S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO BOTANY NUMBER 46 

Flora of Micronesia, 

4: Caprifoliaceae-Compositae 

F. Raymond Fosberg 

and Marie-HelenerSachet 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

City of Washington 

1980 
ABSTRACT 

Fosberg, F. Raymond, and Marie-Helene Sachet. Flora of Micronesia, 4: 

Caprifoliaceae-Compositae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 46, 7 1 

pages, 1 figure, 1980.-The fourth installment of the Flora of Micronesia 

includes a brief introduction with acknowledgments and references to previously published parts of the flora. A floristic taxonomic account of the 

Caprifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae, and Compositae of Micronesia is given with descriptions, keys, synonymy, ethnobotany (including vernacular names and uses), and citations of geographic records and herbarium 

specimens. 

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded 

in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the 

katsura tree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Fosberg, Francis Raymond, 1908- 

Flora of Micronesia. 

(Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 20, 24, 36, 46) 

Includes bibliographies. 

Contents: 1. Gymnospermae.-2. Casuarinaceae, Piperaceae, and Myricaceae.- 

Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.29:20 

1. Botany-Micronesia. 2. Ethnobotany-Micronesia. I. Sachet, Marie-Helene, joint au- 111. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Srnithsonian contributions to botany. 

QKlS2747 [QK473.M5] no. 20, etc. 581s [581.996’5 74-113161 

3. Convo1vulaceae.-4. Caprifoliaceae-Compositae. 

thor. 

no. 20 [etc.] 

11. Title. 
Contents 

Page 

Introduction ............................................. 1 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE .................................. ............ 4 

CAMPANULACEAE ................................................. 5 

GOODENIACEAE .................. .............................. 6 

COMPOSITAE ...................................... ............... 12 

Synonyms and Misapplied Names ................................... 68 

Literature Cited ................. ............................ 71 

... 

111 

Flora of Micronesia, 

4: Caprifoliaceae-Composit ae 

F. Raymond Fosberg 

and Marie-Helene Sachet 

Introduction 

The fourth installment of the Flora of Micronesia treats four families, all those in the Engler 

system following the Rubiaceae, except the Cucurbitaceae, which is placed by us earlier in the 

sequence with its obvious relatives, the Caricaceae 

and Passifloraceae. Of the families treated here 

the Caprifoliaceae and the Campanulaceae are 

each represented by one introduced species of one 

genus. Of the Goodeniaceae there is one very 

widespread indigenous strand species. The Compositae (Asteraceae) include, in Micronesia, 37 

genera, 5 of them indigenous (3 of these perhaps 

doubtfully so) and 32 exotic, either spontaneous 

or cultivated. Of the 55 species, 9 are probably 

indigenous (several doubtfully so), 45 introduced, 

and one a spontaneous hybrid between 2 of the 

exotic species. 

This installment follows essentially the format 

of the first three (Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 

20, 24, and 36). Further and more complete 

bibliographic detail may be found in Sachet and 

Fosberg, Island Bibliographies (1955), and its Supplement (197 l), with annotations and a complete 

list of serial abbreviations. 

For details of the history and circumstances of 

the present flora, as well as an explanation of its 

F. Raymond Fosberg and Marie-Helene Sachet, Department of Botany, 

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. 

scope and arrangement, reference may be made 

to the introductory pages of the first installment. 

In citations of specimens, the collector’s name 

and number are italicized and the herbaria where 

they are deposited are indicated only if the specimen has been examined by the authors. Herbarium symbols are according to the 6th edition of 

Index Herbariorum, Part I, compiled by Holmgren 

and Keuken, 1974. In this edition the symbols 

“HAW” for the University of Hawaii and 

“GUAM” for the University of Guam, are introduced, differing from those used for these two 

herbaria in installments 1 and 2. The symbol Mi 

is used for the herbarium of the Mid-Pacific 

Marine Laboratory, at Eniwetok, Marshall Islands. The symbol “Fo” is used for specimens still 

in the possession of the authors. We wish to thank, 

again, the authorities of the various herbaria 

where we have studied or borrowed material, for 

the privilege of using their collections and for 

their hospitality. 

As mentioned in the first installment we cannot 

list the many persons who helped us in the field, 

in herbaria, and in the office. However, we must 

express our special appreciation to Mr. Royce 

Oliver for handling, keeping available, and recording data from herbarium specimens, and to 

Miss Dulcie Powell for compiling, checking, and 

organizing geographical, ethnobotanical, and 

bibliographical data and for supervising typing 

of parts of the earlier drafts of the manuscript. 

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4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Mrs. Rosemary Lardner very competently put 

together and retyped the various parts of the 

manuscript prepared by earlier typists. 

In preparing this account we have found Dr. 

Josephine Koster’s account of certain of the Compositae of Malaysia (1935) and that of the Asteraceae of Java by Backer and Bakhuizen van den 

Brink (1965) very helpful. We have also benefitted from the advice of the reviewers, Dr. D. H. 

Nicolson and Dr. Harold Robinson. As in the 

earlier parts of the flora, we have been helped 

greatly by the bibliographic work of Mrs. M. J. 

van Steenis-Kruseman and Wm. T. Stearn 

(1954), F. A. Stafleu (1967) and F. A. Stafleu and 

R. S. Cowan (1976), where exact dates of publication of a great many early works are established 

or clarified. 

Besides our own field work, the greater part of 

our information on the morphology, occurrence, 

distribution, and ethnobotany has come from 

herbarium specimens and their labels. Too seldom is appreciation expressed to the numerous 

collectors who have provided this vast store of 

data for use by their successors. We are glad to 

offer our thanks to them. 

In the paragraph headed “Uses” under the 

various species, we have, where the material was 

not too verbose, copied more or less verbatim 

from field labels, field notes, published articles 

and books, but have used quotation marks only 

where they seem useful to clarify the source of the 

information. The sources are always provided, 

except in cases where the information is from our 

own personal knowledge. 

C APRIFOLIACEAE 

Woody plants or more rarely herbs, habit various, perennial; leaves opposite, simple or compound, usually exstipulate, rarely with modified 

stipules; inflorescence cymose, flowers usually bisexual (or some enlarged and sterile), actinomorphic to strongly zygomorphic; calyx usually 

reduced, 5-lobed or 5-toothed, epigynous; corolla 

gamopetalous, usually 5- (rarely 6-) lobed, rotate, 

campanulate, salverform, or bilabiate; stamens 5 

or 4, rarely 6, inserted on corolla, alternate with 

lobes, anthers 2-celled, introrsely (or extrorsely) 

longitudinally dehiscent; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 

locules 1-5, ovules 1 in a locule, rarely more, 

pendulous, style 1, stigma as many lobed as ovarycells; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule; seeds with 

endosperm. 

A widely distributed family but with rather few 

genera and not many species. One species planted 

in Micronesia. 

Sambucus L. 

Sambucus L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 130, 1754 [1753] 

Usually shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs; 

leaves pinnately compound, sometimes bipinnate, 

stipules peglike, interpetiolar, if present; inflorescence a flat-topped or strongly convex paniculate 

cyme; corolla white or cream colored, rotate or 

saucer-shaped, often somewhat zygomorphic; 

fruit a berry with 2-6 seeds. 

A widespread genus in temperate, subtropical, 

or montane tropical areas. One species widely 

planted in the tropics including Micronesia. 

Sambucus mexicana Presl ex de Candolle 

Sambucus mexicana Presl ex de Candolle, Prodr., 4:322, 1830.- 

Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Srnithsonian Contr. Bot., 

22:41, 1975. 

Sambucus mexicana var. bipinnata (Schlechtendal & Chamisso) 

Schwerin, Mitt. Deutsche Dendr. Ges., 18:38,325, 1909.- 

Fosberg, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., 23:43-44, 1962.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull. 92:36, 1962.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:567, 1971. 

Sambucusjavanzca sensu Kanehira in herb. [non Reinwardt ex 

Blume, Bijdr. 13:657, 18261. 

Sambucus canadensis sensu Fosberg in herb. [non L., Sp. PI. 

269, 17531. 

Small tree or shrub, strongly sprouting from 

roots, branchlets slender, not fistulose, glabrous; 

leaflets ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, serrate, 

with veins somewhat hispidulous beneath, rachis 

with tufts of hair at bases of petiolules, lower 

leaflets often divided; panicle flat or somewhat 

convex, up to 20 cm or more across, usually less, 

flowers white, ovary 5-celled; berries black, juicy, 

usually only a few maturing. 

Our plants usually have leaves bipinnate at 
NUMBER 46 3 

base, which would make them var. bipinnata 

(Schlechtendal & Chamisso) Schwerin, but it is 

very doubtful if this variety is of any significance. 

Closely related to S. canadensis L. but differing in 

the more arborescent habit and nonfistulose 

branchlets. 

Native of Mexico, extensively planted in Tropical America as a medicinal plant, and elsewhere 

as an ornamental, sparingly introduced into Micronesia-planted on Agrigan, Guam, Yap, Palau, and Majuro-as an ornamental. It has been 

on Guam for many years. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Agrigan: village, Fosberg 

Guam: Mangilao, cult., Stone 5161 (GUAM); 

Umatag, cult., Fosberg 25369 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Yona, cult.?, Stone, Long &Fletcher 5065 (GUAM). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Koror, cult., Kanehira 2080 (KYO). 

Yap: Weraloi Dist., King village, cult., Ross in 

1949 (US). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Majuro: Dalap I., Mackenrie in 1960 (US). 

Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962: 36 (citing 

Okabe). 

31435 (US). 

C AMPANULACEAE 

Mostly herbs, but with a considerable number 

of woody species, often lactiferous (subfamily 

Lobelioideae) ; leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate; inflorescence cymose, spicate, or with solitary flowers; flowers regular or (usually in 

subfamily Lobelioideae) zygomorphic; flower 

parts epigynous; calyx lobes separate, 3- 10, usually 5; corolla united, 5-6 lobed; stamens 5, free 

or (in subfamily Lobelioideae) united, subbasally 

or basally attached; ovary 1-5-celled, rarely 10- 

celled, with many ovules on axillary placentae, 

fruit a capsule or berry; seeds small. 

Hippobroma G. Don 

Hippobroma G. Don, Gen. Hist. Dichl. PI. 3:717, 1834.- 

McVaugh, Bull. Torr. CI. 67:781-784, 1940. 

Lobelia L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 401, 1754 [I7531 [pro parte]. 

Laurentia Adanson, Fam. PI. 2:134, 1763 [pro parte]. 

Zsotoma R. Brown, ex Lindley, Bot. Reg. 12:t. 964, 1826 [pro 

partel.-Presl, Lobel. 42, 1863. 

Herbs with abundant latex; pedicels with 2 

filiform bracteoles; corolla salverform with a long 

slender tube not at all split dorsally, lobes subequal; ovary inferior, hypanthium with a free rim; 

seeds conspicuously foveolate-reticulate. 

A genus of a single species of West Indian 

origin, now pantropical, of rather recent introduction in Micronesia. 

Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don 

Hippobroma longzflora (L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. Dichl. PI. 3: 717, 

1834.-Otobed, Guide List Plants Palau Is., 31, 1977. 

Lobelia longiflora L., Sp. PI. 930, 1753. 

Rapuntium longiflorum Miller, Gard. Dict. 1768. 

Zsotoma longiflora (L.) Presl, Lobel. 42, 1836.-Rechirei et al., 

Some Flowers of Palau, 8, 1962. 

Laurentia longiflora (L.) Petermann, Pflanzenr. 444, t. 118, f. 

665, 1845.-Moeliono & Tuyn, F. Males. I, 6:140-141, 

1960.-Stone, Micronesica 6:568. 197 I. 

Herb to 50 cm tall, simple or loosely branched, 

pubescent; leaves elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate to narrowly obovate-cuneate, to 15 X 4-5 

cm, apex bluntly acute to acuminate, base sessile, 

acute, or narrowed to a short petiole, margin 

irregularly dentate, or shallowly runcinate, teeth 

widely spaced, low to prominent; flowers on short 

pedicels in upper axils; calyx lobes broadly linear, 

8-14 mm long, from the free margin of the pilose 

hypanthium; corolla white, elongate, tube 

straight, 8-14 cm long, lobes spreading, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, to 2 X 0.5 cm; anther tube 

just exserted, with a short brush of hairs around 

the top; stigma capitate, just exserted from the 

anther tube; fruit a thin-walled capsule, cylindric 

to broadly ellipsoid, to 1.5 X 1 cm, loculicidal 

across the top; seed light dull brown, broadly 

ovoid to subglobose. 

A pantropical weedy species, sometimes 

planted as an ornamental, probably native to the 

West Indies. In Micronesia apparently of relatively recent introduction; collected from cultivation in Saipan by Kanehira in 1930, widely 

spread during and after World War 11. Consid- 
6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

ered to be very poisonous, at least if eaten. 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

star of Bethlehem (Guam: Stone, 1971) 

btuch, star of Bethlehem (Palau: Rechirei et al., 1962) 

star of Bethlehem (Palau: Koror: Har4 46) 

udel ra badrei (Palau: Otobed 1977) 

star of Bethlehem, Bung (Sonsorol: Berry 55) 

adilep (Yap: Fosberg 46314) 

ehmah (Mokil: Glassman 1953) 

Takamatsu 807 (BISH) ; near Catholic mission, 

Anderson 830 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Stone 1975 

(GUAM). 

Mokil: Glassman, 1953:296 (cult.). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Likiep: 1-2 m, Fosberg 

Arno: Arno I., interior, Stone 1100 (Fo); Anderson 

Jaluit: Jabor, seen by Fosberg in 1958. 

27042 (US, BISH). 

3765 (US, BISH, Fo). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

GOODENI ACME 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Saipan: cult., Kanehira 

1075 (FU); ridge N of Tapotchau Mt. peak, 350 

m, Fosberg 31766 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Navy 

Hill, 250 m, Evans 2308 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); 

Army Hill, Courage I0 (US); Charan-Kanoa, 50 ft 

[ 15 m], Hosaka 2982 (US, BISH) . 

Rota: s.l., Necker R20 (US); trail to Sabana, 

100-250 m, Evans 2122 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); 

Sabana, 1500 ft [460 m], Kondo s.n. in 1952 

(BISH); 490 m, Fosberg 31851 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY); Sonson, 1-10 m, Fosberg 24970 (US, BISH); 

Songsong Village to above Aratsu Bay, 200-300 

m, Evans 1915 (US). 

Guam: Whiting 14 (Fo); above Jona, 100-150 

m, Evans 684 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, P, TI, A); 

Barrigada, Stone 4267 (BISH, GUAM). 

tuszma 4408 (FU); Richardson I15 (US); Meringel, 

Safsedo 273 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Babeldaob: 

Ngiual, 50 ft [15 m], Hosaka 3405 (US, BISH); 

Cheatham 92 (US); Hatusima 4853 (FU); Ngarabaket, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); Koror: Ngerebe’ed, 

5-10 m, Fosberg 32246 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 

Ngerebeched, Ngirakesan Adelbai (Owen’s) ~ 3 16 

(BISH); 200 ft [60 m], Hill 16 (BISH Fo); Kangsok, 46 m, Hardy 46 (US, BISH). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: S. I., Kanehira &HaSonsorol Island: Berry 55 (US, BISH). 

Yap: Keng village, N of Colonia, 10 m, Fosberg 

46314 (US); E coast to Mt. Matude, 20 m, Cushing 

438 (US) 

Fais: Lochochoy, 15 m, Fosberg 46656 (US); 5 

m, Evans 349 (US, BISH). 

Truk: Moen I.: Nepukos village, 3 m, Danieffs 

Ponape: Colonia, Glassman 2910 (US, BISH); 

110 (US). 

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate 

or rarely opposite or basal, simple, exstipulate; 

inflorescence cymose, or racemose, or flowers solitary, axillary; flowers bisexual, usually 5-parted, 

parts epigynous; calyx lobed or cuplike; corolla 

zygomorphic, tube often split dorsally, limb 5- 

lobed or bilabiate, lobes valvate or margins induplicate; stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes, 

filaments free, epigynous or attached to base of 

corolla, anthers free or coherent to form a cylinder 

around style; pistil 1, ovary usually inferior, 1- or 

2-celled, placentation basal or axile, ovules 1, 2, 

or many, ascending, style 1, stigma simple or 

lobed, subtended by a cuplike indusium; fruit a 

capsule, berry, drupe, or nut. 

A small Australian family with a few Pacific 

Island species. 

Scaevola L. 

Scaevola L., Mant., 2:145, 1771 [nom. cons.]. 

Lobelia sensu Miller, Gard. Dict., ed 5, LO, 1754.-Adanson, 

Fam. PI., 2:157, 1763.-Wight in Safford, Contr. US. 

Nat. Herb. 9:310, 1905 [non L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 401, 1754 

[ 17531.1 

Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves usually 

alternate, rarely opposite, usually with white hairs 

in axils; flowers in axillary cymes or solitary, 

rarely apparently in racemes; calyx truncate, cupshaped, more rarely 5-lobed; corolla with tube 

split down dorsal side, usually to base, lobes with 

membranous margins, these induplicate in bud, 

lobes spread in a fanlike arrangement; stamens 5, 

filaments slender, anthers free; style usually 
NUMBER 46 7 

curved at top, ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in a cell; 

fruit a drupe with a bony stone, this in some 

species surrounded by softer aerogenous or corky 

tissue, 2-celled and with 2 small empty cavities; 

seeds one or two. 

Principally Australian, with some insular species and two widespread strand species. One of 

these is ubiquitous along beaches and on rocky 

shores and cliffs in Micronesia. 

Scaevola taccada (Gaertner) Roxburgh 

Scaevola taccada (Gaertner) Roxburgh, Hort. Beng., 15, 

1814.-Kraaer, in Thilenius, Erg. Suds. Exp., IIB 10, 1: 

181, 298, 390, 1937 [as Scaevola].-St. John, Taxon, 9:200, 

1960.-Fosberg, Taxon 10:225, 1961; 11: 181, 1962.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 92:36, 1962.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 1: 126, 1964.-Otobed, ms., 1967.-Kiste, 

Kili I., 74, 1968.-Fosberg &Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 123: 

15, 1969.-Otobed, Guide List Plants Palau Is., 1971; 

1977.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:569, 197 1 .-Alkire, Micronesica, 10:2, 1974.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:41, 1975.-Falanruw & Payne, Life 

on Guam, 21, 44, 1976.-Moore et al., Inv. Mapping 

Wet]. Veg. Mariana Is., 22, 27, 34, 1977. 

Lobelia taccada Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI., 1: 119, t. 25 f. 5, 

1788. 

Scaevola sericea Forster f., Prodr., 89, 1786 [nom. nudum]. 

Scaevola sericea Vahl, Syrnb. Bot., 2:37, 1791.-Okabe, Bull. 

Trop. Indust. Inst. Palau, 5: 14, 1940.-Fosberg & Sachet, 

Taxon, 5:7, 1956.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull., 59: 107, 

1957.-Grimble, Return to Islands, 27, 1957.-Niering, 

Atoll Res. Bull., 76:3, 1961. 

Scaevola koenigii Vahl, Symb. Bot., 3:36, 1794 [as Koenigii].-Chamisso, Rem. Op., 145, 1821.-Endlicher, Ann. 

Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 170, 1834.-de Candolle, 

Prodr., 7(2):505, 1839 [as Kaenigiz].-Mueller, Desc. Not. 

Pap. PI., 4:59, 1876.-Schurnann, Bot. Jahrb., 9:222, 

1888.-Engler, Notizbl. 1 :226, 1897.-Christian, Caroline 

Is., 331-332, 344, 1899.-Schumann & Lauterbach, F1. 

Suds., 594, 1901.-Volkens, Bot. Jahrb., 31:477, 1901; 

Notizbl. 4:91, 1903.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9: 

371, 1905.-Hambruch, Erg. Sudsee Exp. 2B, 7(1):351, 

1932.-Burges ms., ca. 1935.-Riesenberg, S. W. Jour. 

Anthrop. 4:427, 1948.-Luornala, Bishop Mus. Bull., 213: 

93, 1953. 

Scaevola vclutzna Presl, Rel. Haenk., 2:58, 1831 [ 18351.-de 

Candolle, Prodr., 7:506, 1839.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. 

Herb. 9:371, 1905. 

Scaevola lobelia Buchanan-Hamilton, Trans. Linn. SOC., 17: 

249, 1837.-Luomala, Bishop Mus. Bull., 213:35,92, 1953 

[non Murray, Syst. ed. 13, 178, 17741. 

Scaevola leschenaultii de Candolle, Prodr., 7(2):506, 1839. 

Lobelia koenigii (Vahl) Wight in Safford, Contr. US. Nat. 

Herb., 9:3 10, 1905.-von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 

83, 121, 1913.-Stone, Micronesica, 1:126, 1964. 

Scaevolafrutescens (Miller) Krause in Engler, Pflanzenr. 54(IV, 

277): 125, f. 25, 1912.-MerriIl, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9:152, 

1914.-Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 29:255, 1915.- 

Diels, Bot. Jahrb., 56:561, 1921.-Kanehira, F1. Micr., 38, 

389, 469, 1933; Enum. Micr. PI., 428, 1935.-Hosokawa, 

Bull. Biogeogr. SOC. Jap., 7:202, 1937.-Tuyama, Jour. 

Jap. Bot., 14(6):425, 1938.-St. John, Pac. Sci., 2:104, 

112, 1948.-Taylor, PI. Bikini, 201, 1950.-St. John, Pac. 

Sci., 5:286, 1951.-Guillaumin, Bull. SOC. Bot. Fr., 99:22, 

1952.-Glassman, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209:98, 1952; Pac. 

Sci. 7:296, 304, 1953.-Luomala, Bishop Mus. Bull., 213: 

9, 27,47, 93, 1953.-St. John and Mason, Pac. Sci., 7: 167, 

1953.-Stone, Pac. Sci., 13:104, 1959.-Kiste, Kili Is., 38, 

51, 74, 1968. 

Scaevola frutescens var. sericea (Forster f.) Merrill, Phil. Jour. 

Sci. Bot., 7:354, 1912.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI., 428, 

1935.-Luomala, Bishop ,Mus. Bull., 213:93, 1953. 

Rounded, moundlike shrubs or small trees 

when well developed, branching “terminalioid”; 

leaves usually in conspicuous rosettes at ends of 

twigs, obovate, scarcely petiolate, base cuneatedecurrent, apex rounded, margin entire or obscurely serrate distally, venation except midrib 

obscure, usually a tuft of long white hairs in axil; 

cymes axillary, slender, dichasial, 2-4 (or more) 

times ramified, usually pubescent, bracteate, 

bracts small; flowers white (or purple), calyx lobes 

narrowly oblong 1-4(-5) mm long, blunt; corolla 

tube 1-1.5 cm long, lobes obovate, 5-8 mm long, 

style subequal with or exceeding tube, hooked, 

indusium hirsute, stigma somewhat flattened, 

slightly bilobed or emarginate; drupe oval or 

subglobose, white, or purplish on one side, flesh 

soft, tasteless, stone ellipsoid, ribbed, outer layer 

aerogenous or corky. 

This species is extremely variable. It exhibits 

great diversity in leaf size and shape (2-30 2 cm) 

(spatulate to obovate to orbicular), hairiness (glabrous to sericeous blades, slight to conspicuous 

white hair in axils); white to purple flowers, as 

well as great variations in habit and stature. 

These do not seem to be in any way correlated, 

however. The extremely hairy forms have been 

called Scaevola sericea; even in Micronesia there 

seems to be no break in the series of intergrades 

from this to a glabrous plant. 
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

A very widespread Indo-Pacific species, distributed on almost all islands and continental coasts 

from East Africa to eastern Polynesia, north to 

Okinawa, northern Marianas, and Hawaii. Peripheral populations, as in eastern Polynesia and 

Hawaii, have been distinguished as varieties. 

Ordinarily a strand plant, occurring to tops of 

cliffs in the range of salt spray, more rarely extending to interior open situations, especially disturbed places; on Nauru the dominant species on 

the plateau areas of limestone strip-mined for 

phosphate. 

In Micronesia known from the Marianas 

(Asuncion, Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, 

Sarigan, Anatahan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, 

Guam), Carolines (Palau, Sonsorol, Merir, Tobi, 

Helen Reef, Yap, Ulithi, Fais, Eauripik, Woleai, 

Faraulap, Ifaluk, Lamotrek, Satawal, Puluwat, 

Namonuito, Murilo, Nomwin, Truk, Nama, Losap, Namoluk, Etal, Lukunor, Satawan, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi, Ant, Ponape, Mokil, Pingelap, Kusaie), Marcus I., Wake I., Marshalls 

(Pokak, Bikar, Eniwetok, Bikini, Ailinginae, Rongelap, Rongerik, Taka, Utirik, Ujelang, Ujae, 

Wotho, Lae, Kwajalein, Ailuk, Jemo, Likiep, 

Wotje, Aur, Ailinglapalap, Majuro, Arno, Kili, 

Jaluit), Nauru, Banaba, Gilberts (Butaritari, 

Marakei, Abaiang, Tarawa, Nonouti, Tabiteuea, 

Onotoa). 

UsEs.--“Thejuice of fruits is squeezed into eye 

to relieve soreness” (Rota: Evans 2016). “The 

juice [of the fruit] can be used as an eyewash” 

(Guam: Falanruw & Payne, 1976). The young 

leaves are “used to treat T.B. Fruit is used to 

control irregular menstruation” (Palau: Sulsedo 

92). “The leaves are pounded, mixed with saltwater, then drunk, this will usually cause ... the sick 

or injured person to vomit” (Sonsorol: Berry 58). 

It is mixed with Morindu citrifliu for medicine 

(Sonsorol: Berry 112). “Used in the making of 

medicine for watery stool ... blood, and stomach 

ache” (Yap: Wong 353). Juice of fruit on coconut 

meat eaten for sea medicine. Flowers used for 

conjunctivitis (Truk: Wong 162). “A decoction of 

the leaves forms a fine tonic, and the natives say 

an aphrodisiac” (Ponape: Christian, 1899). “The 

wood ... is used for the curving booms of the outrigger; also for the roof frame of a house. The leaf 

is used to make a bitter drink which is given to a 

pregnant woman just before and just after childbirth (“to clean up the belly inside”); it is also 

used to wash the mother’s body” (Bikini/Kili: St. 

John and Mason, 1953). “Roof frames for houses 

and outrigger booms were constructed with Scueuolu. The leaves ... were valued for medicinal qualities and were part of the native medical practitioner’s standard stock of remedies” (Bikini/Kili: 

Kiste, 1968). “Young tips crushed with water and 

used to treat mother after childbirth” (Ailinglapalap: Fosberg 26799). “The fruits were crushed 

and the juice used as eyedrops for inflamed eyes. 

The pith from the large almost hollow stems was 

moulded into pellets and used in a type of pop 

gun and also appeared to be used for making toys 

etc. for the children” (Nauru: Burges ms. ca. 

1935). “Flowers used in garlands. Fruit used in 

magic and in medicines. Branches sometimes used 

for roofing strips” (Tarawa: Cut& 5). Used for 

personal ornamentation (Onotoa & Tarawa: 

Luomala, 1953). “Tabiteueans steep women’s 

skirts in an infusion of. ..[Scueuolu]” (Luomala, 

1953). “To convey liquid food to infants and 

elders ... a two-foot tube is employed ... made of a 

branch of the mao-bush (Scueuolu) from which the 

pith has been extracted.” “Ma0 leaves are used 

in a magical fire before a man goes to fish eels 

and sharks; leaves and drupes are used for bush 

medicine; children chew the pith as gum; flowers 

are worn as wreaths; good sticks make posts to 

support house thatch” (Gilberts: Luomala, 1953). 

VERNACULAR NAMESBush (Nauru: Burges K35) 

half flower (Guam: Falanruw & Payne, 1976); Lobelia; Salt 

nanaso (Marianas: Christian, 1899) 

nanaso (Saipan: von Prowazek, 1913) 

nanaso (Tinian: von Prowazek, 1913) 

nanusu (Rota: Evans 20/6) 

lanasa (Guam: Evans 1616) 

lanisa (Guam: Evans 722) 

nanaso (Guam: Fosberg 25339; Marche 246; Safford, 1905; 

nanasu (Guam: Whiting G4; Nelson 60; Falanruw & Payne, 

Merrill, 1914; Stone, 1971; Moore et al., 1977) 

1976). 
NUMBER 46 9 

gorai (Palau: Fosberg 25787) 

gorrei (Palau: Diels, 1921 citing Raymundus 77) 

kirrai (Palau: Otobed, 1967, 1977) 

korai (Palau: Diels, 1921 citing Ledermann 14060) 

korrai (Palau: Hardy 17; Otobed, 1967, 1977) 

railechol (Palau: Otobed, 1917) 

glamahi (Sonsorol: Berry 112) 

naatu (Sonsorol: Berry 58) 

hamahi (Tobi: Black 16) 

nath (Yap: Fosberg 25527; Volkens, 1901) 

naz (Yap: Fosberg 25527) 

theth (Yap: Wong 353) 

thoth (Yap: Cushing 348) 

thuth (Yap: Wong 353) 

lad (Ulithi: Fosberg 46444) 

luth (Ulithi: Lessa 15; Fosberg 25457) 

lath (Fais: Evans 362; Kramer, 1937) 

rema (Eauripik: Fosberg & Evans 47092) 

nat (Woleai: Kramer, 1937) 

nut (Woleai: Alkire, 1974; Alkire 2) 

ramacho (Woleai: Evans 489) 

ramakaa (Woleai: St. John, 1948) 

nat (Faraulap: Fosberg &Evans 47314) 

remag (Ifaluk: Abbolt €9 Bates 5, 140) 

uema (Ifaluk: Fosberg 47207) 

himar (Lamotrek: Fosberg &Evans 46769) 

lot (Lamotrek: Kramer, 1937) 

lat (Satawal: Fosberg 46841) 

not (Namonuito: Stone, 1959) 

nut (Namonuito: Stone, 1959) 

nat (Nomwin: Fosberg 24585) 

nath (Nomwin: Evans 1071) 

nut (Nomwin: Evans 1089) 

amaloset (Truk: St. John, 1948) 

fremes (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937; Glassman, 1953) 

nat (Truk: St. John, 1948) 

not (Truk: Fosberg 24617; Glassman, 1953; St. John, 1946) 

remes (Truk: Wong 162) 

nut (Satawan: Anderson 940) 

manugabaasanga (Nukuoro: Carroll 2, 35, 61) 

manu kapasang (Nukuoro: Fosberg 26179) 

manuka-pasanga (Nukuoro: Christian, 1899) 

nau (Kapingamarangi: Niering 504, 615, 616, 662, 685, 728) 

ti nau (Kapingamarangi: Fosberg 26063) 

eenut (Ant: Glassman, 1953) 

eenut (Ponape: Glassman, 1953; Glassman 2401) 

enat (Ponape: St. John, 1948) 

inot (Ponape: Christian, 1899; Hambruch, 1932) 

inuk (Ponape: Fosberg 26391; St. John 1948) 

ramuk (Ponape: Fosberg 26391; St. John, 1948) 

ramak (Mokil: Christian, 1899) 

romok (Mokil: Glassman 2595; Glassman, 1953) 

ramek (Pingelap: 9 John 21462; St. John, 1948; Glassman, 

kushosh (Kusaie: Glassman, 1953) 

1953) 

kusros (Kusaie: Kanehira, 1935; St. John, 1948) 

gunnat (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

Ka-na-ta (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

kanot (Marshalls: von Prowazek, 1913) 

kanun (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

kenat (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

konnat (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

kunnat (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

mar kinat (Marshalls: St. John, 1948) 

mar kinat (Eniwetok: Fosberg 24361) 

konnat (Bikini: Kiste, 1968; St. John & Mason 1953) 

kannat (Utirik: Fosberg 337/5) 

mar (Ujelang: Fosberg 34194) 

kannat (Lae: Fosberg 34090) 

kannat (Ailuk: Fosberg 33933) 

konnat (Likiep: Fosberg 26999) 

gunnat (Aur: St. John 2/39]; St. John, 1951) 

kunat (Ailinglapalap: Fosberg 26799) 

kunnat (Majuro: St. John, 1951) 

kunat (Majuro: Fosberg 26988)

kolaeme (Arno: Anderson 3609) 

kenat (Jaluit: Engler, 1897: Schumann & Lauterbach, 1901; 

kinnat (Jaluit: Diels, 192 1) 

kunat (Jaluit: Fosberg 26702) 

kunnat (Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962) 

emit (Nauru: Burges K35) 

emmed (Nauru: von Prowazek, 1913) 

te mau (Gilberts: von Prowazek, 1913) 

mao (Tarawa: Catala, 1957) 

mao (Tabiteuea: Luomafa I; Luomala, 1953) 

Volkens, 1903; Fosberg & Sachet, 1962) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-S. l.,Endlicher 1835: 170 

Asuncion: SW slope 75 ft [25 m], Falanruw 2284 

Agrigan: Cult., Fosberg 31428 (US). 

Pagan: 1.5 mi [2.4 km] S of W side pier, Anderson 

587 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Talague beach, Moore 

341 (US); Inae Dikiki, below 100 ft [30 m], 

Falanruw 1865 (US, BISH). 

Alamagan: Kanehira 2195 (FU); Partido, Fosberg 

31686 (US, BISH). 

Guguan: 320 ft [lo0 m], Falanruw 1838 (US, 

BISH). 

Sarigan: Above village, 375 m, Evans 2373 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, P). 

Anatahan: Hosokawa 7844 (A). 

Saipan: Kanehira & Hutusima 4275 (FU), 4290 

(A, FU); Lunge 34 (BISH); Stephens 55 (Fo); 200 

(citing Lesson); Christian 1899:332. 

(US, BISH, Fo). 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

m, Marche 21 (P, Fo); cliffs on Tsukimi Bay, 75 

m, Fosberg 25200 (US, BISH); Kagman Peninsula, 

Courage 21 (US); W of Kagman Point, 30 m, 

Fosberg 31300, 31304 (both US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

L); E end of Sabanan Laulau, 1 m [1.6 km] S of 

As Teo, 200 m, Fosberg 31312 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Ditzenyama ridge, 200 m, Fosberg 31750 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY); Laulau Katan Pt., Fosberg 31923 

(US, BISH, Fo). 

Tinian: Okatani 38 (FU); Hosokawa 7775 (US); 

Cowan in 1945 (K, A, BISH); near middle plateau, 

Kondo 27 (BISH); Long Beach, Smith 1291 (US); 

Tinian town, 3 m, Fosberg 24774 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); “Palm Beach,” 1 mi [ 1.6 km] S of Faibus 

Point, Fosberg 24859 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 

“Yellow Beach,” E of Mt. Lasso, 1-10 m, Fosberg 

24916 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Rota: Necker R 32 (US); Beach Rd., Kondo in 

1952 (BISH); SW side of island, 0-5 m, Evans 

1908 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Sonson village, 1-10 

m, Evans 2016 (US); Fosberg 24957 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L); northernmost point of island, 5 m, 

Sachet 1727 (US); above As Malote, 250 m, Fosberg 

25096 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Guam: s.l., Presl 1835:58 (citing Haenke); 

Endlicher 1835: 170 (citing Lesson); de Candolle 

1839:506; Merrill 1914: 152; Haenke s.n. (BM, 

MO); Haenke in 1792? (BISH); Voy. Astrolabe 38 

(P); Hombron in 1841 (P, Fo); Marche 88 (P, Fo), 

246 (P, Fo); G.E.S. 84 (US); Guerrero 703 (BISH); 

Nelson 60 (BISH); Agafia, Seale in 1900 (BISH); 

Mt. Tenjo, Rodin 538 (US); 320 m, Bryan 1/07 

(BISH); Togcha Bay, Moran 4366 (US, BISH, 

MO, Fo); 1-2 m, Fosberg 25339 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); Mt. Alutom, 800 ft [245 m], Hosaka 3053 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 350 m, E. of Sumay, 

Fosberg 25277 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Sigua Valley, 

100-300 ft [30-90 m], Steere 57 (US); Umatac, 

300-400 m, Anderson 306 (US, BISH, Fo); Manilao, Whiting G 4 (US, BISH, Fo); Marine Beach, 

Pedrus 2 (US); Oca Point, Glassman 95 (Fo); Ypao 

Point, Necker 40 (US); beach S of Ylig R., Rodin 

822 B (US); shore E of Barrigada village, 10 ft [3 

m], Steere 122 (US); between Inarajan and Merizo, Necker 204 (US); Tarague Beach, Andersen 

Air Base, 0-25 m, Evans 722 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); 

Lujuna, 0-10 m, Evans 1616 (US); Adelup Point, 

0 m, Sachet 1717 (US, BISH, Fo), 1718 (US, 

BISH, Fo), 1719 (US, BISH, Fo), 1720 (US), 

1721 (US), 1722 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Campanaya Point, 0-5 m, Evans 259 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L, P, TI); Manengon savanna, Stone 4224 

(GUAM); W of Tarzan Falls, Stone 4208 

(GUAM); Atantano R., Moore 863 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-chrZStian in 1899 (K). 

Palau: s. 1 ., Ledermann I4060 (K); Richardson 20 

(US); Kanehira €9 Nisida 2778 (FU); Koidrumi in 

1915 (TI). Kayangl: Ngariungs I., Gressitt 2 (US). 

Koror: Beginning of causeway to Babeldaob 

dock, Salsedo 92 (US); Renrak, Emmons 26 (US); 

Ngerbechedesau, Haru) 17 (US); island in Iwayama Bay, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); small island near 

Korror, Herre 34 (NY); “Coral Isld.,” Kanehira 94 

(FU), 354 (NY, FU), 2410 (NY, FU). Urukthapel: 

W side of peninsula, 1-2 m, Fosberg 32155 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Todaiyama, Tuyama in 1939 

(TI); Kanehira 1888 (FU). Ngeanges: In Yo0 Passage, 1 m, Fosberg 25787 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Peliliu: Top of “Bloody Nose Ridge,” Cheatham 

I64 (US). Necco’s I., Cheatham 66 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Angaur: Kanehira 598 (FU). 

Sonsorol: Beach, Berry 58 (US), 112 (US); along 

beach from village to S tip of island, Hardy 144 

(US, BISH). 

Merir: Salsedo 373 (US). 

Tobi (Tokobe): Kanehira & Okamoto 9 (FU); 

NW end of island, Black 16 (US). 

Helen Reef: Salsedo 392 (US). 

Yap: Volkens 1901:477 (citing Volkens 133); 

Merrill 1912:354 (citing Volkens 133); Kanehira 

1135 (FU); top of hill N of Nimar, NNW of 

Colonia, 170 m, Fosberg 46540 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Kanif, Takamatsu 1957 (BISH); Yaboc, 100 ft [30 

m], Wong 353 (US, BISH, A); Dinay, 30 m, 

Cushing 348 (US); Mt. Matade, 160 m, Fosberg 

25527 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Kolonia, Mt. 

Kabul, Tuyama in 1939 (TI). 

Ulithi: Pontangeras I., along beach, 5 ft 

[1.5 m], Hosaka 3241 (US, BISH); Fasserai I., 2- 

4 m, Fosberg 25457 (US, BISH, Fo); Mogmog I., 

Lessa 17 (BISH); Sorlen I., 0-5 m, Evans 394 (US, 

BISH, Fo); Asor I., 1 m, Fosberg 46444 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY). 

Fais: 1-3 m, Evans 362 (US, BISH); Yldow, W 
NUMBER 46 11 

coast near S end of island, 1 m, Fosberg 46730 

(US, BISH, Fo). 

Eauripik: Siding I., 1.5 m, Fosberg €8 Evans 

47092 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Woleai: Sholiap (Saliap) I., 4 m, Fosberg 47047 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY); Utagal I., 1-2 m, Wong 30 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Falalop I., 3-5 m, Evans 

489 (US); Falalis I., Alkire 2 (US). 

Faraulap: Faraulap I., 1 m, Fosberg €3 Evans 

47314 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Ifaluk: Falarik I., Abbott &Bates 5 (US, BISH), 

I40 (US, BISH); Ifaluk I., 3 m, Fosberg 47207 

Lamotrek: Lamotrek I., 3 m, Fosberg €3 Evans 

Satawal: S side, 1-2 m, Fosberg 46841 (US, 

Puluwat: Puluwat I., Niering 1961:3. 

Namonuito: Ono I., 0-3 m, Evans 1036 (US, 

BISH, Fo); Magur I., 0-3 m, Evans 934 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY); Onari I., 0-3 m, Evans 965 (US); 

Piseras I., Evans 889 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Murilo: Murilo I., 0-3 m, Evans 1227 (US); 

Ruo I., 0-3 m, Evans 1/50 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY) . 

Nomwin: Nomwin I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 24585 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY); Evans 1071 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Fananu I., 0-3 m, Evans 1089 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Truk: s.l., Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); Takamatsu s.n. 

(BISH); “Arch. d’Hogoleu ou de Roug,” Le GuilLou 2 (P). Dublon [Natsushima]: Takamatsu 122 

(BISH). Tol: Hosokawa 1937:202. Tadiu: Hosokawa 1937:202. Ulalu (Romonum) I., 4 ft 

[1.2 m], Wong 162 (US, BISH, A). Pueles I., 

Anderson 799 (US, BISH, Fo). Pis I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 

24617 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 3-5 m, Evans 851 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

(US). 

46769 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

BISH, Fo, NY). 

Nama: 0-3 m, Evans 1327 (US). 

Losap: Losap I., 0-5 m, Evans I369 (US). 

Namoluk: Namoluk I., 1-2 m, Marshall 55 

Etal: Anderson sight record. 

Lukunor: Anderson sight record. 

Satawan: Moch I., Anderson 940 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L). 

Nukuoro: Christian 1899:332; Kaujema I., 5 ft 

[1.5 m], Hosaka 3457 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Sinu- 

(US). 

kutai I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 26179 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); Deahu I., Carroll 3.5 (US); Deungaagelegele I., Carroll 61 (US); Sungalohu I., Carroll 

Kapingamarangi: Niering 615; Hare I., Niering 

728 (US); 1 m, Fosberg 26063 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

L); 7 ft [2.1 m], Hosaka 3437 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Tariha I., Niering 662 (US, Fo); Taringa I., Niering 

504 (US, BISH, Fo); Pepeio I., Niering 616 (US, 

Fo); Werua I., Niering 685 (US). 

Ant: Glassman 1953:304. 

Ngatik: Riesenberg 1948:427. 

Ponape: Christian 1899:33 1; Ledermann 13974 

(K); Sabic-to, Hosokawa 6131 (Fo); Langar I., 

Glassman 2401 (US, BISH); Na I., Takamatsu 855 

(BISH); Nanmatol I., Matalanim Dist., 1-3 m, 

Fosberg 26391 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Narlap I., 

3 ft [l m], Hosaka 3558 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Mokil: Christian 1899:344; Manton I., Glassman 

2595 (US, BISH). 

Pingelap: St. John 21462 (BISH). 

Kusaie: s.l., Kamiya 235 (TI); Kanehira 1366 

(FU); Utua, Takamatsu 372 (BISH). 

2 (US). 

MARCUS ISLAND.-Tuyama 1938:425. 

WAKE ISLAND.-POllock & Bryan 20 (BISH, A, 

K); Gaston in 1952 (BISH); Fosberg 33616 (US). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-chamisso 182 1 : 145; Radack Is.: Chamisso in 1822 (LE); Eschscholtz s.n. 

(LEI. 

Pokak: Pokak I.: Fosberg 34524 (US). 

Bikar: Bikar I.: Fosberg 34573 (US). 

Eniwetok: Aitsu I.: St. John 23790 (US, BISH). 

Aniyaanii 1.: Taylor 46-1271 (US); St. John 23422 

(BISH, A). Aoman I.: Fosberg 24361 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). Biijiri I.: St. John 23823 (US, BISH). 

Bogombogo I.: Taylor 46-1308 (US). Bogon I.: St. 

John 23764 (BISH). Elugelab I.: Taylor 46-1322 

(US). Engebi I.: Fosberg 24397 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L). Eniwetok I.: Fosberg 24291 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L), Igurin I.: Fosberg 243I4 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). Jieroru I.: Taylor 46-1247 (US). Rigili 

I.: St. John 23751 (US, BISH); Rainty s.n. (US, 

Fo). Rujoru I.: Taylor 46-1327 (US). Runit I.: St. 

John 23847 (BISH); Taylor 46-1266 A (US, NY, 

A). Japtan I.: Fosberg 24336 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

Bikini: Airukiraru I.: Taylor 46-1/57 (US, G). 

L). 
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Bokonofuaaku I., Taylor 46-1059 (US, A). Eniirikku I., Taylor 46-1036 (US, NY). Enyu I.: Taylor 

46-1010 (A, G, US, NY, BISH). Ionchebi I.: 

Taylor 46-1105 (US, G). Rochikarai I.: Taylor 

46-1069 (US, BISH). Namu I., Taylor 46-1121 

Ailinginae: Sifo I.: Fosberg 36677 (US, BISH, 

Rongelap: Rongelap I.: N of village, Baker 1 1 

Rongerik: Bock I.: Taylor 46-1411 (US). LatoTaka: Taka I.: Fosberg 33720 (US). 

Utirik: Utirik I.: Fosberg 33715 (US). 

Ujelang: Ujelang I.: Fosberg 34194 (US). 

Ujae: Bock I.: Fosberg 34318 (US). 

Wotho: Wotho I.: Fosberg 34275 (US). 

Lae: Lae I.: Fosberg 34090 (US). 

Kwajalein: Bigej (Bennett) I.: Fosberg 26516 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). Kwajalein I.: Fosberg 

26471 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L), 48069 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). 

(US). 

Fo) . 

(MINN). Ringonman I.: Taylor 46- 1374 (US). 

back I.: Taylor 46-1416 (US). 

Ailuk: Ailuk I.: Fosberg 33933 (US). 

Jemo: Fosberg 33887 (US). 

Likiep: Likiep I.: Fosberg 26999 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Wotje: (Romanzoff Is.): de Candolle 1839: 505 

Aur: Tabal I.: %.John 21391 (BISH). 

Ailinglapalap: Bikajle 1.: Fosberg 26799 (US, 

Majuro: Majuro I.: W end, Fosberg 26988 (US, 

Arno: Ine I.: Hatheway 789 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Kili: Kiste 1968: 74. 

Jaluit: Engler 1897:226; Schumann & Lauterbach 1901:594 (citing Schwabe); Volkens 1903: 

9 1 (citing Schwabe, Volkens, Schnee); Koidzumi 

in 1915 (TI); St.John 21691 (BISH); Jaluit I., S 

of Jabor, Fosberg 26702 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

NAURU ISLAND (Nawodo) .-Schumann 1888: 

222 (citing Finsch); Volkens 1903:91 (citing Jensen, Finsch); Yarren: Burges K35 (NSW, K); Meneng, Fosberg 58622 (US, BISH); plateau above 

N end of Anibare Bay, 50-60 m, Fosberg 58761 

(citing Chamisso). 

BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Anderson 3609 (US). 

(US). 

BANABA (OCEAN) IsLAND.-Grimble 1957:27; 

GILBERT IsLANDs.-Mueller 1876:59 (citing 

Butaritari I.: Herbst €9 Allerton 2713 (US). 

Marakei: Marakei I.: Moore 68 (US). 

Abaiang: Luomala 1957:93. 

Tarawa: Betio, Adair 22 (US); Bikenibeu I.: 

Nonouti: Tetua, ca 200 m von Lagunen-Ufer, 

Tabiteuea: Utiroa hospital, Luomala 1 (BISH), 

Onotoa: Moul 8023 (BISH), 8024 (US); N isRhone 26 (NSW). 

Jensen) , 

Herbst €9 Allerton 2665 (US); Catala 5 (P). 

Koch 10 (US). 

land 8283 (BISH). 

COMPOSITAE 

Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or 

trees; leaves opposite or alternate, simple or divided, never articulate-compound; with or without stipule-like expansions of the leaf-bases; flowers in involucrate heads (capitula), sessile on an 

enlarged receptacle, in some genera subtended by 

chaff-like bracts, flowers of one or both of two 

kinds, tubular “disc flowers,” with 4- to 5-lobed 

corollas, and “rays” or “ray flowers,” with corollas 

split down one side and enlarged limb, usually 

strap-shaped or ligulate, usually 4- to 5-toothed 

at apex, heads basically of three kinds-“discoid,” 

with only disc flowers, “radiate,” with the outer 

ring of flowers in the head ligulate, the inner of 

disc flowers, and “ligulate,” having entirely ray 

flowers; calyx, called pappus, modified to a ring 

of bristles, awns, or scales (paleae), or to a truncate collar, or absent altogether, or a double ring, 

or one or two scales, these organs frequently 

enlarged in fruit; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, the filaments free, the anthers usually united 

into a tube or ring; ovary inferior, with one basal 

ovule, style filiform, divided at apex into two 

stigmatic branches; fruit a nut, correctly called a 

cypsela, more commonly called an achene, is dry, 

indehiscent, usually crowned by the persistent 

pappus, single-celled, with a single seed free from 

the wall. 

One of the largest of plant families, practically 
NUMBER 46 13 

cosmopolitan in distribution; many species widely 

distributed and weedy. Well represented in Micronesia mostly by weedy exotics, but a few species indigenous. 

Key to Genera of Compositae in Micronesia 

(Key is artificial and applies only to genera included as represented in Micronesia) 

1. Pappus of numerous hairs or bristles .......................... ....................... 2 

Involucre of one principal series of linear phyllaries, with or without an outer reduced series or 

............................................... 3 

3. Calyculus lacking ................................................................. Emiha 

Vines with radiate heads ............................................. Pseudogynoxys 

Erect herbs with discoid heads ...................................... Crassocephalum 

Involucre of more than one series of phyllaries, either subequal and laterally overlapping or 

spirally imbricate ......................................................................... 5 

5. Plants vine-like ........... ........................................................... 6 

2. 

calyculus at base ................. 

3. Calyculus present ... ........................................................ 4 

.. 

4. 

4. 

2. 

6. Herbaceous twiners, leaves opposite .................... ............ Mikania 

6. Woody scramblers, leaves alternate .................... ........... Vernonia 

Plants not vine-like, erect herbs or shrubs ............................................. 7 

7. Heads discoid or rays inconspicuous ....................................... 8 

across .................. .......................... Cynara 

5. 

8. Very large herbs with deeply lobed leaves, heads several cm or more 

8. Small, not coarse, herbs, or shrubs, heads 1 cm or less across ................... 9 

9. Outer florets filiform, 2-4 denticulate at summit .......................... 10 

10. Shrubs, florets lavender or light purple ......................... Pluchea 

10. Resinous herbs, florets yellow .................................... Bfumea 

Outer florets with limb campanulate or funnelform with 4-5 lobes or teeth.11 

11. Leaves opposite ........................................... Chromolaena 

11. Leaves alternate ...................................................... 12 

12. Phyllaries in few series, subequal, heads with 2 types of flowers, white 

or with yellowish disk ....................................... Conyza 

12. Phyllaries in few to many series, strongly unequal and spirally imbricate, heads purple with only discoid flowers ............... Vernonia 

Heads conspicuously radiate ...................................................... 13 

13. Marginal florets in the heads ligulate, central florets tubular .................. 14 

14. Pappus segments plumose ........................................... Tridax 

15. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, in one principal series, not notably 

imbricate ....................................................... Erigeron 

15. Phyllaries broader, conspicuously imbricate, green-tipped .......... Aster 

13. All florets in the head ligulate, plants lactiferous .............................. 16 

16. Involucres 5 mm or less long, phyllaries in 2 distinct series, plant 

delicate ............................................................. Youngia 

16. Involucres 8 mm or more long, plants stiff, robust ........................ 17 

17. Achenes with a narrow neck or beak, pappus bristles not connate, falling 

separately ...................................................... Lactuca 

9. 

7. 

14. Pappus segments not plumose ......... ........... .... 15 
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

17. Achenes not at all prolonged into a neck or beak, pappus bristles connate 

at base, falling as a unit ..... ...................... Sonchus 

1. Pappus of several (seldom more than 5) awns or bristles, or of spines, or of scales or teeth ...... 18 

18. Leaves alternate or basal ... ........................................................... 19 

...................................... 20 

20. Heads radiate ................................................... ... Glossogyne 

20. Heads discoid . 21 

21. Heads becoming broader than high, leaves green beneath, not deeply cut.Epaltes 

21. Heads not notably broader than high, leaves white beneath, deeply cut.Artemisia 

........................... 22 

23. Heads on a spike-like inflorescence, not subtended by large bracts, two largest 

Pseudo-Elephantopus 

23. Heads arranged in secondary heads, subtended by broad cordate-triangular leaflike 

......................... .Elephantopus 

24. Heads both sessile in axils of inflorescence branches and on ends of peduncles, all 

24. Heads not so arranged, florets of 2 kinds, both ligulate and tubular in same 

head 25 

25. Heads very large, about 15 cm across when fully expanded, peduncle swollen 

and fistulose above, receptacular bracts large, achenes with 2 awns., Tithonia 

25. Heads at most about 6 cm across (except in some large green-house Chrysanthemums), peduncles not swollen, receptacular bracts few or absent ....... 26 

26. Phyllaries wide, obtuse, with broad scarious margins ... Chrysanthemum 

19. Heads small, involucre less than 5 mm long . . 

............................................................... 

19. Heads medium to large, involucres over 5 mm long 

22. Heads discoid only ............................ ....................... 

pappus awns with a reverse curve part way up ...... 

bracts, pappus awns all straight ...... 

22. Heads radiate .......................................... ................... 24 

florets ligulate ............................... .................. Cichorium 

.......................... ...................................... 

26. Phyllaries foliaceous, without scarious margins ................ Gaillardia 

............................................................. ...... 27 

............................ 28 

18. Leaves opposite 

27. Heads discoid .......................................... 

28. Pappus of 5 aristate hyaline scales .................. 

28. Pappus otherwise ........................ ............................... 

29. Pappus of 2-3 short barbed awns ..................... 

29. Pappus of 3-5 short blunt processes viscid at apex ................ Adenostemma 

31. Heads sessile; subsessile or peduncle very short ...... 

3 1. Heads notably pedunculate ... 

27. Heads radiate ........................................ ........................... 30 

30. Heads mostly axillary or on axillary peduncles ... 

32. Phyllaries fimbriate-margined, receptacular bracts broad ......... Spilanthes 

32. Phyllaries entire-margined, receptacular bracts hairlike .... 

30. Heads on terminal peduncles (sometimes a few also axillary) or in terminal corymbs or 

panicles ........................... ............................... 

33. Phyllaries conspicuously spirally imbricate, in several to many series, b 

33. Phyllaries in 1-several series, not conspicuously imbricate, 

gined, ray corollas persistent, falling with achenes ....... 

corollas not persistent ......... ................................. 

34. Phyllaries in 2-several series, not connate .......................... 

.............. .Zinnia 

t black-margined, ray 

34. Phyllaries in 1 series, conna .................................... 
NUMBER 46 15 

35. Leaves appearing to be compound .................................... 36 

36. Pappus lacking, achenes not beaked ..... 

36. Pappus of 2 or 3 small awns, these usual1 

achenes beaked ..... ........................ .Cosmos 

37 

3 7. Pappus scales linear-lanceolate, plumose .................... Tridax 

37. Pappus of 2 or 3 short awns or bristles or lacking ................. 38 

38. Phyllaries fimbriate-margined, receptacle conical to columnar, its 

bracts bilobed ........................................ Spilanthes 

38. Phyllaries entire, receptacle flat to convex, its bracts acute or 

obtuse ........................................................ 39 

39. Leaves variable, usually more or less trilobed, pappus a crown 

of small fimbriate scales raised on a constricted short 

................................. Wedelia 

39. Leaves serrate, not lobed, pappus lacking or of a single short 

....... Wollastonia 

35. Leaves clearly simple ................................ 

deciduous awn, not on a raised podium 

Adenostemma J. R. & G. Forster 

Adenostemma J. R., & G. Forster, Char. Gen. 89, t. 45, 1776. 

Low spreading to ascending sparsely branched 

herbs; leaves opposite, triangular to ovate-lanceolate, margins crenate to sharply dentate or serrate, 

petiolate; heads discoid, whitish, as broad or 

broader than high, disposed in few- to manyheaded, very open, irregularly corymbosely often 

many times branched panicles, involucre of several series of herbaceous subequal free or coherent 

bracts, receptacle hemispheric, naked, alveolate; 

corolla tube short, limb campanulate, lobes short, 

5; anther tube included, style branches exserted; 

achenes obovoid or oblong, prismatic, pappus of 

3-5 short, spreading processes, with viscous thickened blunt apices. 

A pantropical genus of very uniform habit, 

with about 20 species, several of them widely 

distributed, two of these known from Micronesia. 

Key to Micronesian Species 

Style branches thick, somewhat flattened, blunt, narrowly oblong to spatulate 

or clavate; corolla limb narrowly campanulate, hairy outside in upper half; 

achenes with muriculae abrupt, usually separated at base ................ 

.............................................. Adenostemma lanceolatum 

Style branches thin, flattened, broadly linear; corolla limb broadly campanulate, hairy over entire outer surface; achene with broad rather low muriculae, contiguous at base ........................ Adenostemma viscosum 

Adenostemma lanceolatum Miquel bot. 10:71, 1941 [non (Blurne) de Candolle, Prodr. 5:111, 

18361. 

Adenostemma lauenia var. QPicum sensu Koster [non (L.) 0. 

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 1:304. 18911. 

Adenostemma lauenia sensu Okabe, Nankyo 2:41, 48, 1943.- 

Kanehira, Enurn. Micr. PI. 429. 1935.-Luomala, Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 213:49, 1953.-Stone, Micronesica 6:579-580, 

1971 [non (L.) 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:304, 18911. 

Adenostemma lanceolatum Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bot. 2:24, 1856. 

Adenostemma lauenia var. lanceolatum (Miquel) Koster, Blurnea 

Adenostemma fastigiatum sensu auct. Micr. [non (Blurne) de 

Adenostemma paruiflomm sensu Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geo1:474, 1935. 

Candolle, Prodr. 5: 11 1, 18361. 
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Adenostemma viscosum sensu Lessing, Linnaea 6: 106, 183 1 ;- 

Endlicher, Ann. Wien. MU~. Naturgesch. 1: 168, 1835,- 

Volkens, Bot. Jahrb. 31:477, 1901.-Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb. 9: 175, 1905.-von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen 121, 1913.-MerriIl, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot. 9:153, 

1914.-Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10:70, 1941 

[non Forst., Char. Gen. 90, 1775.1 

Puberulent to subglabrous somewhat fistulousstemmed herb; leaves ovate to narrowly ovate or 

rarely broadly lanceolate with acute to usually 

bluntly acute apex, somewhat attenuate base, 

blade somewhat decurrent on petiole, principal 

nerves 3, united near base, often 1-2 pairs farther 

up, margin subserrate to irregularly coarsely serrate; panicle shortly pilose, 5-25 cm across, irregularly trichotomous, central or more rarely one 

of side branches reduced or poorly developed, 

branching irregularly alternate, peduncles 0.5-2 

cm long, heads 8-10 mm wide, 5-6 mm high, 

phyllaries broadly lanceolate to lance-oblong, 

blunt, shortly and sparsely glandular-pilose; corolla tube slender except conical base, glandular, 

throat funnel-form-campanulate, pilose outside 

in upper part, lobes triangular-ovate, becoming 

reflexed; style shaft glabrous, branches wellexserted, spreading, thick, somewhat flattened, 

broadly linear, blunt; achene 2.5-3 mm long, 

prismatic, turbinate-thickened; pappus processes 

3, short, rather thick, white, spreading, glandular 

part oblong. 

A widely distributed Malesian-Pacific species, 

found on most Micronesian islands at low or 

medium elevations. 

It grows in disturbed shaded weedy places, in 

coconut and breadfruit groves, and along paths, 

even around dwellings. 

bulak man6k (Marianas: von Prowazek, 1913) 

bulak-manuk (Guam: Stone, 1971: “The name ‘bulak manuk’ . . . is of Philippine origin”) 

chaguan-manuk (Guam: Stone, 1971) 

chaguan-chiba (Guam: Stone, 1971) 

aciyuwa (Yap: Wong 343) 

ruburb (Yap Okabe, 1943) 

habwolebwol (Ulithi: Lessa 93) 

atu’iot (Ifaluk: Fosberg 47210) 

iatuiat (Ifaluk: Abbott &Bates 3) 

walumarzhin (Ifaluk: Abbott & Bates 124) 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

yatuyet (Ifaluk: Abbott cY Bates 3) 

yoelusoek (Satawal: Fosberg 46910) 

singopua (Lukunor Atoll: Anderson 2180) 

amuel (Satawan Atoll: Anderson 964) 

siritai (Kapingamarangi: Nzerzng 670) 

mafulful (Kusaie: Fosberg 26599) 

bulibulgas (Lae: Fosberg 34025) 

puluwulukaj (Ailinglapalap: Fosberg 26842) 

bwilbwilikaj (Arno Atoll: Anderson 36/5) 

bwilbwilikej (Arno: Stone 1097) 

maruko (Jaluit: Fosberg 26767) 

rauti (Gilberts: Luomala, 1953) 

UsEs.--“Has a variety of uses for women’s afterbirth medicine” (Palau: Salsedo 293). Leprosy: 

Leaves and stems of “ruburb” and leaves of “dodoan” [Hefminthostachys teylanica] are crushed together and applied to the affected part (Yap: 

Okabe, 1943). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-De Candolle, 1836: 1 1 1 

Rota: Hosokawa ms. (citing Hosokawa 7648). 

Guam: Endlicher, 1935: 168; Lessing, 183 1: 106; 

Merrill, 1914: 153 (“collected by Chamisso fide 

Safford”). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babeldaob: Melegojok, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); Markyoku, Hatusima 

5034 (FU); Koror: Beraber, Salsedo 293 (US). 

Peliliu: Kitamura, 194 1 : 70; Hatusima 4749 (FU). 

Yap: Volkens 1901:477 (citing Volkens 99); 

Okao-kanhu, Hosokawa 8921 (BISH, Fo); Atelieu, 

Tuyama in 1939 (TI); 25 ft [8 m], Wong 343 (US, 

BISH); Tomil, 100 ft [30 m], Hosaka 3255 (US, 

BISH); Dalipebinau, 8 m, Cushing 407 (US). 

(citing Haenke). 

Ulithi: Mogmog I., Lessa 93 (BISH). 

Woleai: Falalis I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 47001 (US). 

Ifaluk: Abbott &Bates 3 (BISH); Ifaluk I., 2 m, 

Fosberg 47201 (Fo); Falalap I., Abbott &Bates 124 

(US, BISH). 

Satawal: 2 m, Fosberg 46910 (Fo). 

Nama: 305 m, Evans 1313 (US). 

Namoluk: Leor Village, Anderson 916 (US, 

Lukunor: Lukunor I., Anderson 2180 (US, BISH, 

Satawan: Moch I., Anderson 964 (US, BISH, Fo, 

BISH, Fo, NY). 

Fo); Oneap I., Anderson 2076 (US, BISH, Fo). 
NUMBER 46 17 

NY, L); Ta I., Anderson 1071 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Kapingamarangi: Niering 670 (US). 

Ponape: Kitamura, 194 1 : 7 1 (citing Hatusima 

10913); Napit, 300 m, Hatusima 10919 (FU). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Radack: Lessing, 183 1 : 

106; Endlicher, 1835; 168; Chamisso s.n. (K). 

Lae: Lae I., Fosberg 34025 (US). 

Ailinglapalap: Bikajle I., 1-3 m, Fosberg 26842 

(US, BISH). 

Majuro: Darrit I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 26931a (US, 

BISH). 

Arno: Chiran I., Stone I097 (Fo); Ine I., Anderson 

3615 (US); Matolen I., Hatheway 777 (US, BISH). 

Jaluit: Imruj I., in shade in interior, 1-3 m, 

Fosberg 26767 (US, BISH). 

GILBERT IsLANDs.-Luomala, 1953: 106 (a very 

doubtful record). 

Some of the above specimens were examined 

before we distinguished A. lanceolatum from A. 

Lavenia. Most are probably A. Lanceolatum but some 

might be A. viscosum. The same is true of records 

cited from the literature. 

Adenostemma viscosum Forster 

Adenostemma uzscosum Forster, Char. Gen., 90, pl. 45, 1775. 

Adenostemma lauenza auct. Micr. pro rninore parte [non (L.) 

0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:304, 18911. 

Spreading to ascending herb, subglabrous to 

somewhat pilosulous, especially near nodes, pubescence slightly viscous; leaves ovate, acute, base 

attenuate to a petiole several cm long, blade 

triplinerved, margin crenate or crenate-serrate, 

teeth with minute glandular mucros; panicle irregularly loosely corymbiform, 4-6 times 

branched, peduncles 1-2 cm long; heads 4-5 mm 

high, 6-10 mm wide; involucral bracts oblong to 

ovate-obtuse, sparsely pilosulose, veiny; corolla 

white or pinkish, corolla tube short, glandular, 

limb broadly campanulate, pilose over entire 

outer surface, lobes obtuse; style shaft glabrous, 

branches linear-oblong to linear-spatulate, not 

conspicuously thickened; achenes obovoid-oblong 

prismatic, light brown, densely warty, warts contiguous at base, each tipped by a viscous gland or 

droplet; pappus processes 3, stiffly spreading, 

straight or slightly curved, viscous glandular part 

narrowly obovoid. 

A widely distributed Indo-Pacific and African 

species, differing from A. Lanceolatum especially in 

the ornamentation of the achenes and in the 

corolla shape and hairiness. From Micronesia, 

known with certainty only from Palau, Kusaie, 

and perhaps Murilo, the achenes of the Murilo 

collection not very typical but possibly not quite 

mature; possibly also from Nomwin. 

Growing along trails and roads, and in Murilo, 

around taro pits. 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

shedan (Nomwin: Evans 1048) 

rnafulful (Kusaie: Fosberg 26599) 

UsEs.-Medicine made from it given women at 

childbirth (Kusaie, Fosberg 26599.) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Ngaraard, Babeldaob, Otobed PW-10175 (US). 

Murilo Atoll: Murilo Islet, 3-5 m, Evans 1256 

(US, UH). 

Nomwin Atoll: Nomwin I., Evans I048 (US) 

(specimen practically useless). 

Kusaie: N ridge of Mt. Matanta, above Tafonshak village, N side of island, Fosberg 26599 (US); 

Lele Islet, sea level, Glassman 2705 (US) (’ intermediate in all features between A. Lanceolatum and 

A. viscosum) . 

Two other specimens from Kusaie-near Maarem, 400 m, Hatusima 1 11 73 (FU) and Mt. Matente, Hosokawa 9478 (BISH, A)-may be this 

species. 

Ageratum L. 

Ageratum L., Gen. PI., ed. 5, 363, 1754 [ 17531; Sp. PI., 839, 

1753.-Johnson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card., 58:6-88, 1971,- 

King & Robinson, Phytologia, 24: 1 12-1 17, 1972. 

Aromatic herbs; leaves simple, opposite; heads 

discoid, in more or less flat-topped cymose panicles; involucre hemispheric, bracts imbricate in 

2-3 series; receptacle with or without chaffy 

bracts; style branches elongate, obtuse; achenes 
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

prismatic 5-angled; pappus of about 5 scales, 

obtuse or with awns, or coroniform, sometimes 

absent. 

A small, principally tropical American genus, 

of which two species are widely introduced in 

warm countries, one of them common in Micronesia. 

Ageratum conyzoides L. 

Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. PI., 839, 1753.-Volkens, Bot. 

Jahrb., 31:477, 1901; Notizbl., 4:91, 1903.-Safford, 

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:176, 1905.-von Prowazek, 

Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.-MerrilI, Phil. Jour. Sci. 

Bot., 9: 152, 1914.-Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 29:255, 

1915.-Koster, Blumea, 1:484-490, 1935.-Kanehira, 

Enum. Micr. PI., 429, 1935.-Hosokawa, Bull. Biogeogr. 

SOC. Japan, 7:202, 1937.-Kramer in Thilenius, Erg. Suds. 

Exp., I1 B, 10(1):390, 1937.-Okabe, Jour. Jap. For. SOC., 

23:271, 1941; Jour. Anthrop. SOC. Nippon, 56:417, 1941; 

Nankyo, 2:8, 18, 1943.-Glassman, Bishop Mus. Bull., 

209:97, 1952; Pac. Sci., 7:301, 308, 1953.-Fosberg & 

Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962.-Otobed, ms., 1967; 

Guide List Plants Palau Is., 1971.-Stone, Micronesica, 6: 

580, 197 1.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Smithsonian 

Contr. Bot. 22:42, 1975. 

A very aromatic herb, erect, pilose; leaves triangular-ovate, truncate to very broadly cuneate 

at base, apex bluntly acute to obtuse, margins 

crenate, main nerves at base 3, forking and forming a network, abundant sessile glands on under 

surface; heads pale mauve to white, discoid, in 

small clusters, these cymosely paniculate, peduncles up to 2 cm long, with a number of subulate 

bracts near summit; heads about 5 mm high and 

5-7 mm wide, 60-75 flowered; involucral bracts 

oblong, subequal in length except for 1 or 2 

reduced linear-subulate outer ones per head, obtuse to acute, but abruptly acuminate, ciliate 

distally only very sparsely so below, with 2 very 

strong ribs, sparsely pilose; receptacle without 

bracts; corolla gradually dilated, very scantily 

puberulent, lobes oblong-obtuse; the style 

branches filiform, blunt, exceeding the corolla, 

and not strongly recurved; achenes black, about 

1.5- 1.7 mm long, 5-angled, conspicuously prismatic, almost glabrous but sparsely scabrous on 

angles; the pappus paleae 5, oblong-lanceolate, 

each narrowed into a long arista or awn, the 

margins appressed, hispidulous-ciliate, the awn 

scabridulous, somewhat exceeding corolla, whole 

pappus about 2-2.5 mm long. 

A very common pantropic weed, found in disturbed places generally; in Micronesia found on 

most high islands and a few atolls, in the Marianas (Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sarigan, Anatahan, Saipan, Rota, Guam), Carolines 

(Palau, Yap, Fais, Truk, Ponape, Pingelap, Kusaie), Marshalls (Jaluit). Micronesian plants seem 

to belong to var. conyzoides following Johnson, 

UsEs.-The young leaves are used with coconut 

oil to treat boils (Palau: Salsedo 272). Abscess: to 

197 1 :26-3 1. 

make the head burst, apply coconut oil first, then 

the leaf of “agmakk” is stuck over it (Palau: 

Okabe, 1941, 1943). Leaves of this plant combined with those of Ocimum sanctum L. and coconut 

oil are used as a skin lotion (Pingelap: Glassman, 

1953). 

VERNACULAR NAMESmumutung (Guam: Nelson 39; Stone, 1971) 

agmak (Palau: Okabe, 1941) 

agmakk (Palau: Okabe, 1943) 

ngmak (Palau: Evans 85; Blackburn E I; Salsedo 272; Fosberg 

32054; Har+ 85; Otobed, 1967, 1971) 

lamer ne pan ni pin (Yap: Wong 336) 

uirong nga lipesedj (Fais: Kramer, 1937) 

amshiip (Truk: Hosokawa 1937, Glassman, 1953) 

ololopon (Truk: Fosberg 26038) 

omusiip (Truk: Wong 197) 

opolopon (Truk: Glassman, 1953) 

oponupon (Truk: Pelzer 84; Glassman, 1953) 

pusen-koh (Ponape: Classman 2408) 

pokaniko (Pingelap: Glassman 2660) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-VOn Prowazek, 1913: 121; 

Koster, 193 7:490. 

2322 (US). 

(US, BISH, Fo). 

Agrigan: Midwest coast, 20 ft [6 m], Fulanruw 

Pagan: E of Fresh Water Lake, Fosberg 31413 

Alamagan: Around Partido village, Fosberg 

31688 (US, BISH, Fo); SSW Coast, 0-200 ft [SO 

m], Fulanruw 1946 (US). 
NUMBER 46 19 

Guguan: 200-300 ft [60-90 m], Falanruw 1849 

Sarigan: N from village, 175-250 m, Evans 2414 

(US); near village 10-100 m, Evans 2356 (US); S 

of ridge, 150 ft [45 m], Falanruw I722 (US); near 

anchorage, sea level, Falanruw I784 (US). 

Anatahan: NW village, 0-200 ft [60 m], Falanruw 1638 (US). 

Saipan: Kanehira 1935: 429; Kanehira 994 

(FU); Kitamura, 1941:71. 

Rota: Slopes W of As Malote, S side of island, 

150 m, Fosberg 31913 (US); near highest point of 

island, 500 m, Evans 21 12 (US). 

Guam: Merrill, 1914:152; s.L, G.E.S. 1 (US, 

BISH); McGregor 484 (US, BISH); Nelson 39 

(BISH); Tarzan Falls [Ylig River], Stone 3878 

(GUAM); near Sagua River, 100 m, Stone 4200 

(GUAM); Mt. Tenjo, Rodin 545 (US); Agat, Rivera 

in 1967 (BISH); between Utamac and Cetti Bay, 

Evans 1539 (US); Fonte, N of Mt. Alutom, edge 

of weedy thicket, 175 m, Fosberg 25430 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L); Mt. Alutom, 800 ft [245 m], Hosaka 

3076 (US, BISH); near Finaguayac, M07Un 4485 

(UC, Fo); Mt. Jumullong Manglo, 300-325 m, 

Evans 234 (US); Chaot, Falanruw €9 Salomon 949 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Nakao in 194 1 

(KYO); Yamada in 1925 (TI); Kanehira &' Nisida 

in 1934 (FU); Richardson 6 (US). Babeldaob: Garudoku, Takamatsu 1402 (BISH); Ollei, Ha74 85 

(US, BISH, Fo). Arakabesan, low altitude, Kanehim 347 (BISH). Koror: Kanehira 119, 201, 347 

(all FU); Blackburn E I (US); near entomology 

laboratory, Salsedo 272 (US); Ngerabe'ed, 5- 10 

m, Fosberg 32054 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Yap: Volkens, 1901:477 (citing Volkens 60); 

clay soil, 120 ft [35 m], Wong 336 (US, NY, 

BISH); in oppido-Dogol, Tuyama in 1939 (TI). 

(US). 

(US). 

Fais: Kramer, 1937:390. 

Truk: Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); sandy places, 3 ft 

[ 1 m], Wong 197 (US, BISH). Moen (Harushima) : 

Takamatsu 174 (BISH); head of Nomenuk Bay, 

Fosberg 26038 (US, BISH, Fo). Dublon (Natsushima): Takamatsu 272 (BISH). To1 (Ton): Pelzer 

84 (US); Hosokawa, 1937:202. 

Ponape: s. 1 ., Moore 102 (US); Ledermann 13870 

(K); Kiti District, Nipit, Takamatsu 892 (BISH); 

Nakao in 1941 (KYO); One, Nakao in 1941 

(KYO); Parkier, Kanehira 729 (FU, TI); Anapengpa, Takamatsu 729 (BISH); Colonia, 10 m, Wong 

62 (US. BISH, Fo, NY, L); Meohikku, 100 ft [30 

m] Hosaka 3482 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Agric. 

Exper. Sta, Glassman 2408 (US, BISH). 

Pingelap: Pingelap I., Glassman 2660 (US, 

BISH). 

Kusaie: Mt. Wakapp, Takamatsu 425 (BISH). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Jaluit: Volkens 1903: 91; 

Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); Jaluit I., Jabor, Fosberg 

39485 (US). 

NAURU IsLAND.-Lake Buada, Fosberg 58652 

(US, BISH). 

Artemisia L. 

Artemzsza L., Gen. PI., ed. 5, 367 1754 [1753]; Sp. PI., 845, 

1753. 

Herbs or shrubs, variously aromatic; leaves alternate, usually variously lobed or divided; heads 

small, rather few-flowered, discoid, usually in 

panicles, erect to usually nodding or pendent; 

phyllaries imbricate in few series; receptacle without bracts but sometimes hairy; florets bisexual 

or unisexual, in various arrangements, often in 

same head; pistillate corollas 2-3 lobed, staminate 

and hermaphrodite 5-lobed; achenes obovate, 

subterete to compressed, variously striate or 

ribbed; pappus inconspicuous or wanting. 

A large genus, mainly of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, one species rather commonly 

introduced into the tropics, including Micronesia. 

Artemisia vulgaris L. 

Artemisia vulgaris L., Sp. PI., 848, 1753 

An aromatic herb with deeply cut leaves, white 

beneath; panicles of small discoid heads of minute, dull whitish or brownish flowers. 

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris 

The European typical variety is not known 

from Micronesia. 
‘LO SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Artemisia vulgaris var. indica (Willdenow) 

Maximowicz 

Artemisia vulgaris var. indica (Willdenow) Maximowicz, 

Mklanges Biol., 8:536, 1872.-Okabe, Bull. Trop. Indust. 

Inst. Palau, 5:14, 1940. 

Artemisia indica Willdenow, Sp. PI., 3: 1846, 1803. 

Artemisia vulgaris sensu Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 169, 1835.-Schumann & Lauterbach, FI. 

deutsche Schutzg. Suds., 601, 1901.-Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb., 9: 188, 1905.--von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.-.MerriIl, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9:153, 

1914.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI., 429, 1935.-Stone, 

Micronesica 6:574, 1971.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, 

Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 22:42, 1975 [non L., Sp. Pl., 848, 

17533. 

Herb, rather bushy-branched when well developed, said to be stoloniferous, stems arachnoid 

above, becoming glabrate below; leaves chartaceous, ovate to elliptic in general outline, pinnately incised, lobes ascending, wide at base, 

tapering, toothed with few, upward pointing, 

ovate teeth, several rudimentary lobes on sides of 

petiole, green almost glabrous above, densely 

white wooly beneath; panicles numerous, 

branches strongly ascending, capitula many, 

tending to be secund on panicle branches, ascending to somewhat nodding, campanulate, 3.5- 

4 X 2-2.5 mm; phyllaries ovate, obtuse, center 

greenish, especially in lower ones, in 3-4 not wellmarked series, margins broad, scarious, erose to 

fimbriate; florets slightly exceeding involucre, 

outer ones pistillate with long-exserted divergently ascending style branches, these somewhat 

flattened, apices blunt or rounded; inner florets 

hermaphrodite, upper part of corolla narrowly 

campanulate, lobes triangular, recurved or reflexed; anther appendages scarious, triangularacuminate; style branches recurved; achenes oblong, subprismatic; pappus reduced to a scarious 

ring (from McGregor 423 (US) from Guam). 

An Asiatic plant, treated by some botanists as 

a distinct species, but not very different from the 

European var. vulgaris. Known in Micronesia 

from garden plants, abundant in graveyards, 

rarely becoming established; planted for medicinal purposes, as well as for a spice used in cooking. 

Said by Okabe (1940) to be indigenous to Palau, 

but this seems unlikely. It has been known from 

Guam as a cultivated plant since the early 19th 

century (Endlicher, 1835: 169, citing Gaudichaud 

and Lessing collections.) 

It now grows in the Marianas (Agrigan, Anatahan, Guam) and Carolines (Palau, Ulithi, Woleai, Satawal). 

UsEs.-Used against amoenorrhea and abdominal pain (Marianas: von Prowazek, 19 13). 

Planted and used medicinally (Agrigan: Falanruw 

2157); (Guam: Safford, 1905). Widely cultivated 

for its aromatic foliage used in cooking (Guam: 

Stone, 1971). “The whole plant is boiled in water 

and taken for the remedy of pains in the abdomen, vomiting and purging, and of metrorrhagia. 

It is used as a styptic, and moxa cautery” (Okabe, 

1940). Made into “leis because of odor, also [used] 

medicinally” (Ulithi: Fosberg €3 Evans 46368). 

Used for maremars (Woleai: Evans 450). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

hierba de manzanilla (Marianas: von Prowazek, 1913) 

yerba Santa Maria (Marianas: von Prowazek, 1913) 

jetbas Santa Maria (Agrigan: Falanruw 21.57) 

hierba de Santa Maria (Guam: Safford, 1905) 

yebas santa Maria (Guam: Whiting C13) 

Yerba de Santa Maria (Guam: Stone, 197 1) 

Yerva de Santa Maria (Guam: Schumann & Lauterbach, 

iarbwas (Ulithi: Lessa 91; Fosberg C3 Evans 46368) 

iarwas (Ulithi: Fnsberg 46626) 

liarburas (Woleai: Fnsberg 47032) 

niarabas (Woleai: Evans 4.50) 

iarbwas (Satawal: Fosberg 46860 

1901) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-von Prowazek 1913: 12 1. 

Agrigan: SW coast, below 300 ft [90 m], Falanruw 2/57 (US). 

Anatahan: NW coast, below 250 ft [75 m], 

Falanruw 1677 (US). 

Guam: Endlicher 1835: 169 (citing Gaudichaud, Lesson); Merrill 1914: 153; G.E.S. 423 

(BISH); McGregor 423 (US); Chalan Pago, Whitzng C13 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-Palau: Okabe 1940: 14. 

Ulithi: Mogmog I., Lessa 91 (BISH); 1-2 m, 

Fosberg and Evans 46368 (US); Falalap I., 1-3 m, 

Fosberg 46626 (US). 
NUMBER 46 21 

Woleai: Falalop I., 0.5 m, Evans 450 (US); 

Satawal: 2 m, planted, Fosberg 46861 (US). 

Sholiap I., 1-2 m, cult., Fosberg 47032 (US). 

Aster L. 

Aster L., Gen. PI., ed. 5, 373, 1754 [1753]. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs, mostly perennial; leaves 

alternate, mostly with entire or toothed margins; 

heads usually in panicles or corymbs, or racemes, 

usually radiate; involucres of usually unequal 

imbricate phyllaries, these usually with green 

tips; ray flowers in 1 or rarely 2 series, white to 

purple, disk yellow, often turning reddish to maroon purple; receptacle without bracts; achenes 

more or less compressed; pappus of capillary bristles in 1 or rarely 2 series. 

A large, very widespread genus, mostly North 

Temperate, a few species commonly cultivated. 

Two of these rarely found in gardens in Micronesia, these quite variable and not easy to distinguish with certainty. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Aster 

Inflorescence bracts broadly elliptic, upper parts glabrous or almost 

so, phyllaries closely appressed, outer ones not herbaceous nor squarrose ............................................................. A. laevis 

Inflorescence bracts narrowly oblong, upper parts sometimes more or less 

pubescent, phyllaries tending to be spreading, outer ones green, somewhat 

squarrose ........................ 

Aster laevis L. 

Aster laevis L.. Sp. PI., 876, 1753 

Upright herb, glabrous or almost so, tending to 

be glaucous; basal leaves tapering to winged 

petioles, blades lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 

cauline sessile and clasping, upper ones or bracts 

of inflorescence broad, elliptic, or ovate, sessile; 

panicle narrowly dome-shaped; involucre campanulate, 5-8 mm high, phyllaries firm, closely 

appressed, tips green, narrowly rhombic; rays 

violet, disk yellow; pappus buff, 3-4 mm long. 

Native of eastern North America, differs from 

A. novi-belgii in being glabrous and slightly glaucous, and in having wider, more clasping upper 

leaves and appressed inflorescence bracts. Cultivated in the tropics. 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Tarawa, Betio, Adair 59 

(US). 

Aster novi-belgii L. 

Aster noui-belgii L., Sp. PI., 877, 1753.-Stone, Micronesica, 

6:575, 1971. 

Perennial herb from a hard rhizome several 

mm thick, stem tending to be slightly pubescent 

... ....................... .A. novi-belgii 

above; leaves at first in a basal rosette, basal ones 

lanceolate, with narrowly winged petioles, not or 

scarcely toothed, cauline somewhat clasping at 

base, linear-lanceolate; panicle with many heads, 

its branches ascending, heads on branchlets somewhat corymbose; involucres campanulate to turbinate, lower phyllaries green, somewhat curved 

outward, inner ones with conspicuous green distal 

portion; rays blue violet, disk yellow turning dark 

reddish; pappus 4-6 mm long. 

An eastern North American species occasionally planted in gardens, rare in Micronesia. 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Aster (English) (Guam: Stone, 

1971) 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-Rota: Songsong village, 

Guam: Tamuning, cult ., Stone 4 I69 (GUAM) ; 

cult., Evans 2245 (US). 

Fosberg 35346 (US). 

Bidens L. 

Bidens L., Gen. P1. ed. 5, 362, 1754 [ 17531 

Herbs or shrubs, rarely vine-like or small trees, 

with a strong, somewhat resinous or carroty odor 

when broken; leaves opposite, simple to variously 
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

divided; heads solitary or in terminal panicles, 

these often flat-topped; heads radiate or rarely 

discoid; involucre of two series of bracts, outer 

green, inner chafflike; flowers subtended by reduced or lacking. 

chaffy bracts on the receptacle; rays sterile or 

rarely pistillate; stamen filaments glabrous; style 

branches acute to subulate; achenes long, prismatic, slightly to strongly obcompressed, not usually winged; pappus of two or three (rarely more) 

sharp, stiff, usually barbed awns or variously 

A large genus with species in most warm and 

temperate regions, several very weedy; two widespread ones introduced into Micronesia. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Bidens 

1. Heads rayless .................... 

2. Rays 1 cm or less long ......... 

1. Heads radiate ................... 

2. Rays over 1 cm long .......... 

Bidens alba (L.) de Candolle 

Bidens alba (L.) de Candolle, Prodr., 5:605, 1836. 

Coreopsis alba L., Sp. Pl., 908, 1753. 

Coreopsis leucanthema L., Amoen. Acad., 4:291, 1759. 

Bidens leucantha (L.) Willdenow, Sp. Pl., 3:1719, 1803. 

Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schultz-Bipontinus in Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Canar., 111, 22:242, 1836-1850 [July 

18441.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:583, 1971. 

Bidenspilosa sensu Falanruw & Payne, Life on Guam, 33,42- 

43, 44, 71, 1976 [non L., Sp. PI., 832, 17531. 

Square-stemmed erect herb; leaves opposite, 

pinnately 3-5 foliolate or leaves simple, leaflets 

ovate, acute, serrate, surface rather dull, faintly 

glaucous when alive; heads few, terminal on fairly 

long peduncles, or upper part of plant tending to 

be paniculate; rays prominent, white, 5-6, elliptic-obovate; achenes brownish-black, linear, antrorsely hispid above, with two divergent retrorsely barbed stiff awns. 

Often regarded as a variety of B. pilosa but with 

showy prominently radiate heads and behaving 

very differently, ecologically. 

Pantropical, known in Micronesia from the 

Marianas (Guam), Carolines (Palau, Ponape), 

Marshalls (Kwajalein). 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Guam daisy (English). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-GUam: Guam College 

campus, Stone 3794 (GUAM); Pedrus 45 (US); 

... 

............... B. pilosa var. pilosa 

............... B. pilosa var. minor 

................................... 2 

............................ B. alba 

Tumon Heights, Fosberg 46221 (US); cliff above 

Uruno Pt., Moran 4528 (BISH); Yigo, Krauss in 

1957 (BISH); 334 (BISH); above Tarague Beach, 

140 m, Fosberg 35671 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 1 

km E of Agafo Gumas, 165 m, Fosberg 35506 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Barrigada village, Falanruw 

835 (BISH); Stone 5048 (GUAM) abnormal fasciated plant; Tagachan Beach, Pedrus 13 (US). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babelthuap I., Irrai airfield, Woolzerich 107 (US). Angaur I., 0.6 mi 

[I km] E of boat basin, 3 m, Canzeld 415 (US). 

Ponape: Kolonia, Fosberg 58430 (US, BISH). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-KWajalein I., near airstrip, Fosberg 36639 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Bidens pilosa L. 

Bidenspilosa L., Sp. PI., 832, 1753.-Walker & Rodin, Contr. 

US. Nat. Herb., 30:466, 1949.-Stone, Micronesica, 6: 

583, 1971.-Randall, Tsuda et al., Univ. Guam Mar. Lab. 

Tech. Rept., 12:55, 1974.-Kami et al., Univ. Guam Mar. 

Lab. Tech. Rept., 16: 12, 1974. 

Similar to B. alba but leaves greener, firmer, 

more acuminate; heads fewer, discoid (or, in variety minor, with small whitish rays); outer involucral bracts shorter than inner, blunt; achenes 

linear, black, antrorse-hispid distally with 2-3 

stiff, short, retrorsely barbed awns, these persistent and serving as an effective dispersal mechanism. 

A pantropical species, presumably of American 

origin, introduced into Micronesia, known from 
NUMBER 46 23 

the Marianas (Saipan, Rota, Guam), Carolines 

(Palau, Ulithi, Woleai), Gilberts (Butaritari). 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Beggar’s-tick, Spanish needle 

(English). 

Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa 

As described above, heads discoid. 

The common, very weedy, pantropical form of 

the species. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Saipan: 1-2 km S of Mt. 

Tapotchau, 230 m, Fosberg 25195 (US, BISH); 

Tapotchau Mt., 450-500 m, FDsberg 31775 (US, 

BISH, Fo). 

Rota: Sonson, 1-10 m, Fosberg 25072 (US, 

BISH). 

Guam: Andersen Air Force Base, Moran 4470 

(UC, Fo); Uruno Pt., Moran 4528 (UC, Fo); slopes 

of Mt. Machanao, Ritidian Pt., 180 m, Bryan 

1173 (US, BISH, K); Haputo Pt., Necker 15 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: Peliliu, N landing, 

1-2 m, Fosberg 31953 (US, BISH). 

Ulithi: Falalap I., Fosberg 46504 (BISH, Fo); 

Fassarai I., in village, 2 m, Fosberg and Evans 47410 

Woleai: Wottagai (Utagal) I., in village, 1-2 m, 

GILBERT IsLANDs.--Bu taritari: Bu taritari I., 

(US). 

(US). 

Fosberg 47065 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Herbst and Allerton 2719 (US, BISH). 

Bidens pilosa var. minor (Blume) She& 

Bidens pilosa var. minor (Blume) Sherff, Bot. Gaz., 80:387, 

Bidem sundaica var. minor Blume, Bijdr., 914, 1826 [as sundai1925. 

cus] . 

Differs from var. pilosa in the presence of small 

Widespread, weedy, often occurs with and inwhitish ray flowers. 

tergrades with var. pilosa. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLAms.-Saipan: 1-2 km S of Mt. 

Tapotchau, 230 m, Fosberg 25193 (US, BISH). 

Rota: Slopes above As Malote, 250 m, Fosberg 

25095 (US); slopes W of As Malote, S side of 

island, 150 m, Fosberg 31910 (US, BISH). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Richardson 78 (us). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok: Enewetak I., 

Lamberson in 1977 (Mi). 

Blumea A. P. de Candolle 

Blumea A. P. de Candolle, Guill. Arch. Bot. 2:514, 1833 

[nom. cons.].-Randeria, Blumea 10: 176-31 7, 1960. 

Annual or perennial herbs, undershrubs or 

shrubs, usually erect, often woolly or pubescent; 

leaves simple, lower or both surfaces pubescent, 

margins subentire to serrate or dentate, or lobed; 

heads discoid, solitary or in glomerules or panicles, usually yellow; involucres cylindric or hemispheric, phyllaries numerous, multiseriate, pubescent on outer surface, scarious-margined; receptacle glabrous to pubescent, ebracteate; marginal florets pistillate, inner ones bisexual or functionally pistillate; outer corollas tubular, filiform, 

2- or 4-lobed; inner florets dilated upward, 4- or 

5-lobed; anthers the same number as corolla 

lobes; style branches short, blunt; achenes oblong, 

5- 10 ribbed or obscurely 4-angled; pappus of one 

series of slender barbellate bristles. 

An Old World tropical genus of about 50 species, mainly south and east Asiatic and Malesian, 

several introduced or doubtfully native in Micronesia. A very difficult genus taxonomically. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Blumea 

1. Leaves usually lobed in basal portion ......................... B. sinuata 

1. Leaves not or scarcely lobed, bases tapering ........................... 2 

2. Leaves tomentose to woolly on lower surface ........................ 3 
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

3. Leaves spatulate obovate, margins not strongly toothed ............ 

................................................... B. hieraciifolia 

3. Leaves broadly elliptic, toothed ........................... B. lacera 

2. Leaves green, sparsely pilose beneath, coarsely cuspidate-toothed, large 

coarse plants .............. 

Blumea hieraciifolia (D. Don) de Candolle 

Blumea hieraciifolia (D. Don) de Candolle in Wight, Contr. 

Bot. Ind., 15, 1834.-Randeria, Blurnea, 10:246-248, 

1960. 

Erzgeron hieracifolium D. Don, Prodr. F1. Nepal., 172, 1825. 

Blumea sericans (Kurz) Hooker f., FI. Br. Ind., 3:262, 1881.- 

Blumea barbata var. sericans Kurz, Jour. Asiatic SOC. Bengal, 

Kitarnura, Acta Phytotax. et Geobot., 10:71, 1941. 

46, pt. 2(2):188, 1877. 

Erect wooly herb to 0.5 m tall, usually unbranched, leaves obovate to spatulate-obovate, 

basal ones to 13 X 3.5 cm, apex rounded to 

obtuse, base gradually narrowed, more or less 

cuneate or attenuate into a short petiole, margin 

somewhat dentate or denticulate, somewhat 

woolly beneath, sparsely pubescent, glabrate and 

green above, cauline leaves becoming smaller 

upward, uppermost bractlike; heads congested 

into a globose woolly mass with one to several 

smaller glomerules on the peduncle, heads 6- 10 

mm wide and high; phyllaries many, imbricate, 

linear to oblanceolate-linear, silvery on inner surface when reflexed, purplish tipped, hyaline margined, apex caudate or aristate-acuminate; receptacle glabrous; flowers yellow, shorter than involucre; achenes narrowly oblong, glabrous or 

slightly pubescent, ribbed; pappus whitish 

spreading. 

South Asia to Ryukyu Islands and Palau. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babeldaob: Kamusetu, Almonogui, Kanehira & Hatusima 4956 

(FU); Arukoron-sogen, Hosokawa 7020 (A, BISH). 

Blumea lacera (Burman f.) de Candolle 

Blumea lacera (Burman f.) de Candolle in Wight, Contr. Bot. 

Ind., 14, 1834.-Randeria, Blurnea, 10:267, 1960.--Stone, 

Micronesica, 6:588, 1971. 

Conyza lacera Burman f., F1. Ind., 180 t. 59 f.1, 1768 [as Conysa] . 

Herb to 1 m tall, unbranched or with many 

small flowering branches, stems variously pubescent, glandular to woolly; leaves ovate to broadly 

elliptic, mostly cauline, petiolate, rounded to obtuse at apex, contracted and decurrent on petiole 

at base, margin dentate to serrate, not or weakly 

lobed, lower surface pilose or even somewhat 

woolly to glandular or sparsely pilosulous, upper 

surface green, puberulent or glandular to sparsely 

pilosulous; heads pedunculate to glomerate, in 

open to compact cylindric panicles, often small 

panicles on many small ascending branches in 

upper axils, together forming a large paniculate 

upper part of plant; capitula 5-6.5 mm wide, to 

7 mm high; phyllaries linear-acuminate, glandular-puberulent without; receptacle glabrous; bisexual florets 3-4.5 mm long, 5-lobed, lobes puberulent and glandular outside; achenes oblong, 

subangulate, not or scarcely ribbed, pappus 

white, to 4 mm long. 

Paleotropical to as far east as Australia and 

New Guinea, on Guam probably introduced. 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-Guam: Astrolabe 31 

(P); Mt. Tenjo, Rodin 540 (US). 

Blumea milnei Seemann 

Blumea milnei Seernann, FI. Vitiensis, 141, t. 27, 1866. 

Aromatic herb to 3.5 m tall; leaves alternate, 

elliptic, acuminate, margins closely to sparsely 

and coarsely toothed, teeth strongly cuspidate, 

thin, somewhat more pubescent beneath, stem 

pubescence as well as that of leaves variable; 

panicles of heads terminal and in upper axils and 

becoming large, compound, with bracts becoming completely reduced above, panicle domeshaped; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, 5 mm 

long; flowers described as greenish yellow, yellow 

or white, old ones with pappus as long as involucre fluffing out to light, dirty brown, fluffy balls 

about 1- 1.3 cm across; achenes oblong, sericeous, 

ribbed. 
NUMBER 46 25 

New Guinea to Samoa and Kusaie, growing in 

dense wet forests at relatively high elevations. 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-Kusaie: Mt. Fenkol (Mt. 

Crozer), Takamatsu 381 (BISH); Mt. Matanta 

(Buache) summit ridge, 550-600 m, Fosberg 2661 I 

(US, BISH, K, MO). 

BIumea sinuata (Loureiro) Merrill 

Blumea sinuata (Loureiro) Merrill, Trans. Arner. Phil. SOC. 

n.s., 24(2):388, 1935.-Kitarnura, Acta Phyt. Geob., 10: 

71, 1971.-Hosokawa, rns., n.d. 

Gnaphalium sinuatum Loureiro, FI. Coch., 2:497, 1790. 

Blumea lacinzata (Roxburgh) de Candolle, Prodr., 5:436, 

1836.-iMerrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 15:544, 1919.-Kanehira, Enurn. Micr. PI., 429, 1935.-Randeria, Blurnea, 

10:258-260, 1960.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:588, 1971. 

Blumea moffis sensu Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 153, 

1914.-Kanehira, Enurn. Micr. PI., 429, 1935.-Stone, 

Micronesica 6:588, 1971 [non (D. Don) Merrill, Phil. Jour, 

Sci. Bot.. 5:395, 19101. 

Herbs to 1-1.5 m tall, often branched, stems 

pilose and usually glandular, terete, ribbed; 

leaves mostly cauline, becoming smaller upward, 

ultimately bractlike, blades ovate to obovate, or 

elliptic, apex obtuse to rounded, base contracted 

into a petiole, margin cuspidate-dentate, usually 

strongly lobed toward base with patent runcinate 

to lyrate lobing, lobes oblong to lanceolate, both 

surfaces sparsely pilose and glandular, glabrate, 

uppermost leaves or bracts from entire to strongly 

dentate; heads in an open to narrow or even 

almost spike-like panicle, often with clusters of 

heads in upper leaf-axils; capitula 6-8(-10) mm 

wide, 4-7 mm high; phyllaries linear-oblong to 

linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute to acuminate, 

greenish to purplish dorsally, notably pubescent, 

costa dark, body of bract lighter, hyaline margins 

narrow or absent; receptacle minutely pubescent 

around the alveolae; achenes brown, ribbed, narrowly oblong, pubescent. 

A weedy species common in South Asia east to 

the Solomons, probably introduced into Polynesia and into Micronesia, where it is known from 

the Marianas (Saipan, Tinian, Guam) and Carolines (Palau and Kusaie). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

titima (Guam: Hosokawa, n.d.) 

tagathiki (Palau: Hosokawa n.d.) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLAms.-Saipan: Kitamura, 194 1 : 

Tinian: Kitamura, 194 1 : 17. 

Guam: Merrill, 1914: 153; 1919:544; s.l., Nelson 

338 (NY); G.E.S. 341 (US, BISH); top of Mt. 

Tenjo, 320 m, Bryan I257 (BISH); Atangtano, 

along Piti-Sumay Road, sea level, Bryan 1067 

(US, BISH); Comarianas (Fonte), above Asan, 

hills N of Mt. Alutom, 175 m, Fosberg 25433 (US, 

BISH). 

CAROLINE IsLmDs.-Palau: Babeldaob: Kamusetu, Almonogui, Kanehira and Hatusima 4885 

Kusaie: Near Maarem, 400 m, Hatusima I I I42 

71. 

(FU). 

(FU). 

Chromolaena de Candolle 

Chromolaena de Candolle, Prodr., 5: 133, 1836.-King & 

Eupatorium L., Gen. P1. ed. 5: 363, 1754 [pro parte excl. typ.] 

Osmia Schultz-Bipontinus, Pollachia, 22-24:25 1, 1866. 

Robinson, Phytologia, 20: 196-2 14, 1970. 

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite; inflorescence 

laxly to densely corymbose; heads discoid; involucre cylindric, of three to six series of erect, 

closely imbricate deciduous phyllaries; receptacle 

naked; corollas tubular, dilated somewhat upward, 5-lobed, lobes glandular on outer surfaces; 

style branches elongate, obtuse at tips; achenes 

3-5 angulate; pappus of one series of about 40 

capillary scabrous bristles. 

A primarily Neotropical genus of many species, 

only one, so far, introduced into Micronesia. 

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson 

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson, Phytologia, 20: 

204, 1970. 

Eupatorium odoraturn L., Syst. ed. 10, 1205, 1759.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 2: 141, 1967; Micronesica, 6:581, 1971.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Srnithsonian Contr. Bot., 22: 

42, 1975. 

Large branched, often tangled, shrub or suffrutescent herb to 2 or more m tall, young stems and 

under sides of leaves moderately to densely tomentose, branching opposite, divaricate; leaves 
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

triangular-ovate, triplinerved, apices somewhat 

acuminate, base obtuse or even rounded to acutish, upper margins subentire to strongly coarsely 

serrate, or subhastate, lower margins entire, upper 

surface hispid-scabrous, lower soft-tomentose, 

petioles slender, up to 1 cm long, longer on large 

leaves on young shoots; heads borne in large, 

open divaricately branched thyrsoid glandularpubescent panicles, with reduced leaves at the 

first and second order ramifications, then very 

much reduced bracts; heads in rather close clusters, at ends of primary panicle branches; involucres cylindro-campanulate, narrow, about 1 cm 

long, phyllaries very unequal, seemingly spirally 

arranged, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 

subscarious with 3 or 5 strong, green parallel 

nerves, margins scarious, lacerate distally; florets 

white to lavender, about 30, corolla very narrowly 

funnelform, about 5 mm long, with 5 triangular 

lobes; anther tubes included, style-branches elongate, papillate, blunt; achene black, slender, 4 

mm long, prismatic with 5 sharp white antrorsely 

sparsely hispid angles; pappus a crown of antrorsely barbellate bristles about equaling corolla. 

In their dismemberment of the large genus 

Eupatorium, King and Robinson (1970:204) regard 

this species as belonging to the genus Chromoiaena 

de Candolle. This seems to us a reasonable disposition and we accept it here, without any implication as to the desirability of these authors’ 

other Eupatorium segregates. 

A pantropical weed of American origin, new to 

Micronesia. By 1965 it had become common 

along roadsides at the north end of Saipan; in 

Rota said to have been introduced about 1975. 

Known from the Marianas (Agrigan, Saipan, 

Tinian, Rota, Guam) and Carolines, very recently 

found in Ponape. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Agrigan: sw coast, below 

300 ft [90 m], Faianruw 2/91 (US). 

Saipan: s.l., Sprout 5 (US); Marpi, along fence 

row, Courage 45 (US); open roadside, Courage 60 

(US); Marpi Pt., 15 m, Fosberg 47717 (US). 

Tinian: North Field, Kondo 17 (BISH). 

Rota: Sabana Rd., SW of airport, Fosberg & 

Moore 58215 (US). 

Guam: Apra, 1/2/64, Wade 22 (US, GUAM); 

Ipao Beach road, Moore 542 (US); Tumon 

Heights, 40 m, Evans 1451 (US). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Ponape: Near Mobil Oil 

Facility, Faianruw 3237 (US). 

Chrysanthemum L. 

Chrysanthemum L., Gen. PI. ed 5, 379, 1754 [1753], Sp. PI., 

Pyrethrum Zinn, Cat. PI. Gott. 414, 452, 1757. 

Dendranthema (de Candolle) Des Moulins, Actes SOC. Linn. 

887, 1753. 

Bordeaux, 20:561, 1855. 

Aromatic herbs, rarely suffrutescent or even 

shrubby; leaves alternate, entire to variously dentate, lobed, or dissected; heads usually medium 

sized or large, on long peduncles or in corymbiform panicles, usually radiate; involucres campanulate or hemispheric to broad, flattish, of 

several series of unequal, imbricate, wide, obtuse, 

broadly scarious-margined phyllaries, the margins often brownish; marginal flowers in one series 

(to many in cultivars), pistillate, ligules usually 

conspicuous, apices dentate or not; disk flowers 

with limb from scarcely enlarged to cylindrocampanulate, 4-5 lobed; anthers obtuse and entire at base; style branches truncate and hairy at 

apices; achenes 5-10 costate, terete to angled, 

those of rays trigonous, of disc laterally compressed, apices naked or with cuplike or crownlike 

paleaceous pappus, rarely shortly lobed. 

A very large and complex largely North Temperate and South African genus, often variously 

divided, a few species cultivated and hybridized, 

forming a myriad of very fancy cultivars, mostly 

lumped under the name Chrysanthemum X mor;flium, several forms of which are known to have 

been cultivated in Micronesia. 

Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramatuelle 

Chrysanthemum X moriflium Ramatuelle, Jour. Hist. Nat., 2: 

240, 1792.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:575, 197 1. 
NUMBER 46 27 

Matricaria chamornilla Blanco, FI. Filipinas, 63 1, 1837.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:319, 1905 [non L., Sp. PI., 

891, 17531. 

Pyrethrum sinense (Sabine) de Candolle, Prodr., 6:62, 1838,- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:363, 1905. 

Chrysanthemum indicum sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 

9:225, 1905.-Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 153, 1914.- 

Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI., 430, 1935 [non L., Sp. PI., 

889, 17531. 

Pyrethrum zndicum sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9: 

363, 1905 [non (L.) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat., 44:149, 

18261. 

Dendranthema morzfolium (Ramatuelle) Izvelev in Komarov, 

FI. U.R.S.S. 26:373, 1961. 

Somewhat suffrutescent herbs, stems somewhat 

tomentose, young growth more markedly so, some 

forms densely tomentose, leaves petiolate with 

semiclasping or clasping often expanded bases, 

these often auriculate or hastate-auriculate, auricles in some cases strongly 1-2 toothed, blades 

ovate in general outline 3-5 (-7) lobed, shallowly 

or deeply so, lobes dentate or serrate, under surface tomentose, petiole shorter than or as short as 

blade, expanded base variously developed; heads 

mostly in corymbiform panicles or solitary; involucres 1-2 cm across, phyllaries oval or obovoid, 

scarious margins very broad, apices rounded; rays 

variously colored, basically in one series but in 

many cultivars many or all flowers ligulate; disk 

yellow or greenish yellow when present. 

Cosmopolitan in distribution, many diverse 

cultivars, several of them are or have been planted 

in Guam and Rota. 

UsEs.-An infusion of the flowers is used as a 

remedy for intermittent fevers, and by women for 

hysteria and monthly irregularities (Guam: Safford, 1905). Boiled with rice it is used as a cure 

for diarrhea (Guam: Evans I696). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

mansanega (Guam: Evans 169S, 

mansaniya (Guam: Whiting CIq 

manzanilla (Guam: Safford and Seale 1/13; Safford, 1905: 

rosas de Japan (Guam: Stone, 1971) 

rosas de Japon (Guam: Safford and Seale 1113) 

yerba de Santa Maria (Guam: Merrill, 1914, citing G.E.S. 

Stone, 1971) 

326) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-Rota: Songsong village, 

planted, Evans 2263 (US). 

Guam: Merrill 1914:153; s.l., C.E.S. 326 (US, 

BISH); Manilao, Whiting C14 (US); Agana, Safford & Seale 1113 (US); Agana Spring, planted, 

Evans I696 (US); Tamuning, cult., 15 m, Fosberg 

35349 (US), 35350 (US). 

Cichorium L. 

Cichorium L., Gen. PI., ed. 5, 354, 1754 [1753]; Sp. PI., 813, 

1753. 

Erect, branched herbs; leaves alternate, basal 

ones in rosettes, entire to pinnatifid, cauline 

smaller, entire; heads ligulate, homogamous, sessile in axils of peduncles and on ends of peduncles; 

phyllaries in 2 series, outer of 5, inner 8-10; 

receptacle naked; florets 6 or many, all ligulate, 

ligules blue to white, linear-oblong, apex truncate, 5-dentate; style-branches slender, obtusish; 

achenes obovate, subangled, outer ones convex, 

striate, pappus scales minute in 1-3 series. 

A small Mediterranean genus; two species 

widely cultivated, one becoming naturalized and 

weedy, one occasionally planted in Micronesia 

for its edible leaves. The other is the cultivated 

chickory, its roots used as coffee substitute, by 

some suspected of harmful effects, such as lowlevel arsenic toxicity. 

Cichorium endivia L. 

Cichorium endivia L., Sp. PI. 813, 1753.-Fosberg & Sachet, 

Cichorium endivia latifolia Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 1 : 732, 

Atoll Res. Bull. 92:37, 1962. 

1785.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull. 59: 11 1, 1957. 

Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous; basal leaves 

many in a rosette, cauline reduced upward on 

stem; heads about 3-4 cm across, violet blue, 

some of them subtended by leafy bracts. 

There are a number of garden varieties distinguished by differences in leaf form, texture, and 

taste. The species is apparently not known in a 

wild state. “Endive” was reported from Jaluit, in 
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

the Marshalls, by Fosberg and Sachet, on the 

basis of a sight report by MacKenzie, but it is not 

known which variety was seen. 

Cichorium endivia L. var. endivia 

Basal leaves broad, margins crenate. 

This is probably the form commonly known as 

var. latfolia (the Escarole). It doubtless originated 

in cultivation, possibly from Cichorium intybus L. 

as a wild ancestor, but this is only speculation at 

best. 

In Micronesia known only from the Gilberts, 

where it is cultivated in gardens of Europeans 

(Catala, 1957). 

Cichorium endivia var. crispum Lamarck 

Cichorium endivia var. crispum Larnarck, Encycl. Meth. 1: 732, 

1785.-L., Sp. PI.: 813, 1753 [as /3 Endivia crisps].- 

Catala, Atoll Res. Bull. 59: 11 1, 1957. 

Cichorium crispum Miller, Card. Dict., ed. 8: 1768. 

Basal leaves crispate, subpinnatifid. 

The garden endive or chicory; cultivated only, 

known in Micronesia from the Gilbert Islands, 

where it has been seen planted in gardens of 

Europeans (Catala, 1957). 

Conyza Lessing 

Conyra Lessing, Syn. Gen. Cornp., 203, 1832 [norn. cons.]; 

non Conyra L., Gen. PI. ed 5,370, 1754 [ 1753].-Cronquist, 

Bull. Torrey Bot. C1. 70:629-632, 1943; 74:150, 1947. 

Erigeron L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 371, 1754 [1753] [pro parte]. 

Leptilon Rafinesque, Am. Mo. Mag., 268, 1818. 

Usually herbs with alternate leaves; inflorescence usually paniculate; heads obscurely radiate, 

usually small; involucre campanulate to somewhat urceolate, phyllaries in 2 or more unequal 

series, lanceolate to linear; receptacle flattish to 

convex, naked; pistillate flowers numerous, tubular or very shortly and minutely ligulate; corollas shorter than or subequal to pappus; bisexual 

flowers usually few, central, corollas slender, tubular limb narrowly campanulate, shortly 5-dentate; anthers at base obtuse and entire; style 

branches flattened, with short to long lanceolate 

appendages; achenes small, compressed, faces 

with 1 or no nerves; pappus of 1 whorl (or rarely 

2) of slender setae. 

A large tropical genus, especially developed in 

Africa, with 2 cosmopolitan weedy species, both 

found in Micronesia. These have usually been 

included in Erigeron L., sometimes in the segregate 

genus Leptiion Rafinesque. Conyza differs from 

Erigeron in that the ligules in Conyza are very 

reduced or wanting. The two genera are not very 

clearly separated, but are commonly regarded as 

distinct. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Conyza 

Plants grayish to greenish hairy, basal leaves usually serrate, phyllaries hirsute 

or hispid, 4-6 mm long, florets 60-120, pappus dull buff to light brown, 

denuded receptacle 2-4 mm across ................... Conyza bonariensis 

Plants green, glabrous or slightly pilose or hispid, phyllaries glabrous or almost 

so, 2.5-5 mm long, florets 40-50, pappus buff to white, denuded receptacle 

1.5-2 mm wide ....................................... Conyza canadensis 

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist 

Conyra bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 70: 

632, 1943.-Fosberg, Atoll Res. Bull., 67: 19, 1959.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 123:15, 1969.--Stone, 

Micronesica, 6:576, 197 1.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, 

Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:42, 1975. 

Erigeron bonariense L., Sp. PI., 863, 1753. 

Erigeron albidus (Willdenow ex Sprengel) Gray, Proc. Am. 

Acad. Arts. Sci., 5:319, 1862.-Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. 

Hist. SOC. Formosa 32, No. 220:20, 1942. 

Conyra albzda Willdenow ex Sprengel, Syst., 3:514, 1826. 

Erigeron sumatrense Retzius, Obs. 5:28, 1789 [ 1788].--Sagarni, 

Pac. Sci. 15:85, 1961. 
NUMBER 46 29 

Tall, more or less grayish pubescent herb, appearing greenish to gray when dry, usually single 

stemmed, or few branched from base; rosette 

leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and somewhat irregularly serrate, stem leaves numerous, often very 

crowded, narrowly linear to lanceolate, entire to 

serrate, diminishing upward; heads in a panicle, 

individual peduncles subtended by small linear 

bracts, panicle of short ascending branches, upper 

ones shorter, rachis usually well exceeding lower 

branches, sometimes soon suppressed and the 

lower branches exceeding it, then making a corymbiform rather than roughly conical panicle; 

involucre of several unequal series of linear-acuminate hispid phyllaries, 4-6 mm long; heads 

appearing discoid but frequently outer ones with 

minute ligules; florets 60- 120; pappus light 

brownish or dark buff to darker dull tan. 

This species is extremely variable and is frequently separated into several, mainly on the 

nature of the inflorescence. We can find no consistency in the development or suppression of the 

rachis, viewed over a broad range, though most 

Micronesian specimens have the panicles elongate and conical, which, with usually small heads, 

would put them in Erigeron floribunda according to 

Burtt’s (1949) separation. Plants with small heads 

and narrow entire cauline leaves are sometimes 

mistaken for C. canadensis, and may possibly be 

introgressants from that species, with which it 

grows. Until we can find a better basis for a 

different arrangement, we are treating pubescent 

plants with hispid involucres as C. bonariensis, not 

at tempting to distinguish varieties. 

Cosmopolitan. In Micronesia doubtless introduced, known from the Marianas (Pagan, 

Guam), Carolines (Palau), Wake Island, Marshalls (Eniwetok, Kwajalein), Gilberts (Butaritari, Tarawa). Grows in open sunny disturbed 

pioneer situations, mostly on bare soil. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Pagan: Mt. Pagan, Moore 

375 (US); near air strip, Moore 307 (US) (cited in 

Fosberg et al. 1975:42 as C. canadensis), 310 (US); 

near shore of Sinalung (Inner) Lake, 10 m, Lamoureux 4861 (US). 

Guam: NE slopes of Mt. Almagosa, 250 m, 

Fosberg 35317 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); between 

Utamac and Cetti Bay, Evans 1553 (US). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babeldaob: Near 

Ngaspan, Hosokawa, 1942:20 (citing Hosokawa 

9706). Peliliu: Near airstrip, 6 m, Fosberg 32014 

(US, BISH, Fo), 47635 (US). Angaur: 25 m, 

Fosberg 25908 (US); W coast, S of phosphate 

works, 3 m, Fosberg 31962 (US, BISH, Fo); S side, 

2-5 m, Fosberg 3f973 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L.). 

MARCUS IsLAriD.--Sagami, 1961 :85 (determined by T. Tuyama as Erigeron sumatrensis), 

WAKE IsLAND.-wake Islet, Fosberg 34463 (us); 

Area A, Gaston in 1953 (BISH); Krauss in 1957 

(BISH); Sachet 897 (US), 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok: Eniwetok I., 

St. John 23708 (BISH). 

Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., Fosberg 31168 (US, 

BISH, Fo), 31171 (US, BISH. Fo). 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Butaritari: Butaritari I., 

Banaki area, Herbst & Allerton 2770 (US, BISH). 

Tarawa: Bairiki, Sachet 141.5 (US). 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 70: 

632, 1943.- Otobed, ms. 1967; Guide List Plants Palau 

Is., 1971.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 123:15, 

1969.-Fosberg, Falanruw & Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. 

Bot., 22:42, 1975. 

Erigeron canadense L., Sp. PI. 863, 1753. 

Erigeron canadensis var. glabratus A. Gray, PI. Lindh. 2:220, 

1850 (Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 6(2):220, 1850). 

Conyza canadensis var. pusilla (Nuttall) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey 

Bot. Club, 74: 150, 1947.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:577, 1971 

[as pusillus]. 

Erigeron pusillus Nuttall, Gen., 2: 148, 1818 [non Conyza pusilla 

HBK]. Conyzaparva Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 70: 

632, 1943 [nom. nov.]. Conyza canadensis var. glabrata (A. 

Gray) Cronquist. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 74:150, 1947. 

Erect leafy, green annual herbs, stems somewhat pubescent to usually glabrous; larger leaves 

rather crowded near base, narrowly oblanceolate, 

smaller ones clothing stem, linear, leaves from 

glabrous to scabrous-hispidulous, strongly ciliate 

near base; upper part of plant paniculate with 
130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

numerous ascending branches, panicle rather 

conic in outline; heads small, 5 mm or usually 

less high, phyllaries unequal, linear-lanceolate, 

acute, glabrous or almost so, green with white 

margins; florets 40-50; achenes pale buff, narrowly oblong, about 1 mm long, sparsely sericeous; pappus usually buff to white. 

Micronesian plants are rather uniform, varying 

slightly in pubescence; they have usually been 

referred to var. pusillus (Nuttal1)Cronquist. However, they lack the purple tips to the phyllaries 

that characterize that variety. They are more 

pubescent than var. glabratus (Gray) Cronquist 

and the plants are usually much smaller. It seems 

rather difficult to discern clear varieties in this 

species at present, so none are recognized here. 

This is a pioneer plant of open, usually bare 

ground, normally growing in full sun. There is 

some slight evidence of hybridity with E. bonarienszs, but this is difficult to establish and the plants 

showing it may be merely extremes in the normal 

range of variation. 

Known from the Marianas (Rota, Guam), Carolines (Palau), Wake Island, and Kwajalein and 

Majuro in the Marshalls. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Rota: E of Songsong village, 10-20 m, Sachet 1734 (US); between Songsong and point above Aratsu Bay, 150-250 m, 

Evans 1927 (US). 

Guam: Com-Marianas quarry, Fonte, 180 m, 

Fosberg 35206 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); about 1 

km E of Agafo Gumas, 165 m, Fosberg 35505 (US, 

BISH, Fo); about 1 mi. [1.6 km] S of Potts 

Junction, 140 m, Fosberg 39273 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); Andersen Air Force Base, Moran 4433 

(UC, Fo); Guam College campus, Stone 3788 

(GUAM); Pedrus 40 (US); Tumon, Pereda 125 

(BISH); Tumon Bay, Stone 4990 (A); east of 

Guam Memorial Hospital, 30 m, Evans 225 (US); 

Tamuning, 35 m, Fafanruw 1274 (US) ; 1275 (US), 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: Richardson 106 

(US); Babeldaob: Ngatpang, Tuyama in 1939 

(TI); Peliliu: Emmons 95 (US, BISH); N landing, 

1-2 m, Fosberg 31960 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 

near Bloody Nose Ridge, Cheathum 152 (US), 153 

(juvenile) (US); 2-4 m, Fosberg 47646 (US); Angaur: N of phosphate drying plant, 8 m, Canfield 

182 (US). 

Ulithi: Falalap I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 46495 (US). 

WAKE ISLAND.-wake I., FAA Dock, Fosberg 

43536 (US); S of runway, Sachet 897u (US); W 

end of runway McFarlune 75, 79 (both BISH). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-KWajalein Atoll: Kwajalein Islet, Fosberg 36646 (US, BISH, Fo, NY), 

31169 (US). 

Majuro Atoll: Seen by Fosberg in 1978. 

Coreopsis L. 

Coreopsis L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 388, 1754 [1753]; Sp. PI., 907, 

1753. 

Herbs, rarely shrubby; leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, entire to variously divided; heads 

long-pedunculate, solitary or loosely corymbosely 

disposed, radiate, showy; involucres of 2 series of 

phyllaries, outer shorter, inner separate or somewhat united at base; ligules somewhat toothed at 

apex, spreading; disk yellow or purple; filaments 

of stamens glabrous; achenes compressed, usually 

winged, sometime narrowly so; pappus various or 

absent. 

A medium-sized American and African genus, 

closely related to Bidens, distinguished mostly by 

its usually winged achenes, which are sometimes 

winged in Bidens, also, and occasionally, wingless 

in Coreopsis. 

Three cultivated species sometimes planted in 

Micronesia. 

Key to Species of Coreopsis in Micronesia 

1. Leaves entire or mainly trifoliolate, segments mostly lanceolate, several 

cm long Coreopsis Ianceolata 
NUMBER 46 31 

1. Leaves pinnately or bipinnately divided or compound. 

2. Leaflets rhombic or ovate, leaves pinnate or scarcely bipinnate . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , . , . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . Coreopsis basalis 

2. Leaflets linear, leaves usually bipinnate, at least lowest . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 

Coreopsis tinctoria 

Coreopsis basalis (Dietrich) Blake 

Coreopszs basalzs (Dietrich) Blake, Proc. Am. Acad., 51:525, 

1916.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962. 

Callropszs basalzs Dietrich in Otto and Dietrich, Allg. Gartenzeit., 3:329, (Oct) 1835. 

Coreopsis drummondzr (D. Don) Torrey and Gray, FI. N. Amer., 

2:345, 1842.-Okabe, Jour. Jap. For. SOC., 23:271, 1941. 

Callzopsrs drummondzz D. Don in Sweet, Brit. FI. Gard. 2:Pl. 

315, (Dec) 1835. 

Herb, erect or with branches strongly ascending, glabrous to villous or loosely woolly, stems 

ribbed; leaves opposite, long-petiolate, especially 

basal ones, pinnate or rarely lower pinnae again 

pinnate, segments rhombic or ovate, sessile or 

almost so, terminal one larger, 1-2 (-3) cm long; 

peduncles terminal 10-20 (-25) cm long, heads 

solitary at apex of peduncles 2.5-5 cm wide; 

involucre (1-) 1.5 cm wide, outer phyllaries green, 

lance-ovate to ovate, inner much exceeding the 

outer, ovate, scarious to brown or purplish; ligules 

yellow, usually with reddish or purplish base, 

strongly 3- to 4-toothed; disk yellow or usually 

dark red; receptacular bracts (chaff) thin-scarious, linear; achenes wingless, 1.5 mm long, 

strongly concavo-convex, convex surface minutely muriculate; pappus none. 

Native of the southern United States, especially 

Texas; planted as an ornamental. 

Grown in Jaluit (Okabe 1941:271). 

USE.-Ornamental 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Coreopsis (English) 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-JalUit. Okabe 1941:271; 

Fosberg & Sachet, 1962:37 (citing Okabe). 

Coreopsis lanceolata L. 

Coreopsis lanceolata L., Sp. PI., 908, 1753. 

Herb, stems decumbent to ascending, several 

from a hard root crown, glabrous or rarely pilose 

below, to 5-6 dm tall; leaves 4-5 to 10 cm long, 

lanceolate, the lower and basal ones long-petiolate, blade entire or with 2 small pinnae from 

base, apices obtuse to acutish, base long attenuate, upper cauline short-petiolate or sessile; 

heads solitary, 3-7 cm across, yellow on peduncles 

2-3 dm long; outer phyllaries green, lance-ovate 

to lanceolate, inner much larger, ovate or ellipticovate, brownish with narrow pale margin; rays 

cuneate-obovate, 4- to &toothed, yellow, disk yellow; achenes 2.5-3 mm long, black, orbicular, 

strongly concavo-convex, with a broad wing, 

outer convex surface papillate; pappus of 2 small 

scales. 

Native of eastern United States, widely planted 

as an ornamental; very rarely cultivated in Micronesia (Palau). 

USE. -Ornamental. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Koror: Ikelau, 

cult., Blackburn 189 (US). 

Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall 

Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2: 114, 

182l.-MerriIl, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 153, 1914.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 6:583, 197 1. 

Annual herb, to 1 m tall, glabrous, branched; 

leaves opposite, lower bipinnatifid, upper pinnatifid to entire, segments linear; inflorescence sparingly to much branched, corymbiform, with small 

linear bracts at ramifications; heads 2-3 cm 

across; involucre with outer phyllaries small, 

about 2 mm long, inner ovate, 5-6 mm, thick and 

greenish toward base, thinner and brown distally; 

rays obovate, obscurely to definitely toothed, 

teeth low, obtuse, ray yellow, or most often red 

brown to almost black in basal half, sometimes 

entirely dark, sterile; disk dark reddish black, 

convex; achenes linear-oblong, wingless, black, 

not convex; pappus wanting. 
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Native of central United States, frequently cultivated as an ornamental; in Micronesia planted 

in gardens on Guam. The form with entirely dark 

rays sometimes called var. atropurpurea Hooker, 

but this seems only a forma. 

USE.-Ornamental, 

VERNACULAR NAME.-coreopsis (English) 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam: s. I., Merrill 1914: 

153; G.E.S. 316 (US, BISH); Nelson 551 (BISH); 

Tamuning, Fosberg 35353 (US). 

Cosmos Cavanilles 

Cosmos Cavanilles, Icon. et Descr., 1:9, 1791.-Sherff, Field 

Mus. Bot. Ser. 8:401-447, 1932. 

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, 

undivided to pinnatifid or pinnatisect; heads radiate, heterogamous, on terminal peduncles or 

loosely corymbosely paniculate; involucre somewhat hemispheric, phyllaries in two unequal series; receptacle flat, with plane to somewhat concave bracts; ray flowers neuter, with conspicuous 

colored ligules, apices entire to subdentate; disk 

flowers tubular with cylindric 5-toothed limb; 

filaments hairy; style branches thickened above, 

apices shortly acute; achenes linear to fusiform or 

somewhat 4-angled, beaked; pappus of 2-8 persistent barbellate awns. 

A small genus of 25 or more species, tropical 

American, mostly from Mexico, several of them 

cultivated as ornamentals, two of these known to 

be planted in Micronesia. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Cosmos 

Leaves divided, segments linear, subfleshy , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . C. bipinnatus 

Leaves deeply dissected, segments lanceolate, thin, flat . . . . . , , C. sulphureus 

Cosmos bipinnatus Cavanilles 

Cosmos bipinnatus Cavanilles, Icon. et Descr., 1: 10, t. 14, 1791. 

Coreopsis formosa Bonato, Pisaura Autom. Cor. Form., 22, 

Bidens formosa (Bonato) Schultz-Bipontinus in Seemann, Bot. 

1793. 

Voy. Herald, 307, 1856. 

Herb to 1.5 m tall, stems somewhat 4-angled, 

glabrous or almost so; leaves deeply bipinnately 

dissected, ultimate segments linear or linear-filiform, 1 mm wide or less; heads large, solitary on 

long peduncles, these terminal or axillary; involucre broad, saucer-shaped, outer whorl of phyllaries ovate, acuminate, green, about 1 cm long, 

inner broadly ovate or elliptic, obtuse or very 

slightly prolonged, membranous with conspicuous white margins, otherwise bronzy, equaling or 

somewhat exceeding the outer; ray florets about 

7-8, with ligules white, pink, lilac to maroon, 

broadly obovate, subtruncate up to 2.5-4 cm 

long, with 3 obscure or obtuse teeth; disk corollas 

dilated somewhat upward, teeth oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute; anthers blackish brown 

with ovate-acute scarious appendages; achenes 

blackish, 7-16 mm long, sulcate, with a long 

beak; pappus of 2-3 small retrorsely barbed awns 

or these lacking. 

A pantropical and temperate cultivated garden 

ornamental not commonly seen in Micronesia. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Kayangl, Salsedo 

405 (US). 

Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles 

Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles, Ic., 1: 56 t. 79, 1791 [as sulfureus 

on t. 79].--Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 153. 1914.- 

Sherff, Field Mus. Pub. But., 8:408-411, 1932.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 6:584, 1971 [as su~ureus]. 

Bidens sulphurea (Cavanilles) Schultz-Bipontinus in Seemann, 

Bot. Voy. Herald, 308, 1856.-Fosberg, Falanruw & 

Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:42, 1975. 

Herb to 1 m tall, pubescent to glabrescent; 

leaves usually shortly petiolate, ovate in general 

outline, deeply divided, pinnate to somewhat bipinnate, segments lanceolate, 2 mm or more wide, 

acute, mucronulate; heads on long erect peduncles; involucre to 1.5-2 cm broad, phyllaries 

spreading to ascending, outer whorl narrowly 

lanceolate, green, inner 2 or more times as long, 

scarious, lanceolate, acuminate; ray florets up to 

10 with ligules bright orange, obovate-cuneate, to 
NUMBER 46 33 

3 cm long, rounded, obscurely 3-dentate: disk 

florets orange yellow, narrowly funnelform, lobes 

lanceolate, anthers black with brown, acute appendages; achenes linear-lanceolate; quadrangular, to 2 cm long, with a prominent scabrid beak, 

pappus of 1-3 stiff, retrorsely barbulate, often 

deciduous awns. 

A pantropical ornamental very commonly 

planted in gardens in Micronesia, in the Marianas 

(Agrigan, Tinian, Guam), Carolines (Woleai, Ifaluk, Satawal, Satawan). 

VERNACULAR NAMEScosmos (Enqlish) 

barung (Uoleai ELans 459) 

purang (Woleai Fosberg 47066 

purang palap (Satawal Fosberg 46878) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDS.-Agrigan: Gardens around 

village, Fosberg 31559 (US). 

Tinian: Camp Churo, 100 m, Fosberg 24814 

(US, BISH). 

Guam: Merrill, 1914:153; s.l., G.E.S. 267 

(BISH): Dededo, cult., 100 m, Fosberg 35304 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY); Agana and Pitti, Hollett 9 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Woleai or Ifaluk (in a garWoleai: Wattagai I., planted, Fosberg 47064 

Faraulap: Faraulap I., Fosberg & Evans 47390 

Ifaluk: Ifaluk I., cult., Fosberg 47/98 (US). 

Satawal: Planted, Fosberg 46878 (US). 

Satawan: Seen but not collected by D. Ander- 

(US). 

land), Falanruw 1302 (Fo, GUAM). 

(US); Falalop I., Euans 459 (US). 

(US). 

son 

Crassocephalum Moench 

Crassocephalum Moench, Meth. PI., 5 16, 1794.-Belcher, Kew 

Bull.. 1955:455-465, 1955. 

Erect or climbing herbs or undershrubs, leaves 

alternate; heads solitary or corymbose, homogamous, discoid; involucre of one principal series of 

phyllaries, with a calyculus or at least several 

reduced bracts at the base; corollas very slender, 

scarcely exserted from involucre, style branches 

stigmatic to tip, where there is a 3/4 whorl of 

hairs and a long thin apical pencil of fused hairs; 

pappus of more than one series of capillary bristles. 

A small African genus with one widespread 

weedy species in the Indo-Pacific region-C. crep idio ides. 

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. 

Moore 

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore, Jour. Bot., 

50:211, 1912.--Stone, Micronesica, 6592, 1971.--Glassman. Bishop Mus. Bull.. 209:97. 1952 [as Sonchus 

oleraceus]. 

Gynura crepzdiotdes Bentham in Hooker f.. Niger Flora, 438, 

1849. 

Erechlites missionurn sensu Tuyama, Jour, Jap. Bot., 30: 124, 

126, 1955 [non Malme. Kongl. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Handl. 

32(5):73, 18991. 

Crassocephalurn rubens sensu Tuyama, .Jour. Jap. Bot. 3 1: 159- 

160, 1956 [non (Jussieu ex Jacquin) S. Moore. Jour. Bot., 

50:212, 19121. 

Erect resinous-aromatic herbs with ribbed 

stems, sparsely tomentulose when young, subglabrate; leaves thin, basically ovate, but tending to 

be lyrately lobed toward base, irregularly serratedentate, apex acuminate or acute, base contracted to a rather short petiole; heads rather few 

in a loose corymbiform panicle, cernuous; involucre 12-14 mm long, principal series of about 5 

phyllaries, linear, green with pale margins, a 

number of linear subulate bracts forming a calyculus at base; receptacle thick and fleshy; florets 

many; corollas almost capillary, slightly dilated 

at summit, not at all dilated at base, lobes 5, 

erect, linear lanceolate, yellowish becoming brick 

red, general effect deep orange: achenes cylindric, 

slightly contracted to base and apex, deep red 

brown, 10-ribbed, with appressed white hairs in 

furrows, at summit a flaring pale cup-shaped 

crown from which the pappus bristles are caducous; pappus white, soft, copious. 

Apparently a native of Africa, which has spread 

across Asia and into the Pacific in relatively 

recent times. Very weedy, found in pioneer situations. 
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Known in Micronesia from the Marianas 

(Guam) and the Carolines (Palau and Ponape). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-GUam: 1 km N of Fena 

River Dam, 50 m, Fosberg 35312 (US, BISH Fo, 

NY); Umatac, water point, base of cliff at head 

of valley, 100 m, Fosberg 35411 (US, BISH Fo, 

NY, L); 1-1.5 km SE of Agafo Gumas, 175 m, 

Fosberg 35489 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); just S of 

North Field, 150 m, Fosberg and Anderson 32627 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babeldaob (Babelthuap): Gakip, 150 ft [45 m], Hosaka 3373 (US). 

Urukthapel: E end of island, around lighthouse 

on top of peak, 200 m, Fosberg 32040 (US, BISH). 

Angaur: Tuyama in 1939 (TI). 

Ponape: Near Colonia, 75 ft [23 m], Glassman 

2581 (US, BISH). 

(US). 

Cynara L. 

Cynara L., Gen. PI., ed. 5, 359, 1754 [1753]; Sp. PI. 827, 1753. 

Coarse erect herbs; leaves basal and cauline, 

alternate, pinnately to tripinnately divided; 

heads large, discoid, terminal, ovoid; receptacle 

fleshy, flat, bristly, phyllaries broad, flat, leathery, 

imbricate in many series; flowers all discoid, corolla lobes 5, linear; style branches acute; achenes 

3-4 angled, pappus of many plumose bristles. 

A small Eurasian genus, two species of which 

are cultivated for their edible parts; one has been 

grown in Guam. 

Cynara scolymus L. 

Cynaru scoIymus L., Sp. PI. 827, 1753.-Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb. 9:280, 1905. 

Cynara cardunculus var. scobmus (L.) Hegi ex Stone, Micronesica 6:579, 1971 [probably an error for Cynaru cardunculus 

ssp. scobmus (L.) Hegi, FI. Mitt. Eur. 6(2): 924, 19281. 

Coarse herb to 1.6 m tall; basal leaves bi- or 

tripinnately divided, to 70 cm long, scarcely 

spine-tipped; heads up to 7 cm wide, 10 cm long, 

flowers bluish. 

The edible artichoke, which, according to Safford and Stone, has been grown, but not very 

successfully, in Guam. 

Eclipta L. 

Eclipta L., Mant., 2:157, 1771 [nom. cons.] 

Herbs, annual and perennial; leaves simple, 

opposite, entire to dentate; heads radiate, heterogamous, borne on slender pedicels that are terminal in dichotomies of the stem, changing to 

axillary; phyllaries broad, triangular, few, in 2 

series, receptacular bracts linear-filiform, absent 

in central part of receptacle; ray-flowers in 2 

series, white, pistillate, the ligule small, disk flowers with tubular 4- to 5-toothed corolla, bisexual, style branches flattened, tips obtuse or 

triangular, ray achenes narrowly triquetrous, disk 

achenes thickish, lightly laterally compressed, 

apex with callus or pappus-ring entire, denticulate, ciliate or shortly 2-aristate, achene surfaces 

glabrous. 

A tropical and warm-temperate weedy genus, 

especially of wet places, species very few, one very 

widespread, of which two varieties are known 

from Micronesia. 

filipta alba (L.) Hasskarl 

Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl, PI. Jav. Rar., 528, 1848.-Volkens, 

Bot. Jahrb., 31:477, 1901.--Schumann & Lauterbach, FI. 

Suds., 599, 1901.-Safford,Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.,9:266, 

1905.-Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 153, 1914.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI., 430, 1935.-Okabe, Bull. Trop. 

Indus. Inst., Palau, 5: 15, 1940.-Otobed, Guide List 

Plants Palau Is., 23, 1971.-Moore et al., Inv. Mapping 

Wetl. Veg. Mariana Is., 62, 217, 1977. 

Verbesina alba L., Sp. P1. 902, 1753.-Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb., 9:395, 1905. 

Eclipta erecta L., Mant., 286, 1771.-Lessing, Linnaea, 6: 153, 

1831.-Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 168, 

1835.-Safford, Contr. US. Nat. Herb., 9:266, 1905 [nom. 

illegit.]. 

Eclzpta prostrata sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:266, 

1905.-Stone, Micronesica, 1 : 134, 1964; Micronesica, 6: 

584, 1971 [non L., Mant., 2:286, 17711. 

Erect to prostrate, somewhat square-stemmed 

strigose to scabrous herb, rooting in basal parts; 

leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptic, 

obscurely to coarsely serrate, apex acute, base 
NUMBER 46 35 

decurrent to a very short petiole or subsessile 

base, hairs on leaves more numerous beneath, 

tending to have enlarged pustulate bases; peduncles filiform, terminal and axillary or pseudoaxillary, 1-2 in a leaf-axil, 5-30 mm long, each 

bearing a single head; heads a few mm wide, 

tending to be flat on bottom, phyllaries ovate, 

herbaceous, strigose, spreading but abruptly 

turned upward, acute to acuminate, only 4-5 in 

each series, the inner smaller; receptacular bracts 

linear-filiform, hyaline-margined, sparsely hispid, 

subequal with achenes; ligules linear-oblong, 

white, 1.5-2 mm long, apex rounded, disk flowers 

white, 1.5 mm long, limb much longer than tube, 

cylindric-campanulate, 4-toothed, teeth triangular; style branches short, thick, blunt, those of 

ray-florets glabrous, those of disk florets pubescent; achenes green until mature when they turn 

blackish, glabrous, obovoid-conic, apex truncate, 

sides very rugose, the outer ones thicker, 3-angled, 

convex on one side, the inner tending to be 

narrower and prismatic, but with 2 thick winglike 

keels, pappus absent or represented by 1 to several 

short, sharp teeth on a very short, erose callus cup 

on the triangular or usually diamond-shaped 

summit of the achene. 

Probably of tropical American origin but now 

worldwide in distribution. In Micronesia, known 

from the Marianas (Saipan, Rota, Guam), Carolines (Palau, Yap, Ulithi, Woleai, Faraulap, Ifaluk, Namoluk, Kapingamarangi) , Marshalls 

(Kwajalein, Majuro). 

UsEs.-It is used for medicine and dye (Guam: 

Barcznas 330). Medicine for enchanted children; 

when lips and tongue are dry and cracked the 

plant is chewed or squashed and the juice put on 

the lips (Guam: Evans 1744). It is used to treat 

colds and dizziness (Palau: Salsedo 414) and in 

mulch as a fertilizer, as a poultice for cuts and in 

the process of forming a hole in the ear (Ifaluk: 

Abbott and Bates 114). 

VERNACULAR NAMES. - 

titimo (Rota: Evans 2257) 

titima (Guam: Merrill, 1914; Stone, 1971) 

titimo (Guam: Whiting C15, 330, Moore et al., 1977) 

titimu (Guam: Evans 1744) 

deberbelel a tengadik (Palau: Sulsedo 316, 414) 

habwolubwol (Ifaluk: Abbott and Batts 1/f) 

The widespread E. alba seems separable, on the 

basis of habit, into two varieties corresponding to 

the two species of Linnaeus. Both are known from 

Micronesia. 

filipta alba (L.) Hasskarl var. alba 

Plants erect, with peduncles 1-2 cm long. 

Most Micronesian specimens belong in this 

variety. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS.-+. l.,Haenke in 1792 (BISH); Schumann & Lauterbach 1901:599 (citing Chamisso 

and Lesson). 

Saipan: Stephens 31 (Fo), Tanapag, 1 m, Fosberg 

31917 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Rota: Slope W of As Malote, S side of island, 

150 m, Fosberg 31914 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 

planted, Songsong village, Evans 2257 (US). 

Guam: Lessing, Linnaea 183 1 : 153 (citing 

Chamisso); Endlicher, 1835: 168 (citing Chamisso 

and Lesson); Merrill, 1914: 153; Astrolabe s.n. (P); 

G.E.S. 30 (US, K, BISH, NY); Merizo, Barcznas 

330 (US); Agana, near sea, 1 m, Fosberg 35236 

(US, BISH); Asan Pt., 1 m, Anderson 27 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Inarajan, Stone 3922 (GUAM), 

Moore 936 (US); Talofofo River, near mouth, Stone 

4310 (GUAM); Pago Bay, Falanruw 1352 (US); 

Chalan Pago, Whiting C15 (US); Mt. Santa Rosa, 

240 m, Evans 1744 (US); beach below Bijia Pt., 

Tumon Bay, Evans 1641 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: Kayangl: outside 

village, Salsedo 414 (US); Babeldaob (Babelthuap) : east coast at Melekeiok, Takamatsu I390 

(BISH); Melegejoh, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); Lae 

Ngelogal, Tuyama in 1939 (TI). Koror; Otobed P W10136 (US); Ngerebe’ed, Salsedo 316 (US). 

Yap: Volkens, 1901:477 (citing Volkens 289); 

near Public Works, Blackburn 252 (US). 

Ulithi: Fassarai I., Hosaka 3216 (US); Mogmog 

I., near marsh, 2-4 m, Fosberg LY Wong 25516 (US, 

BISH, Fo). Falalap I., in taro pit or marsh, 1-2 

m, Fosberg 465024 (US). 
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Woleai: Falalis I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 46999 (US); 

Faraulap: Faraulap I., Fosberg €? Evans 47364 

Ifaluk: Falalap I., Abbott €? Bates 114 (US, 

Namoluk: Namoluk I., Marshall 91 (US). 

Kapingamarangi: Touhou I., Nierzng 729 (US). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok: Enewetak I., 

Lamberson in 1976 (Mi). 

Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., Fosberg 48016 (US); 

around airstrip, 0-4 m, Fosberg 48041 (US). 

Majuro Atoll: Seen by Fosberg in 1978. 

Falalop I., 5 m, Evans 511 (US). 

(US). 

BISH). 

Eclpta alba var. prostrata (L.) Hassler 

Eclipta alba var. prostrata (L.) Hassler, Trab. Mus. Farm. Fac. 

Cienc. Med. Buenos Aires (Contrib. Flora chaco Argent.- 

Paraguay0 1 .) 2 1 : 129, 1909. 

Verbesina prostrata L., Sp. PI. 902, 1753. 

Ecliptaprostrata (L.) L., Mant. 2:286, 1771. 

Plants depressed or prostrate, pedicels usually 

less than 1 cm long. 

There has been much confusion about the application of the name Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. with 

most recent authors following Fernald, Santapau, 

and others in regarding it as the correct name for 

the whole Eclipta alba complex. Since Hasskarl, 

who was the first to unite the two species, chose 

the epithet alba, however, Eclzpta alba is the correct 

name for the aggregate concept. Since we recognize two varieties, the epithet prostrata may still 

be applied to the prostrate variety. 

Known in Micronesia from Palau in the Carolines, and in the Marshalls (Kwajalein and Majuro). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

CAROLINE IsLAms.-Palau: Koror: NgereMARSHALL ISLANDS.-Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

Majuro: Dalap I., near air strip, 1 m, Fosberg 

be’ed, 10 m, Fosberg 32487 (US, BISH). 

Fosberg 31163 (US, BISH). 

26901 (US, BISH, NY). 

Elephantopus L. 

Elephantopus L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 355, 1754 [ 17533 

Herbs with alternate subsessile leaves, often 

larger at base, usually pilose or hirsute; capitulae 

aggregated into secondary “heads” subtended by 

an “involucre” of several leaflike bracts, these 

terminal on peduncles, branching very loosely to 

form a large open panicle of upper part of plant; 

capitulae sessile, discoid, crowded, few-flowered, 

involucre of 4 decussately arranged pairs of phyllaries; receptacle naked; florets bisexual; corolla 

deeply 5-fid, lobes spreading; style branches long, 

filiform, pubescent; achenes 10-ribbed, hairy, 

pappus bristles straight, stiff, expanded at base 

into a scale. 

A small genus of weedy species, of tropical to 

warm temperate regions; one species introduced 

into Micronesia, native of tropical America. 

Elephantopus mollis Humboldt, Bonpland, & 

Kunth 

Elephantopus mollis Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth, Nov. 

Gen. & Sp. PI. 4:26 [fol. 201, 1820.-LMerrill, Phil. Jour. 

Sci. Bot., 7:201, 1912; Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9:153, 1914.- 

Kanehira, Enum, Micr. PI., 430, 1935.--Walker & Rodin, 

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 30:466. 1949.-Glassman, Bishop 

Mus. Bull., 209:97, 1952.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:592, 

1971.-Kami et al., Univ. Guam Mar. Lab. Tech. Rept.. 

16: 12, 1974.-Fosberg, Falanruw. & Sachet, Smithsonian 

Contr. Bot.. 22:42, 1975.-Falanruw & Payne, Life of 

Guam, 44, 71, 1976.-Moore et a].. Inv. Mapping Wed. 

Veg. Mariana Is.. 15, 1977. 

Elephantopus scaber sensu Schumann and Lauterbach, FI. 

Suds., 595, 1901.-Volkens, Bot. Jahrb.. 31:477, 1901.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:268, 1905.-von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.-MerriIl, Phil. 

Jour. Sci. Bot., 9: 174, 1914.-Kanehira, Enum, Micr. PI., 

430, 1935.--Glassman~ Bishop Mus. Bull.. 209:97, 1952 

[non L., Sp. PI., 814, 17531. 

Elephantopus tomentosus sensu Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot., 10(1):72, 1941.-Koster, Blumea, 1:465, 1935 [non 

L., Sp. PI., 814, 17531. 

Elephantopus carolinianus sensu Lessing, Linnaea, 6: 104, 

1831.-Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch.. 1 : 168, 

1835 [non Willdenow. Sp. PI.. 3(3):2390, 18031. 

Hirsute herb, to 2 m tall; leaves thin, elliptic, 

acute, or lowermost obtuse, base long-decurrent, 

almost or quite to base of petiole, margins crenate 

or serrate-crenate, often crispate, lower surfaces 

with very numerous minute resin globules, upper 

leaves becoming smaller and narrower to where 

they become bracts subtending the ramifications 
NUMBER 16 37 

and peduncles forming the “panicle” of “heads”; 

“heads” or clusters of capitula many, in alternately branched somewhat zigzag open panicles, 

to 0.5 m long, subtending bracts broadly ovate or 

cordate, acute, hirsute, strongly reticulate, capitula few to many, involucral bracts or phyllaries 

broadly lanceolate, sparsely appressed pilose, scarious margined, pungent; corolla white, tube 

long, slender, lobes broadly linear, curled when 

dry: achenes narrowly turbinate, brown, strongly 

ribbed, antrorse-hispid, pappus scales 5, triangular, margins fimbriate, awns straight, stiff, antrorsely shortly barbellate. 

Abundant agressive weed along paths, roadsides, and in cultivated or waste ground. Native 

of tropical America. 

In Micronesia, known from the Marianas 

(Asuncion, Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Guam) and Carolines 

(Yap, Ponape). 

Uses.-Used as a remedy for asthenic fever 

(Guam: Safford, 1905). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.-- 

elephant foot (English) 

papago (Marianas: von Prowazek, 1913) 

papago (Pagan: Anderson 572) 

papago (Alamagan: Falanruw 1898) 

papago baka (Guam: Falanruw & Payne, 1976) 

papago halen tan0 (Guam: Whiting C33) 

papago halom tan0 (Guam: Stone, 1971; Falanruw & Payne, 

papago halumtano (Guam: Moore et a]., 1977) 

papago vaca (Guam: Nelson 19, Stone 1971) 

papago vaka (Guam: Moore et al.. 1977) 

1976) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Gaudichaud s.n. (P); Gaudichaud 137 (G). 

Asuncion: Lower SW slope, 150 ft 145 m], 

Falanruzel 2264 (IJS, BISH). 

Agrigan: Village, Fosberg 31420 (US, BISH, 

Fo); SW coast, below 300 ft [90 m], Falanruw 2193 

(US, BISH). 

Pagan: Kanehira 2210 (FU); isthmus, Anderson 

572 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); near Salt Lake, W 

side of island, Fosberg 31359 (US, BISH, Fo); Mt. 

Pagan, Moore 384 (US). 

Alamagan: SSW coast, 450 ft [ 140 m], Falanruw 

1898 (US). 

Anatahan: NW corner of island, 200-300 ft 

[69-90 m], Falanruw 1632 (US). 

Saipan: Momose in 1930 (TI); Kanehira 932 (FU) 

[cited in Kanehira 1935:430 as Elephantopus spicatus]. 

Tinian: Okatani 50 (FU). 

Rota: Slopes above As Malote, S side of island, 

250 m, Fosberg 25091 (US, BISH); Sabana, 490 

m, Fosberg 31849 (US); above Tataacho Pt., 150- 

250 m, Evans 2070 (US). 

Guam: Lessing, Linnaea 6: 104, 1831 (citing 

Chamisso); Endlicher, 1835: 168; Merrill 1912: 

145-208; Merrill, 1914: 153, 154; Exped. de I’ Astrolabe 1 (G); G.E.S. 47 (US, BISH, K, BM); McGregor 

481 (BISH); Guerrero 704 (BISH); Herb. Richard 

(P); Hombron in 1841 (P, Fo); Le Guzllou 6 (P, Fo); 

S of Asan Pt., 100 m, Anderson 46 (US); Mt. Tenjo, 

Rodin 545 a (K, US); 320 m, Bryan s.n. (BISH); 

Machanao Dist., 100 m, Bryan 1196 (BISH); summit of Mt. Santa Rosa, 270 m, Bryan s.n. (BISH); 

Mepo, 180 m, Bryan 1041 (US, BISH, K); Anagua, Conouer 572 (BISH); Agana, Saflord & Seale 

1091 (US); Yigo, Whiting C.33 (US); Nelson 19 

(BISH, NY); volcanic hills near Sagua River, 100 

m, in savanna near Agat Dump, Stone 4198 

(GUAM, US); 1 mi [ 1.6 km] E of Yigo, G. C. Moore 

65 (US); Y2 mi [0.8 km] E of Barrigada, G.C. 

Moore 5 (US); Atantano River, P. Moore 849 (US); 

valley of Talofofo River, Stone 4448 (GUAM); 

Piti hills, Swezey in 1936 (BISH); Mt. Alutom, 

700 ft 1215 m] Hosaka 3085 (US); E of Sumay, 

350 m, Fosberg 25293 (US); Umafit, Evans 1485 

(US); between Umatac and Cetti Bay, Evans 1552 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-Yap: Volkens, 1901 :477; 

Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); Kolonia, Monte Kabul, 

Tuyama in 1932 (TI); central coast to Mt. Matade, 

120 m, Cushing 444 (US); 25 m, Cushing 445 (US); 

Lamer village, 15 m, Cushing 483 (US); Tamil I., 

100 ft [30 m], Hosaka 3261 (US). 

Ponape: s.l., Ledermann 13943 (K); Colonia, Kanehira 691 (FU); Gantt in 1946 (US, BISH, Fo); 2 

mi 13.2 km] S of Colonia, Glassman 2442 (US, 

BISH) ; Anapeng-pa, Takamatsu 732 (BISH) ; Kiti 

Dist., Ronkiti, Nakao in 1941 (KYO); 1-15 m, 

(US). 
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Fosberg 26407 (US); Jokaj, 100 ft [30 m], Hosaka 

3515 (US). 

Ernilia Cassini 

Emilia Cassini, Bull. SOC. Philom. Paris, 68, 1817. 

Weak to robust annual to perennial herbs, 

rarely slightly suffrutescent at base, herbage usually somewhat glaucous; leaves alternate, varying 

greatly from basal to upper cauline, frequently 

clasping at base; inflorescence 1 -few-headed, usually loosely corymbosely branched or subumbelloid; heads discoid; involucre of a few (usually 8- 

10) linear-oblong phyllaries in one series, coherent 

but tending to pull apart on drying and with age, 

edges overlapping; receptacle convex, naked, 

gently rugose, florets 10 to 100 or more; corolla 

very slender, with a firm, cup-shaped, somewhat 

dilated base, upper portion gradually, very 

slightly expanding upward, lobes 5, triangular to 

oblong-lanceolate, spreading, stamens 5, filaments very slender except the top 0.3-1.0 mm, 

which is firm and thickened, style-branches 

exserted, slightly recurved; achenes prismatic, 

truncate distally, with 5 angles, these with open 

to almost closed grooves with minute puberulence 

in them, sometimes with intermediate ribs, outer 

achenes fertile, inner sterile; pappus abundant, 

capillary, minutely scabridulous, caducous. 

An African-Indo-Pacific genus of between 30 

and 40 species, three of them widely introduced 

in the warmer parts of the New World and the 

central and western Pacific islands, two species in 

Micronesia. 

Key to Micronesian Taxa 

1. Involucre about % as long as flowers, flowers usually red ................. 

......................................................... Emilia fosbergii 

1. Involucre almost as long as flowers, flowers bright rose to 

mauve. ..... (Emilia sonchifolia) ......................................... 2 

2. Corolla lobes usually less than 1 mm long ............................. 

...................................... Emilia sonchifolia var. sonchifolia 

2. Corolla lobes exceeding 1 mm long . , . Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica 

Emilia fosbergii Nicolson 

Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Phytologia, 32:33, 34, 1975.-Merrill & Perry, Jour. Am. Arb., 27:325, 1946 [as E. sonchiEmzlra juuanicu sensu Walker and Rodin, Contr. US. Nat. 

Herb., 30:467, 1949.-Fosberg, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., 

23: 136, 1966.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:590, 1971 [non (Burman f.) C. B. Robinson, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 3:217, 

19081. 

Weak, subfleshy-stemmed herb, 20-60 or more 

cm tall, loosely branching, glabrous to usually 

sparsely long-pilose, leaves usually sparsely pilose, 

at least beneath on midrib, basal leaves tending 

to form a rosette, basal and lower cauline leaves 

ovate, more or less dentate, petiolate, blade usually strongly decurrent on petiole, middle cauline 

leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, base 

amplexicaul-hastate, margins shallowly to deeply 

folza]. 

dentate, upper cauline leaves and inflorescence 

bracts ovate to lanceolate, base amplexicaul-cordate, margins strongly to weakly dentate to entire; inflorescence very openly branched with one 

to few pedunculate heads on each branch, peduncles usually with a minute linear bractlet; involucre cylindric to usually somewhat urceolate, up 

to about 15 X 5 mm, phyllaries about 10, coherent 

but separating, linear-lanceolate, white-margined, acuminate at tips, becoming reflexed; receptacle about 5 mm across; florets definitely 

exceeding involucre at anthesis; corolla brick red, 

fading dull crimson or purplish, corolla tube very 

slender, limb cylindric, lobes 1.2-1.8 mm long; 

achene 5 mm long, prismatic, dark brown, 5- 

ribbed, ribs grooved, with white puberulence in 

grooves; pappus finely capillary, copious, white, 

scarcely exceeding corolla tube. 
NUMBER 46 39 

Micronesian plants are red-flowered, but in 

Hawaii pink, purple, and orange forms are 

known. 

A pantropical weed, native home unknown, in 

Micronesia known only from Guam and Kwajalein [said to have been introduced into Guam in 

1935 (Usinger, conversation) .] 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam: Merrill and Perry, 

1946:325 (as E. sonchifolza); s.l., Pedrus 29 (BISH); 

Agana Height, Glassman 292 (Fo); Mt. Tenjo, 

Rodin 522 (US); 240 m, Glassman 265 (Fo); 1000 

ft [305 m], Johnson, Markeley €9 Necker 75 (US, 

BISH); plateau between Ylig and Talofofo rivers, 

100 m, Fosberg 25332 (US, BISH); between Ylig 

and Sigua valleys, 300-400 ft [go-120 m], Steere 

58 (US); Mt. Alutom, Hosaka 3083 (US, BISH); 

2 km N of Agat, Necker 62 (US); Harmon village, 

Stone 4026 (GUAM), 4027 (GUAM); Yona, Stone 

4028 (GUAM); Merizo Annex, 90 m, Fosberg 

43508 (US, BISH); 4 km S of Piti, 100 m, Necker 

30 (US); 2 km S of Piti, Necker 181 (US); ?h mi 

[0.8 km] W of Agana Bay area, Moore 174 (US); 

Mt. Santa Rosa, Moran 4392 (UC, BISH, Fo); 

Asan Pt., 1 m, Anderson 41a (US, BISH, Fo); S to 

SE of Umatac, 80-100 m, Fosberg 35440~ (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); NE slopes of Mt. Almagosa, 

250 m, Fosberg 35315 (US, BISH, Fo); 2.5 km E 

30" S of Sinajana, Fosberg 35259 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); near Talisay, 2.5 km, 15" S of E of Apra 

Heights, 150 m, Fosberg 35254 (US, BISH, Fo). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

Fosberg 31186 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L), 48046 

Majuro: Uliga I., Fosberg 58809 (US). 

(US). 

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) de Candolle 

Emilza sonchz'jolia (L.) de Candolle in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind.. 

24. 1834.-Hosokawa, Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Jap., 7:202, 

1937.-Glassrnan, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209:97, 1952.- 

Stone, Micronesica. 6:590-592, 197 1 .-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Srnithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:42, 1975. 

Cacalia sonchi/olia L.. Sp. PI., 835, 1753. 

Weak, subglabrous to sparsely unevenly pilose, 

rather glaucous herbs; leaves usually deeply and 

irregularly pinnately lobed, terminal segments 

triangular, rarely broadly cordate in shaded 

plants, and shallowly and bluntly dentate; 

petioles of lower leaves narrowly winged, those of 

cauline leaves broad, auriculate-clasping, upper 

cauline leaves often sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 

dentate to entire, clasping; inflorescence subscapose, about twice length of leaves, or longer, with 

1-2 ovate-lanceolate bracts, cordate-clasping at 

base, sparsely corymbosely branched near top, 

with 3-6 or more heads; involucres narrowly 

cylindric, 7-9 X 2.5-3 mm, flowers 30-60, 

exserted no more than about 1-1.5 mm or 

scarcely at all, "pale mauve"; achenes prismatic, 

about 2.5 mm long, 5-ribbed, the ribs grooved, 

the grooves puberulent. 

Two varieties of this species are now recognised 

from the Pacific, both of which are found in 

Micronesia. 

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) de Candolle var. 

son chifolia 

Usually slender, corolla lobes 1 mm or less long. 

Originally described from Ceylon, now pantropical, difficult to know where indigenous and 

where introduced. 

Known in Micronesia from the Marianas (Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Saipan, Tinian, 

Rota, Guam); Carolines (Palau, Yap, Truk, Ponape, Kusaie). 

ngernuld (Palau: Fosberg 32325) 

buwan (Yap: Wong 347) 

arnshiip (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937) 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Agrigan: Along trail 

around S side of island, 10-20 m, Fosberg 31614 

(US, BISH, Fo); midwest coast, 30 ft [lo m], 

Falanruw 2316 (US). 

Pagan: E of pier, Anderson 613 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L); village, Moore 429 (US); near Salt Lake, 

W side of island, Fosberg 31369 (US). 
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Alamagan: SSW coast, sea level to 200 ft [60 

m], Falanruw 1958 (US). 

Guguan: W coast, below 50 ft [ 15 m], Fulunruw 

1813 (US); 200 ft [60 m], Fulanruw 18206 (US). 

Saipan: s.L, Stephens I01 (Fo); Chalan Kanoa, 

2 m, Fosberg 31324a (US); 50 ft [l5 m], Hosaku 

3025 (US, BISH); E end of Sabanan Laulau, 1 

mi [1.6 km] S of As Teo, 200 m, Fosberg 31319 

(US); S side of Kagman Peninsula, W of Kagman 

Pt., 30 m, Fosberg 31297 (US); Tanapag, 1 m, 

Fosberg 31280 (US); base of cliffs N of Mt. Marpi, 

Fosberg 25218 (US, BISH). 

Tinian: Terrace on SE coast, NE Carolinas Pt., 

60-80 m, Fosberg 24837 (US, BISH). 

Rota: Above As Malote, 250 m, Fosberg 25098 

(US, BISH), 31881 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Sabana, 

490 m, Fosberg 31850 (US). 

Guam: Plateau N of Talofofo, Hosaka 3125 

(US, BISH); just S of North Field, 150 m, Fosberg 

32628 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Dan Dan (Martinez Pasture), 110 m, Fosberg 35550 (US, BISH, 

Fo); NE slopes of Mt. Almagosa, 250 m, Fosberg 

35316 (US, BISH, Fo); Harmon village, Stone 

4I27 (GUAM). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: sl., Kanehira & Nzsidu 22 (FU). Babeldaob: Garudokku, Takamatsu 

1265 (BISH); Garikiai, Takamatsu 1744 (BISH); 

Gakip, 150 ft [45 m], Hosaka 3370 (US, BISH); 

Aimion Katelwell, Tuyama in 1937 (TI); Ngatpang, Tuyamu in 1939 (TI). Koror: Ngarmid, 100 

m, Fosberg 32325 (US); Ngarabaket, Tuyama in 

1939 (TI); Otobed PW-10008 (US, BISH). Aulupse’el: causeway to Malakal, Ngarmalk, 1-2 m, 

Fosberg 32506 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). Malakal 

I.: 15 m, Fosberg 47589 (US, BISH, MO, K, L, 

NY). Angaur: 3 m, Fosberg 31965 (US); Momose in 

1930 (TI); N end of island, 3.4 m, Fosberg 25966 

(US, BISH). 

Yap: 25 ft [8 m], Wong 347 (US, BISH), in 

oppido Dogol, Tuyama in 1939 (TI). 

Ulithi: Asor I., Fosberg 46443 (US). 

Fais: Inland from S end, 15 m, Fosberg 46672 

(US, BISH). 

Truk: 25 ft [8 m], Wong 213 (US, BISH); 

Koidzumz in 1915 (TI); Kamlya 36 (TI). Moen 

(Harushima): Tukamatsu 175 (BISH); 50-100 m, 

Evans 757 (US, BISH); Mt. Takeum, Hosaka 2718 

(US, BISH). Tol: Hosakawa, 1937; 202. 

Ponape: Jokaj, Takumatsu 778 (BISH) ; Saputik 

I., Glassman 2777 (US, BISH); vicinity of Colonia, 

65 ft [20 m], Glassman 2752 (US). 

Kusaie: Valley S of Lela Harbor, 1-5 m, Fosberg 

26650 (US, BISH). 

Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica (Burman f.) 

Mattfeld 

Emilia sonchifolia var. Jhaanica (Burman f.) Mattfeld. Nova 

Hieraciumjavanicum Burman f., F1. Ind. 174, t. 57. f.1, 1768. 

Emlliajavanica (Burman f.) C. B. Robinson, Phil. J. S. Bot. 

3:217, 1908 [non sensu Fosberg, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 

23: 136, 19661. 

Generally more robust and with somewhat 

broader heads than var. sonchiflia, corolla lobes 

1.2- 1.5 mm long. 

Widely distributed in the South Pacific islands 

from Indonesia to eastern Polynesia; in Micronesia only in southern Guam, probably introduced. 

MARIANAS.-Guam: Merizo Annex, 90 m, Fosberg 43507 (US); between Umatac & Cetti Bay, 

0-10 m, Evans 1548 (US). Inarajan River 1 ?h mi 

[2 km] SSW of Inarajan, 15 m, Evans 254 (US, 

BISH, BM, NY, G). 

Guinea 14 (Bot.):521, 1929. 

Epaltes Cassini 

Epaltes Cassini, Bull. SOC. Philom. Paris, 139, 1818. 

Herbs with alternate leaves; heads with involucres of several series of phyllaries, receptacle 

naked; flowers of two kinds, pistillate numerous 

in several outer series, corolla tubular, apex 3-4 

dentate, style deeply bifid; inner apparently bisexual, corolla tubular-campanulate or infundibuliform, 4-5 lobed; anther tube exserted, style 

entire or shortly bifid; achenes obovoid, oblong 

or ellipsoid, angled or ribbed, pappus none; achenes of bisexual flowers empty. 

A small, weedy genus found in both hemispheres; one species in Micronesia. 
NUMBER 46 41 

Epaltes australis Lessing 

Epaltes australis Lessing, Linnaea 5: 148, 1830 

Small, wiry depressed somewhat pilose herb; 

leaves obovate or broadly spatulate, fleshy, margins strongly dentate, both surfaces beset with 

resin globules and deeply pitted, at least when 

dry, lower surface sparsely pilose, apex obtuse in 

general outline, base decurrent to base of petiole; 

heads terminal but very soon becoming lateral, 

at first globose but becoming broader, greenish 

yellow; phyllaries broad, scarious except in central area, imbricate in 4-5 series, apices acute to 

rounded; receptacle smooth, flat to convex; outer 

several series of flowers pistillate, narrowly tubular, narrowing distally, apex minutely 4-dentate; 

style branches exserted, blunt; inner corollas narrowly campanulate, with 4 triangular lobes; style 

erect shortly bifid; achenes of pistillate flowers 

fertile, oblong, brown, prismatic with 4 pairs of 

ribs, abundant resin globules on sides, apex 

sharply truncate with a white roughly circular 

disk larger than diameter of achene, those of 

staminate flowers similar, narrower, empty. 

Native of Australia and southeastern Asia, recently introduced into Guam, known from there 

only from one collection, which more resembles 

Asiatic than Australian specimens. 

MARIANAS ILANDS.-GUam: Southern end of 

Cabras I., 15 m, Evans I673 (US). 

Erigeron L. 

Erzgeron L., Gen. P1. ed. 5, 371, 1754 [1753] 

Herbs rarely suffruticose; leaves alternate or 

basal, simple, margins entire, dentate or lobed; 

inflorescence scapose to paniculate; heads radiate, 

hemispheric; involucre with phyllaries in 2-many 

series, tending to be subequal or outer ones 

shorter, lanceolate to linear; receptacle flat, without chaff or bristles; ligulate flowers numerous, 2- 

many seriate, pistillate, ligules showy to inconspicuous, white to purplish, disk flowers many, hermaphrodite or outer ones pistillate, corolla tubular, 5-lobed; anthers entire at base, style branches 

obtuse at tips; achenes compressed, 4-angled, not 

beaked; pappus of barbellate bristles in 1 (rarely 

2) series. 

A large genus, mostly temperate or tropical 

montane, ill-distinguished from Conyza and Aster; 

one species recently introduced to Guam, another 

found on Guam and Angaur. Two other weedy 

species, commonly regarded as belonging here 

and common in Micronesia, formerly called Erigeron bonariensis L., and Erigeron canadensis L., are 

now regarded as belonging to the genus Conyza 

Lessing and are treated there. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Erigeron 

Plants caulescent, stiff, tall, with coarse leaf rosette at base, heads in corymbiform panicles ........................................ Erigeron annuus 

Plants acaulescent, delicate, forming small rosettes, with filiform bracteate 

scapes bearing solitary heads ......................... Erigeron bellioides 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Persoon 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Persoon, Syn., 2:431, 1807 [as annuum]. 

-Tuyama and Murase, Misc. Rept. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources, 23: 1-7, 1951.--Stone, Micronesica, 6:576, 1971. 

Erect herb to 1 m tall, 1-several stems from 

base, stems antrorse-hispid, branching above; 

basal leaves forming large rosettes, spatulate, to 

15 cm long, limb ovate to obovate, coarsely serAster annuus L., Sp. Pl., 875, 1753. 

rate-dentate, thinly antrorsely hispid on both surfaces, petioles winged almost to base, cauline 

leaves sessile or almost so, lower ones linear-oblong, to 10 cm, upper ones shorter, lanceolate; 

branches from near summit of stem strongly ascending, further ramifying and forming an open 

corymbiform panicle to 15 or more cm wide; 

heads to 1.5 cm wide, conspicuously radiate; 

phyllaries linear-spatulate, pointed, scarious mar- 
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

gined, subequal; ligules white, numerous, 5-7 

mm long, disk convex, greenish, corolla-lobes 

acute, granulate-scabrous; achenes oblong, 

sparsely sericeous; pappus a crown of capillary 

bristles. 

This is a variable species, introduced probably 

from Japan. The above description applies to the 

form introduced on Guam, which is more scapose 

than the common American and most of the 

Asiatic ones. We have not seen the material reported from Angaur by Professor Tuyama. 

Known in Micronesia from Guam and Angaur. 

It was present in Guam at least as early as 1954. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Guam: Andersen Air 

Force Base, Moran 4467 (UC); Northwest Field, 

Fosberg 35382 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); SW corner 

of Northwest Field, S of Ritidian Pt., 150 m, 

Fosberg 39270 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS-Palau: Angaur: Tuyama 

and Murase, 1951: 1-7. 

Erigeron bellioides de Candolle 

Erigeron bellioides de Candolle, Prodr., 5:288, 1835 

Depressed herb, stoloniferous, acaulescent, 

leaves many, condensed into a rosette about 5 cm 

across, sparsely pilose, thin, spatulate with limb 

broadly ovate, petiole winged to base, ciliate; 

heads borne at the ends of decumbent to erect 

filiform simple or slightly branched whiplike 

bracteate scapes up to 10-15 cm long, scapebracts broadly obovate to subspatulate, 5-7 mm 

long, with rounded apices, scattered along scapes, 

heads on appressed pubescent peduncles 1-5 cm 

long, receptacle slightly convex, head about 5 

mm across, phyllaries in 2 series, inner about 2 

mm long, linear lanceolate, blunt, margins distally sparsely scaberulous, tending to be fimbriate 

at tips, outer series similar but shorter and unequal in length; ray flowers small, white, ligules 

short, tips recurved, lobes of disk corollas blunt, 

thick; achenes pale straw color, about 1 mm long, 

oblong, sparsely sericeous with a crown of pappus 

bristles about twice as long as achene. 

Native of the Greater Antilles, type-locality 

Puerto Rico. Guam plants are more strongly 

pubescent than is usual for West Indian ones, but 

presumably within the range of variation of the 

species. A relatively recent introduction, as it 

apparently was not collected before 1965. Occurs 

in gardens and on roadsides, locally. It was seen 

well established in a lawn at Tumon by Fosberg 

in 1978. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Guam: Tamuning, 2 m, 

1965, Fosberg 46194 (US, BISH, Fo, MO, L, K, 

TI, NY, QLD); Evans f863 (US, BISH, Fo); 

Agafia Heights, Fosberg 50557 (US, BISH, Fo, 

BM, GH, MO, GUAM); gate to “Glass Breakwater,” 2 m, 1976, Herbst 5906A (US). 

Gaillardia Fougeroux 

Gaillardia Fougeroux, Observ. Phys., 29:55, 1786 [as Gaillarda, 

sphalrn.]; Mirn. Acad. Sci. Paris 1786:5, t. 1, 2, 1788,- 

Jussieu, Gen. Pl., 189, 1789 [as Galardiu, sphalrn.]. 

Annual to perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, 

cauline alternate; heads solitary, usually on long 

peduncles, radiate or discoid, often showy; involucre of 2-3 series of green phyllaries; receptacle 

hemispheric, usually setose; ray-flowers, if present, with 3-lobed or toothed ligules; disk usually 

globose, disk flowers hairy, fertile, usually 5- 

lobed, hairy at least at base; achenes obpyramidal; pappus of awn-tipped scales, these 5 or 10. 

A small American genus, several species commonly planted as ornamentals and many cultivars produced by horticultural hybridization and 

selection. One species planted in gardens in Micronesia and locally naturalized. 

Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux 

Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux, Mirn. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786: 

5, t. 1, 2, 1788.-Guillaurnin, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99: 

22, 1952.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull., 59:95, 1957 [as Guillarda].-Stone, Micronesica, 6582, 197 1. 

Pubescent herb to several dm tall; early leaves 

basal, the cauline narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, entire to remotely lobed, obtuse to acutish, 
NUMBER 46 43 

narrowed to a sessile base; heads 2.5-6 cm across, 

long-pedunculate, peduncles terminal on 

branches; involucral bracts foliaceous, green, 

white at base, apices prominently acuminate; rays 

narrowly obovate to cuneate, with 3 acute teeth, 

red or yellow, usually with yellow tips, sometimes 

modified funnelform, deeply lobed; disk globose, 

1.5-2 cm diameter, florets blackish maroon, lobes 

acuminate; achenes notably hairy; pappus scales 

stiff, straw-colored, ascending-spreading, prominently awned. 

The Micronesian plants may be the var. pzctu, 

if, indeed, that is distinct, or they may be horticultural hybrids or their progeny. The plants are 

extremely variable, especially in leaf outline and 

in size, form, and color of ray flowers. 

In Micronesia, cultivated in the Marianas 

(Guam) and the Gilberts (Tarawa). 

USES. -0rnamen tal. 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

gadyadea (Guam: Nelson 121, 552) 

gayadea (Guam: Stone, 197 1) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Guam: Nelson 121 

(BISH), 552 (BISH); Tamuning, cult., Fosberg 

35345 (US); Agana Heights, cult., 50 m, Fosberg 

43476 (US). 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Tarawa: Bairiki, Cutulu I I8 

(P); cult., Aduir 146 (BISH, US); Betio, cult., 

Aduir 70 (BISH, US), 71 (BISH, US). 

Glossogyne Cassini ex Lessing 

Glossogyne Cassini ex Lessing, Syn. Gen. Comp., 212, 1832. 

Small herbs, branched from base and sparingly 

above; leaves alternate, pinnatisect, mostly 

crowded in a basal rosette; heads solitary, pedunculate, phyllaries in 2 series, ray flowers pistillate, 

fertile; disk flowers hermaphrodite, corolla 4- 

toothed; style branches elongate-subulate; achenes linear, with 2-4 ascending stiff retrorsely 

barbed awns. 

A small Indo-Australasian-western Pacific genus, very much like Bidens in appearance, but 

perhaps differing sufficiently in its alternate 

leaves, 4-toothed disk corollas, and long attenuate-subulate style branches. One species widespread in the western Pacific, present on those 

Micronesian islands with savannas on volcanic 

soil. 

Glossogyne tenuifolia (Labillardiere) Cassini ex 

Lessing 

Glossogyne tenuifoliu (Labillardiere) Cassini ex Lessing, Syn. 

Gen. Comp., 212, 1832.-Endlicher. Ann. Wien. Mus. 

Naturgesch., 1: 168, 1835.-de Candolle, Prodr., 5:632, 

1836.-Schumann & Lauterbach, F1. Suds., 602, 1901.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:284, 1905.--von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.-MerriIl, Phil. 

Jour. Sci. Bot., 9:154, 1914.-Schinz & Guillaumin, Nova 

Caled. Bot., l(3): 177-255, 1921.-Kanehira, Enum, Micr. 

PI., 430, 1935.-Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot., 10: 

72, 1941.-Okabe, Nankyo, 2:47, 1943.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:585, 1971.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, 

Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:42-43, 1975. 

Bidens tenuifoliu Labillardiere, Sert. Aust. Caled., 44, t. 45, 

1825.-Gaudichaud, Bot. Voy. Uranie, 464, 1826 

[1829].-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:199, 1905. 

Bidens rneyenianus Walpers, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., 19, Suppl., 

1:271, 1843.-Volkens, Bot. Jahrb., 31:477, 1901. 

Perennial herbs 1-several dm tall, 1 to a few 

ascending branches from a strong perennial rootstock; leaves mostly crowded at base, a few cauline at the 1-4 ramifications of the stems, blades 

pinnately divided, lobes several on a side, linear, 

mucronate, heads radiate, terminating branches; 

involucre campanulate, 3-5 mm high, phyllaries 

linear-oblong to somewhat tapering, in 2 or rarely 

3 series, ascending to somewhat spreading; ray 

florets with ligule obovate. 

A widespread Indo-Pacific species, characteristic of savannas found on most of the volcanic or 

partly volcanic islands in Micronesia, in the Marianas (Asuncion, Agrigan, Pagan, Guguan, Saipan, Rota, Guam) and Carolines (Palau, Yap). 

USES.-The leaves and stems are squeezed and 

thejuice expressed is applied to cuts (Yap: Okabe, 

1943) * 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

aorneleng (Yap: Wong 410) 

nap (Yap: Wong 410) 

oh1 (Yap: Okabe, 1943) 
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Gaudichaud, 1826:464; 

Volkens, 1901:121. 

Asuncion: SW slope, 1500 ft [460 m] Falanruw 

2297 (US); 1000 ft [305 m], 2306 (US); 830 ft 

1255 m], 3065 (US). 

Agrigan: Hosokawa 8006 (A). 

Pagan: s.l., Hosokawa 7956 (Fo); Kanehira 2212 

(P, NY, FU); Mt. Pagan, 1870 ft [570 m], Moore 

374 (US); E of Fresh Water Lake, 2-50 m, Fosberg 

31404 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Guguan: Gentle valley on W coast, 100 m, 

Falanruw 3I I8 (US); 200-300 ft [60-90 m], Falanruw I831 (US, BISH). 

Saipan: s.l., “boreali” Okabe in 1939 (TI); Ditzenyama Ridge, 200 m, Fosberg 31754 (US); E 

end of Sabana Laulau, 1 mi [ 1.6 km] S of As Teo, 

200 m, Fosberg 31318 (US); sea cliffs on Tsukimi 

Bay, E of Mt. Petosukara, 75 m, Fosberg 25205 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY); Raurau, Hatusima 10680 

Rota: Slopes above As Malote 250 m, Fosberg 

25105 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); 31844 (US, BISH, 

Fo) . 

Guam: Endlicher, 1835: 168 (citing Gaudichaud); Merrill, 1914: 154; de Candolle, 1836: 

632; McGregor 406 (US, BISH) ; between Sigua 

and Ylig valleys, 300 ft [90 m], Steere 40 (US); 

headwaters, Ylig River, savanna area, Rodin 607 

(US, BISH); Manengon, W of Tarzan Falls, upper Ylig River, Stone 4209 (GUAM, BISH); Mt. 

Tenjo, 900 ft [275 m], Hosaka 3424 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY); 320 m, Bryan in 1936 (BISH); Mt. Tenjo 

and Mt. Reconnaissance area, 1000 ft [305 m], 

Moore 97 (US); Mt. Alutom, E of Sumay, 350 m, 

Fosberg 25282 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); slopes back of 

Piti, G.E.S. 444 (US, BISH); Swezey in 1936 

(BISH). Sabana Magas, Costenoble 1190 (US); Mt. 

Santa Rosa, Moran 4389 (BISH, UC, Fo); Dan 

Dan (Martinez Pasture), 110 m, Fosberg 35545 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Umatac, hill crest, 300- 

400 m, Anderson 305 (US, BISH, Fo); ridge SE of 

(FU). 

Umatac, Anderson 282 (US, BISH); above jona, 

100-150 m, Evans 697 (US); upper Masso River 

valley, 1500 ft [460 m], Grether in 1947 (BISH); 

1.5 mi [2.4 km] SSW of Inarajan along river, 50 

m, Evans 256 (US); Cotal conservation area, 100- 

130 m, Sachet 1710 (US); Merizo Annex, 90 m, 

Fosberg 43505 (US, BISH, Fo); Bile Bay, between 

Merizo and Umatac, within 100 m of shore, 

Necker 47 (US); S of Asan Pt., Anderson 58 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Commarianas Hill, Anderson 

1 I2 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: S.I., Kusano in 1915 

(TI); Babeldaob: 1 mi [1.6 km] NNW of Ngerelong school, along road to Ollei, 55 m, Canji’eld 

403 (US); W Babeldaob, W Ngeremlengui 

Munic., ridge N of Imeong, 100 m, Canfield 610 

Yap: Volkens, 1901:477; s.l., Kanehira I224 

(NY, FU); Fujikawa in 1939 (TI); open field, 100 

ft [30 m], Wong 410 (US, BISH, A); Kanif, Takamatsu 1923A (BISH), 1931a (BISH); hill SW of 

Gitam, Fosberg 46576 (US); Ins. Tomil, Tuyama in 

1939 (TI). 

(US). 

Lactuca L. 

Lactuca L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 348, 1754 [ 17531; Sp. PI. 795, 1753; 

Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI., 2:524, 1873. 

Glabrous, usually lactiferous herbs, leaves basal 

and/or alternate, usually glabrous, rarely hispid, 

heads radiate, paniculate; involucres cylindric, 

usually narrow, phyllaries in few series, inner 

erect, subequal, the outer gradually shorter to 

very short, receptacle plane, naked; flowers all 

ligulate, ligules pale yellow or blue, 5-dentate at 

apex; achenes oval-oblong to narrow, more or less 

compressed, often flat, apex usually long-beaked, 

rarely very shortly so, faces 3-5 costate; pappus 

copious, capillary. 

A large mostly Northern Hemisphere genus 

but with a few African and several tropical species, at least ‘2 introduced into Micronesia. 

Key to Species of Lactuca in Micronesia 

Basal leaves obovate to orbicular, not notably lobed, achenes strongly 

beaked . . . . . . . , . . , . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactuca sativa 

Basal leaves strongly lobed, achenes scarcely beaked . . . . . Lactuca intybacea 
NUMBER 46 45 

Lactuca intybacea Jacquin 

Lactuca intybacea Jacquin in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 1:713, 

Launaea znpbacea (Jacquin) Beauverd, Bull. SOC. Bot. Geneve 

1784. 

11, 2: 114, 1910. 

Plant 1.3 m tall, leafy to about halfway up, 

with a rosette at base; basal leaves 12 X 25 cm, 

decreasing upward, oblong in general outline, 

deeply lobed, 4-5 pairs of triangular lobes pointing somewhat backward, terminal lobe on lower 

leaves obtuse, becoming acuminate above, margins irregularly glandular-denticulate, blade sessile, strongly auriculate, the auricles more or less 

lacerate; upper part of stem bare, paniculate, tiny 

aristate bracts subtending branchlets; heads narrow, 12-15 mm long; outer involucral bracts 

imbricate in several series of varying lengths, the 

inner 4-8 at least twice the length of longest outer 

ones, blunt and slightly laciniate at apex, purple 

with narrow white margin; flowers yellowish 

white, corollas exceeding involucres by about 5 

mm; achenes gray or yellowish gray, about 3-5 

mm long, somewhat swollen, roughly square in 

cross section, 4 strong ribs with 2 subsidiary ones 

in each interval, ribs muricate papillate, narrowed above to a short beak about 1 mm or less 

long; pappus white, capillary, abundant, 7-8 mm 

long, in 2 indistinct series. 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam, Mangilao, Stone 

4733 (BISH, GUAM). 

Lactuca sativa L. 

Lactuca satzua L., Sp. PI., 795, 1753.-Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb., 9:281, 304, 1905.-Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. 

Bot., 9:154, 1914.-Fosberg, Atoll Res. Bull., 67:19, 

1959.-Fosberg &Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull. 123: 15, 1969.- 

Stone, Micronesica, 6:577, 1971. 

Erect glabrous lactiferous herb to 1 m tall; 

basal leaves large, numerous, obovate to orbicular, forming an often rather curly rosette or compacted into a head, stem leaves smaller, auriculate 

serrate; heads erect, yellow, 12-16 flowered; 

achenes oblong but somewhat broader above, 

with a slender beak. 

First reported from Guam in 1905, it is occasionally cultivated and sometimes escapes. It was 

observed in cultivation on Wake Island in 1939 

and 1952 (Fosberg, 1959:19), but not in 1961 or 

1963 (Fosberg and Sachet, 1969:15). In the Marshalls it is cultivated on Kwajalein. 

UsEs.-Japanese varieties cooked as pot herbs 

(Guam: Safford, 1905). Fresh leaves commonly 

used as salads. 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

lettuce (English) 

lechuga (Spanish) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam: Safford, 1905: 

304; Merrill, 1914: 154; Tamuning, planted, Evans 

1864 (US). 

WAKE ISLAsD.-Fosberg, 1959: 19. 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Kwajalein: Fosberg, 

sight record, growing in sheltered garden, 1956. 

Mikania Willdenow 

Mzkania Willdenow, Sp. PI., 3: 1742, 1803 [norn. cons.] 

Herbs, shrubs, or usually twining vines; leaves 

opposite, usually simple, often broadly cordate or 

hastate; heads paniculate, discoid, narrow, 

4-flowered, involucre of 4 nearly equal bracts; 

often with prominent 5th subinvolucral bract; 

flowers white, corolla tube narrow, limb funnelform, broad, 5-lobed; achenes 5-angled, with copious capillary pappus bristles. 

A large mostly American genus with one or 

two widely dispersed species, one recently introduced on Guam. 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willdenow 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willdenow, Sp. PI., 3: 1743, 1803.- 

Stone, Micronesica, 6:581-582, 1971.-Randall, Tsuda, 

et al., Univ. Guam Mar. Lab. Tech. Rept., 12:55, 1974,- 

Kami et al., Univ. Guam Mar. Lab. Tech. Rept., 16:12, 

1974.-Moore et al., Inv. Mapping Wetl. Veg. Mariana 

Is., 15, 76, 94, 1977. 

Eupatorium scandens L., Sp. PI, 836, 1753. 

Mikania micrantha Hurnboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Nov. 

Gen. et Sp., 4:105, 1820. 

Extensive twining herbaceous vine, all parts 

with minute scattered resin globules, stems 

sparsely pilose especially near nodes; leaves thin, 
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

about 6-10 X 5-6 cm, cordate subhastate, long 

acuminate, margins obscurely to clearly sinuate 

or sinuate-dentate, with 3 principal nerves, the 

nerves marginal from base to a few mm up, 2 

lesser nerves spreading from margin beyond, all 

lateral ones arching upward and anastomosing to 

form a coarse network, blade glabrous to subglabrous or very sparsely short-pilose below, petiole 

slender, subequal with or exceeding blade; heads 

in rather loose thyrsoidally subumbellate panicles, these glabrous, ramified 3 times, branches 

and peduncles filiform; heads narrowly campanulate, 4-5 mm long, florets white, exceeding involucre, phyllaries green, with hyaline margins, 

narrowly obovate, with an ovate-acute or acuminate apical part, this hyaline and ciliolate, 1 

outer phyllary or bract much shorter, almost 

entirely green, 2 innermost ones broader, hyaline 

or only central part somewhat greenish; corolla 

limb campanulate-funnelform, lobes ovate, 

acute; tending to be either recurved or inrolled; 

anther tube dull tan to brownish, with 5 pale 

ovate-lanceolate, obtuse hyaline appendages; 

style branches cream color, turning brownish, 

puberulent; achenes dark brown, glabrous or angles hispidulous, prismatic, angles with white filiform keels, intervals with scattered clear resin 

globules; pappus white, turning light brownish, 

subequal with corolla, bristles antrorsely hispidulous. 

Mikania scandens L. is here adopted in an extremely broad sense. Several of the specimens 

from Guam have been determined by W.C. 

Holmes as Mikania micrantha H.B.K., a name generally used for the widespread weedy Neotropical 

species, and which we have earlier used on herbarium sheets for the Micronesia introduction. 

We have compared the Guam material with an 

extensive series of Mikania scandens from the eastern United States and of material named Mikania 

micrantha by Holmes from tropical America and 

from Melanesia and Samoa. These “species” are 

both variable, the “micrantha” perhaps more so. 

The Guam material seems in most characters 

quite within both ranges of variation, perhaps 

more like the eastern United States material than 

the Melanesian, though admittedly this is only 

an impression. There is said to be a difference in 

cell size that may be responsible for the tendency 

toward recurved corolla lobes in “micrantha.” We 

see little to be gained by recognizing species based 

on such tenuous grounds and prefer to admit a 

reasonable amount of variability. Hence we, for 

the time being, call the Marianas plant Mikania 

scandens L. 

A widespread tropical plant of American origin, introduced on Guam during or after World 

War 11, and now abundant there and recently 

spread also to Rota, Tinian, and Saipan. We have 

not seen specimens from the latter two islands 

but record it on the authority of Mr. Philip 

Moore. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS 1sLANDs.-Saipan: Moore et al., 

Tinian: Moore et al., 1977:76, 80. 

Rota: Sabana Road, SW of airport, Fosberg & 

Moore 58217 (US, BISH). 

Guam: Above Jona, 100-150 m, Evans 705 

(US); 2-3 km NW of Yona, 100-130 m, Fosberg 

35293 (US, BISH, FO, NY, L); Agafia Springs, 

P. Moore 804 (US); Talofofo River area, Pedrus 22 

(GUAM); Cabras I., along Piti channel, 0-3 m, 

Evans 1445 (US); Y-Piga Conservation area, 160 

m, Fosberg 43431 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Naval 

Magazine, Almagosa, Stone 4903 (GUAM). 

1 97 7 : 94. 

Pluchea Cassini 

Pluchea Cassini, Bull. SOC. Philom. Paris, 31, 1817. 

Resinous shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, simple; heads discoid, in flat-topped or rounded panicles; involucral bracts imbricate, in several series; 

flowers pinkish or purplish, rarely whitish, a number of outer rows pistillate, with filiform corolla, 

at apex truncate to minutely denticulate or 3-fid, 

functionally staminate flowers few, central, throat 

dilated, limb 5-lobed, anthers tailed at base; style 

unbranched or bifid; achenes 4-5 angled, 

grooved; pappus setose, in one series, free or 

connate at base. 
NUMBER 46 47 

A small genus of tropical to warm-temperate 

regions; two species introduced into Micronesia, 

with a naturally occurring sterile hybrid between 

them. 

Key to Species of Pluchea in Micronesia 

1. Panicles hemispheric, leaves almost glabrous, involucres narrow, cylindric 

to campanulate .......................................... Pluchea indica 

1. Panicles flat-topped, leaves pubescent, involucres hemispheric ......... 2 

2. Plant upright, leaves gray, not or slightly dentate, achenes dark 

brown ......................................... Pluchea symphytifolia 

2. Plant depressed, at least around edges, leaves green, somewhat dentate, 

achenes pale ................... ................. Pluchea X fosbergil' 

Pluchea X fosbergii Cooperrider and Galang 

Pluchea X fosbergii Cooperrider and Galang, Amer. Jour. Bot. 

52: 1025, 1965.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:589-590, 1971. 

Depressed shrub, sometimes a meter high in 

center but peripherally tending to be prostrate, 

intermediate between Pluchea indica and Pluchea 

symphytiflia in pubescence and leaf shape and size 

of heads, leaves usually more like those of P. indica 

but mostly less dentate, inflorescences more like 

those of P. symphyt;folia, style branches longer than 

those of either parent, achenes narrower, paler 

than those of either parent, always sterile, pappus 

more like that of P. symphytifolia, but whiter. 

Found always in company with the other two 

species, and shown in the original publication to 

be a spontaneous hybrid between the two. 

Described from Hawaiian Islands but found in 

Micronesia, as well as on other central Pacific 

islands. 

In Micronesia, it is known from Guam in the 

Marianas, Kwajalein in the Marshalls, and Butaritari in the Gilberts. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-GUam: Sasa River, Moore 

882 (US); breakwater beyond Cabras I., Fosberg 

43409 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

near airstrip, Fosberg 39493 (US, BISH), 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Butaritari: Butaritari I., 

Herbst €3 Allerton 2724 (US). 

Pluchea indica (L.) Lessing 

Pluchea tndtca (L.) Lessing, Linnaea, 6: 150, 183 1.-Guillaurnin, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99:22, 1952 [as P. purpuruscens1.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull., 59: 103. 1957.-Otobed, 

Guide List Plants Palau Is., 23, 1971.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:589, 1971.-Moore et al., Inv. Mapping Wetl. Veg. 

Mariana Is., 15, 86, 1977. 

Upright shrub, rather bushy, to 1-1.5 (-2) m 

tall, sparsely puberulent or tomentulose, especially younger parts, green; leaves obovate, 2.5-4 

(-5) X 1.2-2.0 cm, thickish, apex obtuse, base 

cuneate, margin dentate, entire toward base, venation rather obscure, petiole almost none to 5 

mm; heads in hemispherical panicles, many, pink 

or purplish pink; involucres narrow and cylindric 

when living, campanulate when dry, to about 5 

mm long, involucre of many spirally imbricated 

green phyllaries, basal ones ovate, obtuse, about 

1 mm long, ciliolate, narrower and much longer 

upward, the inner ones scarious with a twisted 

tail-like caducous appendage; achenes minute, 

about 1 mm long, prismatic, ribbed, dull brown, 

glabrous, or with a few white hairs near apex; 

pappus a single ring of about 15-16 spreading 

curved fine bristles about 2.5 times as long as the 

achene. 

A species from south Asia, widely introduced 

in the tropics usually in saline places; probably 

introduced into Micronesia during World War 

11. 

In Micronesia, known from the Marianas (Saipan, Guam), Carolines (Palau, C'lithi), Marshalls 

Baccharts indica L., Sp. PI., 86 1, 1753. 
4a SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

(Eniwetok, Kwajalein, Majuro), Gilberts (Butaritari). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

cent, obtuse, inner scarious and lanceolate or 

linear-lanceolate, acuminate; achenes about 0.8 

mm prismatic to slightly ellipsoidal, dark brown, 

scarcely ribbed, sparsely appressed white pubesMARIANAS IsLAms.--Saipan: Capitol Hill to 

Jefferson Beach, 5-50 m, Evans 2313 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY); Tanapag, 1 m, Fosberg 31279 (US, 

BISH). 

Guam: Edge of cliff above Uruno Pt., R. Moran 

4527 (UC, BISH, Fo); Atantano River, Moore 857 

(US); Harmon village, Stone 4033 (GUAM); Cabras I., 0-20 m, Evans 1443 (US), 1671 (US); 

breakwater just beyond Cabras I., Fosberg 43411 

(US, BISH, Fo). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Peliliu, Emmons 94 

(US, BISH); Atalokul, 2 m, Fosberg 47618 (US, 

BISH); around N landing, 1-2 m, Fosberg 31951 

MARSHALL IsLmDs.-Eniwetok, Lamberson in 

BANABA (OCEAN) ISLAND? 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Butaritari: Butaritari I., ca- 

(US) * 

1975 (Mi). 

tala 61 (P); Herbst & Allerton 2764 (US). 

Pluchea symphytifolia (Miller) Gillis 

Pluchea symphytifolia (Miller) Gillis, Taxon, 26:588, 1977. 

Conyza symphytifolia Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, 1768. 

Pluchea odorata sensu Guillaumin, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99: 

22, 1952.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull., 59: 103, 1957.-Fosberg, Atoll Res. Bull. 67:19, 1959.-Fosberg & Sachet, 

Atoll Res. Bull., 123: 15, 1969.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:589, 

1971. “on (L.) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat., 42:3, 1826.1 

Pluchea carolinensis sensu Moore et al., Inv. Mapping Wetl. 

Veg. Mariana Is., 34, 1977 [non (Jacquin) G. Don in 

Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3, 350, 18391. 

Tall aromatic shrub, 1-3 (-4) m, notably grayish pubescent; leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate, 

5- 15 X 2-4 (-5) cm, apex usually acute, or obtuse, 

base acutely narrowed to a rather short petiole, 

blade thick-chartaceous, sparsely tomentose on 

upper surface, densely so beneath, margin subentire to rarely somewhat dentate, venation visible beneath; heads in large flat-topped clusters 

grayish purple, dusty looking; involucres hemispheric, bracts in several series, spirally imbricated, outer ones broadly elliptic, grayish pubes- 

.. 

cent; pappus dull brownish white, one series of 

10-12 bristles several times as long as achenes. 

A Caribbean species widely introduced in the 

tropics, very weedy and with wide ecological 

amplitude and range of habitats; introduced into 

Micronesia, probably from Hawaii during or immediately after World War 11. 

In Micronesia, it is known from the Marianas 

(Tinian, Guam), Carolines (Palau), Wake Is., 

Marshalls (Eniwetok, Kwajalein, Majuro), Gilberts (Butaritari, Tarawa). It is said to have been 

introduced into Tarawa by the American troops, 

who called it “carray plant” (Catala, 1957: 103). 

VERNACULAR NAME.-curray plant (English) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Saipan: Garapan, 2 m, 

Fosberg 31781 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Tinian: N field, Kondo &Jenkins 13 (BISH); 

Kondo 30 (BISH). 

Guam: Ritidian Pt., 400 ft [120 m], Hosaka 

3117 (US, BISH); Uruno Pt., edge of cliff, Moran 

4527a (BISH, UC, Fo); Harmon village, Stone 

4032 (GUAM); breakwater just beyond Cabras 

I., 4 m, Fosberg 43410 (US); N end of Cabras I., 

15 m, Evans 1676 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: Peliliu: near airstrip, 6 m, Fosberg 32015 (US, BISH); 2-4 m, 

Fosberg 47636 (US). 

WAKE IsLAND.-Krauss in 1957 (BISH); Fosberg 

34447 (US); around Pan American terminal, Fosberg 33621 (US); area A near runway, Gaston in 

1953 (BISH). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok: Engebi I., Fosberg 24405 (US, BISH); Eniwetok I., St. John 

23703 (US, BISH). 

Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., Fosberg 31 170 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L), Fosberg 39492 (US); Ebeye I., 

Fosberg 31208 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Majuro: Darrit I., Fosberg 31195 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L); Dalap I., Stone 1123 (BISH, US). 
NUMBER 46 49 

GILBERT IsLAms.-Tarawa: Bikenibeu I., Cutala 22 (P); Herbst & Allerton 2658 (BISH); Sachet 

1433 (US); Betio, Aduir 186 (US). 

Butaritari: Butaritari I., Herbst €9 Allerton 2704 

(US)’ 

Pseudo-Elephantopus Rohr 

Pseudo-Elephantopus Rohr, Skrivter Naturh. Selsk. Kobenh., 

Distreptus Cassini, Bull. SOC. Philom., 66, 1817. 

2:214-216, 1792. 

Tough, wiry herbs with alternate leaves, the 

largest forming a basal rosette; capitula forming 

dense small sessile clusters in axils of bracts on a 

terminal spicate usually unbranched inflorescence; each head discoid, with 4 florets, involucre 

narrow, of 4 pairs of subdecussate phyllaries, 

outer much shorter than inner; corollas deeply 5- 

fid, lobes spreading; style-branches long, filiform, 

pubescent; achene 10-ribbed; pappus of several 

unequal awns, the 2 longest curved sharply downward near middle, then back upward. 

A weedy pantropical genus, native of tropical 

America, of one widespread species and possibly 

other local American ones, the widespread one 

naturalized in the Marianas. 

Pseudo-Elephantopus spicatus (B. Jussieu) 

Vahl 

Pseudti-Elephantopus spicatus (B. Jussieu) Vahl in Rohr, Skr. 

Selsk. Kobenh. 2:216, 1792.-Koster, Blumea, 1:467, 1935 

[as Pseudelephantopus1.-Kitamura, Act. Phytotax. Geobot., 

10:72, 1941.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:593, 1971 [as Pseudelephanttipus1.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Smithsonian 

Contr. Bor.. 22:43, 1975 [as Pseudelephantopus]. 

Elephantopus spicatus B. Jussieu in Aublet, PI. Guian., 2:808, 

1775.-Schumann and Lauterbach, FI. Suds., 595, 

1901.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:268, 1905.- 

Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae, 376, 1905; Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 

9:154, 1914. 

Distrepus spicatus Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat., 13:367, 1819.- 

Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 168, 1835.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:263, 1905. 

Wiry, very deep-rooted herbs, stems striateribbed, sparingly long-hirsute-pilose, to 0.5 m or 

more tall, usually smaller; leaves obovate to elliptic, sparsely hirsute, abundantly resin-dotted beneath, rather congested near base, a few cauline 

ones smaller upward, changing to bracts in the 

simple or branched spiciform inflorescence; these 

bracts hirsute-ciliate, reduced upward, subtending 1 or more capitula, those narrowly ellipsoidal, 

strongly ascending or appressed to rachis; phyllaries ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rigid, sharply 

cuspidate, pale straw-colored with two green 

areas in upper part, these resin-dotted, sparsely 

strigose, setose near apex, midrib white, very 

strong; corolla whitish to pale pink or lavender, 

funnelform with narrow lobes; achenes very narrowly turbinate, strongly ribbed, brownish, antrorse-hispid, pappus of about 6 ovate-lanceolate 

stiff scales, margins hispid ciliate, ending in stiff 

strong awns, unequal, the 2 longest with a double 

sharp curve near top. 

Leaves on juvenile or basal shoots broader, 

subhastately lobed at base. 

Very common weed in pastures, cultivated 

ground, trailsides and roadsides. 

In Micronesia, known only from the Marianas 

(Agrigan, Saipan, and Guam). According to Merrill (1905:376) it was introduced into Guam on 

Spanish galleons from Mexico. 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Papago (Guam: Nelson 94, 

Stone, 1971) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.--+. l., Guudichuud s.n. 

Agrigan: Trail around S side of island, 

m, Fosberg 31595 (US); SW coast, below 

[90 m], Fulunruw 2165 (US). 

Saipan: Kunehiru & Hutusimu 4303 (FU). 

(P) ’ 

10-20 

300 ft 

Guam: Endlicher, 1835: 168 (citing Chamisso 

and Lesson); Merrill, 1914: 154; Nelson 94 (BISH); 

G.E.S. Ill (US, BISH, NY, K); Astrolabe 3 (G), 

44 (P); Hombron in 1641 (P, Fo); Murche 164 (P, 

Fo); Talofofo River valley, 1 mi [1.6 km] above 

mouth, 1-2 m, Fosberg 31259 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

L); Cella Bay, Cushing €3 Fulunruw 719 (US); 

between Umatac and Cetti Bay, Evans 1545 (US). 

Pseudogynoxys (Greenman) Cabrera 

Pseudogynoxys (Greenman) Cabrera, Brittonia, 7:54, 1950.- 

Robinson & Cuatrecasas, Phytologia 36: 177-192, 1977. 
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Senecio L., Gen. PI, ed. 5, 373, 1754 [in small part]. 

Senecio subgenus Pseudogynoxys Greenman, Bot. Jahrb., 32: 19, 

1902 [as Pseudogvnoxis] . 

Vines, twining or clambering, herbaceous to 

suffrutescent; leaves alternate, thin, ovate to 

broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, acute to somewhat 

acuminate, base obtuse or broadly acute to cordate, margin serrulate to coarsely dentate or 

somewhat lobed or hastate at base, petiole long, 

rather slender; heads 1 or few to many, in terminal or axillary, umbelloid or corymbiform, 

rounded or flat-topped clusters: heads radiate, 

campanulate to hemispheric, subtended by a calyculus of many bracts, involucre proper of a 

single whorl of linear attenuate bracts; receptacle 

glabrous; corollas glabrous, disk corollas deeply 

5-lobed, orange, rays orange to red, linear or 

lanceolate, 3-toothed at apex; anthers narrowed 

or slightly cordate at base, appendages lanceolate; 

style branches spreading to recurved, apices acute 

to acuminate, pubescent; achenes cylindric, with 

10 ribs; pappus copious, of capillary scabridulous 

bristles. 

A small tropical American genus with one 

widely cultivated species, which is occasionally 

planted in Micronesia. 

Pseudogyn oxys chenopodioides (Hum boldt , Bonpland, & Kunth) Cabrera 

Pseudogvnoxys chenopodioides (Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth) 

Cabrera, Brittonia, 7:54, 1950.-Robinson & Cuatrecasas, 

Phytologia, 36: 185, 1977. 

Senecio chenopodioides Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth, Nov. 

Gen. & Sp., 4:140 [fol. ed.], 1818. 

Senecio confusus Britten, Jour. Bot.? 36:260, 1898. 

Much-branched twining vine, stems suffrutescent below, striate, sparsely puberulent, branches 

tending to be supra-axillary; leaves broadly ovate, 

coarsely dentate, sometimes hastately lobed, base 

obtuse to cordate, apex somewhat acuminate, 

blade subglabrous, petiole striate, very sparsely 

pilosulous; inflorescences of rather few long pedunculate, corymbosely arranged heads, peduncles puberulent; calyculus of rather few linearfiliform, sparsely puberulent bracts, involucral 

bracts lanceolate, green with pale margin, dorsally very sparsely puberulent in lines or stripes, 

acuminate with purple densely puberulent tips; 

rays bright orange, turning red, tips on drying 

shriveling in a tightly crisped fashion, disk corollas narrowly funnelform; style branches flattened, 

acuminate, yellow turning dull reddish or purplish; achenes cylindric, about 10-ribbed, strongly 

hirtellous or hispidulous; pappus copious, of capillary white bristles in several series. 

Cultivated in Guam. 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-GUam: Agafia, cult ., Stone 

4377 (GUAM, US); Agafia Heights, 50 m, cult., 

Fosberg 43474 (US). 

Sonchus L. 

Sonchus L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 347, 1754 [ 17531. 

Annual or perennial lactiferous herbs, somewhat glaucous; leaves basal and cauline, alternate, simple; heads radiate, solitary on long peduncles or corymbose or umbelloid; receptacle 

fleshy, more or less swollen; involucre of several 

series of imbricated unequal phyllaries; florets all 

ligulate, yellow, bisexual; achenes not beaked, 

more or less flattened; pappus copious, of fine 

capillary white bristles, cohering at base. 

A small Old World genus with several weedy 

species, which have become very widespread, one 

very common in Micronesia. 

Sonchus oleraceus L. 

Sonchus oleraceus L., Sp. PI., 794, 1753.-Merrill & Perry, 

Jour. Am. Arb., 27:325, 1946.-Fosberg, Atoll Res. Bull., 

67: 19, 1959.-Sakagami, Pac. Sci. 15:85, 1961.-Fosberg 

& Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 123:15, 1969.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:578, 1971. 

Erect, annual glabrous herb, stems commonly 

rather soft, to 0.6-0.7 m tall; basal leaves forming 

a rosette, deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes rarely 

somewhat lobed, margins softly spinulose-dentate, terminal segment triangular, large petioles 

winged, broadened at base, cauline leaves less 

deeply lobed, runcinate, or only toothed, with a 

large triangular or triangular hastate terminal 

segment, basal part broadly winged, sessile, clasping, basal auricles acute or acuminate, margins 

sharply or spinulosely dentate; heads rather few, 

in irregularly cymose corymbiform panicles; flow- 
NUMBER 46 5 1 

ers pale yellow; achenes light brown, somewhat 

compressed but not winged, with several ribs, 

closely cross-rugulose. 

A practically cosmopolitan weed, common but 

not abundant in part of Micronesia, found mostly 

in disturbed, more or less open places. Curiously, 

it seems to be absent, or at least unrecorded, from 

the Carolines, Gilberts, and Nauru. The record 

from Ponape, based on Glassman 2581 (US), is 

Crassocepha Lum crepidioides. 

It is known from the Marianas (Guam), Wake 

Island, Marshalls (Kwajalein, Majuro, Arno). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam: Merrill & Perry, 

1946:325; W foot of Mt. Tenjo, 1000 ft [305 m], 

Moore 236 (US); base of W slope of Mt. Tenjo, 

Glassman 239 (Fo). 

MARCUS IsLAND.-sakagami, 1961 :85 (quoting 

T. Tuyama). 

WAKE IsLAND.-Area A, boat landing, Gaston 

in 1953 (BISH); Fosberg 34464 (US), 34483 (US). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

Fosberg 31 I64 (US). 

Majuro: Dalap I., Fosberg 26903 (US, BISH, 

Fo) . 

Arno: Anderson s.n. (US), 3772 (US). 

Spilanthes Jacquin 

Spilanthes Jacquin, Enum. PI. Carib., 8, 1760. 

Small, erect or ascending, sparsely diffusely 

branched herbs; leaves opposite, simple; heads 

solitary on long peduncles, these terminal or in 

upper axils, radiate (ours) or discoid only, rays 

usually yellow; involucres flat, of 1-3 series of 

oblong fimbriate-margined phyllaries; receptacle 

conical or columnar, bracteate; ray flowers, when 

present, pistillate, disk flowers bisexual; rays oblong or elliptic, 2-3 toothed, disk flowers tubular 

with a campanulate 3-5 toothed limb, enclosed 

by the folded, carinate, bilobed receptacular 

bracts; anthers weakly connate, obtuse at base, 

acute at apex; style branches short, truncate; 

achenes oblong, black, marginal ones trigonous, 

disk achenes laterally compressed, pappus absent 

or of 1-2(-3) short awns. 

A medium-sized pantropical weedy genus; 2 

species in Micronesia, 1, at least, probably both, 

introduced. 

Key to Species of Spilanthes in Micronesia 

Heads with involucre of 15-20 phyllaries in 3 series, rays 5-15, ligule oblong, 

5- 13 mm long . , . . , . . , , , , . , . , . , , , . , . . . . , , . , . , , . . . , , Spilanthes grandiflora 

Heads with 5-7 phyllaries in 1 series, rays about 5, inconspicuous, 1-3 mm 

long 

Spilan th es grandiflora Tur czaninow 

Spilanthes grandiflora Turczaninow, Bull. SOC. Imp. Nat. 

Mosc., 24: 185, 1851.-Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. SOC. 

Formosa 28: 157. 1938. 

Glabrous herb, where depressed rooting at 

nodes; leaves ovate to lanceolate, petiolate, margins of blade sinuate-dentate or remotely dentate; 

heads with 15-20 lanceolate phyllaries in 3 series, 

apices obtuse; rays much exceeding involucre, to 

13 mm long, disk hemispheric, becoming ovoid, 

to as much as 17 mm long, disk corollas funnelform, 2 mm long; achenes 2.0-2.5 mm long, 

margins ciliate; pappus bristles 2 or usually lacking (description compiled from literature.) 

, , , , . Spilanthes iabadicensis 

Native to the Philippines, New Guinea, and 

Australia, it is known from one record from Palau 

in Micronesia. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Hosokawa ms. (citing Hosokawa 9128-a); Koror: On field of Agricultural Experimental Station, Hosokawa 1938: 

157 (citing collector unknown, no. 64, 1937). 

Spilanthes iabadicensis A. H. Moore 

Spilanthes iabadicensis A. H. Moore, I’roc. Amer. Acad., 42: 

542, 1907.-Fosberg & Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull.. 92:37, 

1962. 

Spilanthes acmella sensu auct. plw--Kitamma, Act. Phyt. 

Geobot., 10:72, 1941 [non (L.) Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 

610, 17741. 
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Spilanthes paniculata sensu Glassman, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209: 

97-98, 1952 [non Wallich in de Candolle, Prodr., 5:625, 

18361. 

Decumbent to erect herb, to 1 m tall, rooting 

at nodes when decumbent; leaves elliptic to ovate, 

to 8 cm long, obtuse to subacute, glabrous, 

petiolate; peduncles slender, 1-12 cm long, terminal or usually in upper axils or occasionally 

pseudoaxillarv; heads fairly numerous, small, to 

5 mm long, elongating in age to 10 mm, globose 

to ovoid or conic; rays about 5, not greatly exceeding the involucre, 1-3 mm long, elliptic or 

ovate, disk florets very small, about 1 mm long; 

achenes 1-1.5 mm long, margins ciliate or not; 

pappus bristles 1-2. 

Known in Micronesia from the Carolines (Ponape) and the Marshalls (Jaluit). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Ponape: Hatusima 10952 

(FU) ; Anapang-pa, Takamatsu 766 (BISH, Fo) ; 

Auak, roadside ditch, Glassman 2906 (US, BISH); 

1 mi S of Panpinshap, 2 mi SE of Kolonia, Fosberg 

58508 (US, BISH). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-JalUit: Mackenzie sight 

record (cited by Fosberg and Sachet 1962:37). 

Synedrella Gaertner 

Synedrella Gaertner, Fruct. 2:456, t. 171, 1791 [nom. cons.]. 

Herbs with opposite branches and leaves, said 

to be annual; heads radiate, terminal and axillary, shortly pedunculate or the axillary ones 

mostly sessile, few-flowered; ray florets pistillate, 

disk florets bisexual; involucre narrow, of few 

phyllaries, outer two foliaceous, inner stramineous, stiff, receptacular bracts similar, phyllaries and receptacular bracts all subtending florets; ray florets with short, broad yellow ligules, 

2-4 dentate at apex; marginal achenes dorsiventrally compressed, oblong, margins with broad 

laciniate or toothed wings, 2 strong spines at 

apex, disk achenes narrower, linear-oblong or 

narrowly cuneate, subtrigonous, with 2-3 spinelike awns at summit. 

A rather small pantropical, especially African, 

genus with one ubiquitous weedy species, very 

common in Micronesia. 

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertner 

Synedrella nodiyora (L.) Gaertner, Fruct., 2:456, 1791.-Volkens, Bot. Jahrb., 31:477, 1901; Nutizbl., 4:91, 1903.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:380, 1905.-Merrill, 

Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 9:154, 1914.-Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. 

Tokyo, 29:255, 1915.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI. 430, 

1935.-Hosokawa, Bull. Biogeogr. SOC. Japan, 7:202, 

1937.-Okabe, Jour. Anthrop. SOC. Nippon, 56:271, 

1914.-Kitamura, Act. Phyt. Geobot. 10:72, 1941,- 

Glassman, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209:98, 1952.-Guillaumin, 

Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99:22, 1952.-Catala, Atoll Res. 

Bull., 59: 108, 1957.-Takeuchi, Handb. Marshall PI. 

Names: 5, 1959.-Stone, Pac. Sci., 13: 104, 1959.-Fosberg 

& Sachet, Atoll Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962.-Otobed, Guide 

List Plants Palau Is., 23, 1971.-Stone, Micronesica, 6: 

585, 1971.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Smithsonian 

Contr. Bot. 22:43, 1975. 

Verbesina nodiflora L., Cent. PI., 1:28, 1755-Safford, Contr. 

U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:396, 1905. 

Erect herb, stems lightly strigose, terminating 

after 4-6 (-8-10) nodes in 1 or even 2 shortly 

pedunculate heads, 1 or usually 2 branches from 

terminal and often lower nodes, these again terminating in a shortly pedunculate head and 2 

branches, this repeated several times in well-developed plants, the branches at a node frequently 

unequal; leaves opposite, ovate with acute or 

slightly acuminate apex and serrate to subentire 

margins, petiole much shorter than blade, blades 

glabrous or sparsely hispid-strigose above, slightly 

strigose on midrib beneath, or the whole blade 

strigose beneath; 1 or more subsessile or very 

shortly pedunculate heads and in addition frequently a branch in each leaf axil, peduncles 

short, 1 cm or less, strigose, heads frequently 

almost sessile; involucres cylindric, consisting of 

2 oblong strigose phyllaries with short foliose tips, 

and 4 inner chafflike phyllaries identical with 8 

chaffy receptacular bracts, these lance-oblong, 

hyaline, with acute or obtusish or blunt erose tips, 

somewhat concave, outer 6 bracts or phyllaries 

subtending ray-florets, producing broad, somewhat concave, elliptic achenes with 2 erect spinelike pappus awns, and a hyaline margin or wing 
NUMBER 46 53 

cut into several upward directed spine-like processes, the 8 sterile or fertile inner achenes, linearoblong, slightly wider above, pubescent, with 2 

strong divergent spinescent slightly hooked pappus awns. 

In Micronesia known from the Marianas (Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Sarigan, Saipan, Rota, 

Guam), Carolines (Palau, Yap, Woleai, Namonuito, Truk, Ponape, Kusaie), Marshalls (Kwajalein, Majuro, Jaluit), Gilberts (Butaritari, Tarawa) . UsEs.-Good for cattle grazing (Guam: Euuns 

1742). The leaves are used for cleaning teeth 

(Yap: Cushing 463). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

1971). 

saigon (Guam: Fosberg 25422, Bryan 1055, Evans 1742, Stone, 

gobothuth (Yap: Volkens, 1901) 

lamer ne pan ni pomoon (Yap: Wong 334) 

malai (Yap: Cushing 463) 

habulibul (Woleai: Evans 470) 

appwoneppwya (Truk: Wong 242) 

kinoj (Marshalls: Takeuchi, 1959) 

bwilibwilikaj (Majuro: Stone 953) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Agrigan: Village, Fosberg 

Pagan: Kunehiru 2215 (NY, FU). 

Alamagan: Vicinity of Asongsong village, 3- 15 

m, Fosberg 31749 (US). 

Sarigan: NW coast, 150 ft [45 m], Fulunruw 

1721 (US); 200 ft [60 m], Fulunruw 1768 (US); 

near village, 10-100 m, Euuns 2363 (US). 

Saipan: Kunehiru 933 (FU); Kumiyu 73 (TI); 

Momose in 1930 (TI). N of Agingan Pt., 1-3 m, 

Fosberg 25235 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Kagman 

Peninsula, 120 m, Fosberg 50538 (US, BISH). 

Rota: s.l., Necker R83 (US); slopes W of As 

Malote, S side of island, 150 m, Fosberg 31905 

(US, BISH); 250 m, Fosberg 25102 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY). 

Guam: Merrill, 1914: 154 (citing Mrs. Clemens 

s.n.); G.E.S. 149 (US, BISH, NY); Nelson 53 

(BISH); Agana, Suflord t3 Seule I032 (US); 2 mi 

[3.2 km] SW of Agana, Moore 112 (US); 1 km S 

31434 (US, BISH, Fo). 

of Talofofo village, 105 m, Necker 223 (US); Merizo, 1-5 m, Fosberg 25422 (US, BISH); Oca Pt., 

Glussmun 87 (Fo), 28 (Fo); Andersen Air Force 

Base, Morun 4410 (UC, Fo, BISH); Atangtano, 

Piti-Sumay road, sea level, Bryan 1055 (BISH); 

college campus, Mangilao, Stone 4666 (GUAM), 

3907 (GUAM); Mt. Santa Rosa, 240 m, Evans 

I742 (US). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: s. 1 ., Koidzumi in 

1915 (TI); Yumadu in 1925 (TI). Kayangl: Ngmak, 

Sulsedo 413 (US). Babeldaob: Ngaraard, Otobed 

PW-I0168 (US), Ngiual (Ngiwal), 50 ft [15 m], 

Hosuku 3397 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Kaiguru 

(Goikul), Tukumutsu 1606 (BISH). Koror: Kunehiru 

& Okuyu 37 (FU); Kunehiru 211 (FU). Malakal: 15 

m, Fosberg 47582 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, P). 

Peliliu: Akalokul, 2 m, Fosberg 47621 (US, BISH). 

Angaur: Umeno in 1939 (TI); Kunehiru 586 (FU); 

inside depression on hill on NW corner of island, 

25 m, Fosberg 2591 I (US, BISH). 

Yap: Volkens 1901:477 (citing Volkens 61); 

Kumiyu I70 (TI) ; Kunehiru t3 Hutusimu 4338 (FU) ; 

120 ft [35 m], Wong 334 (US, BISH); Balabat, 

Tukumutsu 1889 (BISH); in oppido Dogol, Tuyumu 

in 1939 (TI); between Catholic mission and Mt. 

Matade, 10 m, Cushing 463 (US). 

Woleai: Falalop I., Euuns 470 (Fo). 

Namonuito: Ulul I., sight record, Stone, 1959: 

104. 

Truk: Kunehiru 610 (FU, TI); Koidzumi in 1915 

(TI); edge of grasslands, 125 ft [40 m], Wong 242 

(US, BISH). Dublon: Kanehira 1935:430-43 1; 

Hosokawa 1937:202. 

Nukuoro: Nukuoro I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 26224 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY. L). 

Ponape: s. l., Ledermunn 13878 (K); Koidzumi in 

1915 (TI); Kunehiru 722 (BISH, KYO); Sabtic-to, 

Hosokuwu 6123 (Fo); Ronkiti, Kiti Dist., Glussmun 

2799 (US, BISH); Nukuo in 1941 (KYO); Mt. 

Tolotom, on the plain, Tukumutsu I051 (BISH); 

Parkier, Kunehiru 622 (FU). 

Kusaie: Valley S of Lela Harbor, 1-5 m, Fosberg 

26638 (US, BISH). Lele I., Glassman 2704 (US, 

BISH) ; Tukumutsu 338 (BISH), 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

Fosberg 34120 (US). 
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Majuro: Uliga I., Stone 953 (BISH). 

Jaluit: Volkens, 1903:91; Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); 

Jaluit I., Jabor, Fosberg 39477 (US). 

NAURU ISLAND.-hke Buada, Fosberg 58648 

(US, BISH). 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Butaritari: Catala 74 (P); 

Butaritari I., village, Herbst €8 Allerton 2721 (US). 

Tarawa: Bikenibeu I., Herbst €8 Allerton 2647 

(US). Betio, Adair 46 (US); 90 (US). 

Tagetes L. 

Tagetes L., Gen. PI. ed. 5, 378, 1754 [1753]. 

Erect herbs, strongly aromatic, often disagreeably so, leaves opposite or alternate, often compound or pinnately parted, with numerous glandular spots or cavities, also on involucre; heads 

usually radiate, terminal, solitary or corymbosely 

arranged; involucre cylindric or campanulate, of 

a single series of connate phyllaries, glandular; 

ray flowers in one series (reduplicate in some 

cultivated forms), pistillate; disk flowers bisexual, 

disk corollas 5-lobed; style branches filiform, 

subobtuse at apex, tips pubescent; achenes linear, 

black, pappus paleae linear. 

A medium-sized tropical American genus with 

some species cultivated as “African” or “French” 

marigolds, at least one species rather widespread 

as a weed. Several forms cultivated in Micronesia 

as garden flowers. These may be members of a 

hybrid complex involving a number of original 

species, highly selected in cultivation. 

Tagetes erecta L. 

Tagetes erecta L., Sp. PI., 887, 1753.-Stone, Micronesica, 6: 

582. 1971. 

Erect branched herbs, stems glabrous or puberulent; leaves alternate to opposite or subopposite 

on same plant, odd-pinnately parted with about 

4-5 pairs of elliptic-lanceolate pinnae and several 

reduced pairs of irregularly lacerate ones below, 

including ones at the petiole base simulating 

stipules, pinnae acute at both ends, apex often 

with a long hairlike tip, margins sharply serrate, 

some of distal teeth also with hairlike tips, just 

inside each margin a well-spaced row of round 

glands between the serrations; peduncles terminal 

on branches, up to 15 cm long, the upper third 

gradually dilated and fistulose, involucre cylindric-campanulate, of one series of 5-10 (-12?) 

connate phyllaries with free acute tips, externally 

beset with conspicuous elliptic to lanceolate 

glands, ray flowers with limb broadly obovate or 

spatulate, subtruncate with undulate margin, 

disk corollas narrowly funnel-form, limb deeply 

cut into 5 oblong-ovate lobes, in many plants 

some or all disk corollas variously modified into 

ligules; style branches filiform and glabrous to 

flattened and densely ciliate; achenes linear, 10- 

12 mm long, fertile ones black, sterile ones gray, 

glabrous to strigose, pappus scales of 2 sorts, 1 or 

2 stiff lanceolate long-awned ones, awns antrorsely barbellate, these 10-12 mm or more long, 

several much shorter thin hyaline scales linearoblong or narrowly linear, apex acute, obtuse, 

subtruncate or variously aristate or biaristate, or 

fimbriate. 

Cultivated material assigned to this species belongs to a diverse series of cultivars, possibly 

involving hybridization with related species. 

Plants assigned here have long (8-12 mm) achenes, 1 or 2 long subulate pappus scales and 

several short acute, obtuse, or subtruncate ones. 

They vary greatly in color, size of head, modification of florets, and shape of smaller pappus 

scales. Some specimens here referred to Tagetes 

erecta have earlier been identified as Tagetes patula 

L. and Tagetes tenuifolia Cavanilles, but seem in 

essential characters closer to T. erecta. 

Planted rather generally in gardens but seldom 

collected. Definitely known from the Marshall 

and Caroline atolls and Palau. 

USES. -Ornamental. 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

marigold (English) 

puarang (Lamotrek: Fosberg &Evans 46754) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam: Nelson 553 

(BISH). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Koror I., Ngesaol, 

Hardy 102 (US). 

Ulithi: Asor I., cult., Fosberg 46477 (US). 
NUMBER 46 55 

Faraulap: Piz I., cult., Fosberg 47295 (US). 

Lamotrek: Lamotrek I., cult., Fosberg &3 Evans 

46754 (US). 

Satawan: Satawan I., cult., Anderson 1081 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY); Kutu I., cult., Anderson 1214 (US, 

BISH, Fo). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Ailinglapalap: Bikajle I., 

cult., in gardens, 2 m, Fosberg 26861 (US, BISH). 

Jaluit: Majurirek I., seen by Fosberg. 

Tithonia Desfontaines 

Tithonia Desfontaines, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Naturelle, 1:49- 

51, 1802. 

Large herbs or shrubs with alternate, trinerved 

leaves; heads large, usually partially terminal on 

long, inflated peduncles, radiate; receptacle convex, bracteate; involucre of 2-4 series of phyllaries, indurate below, herbaceous distally, recurved, 

receptacular bracts carinate, folded around florets, acuminate, becoming stiff, enclosing achenes; 

ray flowers sterile, in 1 series, ligule showy, 2-3 

toothed at apex, disk florets bisexual, 5-lobed, 

anthers sagittate at base, obtuse, style branches 

acute, pubescent; achenes oblong, usually 2-angled, somewhat compressed, pappus stiff, cuplike, 

cut into several small scales and 2 awns with 

broadened bases. 

A small Mexican genus with several species 

occasionally cultivated as ornamentals, one of 

them widely naturalized in wet tropical areas, 

including Micronesia. 

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray 

Ttthonta dtuerstfolta (Hemsley) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad., 

Mzrasoha dzuerstfolza Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot., 2: 168, 

19:5, 1883.--Stone, Micronesica, 6:586, 1971. 

1881. 

Shrub to 3-4 m tall, stems tending to be zigzag, 

pubescent when young, loosely branching; leaves 

alternate, up to 15 X 7-8 cm, 5-lobed but upward 

on stem 3-lobed or unlobed, lobes acuminate, 

base truncate to acute, strongly decurrent on 

petiole, 3 main veins from near base of blade, 

upper surface scaberulous, lower surface appressed puberulent, petiole 3-5 (-6) cm long; 

heads pedunculate, terminal on branches or subpaniculate, peduncles swollen and fistulose above, 

slightly contracted at summit; heads in bud 

subglobose, 1.5-2 cm long, when expanded 15 cm 

across, receptacle low conic, bracteate, involucre 

broadly campanulate, phyllaries in 3 series subfoliaceous, ovate, longer inward, inner series concave but becoming reflexed, greatly exceeding 

tightly appressed outer 2 series, acute to obtusish, 

inner series 8-9, sparsely tomentulose to puberulent or subglabrous; ray flowers about 13, bright 

yellow, 3-4 X 1 cm, spreading tips recurved, 

plicate with 2 main folds, narrowly elliptic, apex 

rounded to acute, entire or bidentate, tube very 

short, style none, disk yellow, flat at first, becoming convex, florets enfolded in lanceolate acuminate receptacular bracts; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, 

lobes lanceolate-ovate, slightly incurved and connivent, tube scabridulous below; anther tube narrow, mostly exserted, dark brown; style branches 

laterally flattened, acuminate, becoming recurved, then tightly coiled, deep yellow; achenes 

oblong-cuneate, flattened, brown, sericeous; pappus a stiff chafflike cup, bearing 2 unequal rigid 

awns, the margin otherwise irregularly erose-fimbriate and cut to the base or not into a varying 

number, from 0 to 6, of squamellae or segments 

of differing lengths and widths. 

In Micronesia, it is known from the Marianas 

(Guam), Carolines (Ifaluk, Ponape) . 

USE.-Ornament al. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS.-GUBm: Fonte (Commarianas Hill) 

N of upper Fonte River, 150 m, Fosberg 35587 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY); behind Tumon Bay, Conouer 

594 (BISH); Mangilao, cult., Stone 4928 (GUAM). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ifaluk: identified on a Kodachrome taken by Don Abbott, 1953. 

Ponape: Anapeng-pa, cult., Takamatsu 706 

(BISH). 

Tridax L. 

Tridax L., Gen. P1. ed. 5, 382, 1754 I 17531. Powell, Brittonia 

17:47-96, 1965. 

Herbs of various habit, usually pubescent; 

leaves opposite, rarely alternate above, simple to 
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

lobed or divided; heads solitary on long peduncles 

or cymosely paniculate, radiate or discoid, involucre 2-5 seriate, subequal to strongly unequal, 

herbaceous, inner ones scarious-margined; receptacle conical, convex or almost flat, bracteate; ray 

flowers when present few, with usually trilobed 

or tridentate yellow, white or purplish ligules, 

pistillate and fertile, disk flowers with short tube 

and long, narrowly cylindric to funnelform, 5- 

lobed limb; style branches slender, recurved, apices subulate; achenes broadly or narrowly turbinate to subcylindric, terete or prismatic or angled; 

pappus of 10-45, usually about 20 narrow scales 

or bristles, fimbriate or plumose. 

A tropical American genus of about 26 species, 

one of which has become an ubiquitous pantropical weed, common in Micronesia. 

Tridax procum bens L. 

Tridax procumbens L., Sp. PI., 900, 1753.-Burges, ms., ca. 

1935.-Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. SOC. Formosa, 32 no. 

220:20, 1942.-Guillaumin, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99:22, 

1952.-Catala, Atoll Res. Bull., 59: 110. 1957.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 6:586, 1971.-Otobed, Guide List Plants 

Palau Is., 23, 1971.-Falanruw & Payne, Life on Guam, 

71, 1976. 

Decumbent herbs, branched, brittle, somewhat 

pilose, several stems from root crown; leaves opposite, ovate, hastately lobed, margins coarsely 

serrate, teeth uneven, smaller toward apex, blade 

3-3.5 X 2-2.5 cm, somewhat pilose, very sparsely 

so above, more so on veins beneath, apex acute, 

base obtuse, main veins 3, petiole short; heads 

solitary on long peduncles arising terminally, subtended by 2 lateral branches; involucre broadly 

cylindric, phyllaries in 2 series, ovate, outer 

slightly shorter, strongly pilose, green, bluntly 

mucronate-tipped, inner ones thinner, purplish, 

more acute, less pilose; receptacular bracts lanceolate, strongly acuminate or cuspidate, hyaline 

with purple tips; ray flowers pappose, pistillate, 

ligule small, broad, pale yellow or cream white, 

strongly 3-toothed; disk flowers light yellow, tubular, with 5 oblong-ovate lobes; style branches 

pale yellow, recurved, tips weakly acuminate; 

achenes about 2 mm long, shortly prismatic, 

slightly obconic, notably appressed hirsute, hairs 

at base shorter and strongly spreading, summit 

flat, crowned with a spreading circle of about 20 

plumose bristles. At maturity the involucre is 

reflexed, and the chaffy receptacular bracts form 

a globose pale mass, conspicuous from a distance. 

In Micronesia it is known from the Marianas 

(Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Guam), Carolines (Palau, 

Yap, Ulithi), Marshalls (Kwajalein), Nauru, Gilberts (Butaritari, Tarawa). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

coat buttons (English) 

wild daisy (English) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS 1sLANDs.-Saipan: S of Puntan 

Magpi, NW coast, 30 m, Fosberg 31328 (US, 

BISH, Fo); Marpi, open field, Courage 49 (US). 

Tinian: N field, Kondo 21 (BISH). 

Rota: Near Mochon, Kondo s.n. (BISH); West 

Dock, 5-10 m, Evans 1955 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

Guam: Andersen Air Force Base, Moran 4420 

(BISH, Fo, UC); Mangilao, college campus, Stone 

3796 (GUAM); Pedrus 64 (US); Guam Memorial 

Hospital, 30 m, Evans 224 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, 

P, A, DUKE, K). 

CAROLINE IsLAws.-Palau: Babeldaob: Gasupan, (Ngaspan), Hosokawa 9703 (A). Peliliu: Salsedo 140 (US). Angaur: S edge of boat basin, 2 m, 

Canfieid 41 7 (US). 

L) . 

Yap: Kusano in 1919 (TI). 

Ulithi: Asor I., 1-2 m, Fosberg €3 Evans 46389 

MARSHALL IsLAwx-Eniwetok: Enewetak I., 

Lamberson in 1975 (Mi). Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 

Fosberg 31165 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

NAURU IsLAKD.-Burges, ms. ca. 1935; IMeneng, 

Fosberg 58657 (US, BISH). 

BANABA (OCEAN I.).-Catala 1957: 110. 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-Butaritari: Butaritari I., 

Herbst €3 Allerton 2696 (US). 

Tarawa: Betio I., Catala 54 (P), Adair 26 (US), 

137 (US, BISH). Bairiki I., Sachet 1407 (US), 1408 

(Fo). 

(US). 
NUMBER 46 57 

Vernonia Schreber 

Vernonza Schreber, Gen. PI. 2:541, 1791 [norn. cons.]. 

Cyanopzs Blurne in Blurne & Fischer, FI. Jav. p. VI, 1828. 

Herbs, shrubs, woody scramblers, or trees; 

leaves alternate, simple; heads in terminal, often 

scorpioid cymes or cymose panicles; the heads 

discoid, usually purple or white; involucre of 

several series of closely imbricate bracts, outer 

ones gradually shorter; receptacle flat, ebracteate; 

corollas tubular with campanulate or funnelform 

5-lobed limb; style branches subulate; achenes 

prismatic, subfusiform, cylindric or turbinate, 

summit truncate; pappus of 2 series of scabrous 

bristles, outer series shorter, rarely paleaceous. 

A vast genus of the tropics and subtropics, a 

few species in temperate areas, 3 species known 

from Micronesia, all possibly introduced, or possibly indigenous in some islands. 

Key to Micronesian Species of Vernonia 

1. Woody vines or scramblers, pappus dull orange or tan Vernonia cuneata 

1. Erect or depressed herbs, pappus white ............................... 2 

2. Involucres hemispheric, about 1 cm across, containing 75-100 

florets ............................................... Vernonia patula 

2. Involucres campanulate, about 5 mm across or less, containing 20-25 

flowers 

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Lessing 

Vernonza cinerea (L.) Lessing, Linnaea, 4:291, 1829.-Volkens, 

Bot. Jahrb., 31:477, 1901; Notizbl., 4:91, 1903.-Safford, 

Contr. U.S. Kat. Herb., 9:396, 1905.-MerriIl, Phil. Jour. 

Sci. Bot.: 9:154, 1914.-Koidzurni, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 29: 

255, 1915.-Kanehira, Enurn. Micr. Pl., 431, 1935.- 

Burges. rns., ca. 1935.-Hosokawa, Bull. Biogeogr. SOC. 

Japan, 7:202, 1937.-Okabe, Jour. Jap. Forestry SOC., 

23(5):271. 1941.-Guillaumin, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99: 

22, 1952.-Glassrnan, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209:98, 1952; 

Pac. Sci., 7:296. 301, 304, 308, 1953.-Luornala, Bishop 

Mus. Bull., 213:23, 47, 109, 1953.-Catala, Atoll Res. 

Bull. 59: 11 1, 1957.-Stone, Pac. Sci., 13: 104, 1959.-Niering, Atoll Res. Bull., 76:3, 1961.-Fosberg &Sachet, Atoll 

Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962.-Otobed, Guide List Plants Palau 

Is., 24: 197 1 .--Stone, Micronesica, 6:593-594, 197 1.-Fosberg, Falanruw & Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:43, 

1975. 

Conyza cin~rea L., Sp. PI. 862, 1753. 

VernonIa paru;flora Reinwardt ex Blurne, F1. Ned. Ind., 893, 

1826.--Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:396, 1905.- 

Kitarnura, Act. Phyt. Geobot., 10:73, 1941.-Hosokawa 

rns.. n.d. 

Vernonia cinerea var. parvzflora (Reinwardt ex Blurne) de Candolle. Prodr. 5:24, 1836.-Koster, Blurnea, 1:414, 1935. 

Vernonza cznerea var. typzca Koster, Blurnea, 1:408-412, 1935. 

One to several erect, striate stems from base, 

sparingly branched, to at least 75 cm, finely 

appressed pubescent, minutely glandular, often 

- Vernonia cinerea 

with scattered erect hairs or subglabrous below; 

leaves with oval to ovate or lance-ovate blades, 

abundantly punctate glandular and papillate-puberulent, obtuse to acute at apex, bluntly serrate, 

abruptly or gradually narrowed, acute and decurrent to various levels on petioles that about 

equal blades in larger lower leaves, becoming 

smaller and less petiolate upward, reduced to 

irregular bracts just below and at lower ramifications of the loosely cymose inflorescences; these 

terminal on branches, the whole upper part of 

well-developed plants appearing cymose-paniculate; heads cylindric-campanulate; phyllaries unequal, imbricate, erect, with dark purple, sharply 

mucronate tips; corollas purple, lobes short blunt, 

just exceeding the pappus; achenes weakly to not 

at all angled, with strongly appressed pubescence; 

pappus white and capillary, becoming conspicuously exserted, spreading, forming a broad crown 

when achenes mature. 

ABNORMALITIES-An occasional abnormal 

form of this species, known from Palau and Samoa, has a condensed habit, very leafy stems with 

short internodes, small leaves, and very few heads. 

That it is certainly an abnormality is shown by a 

Samoan specimen (Christophersen €8 Hume I939 
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

(BISH)) that has several branches of this sort on 

an otherwise normal plant. An abnormal plant 

from Eniwetok (St. John 23710 (BISH)) with the 

stem much thickened is not the same and may be 

the result of exposure to radioactivity. 

In Micronesia known from the Marianas 

(Maug, Asuncion, Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, 

Guguan, Sarigan, Anatahan, Saipan, Tinian, 

Guam), Carolines (Palau, Sonsorol, Pulu Anna, 

Tobi, Yap, Ulithi, Fais, Woleai, Ifaluk, Lamotrek, 

Satawal, Puluwat, Namonuito, Truk, Nama, Lukunor, Satawan, Kapingamarangi, Ant, Ponape, 

Mokil, Pingelap, Kusaie) , Marshalls (Eniwetok, 

Kwajalein, Likiep, Ailinglapalap, Majuro, Arno, 

Jaluit, Ebon), Nauru, Gilberts (Butaritari, Tarawa, Tabiteuea, Onotoa). 

If varieties are distinguished in this species, the 

Micronesian material would belong in var. purviflora, as the heads are mostly rather short. However, the varieties merge into each other to the 

extent that it does not seem worthwhile to maintain var. paruiJora-at least for the Micronesian 

populations. 

UsEs.-The young leaves are used for food 

Ualuit; Okabe, 1941:271). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

papago (Agrigan: Falanruw 2161) 

chaguan Santa Maria (Guam: Fosberg 25377; Stone, 1971) 

edngeong (Palau: Utobed PW-10104) 

etngeong (Palau: Utobed PW-10104) 

gasngeong (Palau: Hosokawa ms.) 

mami (Yap: Fusberg 46551) 

manginaro (Yap: Wung 382) 

chor aniti wai (Lamotrek: Fusberg &Evans 46823) 

opusar (Satawal: Fusberg 46880) 

anachuko (Truk: Glassman, 1953) 

enencuko (Truk: Wung 145) 

ennentuko (Truk: Fosberg 24423) 

ennetoku (Truk: Glassman, 1953) 

(koboasu) (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937) 

nencuko (Truk. Wung 145) 

troboasu (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937; Glassman, 1953) 

lipoising (Lukunor: Anderson 2069) 

lupoising (Satawan: Anderson 108Q 

IGpiianalG (Satawan: Anderson 978) 

keinga (Kapingamarangi: Niertng 500) 

mussen-buel (Mokil: Glassman 2623) 

musenibuil (Pingelap: Glassman 2656) 

janailin nonailin (Amo: Stone 1050) 

janailiri noriailiii (Amo: Anderson 36f9) 

roti (Tabiteuea: Luomala, 1953) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Maug: S central East I., 

100 ft [30 m], Fulunruw 2249 (US). 

Asuncion: SW slope, 250 ft [75 m], Falanruw 

2270 (US); S slope of summit, 830 m, Fulanruw 

3062 (US). 

Agrigan: Village, Fosberg 31430 (US, BISH, 

Fo); SW coast below 300 ft [90 m], Falanruw 2161 

Pagan: Isthmus, 6-10 m, Anderson 569 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Mt. Pagan, Moore 380 (US); 

Fresh Water Lake, Fosberg 31400 (US). 

Alamagan: 450 ft [135 m], Falanruw 1896 (US); 

landing area, Fulunruw I949 (US); Partido village, 

Fosberg 31649 (US). 

Guguan: SW coast, 5 m, Falanruw 3112 (US). 

Sarigai: Near anchorage, 100 ft [30 m], Falunruw 1718 (US); near village, 10-100 m, Evans 

2362 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Anatahan: s.l., Hosokawa 7856 (Fo); NW corner 

of island, 300 ft [90 m], Fulunruw 1623 (US). 

Saipan: Stephens 53 (Fo); Kamiya 51 (TI); Momose in 1930 (TI); 100 ft [30 m], Kanehzra 13 (FU); 

N of Agingan Pt., 1-3 m, Fosberg 25250 (US, 

BISH, Fo); S side of Kagman Peninsula, W of 

Kagman Pt., 30 m, Fosberg 31299 (US). 

Tinian: Okutani 74 (FU); terrace NE Carolinas 

(Lalo) Pt., 60-80 m, Fosberg 24820 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). 

Guam: Merrill, 1914: 154; G.E.S. 70 (US, BISH, 

NY); Mt. Tenjo, 320 m, Bryan in 1936 (BISH); 

1000 ft [305 m], Necker 73 (BISH); Andersen Air 

Force Base, Morun 4413 (UC, Fo, BISH); at Air 

Base, Walker 7411 (US); Malojloj Beach, Evans 

1465 (US); Lujuna, Evans I604 (US); Atangtano, 

between Piti and Sumay, sea level, Bryan 1058 

(BISH); Tumon Bay, Rodzn 513 (US); Ypao Pt., 

Necker 108 (US); Agfayan Bay, Necker I75 (US); 

N of Northwest Field, 500 ft [150 m], Steere 4 

(US); 1 mi [1.6 km] SE of Agat, 5-50 ft [1.5-15 

m], Moore 255 (US); Merizo, 1-5 m, Fosberg 25377 

(US, BISH); Mangilao, college campus, Pedrus 65 

(US, GUAM); Pati Pt., Necker 333 (A). 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Yumada in 1925 

(TI); Nukao in 1941 (KYO). Babeldaob: Kaiguru, 

Takumatsu 1608 (BISH); Arekelong, Tuyama in 

1939 (TI); Melegeok, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); Ime- 

(US). 
NUMBER 46 5 9 

liik, Otobed PW-10104 (US). Koror: Salsedo 292 

(US); Blackburn E 13 (US); Kanehira 204 (BISH, 

FU); Arakamai, Kanehira & Nisida 24 (FU). Peliliu: Tuyama in 1937 (TI). Angaur: Fosberg 25981 

(US, BISH); Kanehira 587 (FU). 

Sonsorol: Along old railroad, Hardy 127 (US). 

Pulu Anna: Salsedo 377 (US). 

Tobi: Salsedo 380 (US); Hardy 140 (US, BISH). 

Yap: Volkens, 1901:477; Dogol, Tuyama in 1939 

(TI); near Catholic Mission, Blackburn 245 (US); 

Lamer village, Cushing 491 (US) ; Dalipebinaw 

Dist., Fosberg 46551 (US); Gagil, near beach, Wong 

382 (US, BISH); Tadiol, Takamatsu 1819 (BISH). 

Ulithi: Fasserai I., around village, 2-4 m, Fosberg & Wong 25440 (US, BISH). Mogmog I., in 

village 1-2 m, Fosberg &Evans 46378 (Fo); 2-4 m, 

Fosberg tY Wong 25511 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Fais: 15 m, Fosberg 46700 (US); Lechochey, 5 

m, Evans 344 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Woleai: Wottagai (Utagal) I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 

47066 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Ifaluk: Ifaluk I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 47185 (US). 

Falalap I., Abbott &Bates 103 (US, BISH). Falarik 

I,, Abbott tY Bates 50 (US, BISH). 

Lamotrek: Lamotrek I., 1 m, Fosberg tY Evans 

46823 (US). 

Satawal: Satawal I., northside, 2 m, Fosberg 

46880 (US). 

Puluwat: Puluwat I., sight record, Niering 

1961:3. 

Namonuito: Ulul I., observed, Stone, 1959: 104. 

Truk: Ulalu, 3 ft [l m], Wong 145 (US, BISH); 

Koidzumi in 1915 (TI). Moen: New site of Mechetiu village on NE coast SE of Bou Bay, 0 m, 

Fosberg 24423 (US, BISH). Uoala (Uola) I., Moore 

I19 (LS). Dublon (Natsushima): Takamatsu 153 

(BISH). Tol: Hosokawa, 1937:202. Pis: 1-2 m, 

Fosberg 24668 (US). 

Nama: Center of island, 3-5 m, Evans 1310 

Lukunor: Lukunor I., Anderson 2129 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). Oneap I., Anderson 2069 (US, BISH). 

Satawan: Moch I., Anderson 978 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L). Satawan I., Anderson 1086 (US, BISH, 

Fo) . 

Kapingamarangi: Taringa I., Nzering 500 (US). 

Ant: Glassman, 1953:304, observed. 

(US). 

Ponape: Kanehira 684 (TI); Net Dist., Nakao in 

1941 (KYO); Kiti Dist., Ron Kiti, Nakao in 1941 

(KYO); vicinity of Colonia, 50 ft [ 15 m], Glassman 

2583a (US); Kanehzra 684 (FU); Anapeng-pa, Takamatsu 694 (BISH); Nanmatol I., on temple platform, 1-3 m, Fosberg 26375 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Mokil: Kalap I., Glassman 2623 (US). 

Pingelap: Pingelap I., Classman 2656 (US, 

BISH). 

Kusaie: Kusaie I., Rain9 34 (US). Lele I., Takamatsu 339 (BISH). 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok: Eniwetok I., 

St. John 23710 (US, BISH); 1-4 m, Fosberg 24368 

(US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). Engebi I., 1-5 m, Fosberg 

24382 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Kwajalein: Ebeye I., Fosberg 31209 (US, BISH). 

Kwajalein I., Bryan s.n. in 1944. 

Likiep: Likiep I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 26990 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Ailinglapalap: Airik, Fosberg 26897 (US, BISH). 

Majuro: Uliga I., near Mieco landing, Stone 958 

Arno: Ine I., Stone 1050 (Fo); Anderson 3619 

Jaluit: Koidzumi in 1915 (TI); St. John 21700 

(BISH). Jaluit I., Jabor, Fosberg 39484 (US). Imruj 

I., in village, Fosberg 26750 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Ebon: Wedan-To I., Stone 1007 (BISH). 

NAURU ISLAND-Burges, ms. Meneng, Fosberg 

58611 (US, BISH). 

GILBERT ISLANDS.-B~ tari t ari : Bu tari tari I., 

Herbst & Allerton 2706 (US). 

Tarawa: Teaoraereke, Catala 52 (P) ; Abaokoro, 

Adair 121 (BISH, US); Betio, ‘4dazr 9 (US). Bikenibeu I., Herbst €3 Allerton 2646 (US). 

Tabiteuea: Utiroa village, Luomala 4 (BISH). 

Onotoa: S of village of Aiaki, Moul 8193 (US, 

(BISH). 

(US). 

BISH, Fo). 

Vernonia cunea ta Lessing 

Vernonm cuneata Lessing, Linnaea 6:644, 183 1 .-Kitarnura, 

Act. Phyt. Geobot., 10:73, 1941. 

Vernonia pyrrhopappa sensu Kanehira. Enuni. Micr. PI., 43 1, 

1935 [non Schultz-Bipontinus ex Klatt. Flora, 68:203. 

1885 (as Vernornza)]. 

Scandent shrub, subglabrous to puberulent, 

stems terete, somewhat striate, leaves and branch- 
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

ing alternate; leaves simple, thin, broadly ellipticobovate, abruptly and sharply acuminate, base 

cuneate-contracted, blade about 6 X 3-3.5 cm, 

venation not prominent, petiole 1 cm or less; 

distal parts loosely and irregularly paniculate, 

heads in clusters of several in axils of upper leaves, 

which become smaller distally, whole inflorescence elongate pyramidal, branches widely divaricate; heads of 5-7 florets; involucres broadly 

campanulate, of 3-4 series of phyllaries spirally 

imbricate, the phyllaries 1-1.5 mm wide, oblong, 

inner ones 5-6 mm long, outer series gradually 

shorter, glandular puberulent on outer surface, 

acute; corolla tubular below, funnelform above, 

deeply 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, acute; achenes 

subprismatic, about 4 mm long, gradually narrowed to base, light to medium brown, weakly 5- 

angled, with shallow furrows between angles, 

strongly granulate-glandular, crowned with a 

spreading ring of 25-30 dull orange or tan pappus 

bristles 7-8 mm long. 

An uncommon Malaysian-Philippine species 

with Palau as the Pacific limit of its distribution. 

Originally described from Rawak on the basis of 

a Gaudichaud specimen, now possibly in Leiden. 

The Palau plant does not fit exactly any of the 

species to which it has been referred, but comes 

closest to Vernonia cuneata except for its acuminate 

leaf apices. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.-Palau: Babeldaob: Aimiriik, Kanehzru 2315 (US, NY, FU); Kamiangaru 

Nekken, Hosokawa 9710 (A); Airai Colony, Nishida 

in 1939 (TI); Galdok, Hatushima 5008 (FU). 

Vernonia patula (Dryander) Merrill 

Vernonia patula (Dryander) Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 3: 

439, 1908; 9: 154, 1914.-Koster, Blumea, 1:433, 1935.- 

Stone, Micronesica, 1: 129, 1964; 6:594, 1971.-Fosberg 

& Sachet, Smiths. Contr. Bot., 45:30, 1980. 

Conyta patula Dryander in Aiton, Hort. Kew., 3:184, 1789. 

Vernonia chinensis sensu Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 168, 1835.-Schumann & Lauterbach, F1. Suds., 

595, 1901 [non(L.) Lessing, Linnaea, 6:105, 18311. 

Cyanopzs pubescens de Candolle, Prodr., 5:69, 1836.-Safford, 

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 9:252, 1905 [as Cyanopus]. 

Vernonia vdlosa (Blurne) Wight in Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. 

Herb., 9:396, 1905.-Stone, Micronesica 1: 129, 1964. 

Vernonza patula var. pubescens (Blurne) Koster, Blumea, 1 :430- 

435, 1935. 

Erect to somewhat depressed herb to 4 dm tall, 

stems thinly to sparsely arachnoid tomentose, 

striate, paniculately branched above; leaves alternate, rhombic to elliptic or obovate, to 4 X 2 cm, 

acute to somewhat obtuse at apex, acute to attenuate at base, upper surface very sparsely sericeous 

to papillate-puberulent, green, under surface appressed sericeous-tomentose or thinly arachnoidtomentose, petiole to 1 cm, usually shorter; heads 

purple, in upper axils and terminal in cymose 

clusters of 3-several, shortly pedunculate, peduncles to 1 cm or somewhat more; involucre hemispheric, about 1 cm wide, of about 4 series of 

spirally imbricate lanceolate phyllaries, the inner 

longest, obtusish or acute at apex, the rest spinulose-tipped, firm, outer tending to be somewhat 

squarrose, sparsely pilosulous, inner ones purple 

distally; florets numerous, little exceeding involucre, limb funnelform-campanulate, prismatic in 

bud, tip glandular, lobes 5, lanceolate, anther 

tube white; style-branches not greatly exceeding 

corolla, hirtellous, pointed; achenes about 1.5 mm 

long, prismatic, pale to dark tan, glabrous with 

sessile glands or resin droplets near base or the 

full length in the intervals, inner 4-angled, outer 

tending to be curved with 4 ribs on curved side, 

two inner faces at an angle, 2 closely parallel ribs 

on inner angle, pappus of 8-10 stiff white caducous bristles. 

An eastern Asiatic-Malaysian species extending 

to New Guinea, probably introduced into Guam, 

as it is known nowhere else in Micronesia except 

for a casual reference by Koster (1935:433) to the 

Carol ines. 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-S.~., de Candolle, 1836:69 

(citing Haenke). 

Guam: s.I., de Candolle, 1839:69 (citing Chamisso) ; Endlicher, 1835: 168 (citing Chamisso) ; 

Merrill, 1914: 154 (citing G.E.S. 456); Astrolabe 52 

(GH), 1628 (GH); G.E.S. 69 (US, BISH, NY); 

Guerrero 748 (BISH); Murche 75 (P, Fo); Hombron 

in 1841 (P, Fo); Le Guillou 1 (P), 22 (P); Agaha, 

Seule in 1900 (BISH); 2 km S of Piti, Necker 180 

(US); Piti, Swezey in 1936 (BISH); Dan Dan 

(Martinez Pasture), 110 m, Fosberg 35552 (US, 
NUMBER 16 61 

BISH, Fo, NY); Umatac, along strand, 1 m, 

Fosberg 35413 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); old fort, 

Stone 4910 (GUAM); Pago Bay, Fafanruw 1350 

(US); Cella Bay, Cushing & Fafanruw 721 (US); 

Mangilao, SchmulI57 (GUAM). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-S.~., Koster, 

Wedelia Jacquin 

Wedelia Jacquin, Enurn. PI. Carib., 8, 

cons.]. 

1935:433. 

28, 1760 [norn. 

Herbs or shrubs, leaves opposite, trinerved; 

heads radiate, on peduncles usually terminal subtended by two branches; involucre of 2-3 series 

of phyllaries, outer foliaceous, inner paleaceous; 

receptacular bracts enclosing achenes; ray florets 

in one outer series, pistillate, fertile, ligules yellow; 

disk florets bisexual, corolla tubular campanulate, 

5-lobed; ray achenes triangular in cross section, 

disk achenes clavate, slightly compressed when 

fertile, constricted above into a narrow neck, 

prismatic when sterile, pappus often of small 

scales, sometimes with 2 awns. 

A mostly American genus of few or many species, depending on the circumscription adopted, 

here accepted in a narrow sense; only 1 introduced species known in Micronesia. 

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchcock 

Wedelza trdobata (L.) Hitchcock, Missouri Bot. Card. Ann. 

Silphrum trilobatum L., Syst. ed. 10, 576, 1759. 

Rept. 4:99, 1893. 

Prostrate or decumbent, mat-forming extensively creeping herb, rooting at nodes, terete stems 

pilose with antrorsely appressed hairs; leaves opposite, very variable in outline, obovate to oblong, 

when oblong, strongly trilobed at about middle, 

below lobes blade forms what appears to be a 

broadly winged petiole, wings abruptly contracted to a truncate or auriculate base, apical 

lobe obtuse to acute, upper margins coarsely serrate, strongly triplinerved, upper and lower surfaces very sparsely appressed hispid, lower surface 

gland-dotted, free part of petiole thick, 2-3 mm 

long and wide, sheathing at extreme base; peduncles solitary, terminal, more rarely axillary or 

perhaps pseudoaxillary, 2-6 cm long, rather thick, 

antrorsely pilose; involucre campanulate, of 2 

series of ovate-oblong foliaceous phyllaries, subequa1 to somewhat unequal, the inner somewhat 

shorter, 4-5 in each series; receptacular bracts 

scarious, obovate or oblanceolate to lanceolate, 

apex acute, upper margin erose-ciliate, partly 

enfolding ovaries; ray florets pistillate, ligules yellow, about 10 X 5 mm, with 3 teeth apically; disk 

corollas yellow, narrowly campanulate, 4-5 mm 

long, tube much shorter than subcylindric limb, 

teeth 5, triangular; anther tube black, scarcely 

exserted or only tardily so, about 2 mm long; style 

branches yellow, linear, grooved on inner side, 

acute, puberulent, erect becoming recurved; achenes puberulent above, those of ray flowers triangular in cross section, swollen, outer face somewhat convex, somewhat rugose, angles rounded, 

disk achenes when fertile clavate, terete, summit 

contracted to a neck, somewhat stipitate below, 

when sterile subprismatic to slightly compressed; 

few achenes maturing in cultivated clone in Pacific; pappus a crown of short fimbriate scales. 

In Micronesia it is known from the Marianas 

(Guam), Carolines (Palau) , Marshalls (Eniwetok, 

Kwajalein, Majuro), Nauru, where it is cultivated. On Guam it has increased enormously, 

planted as a ground-cover in place of lawns 

around hotels, parks, etc. It is very vigorous and 

flowers abundantly. 

USES.-Ornamental 

VERNACULAR NAME.-Ngesil ra ngebard (Palau: 

Otobed, 1977:32) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Guam, Tumon Bay, Fosberg 58195 (US). 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-Palau, Otobed, 1977:32. 

MARSHALL IsLANDs.-Eniwetok, Lamberson 29 

(Mi); Kwajalein: Kwajalein I., 0-4 m, planted, 

Fosberg 48067 (US); Majuro, sight record, Fosberg 

in 1978. 

NAURU ISLAND.-Meneng, planted, Fosberg 

58609 (US). 

Wollastonia de Candolle ex Decaisne 

Wollastonia de Candolle ex Decaisne, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 

3:414, 1834; Prodr., 5:546-549, 1836. 
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Wedella sensu auct. plur. pro parte [non Jacquin, Enum. PI. 

Stemmodontia sensu auct. Micr. [non Cassini, Bull. SOC. PhiCarib., 8, 28, 17601. 

lorn. Paris, 11, 18171. 

Weak shrubs, suffrutescent herbs, and herbs 

with a resinous odor, leaves opposite, tending to 

be trinerved, estipulate; inflorescences very open, 

terminal with 3-5 or more pedunculate radiate 

heads, sometimes associated in open corymbiform 

panicles, or heads solitary; involucre of one principal whorl with a few smaller phyllaries at base; 

receptacular bracts strongly nerved, limb obtuse, 

sometimes apiculate, pubescent, enfolding achenes; outer whorl of florets ligulate yellow, ligules 

more or less toothed at apex, disk corollas yellow 

or greenish yellow, 5-lobed; achenes thick 3 (-4)- 

angled, those of ray flowers convex on outer face, 

all or mostly well developed, underdeveloped ones 

scattered, summit of achenes blunt, strongly hirtellous, with a circle of setulae, lower part glabrous; pappus of 1 short awn or this absent. 

A small genus of a few Asiatic-Pacific species, 

usually referred to Wedelia, but closer to Melanthera, and close to, if not actually including, the 

Hawaiian Lipochaeta de Candolle (Fosberg and 

Sachet, 1980). 

This genus badly needs revision. The Micronesian plants are usually regarded as a single species 

with two varieties. 

WoZZastonia biflora (L.) de Candolle 

M'offastonia biflora (L.) de Candolle, Prodr. 5:546, 1836.- 

Fosberg & Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 45:32, 1980. 

Verbesina biflora L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1272, 1763. 

Verbesina strigufosa Gaudichaud, Bot. Voy. Uranie 463, 1826 

[ 18291. 

Woflastonia strigufosa (Gaudichaud) de Candolle ex Decaisne, 

N. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 3:414, 1834. 

Woflastonia scabriuscufa de Candolle ex Decaisne, Ann. Mus. 

Hist. Nat. 3:414, 1834 [nom superfl. illegit.= Woflastonia 

bzJora (L.) de Candolle]. 

Wedefza strigulosa (de Candolle) Schumann, Bot. Jahrb., 9: 

223, 1888 [preprint 1887?] [parenthetical author wrongly 

cited].-Schumann & Lauterbach, F1. Suds., 600, 1901.- 

Volkens, Notizbl.. 4:91, 1903.-Luomala, Bishop Mus. 

Bull., 213:87, 1953. 

Wedelia aristata Lessing, Linnaea, 6: 160, 183 1 .-Endlicher, 

Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 168, 1835.-Guillaumin, 

Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 99:22, 1952. 

Wedefia biflora (L.) de Candolle in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind., 

18, 1834.-Engler, Notizbl., 1:226, 1897.-Volkens, Bot. 

Jahrb., 31:477, 1901.-Schumann & Lauterbach. FI. 

Suds., 600, 1901.-Volkens, Notizbl., 4:91, 1903.-von 

Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.-Koidzumi, 

Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 29:255, 1915.-Kanehira, Enum. PI. 

Micr., 431, 1935.-Kramer, in Thilenius, Erg. Suds. Exp.. 

IIB 10, 1:298, 389, 426, 1937.-Hosokawa, Bull. Biogeogr. 

SOC. Jap., 7:202, 1937.-Kitamura, Act. Phyt. Geobot., 

10:73, 1941.-Okabe, Jour. Anthrop. SOC. Nippon, 56: 

420,422, 1941; Jour. Jap. For. SOC., 23:271, 1941: Nankyo, 

2:14, 20, 31, 32, 39, 48, 1943.-St. John, Pac. Sci. 2:104, 

112, 1948.-Taylor, P1. Bikini, 203, 1950.-St. John, Pac. 

Sci., 5:286, 195l.-Glassman, Bishop Mus. Bull., 209:98, 

1952; Pac. Sci., 7:296, 304, 308, 1953.-Catala, Atoll Res. 

Bull., 59: 11 1, 1957.-Stone, Pac. Sci., 13: 104, 1959.- 

Niering, Atoll Res. Bull., 76:3, 1961.-Fosberg & Sachet, 

Atoll Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962.-Stone, Micronesica, 1: 128, 

1964.-Otobed, ms. 1967; Guide List Plants Palau Is., 24, 

1971.-Alkire, Micronesica, 10: 1974.-Hosokawa, ms., 

n.d. 

Sternmodontia biJora (L.) W. F. Wight in Safford, Contr. U.S. 

Nat. Herb., 9:377, 1905.-Stone, Micronesica, 1: 128, 

1964. 

Large sprawling, tangled, or even loosely matforming herbs, or plants slightly woody below, 

stems glabrous to hispidulous or shortly sparsely 

hirsute, irregularly sulcate when dry, strongly 

resinous; leaves opposite, ovate to broadly ovate, 

bases acute to obtuse or subcordate, slightly decurrent, apices acuminate, margins serrate, teeth 

tending to be uneven, main veins few, 3-5 plinerved, usually appearing palmately 3-nerved 

from just above base of blade, both surfaces finely 

strigose, especially on veins, upper less so, general 

appearance green or grayish, petioles long, rather 

slender, leaves of sterile shoots often much larger 

and subcordate to cordate; heads in loose irregularly corymbiform panicles of several to 20 or 

more, about 2 cm across; phyllaries in 2 series, 

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, outer subfoliaceous; 

rays fertile, 6- 10 or more, ligules yellow, subentire 

or slightly toothed at apex, disk corollas with 

short tube, limb funnelform-campanulate to prismatic-campanulate, lobes deltoid; disk becoming 

globose at maturity; achenes 2.5-4 mm long, 

those of the ray flowers 3-angled, depressed in the 

center of the top, those of the disk cuneoid, 4- 

angled. 
NUMBER 46 

Key to Micronesian Varieties of Wollastonia biflora 

Achenes 2.5-4 mm long, plants usually green ............................... 

......................................... Wollastonia biflora var. biflora 

Achenes 1.5-2(-3) mm long, plants usually rather grayish or grayish 

green ................................. Wollastonia biflora var. canescens 

63 

Wollastonia biflora (L.) de Candolle var. 

biflora 

ngasil (Palau: Hosokawa ms.) 

ngesil (Palau: Okabe, 1941; Otobed, 1971) 

hassih (Sonsorol: Berry 21) 

thu (Yap: Takamatsu 1920; Wong 306; Hosokawa, ms.) 

Known in Micronesia from the Carolines (Palau, Sonsorol, Yap, Ulithi, Fais, Eauripik, Woleai, 

(Yap: Okabe, 1943) 

Faraulap, Ifaluk, Lamotrek, Satawal, Puluwat, eatheuth (Ulithi: Lessa 84) 

Namonuito, Murilo, Nomwin, Truk, Nama, Losap, Namoluk, Etal, Lukunor, Satawan, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi, Ant, Ponape, Mokil, Pingelap, Kusaie), Marshalls (Eniwetok, Bikini, Ailinginae, Rongelap, Ujelang, Ujae, Wotho, Lae, 

Kwajalein, Ailuk, Likiep, Aur, Ailinglapalap, 

Majuro, Arno, Namorik, Jaluit), Gilberts 

(Abaiang). 

USES.-A handful of the young leaves mixed 

with the young leaves of Piper betle are eaten for 

gonorrhoea (Palau: Okabe, 194 1 ; 1943). “The 

leaves are pounded, then mixed with coconut 

juices and taken internally for stomach upset. 

The vine is also pounded, and the juices are 

applied to a cut or bite caused by dogs” (Sonsorol: 

Berry 21). Juice of leaves and stems used for 

wounds; juice of stem squeezed out together with 

copra, taken once a day for stomachaches; bark 

of root with young leaves of Jussiaea erecta crushed 

together, sap taken with coconut milk 3 times a 

day, for gonorrhoea (Yap: Okabe, 1943). Flowers 

used in treatment of boils, leaves and flowers used 

medicinally (Eauripik: Fosberg €9 Evans 47f f3); 

“for illness caused by spirit” (Woleai: Alkire 9); 

“used for maremars” (Nomwin: Evans 1/36); used 

in magic to assure that a canoe will not break 

apart; leaves are used as mulch (Namoluk: Marshall 33). Said to be 

Fosberg 26653). Used as medicine after confinement (Kusaie: Okabe, 1941). Flowers used in 

garlands, leaves in compost (Abaiang: Catala, 

1957). 

gesil (Palau: Okabe, 1943) 

lesil (Palau: Emmons 93) 

VERNACULAR NAMESyat yut (Ulithi: Fosberg & Euans 46408) 

yath yuth (Ulithi: Fosberg 25456) 

ethiath (Fais: Kramer, 1937) 

wal (Eauripik: Fosberg &Evans 47/13) 

van (Woleai: Kramer, 1937) 

waadi (Woleai: Wong 42) 

al (Woleai: Evans 452; Alkire 9, Alkire, 1974) 

atiot (Faraulap: Fosberg &Evans 47312) 

atiot (Ifaluk: Fosberg 47209) 

iatuiat (Ifaluk: Abbott &Bates 3) 

yatuyet (Ifaluk: Abbott &Bates 3) 

atiot (Lamotrek: Fosberg G? Evans 46788) 

atiat (Satawal: Fosberg & Euans 46920) 

adiat (Namonuito: Stone, 1959) 

atugat (Namonuito: Stone 2092) 

aduat (Nomwin: Evans 1078, 1136) 

atuat (Nomwin: Fosberg 24581) 

aduduad (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937; Glassman, 1953) 

aduut (Truk: Anderson 737) 

atiwot (Truk: St. John, 1948) 

atuat (Truk: Pelzer 31, 32; Kramer, 1937; St. John, 1948; 

atuet (Truk: Anderson 737) 

atuot (Truk: Fosberg 24641; St. John, 1948) 

atuut (Tmk: Anderson 764) 

atuwat (Truk: Hosokawa, 1937) 

eadiat (Truk: Glassman, 1953) 

eadiat (Truk: St. John, 1948) 

otojot (Truk: Wong 115) 

etiet (Namoluk: Marshall 33) 

atuut (Lukunor: Anderson 2/51) 

atiut (Satawan: Anderson 946) 

atiwut (Satawan: Anderson 946) 

atuat (Satawan: Anderson 1016) 

atuo t (Satawan: Anderson 1016) 

aigimea (Nukuoro: Carroll 15, 18) 

siritai (Kapingamarangi: Nzering 537, 631) 

ti ritai (Kapingamarangi: Fosberg 26083) 

ahtu-guaht (Ant: Glassman, 1953) 

ingkah (Ponape: Glassman, 1952, 1953) 

ngkar (Ponape: Fosberg 26329) 

Glassman, 1953) 
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

ngkau (Ponape: St. John, 1948) 

nkau (Ponape: Bascom 138) 

unkaau (Ponape: Hosokawa ms.) 

unkau (Ponape: Hosaka 3510) 

ungkeh (Ponape: Glassman 2399; Glassman, 1952, 1953) 

morishish (Mokil: Glassman, 1953, Glassman 2593) 

kisuwell (Pingelap: St. John 21483, Glassman, 1953) 

kisuwell (Pingelap: St. John, 1948) 

agaia (Kusaie: St. John, 1948; Glassman, 1953) 

eekeh (Kusaie: Glassman, 1953) 

ekeh (Kusaie: St. John, 1948) 

ikya (Kusaie: Hosokawa, ms.) 

builibuilikath (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

marajej (Marshall: St. John, 1948) 

margiwewe (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

margkiwewe (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

margrewe (Marshall Is.: von Prowazek, 1913) 

marietch (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

marjatch (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

markeue (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

markibuebue (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

morigides (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

morijetch (Marshall Is.: St. John, 1948) 

mojej (Ujelang: Fosberg 34171) 

marguegue (Lae: Fosberg 34061) 

margueue (Lae: Fosberg 34061) 

norojes (Kwajalein: Bryan in 1944) 

marajej (Likiep: Fosberg 27003) 

marijZtch (Aur: St. John 21396) 

markueue (Ailinglapalap: Fosberg 26820) 

marijatch (Majuro: St. John, 1948) 

markebwebwe (Majuro: Stone 954 

marjej (Arno: Anderson 3663; Stone 1059) 

markfibwebwe (Arno: Anderson 3663) 

markebuebue (Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962; Volkens 1903 

markuwewe (Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962) 

merguebit (Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962) 

mergwebit (Jaluit: Volkens, 1903 citing Schwabe & Schnee) 

mergwibit (Jaluit: Schumann & Lauterbach, 1901) 

mZrgwEbit (Jaluit: Engler, 1897) 

mer kueue (Jaluit: Fosberg 26693) 

m6rEdji.t Ualuit: Volkens, 1903 citing Schwabe, Schnee) 

moredjit (Jaluit: Fosberg & Sachet, 1962) 

kaura (Gilbert Is.: Luomala. 1953) 

te kaura ni banaba (Gilbert Is.: Catala 76) 

citing Schwabe, Schnee) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-S.~., Moore 81 (US). 

Palau: s.l., Ledermann 14179 (K); Richardson 108 

(US). Kayangl: Ngajangel I., Cressitt 30 (US). 

Babeldaob: Aimion, Monte Ngarua, Tuyama in 

1937 (TI). Koror: Tuyama in 1939 (TI); Kanehira 

199 (FU); Kanehira & Okuya s.n. (FU); Arkamai, 

Kanehira & Nisida 25 (FU); Ngermid, Cheatham 59 

(US); road to Airai Ferry dock, Fosberg 50619 

(US). Ngarakabesang: Hardy I03 (US, BISH) ; 

Ngerksong, reservoir trail, Hardy 32 (US). Aulupse’el: Risong, Maruker Bay, 10-15 m, Fosberg 

47559~ (US). Ngeanges: Yo0 Passage, 1 m, Fosberg 

25812 (US, BISH). Peliliu: Emmons 93 (US, 

BISH); Angaur: S side of island, 2-5 m, Fosberg 

21976 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); E side of island, 

3-5 m, Fosberg 31992 (US, BISH, Fo). 

Sonsorol: Beach, Salsedo 395 (US); Berry 21 

Yap: Volkens 1901:477 (citing Volkens 57); 

near seashore, Wong 306 (US, BISH); Kanif, Takamatsu 1920 (BISH); E ridge of Mt. Matade, 

above Yap Town, 20-40 m, Fosberg 25575 (US, 

BISH); oppido Dogol, Tuyama in 1939 (TI); N of 

Nimar, 170 m, Fosberg 46544 (US). 

Ulithi: Mogmog I., Lessa 84 (BISH); 2-4 m, 

Fosberg & Wong 25475 (US, BISH, Fo, IVY, L); 

eastern Mogmog, Knox 834 (US). Asor I., 1-2 m, 

Fosberg & Evans 46408 (US). Sorlen I., 0-5 m, 

Evans 396 (US, BISH). Pontangeras I., 5 ft 

[2 m], Hosaka 3242 (US, BISH). Fasserai I., 2-4 

m, Fosberg 25456 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

(US) * 

Fais: Yldow, 1 m, Fosberg 46724 (US). 

Eauripik: Eauripik I., 1-2 m, Fosberg & Evans 

Woleai: Utagal I., 1-2 m, Wong 42 (US, BISH). 

Falalis I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 47005 (US); Alkire 9 

(US). Falalop I., 0-5 m, Evans 452 (US, Fo). 

Faraulap: Faraulap I., 1 m, Fosberg €5 Evans 

47312 (US). 

Ifaluk: Abbott & Bates 3 (US); Ifaluk I., 2 m, 

Fosberg 47209 (US). 

Lamotrek: Lamotrek I., 1-3 m, Fosberg & Evans 

46788 (US). 

Satawal: 2 m, Fosberg &Evans 46920 (CS). 

Puluwat: Puluwat I., Niering 1961:3. 

Namonuito: Magur I., Magur village, Evans 

918 (US). Piseras I., 0-3 m, Evans 897 (US). Ono 

I., 0-3 m, Evans 1023 (US). Onari I., 0-3 m, Evans 

961 (US). 

Murilo: Ruo I., 3-5 m, Evans 1 I84 (US); Murilo 

I., 0-3 m, Evans 1226 (US). 

Nomwin: Nomwin I., 1-2 m, Fosberg 24581 

(US, BISH); 0-3 m, Evans 1078 (US). Fananu I., 

3-5 m, Evans 1136 (US). 

Truk: s.l., Pelzer 31 (US), 32 (US); Kozdrumi in 

47113 (US). 
NUMBER 46 65 

1915 (TI); Kamiya 16 (TI); Le Guillou 22 (P) 

(Archipel d'Hogoleu ou de Roug) ; mangroves, 

Hosokawa 6499 (A); near seashore, Wong I I5 (US, 

BISH). Ile Shix, Hombron in 1841 (P, Fo). Moen: 

Niering 792 (US); 3 m, Fosberg 24698 (US, BJSH); 

hillside, 600 ft [185 m], Hosaka 2699 (US, BISH); 

vicinity of Moen village, Anderson 737 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY); 764 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); saddle between Sabuk Peninsula and main part of island, 

Fosberg 24425 (US, BISH). Dublon: (Natsushima) 

Takamatsu 285 (BISH). Eten: Hallier 96 in 1903 

(HBG, US). Pis: 1-2 m, Fosberg 24641 (US, 

BISH); 3-5 m, Evans 847 (US). Romonum: Stone 

5296 (BISH). 

Nama: Anderson, seen in 1950 but not collected. 

Losap: Anderson, seen in 1950 but not collected. Losap I., 3-5 m, Evans 1344 (US). 

Namoluk: Namoluk I., Anderson 918 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L); Marshall 33 (US, BISH). 

Etal: Anderson, seen in 1950 but not collected. 

Lukunor: Lukunor I., Anderson 2151 (US, BISH, 

Fo, NY, L). 

Satawan: Moch I., Anderson 946 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY, L). Ta I., Anderson 1016 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

Nukuoro: Nukuoro I., Dagamanga, Carroll 15 

(US), I8 (US). 

Kapingamarangi: Niering 537 (US). Hare I., 5 

ft [2 m], Hosaka 3432 (US, BISH); 1 m, Fosberg 

26083 (US, BISH). Werua I., Niering 631 (US). 

L). 

Ant: Glassman 1953:304, 308. 

Ponape: s.l., Ledermann 13922 (K); Bascom 138 

(?) (US); Colonia, Kanehira 674 (BISH, FU); Taman, Takamatsu 880 (BISH); Langar I., Glassman 

2399 (US); Jokaj, 300 ft [90 m], Hosaka 3510 (US, 

BISH); S base of Tolenot Peak, peninsula E of 

mouth of Tawenjakola R., 3 m, Fosberg 26329 

(US, BISH). 

Mokil: Kalap I., Glassman 2593 (US, BISH). 

Pingelap: St. John 21483 (US, BISH). 

Kusaie: s.l., Kanehira 13I7 (NY, FU). Kusaie I., 

Rain9 27 (US); Moore 81 (US); Matuutik, Clarke 

Ku- I0 (US); lower slopes around head of valley S 

of Lela Harbor, 50-150 m, Fosberg 26653 (US, 

BISH). Lela I., Lela Harbor, 15 m, Wong 73 (US, 

BISH). 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-on all southern islands, 

von Prowazek 1913: 121. Radack chain: Lessing, 

1831: 160 (citing Chamisso); Endlicher, 1835: 168 

(citing Chamisso); Schumann & Lauterbach 

1901:600 (citing Chamisso); Volkens 1903:91 (citing Chamisso); s. coll. s.n. (MO); Chamisso (K). 

Eniwetok: Engebi I., 1-5 m, Fosberg 24391 (US, 

BISH). 

Ailinginae: Sifo I., Fosberg 36694 (US, BISH, 

Fo) . 

Rongelap: Rongelap I., Taylor 46-1469 (US, 

BISH); Taylor in 1946 (A). 

Ujelang: Ujelang I., Fosberg 34171 (US). 

Ujae: Ujae I., Fosberg 34301 (US). 

Wotho: Wotho I., Fosberg 34252 (US). 

Lae: Lae I., Fosberg 34061 (US). 

Kwajalein: 2-3 m, Cameron 7 (BISH); Wagner 

3378 (US). Bigej I. (Bennett), 1-3 m, Fosberg 

26508 (US, BISH). Kwajalein I., 1 m, Fosberg 

26476 (US, BISH). Torrutj I., Bryan in 1944 

(BISH). 

Ailuk: Marib I., Fosberg 33983 (US). 

Likiep: Lado I., Fosberg 33819 (US); Likiep I., 

Aur: Tabal I., St. John 21396 (BISH). 

Ailinglapalap: Bikajle I., 1-3 m, Fosberg 26820 

(US, BISH). 

Majuro: Majuro I., observed, St. John, 1951: 

286. Uliga I., Stone 954 (BISH); islet W of Dalap 

Island, 1-2 m, Fosberg 26918 (US, BISH). 

Arno: Ine I., Anderson 3663 (US, Fo); Stone I059 

(Fo); Mabolen, Hatheway 776 (US, BISH, Fo, 

NY) . 

1-2 m, Fosberg 27003 (US, BISH). 

Namorik: Jeeruk I., Stone 993 (BISH). 

Jaluit: Engler, 1897:226; Schumann & Lauterbach, 1901:600; Volkens, 1903:91; s.l., Koidzumi 

in 1915 (TI); Nakao in 1941 (KYO); St. John 21675 

(BISH); Jaluit I., Sydney Pier area, S of Jabor, 

1-2 m, Fosberg 26693 (US, BISH). 

BANABA (OCEAN) 1.-Catala, 1957: 11 1. 

GILBERT IsLANDs.-Abaiang: &tala 76 (P); 

Adair I83 (US). 

Wollastonia biflora var. canescens 

(Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

Wollastonia biflora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg, 

Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45, 33, 1980. 

Verbesina canescens Gaudichaud, Bot. Voy. Uranie, 463, 1826 

[ 18291.-Safford, Contr. US. Nat. Herb., 9:395, 1905. 
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Verbesina btflora sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:395, 

1905 [non L., Sp. PI., ed. 2, 1272, 17631. 

Verbesina argentea Gaudichaud, Bot. Voy. Uranie, 463, 1826 

[ 1829].-Endlicher, Ann. Wien, Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 169, 

1835.-Schumann & Lauterbach, FI. Suds., 601, 1901.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:395, 1905.-Kanehira, 

FI. Micron., 468, 1933. 

Wedelia chamissonis Lessing, Linnaea 6: 16 1, 183 1.-Endlicher, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 168, 1835.- 

Schumann & Lauterbach, FI. Suds., 600, 1901.-Safford, 

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:398, 1905. 

Wedelia blflora sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:398, 

1905.-von Prowazek, Deutsch. Marianen, 121, 1913.- 

Merrill, Phil. Jour, Sci. Bot., 9:154, 1914.-Walker & 

Rodin, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 30:467, 1949.-Stone, 

Micronesica, 1: 128, 1964; Micronesica, 6:587, 1971. [Non 

(L.) de Candolle in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind., 18, 1834.1 

Wollastonia bzflora sensu Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9: 

399, 1905 [non (L.) de Candolle, Prodr. 5:546, 18361. 

Wollastonia scabrtuscula de Candolle ex Decaisne, Nouv. Ann. 

Mus. Paris, 3:414, 1834 [in part]; Prodr.; 5:547, 1836.- 

Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:399, 1905. 

Wollastonia canescens (Gaudichaud) de Candolle, Prodr., 5: 

547, 1836.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:399, 1905. 

Stemmodontia cunescens (Gaudichaud) W. F. Wight in Safford, 

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:377, 1905.-Stone, Micronesica, 

1 : 128, 1964. 

Wedelia canescens (Gaudichaud) Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 

9:155, 1914.-Safford, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 9:398, 

1905 [in synonymy].-Mattfeld, Bot. Jahrb., 62:434, 

1929.-Kanehira, FI. Micron., 468, 1933.-Hosokawa, 

Trans. Nat. Hist. SOC. Formosa, 24( 132):205, 1934.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. Pi., 431, 1935.-Kitamura, Act. 

Phyt. Geobot., 10:73-74, 1941. 

Wedelza argentea (Gaudichaud) Merrill, Phil. Jour. Sci. Bot., 

9: 155, 1914.-Kanehira, FI. Micron., 468, 1933.-Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. SOC. Formosa, 24(132):205, 

1934.-Kanehira, Enum. Micr. PI., 431, 1935. 

Wedelia bijlora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg, Phytologia 5:291, 1955.-Fosberg, Falanruw, &Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 22:43, 1975. 

Differs from var. bijiioru in being vegetatively 

much more densely strigose and in its shorter, 

1.5-2(-3) mm long, achenes. The density of the 

pubescence varies considerably. 

Known in Micronesia from the Marianas 

(Maug, Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, 

Sarigan, Anatahan, Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, 

Rota, Guam); Carolines (Palau). 

UsEs.-It is sometimes used medicinally 

(Guam: Fosberg 25338, Safford & Seule 1034). The 

leaves and roots are boiled and drunk for tuberculosis (Guam: Evans 723). 

VERNACULAR NAMES.- 

masiksik (Pagan: Anderson 551, 588). 

akangkang tasi (Guam: Evans 723). 

masigsic (Guam: Safford @ Seale 1036 

masigsig (Guam: Safford, 1905; von Prowazek, 1913; Stone, 

masigsig chunge (Guam: Safford, 1905; Stone, 1971) 

masigsig chungi (Guam: Safford @,%ale 1019) 

ngesil (Palau: Fosberg & Otobed, ms.) 

1971; Fosberg 25338) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Gaudichaud, 1829:463; 

Endlicher, 1835: 169; de Candolle, 1836:547; s.l., 

Huenke 807 (NY); Guudichuud s.n. (P). 

Maug: S central East I., 50 ft [ 15 m], Fulunruw 

2247 (US); East I., Dickinson & Mersereuu 18 (US). 

Agrigan: Trail around S end of island, 10-20 

m, Fosberg 31613 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); SW 

coast below 300 ft [90 m], Fulunruw 2170 (US). 

Pagan: Fosberg 31418 (US, BISH, Fo); isthmus, 

1 m, Anderson 551 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); 1 mi [1.6 

km] S of pier, W side of island, Anderson 588 (US, 

BISH, Fo, NY, L); Tulagi Beach, Moore 345 (US); 

Lagona, Villugomez JV-04 (US). 

Alamagan: Vicinity of Asongsong village, 3- 15 

m, Fosberg 31708 (US, BISH, Fo); SSW coast, sea 

level to 200 ft [60 m], Fulunruw 1957 (US). 

Guguan: W coast, 200-225 ft [60-70 m], Fulunruw 1823 (US). 

Sarigan: Kunehiru 2165 (NY, FU); NW coast, 

0-75 ft [20 m], Fulunruw 1791 (US); above village, 

150-250 m, Evans 2395 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, 

BISH). 

Anatahan: NW tip of island, 0-10 m, Evans 

2446 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); beach area, Fulunruw 

1659 (US). 

Medinilla: Swedberg, MS 1974. 

Saipan: Stephens 40 (Fo); Momose in 1930 (TI); 

Tuyumu in 1937 (TI); Kunehiru 1023 (NY, FU); 

Kunehiru &Hutusimu 4285 (GH, FU); summit of 

mountain, 1500 ft [460 m], Kunehiru 35 (NY, FU); 

Maniagassa I., Holt 51 (US, BISH, Fo); N of 

Agingan Pt., 1-3 m, Fosberg 25242 (US, BISH); 

sea cliffs on Tsukimi Bay, E of Mt. Petosukara, 

75 m, Fosberg 25199 (US, BISH); Bird (Sukimi) I. 

Beach, Evans 2330 (US). 

Tinian: Hosokuwu 7738 (A); Okatuni 72 (FU); 

terrace on SE coast, NE of Carolinas (Lalo) Pt., 
NUMBER 46 67 

60-80 m, Fosberg 24834 (US, BISH); “yellow 

Beach” E of Mt. Lasso, 1-10 m, Fosberg 249I1 

(US, BISH). 

Rota: s.l., Necker R37 (US); SW side of island, 

0-5 m, Evans I904 (US); Motyon, Hosokawa 7685 

(BISH, A); Sabana, Zyoden, Hanare-koti, Tuyama 

418 (TI); NW coast between Sonson and Tataacho Pt., 2 m, Fosberg 25135 (US, BISH, Fo, NY). 

Guam: Lessing, 1831: 161 (citing Chamisso); 

Decaisne, 1834:4 14 (citing Haenke) ; Endlicher, 

1835: 168 (citing Chamisso and Gaudichaud); de 

Candolle 1836:547 (citing Haenke); Merrill 1914: 

154, 155; s.l., Safford & Seale I019 (US); McGregor 

504 (US, BISH, NY, BM); G.E.S. 456 (US, BISH, 

NY, BM); G.E.S. 351 (US, BISH, K); Nelson 386 

(BISH, NY); Marche 98 (P, Fo); sea cliffs below 

Yona, Rodin 582 (US); Tantapalao Pt., 30 m, 

Bryan 12I6 (BISH); Orote Pt., 65 m, Bryan I088 

(BISH); Tagachan Beach, Pedrus 5 (GUAM), 

Stone 3988 (GUAM); Agana, seashore, Saffd €9 

Seale I034 (US); Mt. Tenjo, Rodin 541 (US); 1000 

ft [305 m],Johnson, Markley, €9 Necker 80 (US); 320 

m, Bryan 1 I12 (BISH); Reconnaissance area, 900 

ft [275 m], Moore 93 (US); coast E of Barrigada, 

10-20 ft [3-7 m], Steere I25 (US, A, BISH); Pati 

Pt., 160 m, Necker 354 (US); Facpi Pt., near beach, 

Necker 340 (US); Ritidian Pt., 400 ft [120 m], 

Hosaka 3109 (US, BISH); Ypao Pt., 100 ft 

[30 m],Johnson in 1945 (US); near shore, Necker 

42 (US); Agfayan Bay, within 100 m of shore, 

Necker I32 (US); E coast between Togcha and 

Talofofo Bays, Moore 336 (US); Togcha Bay, 1-2 

m, Fosberg 25338 (US); Moran 4364 (BISH, Fo, 

UC); Mt. Alutom, E of Sumay 350 m, Fosberg 

25284 (US, BISH); above Anao Pt., Moran 4549 

(US, UC, BISH, Fo); Chalandao Mt., 1 km SE 

of Jumujong Manglo Mt., 320 m, Fosberg 35369 

(US); just N of Campanaya (Sanagun) Pt., 10 m, 

Fosberg 35473 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L); Tarague 

Beach, 1-2 m, Fosberg 35462 (US, BISH); Anderson 

254 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); 0-25 m, Evans 723 

(US); summit of Mt. Lamlam, 400 m, Anderson 

I39 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Tumon Bay, 0-5 m, 

Evans 221 (US); Lujuna, 0-10 m, Evans I614 

CAROLINE ISLANDS.-PalaU: Babeldaob: Arukoron-sogen, Hosokawa 7026 (BISH) . Angaur: 

NW coast, 30 m, Fosberg 25917 (US, BISH). 

(US). 

Youngia Cassini 

Youngza Cassini, Ann. Sci. Nat.. ser. 1.23:88. 1831.-Babcock 

& Stebbins, Washington, 1-106, 1937. 

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, stems often much-branched, or condensed and unbranched; leaves alternate or mostly basal, usually pinnately lobed or parted, base often clasping; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, or glomerate; heads small, involucre narrow, cylindric to 

somewhat campanulate, with a single principal 

series of phyllaries and a series of smaller ones at 

base; florets yellow, 5-30 all ligulate, ligules truncate, 5-toothed at apex; style branches slender; 

achenes oblong-linear, slightly beaked, unequally 

ribbed, slightly compressed; pappus of many capillary bristles in one series. 

A small or medium-sized Asiatic (Australian?) 

genus, with 1 very widely distributed weedy species, which has become well established in the 

southern Marianas. 

Youngia japonica (L.) de Candolle 

Youngia japonica (L.) de Candolle, Prodr., 7: 194, 1838.-Kitarnura, Acta Phytotax. et Geobot., 10(1):74, 1941.- 

Stone, Micronesica, 2: 141, 1967; Micronesica, 6:579, 1971. 

Prenanthes japonica L., Mant., 107, 1767. 

Crepis japonica (L.) Bentharn, FI. Hongkong, 194, 1861.- 

Hosokawa, Jour. SOC. Trop. Agric., 6:669, 1934. 

Scapose or subscapose herb with condensed 

woolly caudex; leaves 5-10, forming a rosette, 

blades obovate, thin, rounded at apex, narrowed 

and lyrately lobed toward base, glabrous above 

except a few hairs on lower part of midrib, under 

surface sparsely pilose or tomentulose near base 

and on midrib, narrowed into a somewhat pilose 

petiole shorter than or subequal with blade; 

scapes 1-several, erect, nearly glabrous 2-4 (- 10) 

dm tall, with 1, or rarely more, reduced cauline 

leaves, similar to basal but smaller, less lobed; 

stem sparingly paniculately branched above middle, heads glomerate at ends of branches, on short 

peduncles; involucre glabrous, about 4-5 mm 

long, of about 8 principal phyllaries, 4-5 reduced 

ones at base, about 1 mm long, acute or obtuse, 

scarious margined, erect, spreading at anthesis; 

corollas 4-6 mm long; achenes lanceolate, reddish 

brown, about 2 mm long, unequally 10-12 
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

ribbed, hispidulous, apex truncate; pappus white 

or yellowish white, capillary, scaberulous, caducous, 3-4 mm long. 

A pantropical weedy species found in disturbed 

moist habitats. 

It is known in Micronesia from the Marianas 

(Saipan, Rota, and Guam). 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS IsLANDs.-Saipan: s.l,, Kanehira 3576 

(FU); TapGtyo-santyG hukin, Hosokawa 6727 

(BISH, Fo); Charan-Taroho, 700 ft [215 m], Hosaka 2999 (US, BISH, Fo, NY); Army Hill, Courage 

I1 (US, Fo); ridge N of Tapotchau peak, 350 m, 

Fosberg 31772 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L). 

Rota: Road to Sabana area, 200-400 m, Sachet 

I802 (US); 500 m, Evans 2114 (US). 

Guam: Harmon village, Stone 4070 (GUAM); 

Lujuna, 180 m, Evans 1581 (US). 

Zinnia L. 

Zinnia L., Syst. ed. 10, 1221, 1759 [nom. cons.]. 

Herbs and small shrubs; leaves opposite, entire; 

heads radiate, solitary, terminal on branches, involucre of several series of broad scarious-margined phyllaries; receptacle with chaffy bracts; 

ray flowers pistillate, corollas persistent and falling with achenes; disk flowers perfect; style 

branches elongate; achenes subtruncate or obtuse, angulate; pappus of 2 awns or teeth, or 

lacking. 

A small American genus, one species of which 

is a cosmopolitan garden ornamental introduced 

in Micronesia. 

Zinnia elegans Jacquin 

Zinnia elegans Jacquin, Coll., 5: 152, 1796 [ 1797].-Luomala, 

Bishop Mus. Bull., 213: 114, 1953.-Fosberg & Sachet, 

Atoll Res. Bull., 92:37, 1962.-Stone, Micronesica, 6:587, 

197 1.-Fosberg, Falanruw, & Sachet, Smithsonian Contr. 

Bot., 22:43, 1975. 

Coarse erect herbs to 0.8 m tall, stems striate, 

especially above, hirsute, sparingly branched; 

leaves opposite, sessile, ovate to ovate-triangular, 

elliptic, or rarely oblong, apex bluntly acute, base 

cordate, somewhat amplexicaul, palmately 3- to 

5-nerved, margins notably scabrous, surfaces 

slightly so; heads solitary, terminal, peduncles 

exceeding leaves, notably striate and tending to 

be swollen or somewhat inflated; involucre broad, 

bowl-shaped, of 3-4 series of spirally imbricate 

broad, almost orbicular, obscurely many-nerved 

phyllaries, their margins black, hispid ciliolate; 

receptacular bracts with fimbriate appendages; 

ray florets with showy spatulate ligules, these 

many nerved, appressed hirtellous, distally glandular, variously colored, rounded to slightly 

emarginate at apex, disk flowers 5-lobed; achenes 

flattened, subtrigonous, inner flat, pappus reduced to 2 teeth or lacking. 

Native of Mexico, but variously selected and 

hybridized in cultivation, producing a multitude 

of color forms and cultivars. Sparingly planted in 

gardens in Micronesia, not known to be naturalized. 

Known in Micronesia from the Marianas (Agrigan, Guam), Carolines (Ulithi), Marshalls (Kwajalein, Majuro, Jaluit), Gilberts. 

UsEs.-Ornament al. 

VERNACULAR NAMES,- 

zinnia (English) 

mochingel spaiol (Ulithi: Lessa 102) 

tinia (Gilberts: Luomala, 1953) 

GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND SPECIMENS EXAMINED 

MARIANAS ISLANDS.-Agrigan: Village, 10-20 

m, Fosberg 31560 (US). 

Guam: Stone, 1971:587. 

CAROLINE IsLANDs.--'LTlithi: Mogmog I., Lessa 

MARSHALL ISLANDS.-Kwajalein: Seen growing 

Majuro: Seen by Fosberg in 1978. 

Jaluit: Jabor I., Fosberg & Sachet, 1962:37. 

GILBERT IsLANDs.-Luomala, 1953: 114. 

Synonyms and Misapplied Names 

101 (BISH), 102 (BISH). 

in pot by Fosberg, 1956, 1958. 

Adenostemma fastzgzatum sensu auct. Micr. See Adenostemma 

lanceolatum Miquel 

Adenostemma lavenia sensu auct. Micr. See Adenostemma lanceolatum Miquel and Adenostemma uzscosum Forster pro minore 

parte 
NUMBER 46 

Adenostemma parviflorum sensu Kitamura. See Adenostemma lanAdenostemma uiscosum sensu auct. Micr. pro parte. See AdenosBidens leucantha (L.) Willdenow. See Bidens alba (L.) de CanBidens mtyenianus Walpers. See Glossogyne tenulfolia (LabillarBidens pilosa var. radiata Schultz-Bipontinus. See Bidens alba 

Bidens tenulfolia Labillardiere. See Glossogyne tenuifolia (LabilBlumea laciniata (Roxburgh) de Candolle. See Blumea sinuata 

Blumea mollis sensu auct. Micr. See Blumea sinuata (Loureiro) 

Blumea sericans sensu Kitamura. See Blumea hieracitfolia (D. 

Chrysanthemum indicum sensu auct. Micr. See Chrysanthemum 

Coreopsis drummondii (D. Don) Torrey & Gray. See Coreopsis 

Crassocephalum rubens sensu Tuyama. See Crassocephalum crepiCyanopis Blume. See Vernonia Schreber at least for MicroneCyanopis pubescens (Blume) de Candolle. See Vernonia patula 

Cynara cardunculus var. scobmus (L.) Hegi ex Stone see Cynara 

Distreptus Cassini. See Pseudo-Elephantopus Rohr 

Distreptus spicatus (B. Jussieu) Cassini. See Pseudo-Elephantopus 

Eclipta erecta L. See Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl 

Eclipta prostrata sensu Safford, Stone. See Eclipta alba (L.) 

Elephantopus carolintanus sensu auct. See Elephantopus mollis 

Elephantopus scaber sensu auct. Micr. See Elephantopus mollis 

Elephantopus spicatus B. Jussieu in Aublet. See Pseudo-ElephanElephantopus tomentosus sensu Kitamura, Koster. See ElephanEmilia javanica sensu auct. Micr. See Emiliafosbergii Nicolson 

Erechtites missionum sensu Tuyama. See Crassocephalum crepiErigeron albidus (Willdenow ex Sprengel) Gray. See Conyra 

Gaillardia lanceolata sensu Bryan. See Gaillardia pulchella FouGynura Cassini. See Crassocephalum Moench for widespread 

Matricaria chamomilla sensu Blanco, Safford. See Chrysantheceolatum Miquel 

temma lanceolatum Miquel 

dolle 

diere) Cassini ex Lessing 

(L.) de Candolle 

lardiere) Cassini ex Lessing 

(Loureiro) Merrill 

Merrill 

Don) de Candolle 

X morifolium Ramatuelle 

basalis (Dietrich) Blake 

dioides (Bentham) S. Moore 

sian records 

(Dryander) Merrill 

scobmus L. 

spicatus (B. Jussieu) Vahl 

Hasskarl 

Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth for Guam record 

Humboldt. Bonpland, & Kunth 

topus spicatus (B. Jussieu) Vahl 

topus mollis Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth 

dioides (Bentham) S. Moore 

bonariensis (L.) Cronquist 

geroux 

weedy species 

mum X morzjolium Ramatuelle 

Mikania micrantha Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth. See MiPluchea carolinenesis sensu Moore et al. See Pluchea symphytifolia 

Pluchea odorata sensu auct. Micr. See Pluchea symphytfolia 

Pluchea purpurascens de Candolle. See Pluchea indica (L.) LesPyrethrum Zinn. See Chrysanthemum L. 

Pyrethrum indicum sensu Safford. See Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramatuelle 

Pyrethrum sinense sensu Safford. See Chrysanthemum X morifolium 

Rarnatuelle 

Senecio L. See Pseudogynoxys (Greenman) Cabrera for Micronesian species 

Senecio chenopodioides Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth. See 

Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Humboldt, Bonpland, & 

Kunth) Cabrera 

Senecio confusus Britten. See Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Hurnboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth) Cabrera 

Spilanthes acmella sensu auct. plur. See Spilanthes iabadicensis 

A. H. Moore 

Spilanthes paniculata sensu Glassman. See Spilanthes iabadicensis 

A. H. Moore 

Stemmodontia Cassini. See Wollastonia de Candolle ex Decaisne 

for Micronesian species 

Stemmodontia biflora (L.) W. F. Wight. See Wollastonia btflora 

(L.) de Candolle 

Stemmodontia canescens (Gaudichaud) W. F. Wight. See Wollastonia bijlora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

Verbesina L. See Wollastonia, Eclipta, and Synedrella for Micronesian records 

Verbesina argentea Gaudichaud. See Wollastonia bifora var. 

canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

Verbesina biflora L. See Wollastonia biflora (L.) de Candolle 

Verbesina biflora sensu Safford. See Wollastonia biflora var. 

canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

Verbesina canescens Gaudichaud. See Wollastonia biflora var. 

canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

Verbesina nodijlora L. See Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertner 

Verbesina strigulosa Gaudichaud. See Wollastonta bijlora (L.) de 

Vernonia chinensis sensu Endlicher, Schumann, & Lauterbach. 

Vernonia cinerea var. parviflora (Reinwardt ex Blume) de CanVernonia parviflora Reinwardt ex Blume. See Vernonia cinerea 

Vernonia pyrrhopappa sensu Kanehira. See Vernonia cuneata LesVernonia villosa (Blume) Wight in Safford. See Vernonia patula 

Wedelia Jacquin. See Wollastonia de Candolle ex Decaisne for 

Wedelia argentea (Gaudichaud) Merrill. See Wollastonia bijlora 

kania scandens (L.) Willdenow 

(Miller) Gillis 

(Miller) Gillis 

sing 

Candolle 

See Vernonia patula (Dryander) Merrill 

dolle. See Vernonia cinerea (L.) Lessing 

(L.) Lessing 

sing 

(Dryander) Merrill 

most Micronesian plants 
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

dolle 

Candolle 

cens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

lastonia biflora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

(Gaudichaud) Fosberg for Guam records 

Wedelia aristata Lessing. See Wollastonia bijlora (L.) de CanWedeiia bijlora (L.) de Candolle. See Wollastonia brjlora (L.) de 

Wedelia biflora sensu Safford. See Wollastonia bijlora var. canesWedelia bijlora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg. See WolWedelia canescens (Gaudichaud) Merrill. See Wollastonia bijlora 

Wedelia chamissonis Lessing. See Wollastonia biflora var. canescens 

Wedelia strigulosa (de Candolle) K. Schumann. See Wollastonia 

Wollastonia btflora sensu Safford. See Wollastonia biji’ora var. 

Wollastonia canescens (Gaudichaud) de Candolle. See WollasWollastonia scabriuscula de Candolle. See Wollastonia bijlora (L.) 

Wollastonia scabriuscula sensu Safford. See Wollastonia bijlora 

Wollastonia strigulosa (Gaudichaud) de Candolle. See Wollasbijlora (L.) de Candolle 

canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

tonia brflora var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

de Candolle 

var. canescens (Gaudichaud) Fosberg 

tonia brjlora (L.) de Candolle 
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Backer, C. A,, and R. C. Bakhuisen van den Brink, Jr. 

1965. 

Burtt, B. L. 

1949. 

Fosberg, F. R., and M.-H. Sachet 

1975. 

1975. 

Asteraceae: Flora of Java. Volume 2, pages 362-437. 

N.V.P. Noordhoff, Groningen. 

Erigeron bonariensis L. Kew Bulletin (1948):369-372. 

Flora of Micronesia, 1 : Gymnospermae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 20: 1-15. 

Flora of Micronesia, 2: Casuarinaceae, Piperaceae, 

and Myricaceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 

24: 1-28. 

Flora of Micronesia, 3: Convolvulaceae. Smzthsontan Contributions to Botany, 36: 1-33. 

Systematic Studies of Micronesian Plants. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 45: 1-40. 

Index Herbariorum, Part I: The Herbaria of the 

World. 6th edition. Regnum Vegetabile, 92:i-vi;, 1- 

397. 

A Monograph of the Genus Ageratum L. (Composi tae-Eupatorieae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical 

Garden, 58 : 6-88. 

Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae), XXIX: 

The Genus Chromolaena. Phytolugia, 20(3): 196-209. 

The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago, I: 

1977. 

1980. 

Holmgren, P. K., and W. Keuken 

1974. 

Johnson, Miles F. 

1971. 

King, R. M., and H. Robinson 

1970. 

Koster, J. T. 

1935. 

Vernonieae and Eupatorieae. Blumea, 1:35 1-536. 

Otobed, D. 0. 

1967. 

1971. 

1977. 

Partial List of Some Plants and Trees of fhe Palau 

Islands. Manuscript in files of F. R. Fosberg, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural 

History, Smithsonian Institution. 

Guide List of Plants of the Palau Islands. 25 pages. 

Koror, Palau. [Duplicated; revised edition of 

Otobed, 1967, ms.] 

Guide List of Plants of the Palau Islands. Revised, 52 

pages. Koror, Palau. 

Sachet, M.-H., and F. R. Fosberg 

1955. Island Bibliographies. v -+ 577 pages. Washington, 

D. C. 

Island Bibliographies, Supplement. ix -+ 427 pages. 

Washington, D. C. 

197 1. 

Stafleu, F. A. 

1967. Taxonomic Literature. Regnum Vegetabile, 52:i-xx, 

1-556. 

Stafleu, F. A,, and R. S. Cowan 

1976. Taxonomic Literature, \'olume I: A-G. Regnum 

Vegetabile, 94: XL f 1136 pages. Utrecht, Bohn, 

Scheltema & Holksema. 

Steenis-Kruseman, M. J. van, and U'. T. Stearn 

1954. Dates of Publication. Flora ,Waleszana I, ~(~):CLXIIICCXIX. 

Corrigenda 

In Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 

45, issued 13 June 1980, on page 26, the first 

head Callicarpa lamii Hosokawa should 

read Callicarpa elegans Hayek. 

I I 

71