
TABLE 7.-Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) 

production of ilmenite and rutile, by economic class of country 

[Figures are calculated from reported production figures (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 

1926-87: British Geological Survey, 1987) and are in thousand metric tons; 

figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses 

denote percentage of world total. N.r.=None reported] 

Rutile 

Economic class 1 Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative 

production production production production 

Low-income------- 425 (7) 11,430 (9) 97 (24) 760 (8) 

Lower 

middle-income-- N.r. 591 (0) N.r. 24 (0) 

Upper 

middle-income-- 935 (17) 8,515 (7) 63 (15) 459 (5) 

Industrial 

market--------- 3,860 (68) 100,880 (80) 242 (59) 8,694 (86) 

East European 

nonmarket------ 451 (8) 4,552 (4) 10 (2) 140 (1) 

Total------- 5,671 (100) 125,968 (100) 412 (100) 10,077 (100) 

1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-175 and 243). Countries 

where major ilmenite and rutile deposits or districts occur are shown in figures 4 

and 5. Also includes minor production for the following countries not included in the 

inventory (in order of importance): ilmenite-Spain, Senegal, Egypt, Gambia, Portugal (current producer), and Thailand; rutile-Cameroon, Egypt, and Senegal. See 

table 6. 2 Includes equivalent titania slag, leucoxene, and perovskite. 

titanium deposits (table 5). The remaining 4 percent of ilmenite production has come from the 

Otanmaki deposit in Finland which is mined by 

underground methods. An additional but unreported quantity has come from the Soviet Union's 

Kopansk deposit, which is also mined by underground methods. 

Present and probable future (2020) production status of the world's major ilmenite and rutile 

deposits is shown in figures 10 and 11. Several 

current major producers (Tellnes, Norway; 

Richards Bay, South Africa; Lac Tio, Canada; 

Gusevogorsk, Soviet Union, and others) will probably continue to be substantial suppliers through 

2020. In addition, other deposits which are minor 

producers or those which have not yet been developed (Salitre, Brazil; Piampaludo, Italy; Tamatave district, Madagascar, and others), may by 

then be major producers. However, other major 

deposits currently in production (North Stradbroke Island, Capel, and Eneabba, Australia; and 

Trail Ridge and Green Cove Springs, United 

States, and others) will likely be exhausted by 

2020. It is also likely that by 2020 there will be 

several new major deposits in production that 

have yet to be discovered. 

The relative contribution to world production by various countries is likely to change by 

2020. China, the Soviet Union, and India may 

emerge with Canada, South Africa, and Norway 

as leaders in world production of ilmenite, with 

Australia and the United States probably declin18 

TABLE 8.-Export of titanium products by country in 1984 

[Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1987; British Geological Survey 1986-87. Figures 

are in metric tons: figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures 

in parentheses are percent of column totals. Countries with major ilmenite or 

rutile deposits in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory are noted with 

an asterisk(*)] 

Country1 Ilmenite2 Rutile Titania Titanium Metal3 

slag dioxide 

*Australia· · · · · · · · 1,203,945 153) 191,509 (56) N.r. 26,000 17) N.r. 

Belgium· 

Luxembourg· · -- 110) N.r. N.r. 35,053 (9) 184 (1) 

* Brazil ---------- N.r. N.r. N.r. .45 (0) 3 (0) 

*Canada--------- N.r. N.r. 650,000 (80) 23,779 (6) 363 (2) 

*China··········· N.r. N.r. N.r. 2,045 (1) 133 (1) 

Czechoslovakia · · · N.r. N.r. N.r. 2,432 (1) N.r. 

*Finland ......... N.r. N.r. N.r. 39,500 (11) N.r. 

France·········· 95 (0) N.r. N.r. 22,488 (6) N.r. 

Germany (FRG)· · · 8,338 (0) N.r. N.r. 59,954 (16) 2,316 (14) 

Hong Kong······ N.r. N.r. N.r. 1,926 (11 N.r. 

*India··········· 4

10,000 (0) N.r. N.r. 4

100 (01 N.r. 

*Italy··········· 990 (0) N.r. N.r. 1,931 (1) 200 (11 

Japan .......... N.r. N.r. N.r. 17,222 (5) 6,710 (40) 

Korea .......... 54 (0) N.r. N.r. 1,796 (0) N.r. 

*Malaysia········ 224,152 (101 N.r. N.r. 57 (0) 16 (0) 

Netherlands· · · · .· · 47,659 (2) N.r. N.r. 4,230 (1) 99 (1) 

*Norway········· 599.214 (271 N.r. N.r. 2,474 (1) N.r 

* Sierra Leone · · · · · N.r. 91,300 (27) N.r. N.r. N.r 

* South Africa · · · · · 48,180 (2) 56,000 116) 4160,000 (20) 85 (0) N.r 

*Soviet Union····· N.r. N.r. N.r. 655 (0) N.r 

Spain··········· 18,202 (1) N.r. N.r. N.r. 1 (0) 

*Sri Lanka ...... · 96,066 (4) N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r 

Taiwan·········· N.r. N.r. N.r. 57 (0) N.r 

* United Kingdom · · 27 (0) N.r. N.r. 15,411 (4) N.r 

* United States · · · · 3,454 (0) 4,394 (11 N.r. 98,200 (26) 6,652 (40) 

Yugoslavia · · · · · · N.r. N.r. N.r. 15,979 (4) N.r 

Total········ 2,260,377 (100) 343,201 (100) 810,000 (100) 371,374.45 (100) 16,690 (1001 

1 Countries involved in re-export of commodities are not included. 2 May include leucoxene (Australia, United States). 3 Inciudes titanium metal sponge and ingots, and metal contained in alloys. 4 Estimate. 

ing in importance. In regard to rutile, India and 

Italy may emerge with South Africa and probably 

Sierra Leone as leaders in world production, while 

Australia and the United States become less 

important. It is possible, depending on the successful exploitation of their large reserves of anatase, that by 2020 the rutile market may be dominated by Brazil. These forecasts do not take 

account of the possible discovery of new deposits, 

of possible affects of technological advances on 

the economics of mining known deposits, or of 

supply and demand changes. 

TITANIUM EXPORTS 

The world situation in regard to the current 

(1984) export of various titanium commmodities 

is shown in table 8 and figure 12. Only a few 

countries export significant amounts of titanium 

raw materials (ilmenite, titania slag, and rutile), 

because several of the producing countries consume most or all of their own production. 

Australia and Norway are the major exporters of raw ilmenite concentrate. Canada and South 
1\,) 

= 

MEXICO 

<D Pluma Hidalgo 

.. :,.._..\ 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessarily authoritative 

Base from Bundesanstalt fur 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

160° 120° 

.. 

80° ' 40° 

Current Significant Producer* - probably significant in 2020 • 

- probably insignificant in 2020 () 

- insufficient information C) 

oo 

SRI LANKA 

() Pu.lmoddai 

MOZAMBIQUE 

I Pebane D. AUSTRALIA 

•• () Eneabba (2) 

SOUTH AFRICA 

Bothaville 

Richards Bay 

Umgababa 

Transkei Coast 

Ciskei Coast 

Cape Morgan 

West Cape Coast 

(]) Jurien 

<DGingin 

oo oo 

·u 

70° 70° 1000 500 0 500 1000 km 

40° 80° 120° 

AUSTRALIA 

Agnes Water. 

Fraser Island 

Moreton 

Island 

North Strad-'· 

broke Island 

(])Bridge Hill 

Ridge 

() Tomago 

SJnW" 

160° 

Current nonsignificant producer - probably significant in 20~0 Ct 

- probably insignificant in 2020 (]) 

- insufficient information @ 

* > 1 000 metric tons per year D. District 

Figure 11.-Major rutile deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020. Numbers in parentheses indicate the 

number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
... 

~ 

W' 

, 

FINLAND 

CD Otanmaki 

t:)NORWAY _/J 

CD Rodsand.A'! 

Sun cor 

Sync rude 

~Lac de Ia Blache 

Magpie Mountain 

_Lac Tio 

~~i:=lt!:::::l!!!rt. Kellog Property 

K]t:=------it~rf!r' St Urbain D. 

Lac du Pin Rouge 

ROMANIA 

e Tellnes 

() GlogovaSisesti D. 

CD Tigveni /~-L : 

CD ChltUC _J. r> .. 

SOUTH AFRICA 

CD Bothaville • 1 ~~ ~ e Richards Bay\ ' , 

CD West Cape Coast 

CD Umgababa 

40° CD Transkei Coast 

CD Cape Morgan 

Boundary and names representation CD Ciskei Coast 

not necessarily authoritative 

Base from Bundesanstalt fUr 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

160° 120° ' 80° 40° 

Current Significant Producer* - probably significant in 2020 • - probably insignificant in 2020 () 

- insufficient information () 

oo 40° 

AUSTRALIA 

Agnes Water 

() Barramb1e Moreton Island 

() Eneabba (2) Bridge Hill Ridge 

CD Jurien Tomago 

CD Gingin ~ 

<D Waroona • t..V 

()Capel 

()Yoganup (2) Extended NEW ZEALAND 

\1 . ~ 

'- ()Dunkley Nortono ,, ()Westport 

0 0 · () Barrytown 

70° 70"' 1 ooo 56o 500 1 o'oo km 

80° 120° 160° 

15/0/13 

Current nonsignificant producer - probably significant in 2020 () 

- probably insignificant in 2020 CD 

- insufficient information @ 

* > 20 000 metric tons per year D. District 

Figure 10.-Major ilmenite deposit.s and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020. Numbers in parentheses indicate the 

number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
TI-SLAG 

( 81 0 thousand metric tons) 

~ AUSTRALIA 

ILMENITE 

12.260 thousand metric tons) 

L2J . . 

B BELGIUM- LUXEMBOURG EJ . 

[I CANADA 

~ 

~ FINLAND ~ :::~o~J:: FRANCE "'" SL, ,,,, 

~ GERMANY (FRG) 

~ JAPAN • ill! . 

DIOXIDE 

(371 thousand metric tons) 

EXPLANATION 

MALAYSIA 

NORWAY 

SIERRA LEONE 

SOUTH AFRICA 

SRI LANKA 

SPAIN 

UNITED KINGDOM 

RUTILE 

(343 thousand metric tons) 

. 

. 

[ill] 

G 

METAL 

( 17 thousand metric tons) 

UNITED STATES 

YUGOSLAVIA 

OTHERS 

(COUNTRIES WITH LESS THAN 2 PERCENT 

OF TOTAL; REFER TO TABLE 8) 

1510/15 

Figure 12.-Distribution of world exports of titanium products in 1984, by country (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1987; British 

Geological Survey, 1986-87. Countries involved in re-export of commodities are not included. Ilmenite may include leucoxene 

(Australia, United States). Metal includes titanium metal sponge and ingots, and metal contained in alloys. Numbers in 

parentheses are percentages of the respective products exported by each country. 

21 
Africa upgrade their ilmenite to high-titaniumcontent products before export. These four countries account for most of the world's exported 

ilmenite and titania slag. Only four countriesAustralia, South Africa, Sierra Leone, and the 

United States-export rutile. Of these, Australia 

is the most significant, accounting for nearly 60 

percent of the total rutile exported. 

Twenty-two countries (table 9) are involved 

in the manufacture and export of titanium dioxide. Two other countries, Mexico and Poland (not 

listed in table 9), produce titanium dioxide for 

their own domestic markets. Only eight of these 

countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, 

South Africa, Soviet Union, and the United 

States) are producers of titanium raw materials; 

the rest rely solely on imported supplies. The 

leading exporters of titanium dioxide are the 

United States and West Germany, followed by 

Belgium-Luxembourg and Finland. Only five 

countries-China, Japan, the Soviet Union, 

United Kingdom, and United States-manufacture and export titanium sponge metal. Of these 

five countries, the United States and Japan, relying on imported raw materials, account for over 80 

percent of world titanium sponge metal exports. 

The United Kingdom also relies on imported raw 

materials. The Soviet Union and China rely on 

locally supplied materials to produce titanium 

sponge metals for export. Other countries listed in 

table 9 manufacture titanium metal ingots and 

alloys from imported titanium metal sponge and 

export these products. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Titanium metal is strong, lightweight, corrosion resistant, and has a high melting point. It is, 

therefore, important to many industries, particularly the aerospace industry. There are no satisfactory substitutes for titanium, especially titanium 

metal. These factors, and the fact that the world's 

titanium resources are located in relatively few 

countries, lead those countries dependent on 

imported supplies to consider titanium a strategic 

commodity. The minerals currently being mined 

as sources of titanium are ilmenite, rutile, 

leucoxene, and titanomagnetite. Leucoxene and 

titanomagnetite are considered together with 

ilmenite in this report. Anatase resources are 

likely to be important in the future. Ninety-five 

percent of the world's titanium-ore production 

goes toward making titanium dioxide which is 

22 

primarily used as a paint pigment. Most of the 

remaining ore production is used for making titanium metal, with all Western titanium metal producers using rutile as the raw material. 

China and the Soviet Union have the largest 

share of the world's well-defined, minable 

resources of ilmenite with about 25 percent each. 

Canada, Norway, India, and South Africa also 

have very large ilmenite resources. The world's 

well-defined, minable resources of rutile are 

divided primarily between Australia, Italy, South 

Africa, and India. However, by including its large 

anatase resources with rutile, Brazil would have 

more than 7 5 percent of the world's resources. 

Australia and Canada are the major producers of ilmenite, each with over 20 percent of the 

world total. South Africa, Norway, and the Soviet 

Union account for another 34 percent. Australia is 

the dominant producer of rutile, accounting for 52 

percent of the world total. Sierra Leone and South 

Africa account for 35 percent of world rutile production. 

The inventory's ilmenite and rutile resource 

data, together with projected production levels, 

suggest that world production from various countries could be substantially different by the year 

2020. By then, Canada, South Africa, Norway, 

China, the Soviet Union, India, and Madagascar 

may be the leading ilmenite producers, and South 

Africa, Sierra Leone, and possibly India and Italy 

the leading rutile producers. The rutile market at 

that time could be dominated by Brazil if that 

country is successful in developing its large 

resources of anatase. However, because of the 

dynamic nature of mineral resources, this scenario 

could change to take account of new discoveries 

and (or) the effects of technological changes on 

supply and demand of Ti02 • 

PART II-SELECTED INVENTORY 

INFORMATION FOR TITANIUM DEPOSITS 

AND DISTRICTS 

Tables 9 and 10 contain information from the 

International Strategic Minerals Inventory record . 

forms for titanium deposits and districts. Only 

selected items of information about the location 

and geology (table 9) and mineral production and 

resources (table 10) of the deposits are listed here; 

some of this information has been abbreviated. 

Summary descriptions and data are presented in the tables essentially as they were 
reported in the inventory records. For instance, 

significant digits for amounts of production or 

resources have been maintained as reported. Data 

that were reported in units other than metric tons 

have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Some of the data in the tables are more 

23 

aggregated than in the inventory records, such as 

cumulative production totals that for some mines 

have been reported by year or by groups of years. 

Some of the abbreviations used in the inventory 

record forms have been used in these tables; they 

are explained in the headnotes. 
TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Abbreviations used throughout this table include: 

---, Not reported on the ISM! record form Fm, formation Ma, Million years as!, Above sea level 

Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

Cenozoic ......... CEN Quaternary ....... QUAT Holocene ......... HOLO Pleistocene ....... PLEIS Tertiary ......... TERT Pliocene ......... PLIO 

Site name 

EAST COAST 

Agnes Water deposit 

Bridge Hill Ridge 

deposit. 

Fraser Island 

Moreton Island 

North Stradbroke 

Island. 

Stockton deposit 

Tomago deposit 

WEST COAST 

Barrambie deposit 

Capel (AMC) deposit 

Capel North deposit 

Dunkley/N orton 

deposit. 

Eneabba (Allied) 

deposit. 

Miocene ......... MIO Oligocene ........ OLIGO Eocene .......... EO Cretaceous ....... CRET Paleozoic ........ PAL Permian ......... PERM 

Latitude 

longitude Deposit type 

Carboniferous .... CARB Ordovician ....... ORD Cambrian ........ CAMB Precambrian ..... PREC Proterozoic ....... PROT Archean ......... ARCH 

Host rock 

AUSTRALIA 

Late ............ L Middle .......... M Early ........... E 

Age 

of mineralization 

24°13'S., 

151 °54'E. 

Placer, marine Aeolian sand; QUAT QUAT 

32°25'S., 

152°28'E. 

25°22'S., 

153°07'E. 

27°1l'S., 

153°24'E. 

27°35'S., 

153°27'E. 

32°50'8., 

151 °51'E. 

32°50'S., 

151 °41'E. 

27°25'S., 

119°07'E. 

33°33'S., 

l15°33'E. 

33°31'S., 

l15°35'E. 

33°31'S., 

ll5°33'E. 

29°54'S., 

ll5°16'E. 

-----do. --------------------- -----do. ------------------- ----- do. -------------------

-----do.--------------------- Sand; LTERT-QUAT LTERT-QUAT 

-----do. --------------------- -----do. ------------------- -----do. -------------------

-----do.--------------------- -----do.------------------- -----do.-------------------

-----do.---------------------

-----do.---------------------

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. 

Placer, marine 

-----do.---------------------

-----do.---------------------

-----do.---------------------

24 

Sand; HOLO 

Sand; PLEIS 

Anorthosite; 

Barrambie Intrusion; ARCH. 

Sand; Bassendean 

Sand; EPLEIS. 

-----do. -------------------

-----do.-------------------

Sand; LTERT-PLEIS 

HOLO 

PLEIS 

ARCH 

PLEIS 

-----do.-------------------

-----do. -------------------

LTERT-PLEIS 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts 

Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others, 1978, p. 63-66): 

Amphibole ....... AMPB Anatase ......... ANTS Garnet .......... GRNT Goethite ......... GTHT Apatite .......... APTT B1otite .......... BarT Bornite .......... BRNT 

Gold ............ GOLD Heavy minerals ... HM Hematite ........ HMTT Cassiterite ....... CSTR Hornblende ...... HBLD Chalcocite ........ CLCC Ilmenite ......... ILMN Chalcopyrite ...... CLCP Chlorite .......... CLRT Kyanite ......... KYNT Leucoxene ....... LCXN Clay ............ CLAY Feldspar ......... FLOP Magnetite ........ MG NT Martite .......... MRTT 

Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral 

assemblages 

Mica ................ MICA Rutile ............. RUTL Molybdenite ......... MLBD Monazite ............ MNZT Sillimanite ......... SLMN Staurolite .......... STRL Olivine .............. OLVN Sulfides ........... SLPD Perovskite ........... PRVK Pla~oclase .......... PLGC Pynte ............... PYRT Pyroxene ............ PRXN Pyrrhotite ........... PYTT Quartz .............. QRTZ 

Titanomagnetite .... Ti-MGNT Tourmaline ......... TRML Ulvospinel ......... ULVP Zircon ............. ZRCN 

Rare-earth-elements ... REE 

Comments References 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

Basin Dune, beach 

-----do.---------- -----do.------------

-----do.---------- -----do.------------

-----do.---------- -----do.············ 

-----do.---------- Dune 

-----do.---------- Dune, beach 

-----do.---------- -----do.------------

PREC Shield Intrusive com- plex. 

Basin Dune, beach 

-----do.---------- Dune 

-----do.---------- Dune, beach 

-----do.---------- -----do.------------

ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

RUTL, ILMN, ZRCN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN; 

QRTZ. 

RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN; 

QRTZ. 

RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

ZRCN, RUTL, ILMN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

MRTT, Ti-MGNT, 

ILMN, LCXN; 

GTHT,CLAY. 

ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; 

QRTZ. 

ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; 

QRTZ. 

ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, 

MNZT, KYNT; 

QRTZ. 

25 

Dune deposits. Avg grade: 0.18 per- Mineral Deposits 

cent RUTL, 1.36 percent Ltd. (1978). 

ILMN. 

Dune deposits. Avg grade: 0.15 to 

0.2 percent RUTL. 

Dune and beach deposits. 

Dune and beach deposits. Avg 

grade: 0.2 percent RUTL, 0.4 

percent ILMN. 

Majority of resources are in lowgrade sand dunes. Grade at 

Bayside deposit is 1.5 percent 

HM with 0.3 percent RUTL, 

0.6 percent ILMN, and 0.3 percent ZRCN. 

Deposit is 2 km inland and has two 

distinct ore bodies: western 

dunes and eastern beach. Avg 

grade: 0.16 percent RUTL. 

Ore occurs as lens-shaped bodies over distance of 15 km. Avg 

grade: 0.7 percent ZRCN, 0.5 

percent RUTL, 0.2 percent 

ILMN. 

Three main zones (up to 25 m wide) 

of banded Ti-MGNT. Deeply 

weathered (to 60 m), intense 

martitization of MGNT. 

Sequence of 10 heavy-mineral beach 

and dune sand units; forms 

part of Capel Shoreline. 

Part of Bassendean dune system 

along Capel Shoreline. Deposit 

is 6 km long and up 12m thick. 

Dune and beach deposits in Capel 

Shoreline; strandline 3 to 6 m 

and 4.8 to 6 m asl. 

Mineralization occurs in seven beach strandlines (82-128 m asl) and in overlying dunes. 

Australian Business 

(1984); Coffey 

and Hollingsworth Pty. Ltd. 

(1973). 

Australian Government (1976). 

Cook and others 

(1977). 

Australian Business 

(1984); Consolidated Rutile 

Limited (1985). 

Mineral Deposits 

Ltd. (1977). 

Crofts and Associates Pty. Ltd. 

(1983). 

Ward (1975); Ferrovanadium 

Corporation NL 

(1980-83). 

Welch and others 

(1975); Australian Business 

(1984). 

Australian Business 

(1984); Baxter 

(1977). 

Baxter (1977). 

Baxter (1977); Australian Business 

(1984). 
Site name 

Eneabba (AMC) 

deposit. 

Gingin deposit 

Jurien deposit 

Waroona deposit 

Yoganup Extended 

deposit. 

Cox's Bazaar-Moiskal 

Island deposit. 

Carnao Alegre de Lourdes 

eposit. 

Catalao deposit 

Mataraca deposit 

Patrocinio deposit 

Salitre deposit 

Tapira deposit 

Vitoria district 

Latitude 

longitude 

29°47'S., 

l15°19'E. 

31° 17'S., 

l15°52'E. 

30°19'S., 

l15°10'E. 

32°50'S., 

l15°55'E. 

33°25'S., 

l15°41'E. 

21 °20'N., 

91 °55'E. 

11 °S., 

43°W. 

8°12'S., 

47°54'W. 

6°30'S., 

35°00'W. 

18°55'S., 

46°50'W. 

18°40'S., 

46°00'W. 

19°52'S., 

46°50'W. 

18-22°S., 

40-42°W. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type Host rock Age 

of mineralization 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

Placer, marine Sand; LTERT-PLEIS LTERT-PLEIS 

-----do.--------------------- Clayey sand; QUAT QUAT 

-----do.--------------------- Sand; QUAT -----do. -------------------

-----do.--------------------- Sand; PLEIS PLEIS 

-----do.--------------------- Sand, clay; Yoganup LTERT?-EPLEIS 

fm; EPLEIS. 

BANGLADESH 

Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT 

BRAZIL 

Magmatic, basic, strati- Gabbro; PREC PREC? 

form, massive. 

Laterite Laterite (after pyroxenite); LCRET. 

CRET-HOLO 

Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN 

Laterite Laterite (after pyroxenite); LCRET. 

CRET-HOLO 

-----do.--------------------- -----do. ------------------- CRET (82 Ma)-HOLO 

-----do. --------------------- -----do. ------------------- CRET (70 Ma)-HOLO 

Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT 

26 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting Local environment 

Basin Beach, dune 

-----do. -------------- Beach, lagoon? 

-----do.-------------- Beach, dune 

-----do.-------------- Dune 

----- do. -------------- Beach, dune 

Basin 

PREC shield 

Beach, dune 

Intrusive into 

PREC 

succession. 

-----do. -------------- Explosive intrusion into 

PROT 

succession. 

Basin 

Shield 

Beach, dune 

Explosive intrusion into 

PROT 

succession. 

Principal mineral 

assemblages Comments 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, 

LCXN,KYNT, 

MNZT. 

ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL; 

QRTZ. 

ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

GRNT; QRTZ. 

ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; 

QRTZ. 

ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

Beach and dune deposits at base 

of Gingin Scarp. 

Orebody is up to 60 percent HM 

and 12 to 30 percent clay. 

Occurs on Gingin Shoreline 

for 5 km and is up to 250 m wide. 

Five separate heavy-mineral 

lenses; three beach, two 

dune. Occurs along the 

Munbinea Shoreline. 

Occurs along Waroona Shoreline 

in dune sands up to 9 m thick 

with up to 60 percent HM. 

Beach and dune deposits in 

Yoganup Shoreline. Strandlines 43 to 46 m asl with 

ILMN having 57 percent 

Ti02 • 

BANGLADESH-Continued 

ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, 

ZRCN, KYNT; QRTZ. 

Only back dunes are economic. 

Deposits occur as lenses 1.5 

to 7.5 m thick and 30 to 240 

mlong. 

BRAZIL-Continued 

ILMN, LCXN, HMTT, 

MGNT;PRXN, 

FLDP. 

ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, 

ILMN,MGNT. 

ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, 

MNZT, GRNT; 

TRML,QRTZ. 

ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, 

ILMN, MGNT. 

Ore occurs in massive bands in 

lens-shaped hills up to 100m 

wide and 1 km long. Associated with oxidized zone of 

intrusion. 

ANTS-rich (approx 90 percent 

Ti02 ) mantle produced by 

tropical weathering of the 

pyroxenite in the alkaline 

complex. 

Series of sand dunes lying parallel with coast stretching 

approx 20 km. Total HM: 

5.6 percent. 

As for Catalao deposit. 

References 

Baxter (1977); Australian Business 

(1984). 

Do. 

Baxter (1977); Ti02 

Corporation 

(1985). 

Baxter (1977). 

Baxter (1982); Australian Business 

(1984). 

Howarth and others 

(1977). 

Beurlen and Cassedanne, (1981). 

Harben (1984); 

Beurlen and 

Cas sed anne (1981). 

Harben (1984). 

Gazeta Mercantil 

(1984); Harben 

(1984)." 

PREC shield -----do.------------ ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, 

ILMN,MGNT. 

-----do.-------------------------------- Harben (1984). 

-----do. -------------- -----do. ------------ ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, 

ILMN,MGNT. 

As for Catalao deposit. Avg 

depth of weathering 60 m, max depth 200m. Five major 

weathering zones:(1) sterile, 

(2) ANTS+ MGNT, (3) 

ANTS + APTT, (4) APTT,(5) 

sterile. 

Basin Coastal beach ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, Several deposits along 450 km 

RUTL, MGNT; QRTZ. stretch of coast. Two producing deposits at Cumuruxitaba and Guarapari. 

27 

Harben (1984); Cruz 

and others 

(1976); Herz 

(1976). 

Harben (1984); Leonardos (1974). 
Site name 

Kellogg Property deposit 

Lac de la Blache deposit 

Lac du Pin Rouge deposit 

Lac Tio deposit 

Magpie Mountain deposit 

St. Urbain district 

Suncor deposit 

Syncrude deposit 

Beihai district 

Heishan deposit 

Langping De Miao 

deposit. 

Panzhihua deposit 

Sai-Lao district 

(Quoinghi). 

Wuzhaung deposit (Wanning). 

Xun Jiang deposit 

Latitude 

longitude 

49°49'N., 

74°00'W. 

50°04'N., 

69°38'W. 

45°58'N., 

74°03'W. 

50°33'N., 

63°25'W. 

51 °23'N., 

64°04'W. 

47°32'N., 

70°33'W. 

57°00'N., 

111 °29'W. 

57°02'N., 

111 °37'W. 

21 °29'N., 

109°06'E. 

41 °00'N., 

l18°00'E. 

41 °00'N., 

l18°00'E. 

26°33'N., 

10P50'E. 

l9°15'N., 

l10°36'E. 

l8°43'N., 

l10°22'E. 

23°30'N., 

l10°50'E. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type Host rock Age 

of mineralization 

CANADA 

Magmatic, basic, strati- Metapyroxenite, ARCH 

form, massive. metagabbro; Dore 

Lake Complex; 

ARCH. 

-----do. --------------------- Anorthosite; PRCYI' PRCYI' 

Magmatic, basic, mas- Gabbro, anorthosite; -----do. ------------------- siva/disseminated. PRCYI'. 

Magmatic, basic, irregu- Anorthosite; PRCYI' -----do. ------------------- lar, massive. 

Magmatic, basic, mas- Anorthosite, gabbro, ----- do. ------------------- siva/disseminated. granitic gneiss; 

PRCYI'. 

Magmatic, basic, mas- Anorthosite; PRCYI' -----do. ------------------- sive. 

Placer, marine Sandstone; McMurray LCRET 

Fm;LCRET. 

-----do. ------------------··· -----do. ------------------- -----do. -------------------

CHINA 

Placer, marine; placer, Sand; CEN CEN 

continental. 

Magmatic 

----- do. ----------- _____ -:: ·---

----- do. -·-----------------·-

Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN 

-----do. --------------------- -----do. ------------------- -----do. -------------------

Placer, continental -----do. ------------------- -----do. -------------------

28 
ISMI records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral Comments References assemblages 

CANADA-Continued 

Archean (volcanic) Layered Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN; MGNT-rich zones are discontinu· Rose (1969, 1973). 

greenstone anorthosite PRXN,AMPB, ous layered magmatic segrebelt. gabbro sill. FLDP. gations. Three main zones each 1200 m long, 7 5 to 90 m thick. 

Grenville Orogenic Anorthosite MGNT, ILMN, ULVP; Masses and lenses of MGNT and Waddington (1960): 

Belt. intrusion. PRXN, FLDP. ILMN. MGNT may contain 

ILMN and UL VP inclusions. 

Four deposits in a 10-km line. 

-----do.-------------- Gabbro and an- ILMN, HMTT, Ti-MGNT; Lenses of ILMN-HMTT and dis- Rose (1969); Gross 

orthosite PRXN, FLDP. seminated Ti-MGNT. (1967). 

intrusions. 

-----do.-------------- Anorthosite ILMN, HMTT, MGNT; Occurs mainly as a large sheet or Rose (1969); Kennintrusions. PLGC, PRXN, BOTT. lense within the anorthosite. ecott Corporation (1959-82). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ MGNT, ILMN; PLGC Four deposits of massive MGNT Vallee and Raby 

with exsolved ILMN occur (1971 ); Rose as tabular, steeply dipping 

bodies up to 300 m wide. 

(1969). 

-----do.-------------- Anorthosite ILMN, HMTT, RUTL; 15 to 20 percent HMTT as Rose (1969); Gross 

intrusion. FLDP, PRXN. exsolved blades in ILMN. (1967). 

Up to 10 percent RUTL in some deposits. At least six 

individual deposits. 

Alberta Basin Coastal marine ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, In Athabasca oil sands, HM Kramers and Brown 

RUTL;QRTZ. range from 0.24 to 2.29 per- (1976); Trevoy 

cent. Bitumen content 0 to and others 

18 percent. (1978). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, 

RUTL;QRTZ. 

-----do. -------------------------------- Do. 

Basin Beach plus river 

sands on coastal plain. 

CHINA-Continued 

ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, At least half of the 70-km coastRUTL; QRTZ. line from Beihai to Qinzhou 

is assumed to contain HM to a depth of 2 m over a width 

of 2 km. Avg 1.3 percent 

HM. 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

-----do.-------------- Magmatic intru- Ti-MGNT? 

sion. 

Deposit is in Ti-MGNT iron ore Furukawa (1984). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ Ti-MGNT? 

-----do.-------------- Magmatic 

intrusion. 

-----do.-------------- Coastal beach 

MGNT, ILMN 

ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, 

RUTL, ANTS; QRTZ. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, 

RUTL, ANTS; QRTZ. 

containing 0.2 to 0.3 percent 

v. 

-----do. -------------------------------- Do. 

Ore isV-Ti-MGNT containing 8 

to 10 percent Ti02• Also 

present are Cr, Ni, Co, Mo, 

and others. 

Several parallel strands in some places. Typically 5 m deep, 2 

to 3 percent HM. 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982); 

Furukawa 

(1984). 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

Typically 8 to 10m deep but may Do. 

be up to 30m. 

-----do. -------------- River plain 

(100m asl). 

ILMN; minor RUTL, Typically 5 m deep, 5 to 7 percent Do. · ZRCN, MNZT; QRTZ. HM. 

29 
Site name 

Zhanjiang district 

Otanmaki deposit 

Chatrapur deposit 

Chavara deposit 

Manavalakurichi deposit 

Piampaludo deposit 

Tamatave district 

Perak-Selangor district 

Pluma Hidalgo deposit 

Pebane district 

Latitude 

longitude 

21 °l2'N., 

ll0°28'E. 

64°10'N., 

27°10'E. 

19°26'N., 

85°02'E. 

9°10'N., 

76°30'E. 

8°12'N., 

77°20'E. 

44°28'N., 

3°52'E. 

18°S., 

50°E. 

3-5°N., 

101-102°E. 

15°55'N., 

96°25'W. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type 

CHINA -Continued 

Placer, marine; placer, 

continental. 

FINLAND 

Magmatic, basic, strati· 

form, massive. 

INDIA 

Host rock 

Sand; CEN 

Hornblende gabbro; 

PROT. 

Age 

of mineralization 

CEN 

PROT (2,050 Ma) 

Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT 

·····do. ····················· ·····do. ··················· ·····do.··················· 

·····do.····················· ·····do.··················· ·····do.··················· 

ITALY 

Metamorphic Eclofe:te after 

errogabbro. 

MADAGASCAR 

Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN 

MALAYSIA 

Placer, continental Sand, clay, gravel; 

QUAT. 

QUAT 

MEXICO 

Magmatic, acid, Anorthosite; PAL PAL 

irregular, massive. 

MOZAMBIQUE 

Placer, marine Sand, QUAT QUAT 

30 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting 

Basin 

PREC shield 

Basin 

Local environment 

Beach and river 

sands on coastal plain. 

Magmatic intrusion. 

Coastal beach 

Principal mineral 

assemblages Comments 

CHINA-Continued 

ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, 

RUTL;QRTZ. 

Region contains several hundred 

kilometers of coastline with 

HM-bearing sands. Five processing plants in region. Sands 

avg 2 to 3 percent Ti minerals. 

FINLAND-Continued 

MGNT, ILMN; CLRT, Ore-bearing zone 2 kmx500 m. ConMLBD, PLGC. tains several hundred ore lenses 20 to 200 m long, 5 to 

30 m wide. Several ore types; 

highest grade 35 to 40 percent 

MGNT, 28 to 30 percent 

ILMN. 

INDIA-Continued 

ILMN, SLMN, RUTL, Aeolian sand dunes in a belt 1,500 

MNZT, ZRCN; m wide with two main transQRTZ. verse ridges. Maximum elevation 17 m asl. Approx 20 percent HM, 80 percent QRTZ. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

LCXN, MNZT; 

QRTZ. 

Deposit is on a barrier beach. HM 

content avg 80 percent in 

shore sands, 45 percent in 

dunes. HM composed of 68 

percent ILMN, 7 percent 

RUTL, 2 percent LCXN. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

MNZT,GRNT; 

QRTZ. 

Deposit contains buried seams of 

rich, black sand. Annual 

replenishment of about 50,000 

t of sand from offshore deposits by wave action. 

Basin 

Basin 

Basin 

Eclogite facies 

metamorphism. 

Coastal 

Alluvial 

Magmatic 

intrusion. 

Coastal beach 

ITALY -Continued 

RUTL, GRNT, ILMN, Eclogite averages 3 to 4 percent 

PYRT; PRXN, RUTL, 30 percent GRNT, 

FLDP. minor ILMN. 

MADAGASCAR-Continued 

ILMN; QRTZ? No details available. 

MALAYSIA-Continued 

ILMN, CSTR, ZRCN, ILMN produced as a byproduct 

MNZT. of tin. District includes two 

provinces. Main area is Kinta 

Valley. 

MEXICO-Continued 

ILMN, RUTL, LCXN; Elongated, irregular lenses, avg 1.8 

APTT, CLRT. m thick, and are parallel with 

gneissic structure. Grades are extremely high (20 percent 

RUTL is common). 

MOZAMBIQUE-Continued 

ILMN, ZRCN MNZT, Beach and dune sand deposits 

RUTL; QRTZ. along the coast around Pebane. 

31 

Grades of up to 85 percent 

HM are present. 

References 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

Lindholm and 

Anttonen 

(1980); 

Zitzmann 

(1977-78). 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982); 

Clarke (1983). 

Adams (1984); Lynd 

and Lefond 

(1975). 

Watson (1980); 

Adams (1984). 

Mining Magazine 

(1986). 

Adams (1984); 

Cheang (1984). 

Engineering and 

Mining Journal 

(1984); Paulson 

(1964). 

Adams (1984); 

United Nations 

Economic Commission for 

Africa (1981). 
Site name 

Barrytown deposit 

Westport deposit 

Rodsand deposit 

Tellnes deposit 

Chituc deposit 

Glogova-Sisesti district 

Tigveni deposit 

Gbangbama-Mogbwemo 

district. 

Latitude 

longitude 

42°14'S., 

171 °19'E. 

41 °47'S., 

171 °33'E. 

62°48'N., 

8°10'E. 

58°19'N., 

16°26'E. 

45°00'N., 

29°38'E. 

44°55'N., 

22°58'E. 

45°10'N., 

24°35'E. 

7°47'N., 

12°18'W. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type 

NEW ZEALAND 

Placer, marine 

-----do.---------------------

NORWAY 

Magmatic, acid, stratiform, massive. 

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated. 

ROMANIA 

Host rock 

Sand; Nine Mile Fm; 

QUAT. 

-----do. -------------------

Amphibolite in 

granitic gneiss; 

Rodsand Group; 

PROT. 

N orite; Ergersund 

Anorthosite Complex; PROT. 

Placer, marine Sand; Caraorman Fm, 

Letea Fm; HOLO. 

-----do.--------------------- Sand; PLIO-PLEIS 

Placer, marine Sand; PLIO-PLEIS 

SIERRA LEONE 

Placer, continental 

32 

Sand, clay; Bullom 

Series; 

TERT-QUAT. 

Age 

of mineralization 

QUAT 

-----do. -------------------

PROT (1,600-1,900 

Ma). 

PROT (950 Ma) 

HOLO 

PLIO-PLEIS 

PLIO-PLEIS 

TERT-QUAT 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting Local environment 

Basin Coastal beach 

Principal mineral 

assemblages 

NEW ZEALAND-Continued 

Comments 

ILMN, GRNT, ZRCN, Bulk of deposit is in fringing 

MGNT, RUTL, shoreline. It is 5.2 m thick, 

MNZT; QRTZ; FLDP. with 10 percent ILMN, and 

contains a band of pebbles 

and gravel. Additional resources in PLEIS strandlines further inland (Avg 5 

percent ILMN). 

References 

McPherson (1978); 

Ward (1972). 

·····do.·············· ·····do.-··········· ILMN, GRNT, ZRCN, -----do.································ Do. 

PREC shield Magmatic 

intrusion. 

MGNT,RUTL, 

MNZT; QRTZ; FLDP. 

NORWAY -Continued 

MGNT, ILMN, HMTT; 

PYRT, PYTT, CLCP; 

AMPB,PLGC. 

Ore occurs as conformable lenses 

in amphibolite layers in granitic gneisses. ILMN con- tains varying proportions of 

exsolved HMTT. 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

Vokes (1979). 

·····do. ·············· ·····do. -··········· HMTT-ILMN, MGNT; 

PLGC, PRXN, BOTT. 

Deposit consists of a single large 

body of ILMN-rich norite2.7 km long, 400 m wide, 350 m deep. It contains 39 percent ILMN, 2 percent 

V-MGNT, and minor Cu/Ni 

SLPD. 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

Adams (1984); 

Dixon (1979). 

Basin 

Sub-Carpathian 

Foredeep. 

ROMANIA-Continued 

Coastal beach in ILMN, MGNT, ZRCN, HM sands fringe the inland mar- U.S. Bureau of 

delta area. RUTL; QRTZ, GRNT. gins of the sandbank in a Mines (1982). zone 3.4 km long. Ore conAncient coastal 

beach. 

ILMN, RUTL, GRNT, 

ZRCN; QRTZ, FLDP, 

MICA. 

tains avg 5.5 percent ILMN, 

0.3 percent RUTL. 

Three HM -bearing ancient beach Do. 

formations: upper 

formation-sands, 15m 

thick; mid formation-sands 

plus gravels, 12 m thick; base 

formation-fine sands, 15m 

thick. Located on River 

Motru at 300 m asl. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, MGNT, HMTT; 

QRTZ, FLDP, MICA. 

Located on banks of River Topo- U.S. Bureau of 

log at approx 400 m asl. Ore Mines (1982). 

Basin Alluvial deposits on coastal 

plain. 

is in one of three HM-bearing 

formations as at GlogovaSisesti district. ILMN com- prises most of HM fraction. 

SIERRA LEONE-Continued 

RUTL, ILMN, ZRCN; 

GRNT, QRTZ, CLAY. 

33 

Several isolated deposits in old 

drainage courses. The 

Mogbwemo deposit is the 

largest, richest and only one yet developed. RUTL grades 

highest in topsoil (avg 2.5 

percent) and basal sands and 

gravels (up to 3.0 percent). 

Avg through section is 1.8 

percent. RUTL is 80 percent 

of HM, ILMN 10 to 15 percent. Depth up to 25 m, avg 

15m. 

Steinberger and 

Katz (1984); 

Adams (1984). 
Site name 

Bothaville deposit 

Cape Morgan deposit 

Ciskei Coast deposit 

Richards Bay deposit 

Transkei Coast deposit 

Umgababa deposit 

West Cape Coast deposit 

Afrikanda deposit 

Dnepropetrovsk district 

Gusevogorsk deposit 

Kachkanar deposit 

Kamakorskoye deposit 

Kiev district 

Latitude 

longitude 

27°11'8., 

26°30'E. 

32°42'S., 

28°22'E. 

33°14'S., 

27°33'E. 

28°42'S., 

32°10'E. 

32°35'S., 

28°3l'E. 

30°08'S., 

30°5l'E. 

30°36'S., 

l7°36'E. 

67°15'N., 

32°40'E. 

48°40'N., 

34°22'E. 

58°42'N., 

59°36'E. 

58°40'N., 

59°29'E. 

39°02'N., 

46°20'E. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type Host rock Age 

of mineralization 

SOUTH AFRICA 

Placer, marine Sand; Middle Ecca fm; CARB-PERM 

CARB-PERM. 

-----do.--------------------- Sand; HOLO HOLO 

-----do. --------------------- -----do. ------------------- -----do. -------------------

----- do. --------------------- Sand; QUAT QUAT 

-----do.--------------------- Sand; PLEIS PLEIS 

-----do. --------------------- Sand; HOLO HOLO 

-----do.--------------------- -----do.------------------- -----do.-------------------

SOVIET UNION 

Magmatic, alkalic 

Placer, marine 

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated/massive. 

-----do.---------------------

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated. 

Placer, continental? 

34 

Pyroxenite, olivinite; 

CAMB-ORD. 

Sand; Samotkan 

placer; TERT. 

Pyroxenite; Gusevogorsk Massif; 

CARB-PERM. 

Pyroxenite; Kachkanar 

Massif; 

CARB-PERM. 

Pyroxenite; LEO 

Sand; CEN 

CAMB-ORD 

TERT 

CARB-PERM 

-----do.-------------------

LEO 

CEN 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral 

assemblages 

SOUTH AFRICA-Continued 

Comments References 

Basin Coastal beach ILMN, HMTT, RUTL, 

LCXN,MGNT, 

ZRCN; QRTZ, GRNT. 

Ore in consolidated-laminated Hammerbeck (1976). 

sandstone. Deposits occur in a zone 16 km long and 12 km 

wide. Largest deposit is 4 km 

long and 900 m wide. 

-----do.-------------- Coastal sand ILMN, RUTL, MGNT, Total strike length of HM sands Do. 

dunes. ZRCN;QRTZ. approx 5 km. Ore in 

nonlayered aeolian dunes. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, RUTL, MGNT, Consists of nonlayered aeolian Company reports 

ZRCN, LCXN; QRTZ, dunes. Strike length is (proprietary). 

CLAY. approx 6 km. Very high clay 

content. 

-----do.-------------- Coastal beach ILMN, LCXN, RUTL, Ore is in nonlayered HOLO aeo- Hammerbeck (1976). 

and dunes. ZRCN, MGNT; QRTZ, lian dunes and in well-layered 

GRNT. PLEIS beach sand (1m of 

cover). Deposits occur over a length of 110 km. 

-----do.-------------- Coastal sand ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Deposit is in layered dunes Do. 

dunes. MGNT;QRTZ. behind the beach and 

extends over 17 km. 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, N onlayered aeolian dunes over a Langton and JackMGNT;QRTZ. length of 6 km. son (1961); 

Hammer beck 

(1976). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

MGNT;QRTZ. 

Nonlayered aeolian dunes Hammerbeck (1976). 

Geosyncline 

Basin 

Geosyncline 

Magmatic intrusion. 

Coastal beach 

Magmatic intrusion into 

geosynclinal 

succession. 

underlain by consolidated 

sand in a 20-km-wide coastal 

strip. 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

PRVK, Ti-MGNT; OLVN; Deposit is a large pipe-like body 

PRXN. of disseminated PRVK and 

Ti-MGNT within pyroxenite, 

and has been traced to a depth of 400 m. Ore contains 

8 to 18 percent Ti02 (avg 9.6 

percent), and 11 to 18 percent Fe (avg 13.5 percent). 

ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, 

ANTS, ZRCN; QRTZ, 

CLAY. 

Ti-MGNT, ILMN, HMTT, 

PYRT;PRXN, 

AMPB. 

Deposit attains a thickness of 

tens of meters, a width up to 

several kilometers and length 

of tens of kilometers. Occurs as layers or lenses. 

Ti-MGNT ore contains 2 to 18 

percent ILMN; occurs as disseminated ore, as schlieren, 

and veins of massive ores. 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982); 

Borisenko 

(1977a, b); 

Coope (1982). 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ Ti-MGNT, ILMN, HMTT, -----do.-------------------------------- Do. 

Geosyncline? 

Basin 

Magmatic 

intrusion. 

Alluvial? 

PYRT;PRXN, 

AMPB. 

Ti-MGNT, ILMN; PRXN 

ILMN; QRTZ, FLDP, 

CLAY. 

35 

Lode is well defined, but disseminated. Deposit is 1,200 m long, 30 to 90 m wide and 

150 to 200 m thick. Contains 

4 to 7 percent ILMN, and some copper minerals. 

Principal mine is at Tarasovsk. 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 
Site name 

Kopansk deposit 

Pudozhgorsk deposit 

Shubino Village deposit 

Svoranzkoye deposit 

Tsaginsk deposit 

Yelet Ozero deposit 

Zhitomir district 

Pulmoddai deposit 

Liganga deposit 

Latitude 

longitude 

55°06'N., 

59°27'E. 

62°20'N., 

35°55'E. 

51°N., 

58°E. 

39°18'N., 

46°1l'E. 

67°45'N., 

35°20'E. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type Host rock Age 

of mineralization 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

Magmatic, basic, Gabbro; ~opansk Mas- PROI' (1,300 Ma) 

stratiform, massive/ sif; PROI' (1,300 

disseminated. Ma). 

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. 

Metamorphic 

Magmatic, basic, 

stratiform, massive/ 

disseminated. 

Magmatic, stratiform, 

disseminated, mas- sive. 

Magmatic, stratiform, 

basic/alkalic, mas- sive/disseminated. 

Placer, continental 

SRI LANKA 

Placer, marine 

TANZANIA 

Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. 

36 

Gabbro, amphibolite; 

MPROI'. 

Eclogite 

Gabbro, olivinite; LEO 

Gabbro, anorthosite; 

Tsaginsk Massif; 

EPROI'. 

Gabbro, pyroxenite, 

peridotite, amphibolite; MPROI'-

LPROI'. 

Sand; Irsha placer; 

CRET-{clUAT. 

Sand; QUAT 

Ultrabasic rocks 

MPROI' 

LEO 

EPROI' 

MPRar-LPRar 

CRET-QUAT 

QUAT 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting 

PREC shield 

Local environment 

Magmatic intrusion into 

PREC suc- cession. 

-----do. -------------- Magmatic 

intrusion. 

Geosyncline? 

Eclogite facies 

metamorphism. 

Magmatic 

intrusion 

Principal mineral 

assemblages Comments 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

Ti-MGNT, MGNT, ILMN; Vein-like segregations of massive 

PRXN, FLDP. ores (0.6-5.2 m thick) and zones of disseminated ores (avg 37 m thick). Ores are conformable with gabbro 

banding. Avg grade: massive 

ores, 11 percent Ti02 ; disseminated ores, 6 percent 

Ti02 • 

Ti-MGNT, ILMN, CLCP; 

PLGC,AMPB, 

PRXN. 

RUTL; GRNT, PRXN 

MGNT, Ti-MGNT, ILMN; 

PRXN, OLVN, FLDP. 

Occurs in a segregational ore seam as schliers and disseminations. Ore is 7 to 24 m thick, 7.1 km long, and has a dip length of up to 400 m. 

Occurs in four isolated, conformable lenses of eclogite in a zone 60 m thick and averages 

approx 4.0 percent Ti02 • 

Ore is in vein and lensoid bodies 

dipping 7 5 to 80 o, and as disseminated ore. A vg analysis 

is 1.3 percent Ti02 and 10 to 

25 percent Fe. 

PREC shield -----do. ------------ Ti-MGNT, ILMN Occurs as rich disseminated ores (up to 40 percent Ti-MGNT) 

and as late magmatic veins. 

A vg grade of all ore: 36 percent Fe, 7 percent Ti02 , and 

0.26 percent V 20 . Ores are restricted to inside contacts 

of the massif. 

References 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

Do. 

Chesnokov (1960); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

Zitzmann (1977-78); 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982). 

Yudin and Zak 

(1971); u.s. 

Bureau of Mines 

(1982). 

-----do.-------------- -----do.------------ ILMN, Ti-MGNT, MGNT; 

PRXN,AMPB, 

OLVN, PLGC. 

Deposit primarily consists of Do. 

Basin 

Basin 

Alluvial 

Coastal beach 

Magmatic 

intrusion. 

ILMN; QRTZ, FLDP, 

CLAY. 

late-stage magmatic ores as large layers of banded, 

coarsely disseminated 

ILMN-MGNT (8-26 percent 

Ti02). Also occurs as disseminated Ti-MGNT ore (avg 2.5 

percent Ti02 ). 

Deposits are ribbon-like placers 

in the lower coarse-grained 

horizons of fossil river valleys. Avg ILMN grade is 20 

kg/m3 but may reach 200 

kg/m3 • 

SRI LANKA-Continued 

ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Deposit is 7.5 km long and 60 m MNZT; QRTZ. wide (may reach a width of 

250m). Avg thickness is 6 m 

with no overburden. Further resources are in backshore areas and an offshore strip 

hundreds of meters wide 

which replenishes excavated 

sand. 

TANZANIA-Continued 

MGNT, ILMN Ore is found as Ti-V-MGNT and 

ILMNbands. 

37 

U.S. Bureau of 

Mines (1982); 

Borisenko 

(1977a, b). 

Clark (1983); Adams 

(1984). 

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 

(1981). 
Site name 

Aurora deposit 

Bingham Canyon deposit 

Brunswick deposit 

Cumberland Island 

deposit. 

Green Cove Springs 

deposit. 

Kerr-McGee deposit 

Lakehurst deposit 

Manchester deposit 

Natchez Trace deposit 

Oak Grove deposit 

Piney River district 

Powderhorn deposit 

San Gabriel Mountain district. 

Sanford Lake district 

Latitude 

longitude 

34°14'N., 

76°50'W. 

40°3l'N., 

l12°09'W. 

31 °l9'N., 

81 °28'W. 

30°5l'N., 

81 °26'W. 

29°50'N., 

81 °42'W. 

36°07'N., 

88°11'W. 

40°04'N., 

74°20'W. 

39°59'N., 

74°21'W. 

35°50'N., 

88°12'W. 

36°23'N., 

88o10'W. 

37°42'N., 

79°02'W. 

38°15'N., 

107°03'W. 

34°23'N., 

l18°20'W. 

44°03'N., 

74°03'W. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type 

UNITED STATES 

Placer, marine 

Magmatic, hydrothermal. 

Placer, marine 

-----do.---------------------

-----do.---------------------

-----do.---------------------

Placer, marine; placer, 

continental. 

-----do.---------------------

Placer, marine 

-----do.---------------------

Magmatic, basic, 

irregular/ stratiform, 

massive. 

Magmatic, alkalic, 

irregular/ stratiform, 

massive/disseminated. 

Magmatic, basic, irregular/stratiform, mas- sive. 

Host rock 

Sand; Minnesott sand; 

PLEIS. 

Monzonite porphyry; 

OLIGO. 

Sand; Princess Anne 

Shoreline Complex; PLEIS. 

Sand; Silver Bluff 

Shoreline Complex; PLEIS. 

Sand; PLEIS 

Sand; MeN airy Fm; 

LCRET. 

Sand; Cohansey Fm; 

MIO-PLIO. 

-----do.-------------------

Sand; MeN airy Fm; 

LCRET. 

-----do.-------------------

N elsonite, ferrodiorite; 

PROT. 

Pyroxenite; CAMB 

Anorthosite; San Gabriel anorthosite. 

Age 

of mineralization 

PLEIS 

OLIGO (35 Ma) 

PLEIS 

-----do.-------------------

-----do.-------------------

LCRET 

MIO-PLIO 

-----do.-------------------

LCRET 

-----do.-------------------

PROT 

CAMB 

-----do.--------------------- Anorthosite, gabbro; PROT 

Marcy anorthosite; 

PROT. 

38 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts...:....Continued 

Tectonic setting 

Basin 

Basin 

Local environment 

Shoreline 

Intrusion 

into PAL sediments. 

Shoreline 

Principal mineral 

assemblages Comments 

UNITED STATES-Continued 

ILMN, others?; QRTZ Deposit is 6 m thick with 1.3 perCLCP, BRNT, CLCC, 

MLBD,RUTL, 

GOLD; FLDP, BOTT. 

cent Ti02 • Ore is mostly 

ILMN having 45 percent Ti02 • 

RUTL is disseminated throughout 

the Cu ore in this porphyry 

copper deposit. 

ILMN, minor RUTL, ILMN is approx 1.2 percent of the 

LCXN, ZRCN, MNZT; sand and contains 62 percent 

QRTZ. Ti02 • 

References 

American Paint and 

Coatings Journal (1977). 

Czamanske and oth- ers (1981). 

Smith and others 

(1967). 

-----do.---------- -----do.-------------- ILMN, minor RUTL, Avg grade 1.7 percent HM contain- Force, E.R., pers. 

LCXN, ZRCN, MNZT; ing 45 percent ILMN, 7 per- commun. QRTZ. cent RUTL, 3 percent LCXN, 

13 percent ZRCN, and 1 percent MNZT. 

-----do.---------- -----do.-------------- ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, 

ZRCN, MNZT, QRTZ. 

Consists of several strandlines, 16 Pirkle and others m thick; grade ranges from 2 (1974). 

to 5 percent HM with small 

lenses up to 40 percent HM. 

-----do.---------- -----do.-------------- ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, 

MNZT;QRTZ. 

Mineralization is in the extensive Wilcox (1971). 

-----do. ---------- Deltaic ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, 

RUTL, KYNT; QRTZ. 

MeN airy sand. The unit con- tains very fine sands with clay 

beds. ILMN has 62 percent 

Ti02 • 

Deposit occurs in a 7 -m-thick 

medium-grained, quartz sandstone. Original grade 4 to 5 

percent HM (80-85 percent 

ILMN, 3 percent RUTL). 

-----do. ---------- -----do. -------------- ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, Similar geology to Lakehurst 

SLMN, KYNT, STRL; deposit. 

QRTZ. 

-----do.---------- Shoreline ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Similar geology to Kerr-McGee 

MNZT, KYNT; QRTZ. deposit. 

Puffer and 

Cousminer 

(1982). 

Markewicz (1969). 

Hershey (1968). 

-----do.---------- -----do.-------------- ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, -----do.---------------------------------- Wilcox (1971). 

Igneous intrusion 

and dykes. 

Alkalic intrusion 

Anorthosite intrusion. 

Anorthosite and 

gabbro intrusions. 

ZRCN, MNZT, KYNT, 

STRL, TRML; QRTZ. 

ILMN, APTT, minor 

MGNT,PYRT. 

MGNT, PRVK, APTT; 

BOTT, PRXN. 

ILMN, MGNT; HBLD, 

PRXN. 

ILMN, MGNT, GRNT; 

FLDP, PRXN, HBLD. 

39 

Two main deposits (Piney River 

and B.F. Camden anomaly) occur as cumulate-like enrichments or in dyke-like masses with APTT. Ore contains 13 to 

20 percent ILMN. 

Pyroxenite with pervasive dikelets 

of PRVK mixed with MGNT 

and lesser APTT. Actual grade 

is 12 percent Ti02 , but recover- able PRVK is only 8 percent 

(45 percent Ti02 , 0.5 percent 

Nb, and 1.15 percent REE). 

Ore occurs as small irregular veins 

to large tabular pods. 

Ore is found in massive lenses, layered bodies, and disseminations. 

Herz and Force 

(1987). 

Force and Lynd 

(1984); Wall 

Street Journal 

(1976). 

Do. 

Gross (1968); Force 

and Lynd 

(1984). 
Site name 

Trail Ridge (Starke and 

Highland) deposit. 

'lUcker-Poplar Lake 

deposit 

Latitude 

longitude 

30°02'N., 

74°03'W. 

48°10'N., 

90°40'W. 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Deposit type Host rock 

UNITED STATES-Continued 

Placer, marine Aeolian sand; PLEIS 

Magmatic, basic, irregular/stratiform, mas- sive. 

40 

Gabbro; Duluth Complex; PROT. 

Age 

of mineralization 

PLEIS 

PROT 
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Tectonic setting 

Basin 

Keweenawan 

Rift. 

Local environment 

Shoreline, aeolian 

dune. 

Gabbroic intrusive 

Principal mineral 

assemblages Comments 

UNITED STATES-Continued 

ILMN, LCXN, RUTL, Well-sorted, crossbedded, unconso- ZRCN, KYNT, SLMN, lidated sand impregnated with 

STRL; QRTZ. humate, 8 to 20 m thick. Avg 

grade 2.5 to 3 percent HM. 

ILMN contains 64.5 percent 

Ti02• 

ILMN, MGNT; PRXN, 

FLDP. 

41 

Ore occurs as segregations in 

oxide-rich gabbro. Deposit is 

in only one subunit of the enor- mous Ti-rich Duluth Complex (area over 5,100 km2). 

References 

Pirkle and Yoho 

(1970); Force 

and Garnar 

(1985). 

Fantel and others 

(1986). 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Abbreviations used throughout this table include: 

---,No information available; t, metric tons; cone, concentrate 

Abbreviations for mining method are: 

S, surface; U, underground; N, not yet producing. 

All percentages refer to titanium dioxide unless otherwise indicated. 

Annual production includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production in thousand metric tons; grade of 

reported material in percent titanium dioxide; year of production (or range of years used to estimate average annual production); degree of 

accuracy (accurate (Ace) or estimate (Est)). 

Cumulative production includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cumulative production in thousand metric tons; grade 

of reported material in percent titanium dioxide; years of reported cumulative production; degree of accuracy (accurate (Ace) or estimate (Est)). 

Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

discovery method production (in 1,000 t) 

AUSTRALIA 

EAST COAST 

Agnes Water deposit 1956 N None ILMN,ZRCN, None 

RUTL 

Bridge Hill Ridge deposit Mid-1950's s 1974 RUTL, ILMN None 

Fraser Island 1956 s 1971 RUTL,ZRCN None 

Moreton Island 1950's N 1957 RUTL, ILMN, None 

ZRCN 

North Stradbroke Island 1950's? s 1966 RUTL,ZRCN RUTL: 78.0; 96 percent; 

1983-84; Est. 

Stockton deposit 1962 N None RUTL,ZRCN None 

Tomago deposit 1965 s 1972 RUTL,ZRCN, RUTL: 29.21; 1979-83; 

ILMN Ace. ILMN: 11.615; 

1979-83; Ace. 

WEST COAST 

Barrambie deposit 1960 N None Ti-V-MGNT, None 

ILMN, GOLD 

Capel (AMC) deposit 1954 s 1956 ILMN, ZRCN ILMN: Included with 

LCXN,MNZT Eneabba (AMC). 

SYN RUTL: 44. 79; 

92 percent; 1981-84; 

Ace. 

Capel North deposit 1954 s 1964 ILMN,LCXN, ILMN: 408; 1980-83; 

ZRCN Ace. LCXN: 2.2; 70 

percent; 1980-83; 

Ace. LCXN: 10.88; 

91 percent; 1980-83 

Ace. 

Dunkley/Norton deposit 1954? s 1984 ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 140; 54 percent; 

LCXN,MNZT 1985; Est (max 

capacity). 

Eneabba (Allied) deposit 1968 s 1974 ILMN, RUTL, RUTL: 39.9; 96 percent; 

ZRCN 1983-84; Ace. 

ILMN: 220.3; 59 percent; 1983-84; Ace. 

42 
from ISM/ records for titanium deposits and districts 

Resources includes, for various resource categories, some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; 

U.N. resource classification (see fig. 1 ); grade of reported material in percent titanium dioxide (unless otherwise indicated); year of estimate (R 

indicates year of reference in which estimate appears). 

Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others, 1978, p. 63-68): 

Anatase ............ ANTS Hematite ........... HMTT Monazite ........... MNZT Sulfides ............ SLPD 

Apatite ............ APTT Ilmenite ........... ILMN Perovskite .......... PRVK Synthetic rutile ..... SYN RUTL 

Cassiterite .......... CSTR Kyanite ............ KYNT Pyrite ............. PYRT Titanomagnetite ..... Ti-MGNT 

Gold .............. GOLD Leucoxene .......... LCXN Rare-earth elements .. REE Zircon ............. ZRCN 

Garnet ............. GRNT Magnetite .......... MGNT Rutile ............. RUTL 

Heavy minerals ..... HM Molybdenite ........ MLBD Sillimanite ......... SLMN 

None 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

RUTL: 151.809; 1974-83; 

Ace. 

RUTL: 44.292; 1971-75; Ace. 

RUTL: 3.0; 96 percent; 

1957-58; Ace. 

RUTL: 1,280; 96 percent; 

1966-84; Est. 

None 

RUTL: 382.5; 1972-83; Ace. 

ILMN: 104.2; 1972-83; 

Ace. 

None 

ILMN: 1978-84 included with 

Eneabba (AMC). 

ILMN: 3,332; 55 percent; 

1956-77. 

SYN RUTL: 398.5; 92 

percent; 1978-84; Ace. 

ILMN: 4,198; 54 percent; 

1962-83; Ace. 

LCXN: 212; 70-91 percent; 1962-83. 

ILMN: 150; 54 percent; 

1984-85; Est. 

RUTL: 348.2; 96 percent; 

197 4-83; Est. 

ILMN: 2,645; 59 percent; 

1974-83; Est. 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

ILMN: 1,731; R1E; 1978. 

RUTL: 292; RlE; 1978. 

RUTL: 250; R1E; 1984. 

ILMN: 102; RlE; 1973. 

RUTL: 762.7; R1E; 1976. 

RUTL: 27; R2E; 1976. 

RUTL: 680.3; RlE; 1977. 

ILMN: 1,310; RlE; 1977. 

RUTL: 185; RIM; 1977. 

ILMN: 463; RIM; 1977. 

RUTL: 1,489; R1E; 96 percent; 1984 

(former AMC resources not includedunavailable). 

RUTL: 42.8; RlE; 1978 (additional R2E 

resources). 

RUTL: 340; RlE; 1983R. 

ILMN: 145; RlE; 1983R. 

ORE: 27,000; RlE; 15 percent; 1972 

ILMN: Included with Eneabba (AMC) 

Company proprietary 

Comments 

Undeveloped property. 20,000 t/yr RUTL cone is possible. 

Most of these resources are unavailable due to 

environmental restrictions. Mining ceased 

in 1983; future mining appears unlikely. 

Operation ceased due to government environmental restrictions. 

Undeveloped property. Restrictions as above. 

CRL acquired AMC assets on island in February 1985 and is currently expanding operations with development on new leases. 

Future looks very promising. 

Production of about 35,000 t/yr RUTL and 

40,000 t/yr ZRCN expected in 1985 by Mineral Deposits Ltd. 

Further mine life of 15 yrs. ILMN has relatively 

high Cr content and is not used for metal or pigment. 

Ore also contains 26 percent Fe and 0. 7 percent 

V 20 5 • Feasibility study underway. Titania 

slag, SYN RUTL, low-Mn iron, and flake 

V 20 5 products are possible. 

SYN RUTL produced at Capel from ILMN 

from both Capel and Eneabba mines. 

Expansion of SYN R UTL capacity to even- tual 230,000 t/yr underway. Capel ILMN is 

55 percent Ti02 • 

Mine to close in 1987. Annual production 

includes Yoganup Extended deposit; cumu- lative production includes Yoganup Central 

and Extended deposits. 

-----do.-------------------------------------------- Production commenced late 1984. 

ORE: 116,000; RlE; 10 percent HM; 1983. Projected mine life of 19 more years. 

RUTL: 1,200; R1E; 96 percent; 1983. 

ILMN: 5,200; RlE. 

43 
Site name 

Eneabba (AMC) deposit 

Gingin deposit 

Jurien deposit 

Waroona deposit 

Yoganup Extended deposit 

Cox's Bazaar-Moiskal Island 

deposit 

Campo Alegre de Lourdes 

deposit 

Catalao deposit 

Mataraca deposit 

Patrocinio deposit 

Salitre deposit 

Tapira deposit 

Vitoria district 

Kellogg Property deposit 

Lac de la Blache deposit 

Year of 

discovery 

1968 

1971 

1971 

1954 

1961 

1970? 

1955 

Pre-1966 

1955 

1954 

1954 

TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral resource information 

Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

method production (in 1,000 t) 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

s 1974 ILMN, RUTL, RUTL: 27.26; 96 percent; 

ZRCN. 1981-84; Ace. ILMN: 

141.16; 55-60 percent; 1978-84; Ace. 

N None ILMN, RUTL, None 

ZRCN. 

s 1975 RUTL, ILMN, None (1978-85) 

ZRCN. 

s 1985 ILMN, ZRCN, 

LCXN. 

s 1972 ILMN,LCXN, Included with Capel 

ZRCN,MNZT. North deposit. 

BANGLADESH 

s 1975 railot RUTL,LCXN, RUTL: 0.06; 78-89 perpant). ZRCN,KYNT. cent; 1977; Ace (pilot 

plant). 

BRAZIL 

N None ILMN, LCXN, V20 5 None 

N None ANTS, APTT, None 

Nb. 

s 1984 ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 30; 1984; Est. 

RUTL. RUTL:? 

N None ANTS,APTT, None 

Nb. 

N None ANTS,APTT, None 

LCXN,Nb. 

s 1983 APTT,ANTS, ANTS: 15; 90 percent; 

LCXN,Nb, 1984; Est (pilot 

REE. plant). 

s Pre-1925 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 17; 55-60 perZRCN, cent; 1980-83; Est. 

MNZT. RUTL: 0.275; 96 percent; 1980-83; Est. 

CANADA 

N None Ti-V-MGNT, None 

ILMN. 

N None ILMN, Ti-V-MGNT None 

44 
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

RUTL: 399.93; 96 percent; 

197 4-84; Ace. 

ILMN: 1,850; 55-60 percent; 1978-84; Est. 

ILMN: 416.4; 60 percent; 

1974-77; Ace. 

None 

RUTL: 15.6; 1975-77; Ace. 

None (pre-1985). 

Included with Capel North 

deposit. 

RUTL: 0.6; 78-79 percent; 

1975-84; Est. 

None 

None 

ILMN: 60; 1984-85; 

Est. RUTL:? 

None 

None 

ANTS: 30; 90 percent; Est. 

ILMN: 344; 55-60 percent; 

1925-83; Ace. 

RUTL: 24; 96 percent; 

1932-83; Ace. 

None 

None 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

AUSTRALIA-Continued 

RUTL: 1,642; R1E; 96 percent; 1984. 

ILMN: 10,172; RlE; 55-60 percent; 

1984. 

ILMN: 1,800; RlS; 1976. 

RUTL: 170; RlS; 1976. 

ILMN: 1,200; RIM; 1984R. 

Company proprietary 

Comments 

Resources include other areas owned at Capel 

and east coast (as of 1984). Eneabba ILMN 

-60 percent Ti02 ; ILMN used for SYN 

RUTL not included. 

Development being deferred until a definite 

market is established. 

Inactive since 1977. Resumption of mining in near future not considered likely. 

Production commenced in September 1986. 

-----do.-------------------------------------------- Continuation(?) of Yoganup Central mine which 

closed in 1976. Substantial lower grade resources in nearby leases. 

BANGLADESH-Continued 

HM: 402.8; RlE; 28.9 percent ILMN, 3.7 

percent. 

RUTL, 3.1 percent LCXN; 1976. 

HM: 400; R2E; 28.9 percent ILMN, 

3.7 percent RUTL, 3.1 percent LCXN; 

1976. 

BRAZIL-Continued 

ORE: 60,000; R2E; 20 percent; 1981R. 

Probably similar to Tapira deposit. 

ORE: 30,000; RlE; 28 percent; 1984R. 

R2 resources included with Tapira 

deposit. 

ORE: 153,000; R1E; 23.5 percent; 1984R. 

R2 resources included with Tapira 

deposit. 

ORE: 193,800; R1E; 22.4 percent; 1984R. 

Ti02 (ANTS): 51,300; R2; 1981R. 

CANADA-Continued 

ORE: 73,440; R1S + R2S; 10.0 percent; 

1975. 

ORE: 71,668; R2S; 20.5 percent; 1964. 

45 

Production from pilot plant only. Government 

announced $7 million (U.S. dollars), 5-year 

development plan in 1985. Resources are in 

250-km coastline; 2.2 million metric tons 

HM. ILMN is of an unsaleable grade for 

pigment production (41 percent Ti02). 

Finland's Outokumpu was reported to be showing great interest in development of V resources in 1979, but no plans as of 1984. 

Resources may reach 500 million metric 

tons of ore. 

Development would probably depend on the suc- cess of the ANTS concentrate to be produced from the Tapira deposit. Deposit may 

be mined for the underlying APTT. 

ILMN to go to a local Ti02 plant. 

A 64,000-t/yr ANTS concentration plant has 

been deferred indefinitely due to lack of 

markets. 

Deposit held in reserve while CVRD develops 

the Tapira deposit. May be mined for underlying APTT. 

A 500,000-t/yr ANTS plant is currently being 

built at Araxa (35 km N). Brazil hopes to 

develop an export market for ANTS. 

Deposit currently being mined for the 

underlying APTT. R2 resources refer to all 

ANTS deposits in Brazil. 

Prior to 1984, this district was the only 

Ti-producing area in Brazil. 

Ore contains 31.27 percent Fe and 0.50 percent 

V 20 5 • Titanium could be produced as a byproduct of vanadium, but there are no development plans. 

No development plans. 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

discovery method production (in 1,000 t) 

CANADA-Continued 

Lac du Pin Rouge deposit 1955 N None ILMN,HMTT, None 

Ti-MGNT. 

Lac Tio deposit 1946 s 1951 ILMN,HMTT SLAG: 734; 71 percent; 

1978-82; Ace. 

Magpie Mountain deposit 1953 N None MGNT, ILMN, V None 

St. Urbain district 1872 s 1940 ILMN, RUTL, None (1978-86) 

HMTT. 

Suncor deposit 1778 s 1967 Crude oil, S, V, None 

Ni, LCXN, 

ILMN, RUTL, 

ZRCN. 

Syncrude deposit 1778 s 1978 Crude oil, S, V, None 

Ni, LCXN, 

ILMN, RUTL, 

ZRCN. 

CHINA 

Beihai district s 1966 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 20-30; 54 perZRCN, cent; 1978-82; Est. 

MNZT. RUTL: 0.03-0.04; 94 

percent; 1978-82; 

Est. SYN RUTL: 

1.0; 88-90 percent; 

1977-82; Est. 

Heishan deposit Ti-V-MGNT 

Langping De Miao deposit Ti-V-MGNT 

Panzhihua deposit s 1980 V-Ti-MGNT, ILMN: 50; 46.4 percent; 

ILMN, Ni, Co. 1980-81; Est. 

Sai-Lao district (Quoinghi) Pre-1940 s 1958 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 10; 52 percent; 

ZRCN,MNZT. 1981-82; Est. RUTL: 

0.035; 90 percent; 

1981-82; Est. 

Wuzhaung (Wanning) Pre-1940 s 1965 ILMN,RUTL, ILMN: 10; 51 percent; 

ZRCN,MNZT. 1981-82; Est. RUTL: 

0.04; 88 percent; 

1981-82; Est. 

Xun Jiang deposit 1975 N None ILMN, RUTL, None 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

Zhanjiang district s Approx ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 35; 52 percent; 

1960. ZRCN,MNZT. 1980-82; Est. RUTL: 

0.13; 90 percent; 

1980-82; Est. 

46 
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

None 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

SLAG: 15,936; 71 percent; 

1950-82. 

None 

ORE: 553; 30.5 percent; 

1940-77; Est. 

None 

None 

ILMN: 285; 54 percent; 

1966-82; Est. 

SYN RUTL: 5; 88-90 percent; 1977-82; Est. 

RUTL: 0.3; 94 percent; 

1966-82; Est. 

ILMN: 100; 46.4 percent; 

1980-81; Est. 

ILMN: 120; 1973-82; Est. 

RUTL: 0.4; 90 percent; 

1973-82; Est. 

ILMN: 220; 51 percent; 

1965-82; Est. 

RUTL: 0.93; 88 percent; 

1965-82; Est. 

None 

ILMN: 1,000; 52 percent; 

1962-82; Est. 

RUTL: 3.5; 90 percent; 

1962-82; Est. 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

CANADA-Continued 

ORE: 34,800; RlS; 17 percent; 1980. 

ORE: 124,000; R2S; 7 percent; pre1972. 

ORE: 88,800; R1E; 32-34 percent (38 

percent Fe); 1978-79R. 

ORE: 130,000; R2E; 27-32 percent 

(31-37 percent Fe); 1978-79R. 

Comments 

Hemo-ILMN ore can be beneficiated to 38 percent 

Ti02 + 45 percent Fe; Ti-MGNT ore to 68.3 

percent Fe and 0.7 percent Ti02 • No development plans. 

The grade of titania slag ("Sorelslag") was increased to 80 percent Ti02 in 1983. Pig iron 

is also produced at average 500,000 t/yr. A 

steel plant is proposed. 

ORE: 276,800; RlS; 10.5 percent; 1973R. Resources represent total from the four local 

ORE: 846,800; R2S; 10.5 percent; deposits and contain 43 percent Fe, 0.2 per1973R. cent V 205 , 1.5 percent Cr. Low grade and 

impurities make development unlikely. 

ORE: 22,836; RlS; 30.5 percent; 1974. 

OIL SAND: 880,000; RlE; 1 percent 

HM; 1984. 

OIL SAND: 1,600,000; RlE; 1 percent 

HM; 1984. 

CHINA-Continued 

ILMN: 8,400;R1M; 46-48 percent; 1982. 

RUTL: ll;R1M; 94 percent; 1982. 

ORE: 10,000; R2E; 1984R. 

Included with Heishan deposit. 

ORE: 1,070,000; RlE; 8-10 percent; 

1982R. Ti02: 96,300; RlE; 1982R. 

Ti02 : 450,000; R2E; 1982R. 

ILMN: 5,000; RlE; 41 percent; 1982R. 

RUTL: 50; RlE; 90 percent; 1982R. 

ILMN: 5,000; RlE; 30-33 percent; 

1982R. RUTL: 50; RlE; 88 percent; 

1982R. 

ILMN: 4,000; R1E; 45 percent; 1982R. 

ILMN: 10,000; RlE; 40 percent; 1982R. 

RUTL: 100; RlE; 90 percent; 1982R. 

47 

Year of last production 1977. Resource figure represents aggregate of all deposits in the district. Cumulative production is approximate. 

Ti minerals are recoverable from scroll tailings 

that remain after the recovery of bitumen 

from the oil sand. HM content (approx) 35 

percent LCXN, 30 percent ILMN, 30 percent 

ZRCN, 7 percent R UTL. 

Some 94,000 t of Ti minerals could be recovered 

from 700,000 t/yr of scroll tailings. HM con- tent as above. 

Political resistance to mechanized mining could 

arise from farmers who mine the sands by 

hand. Resources are approx 50 percent in 

beach, 50 percent in river sands. 

Referred to in list of major Ti mines of China. Ore 

grade is estimated at 10 percent Ti02 (BMR). 

Do. 

ILMN reclaimed from MGNT tailings (7 million 

t/yr, 8.5 percent Ti02 ). Only 10 percent of 

annual tailings used. Poor V recovery rates. 

Plans are to increase ILMN production and 

possibly add a pigment plant, a 10,000-t/yr 

sponge-metal plant, and a 3.2-million-t/yr 

steel plant. 

Sand is hand-mined by farmers. 

In the past, mechanized mining and concentration 

has been used to supply up to one-third of 

plant feed. 

Government is interested in developing deposit. 

Mechanized mining is likely. ILMN concen- trate is 53.5 percent Ti02 • 

Figures refer to production from, and potential 

feedstock to, the five processing plants. Sand 

is mined by farmers. 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

discovery method production (in 1,000 t) 

FINLAND 

Otanmaki deposit 1938 u 1953 ILMN, V -MGNT, None (1985) ILMN: 164; 45 

PYRT. percent; 1983 Ace. 

INDIA 

Chatrapur deposit s 1984? ILMN, RUTL, SYN RUTL: 100; 1985; 

SLMN,MNZT, (max capacity). RUTL: 

ZRCN. 10; (max capacity). 

Chavara deposit s 1932 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 142; 60.4 percent; 

ZRCN,MNZT, 1981; Est. RUTL: 8.2; 

SLMN. 93.0 percent; 1981; 

Est. 

Manavala- s 1911 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 65; 54.1 percent; 

kurichi deposit ZRCN,MNZT, 1984; (max capacity). 

GRNT. RUTL: 1.5; 93 percent; 

1984; (max capacity). 

ITALY 

Piampaludo deposit 1977 N None RUTL,GRNT, None 

PYRT, ILMN. 

MADAGASCAR 

Tamatave district None s 1958 ILMN None 

MALAYSIA 

Perak-Selangor district s 1932 CSTR, ILMN, ILMN: 180; 54 percent; 

ZRCN,MNZT. 1983-84; Est. 

MEXICO 

Pluma Hidalgo deposit 1939 N None ILMN, RUTL None 

MOZAMBIQUE 

Pebane district s 1958 ILMN, RUTL, None 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

NEW ZEALAND 

Barrytown deposit 1860's N None GOLD, ILMN, None 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

Westport deposit 1860's N None GOLD, ILMN, None 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

48 
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

ILMN: 3,450; 45 percent; 

1953-83; Est. 

ILMN: 2,000; 60.4 percent; 

1969-84; Est. 

RUTL: 120; 93.0 percent; 

1969-84; Est. 

ILMN: 800; 54.1 percent; 1967-84; Est. 

RUTL: 20; 93 percent; 1967-84; Est. 

None 

ILMN: 371; 1958-67. 

ILMN: 4,200; 54 percent; 

1956-84; Est. 

None 

ILMN: 25; 1958-60; Est. 

RUTL: None? 

None 

None 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

FINLAND-Continued 

ORE: 17,000; R1E; 13 percent; 1979R. 

INDIA-Continued 

ORE: 240,000; R1E; 9.5 percent ILMN, 

0.5 percent RUTL; 1982R. ILMN: 

22,800; R1E; 51 percent; 1982R. 

RUTL: 1,200; R1E; 96 percent; 

1982R. ORE: 350,000; R1E; 9.5 percent ILMN, 0.5 percent RUTL; 

1982R. 

Comments 

Mine closed, probably during 1984, due to low 

prices. 

220,000 t/yr ILMN to be converted to 100,000 t 

SYN RUTL. Plants expected to be in operation by mid 1988. A chloride-route Ti02 plant 

expected by late 1980's. 

ILMN: 35,000; R1~; 59.8. perc~nt; Current production from two plants; I.R.E. (major) 1985R. RUTL. 3,000, R1E, 93.0 per- and K.M.M.L. (minor, but expansion to 

cent; 1985R. 100,000 t/yr ILMN by 1990). ILMN has disadvantage of high Cr20 3 content (0.17 percent). 

ITALY -Continued 

ORE: 150,000; R1E; 4 percent RUTL; 

1977. 

ORE: 300,000; R2E; 4 percent 

RUTL; 1977. 

Cumulative production from I.R.E. only; other 

foreign-owned companies possibly back to 

1911. High Cr20 3 in ILMN (0.09 percent). 

Deposit much smaller than Chavara. 

Feasibility studies still underway. Industrial grade 

GRNT occurs as major byproduct. The rock is 

exceptionally strong and abrasive. 

MADAGASCAR-Continued 

(Possibly about 100 million metric tons 

ILMN.) 

MALAYSIA-Continued 

ILMN: 10,000; R2E; 54 percent; 1984. 

MEXICO-Continued 

ORE: 3.82; R1E; 50 percent; 1984R. 

ORE: 65; R1E; 24.5 percent; 1984R. 

ORE: 1,000; R1S; 5 percent; 1984R. 

MOZAMBIQUE-Continued 

ILMN: 30,000; R2E; 1984R. 

RUTL: 2,000; R2E; 1984R. 

Joint venture between the government and Canada's QIT-Fer et Titane. Feasibility studies are underway. Possibility of a 300,000-t/yr 

ILMN mine by 1989. ILMN to be converted 

into 200,000-t/yr of 90-percent Ti02 slag in 

Canada. 

ILMN extracted from tin tailings ("amang"). Production may decrease as a result of current 

(1986) excess supply of tin. 

Feasibility study underway April1984. Mexican 

government is keen to develop mineral prospects. Mexico has a 35,000-t/yr pigment plant. 

Development is proposed by the government, but no formal plans have been announced. A further 50 million metric tons of ILMN is present 

offshore. 

NEW ZEALAND-Continued 

ILMN: 7,000; R2E; 46 percent; 1984R. 

ILMN: 10,000; R2E; 46 percent; 1984R. 

ILMN: 7-21,000; R2S; 46 percent; 

1978R. 

49 

Raw ILMN is unsaleable due to inclusions and low 

grade but is highly susceptible to acid leaching. A pilot plant to process the ILMN 

directly into Ti02 pigment is planned for 

1985-87. Further development depends on its success. Drilling to define resources is underway. Gold avg 0.06 g/t. 

R2E deposits are in Holocene sands on or near present shoreline. R2S deposits are in PLEIS 

sands, inland. Raw ILMN is unsaleable as at 

Barrytown deposit. Further development 

depends on success of Barrytown pilot plant. 
TABLE 10. -Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

discovery method production (in 1,000 t) 

NORWAY 

Rodsand deposit 1850 u 1900 V-MGNT, ILMN None (from approx 1980) 

ILMN: 8.6; 39 percent; 

1974-76; Ace. 

Tellnes deposit 1954 s 1960 ILMN, Ti-MGNT, ILMN: 585.2; 45 percent; 

Cu-NiSLPD. 1981-83; Ace. 

ROMANIA 

Chituc deposit s Approx ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 5.6; 41 percent; 

1981 GRNT. 1982; Est. 

Glogova-Sisesti district N None ILMN, RUTL, None 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

Tigveni deposit s Approx ILMN 

1981 

SIERRA LEONE 

Gbangbama-Mogbwemo 1954 s 1979 RUTL RUTL: 71.8; 96 percent; 

district 1983; Ace. 

SOUTH AFRICA 

Bothaville deposit 1955 N None ILMN, RUTL None 

Cape Morgan deposit 1954 s 1969 ILMN, RUTL None 

Ciskei Coast deposit N None ILMN,RUTL None 

Richards Bay deposit 1968 s 1977 ILMN, RUTL, SLAG: 381; 85 percent; 

titania slag, 1983; Est. RUTL: 56; 

low-MnFe. 1983; Est. 

Transkei Coast deposit N None ILMN, RUTL None 

U mgababa deposit 1948 s 1955 ILMN, RUTL None 

West Cape Coast deposit 1970 N None ILMN, RUTL None 

SOVIET UNION 

Afrikanda deposit Pre-1950 Ti-MGNT, PRVK 

Dnepropetrovsk district Pre-1957 s 1960 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 250; 50-60 percent; 

ZRCN. 1981; Est. RUTL: 30; 

95 percent; 1981; Est 

(refers to total Ukraine 

production). 

50 
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

ILMN: 93.88; 39 percent; 

I962-76; Ace. 

ILMN: I2,500; 45 percent; 

I96I-83; Est. 

ILMN: 20; 4I percent; 

I98I-84; Est. 

None 

RUTL: 235.I; 96 percent; 

I979-83; Ace. 

None 

ILMN: I6.5; 49.8 percent; 

I969; Ace. RUTL: 0.59; 

95.2 percent; I969; Ace. 

None 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

NORWAY -Continued 

ORE: 17,600; RIE; 3.6 percent; 1977. 

ORE: 350,000; RIE; I8 percent; I984R. 

ROMANIA-Continued 

ORE: 200,000; RIM; 0.5I percent; I982R. 

ORE: 340,000; RIM; 1.5 percent ILMN, 

0.5 percent RUTL; I982R. 

ORE: 50,000; R2E; 1.7 percent ILMN; 

I982. 

SIERRA LEONE -Continued 

ORE: I40,000; RIE; 1.8 percent RUTL; 

I977. RUTL: 2,500; RIE; 96 percent; 

I977. RUTL: 23,000; R2; 96 percent; 

I98IR. 

SOUTH AFRICA-Continued 

ORE: 34,000; RIS; 33.0 percent ILMN, 

0.24 percent RUTL; I984. 

Comments 

Mine closed in approx I980. The hemo-ILMN 

could not be physically beneficiated above 

40 percent Ti02 and was no longer saleable. 

Two titania slag plants with total production of 

500,000 t/yr (one with 75 percent Ti02) are to be developed in the region. Slight Cr 

impurity in ILMN concentrate imparts 

green color to Ti02 pigment. 

Annual production data as surmized by U.S. 

Bureau of Mines (I982). Ni + Cr contents are too high for pigment production. A 

beneficiation plant has been considered. 

The sands could be expected to contain 1.5 percent RUTL, O.I2 percent ZRCN. No development has been reported. 

Resource estimates must be considered at 50 

percent probability level. Production con- firmed by Romanian government in I982, 

but no figures are available. 

High royalty payments to government could 

affect the duration of mine life. Good potential for the development of additional 

resources, especially in other nearby deposits. 

Deposit is in a remote area. 

ORE: 64,000; RIS; 2.8 percent ILMN, O.I4 I969 was the only year of production. Ti02 

percent RUTL; I984. grades are generally too low and inconsistent for exploitation. 

ORE: 64,000; RIS; 3.3 percent ILMN, O.I5 Grade is too low for exploitation. 

percent RUTL; I984. 

SLAG: 2,000; 85 percent; ORE: I,694,000; RIE; 5 percent ILMN, 0.3 South Africa's only Ti-mineral producing area. I978-83; Est. RUTL; 287; percent RUTL; I984. ORE: 455; RIM; Plans to increase mining capacity by 50 

I978-83; Est. 3.5 percent ILMN, 0.34 percent percent and smelting capacity to 600,000 

None 

ILMN: 390.95; 49.6 percent; 

I955-63; Ace. RUTL: 

I4.58; 95.4 percent; 

I955-63; Ace. 

None 

ILMN: 2,500; 50-60 percent; 

I975-84; Est. RUTL: 300; 

95 percent, I975-84; Est. 

RUTL; I984. t/yr titania slag. 

ORE: I49,000; RIS; 5.4 percent ILMN, 0.2 

percent RUTL; 1984. 

Remote area; economic viability depends on possible offshore loader. 

ORE: 44,000; RIS; 9.05 percent ILMN, 0.5 Operations ceased in I963 due to technical probpercent RUTL; I984. lems and pollution of local resorts. No plans 

for redevelopment. 

ORE: IOO,OOO; RIS; 70 percent ILMN, O.I Remote area, but some prospects for mining 

percent RUTL; 1984. 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

ORE: I90,700; RIE; 9.6 percent; I950. 

ORE: 435,000; R2E; 9.6 percent; I950. 

51 

PRVK cone: 43-5I percent Ti02 • Ti-MGNT 

cone: 9 percent Ti02 • Only Ti-producing 

mine in Kola Peninsula. 

Ukrainian placer deposits provide the majority 

of Soviet Ti production. Conversion of 

ILMN to titania slag (83 percent Ti02 ) at 

nearby Zaporozhye. 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production 

discovery method production (in 1,000 t) 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

Gusevogorsk deposit 1931 s 1963 Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN ORE: 35,530; 1.15 percent; 1973-77; Ace. 

ILMN: 150; 44 percent; 1981; Est 

(total Ural Mountains). 

Kachkanar deposit Pre-1780 Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN ILMN: Included with 

Gusevogorsk 

deposit. 

Kamakorskoye deposit 1973 N None Ti-MGNT, ILMN None 

Kiev district s ILMN As for Dnepropetrovsk 

district. 

Kopansk deposit Pre-1940 u Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN 

Pudozhgorsk deposit Pre-1957 Approx Ti-V-MGNT 

1960 

(test 

mining) 

Shubino Village deposit 1936 RUTL,GRNT 

ILMN. 

Svoranzkoye deposit Pre-1952 N MGNT, Ti-MGNT, 

ILMN. 

Tsaginsk deposit Pre-1959 N? Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN ---

Yelet Ozero deposit Pre-1970 N? Ti-MGNT, ILMN 

Zhitomir district Pre-1957 s Approx ILMN, RUTL As for Dnepropetrovsk 

1960 district. 

SRI LANKA 

Pulmoddai deposit 1920 s 1961 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 75.03; 54.5 perZRCN,MNZT. cent; 1982-83; Ace. 

RUTL: 7.65; 96.8 

percent; 1973-83; 

Ace. 

TANZANIA 

Liganga deposit N None Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN None 

52 
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

ORE: 339,000; 1.15 percent; 

1963-77; Ace. 

None 

ORE: 1,600; 6.2 percent; 

1965; Est. 

ILMN: 685.3; 54.5 percent; 

1973-83; Ace. RUTL: 

78.3; 96.8 percent; 

1973-83; Ace. 

None 

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

SOVIET UNION-Continued 

ORE: 3,150,000; R1E; 1.5 percent; 1971. 

ORE: 2,600,000; R1E; 1.3 percent; 1971 

(R2E included with Gusevogorsk 

deposit). 

Comments 

Ore treated at Mount Kachkanar; concentrate 

contains 60 percent Fe, 3.3 percent V 20 5 , 

and 0.66 percent Ti02 (only 50 percent 

recovery). Ti-sponge plant at Berezniki, 150 

km to NW. Ti production is secondary to 

that for Fe and V. 

Deposit was being prepared for mining (annual 

capacity 25 million tons) in 1978 and may now be in production. Ti production is sec- ondary to that for Fe and V. 

ORE: 70,000; R2; 5 percent ILMN; 1978R. The area is considered promising for further 

exploration. Ti would be a byproduct of 

possible iron-ore exploitation. 

As for Dnepropetrovsk district. 

ORE: 19,200; R1E; 11 percent; 1955. ORE: Mined until recently (Zitzman, 1977-78). Dis3,200; R2E; 11 percent; 1955. ORE: seminated ores are now subeconomic in 

78,500; R2S; 6 percent; 1955. terms of the principal commodity, iron. 

ORE: 248,600; R1E; 6.2 percent; 1970. 

ORE: 68,000; R2E; 6.2 percent; 1970. 

ORE: 484,000; R2E; 1.3 percent; 1975R. 

SRI LANKA-Continued 

ORE: 3,000; R1E; 73 percent ILMN, 11 

percent RUTL; 1984R. ILMN: 2,200; 

R1E; 54.5 percent; 1984R. RUTL: 330; 

R1E; 96.8 percent; 1984R. 

TANZANIA-Continued 

ORE: 49,000; R1E; 13 percent; 1981R. 

53 

Some test mining but no industrial mining by 

1978. Was being considered for V production (1.12 percent V 20 5 in MGNT concen- trate). 

Technological difficulties prevented the use of 

the deposit in 1977, but some mining in 

1973 is reported. Current status is 

unknown. 

Reserves also include 1,000 million metric tons 

of "prognosticated ore." Doubtful production in 1982 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1982). 

Open-pit mining possible with perspective 

capacity of 5 million t/yr. Active investigation in 1978. 

The following concentrates can be produced; 

Ti-MGNT: 58 to 59 percent Fe, 11 to 12 percent Ti02, 0.5 to 0.6 percent V 20 5; ILMN: 

40 to 50 percent Ti02 • Resources stated as "large." 

Resources quoted as "large." The following con- centrates can be produced: Ti-MGNT: 9.4 

percent Ti02 , 58.3 percent Fe, 0.62 percent 

V20 5 ; ILMN: 41.6 percent Ti02 • 

Conversion of ILMN to titania slag (83 percent 

Ti02) at Zaporozhye near Dnepropetrovsk 

district. 

An additional 1.3 million metric tons of ore is 

estimated offshore. A 150,000-t/yr 

ILMN/15,000-t/yr RUTL plant commenced 

in late September 1984. Development of an 85-percent Ti02 titania-slag plant is possible. 

Deposits were under investigation in 1981. They 

may form basis for an iron and steel industry in Tanzania. 
Site name 

Aurora deposit 

Bingham Canyon deposit 

Brunswick deposit 

Cumberland Island deposit 

Green Cove Springs deposit 

Kerr-McGee deposit 

Lakehurst deposit 

Manchester deposit 

Natchez Trace deposit 

Oak Grove deposit 

Piney River district 

Powderhorn deposit 

San Gabriel Mountain district 

Sanford Lake district 

Trail Ridge (Starke and 

Highland) deposit. 

'lUcker-Poplar Lake deposit 

Year of 

discovery 

1951? 

1887 

1955? 

1969? 

1956 

1957 

1956 

1956 

1956 

Pre-1880 

About 1880 

1927 

Pre-1826 

1946 

Pre-1880 

TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Mining Year of first 

method production 

UNITED STATES 

N None 

s 1904 

N None 

N None 

s 1972 

N None 

s 1962 

s 1973 

N None 

N None 

s 1900 

N None 

S? 1927 

s 1942 

s 1949 

N None 

54 

Commodities 

ILMN 

Cu, MLBD, RUTL 

ILMN, RUTL, 

LCXN, ZRCN. 

ILMN, RUTL, 

LCXN, ZRCN. 

ILMN,RUTL, 

LCXN,ZRCN, 

MNZT. 

ILMN,RUTL, 

ZRCN,MNZT. 

ILMN,LCXN, 

RUTL,ZRCN. 

ILMN, RUTL 

ILMN,RUTL, 

ZRCN,MNZT, 

KYNT. 

ILMN, RUTL, 

ZRCN, MNZT, 

KYNT. 

ILMN,APTT 

PRVK, Nb, REE 

ILMN, MGNT, V 

MGNT, ILMN, V 

ILMN,LCXN, 

RUTL, ZRCN, 

KYNT. 

ILMN, Ti-MGNT 

Annual production 

(in 1,000 t) 

None 

None 

None 

None 

Company proprietary. 

Max capacity: 

ILMN: 60-70 

LCXN: 10. RUTL: 

30. 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

Withheld. Max capacity 

Ti02 : 160. 

None 
from ISM/ records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued 

None 

Cumulative production 

(in 1,000 t) 

RUTL: None. ORE:I,386,000; 

0.6 percent Cu; I904-84. 

None 

None 

Company proprietary 

None 

ILMN: I,320; 59 percent; 

I962-76; Est. 

LCXN-RUTL: ---

Resources (in 1,000 t) 

UNITED STATES-Continued 

Ti02 : 400; RIM; 1.3 percent of ore; I986. 

RUTL: 3,600; riS; 0.3 percent RUTL in 

ore; I985. 

Company proprietary 

ILMN: I,I20; RIM; I percent ILMN in 

ore; I986. RUTL: I60; RIM; O.I percent RUTL in ore; I986. 

ORE: 400,000; RIE; 1.3 percent; I984 

ORE: 500,000; R2E I percent; I984. 

Ti02 : Probably several million metric tons 

contained in ore. 

ILMN: 298; RIM; 3.5 percent ILMN in 

ore; I986. LCXN-RUTL: RIM; 78 percent; I986. 

ORE:IOO,OOO; RIE; 1.95 percent; I984. 

Comments 

No current exploration or plans for 

developrrent. 

RUTL has never been recovered. Mine closed in 

I984 due to low copper prices. Potential for 

approx 50,000 t/yr RUTL as byproduct. 

Resources are in the RIM category. 

Deposit is in a national park, so future development appears unlikely. 

Resources include all Florida deposits. Production is expected to continue to 20Il. A SYN 

R UTL plant is under consideration. Concentrates are sold to Du Pont and are used 

at their chloride-route Ti02 plants. 

Excellent prospects if fine-grain-size problem is overcome. Kerr-McGee has a SYN RUTL 

plant and a Ti02 plant elsewhere in the 

United States. 

Only lower grade material is left. No active 

exploration or plans for development. 

Production ceased in I982. Asarco has no intention of ever returning, it is dismantling and 

selling all equipment. 

None Ti02 (in ILMN): 2,780; RIM; I968. Ti02 (in Deposit is in a State park, so outlook is not 

RUTL): 280; RIM; I968. good. 

None 

ILMN: I80; 43-5I percent; 

Est. 

None 

ILMN: IO; 40+ percent; 

I927-28; Ace. 

ILMN: IO,OOO; 46 percent; 

I942-82. 

Ti02 : Probably several million metric tons 

contained in ore (R2E). 

ILMN:IO,OOO; R2S; I3-20 percent ILMN 

in ore; I985. 

ORE: 246,000; riM; 8 percent PRVK; 

I976. ORE: I33,000; r2S; 8 percent 

PRVK; I976. 

Ti02 : 4,800; RIS; I2 percent ILMN in ore; 

I985. 

Ti02 : 8,600; RIE + R2E; 35 percent ILMN 

in ore; I985. 

-----do.---------------------------- Included with Green Cove Springs deposit. 

None ILMN: 230; riM; I1.9 percent ILMN in 

ore; I985 ILMN: I,710; r2S; 7 percent 

of ILMN in ore; I985. 

55 

Good prospects for development if fine-grainsize problem is overcome. 

Old plant is unlikely to reopen. A new modern 

smelting plant may be economically feasible, but no plans have been announced. 

Future of deposit depends on the development 

of an economic process for the conversion of 

PRVK to Ti02 • 

Development is unlikely as deposit is in a national forest and grade is generally too 

low. 

ILMN concentrate has been stockpiled since 

I983 when NL's Ti02 plant at Sayreville 

closed. The ILMN is suitable for sulfateroute Ti02 • 

Du Pont has two plants operating on the 

deposit. Production from Du Pont leases is 

expected to continue to 20IO. 

Enormous resources of Ti-MGNT ore containing IO million metric tons Ti02 are present over the entire Duluth Complex. A large 

amount could be recovered each year from 

tailings from base-metal mining. 
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57 

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INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY 

PARTICIPATING AGENCIES 

Australia 

Bureau of Mineral Resources, 

Geology and Geophysics 

Canada 

Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 

Mineral Policy Sector 

Geological Survey of Canada 

Federal Republic of Germany 

Bundesanstalt fiir Geowissenschaften 

und Rohstoffe 

South Africa 

Minerals Bureau 

Geological Survey 

United Kingdom 

British Geological Survey 

United States 

Bureau of Mines 

Geological Survey 

SUMMARY REPORTS 

This circular is one of several reports on selected mineral 

commodities to be published in the U.S. Geological Survey 930 

series. The circulars published to date are listed below; year of 

publication is shown in parentheses. Copies are available free on 

application to The Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 

80225-0046 U.S.A. 

930-A. Manganese (1984) 

930-B. Chromium (1984) 

930-C. Phosphate (1984) 

930-D. Nickel (1985) 

930-E. Platinum-Group Metals (1986) 

930-F. Cobalt (1987) 

930-G. Titanium (1988) 

Requests for copies of International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary reports and for 

further information may also be addressed to: 

Ian R. McLeod 

Chief Commodity Geologist 

Resource Assessment Division 

Bureau of Mineral Resources 

P.O. Box 378 

~anberra City, A.C.T. 2601 

AUSTRALIA 

.. J. Zwartendyk 

Director, Resource Evaluation Division 

'"tlineral Policy Sector 

'3nergy, Mines & Resources Canada 

f)80 Booth Street 

~ttawa, Ontario KIA OE4 

'jAN ADA 

Distribution Branch 

Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften 

und Rohstoffe 

Postfach 51 01 53 

D-3000 Hannover 51 

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 

Ian Goldberg 

Director, Minerals Bureau 

Private Bag X4 

Braamfontein 2017 

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 

Richard N. Crockett 

Head, Mineral Intelligence Programme 

British Geological Survey 

Keyworth 

Nottingham NG 12 5GG 

UNITED KINGDOM