chsirficstion c~l@ to~~ssbytiuthorit oftheU. ..AtomicEnertwCmdnlo%

~erxat’

&tyREPORT LIBRARY—

LAMS-72.5

Series A

10 May 1948 A

~>f

This @ocmnent cori~,airis pages.

,. — .—

-e

~~~~_STUDIES OF AIR-BORNE CONTAMINATION RESULTING FROM OPERATIONS

l——_

<— .+,

PLUTON

-12)

i

IUM METAL AND PLUTONIUM ALLOYS

Report Written Ey:

w. R. Kennedy

PUBLICLY REU%@flW

,

..

UNCLASSIFIED

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APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
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----- ABSTRACT ---

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Using standard methods of air sample testing, three rooms handling

plutonium metd and plutonium alloys were checked to place the causes of

peak air-borne contamination during operations.

The tests emphasized that plutomium cannot be handled in an open

room, tjndtransfers of the material through the room must be held to an

absolute minimum.

Such operations must be handled in an adequately ventilated hoed

or drybox system, by personnel provided with a complete set of protective

clothing. These people should be checked periodically for retention of

material in th~ body, and for damage to the blood forming organs. The

working area should be tested throughout the working day for air-borne

contaminateon.

—

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APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
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● STUDIES OF AIR-WRNE CONT~lti$flZ%)f? I&!%&&j;. %’ROM OFERA’IVONS HANDLING

PLUTONIW METAL AND PL”~ONIUM ALLOYS.

%

~NTRCi)UCTION

Sevaral series of air-borne contamination surveys have been made on

three rooms in D Building. 511 three of the rooms under considerateon work

witc metallic plutonium and its alloys●

Al 1 air contaminateon samples were taken US1ng the standard

Queen with the flat plate collec~or ope~ati.ngat a sampling rate

Filter

of four

cubic feet per ud.nute. Filter pa.pe.rswere coun!.edon the stantard flat

plate alphs co’untlproperating in the proporticml range. Results were

correctit for products with short half lives (radon and thoron). For further

infornetion on tns collection ant counting oi’air-borne contamination samples

see Ah!-1205(Instructions and ?recauti~~s in th+ Use of Filter Queen Alr

Tester and Associated Apparatus).

oper~tion suxt~ys werfimade by running two instruments side by side in

the us’ml loc~tion, one for the entire day and the other for half hour periods.

Tim~’studies were made of the work going

place tilecsuseJ of peak contamination.

PART A

—.ROOM— 13? - l)BUILL?ING

1. OD’arat.io~

on during these periods in crder to

The room is used to determiw physical properties of plutotliumand

plutcwlum alloys at various temperatures.

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APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
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Balances, hardnf?m testers, and test presses are used in the

determinations. Some of the equipment is enclosed in dryboxes or hoods.

3. Air Contamination Hist~ ,

As can be observed from the enclosed Graph No.

sheet, the inontblyaverage contaminat~on level has been

1 and its data

below tolerance

for 13 out of the 14 months under survey. The maximum air count for any

one day during the month has been over tolerance 10 out of the 14 months.

A minimum of work has been carried out in the room while emphasis has been

on the design of proper equipment to control contamination

work.

4. AJr-Borne Contamination Surveys Durinz ~eration~

while doing the

On August 5, 1347, u continuous survey of the air-borne contamination

level was made during the work period. Graph No. 2 and its data sheet

record the results obtained. The test showed beyond doubt that the peak

contamination periods were due to loading and unloading the press can, and occurred

when the active material was out in the air of the room

5. recommendationsand Results

It was recommended that the process equipment or tichnique be so

redesigned that the active material at no time is exposed to the room air.

A new type of press can has been designed to facilitate sample manipulation

without opening the can} and a hood was designed with a forced air evacuation

to fit over the press. The equipment has not yet been installed and tested.

Until such changes are completed the work in the room is being held to a

minimum.

A small, open front hood with

air lock of the drybox. .T~is:provides

● ● ** b.....

a forced draft has been built around the

.

some protection when opening and closing

● * . . .

the air lock door, by di~~os%g~%f.~n~~c~aminated air escaping from the

●

drybox during the transf@~O : . ● *b ●

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APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
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~ART B I

s

* JQOM 13A - d, BUIIDING

1

1. @ration

Thd room Is

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used for the melting and casting of plutonium and plutonium

1

alloy samples.

.

I

2. Eahlgment

F@naces,

I

preparation of the

small hand grinders, and a laboratory press are used in

samples. All equipment except the crucible out-gassing

furnace is enclosed in dryboxes.

39 .—Air Contamination Hist~

As~may be observed from Graph No. 1 and its data sheet, the monthly

I

average contamination level has been

months under survey. There has been

I

month. The:maximum single air count

I

above tolerance for 10 out of the 13

at leas: one over tolerance day every

recorded was over 130 times tolerance

(in August~ 1947). Considerable improvement can be noted in the last four

months of ~peration, since major changes were made in the room ventilation;

but sources of contamination still exist in the operation.

4. A~r-Borne Contamination SurveYs Durine@ eration .—

a! On September 12, 1947 a contin~lous s~veY of the contamination

I

level was &de during the day. Graph No. 3 and its data sheet show the results

obtained. /’Thedaily average corhaminstion level was 4 to 5 times tolerance.

The result~ indicate that the contamination in every case Is due to opening

a drybox O* furnace housing, either transferring material or repairing

I

I

equipment.I

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(%ISeptedilj%f“Z% ‘19247;.tA46” were started in the hallway

outside the room. The air flow in the area was such that every time room

134 was over tolerance, the hallrey was also over tolerance. The operation

was shut down October 2, 1947 after ventilation adjustments had been tried

and found insufficient to remedy the situation. An air evacuation system

.

was installed in the floor of the room, and operations were started again

November 19.

c. Another contamination level survey was made November 20, 1947.

Graph No. 4 and its data sheet record the results. These results indicate

that the furnace of the melting train is the greatest single source of

contaminatizm. At the present time it is necessary to open the furnace

housing in order to load or repair the furnace.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

It has been recommended that drybox gloves be installed in the

melting train furnace housing, and the furnace be worked through the gloves.

These recommendat~ons have not been carried out. While the room has showed

considerable improvement since the ventilation system has been installed, it

con%~nues to run very close to tolerance.

A similar equipment set-up is being installed in room 136. The

problems of room ventilation and of sealing off’the melting furnace have

been taken into account and proper equipment designed.

ROOM 317 - D BUIIDING

1. @era tion

The room is used to prepare metallographic specimens of plutonium and

plutonium alloys. The specimen is mounk.d in a Iucite holder, and the exposed

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surface is

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etched before making a mjcrophot.ogra1h.

room 313.

2. Eauimen&

Mounting, grinding, po~ishing, and etching are all handled in

dryboxes. Final inspection before the specimen leaves the room is done .

with a microscope on a table in the open room. The enclosed flow sheet

indicates the locations of the various equipment used in the operation~

and the sequence of each operation. Note the number of transfers of

material through the room. The specimens are transferred about in small

open screw top jars until after the final inspection.

3* Contamination History

Graph No. 1 indicates that the monthly average air contamin~tion

has been erratic. Following surveys made during August and September, 1947

the average level dropped well below tolerance. The surveys poin:ed out the

sources of peak contamination and the

planning of operation techniquo taken

New personnel were put to wor]c in the

improvement was due to care and

by personnel working in the room.

operation in October and November, 1947.

During their indoctrination in laboratory procedures, the average

contamination level increased.

4. —-Air-!30rneContamination Surveys DurJng @e rations

a. A continuous survey of the air-borno contamination level in the

room was made August 15, 19.47. Graph No. 5 and its data sheet record the

results obtained. The air contamination varies directly with the number cf

transfers of active material made through the room. Care and planning of

operations to limit the number of transfers necessary, and to provide a

ttcoolingn per~~ for a drybox ~fore ~~ng a transfer seems to pay dividends

in reduced average co~t;m~$a$jon{ :0

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b. The clean up operation following specimen preparation was “-’

suspectec?of being a principal som-ce of air-borne contamination.

Accordingly a survey was made on September 3, on which day only the

clean up operation was done in t!leroom. Graph No. 6 and its data sheet

record the results. The period of greatest air contamination occurred

after the work was finished, and was due to the final transfer of material

out of the Crybox.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

During”the first survey made, the air-borne contamination level

in the room varied directly as the number of transfers made. The fact

that transfers are t,hegreatest source of contamination is emphasized

by the second survey.

Later efforts to cut down on the number of

reduced the amount of contamjnatio~ released in the

transfers made have

room. For example,

present practice is to transfer all specimens at the same time from one

unit to another rather than having a complete set of transfers for each

specimen.

It has been recommended that the equipment be redesigned so that

only one transfer is necessary to get the material into a closed system

where the complete preparation cycle can be carried out. Then each step

in the process is finiehed and the material moved on to the next without

passing through the room. This principle has been adopted and used to

desigu equipment which will be installed as soon as sufficient laboratory

space can be obtained. At the p=sent

connect the dryboxes in series.

time quarters are too cramped to

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SUMMARY

-S@m!!m ... -,.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOM!$ENDAT1ONS

1. In every case of air-borne contamination in a working area the

contamination can be traced to working with active material in the open$

or to transferring the matertal through the room. A partfal solution is

found by limiting the number of transfers and by enclosing all work with

active material or grossly contaminated equipment.

2* A dry!)oxor enclosed hood is not in itself a

contamination. While it may keep the active material

swe ray to control

&der control as the

work is going on, it also serves as a collection agency for very highly

contaminated air, soresof which escapes into the room when any transfer is

made into or out of the drybox. To give adequate protection a drybox must

be vented into a forced air evacuation system, provided with filtered clean

air inlets, and operated at an inside pressure slightl$ below room pressure.

The present installations in use in all three rooms have small Welch Duo.Seal

Vacuum Pumps connected to the dryboxes. Such an installation does provide

a very slight negative pressure inside a c?rybox,but fails to purge the box

of the very highly contaminated air. An evacuation

a volume of air equal to that of the drybox seversl

provided, with this evacuated air properly filtered

the atmcxpher~.

3. An alternative modification is the construction of a srsll open

fror:thood with an adequate+ forced evacuation system around each drykox

air lock. Such an additjon will not prevent tke bfild UP CIf~’ighlYcontaminated

air in the drybox, but wiillprevent such air escaping into the room duri~]g

transfers into or out of the drybox.

● m

x Air velckity across:t~e $p~n f@~@f{a~ho~ in excess of 100 linear feet

per minute. ● . ● .* ● .* ● .* ● . . ● .

be

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4. Air-borne conth% n~ti”ontest% ~uld be run ccntjnumsly hi arws

where plutonlum metal or alloys are worked.

5. Approved dust filter respirators (Bureau of Afin~sApproved)

should be immeciiatelyaveilable to all workers handling plutoniun metal

or alloys.

6. All workers in such oper&tions should wefir

of protective c~cthing, including hair cover~ng and

the ~.ands.

7. Periodic health tests such as urine radicassay ariddifferential

blood count should be m~de on all persc)nnel wGrk.iI~g with plutmritim vwt.al

or its alloys. Tke frequency of such tests Cepenc.supon the ~ncividual~s

exposure, individuals with the most severe exposur+> takir,g the tests

monthly or every six weeks.

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.

AIR-BORNE CONTAMINATION IN D BUILDING

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January, 194’7

Februa~

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AIR-BORNE CONTAMINATION ROOM 107 D BUILDING, AUGUST 6, 1547

Filter Queen No. 1

Filter Queen Nc.2

0815 “ c8i$5

0845 - 0915

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coolifi~

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Sar\Fleto storage, all work over

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AIR-EC!RNECONTAhUNATION, D-134 - November 20, 1947

0830- 1530

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0.0662 o/@

0.?550

0.0950

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0,0339

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Loading f~rA8cC?. Shearing in other trei,n.

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activity at 1040.

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19 transfers between dryboxes.

7 transfers, no activity for 20 miuutes.

9 tranafers.

20 transfers, same specimen.

No actitity.

Some clean-up work only.

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