Water-supply and Irrigation Ps.pf? Nu. 180 Serm M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 18 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DlKECTO»

TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS

AND

POWER TABLES

BT

ROBERT E. HORTON

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906
Water-Supply and Irrigation Papef No. 180 Series M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 18 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEEIOK

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES I). WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS

AND

POWER TABLES

BY

ROBERT E. HORTON

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1906
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............................................................. 7

Principal types of water wheels.............................................. 7

Vertical water wheels.................................................. 8

Classes of turbines..................................................... 9

Tangential outward flow turbines Barker's mill...................... 9

Radial outward-flow turbines the Fourneyron turbine................. 9

Parallel downward-flow turbine the Jonval turbine................... 12

Radial inward-flow turbines the Francis turbine...................... 13

Mixed-flow turbines................................................ 13

Scroll central-discharge wheels.................................. 14

American type of turbines...................................... 14

Types of turbine gates and guides....................................... 16

Mechanical principles of the turbine.......................................... 17

Horsepower and efficiency of turbines........................................ 19

Turbine testing............................................................ 22

General review........................................................ 22

Centennial tests....................................................... 24

Tests by James Emerson, and the Holyoke hydrodynamic experiments....... 30

Tests by Holyoke Water Power Company................................ 36

General discussion................................................. 36

Detailed tests..................................................... 41

McCormick turbines........................................... 41

Hercules turbines.............................................. 60

Samson turbines............................................... 66

New American and Swain turbines............................... 71

The use of the turbine as a water meter...................................... 76

Reliability of Holyoke tests as to turbine discharge........................ 77

Variation in discharge for different wheels of same pattern.................. 78

Variation in discharge for different wheels of the same type................. 79

Variation of turbine discharge with speed................................. 80

Variation of turbine coefficients with variation in head..................... 81

Methods of turbine setting and arrangement.................................. 82

Turbine plants for varying head............................................. 85

Conditions governing economy in size and number of turbines used.............. 85

Manufacturer's tables of power, speed, arid discharge........................... 87

General discussion..................................................... 87

Rating table for Fourneyron turbines................................ 94

McElwain.................................................... 94

Rating tables for scroll central-discharge turbines. ..................... 95

John Tyler................................................... 95

Reynolds..................................................... 95

Carley helical................................................. 96

Perfection.................................................... 96

Jones Little Giant............................................. 97

3
4 CONTENTS.

Manufacturer's tables of power, speed, and discharge Continued. Page. 

General discussion Continued.

Rating tables for Jonval turbines.................................... 98

McElwain.................................................... 98

Bloomingdale, or Wait's Champion.............................. 98

Dix.......................................................... 99

Osgood....................................................... 99

Bodine....................................................... 99

Chase........................................................ 100

Rating tables for register-gate turbines............................... 101

Gates Curtis.................................................. 101

Eclipse double................................................ 101

Helmcr's patent Rome......................................... 101

Case National................................................. 102

Wetmore..................................................... 102

Flenniken.................................................... 103

Humphrey standard IXL....................................... 103

Humphrey standard XLCR..................................... 104

Burnham's new improved...................................... 104

Balanced gate................................................. 105

Alcott's high duty............................................. 105

Lesner's improved............................................. 106

Risdon....................................................... 107

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines................................. 108

Crocker...................................................... 108

Camden horizontal............................................. 108

Camden vertical............................................... 109

Camden steel double ........................................... 109

United States................................................. 109

Cole Dominion................................................ 110

Bradway..................................................... 110

Bartley water-tight............................................ Ill

Canada....................................................... Ill

Elmer........................................................ 112

Eureka....................................................... 112

Smith improved Success....................................... 113

Smith new Success............................................. 114

American..................................................... 114

New American................................................ 115

Poole & Hunt Letfel........................................... 116

Trump model.............---.-...--..----..-....-..-......... 117

Leffel........................................................ 117

Leffel Samson................................................. 119

Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines............................... 119

Rochester..................................................... 119

Swain........................................................ 120

Dolan's Little Giant............................................ 120

Dolan's Improved Little Giant.................................. 121

Hunt Standard, new pattern.................................... 122

Hercules...................................................... 122

McCormick...'................................................ 123

McCormick's New England...................................... 123

Taylor sleeve-gate............................................. 124

Victor........................................................ 124

Victor high-pressure............................................ 125
CONTENTS. 5

Page.

Literature................................................................ 126

Historical............................................................. 126

Descriptive........................................................... 126

Vertical water wheels................................................... 127

Turbines............................................................. 127

Turbine design.................................................... 127

American type of turbine........................................... 128

Mathematical theory of turbines..................................... 128

Turbine governing................................................. 129

Impulse water wheels.................................................. 130

Index.................................................................... 131
ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. A, Recent American type of water-wheel runner; B, Dynamometer, Hoiyoke testing flume.............................................. 14

II. A, Turbines on horizontal shaft; B, Pair of turbines on horizontal shaft. 82 

FIG. 1. Section of Fourneyron turbine........................................ 10

2. Plan of Fourneyron turbine.......................................... 10

3. Double Fourneyron turbine at Niagara Falls........................... 11

4. Section of guides and buckets, Niagara Fourneyron turbine.............. 12

5. Section of Francis center-vent turbine.................................. 13

6. Section of runner of Francis center-vent turbine........................ 13

7. Schiele turbine..................................................... 14

8. Cross section of early turbine with deep bulging buckets, pivot gates, and

an adjustable step bearing............... ......_... _............... 14

9. Diagram illustrating principle of reaction.............................. 17

10. Diagram showing impulse against curved vanes......................... 18

11. Diagram illustrating theory of moving vanes........................... 18

12. Diagram showing interference and eddies in a turbine................... 22

13. Diagram showing efficiency of various prime movers.................... 23

14. Cross section of Holyoke testing flume................................. 37

15. Log of test of 36-inch Hercules turbine, full gate........................ 38

16. Log of test of 36-inch Hercules turbine, 0.806 gate...................... 39

17. Log of test of 36-moh Hercules turbine, 0.647 gate...................... 39

18. Log of test of 36-inch Hercules turbine, 0.488 gate...................... 40

19. Log of test of 36-inch Hercules turbine, 0.379 gate...................... ' 40

20. Proportional discharge coefficients, 12-, 15-, 18-, and 21-inch McCormick turbines. ........................................................... 41

21. Proportional discharge coefficients, 24-, 27-, 30-, and 33-inch McCormick turbines. ........................................................... 42

22. Proportional discharge coefficients, 36-, 38-, 42-, and 45-inch McCormick turbines. ........................................................... 42

23. Proportional discharge coefficients, 48-, 51-, 54-, and 57-inch McCormick turbines. ........................................................... 42

24. Proportional discharge coefficients, Hercules turbines.................... 60

25. Proportional discharge coefficients, Leffel-Samson turbines.... ... ......... 66

26. Efficiency curves, Lefl'el-Samson turbines.............................. 67

27. Proportional discharge coefficients, New American turbines.........'...... 71

28. Part-gate discharge coefficients for three 24-inch Hercules turbines........ 78

29. Types of part-gate discharge coefficient curves.......................... 79

30. Variation of turbine discharge with speed, 24-inch McCormick turbine....... 81

31. Variation of turbine discharge with speed, 42-inch McCormick turbine..... 82

32. Variation of turbine discharge with speed, 54-inch McCormick turbine..... 83

33. Cross section of power house near Geneva, Switzerland .................. 84

6
TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

By ROBERT E. HORTON.

INTRODUCTION.

This paper is not intended as a treatise on the turbine, and comprises no extensive discussion of its theory, design, or construction. It is mainly a compilation of data derived 

from tests and from manufacturers' power tables of American stock sizes of turbines. 

A bibliography has been added, giving selected references for the use of those who may 

wish to investigate the subject further.

The primary object of the paper has been to furnish information required in the work 

of the Geological Survey, where the turbine is used as a water meter in gaging streams. 

A secondary object has been to furnish information from which the power developed at 

mills can be determined from the sizes and types of water wheels used. Such information is often required in the census and other water-power canvasses. The water rights 

of mills can often be definitely determined only from the quantity of water used by the 

turbines which are or have been employed to develop the power. Some of these turbines are no longer built or catalogued, and it is believed that the manufacturers' rating 

tables and the record of tests of the older types of wheels will be serviceable to engineers 

who may be required to determine questions of water rights.

Many antiquated patterns of turbines are still on the market, and a clear presentation 

of the evolution of the different types of turbine water wheels should be of practical service to those who wish to know the merits and demerits of the various styles. Much of 

the data has been presented in graphic form. It is believed that the section treating of 

the selection and arrangement of turbines in power plants will be of service to all turbine 

users.

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF WATER WHEELS.

A water wheel may be defined as a machine that derives mechanical power from the 

energy imparted to falling water by gravity. Numerous modes of classification of water 

wheels have been used. They may be classified as follows:

(1) According to position of the plane of the wheel whether vertical or horizontal.

(2) According to the mode of action of the water whether by simple gravity, by pressure under head (as against a piston), by impulse or kinetic energy of a spouting jet, by 

reaction (illustrated by the pressure against the side of a containing vessel opposite a 

spouting jet), or by combined pressure and reaction.

(3) According to direction of the flow of water with reference to the axis of the wheel 

or to the plane of the wheel whether tangential to the wheel, radially inward, radially 

outward, parallel to the axis, or a combination of two or more of these.

(4) By type as overshot, breast, undershot, flutter, tub, Jonval, Fourneyron, Vortex, 

and American.

(5) As vertical water wheels, turbines, and impulse wheels. These three classes may 

readily be subdivided to include all the types of water wheels that have been named above.

All water wheels of the older types, including overshot, breast, Poncelet, and undershot 

wheels, were placed on horizontal shafts. Turbines and their prototypes, the tub wheel

7
8 TCTEBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEE TABLES.

and the rouet volante, were placed on vertical shafts. The classification by position of 

shaft thus served very well to distinguish between water wheels and turbines until turbines were placed on horizontal shafts. The rouet volante or flutter wheel of the ancients 

consisted of flat, vertical vanes projecting radially from a vertical wooden shaft. The 

water jet from the feeding spout struck the vanes tangentially near their ends. Such 

wheels have been used for centuries in India, Egypt, Syria, and southern France. An 

excellent example of a rouet volante was in use until recently in a plaster mill in western 

New York. The rouet volante placed on a horizontal shaft becomes essentially the hurdygurdy of the early western miners. It may thus be considered as the prototype of the 

modern impulse water wheel as well as of the turbine.

Much uncertainty of meaning has arisen from the conflicting use of terms in classifying water wheels. The terms impulse and reaction, for example, have been used by different authors with opposite meanings. The conception of reaction is somewhat difficult 

to grasp, and as the definition of this word seems uncertain its use is to be discouraged. 

Its usual meaning will be explained, however, in the course of this paper, in order that 

its use in works of reference may be understood.

VERTICAL, \VATER WHEELS.

The overshot wheel is a characteristic type, although it is probably antedated historically by the bamboo varia, which was used by the Chinese, as they claim, as early as 

1000 B. C. A form of inverted chain pump has been used in the Orient from time immemorial for lifting water from streams to irrigation ditches. A motor of this type has 

recently been patented in America, and one is in operation in Mannsville, N. Y., under a 

head of 23 feet, yielding abundant power to drive a grist and planing mill. Such wheels, 

as well as overshot wheels, operate purely by gravity, and yield theoretically a very high 

efficiency. The objections to this type of motor are cumbersomeness, waste of water by 

leakage and spilling from the buckets, inability to operate in backwater, and obstruction 

by ice in winter.

Overshot wheels were formerly built of great size. One at Laxey, Isle of Man, constructed about forty years ago and said to be still in operation, is 72 feet G inches in diameter and develops about 150 horsepower.o A number of overshot wheels are in use at 

old mills in the Catskill Mountains in New York. A firm in Pennsylvania manufactures 

"steel overshot" water wheels, which, it is claimed, have a high efficiency.

Breast wheels are operated partly by gravity and partly by kinetic energy, the water 

from the feeding chutes striking the floats or vanes of the wheel.

Undershot water wheels and current wheels operate entirely by the kinetic energy of 

the moving water.

Tide wheels and undershot wheels usually require a floating framework or other device 

to raise and lower them with fluctuation in water level.

Breast and undershot wheels never attain high efficiency, and in addition are subject 

to all the objections of the overshot water wheel. The labors of James Smeaton, Fairbarn, and the ingenious Poncclet, who substituted epicycloidal-curved vanes for straight 

buckets in wheels of these types, increased their efficiency somewhat, but such wheels 

were quickly superseded by the parallel-flow turbine of Jonval and the Boyden-Fourneyron 

turbines upon their introduction into this countiy. Vertical water wheels are still considerably used in Germany.

The theory of water wheels has been elaborately developed and their literature is much 

more profuse than that of turbines, b

a See catologue of the Pelton Water Wheel Company for 1898, pp. 70-71. 

6 See bibliography on pages 126-130.
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF WATER WHEELS. 9

CLASSES OF TURBINES.

A turbine a may be defined as a water wheel in which the water is admitted to all the vanes 

or buckets simultaneously. It is thus distinguished from vertical water wheels, which receive 

the water at the top or one side only, and from impulse water wheels, which receive a spouting jet or jets from nozzles directed tangentially against the perimeter of the wheel.

The component parts of a turbine are the "runner," the "case," the "gate" or "gates," 

and the "guides." Commonly the gates and guides are included in the "case." The runner 

is that portion of the turbine which revolves. It comprises the vanes, the crown plate, partition plates or rim bands, which cover, subdivide, or strengthen the vanes, and the power 

shaft. The term '' bucket" is applied to the passage for the water in the runner. The vanes 

or floats are the partitions separating the buckets and forming the runner. The term 

"buckets" is also often used to signify the vanes. The chutes are the openings through 

which the water passes into the wheel, and the guides are the partitions separating the chutes 

The gates serve to shut off and regulate the supply.

The flow of water through a turbine may be directed either radially inward or outward or 

parallel to the axis, or inward and parallel, or inward, parallel, and outward. The representative typos of these several classes are as follows:

Tangential flow: Barker's mill.

Parallel flow: Jonval turbine.

Radial outward flow: Fourneyron turbine.

Radial inward flow: Thompson vortex turbine; Francis turbine.

Inward and downward flow: Central discharge scroll wheels and earlier American type of 

wheels; Swain turbine.

Inward, downward, and outward flow: The American type of turbine.

TANGENTIAL OUTWARD-FLOW TURBINES BARKER'S MILL.

In impulse water wheels the jet strikes or enters the buckets in a direction tangential to 

the circumference of the runner. In most forms of turbines the water flows outward, 

inward, or downward through the buckets, leaving them tangentially or nearly so.

The simplest type of tangential outflow is Barker's mill, invented in 1740. This wheel has 

radial arms and operates purely by reaction. Such wheels are still used on the Morris Canal 

in New Jersey for drawing barges up the inclined planes which serve in place of locks. The 

wheels have four arms of 6 feet radius, with openings at the ends 3^ inches wide by 15J inches 

high.fr

James Whitelaw, of Paisley, developed Barker's mill, which has spiral tapering arms so 

curved that water flows radially when the mill is running at proper speed. A wheel of this 

type erected on Chard Canal, 1842, for purposes of hauling boats up inclines developed 75 

per cent efficiency on 25 feet fall. Owing to their large size, low speed, and inability to 

operate in backwater such wheels have never come into extensive use.

RADIAL OUTWARD-FLOW TURBINES THE FOURNEYRON TURBINE.

A primitive type of water wheel, which comes under the class of turbines proper, is that of 

Cadiat. This is an outward-discharge turbine without guide chutes, and therefore it may be 

said to belong to the same stage in turbine evolution as do the tub and scroll central-discharge wheels, although the form of runner and the direction of flow are similar to those of 

the Fourneyron turbine. The weight of the runner is carried by a step-bearing at the lower 

end of the shaft. The discharge is regulated by an outside cylinder gate, probably the first 

one used. The buckets are curved in a vertical plane.

Fig. 1 shows a sketch in section of an early Fourneyron turbine (after Morin). The guide 

chamber C received the vertical pressure of water, and was suspended from above by means

a From Latin turbo, to revolve. The etymology of the word does not sufficiently distinguish tho 

class.

6 Wilson, H. M., The Morris Canal and its inclined planes: Scientific American Supplement, February 

24, 1883
10 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AHD POWER TABLES.

of a hollow column surrounding the driving shaft. The discharge was regulated by a cylinder gate G between the guide C and the bucket F. Slits in the gate ring 6 opposite the end of 

each guide enabled the guides to be extended outward nearly to the vanes.

Fig. 2 shows a plan of the guide chamber and runner of this turbine. The vanes or 

buckets have a radial direction at their inner ends, where they receive the water. Under the 

mechanical conditions established the water enters the wheel with a tangential velocity

PIG. 1. Section of the Pourneyron turbine.

equal to the velocity of the bucket, is carried outward by the radial component of its velocity, 

and in passing outward is deflected by the backward-curved vanes or buckets, thus doing 

work. Inasmuch as the tangential component of the velocity equals that of the buckets the 

water could do no work by impulse, hence the Fourneyron turbine is purely a pressure or 

reaction turbine.

FIG. 2. Plan of the Fourneyron turbine.

The excellence of its mechanical construction, its high efficiency, its ability to work under 

very great heads, and its ability to operate in backwater with good efficiency rendered the 

appearance of the Fourneyron turbine a notable event in the history of water power. The 

experiments of M. Fourneyron were begun in 1823, and his first turbine was erected at Pont 

sur 1'Ognon, France, in 1827. It was followed by several others, operating under various 

heads up to 144 feet, which yielded efficiencies as high as 80 per cent.
CLASSES OF TURBINES. 11

In 1837 M. Fourneyron erected a turbine at St. Blaise, Switzerland, which operated under 

a head of 354 feet. The diameter of the wheel was 13 inches. The depth of the buckets was 

slightly less than one-fourth of an inch. This wheel made from 2,200 to 2,300 revolutions 

per minute, and is reported to have yielded an efficiency of 80 to 85 per cent. The water 

was conducted to the turbine through a cast-iron pipe conduit, and to prevent the choking of the minute apertures in the water wheel the supply was filtered before use.

January 1, 1843, a Fourneyron turbine, designed by Elwood Morris, who had translated 

the valuable experiments of Morin into English, was erected at Rockland Cotton Mills, on the 

Brandywine. This turbine was tested by Morris in the fall of 1843, together with a second 

one, located at Dupont Powder Mill, also on the Brandywine, near Wilmington, Del. These 

turbines gave maximum efficiencies of 70 to 75 per cent, respectively.

In 1844 a Fourneyron turbine, constructed by Uriah A. Boyden, was erected at the Appleton Company's cotton mills in Lowell, Mass. Carefully conducted tests showed that this 

turbine yielded an efficiency of 78 per 

cent. The Appleton turbine was rapidly followed by others of Boy den's 

design, which soon became the standard in New England, displacing the old 

wooden vertical wheels. The Boyden 

turbines were expensive, cumbersome, 

and gave low efficiency when operated 

at part gate, and "owing to the large 

number of buckets with small apertures 

they were liable to become choked by 

chips, leaves, and other floating obstructions, not to speak of fish. At Fall 

River, Mass., the first turbines are said 

to have been stopped by eels on their 

annual migrations to the sea. "a

The manufacture of Fourneyron turbines was taken up by a number of machine works, and several of the Boyden 

turbines are still in use in New England. 

As usually constructed this turbine has 

a cast-iron casing attached to one side 

of the flume, similar to the scroll centraldischarge wheel. FIG. 3. Section of penstock and runners of double 

Fourneyron turbine at Niagara Falls. A, Flume; 

B, penstock; CC, runners; DD, guides; EE, buckets; 

FF, gate rings; HH, holes in upper drum; //, holes 

in lower runner; .7", gate stems.

The ability of a turbine of the Fourneyron type to work efficiently under 

very high heads was shown by the experiments made at St. Blaise. The manufacture of turbines of the Fourneyron type has been revived in recent years, owing to the 

demand for turbines to operate under very high heads, as at Niagara Falls and elsewhere.

Figure 3 shows a schematic cross section of the double Fourneyron turbine used in the 

first installation of the Niagara Falls Power Company. This was operated under a head of 

about 135 feet. The turbine is mounted in a globe penstock, similar to that used in early 

New England practice, with the exception that two wheels are used, one being placed at the 

top and the other at the bottom of the penstock. As shown in fig. 3 the runner C and 

buckets E, which are represented in black, are attached to the vertical shaft. The guides D 

and buckets E are subdivided into three compartments by partition plates. The discharge 

is regulated by outside cylinder gates F. The gate rings for the upper and lower wheels are 

connected by rods, one of which is shown at J. The gate rings F are raised and lowered in 

unison to shut off the outflow from or to open, one after another, the horizontal compartments, as required. The cylindrical penstock is shown in section by hachure. The disk or

"Webber, The Development of Water Power.
Bucket ring 

32 buckets

Guide ring 

36 chutes

12 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

drum forming the lower end of the penstock is made solid, and holes II are provided in the 

lower runner to allow any water which may enter between the lower drum G and the lower 

runner through the clearance spaces to pass out. Holes HH are provided in the upper penstock drum to allow water under full pressure of the head to pass through and act vertically 

against the upper runner C. In this way the vertical pressure of the great column of water 

is neutralized and a means is provided to counterbalance the weight of the long vertical 

shaft and the armature of the dynamo at its upper end. These turbines discharge 430 

second-feet, make 2.50 revolutions per minute, and are rated at 5,000 horsepower. A section 

of one of the guide rings and runners is shown in fig. 4. The guides and buckets are of

bronze, and their surface curves 

form arcs of circles of varying 

radii. Except for the central 

thickening of the vanes, the 

forms of the chutes and buckets 

do not differ materially from 

those of the same parts of the 

early turbines of Boyden and 

Fourneyron.

A Fourneyron turbine similar 

to that at Niagara Falls has been 

erected at Trenton Falls, N. Y. 

This turbine operates under 265 

feet gross head and has 37

Fin. 4. Section of guides and buckets, Fourneyron turbine, buckets, each 5£ inches deep 

Niagara Falls. and ^;} inch wide at the least

section. The total area of oatflow at the minimum section is, therefore, 165 square inches. How enough water can 

pass through so small an aggregate aperture to yield continuously 9.50 horsepower is a 

matter for legitimate wonder.

PARALLEL DOWNWARD-FLOW TURBINE THE JONVAL TURBINE,

The idea of a parallel-flow turbine, is said to have originated with Euler. M. Fontaine put 

it into form for practical use, and M. Jonval added the draft tube from which it bears his 

name.

In 1S37 O. Henschel, of Oassel, invented the downward parallel-flow turbine, later known 

bv the name of Jonval or Koechlin. The Jonval turbine closely resembles a later type of 

flutter wheel known as the Borda turbine, which has inclined floats and receives water from 

a spout directed downward. The outer ends of the vanes are inclosed in a circular curb. 

Thus a runner of the Jonval type was derived by easy transitions from the primitive 

flutter wheel. This wheel receives water at only one point on its circumference. In the 

Jonval wheel the spout is replaced by a ring of guide chutes, which admit water all around 

instead of at one point. The Jonval wheel became at once the competitor of the Fourneyron turbine. The Jonval turbine was introduced into America by Elwood Morris and 

Emile Geyelin, of Philadelphia, about the middle of the nineteenth century.

The tub wheel was a parallel-flow turbine without guides. This was placed in the bottom 

of a flume and commonly contained a number of inclined or curved vanes, the runner being 

similar to that of the Borda turbine in its earlier and to the Jonval turbine in its later form. 

Sometimes but one or two vanes were used, forming a helix or screw wheel. The tub wheel, 

when fitted with a cover containing guide passages to direct the currents of water against 

vanes, becomes essentially a Jonval turbine. The tub wheel was in common use in America 

at the time the Jonval turbine was introduced.

The theory of the design of the Jonval turbine forms a neat problem in applied mathematics, and is extensively discussed by various writers.^

" See bibliography, pp. 120-130.
CLASSES OF TUBBHSTES. 13

A variation of the Jonval turbine, in which the number of buckets was reduced to two, 

was extensively used in sawmills in northern New York. Owing to the large openings of the 

buckets, ice, drift, and other obstructions could pass through this wheel without injuring it. 

The vanes were nearly horizontal, giving a high speed of rotation. The efficiency was very 

low.

In the Jonval turbine the velocity of water at the outer ends of the buckets is greater than 

that at the inner ends. In order to increase the capacity of the wheel without the loss of 

power that would result from unequal velocities in the outer and inner portions of a broad

FIG. 5. Section of Francis center-vent turbine at Booth Cotton Mills, 1849. C, Guide chutes: D, runner; <?, inside cylinder gate ring; H, holes through runner disk to admit water and neutralize pressure: .R, gate stems.

bucket annulus, the Geyelin Double Jonval turbine has been devised. This contains two 

rings of buckets, one within the other, the inclinations of the buckets differing, so that the 

angular velocity of both rings is the same; the intention being to secure a turbine of large 

capacity in small compass.

Jonval turbines are still manufactured by a number of American firms, and rating tables 

are given on pages 98-100.

RADIAL INWARD-FLOW TURBINES THE FRANCIS TURBINE.

James B. Francis, who was intimately associated witli Uriah A. Boyden in testing early 

American Fourneyron turbines, experimented in 1847 on a model of a center-vent turbine

which was essentially a Fourneyron turbine having the relative 

positions of the guides and buckets 

and the direction of flow re versed, a 

Such a wheel had been proposed 

by Poncelet in 1826. A patent 

was issued to Samuel B. Howd, 

of Geneva, N. Y., in 1836 for an 

inward-flow turbine, some features 

of which were embodied in the.

Guide chutes 

FIG. 6. Section of runner of Francis center-vent turbine.

Francis turbine.

The inward-flow turbine was destined to supplant all others, but it was soon found best 

to extend the buckets downward, thus making an inward and downward flow turbine.

MIXED-FLOW TURBINES.

This class includes (A) scroll central-discharge wheels, embracing (1) turbines without 

guides, (2) the Burdin turbines, (3) Thompson vortex turbine; (B) early American types 

of turbines having double-curved buckets extended downward below the guide ring, but not 

protruding outward. In these wheels the runner can be lifted vertically out of the case.

o Francis, J. B v Lowell Hydraulic Experiments, pp. 55-60.
14 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

FIG. 7. Schiele turbine.

SCROLL CENTRAL-DISCHARGE WHEELS.

Scroll-case turbines have flat vanes, or vanes that are curved but little from a vertical

plane. The action of the water is chiefly radially inward, although the discharge is both

upward and downward.

The best developed turbine of the scroll central-discharge type is the Schiele, which

has curved guide vanes and buckets, the latter attached to periphery of a central drum.

(See fig. 7.) The discharge is controlled by a gate 

in the chute.

The Thompson vortex turbine and certain 

American types of bulging-bucket turbines 

mounted in scroll cases also'discharge both upward and downward. Many scroll central-discharge turbines, with no guide passages and with 

the controlling gate in the throat of the scroll 

case, are still in use. The gate is either of the 

sliding or of the pivoted butterfly type. Some 

forms of this wheel have rudimentary guide passages, two in number, opening on opposite sides 

of the runner, their object being to distribute the

water equally around the periphery of the wheel, and to prevent a portion of the runner

from "running dry.'

AMERICAN TYPE OF TURBINES.

The earliest step toward the development of the turbine in America is a patent issued to 

Benjamin Tyler, of Lebanon, N. H., in 1804, signed by Thomas Jefferson,for an "improvement in watei wheels." Apparently the water wheel improved is a primitive flutter wheel 

or rouet volante, and the improvement consisted in hooping the wheel with iron hoops and setting the wooden 

vanes at a specified angle.

Credit for the scroll case is assigned by W. W. Tyler 

to the Parker brothers, of Licking County, Ohio, the 

American patentees of the draft tube in the early half 

of last century.a

From 1850 to 1875 many turbines were built nearly 

on the lines of the Howd-Francis turbine, but with 

buckets curved downward to an increasing extent in 

successive forms. Tests of the Swain wheel in the sixties proved conclusively the merit of this type. In the 

same decade the pivot or wicket gate « as successfully 

applied in the "American" and "Leffel" turbines, and 

thus a step in advance was taken toward improvement of the part-gate efficiency of 

turbines. LefTel also introduced the short draft tube, carrying the bridge tree and step 

bearing, giving the turbine case practically the form at present retained. The Risdon 

turbine having an inside cylinder gate and buckets slightly curved downward led in 

efficiency at the tests made at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. At this exposition 

much attention was also attracted by tests of the Little Giant turbine, manufactured by 

Knowlton & Dolan, of Indianapolis, under a patent issued to Matthew and John Obenchain. This wheel has ladle-shaped bulging buckets, and similar wheels were soon devised 

by John B. McCormick, from whose designs the Hercules, Hunt, Victor, and several makes 

of ''McCormick" turbines have been developed.

In figure 8 the arrows indicate the inward and downward direction of flow of the water. 

Provision is made for a slight outward flow. In turbines of this type, as well as in those

FIG. 8. Cross section of an early 

turbine with deep, bulging buckets, pivot gates, and an adjustable 

bearing (B).

a Tyler, W. W., Evolution of the American Type of Water Wheel.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 180 PL. I

A. RECENT AMERICAN TYPE OF WATER-WHEEL RUNNER.

B. DYNAMOMETER, HOLYOKE TESTING FLUME.
CLASSES OF TUEBINES. 15

with inward and downward flow only, the buckets are commonly made of wrought iron or 

steel secured in a cast-iron head, as here shown, and strengthened by a band at C. 

Clemens Herschel writes:a

American turbines are mostly of a complex nature, as regards the action of the water on the buckets 

of the wheels, and have been perfected in efficiencyby test, or,as it is irreverently called, by the " cut and 

try " method of procedure. A wheel would be built on the inspiration of the inventor, then tested in a 

testing flume, changed in a certain part, and retested, until no further change in that particular could 

effect an improvement. Another part would then undergo the same process of reaching perfection, and 

thus in course of tim'e the whole wheel would be brought up to the desired high standard of efflciency.

The American type of turbine is distinguished by the great depth of its buckets, its great 

capacity in proportion to its diameter, and by its high speed. It is also distinguished 

by the form of its buckets, which consist of a ring of curved vanes arranged parallel to the 

axis and inclosed within the guide ring. Below the guide ring the buckets expand downward and outward, forming large cup-shaped outlets.

The evolution of turbines having enormous capacity compared with their size is largely 

the result of the desire for great power in a small and consequently cheap wheel, and the 

desire to procure as high a speed as possible. The speed of a wheel under a given head 

varies inversely as its diameter. To increase the capacity of a turbine without increasing 

its diameter requires an increase in its depth. Thus wheels with very deep buckets have 

been evolved. This is illustrated in PI. I, A, showing the inlet end of the runner of a deepbucket wheel.

When a wheel is operating under low heads the lower part of a deep bucket is operating 

under an appreciably greater head than the upper part; hence to maintain a proper velocity 

of the water passing through the turbine, and to enable it to leave the runner with a low 

velocity, large bucket outlets are required. These could not be obtained in the narrow 

compass of a runner of small diameter, and to remedy this defect large cup-shaped buckets 

protruding downward and outward from the inlet chutes were devised. The course of the 

water in passing through these complex buckets is first radially inward, then axially downward, then tangential, or outward or both, thus effecting a nearly or quite perfect reversion of current direction. The large ladle-shaped vents perform another important function in that they distribute the water uniformly within the draft tube.

Recent improvements in this form of wheel have been (1) the arranging of wheels in 

pairs on horizontal shafts, made possible by the use of the draft tube; (2) the invention of a 

governor that will control the speed of the wheel with a degree of uniformity that is comparable with that effected by the best engine regulators; (3) the development of such a 

relation between the gate mechanism and the runner design as to give a high efficiency with 

a considerable range of gate opening.

American turbine practice differs from European practice in that water wheels are placed 

on the market in standard or stock sizes, whereas in Europe, notably on the Continent, 

each turbine is designed for the special conditions under which it is to operate, the designs 

being based on mathematical theory and following chiefly the Jonval and Fourneyron types.

Thirty years ago there were probably more establishments engaged in the manufacture of 

turbines than there are to-day. The keen competition of that time led to the development 

of better turbines, and the relatively small number of firms having the ingenuity and the 

facilities to meet the demand are the ones that have survived. At the present time a large 

majority of the turbines used in this country are built in half a dozen factories.

Having been developed by experiment after successive Holyoke tests (described on pp. 

36-37), American stock pattern turbines probably give their best efficiencies at about the 

head under which those tests are made i. e., 14 to 17 feet. The shafts, runners, and cases 

are so constructed as to enable stock sizes of wheels to be used under heads ranging from 6 

to 60 feet. For very low heads they are perhaps unnecessarily cumbersome. For heads 

exceeding 60 feet American builders commonly resort to the use of bronze buckets and 

"special wheels," not designed along theoretical lines, as in Europe, but representing modifications of the standard patterns.

oCassier's Magazine, Niagara power number, July, 1895, p. 243.
16 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

TYPES OF TURBINE GATES AND GUIDES.

Practice as to chutes or guides differs widely. They are usually fewer in number than the 

buckets. The cogent dogma of water-wheel design is that the water should enter without 

shock and leave without velocity. This implies that the direction of motion of water on 

leaving the buckets shall be opposite to that of the buckets themselves, and that its velocity 

relative to the buckets shall be equal to that of the buckets. The water will then have no 

velocity relative to the earth. This law requires that the water shall enter the buckets at 

an angle at which it will glide smoothly in without shock. The guide passages are made as 

few in number as is reasonably consistent with this dictum. The constmction of turbines 

without guides has also its advocates.a

With regard both to the efficiency and the general merit of the wheel, the gates are perhaps the most important feature. Among the different types of gates are outside register 

gates, inside register gates, inside cylinder gates, wicket or pivot gates.

Register gates may be of the plate or of the ring type, according as they are applied to 

parallel-flow or inward-flow turbines. In each class of turbines register gates are sometimes used outside and sometimes inside of the guide chutes.

Outside register gates, adapted to the Jonval type of wheels and to plain inward-flow turbines, were named from their similarity to a common hot-air register. Such wheels are of 

small capacity in proportion to their weight and diameter. Obstructions readily catch in 

the gate and chute openings and prevent the gates from being closed tightly, and the downward pressure of the water on the register ring makes it difficult to open. When the registeris partially closed, the usefulness of the guide passages is in part nullified and the resulting efficiency of the wheel is diminished.

The inside register gate is placed between the chute ring and wheel runner instead of being 

outside of both. It is sometimes applied to wheels of the American type having inlet passages parallel to the axis as well as to Jonval wheels, in which the inlet passages are in a 

plane at right angles to the wheel axis.

Cylinder gates are applied to turbines of the Fourneyron and American types, but not to 

Jonval turbines. The cylinder gate moves over the inlet ports in a direction parallel to its 

axis, cutting off the supply at the top of the guide passages instead of at the side, as does a 

register gate.

The inside cylinder gate is the form of gate most commonly used on wheels of the American type. It consists of a cast ring having a width equal to the depth of the inlet of the 

buckets, supported by counterbalance weights and moved by gearing. By moving it up or 

down the depth of the inlet passages is increased or diminished as desired. It is commended 

by its ease of operation and its freedom from clogging. When it is partially closed the contraction of the water in passing the sharp metal lip of the gate causes swirls and eddies to 

form in the upper part of the, buckets. The smooth curved form of the guiJe passages is 

fully effective only when the wheel is running with the gate wide open. In order to lead the 

water smoothly into the buckets at all gate openings, a set of "false guides," or garnitures, 

is sometimes attached to the lip of the gate cylinder to prevent the breaking or throttling 

of the inflowing water, b

Another device intended to prevent inefficient operation when the buckets are only partially filled, as at part gate, consists in the use of division plates, by which the water is 

entirely shut out of the upper part of the wheel when it is operating at part gate. This 

makes the turbine, in effect, a series of water wheels placed one above another. Such water 

wheels are commonly called double turbines. They may, however, be distinguished from 

another style of double turbines, the Leffel, in which two essentially different wheels are 

combined and mounted on the same shaft for the purpose of increasing the capacity of the 

turbine without increasing its diameter.

When an inside cylinder gate is raised, an open space an inch or more wide is left 

between the guide chutes and buckets. In order to avoid this and to conduct the water

a Tyler, W. W., The evolution of the American type of water wheel: Jour. Western Soc. Eng., vol. 3, 

Chicago, 1898. 

&Wet>ber, Samuel, Efficiency of turbines as affected byform of gate: Trans. Am. Soc.Mech. Eng., 1NS2.
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES. 17

more perfectly to the wheel, an outside cylinder gate has been devised, called a "sleeve 

gate," consisting of a cylindrical ring slipping outside of both runner and chute ring.

Wicket or pivot gates, as the terms are applied to the American type of turbines, are a 

combination of gates and guide passages. The leaves of the guide ring are so pivoted on 

their centers as to balance and swing by levers and gearing. Their inner ends approach or 

recede from one another, increasing or cutting off the supply to the wheel runner as desired. 

As usually constructed, all the gate leaves move simultaneously: a modification consists in 

a series of hinged gates, which close one after another as it is desired to decrease the power. 

When a gate is opened at all, it is opened full width, and the number of fractional gate openings at which the wheel can operate is determined by the number of gates.

Pivot or wicket gates are conducive to high part-gate efficiency provided they are so constructed as not to change the "entrance angle " of the water as it strikes the buckets at part 

gate. Cylinder-gate turbines may be so designed as to yield their maximum efficiency when 

running at about three-fourths gate, the depth of buckets being so great that the discharge 

is "choked" and some efficiency lost at full gate. In this way a good efficiency scale for 

part gate is obtained with cylinder-gate turbines.

Pivot gates contain many parts and 

are as a rule more liable to obstruction, 

leakage, and breakage than cylinder 

gates. They are, however, extensively 

used with very satisfactory results.

MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES 

OF THE TURBINE.

No attempt will be made to enter 

into the mechanical principles of the 

turbine from a mathematical standpoint, as the theoretical equations of 

relation are long, involved, and voluminous in development. Only a 

very general discussion of the subject 

will therefore be given.

The, principle of reaction, as operating in turbines, is illustrated in fig. 9.

If the wheel W were held rigid, the water would spout from the orifices A, B, and O with a 

velocity due to the head H. If pistons similar to P were fitted in the orifices, these pistons 

would bo driven outward by the pressure. If, now, the pistons were held rigid, but the 

wheel were free to revolve, the pistons would be forced outward as before relative to the wheel, 

but the wheel must then revolve. The water head H exerts a direct pressure on the pistons, 

and in accordance with Newton's second law of motion, an equal and opposite pressure or 

reaction is exerted outward against the back walls M, M, M of the. arms A, B, and G. Similarly, if the pistons were removed, and if the wheel were free to revolve, the unbalanced 

pressure against the back or outer walls M, M, M of the arms would cause it to revolve and 

with a peripheral velocity nearly equal to that "due to the head H.

The theorem of Torricelli requires that the water shall issue from an orifice with a velocity 

equal to that acquired by a body falling through a height equal to the head.

In the case of the Barker's mill the orifice itself is moving with this velocity and in a contrary direction. Hence the water will have the required velocity relative to the wheel, but 

will have no velocity relative to the earth and will drop nearly inert from the orifices. This 

simple phenomenon has been carefully traced out, in order that its application in the less 

evident example of a turbine bucket may be made clear.

IKE 180 06 2

FIG. 9. Diagram illustrating the principle of reaction. 

The figure represents a Barker's mill of the Whitelaw 

type.
18 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

FIG. 10. Diagram illustrating impulse against curved 

vanes.

Let A, fig. 10, represent a single bucket in the vane ring of an outward-discharge turbine, 

the inner or guide ring being removed. Assuming the bucket to be attached to the axis 

of the turbine by the radial arm B, the similarity of conditions to those shown in fig. 9 is 

obvious.

This illustration applies equally well to either an outward, inward, or downward discharge 

turbine, so far as reaction is concerned.

Inasmuch as the bucket A revolves, the water must enter the bucket, if at all, with a

tangential velocity equal to the velocity of the bucket and in the same 

direction. Guide chutes facilitate 

the action by properly directing the 

current of water in entering the 

bucket, as indicated at C', fig. 10.

Action by impulse against a moving vane takes place as follows:

First consider the vane V, fig. 11, 

as stationary. The jet from a guide 

chute enters the bucket in the direction A B and leaves it in the direction 

C D, so that its direction of motion is 

changed through the angle B E C.

If the water spouting from the 

guide chute A would have reached B 

at the same time that it actually 

reaches C, then A C would represent 

the resultant velocity. The line A C comprises two components (1) the initial velocity 

A B and (2) a velocity imparted by the vane V. From the parallelogram of forces we find 

graphically for the latter the value B C. This force is exerted as a push against the vane, 

tending to rotate it on its axis. It can do work by causing the vane to move forward or 

to revolve against resistance,

and the amount of work done D 

will be represented by a component of the force B C (modified by the motion of the vane) 

parallel to the line of motion 

and acting through the distance v where v is the velocity 

of the vane i. e., the velocity 

of rotation of a turbine.

If the vane V were properly 

curved and moved with such 

velocity relative to that of the 

jet that the jet left its outer 

end with a backward velocity 

equal to,the forward velocity of 

the wheel, then the jet would FIG. 11. Diagram illustrating theory of moving vanes. 

have no velocity relative to the 

earth and would drop inert, its entire energy having been imparted to the vane.

With most forms of gates the size of the jet is decreased as the, gate is closed, the bucket 

area remaining unchanged, so that the wheel operates mostly by reaction at full gate and 

by impulse to an increasing extent as the gate is closed. Hence, the speed of maximum

 . . , n , , . peripheral velocity . efficiency varies as the gate is closed. 1 he ratio , , -, , V lormaximumernciency

for a 36-inch Hercules turbine is given in the subjoined table.
MECHANICAL PKDSTCIPLES.

Velocity at various gate openings for a 36-inch Hercules cylinder-gate turbine.

19

Proportional gate 

opening.

Full.

0.806

.647

.489

.379

Maximum efficiency.

Per cent.

&o.60

87. 1

86.3

SO

73.1

Peripheral velocity.

Velocity duo head.

0.677

.648

.641

.603

.58.5

Centrifugal force also plays an important part in turbine action. The complete theory 

of the turbine, including consideration of friction and centrifugal force, involves intricate 

mathematical analysis. The principal results to which it leads are as follows:

Given the head and quantity of water and speed required, theory indicates the diameter 

of wheel and the initial and terminal angles of the vanes. It does not determine the. form of 

the vanes, the curved surfaces of which are usually made up of circular arcs for simple 

inward-, outward-, and downward-flow turbines. Neither is the number or the depth of the 

buckets determined, except that their normal sections shall be such as to give the water tho 

required velocities in passing through.

Theory does not indicate the numbers of guides or buckets most desirable. If, however, 

they are too few, the stream will not properly follow the flow lines indicated by theory. If 

the buckets are too small and too numerous, the surface-friction factor will be large.

It is customary to make the number of guide chutes greater than the number of buckets, 

so that any object passing through the chutes will be likely to'pass through the buckets also.

In a Jonval turbine the guide ring and bucket ring have equal radii. In the Francis, 

Thomson, and American types the radius of the guide ring is larger, requiring oftentimes the 

thickening of the guide partitions in order to give the water the proper initial velocity 

where it enters the buckets.

HORSEPOWER AND EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES.

The energy or capacity for doing work-resulting from a weight W falling through a height 

H is 

Energy in foot-pounds=Tf H.

A hoisepower was defined by James Watt as the capacity to perform work at the rate of 

33,000 foot-pounds of energy expended per minute.

If the weight of a cubic foot of water is w> and the flow of a stream is Q cubic feet per 

minute, then the theoretical horsepower will be 

WE =QwE 

33,000~33,000

Takingw, the weight of water, at 62.4 pounds per cubic foot, the factors for obtaining the 

theoretical horsepower are the following: 

0.1135XffXcubic feet per second. 

0.001S9x#Xcubic feet per minute. 

0.000253X-0XU. S. gallons per minute. 

0.3643X-0XU. S. gallons per 24 hours.

0.00227X#XCalifornia miner's inches (=0.02 second-foot). 

0.00295X#XColorado miner's inches (=0.026 second-foot).

0.0007S9v/2gX# L'XF (vent in square inches). 

0.00632X.EPXF (vent in square inches).
20 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

The horsepower of a stream decreases about one-fourth of 1 per cent with a variation of 

the temperature of the water from 40° to 75° F.

For precise calculations the exact weight of pure water may be useful.

Weight and dimensions of distilled water at stated temperatures.® 

[Weight in pounds.]

Temperature, degrees Fahrenheit.

32

»39.3

50

60

70

80

Relative 

density.

0. 99987

1. 00000

.99975

. 99907

.99802

. 99669

Weight 

per cubic 

foot.

62. 416

62.424

62.408

62. 366

62.300

62. 217

Weight 

per cubic 

inch.

0. 0361

.0361

.0361

.0361

. 03607

. 03602

Weight of 

column 1 

inch 

square, 1 

foot high.

0. 4334

.4335

.4333

.4330

.4326

.4320

Weight 

per U. S. 

gallon.

8.345

8. 3454

8. 3433

8.3383

8. 3295

8.3184

Cubic 

feet per 

ton.

32. 043

32.039

32. 047

32.069

32. 103

32. 145

Weight per 

cubic yard.

1, 685. 232

1,685.448

1, 684. 908

1,683.882

1, 682. 100

1, 679. 859

a Smith, Hamilton, Hydraulics. b Maximum density.

In practice the theoretical power is always to be multiplied by an efficiency factor E to

obtain the net power available on the turbine shaft as determinable by dynamometrical test.

Manufacturers' rating tables are based on efficiencies usually between 75 and 85 per cent.

In selecting turbines from a maker's list it is often important to know the rated efficiency.

This may be obtained by the following formula :

E== tabled efficiency. 

H. P. = tabled horsepower, and

Q=tabled discharge (C. F. M.) for any head H. 

u,_ 33.000XH.P. _ __ H.P.

The tabled efficiencies for a number of styles and sizes of turbines are shown in the accompanying table.

Rated efficiency of water wheels. 

From manufacturers' power tables.]

Name of wheel.

Do........................................................

Do........................................................

Do........................................................

Do........................................................

Do........................................................

Do........................................................

Do......... ...............................................

Diameter 

in inches.

24

48

45

48

24

48

24

48

22

44

25

48

24

48

Percentage 

of efficiency 

at 10-foot 

head.

81. 520

80.800

80.754

79. 877

79.869

80.004

79. 945

80.000

79. 937

80.110

80.010

79.830

79.905

79.914

79.914

Percentage 

of efficiency 

at 40-foot 

head.

79.856

79 856

80.800

79. 944

79. 931

79. 913

79. 907

79.906

79.907

79. 841

80.126

79.890

79. 776

79. 936

79.933
HORSEPOWER AWD EFFICIENCY. 21

The efficiency at which wheels are rated by the builders varies slightly with the size of the 

wheel, as well as with the head, in many cases. Owing to the different weights of water 

assumed, etc., the efficiencies of wheels intended to be rated at 80 per cent differ slightly 

from that amount where computed from the manufacturer's power tables.

Prior to the classical experiments of James B. Francis on the flow of water over weirs in 

1852 at the. lower locks in Lowell, the diversity of formulas used for calculating flow through 

turbines makes the results of early tests incomparable one with another, and the accuracy of 

some later experiments preceding the building of the present Holyoke testing flume is somewhat in doubt.

It can hardly be said that there has been a progressive growth in the efficiency of turbines, as the following outline of the results of successive series of tests will show:

In 1759 James Smeaton reported tests of 27 undershot water wheels showing efficiencies 

varying from 28 to 32 per cent. Similar tests of 16 overshot wheels showed efficiencies 

varying from 76 to 94 per cent.^

In 1837 M. Morin tested several Fourneyron turbines. One at St. Blaise showed an efficiency of 85 per cent under 354 feet head. For another, under a lower fall, 88 per cent efficiency is claimed, b

In 1843 Elwood Morris introduced and tested Fourneyron turbines in the United States. 

Turbines in Rockland mills and Dupont powder mills, Wilmington, Del., showed 70 and 75 

per cent maximum efficiency, respectively.

In 1844 Uriah A. Boyden built at Lowell the first Fourneyron turbine used in New England, which showed on completion an efficiency of 78 per cent, c It is claimed that some of 

Boyden's later turbines showed an efficiency, on test, of 88 to 92 per cent.

In 1859 and 1860 competitive tests of 19 wheels at Fairmount Park waterworks showed 

efficiencies as follows:

Results of tests of turbines at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1859 60.

Efficiency. Number of 

turbines.

1

0

2

Efficiency. Number of 

turbines.

4

3

2

1

In 1876 Centennial tests showed maximum efficiencies as follows for 17 wheels: 

Results of tests of turbines at Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, in 1876.

Efficiency. Number of 

turbines.

3

4

Efficiency. Number of

turbines.

5

4

1

The large majority o'f turbines sold at the present time are made at the shops of five or 

six builders whose wheels have been frequently tested. The average full-gate efficiency 

shown in recent Holyoke tests of standard patterns is close to 80 per cent.

Some early wheels showed very high efficiencies, but prior to the building of the Holyoke 

flume the large majority were of low efficiencies.

o Evans, Oliver, Millwright's Guide, Philadelphia, 1853, pp. 131-154. 

6 Journal Franklin Institute, October to December, 1813. 

c Francis, J. B., Lowell Hydraulic Experiments.
22 TURBINE WATEK-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

During the past thirty years the 'general standard of efficiency of turbines has been 

steadily raised, although the maximum attained may not exceed that of some early forms. 

The uniformity of each maker's wheels, as well as their strength and durability, has increased. 

This increase in uniformity and durability has been accompanied by a marked development 

in capacity and by the production of good part-gate efficiencies.

From 15 to 25 per cent of the gross power of the water is wasted by the better class of 

turbines. This waste is due to the following causes:

1. Shaft friction.

2. Skin friction on the guide and bucket surfaces.

3. Leakage through clearance spaces, etc.

4. Terminal velocity of the water on leaving the wheel.

5. Production of swirls, or vortices, in the water within the turbine, some of the energy 

of the water being thus converted into internal motion, which is ineffectual in producing 

power. How this occurs is illustrated in figure 12 (after Vigreux).

FIG. 12. Diagram showing interference and formation of eddies in a turbine. (After Vigreux.) 

Unwin classifies the lost energy of turbines as follows\a

Classification of lost energy of turbines.

Character of loss. Per cent.

Total 26-37

There appears to be little probability of further marked increase in turbine efficiency. 

Compared with steam engines or other forms of prime movers, water wheels yield a larger 

percentage of the gross power available than any other type of machine or power-yielding 

medium. The accompanying diagram (fig. 13) shows the efficiency of various prime movers.

TURBINE TESTING.

GENERAL REVIEW.

The testing of water wheels may be considered to have begun with the work of James 

Smeaton, whose results of tests of undershot and overshot water wheels were communicated to the Royal Society of London in May, 17£9.

The next important results are those of General Morin, in 1837, from early turbines of 

the Fourneyron type. General Morin's experiments represent a very high grade of sciena Unwin,, W. C., On the Development and Transmission of Power, p. 104.
TURBINE TESTING. 2d

title research and have formed the pattern for later work. These results have been translated into English by Elwood Morris, and are worthy of examination by students of hydromechanics.a

Tests of American Fourneyron turbines were made by Elwood Morris in 1843. From 

1844 to 1851 important tests of Fourneyron and Francis turbines were, made by Uriah A. 

Bovden and James B. Francis. These tests included Bovden-Fournevron turbines conEFFICIENCY PER CENT 

10 ZO 30 40 50 60 70 80 9O 100

Primitive vertical flutter wheel

First-class wooden overshot wheel

Ponce/et undershot wheel

Wooden undershot wheel

Scroll central discharge and 

tub turbines

Jonval type turbine, ordinary 

stock sizes

High-class Fourneyron turbine

Early American type turbine, 

stock pa (terns

Better c/ass American type turbine

Pelton type impulse wheel

WATER WHEELS

ZO 30 40 50

EFFICIENCY PER CENT 

60 70 80 90 100

Simple high-speed noncondensing 

engine

Simple low-speed noncondensing

Compound high-speed noncondensing

Triple expansion high-speed 

nonconcfensing________

Simple high-speed condensing

Simple low-speed condensing

Compound high-speed condensing

Compound low-speed condensing

Triple expansion high-speed 

condensing____________

Triple expansion low-Speed 

condensing __

Probable maximum steam engines, 

9.51bs. evaporation________

Gas engine (illuminating gas)

ENGINES

FIG. 13. Diagram showing efficiency of various prime movers.

structed for the Appleton Mills in 1846, under an agreement in which Mr. Boyden was to 

receive a bonus of $400 for every 1 per cent of power in excess of 78 per cent efficiency. 

The computations of these tests were made by James B. Francis, who found a mean maximum efficiency of 88 per cent. Mr. Boyden was accordingly awarded $4,000 premium. 

In 1859 and 1860 a series of competitive tests was carried out by the city of Philadel-

<* Journal Franklin Institute, October to December, 1843.
24 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

phia at Fairmount waterworks, by Henry P. M. Birkinbine, chief engineer. The wheels 

tested were chiefly of the scroll, spiral, and Jonval types. Efficiencies from 47 to 82 per 

cent were obtained, with the exception of one wheel of the Jonval type, reported to have 

yielded 88 per cent.

Before the development of turbine testing at Holyoke is considered, mention may be 

made of the Centennial tests of 1876, results of-which are given on pages 25-29. These tests 

did much to stimulate improvement in general efficiency and enlargement of capacity of 

American type turbines.

In 1868 a testing flume was constructed by A. M. Swain at Lowell from designs by James 

B. Francis. James Emerson was engaged to construct a Prony brake and conduct the 

tests. Tests of the Swain wheel were also made by Mr. Boyden and Mr. Francis and the 

Lowell flume was opened to the public, under the charge of Mr. Emerson, who conducted it 

as a personal enterprise, paying for the water used.

In 1871 and 1872 a new testing flume was erected at Holyoke, and continued under 

the charge of James Emerson until about 1880. An important series of tests was made 

in this flume by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1879 and 1880 under the personal 

supervision of Theo. G. Ellis, Samuel Webber, and James Emerson. The wheels tested 

at this time were chiefly of the early American type, having both inward and downward 

discharge.

In 1882 the present testing flume of the llolyoke Water Power Company, designed by 

Clemens Herschel, was completed. The growth of the water-wheel testing at the Holyoke flume is illustrated by the following table, from data furnished by A. F. Sickmaru 

hydraulic engineer of the Holyoke Water Power Company:

Growth of turbine testing at Holyoke testing flume.

Year.

1SS9

1883.......................

1884

1 88^

1886.......................

1887.......................

1889

1890

1891.......................

1892.......................

Serial number of first 

test.

36

131

907

291

310

348

396

441

466

561

Number of 

wheels 

tested during year.

43

52

96

67

19

38

48

45

25

41

54

89

Year.

1893.......................

1894.......................

1895.......................

1896.......................

1897.......................

1898.......................

1899.......................

1900.......................

1901.......................

1902.......................

1903.......................

Serial number of first 

test.

650

734

814

883

970

1069

1165

1222

1316

1388

1442

Number of 

wheels 

tested during year.

84

80

69

87

99

96

57

94

72

54

59

CENTENNIAL, TURBINE TESTS.

A series of 22 tests, a resume of which is given in following tables, were obtained at 

the United States International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, under direction of Samuel 

Webber.o The effective head utilized in these experiments was about 30 feet, and therefore greater than that used at Holyoke or elsewhere. Many of the turbines were of types 

that have since come into general use. The results of the tests, therefore, give valuable 

information relative to the capacity under partial and full gate of a variety of old-type 

turbines under as great heads as were commonly used thirty years ago.

The water supply for the tests was pumped into an overhead tank of 1-9,000 gallons 

by means of two Cataract centrifugal pumps. From this tank it was conducted

a See Reports and Awards, U. S. Centennial, vol. 6, pp. 327-367; 

ment, February 17 and March 13, 1877.

Iso Scientific American Supple-
CENTENNIAL TURBINE TESTS. 25

to the flume in which the turbine was contained by a vertical wrought-iron pipe 4 feet in 

diameter, having a quarter turn at its lower end where it entered the flume. The flume 

was of wrought iron, 8 feet in diameter and G feet, in height. The discharge was measured 

by means of a thin-edged weir placed across the lower end of the brick tailrace. The depth 

of overflow was determined by means of a hook gage and stilling box 6 feet upstream 

from the weir, and the discharge was computed by means of the Francis formula. The 

power was measured by means of a friction dynamometer. Each experiment comprised 

a record of the water used and of the speed and power at a given load and setting of the 

gate, covering a period of one or two minutes. Allowance was made for leakage of the 

flume in the reduction of the experiments.

The water supply was limited to about 1,S60 cubic feet per minute, which was found 

insufficient for proper testing of the Cope and Hunt turbines. Most of the wheels were 

tested as they came from the shop, without special finish or preparation.

The results of the tests are probably consistent among themselves, although the general accuracy of the tests has been questioned.

Summon/ of tests of turbines at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. 

20-INCH BARBER & HARRIS/*

[Tested September 18, 1876.]

Gate

opening 

(proportional

part).

1

1.000

. 875

.75

.50

Number of 

tests.

2

4

1

2

2

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

31. 21

31.27

31.425

31.64

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

354

380. 5

299

271.5

Minimum.

5

330.5

380. 5

267.5

227. 5

Mean.

6

343.6

380.5

2S3. 25

249. 5

At maximum 

efficiency.

7

330. 5

380. 5

299

271.5

charge in secondfeet.

8

13. 622

12.855

9.924

6.767

Mean 

horsepower.

9

35. 677

33. 484

23.73

14.603

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

76. 08

73.62

71.30

71.77

Mean.

11

73. 43

73.62

68. 69

60. 23

30-INCH RISDON.fc

[Tested September 21, 1876.]

1.000

.875

.75

.50

3

2

2

3

30.37

30.59

30. 835

31.03

266

257

248

269

252. r

247

238

258

259

252

243

263. 16

266

257

248

258

27. 763

23. 446

20. 148

15. 949

82.84

69.53

57.33

41.78

87.68

86.20

82.41

75. 35

SG. 56

85.60

81.83

74. 55

24-INCH KNOWLTON & DOLAN.c

[Tested September 23, 1876.]

1.000 ' 6

. 875 3

'" f 4 .62o J

30. 763

30. 863

31.19

333. 5

299.5

270. 5

282. 5

283.5

233

307. 75

291.8.3

250. 88

333.5

299. 5

233

25. 281

22. 581

1.5. 929

67.47

58. 323

34.99

77.43

73. 34

62.73

76. 68

72.69

62. 24

"Made by Barber & Harris, Meadford, Ontario. 

& Made by T. H. Risdon & Co., Mount Holly, N. J. 

cMade by Knowlton & Dolan, Logansport, Ind.
TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Summary of tests of turbines at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 Continued.

24-INCH WOLFF.o 

[Tested September 25, 1876.]

Gate

ing (proportional

Number of 

tests.

1

1. 000

.75

.50

. 333

-

7

2

1

2

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

30.58

30.81

31.08

31.425

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

305

297.5

2S7. 5

282. 5

Minimum .

5

266

276.5

287.5

272.5

Mean.

6

290. 07

OQ"

At maximum 

efficiency.

1

297

276.5

287. 5 287. 5

277.5 272.5

Mean

discharge in secondfeet.

8

27. 349

21.911

15. 256

12. 024

Mean horsepower.

9

68.12

53.83

34.50

25.51

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

72. 75

71.50

64.90

60.22

Mean.

11

72.03

70.30

64.90

59.75

24-INCH WOLFFo (SECOND TEST). 

[Tested October 15, 1876.]

1.000

.75

.625

.50

7

2

1

2

30. 15

30.5

30.83

30.89

320

300

284

290

267.5

298

284

271

296. 21

299

284

280.5

320

298

284

290

25.451

19. 430

15. 028

12. 996

64.423

49.03

34.08

28.01

74.80

74.00

65.00

61.60

73.62

72.75

65.00

61.54

24-INCH NOYES & SONS.& 

[Tested September 26-27, 1876.]

1.000

. 875

.75

.625

.50

8

1

3

1

3

30.976 325

31. 16 ' 317

31.206

31.29

31.28

314

293

289.5

269

317

289

293

256.5

301. 812

317

301

293

272.83

317

317

289

293

256.5

16.035

14. 326

13. 657

11. 237

10. 787

35.29

32.97

28.83

25.78

19.55

65.66

65.46

61.27

64.80

52.52

62.80

65.46

59.94

64.80

51.34

30-INCH E. T. COPE & SONS.c 

[Tested October 19, 1876.]

LOGO 13 29.88 274 223 250. 08 258 27.605 65.75 78.7 70.07

25-INCH TAIT.d 

[Tested October 23, 1876.]

1.000

.75

.50

.35

.20

.125

10

3

3

3

2

2

31.038

31.32

31.44

31.537

31. 595

31.61

331

322.5

277.5

268.5

255

277

243

292

258

245

2.35

266

288.7

305. 67

266.83

259. 51

245

271.5

288.5

292

258

265

255

266

15. 939

11.6297

9.59

6.541

4.824

4.702

44. 198

29.26

22. 387

12.423

7.33

5.96

82.03

72.6

66.2

54.5

46.9

37.7

79.28

70.8

65.43

53.1

44.95

35.3

a Made by A. N. Wolfl, Allentown, Pa. 

6 Made by John T. Noyes & Sons, Buffalo, N. Y. 

( Made bv E. T. Cope & Sons. West Chester, Pa. 

d Made by Thomas Tait, Rochester, N. Y.
CENTENNIAL TURBINE TESTS. 27

Summary of tests of turbines at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 Continued.

36-INCH GEYELIN DUPLEX.o

[Tested October 31, 1876.]

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

1

Number of 

tests.

2

. 50 13

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

30. 235

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

260

Minimum.

5

181

At 

maxiMean. , mum 

efficiency.

6

221.3

'

190

Mean 

diseharpe 

in secondfeet.

'

17.189

Mean 

horsepower.

9

39.980

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

71.4

Mean.

11

67. 7S

36-INCH GEYELIN DUPLEX.o

[Tested November 2, 1876.]

1.000 9 29.547 223. 5 185.5 , 200.9 217.5 26.52 68.24 78.1 76. 77

36-INCH GEYELIN SINGLE. 

[Tested November 3, 1876.]

1.000 7 29. 58 213.5 190. 5 204.93 213.5 24.837 66.196 83. 3 79. 41

24-INCH RODNEY HUNT.*

[Tested November 9, 1876.]

1.000 

.50

. 75 

.333

6

3

4 

4

29.282 

30.25

29. 655 

30. 455

328 

312

306

266

276 

287. 5

27,8 

223

302. 67 

299.83

292.75 

245. 25

295 

312 

| 298 

1 289 

266

30. 754 

21. 395

1 27.849 

IS. 507

79.60 

50. 31

66. 65 

32. 227

78.7 

68.72

71.40 

51.30

77.95 

68. 57

71.22 

50.35

30-INCH STOUT, MILLS & TEMPLE. c

[Tested November 10, 1876.]

1.000 

.50 

.25

4

3

29.464 

29. 59 

30. 95

245.5 

259 

204

201 226. 143 

230 245. 75

181 189

231 

230

182

27.95 

22. 784 

11.619

63.091 

50. 922 

24. 072

68.4 

69.13 

59.91

67.53 

66.56 

59.03

27-INCH GOLDIE & McCULLOUGH.d

[Tested October 2, 1876.]

1.000 

.75 

.625 

.50

9

2 

2

30. 198 

30.14 

30. 59 

30.65

320 

285 

352 

325

281.5 

280 

350 

312

299.44 

282.5 

351 

318.5

281.5- 

280 

350 

312

27. 419 

22. 848 

22. 425 

19.980

73. 452 

55.36 

39. 305 

40.715

82 2 

71.93 

54.10 

60.5

78.28 

70.96 

50.65 

58.6

a Made by R. D. Wood & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

6 Made bv Rodney Hunt, Orange, Mass. 

cMa'de by Stout,"Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio. 

dMade by Goldie & McCullough, Gault, Ontario.
28 TURBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Summary of tests of turbines at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 Continued

30-INCH TYLER.o 

[Tested October 4, 1876.]

Gate

ing 

(proportional

1

1.00

.875

.75

.50

.333

Number of 

tests.

2

8

1

3

2

1

Mean 

head 

in feet.

S

30.05

30. 10

30. 413

30.62

30.80

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

294

286. 5

261

260

240

nfut Mean.

5 6

251

286. .5

246

247

240

276. 69

286. o

2.54. 5

At 

maximum 

efficiency.

1

257

28G.5

261

253. 5 247

240 240

Mean

charge 

in secondfoot.

8

27. 143

24.017

20. 943

18. 432

14. 2595

Mean 

horsepower.

9

71.648

66.47

52.96

42. 535

34.56

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

79.55

81.09

79.85

77.10

69.50

Mean.

11

77.31

81.09

73. 66

66.55

69.50

30-INCH TYLERa (SECOND TEST). 

[Tested October 24, 1876.]

261-INCH BOLLINGER.6 

[Tested October 10, 1876.]

1.000

.875

.75

.625

.50

6

1

2

0

2

30. 345

30.50

30.42

30.59

30. 715

294

280

268

262

247

262

280

2.55

218

242

276.5

280

261.5

240

244.5

281

280

268

262

242

27. 491

24.92

21. 2672

18. 1905

16. 4572

69. 520

62.72

50.31

39.45

34.22

74.10

72.15

73.00

64.20

60.30

73.55

72.15

69.00

62.30

59.65

1.000

.875

.75

.50

.375

4

2

3

2

o

30. 302 310

30. 46 300

30. 617

30. 805

30.55

306

290

291

292.5

290

290

274.5

263

300.62

295

298. 67

282. 25

277

292.5

290

300

274.5

263

23,004

21.49

18.40

15.647

12. 895

54.68

50.72

40.577

32.71

24. 265

70.4

68.6

63.8

60.2

57.2

69.25

68.3

62.9

59.95

54.3

27-INCH YORK, NO. 2.6 

[Tested October 12, 1876.]

1.00

.875

.75

.50

.375

12

2

2

2

2

30.504

30.60

30.71

30.85

31.015

312

318

290

277

300

232

300

280

268

285

274. 375

309

285

272.5

292.5

246.5

300

280

268

285

20. 2244

18. 4685

17. 229

15.6415

13. 555

48. 755

41.95

39.88

35.95

29.22

73.6

67

67.45

67.5

62.01

69.65

65.5

67.0

66.7

61.33

27-INCH YORK, NO. 3.c 

[Tested October 13, 1876.]

1.000 

.75

9 

4

29. 972 

30.42

265.5 

264

212 

233

247. 28 

247.5

235 

233

22.685 

16. 822

45.677 

32. 592

66.9 

60.58

59.41 

56.58

a Made by Putnam Machine Company, Fitchburg, Mass.

6 Made by York Manufacturing Company, York, Pa.

c Made by National Water Wheel Company, Bristol, Conn.
CENTENNIAL TUKBINE TESTS. 29

Summary of tests of turbines at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 Continued.

25-INCH NATIONAL^ 

[Tested October 18, 1876.]

Gate 

opening

(proportional

1

1.000

.75

Number of 

tests.

2

11

2

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

30. 186

30.685

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

330.5

312

Minimum.

5

226.5

292

Moan.

6

276. 13

302

At maximum 

efficiency.

7

279

292

Mean

charge 

in secondfeet.

8

21. 809

17. 076

Mean horsepower.

9

60. 15

40.995

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

83.7

70.5

Mean.

11

80.63

68.9

24-INCH CHASE.& 

[Tested November 6-7 1876.]

1.000

.75

.50

11

5

3

29.725 399

29. 47 ' 435

30.073 372.5

304 '' 356.18

325

328

366

350. 17

355

360. «

328

25. 794

23. 505

18. 747

54. 802

51. 801

36.30

68.30

67.6

57.3

62.99

65. 74

56.6

24-INCH WILLIAM F. MOSSER.c 

[Tested October 6, 1876.]

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000 

1.000

M

1 a 

1 b 

1 c

Id 

le

iy 

i0

lh

li

U

J A

1 I 

1m

In

1 0

30.56 

30.58 

30.58 

30.60 

30.60 

30. 62 

30.65 

30.67 

30.90 

30. 95 

31.00 

31.02 

31.03 

31.10 

31.00

30.79

j

1

300

276

326.5

342

365 

310.5

323

335

347

355 

312 

343

326. 23

19. 396 

19. 741

19.972

19.664 

19. 189 

18. 978 

18. 676 

18.523 

15.808 

15. 488 

15. 169 

15. 028 

14. 747 

13. 334

13. 029

17.116

50.40 

50.95

50.00 

49.63 

49. 25 

48.48 

46.72 

39.74 

38.76 

37.52 

36.09 

34.08 

29.95

30.18

42.835

75.09 

74.60 

73.40 

73. 43 

74.62 

74.80 

74.39 

72.68 

71.63 

71.48 

70.50 

68.2 

65.74 

63.80 

65.8

a Made by National Water Wheel Company, Bristol, Conn.

6 Made by Chase Manufacturing Company, Orange, Mass.

c Made by William F. Mosser, Allentown, Pa This test lias been included in full in order to show the 

range in variation in discharge resulting from variation of the load and speed, the head and gate 

opening remaining nearly the same throughout the test.
30 TURBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AKD POWER TABLES.

TURBINE TESTS BY JAMES EMERSON, AND THE HOLYOKE HYDRODYNAMIC 

EXPERIMENTS OF 1879-8O.

James Emerson was a man of great mechanical skill and ingenuity, but of limited education. A seaman in early life, he took up water-wheel testing by a mere accident of circumstances, and developed testing flumes at Lowell and Holyoke which were forerunners of the 

present Holyoke testing flume. The results of his tests, covering the period from 1869 to 

1880, may be found in his treatise on hydrodynamics, etc.a

As a rule, the proportion of full-gate opening for wheels running at part gate is omitted 

in his reports. Many of the wheels tested were experimental, but a number of selected tests 

of types of wheels which have continued in use to the present time are given in the following tables: Cases are very rare where tests of the same turbine are given under widely 

varying heads. The following data from Emerson's Hydrodynamics are of interest:

Tests of a 30-inch Rodney Hunt wheel under two heads.

Mean head 

in feet.

18.35

12.16

Number 

of tests.

9

10

Mean revolutions.

170. 39

145. 78

charge in 

second-feet.

24.36

19.75

Katio of 

Square, 

roots of

heads.

1.000

.814

Revolu1.000

.855

Discharge.

1.000

.811

The discharge is very nearly proportional to the square root of the head, indicating practically constant bucket and guide discharge coefficients throughout this range of heads.

Comparative tests of a 30-inch Tyler wheel, set in a scroll case and in an inside registergate case, are also of interest. These tests also show the great reduction in efficiency that 

may result from poor finish, friction, or imperfect balancing of the buckets.

Tests of the Case National wheel show the effect on discharge and power which results 

from cutting off the supply successively from one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths of the 

circumference of the wheel.

The Holyoke competitive tests of 1879-80 & were carried out in response to a circular 

issued to turbine builders by the Holyoke Water Power Company, William A. Chase, agent, 

requesting them to submit turbine water wheels for testing. The tests were made under 

the general supervision of James Emerson. Check observations were made by Samuel 

Webber and the computations were submitted to him for verification on the part of the 

water power company. Theodore G. Ellis represented the interests of the turbine builders. 

These results are probably more accurate than those hitherto obtained.

A number of tests were made of Victor, American, Hunt, Leffel, Hercules, and other types 

of turbines from the same patterns as wheels still in use at many places. The most complete of these tests are included in the following tables, together with earlier tests by 

James Emerson.

Tests of similar wheels have been grouped together for convenience. Results obtained in 

the Holyoke. competition of 1879 and 1880 can be distinguished by date. The tests of a 

15-inch Victor wheel, set in a flume, and also with various sized draft tubes, are of interest as 

being the first recorded tests of this character. They also show the importance of using a 

draft tube of ample size, perfectly air-tight.

It has been said of Emerson's tests that they frequently showed unaccountable irregularities. Many tests obviously abnormal have been omitted in the present publication. 

Others are retained chiefly because they give the only available record of the capacity of 

types of wheels which have been extensively used.

a Emerson, James, Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery. 

6 Complete results will be found in "Holyoke Hydrodynamic Experiments," published by Holyoke 

Water Power Company, Holyoke, Mass., 1880.
EMEE8ON TUKBHSTE TESTS. 31

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels.

40-INCH LEFFEL, PIVOT GATE.a 

[Tested October, 1869.]

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

1

1.000 

.93 

.875 

.827 

.818 

.80 

.751 

.747 

.56 

.373

Number of 

tests.

2

7 

7 

1 

1 

3 

o

2 

3

5 

1

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

14. 272 

14. 132 

14.21 

14. 285 

14. 201 

14. 251 

14. 251 

14.011 

14. 642 

14. 938

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

147.1 

131.4 

128.9 

126.2 

128.4 

127.6 

123.1 

126.1 

139.9 

129.2

Minimum.

5

124 

129.5 

128.9 

126.2 

125 

126.3 

115.8 

124.4 

121 

129.2

Mean.

6

136.2 

130. 5 

128.9 

126.2 

127.2 

127 

119.4 

12.5.3 

130.5 

129.2

At maximum, 

efficiency.

7

132.6 

131.4 

128.9 

126.2 

125 

127.6 

123.1 

125.3 

121 

129.2

Mean 

discharge 

in secondfeet.

8

37. 435 

35. 496 

34. 536 

32. 533 

33. 277 

32.904 

30. 920 

30. 358 

23. 523 

16. 422

Mean 

horsepower.

9

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

79.7 

79.6 

78.9 

78.3 

79.6 

78.4 

78.7 

79.4 

72.0 

67.5

Mean.

11

76.0 

79.0

78.9 

78.3 

79.9 

78.4 

78.7 

79.2 

69.56 

67.5

30-INCH LEFFEL.o

1.000

.75

.50

14

1

1

15.40

15.65

16. 037

201

161

165

135.5

161

165

167

161

165

175

161

165

24. 396

18. 446

10.624

28.80

21.95

13.13

74.3

66.4

59.1

68.9

66.4

59.1

20-INCH CASE NATIONAL, REGISTER GATE.6 

[Tested August 22, 1872.]

1.000

.75

.50

.25

4

4

4

4

18. 695

18.84

18. 955

19. 112

342.5

254.5

248.5

249

237.2

237. 5

247

197.5

269

248.2

247.6

232.9

237.2

237.5

247

249

11. 905

9.291

6.506

3.266

18.50

13.23

8.01

2.74

76.3

71.2

60.4

43.8

73.3

65.9

56.4

38.4

24-INCH CASE NATIONAL, REGISTER GATE.6 

[Tested September 27, 1872.]

1.000 4 15.58 655.1 139.5 291.2 655.1 12. 455 10. 745 49.5 47.6

30-INCH CASE NATIONAL. REGISTER GATE. 6 

[Tested August 19, 1872; 16 chutes, 4 closed at a time.]

1.000

.75

.50

.25

1

1

1

1

18.35

18.61

18.78

18.19

133

153

154.5

141

133

153

154.5

141

133

153

154.5

141

133

153

154.5

141

24. 627

15.006

9.817

5.613

30.23

18.43

10.53

4.16

61

58.3

50.5

37.7

61

58.3

50.5

37.7

a Made by James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio.

6 Made by National Water Wheel Company, Bristol, Conn.
32 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels Continued.

40-INCH CASE NATIONAL.** 

[Tested January 21, 1872; 16 chutes, 4 closed at a time.]

Gate

ing (proportional

part).

1

1.000

.75

.50

.25

Number of 

tests.

2

1

1

1

1

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

17. 76 163. 5

18. 40 158

18.85

19.26

158

156

Minimum. Mean.

5 e

163.5

158

163.5

158

158 158

156 156

At 

maximum 

efficiency.

1

163.5

158

158

156

Mean

charge 

in secondfeet.

8

32. 914

35.179

17. 192

10. 304

Mean 

horsepower.

9

48.30

32. 31

17.59

4.6

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum .

10

72.9

61.6

47.9

20.5

Mean .

1 11

72.9

61.6

47.9

20.5

50-INCH CASE NATIONAL.** 

[Tested August, 1873.]

1.000 6 16.36 114 92 103. 5 97 79.73 109 74.86 73.84

20-INCH AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE. b

[Tested November 12, 1873.]

1.000 1 18.85 253.5 253.5 253.5 253. 5 10.109 14.97 69.38 69.38

25-INCH AMERICAN.6 

[Tested November 11, 1873.]

1.000 1 18.23 212 212 212 212 19. 304 28.91 72.44 72.44

36-INCH AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE.6 

[Tested November 13, 20, 1872.]

2 18.63 146.5 144 145.2 144 28.382 45.5 76.8 75.9

42-INCH AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE.& 

[Tested September 29 and October 6, 1873.]

1.000 2 17.91 118 112.5 115.2 112.5 42. 549 60.18 70.95 69.88

48-INCH AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE.&

[Tested January 29, 1874.]

1.000 13 12.82 107.8 S3 94.1 107.7 48.591 54.27 83.14 75.40

60-INCH AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE.6 

[Tested August 5, 1873.]

1.000 7 15.24 88.1 70.5 78.4 80 99.621 121. 41 73.94 69.87

a Made by National Water Wheel Company, Bristol, Conn. 

b Made by Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio.
EMERSON TUEBINE TESTS. 33

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels Continued. 

30-INCH NEW AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE.a 

[Tested July 2, 1880.]

Gate

ing (proportional

1

1.000

Number of 

tests.

2

8

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

17.74

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

209.3

Minimum.

5

163

Mea.n.

6

190.7

At 

maximum 

efficiency.

7

207.5

Mean

charge 

in secondfeet.

8

41.29

Mean horsepower.

9

63.26

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

78.03

Mean.

11

76.42

30-INCH NEW AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE, a 

[Tested July 7, 1880.]

1.000

.819

.764

.708

.653

.597

.542

.486

.431

. 375

.32

4

3

3

2

3

3

o

3

 2

2

3

17. 65

17.70

17.74

17.77

17.81

17.85

17.91

17.96

18.04

18.12

18.16

210.4

209.5

208.5

207

206.7

208

206

207

203

206

285. 5

1 

201.5 j 205.85

200.5

200

201.2

198

201

204

203

197

203

200.5

204.33

203. 66

204.1

202.9

204.7

205

204.7

200

204.5

235.3

201.5

200.5

208.5

207

204

201

204

203

197

206

200.5

41.678

39. 325

38. 076

36. 770

35. 712

33. 684

31.580

29.309

27. 258

24. 391

21.316

64.88

62.66

60.62

59.35

56.45

55. 77

49.84

45.57

41.58

36.71

31.11

78.21

79.64

79.83

80.27

80.42

79.89

78.69

77.00

74.82

73.58

71.92

77.84

79.49

79.21

80.08

78.32

78.93

77.75

76.38

74.76

73.38

70.89

48-INCH NEW AMERICAN, PIVOT GATE." 

[Tested October 14, 1879, and January 3, 1880.]

30-INCH ECLIPSE, REGISTER GATE.6 

[Tested 1878.]

15-INCH VICTOR, CYLINDER GATE.6 

[Tested March 26, 1878.]

"Made by Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio.

b Made by Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Company, Dayton, Ohio.

1.000 

l.Ooo

8 

9

16.33 

13.14

110.5 

109

101.5 

99.0

106.5 

101.2

108.3 

105

92.843 

98. 419

132. 80 

111. 11

77.83 

77.23

77.02 

75.82

1.000 5 19.02 184.5 165 171.9 184.5 16. 849 24.01 76.28 63.94

1.000 1 18.34 323 323 323 323 16. 233 29.36 87.05 87.05

IRE 180 06-
34 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels Continued. 

-15-INCH VICTOR, REGISTER GATE.o

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

1

1.000

c 1.000

d 1.000

f 1. 000

n. ooo

Number of 

tests.

-

&6

7

5

7

5

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

17.98

17.78

17.89

17.86

17.82

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

355

338. 5

365

376

369

20-INC

Minimum.

5

300.5

291. 5

309

296

325

Mean.

(!

335. 33

323.8

337.9

334

348.6

At maximum efficiency.

7

347.5

345

354

336

356

Mean 

discharge in secondfret.

8

16. 269

15. 968

16. 023

14.991

16. 723

Mean 

horsepower.

9

30.24

27.79

26.53

22.61

28.52

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

92.58

87.99

82.64

75.84

85.59

Mean.

11

91.22

86.00

81.64

74.64

84.35

H VICTOR, CYLINDER GATE.a

[Tested July 26, 1877, and February 21, 1878.1

1.000 2 18.17 266.5 246 256.2 266.5 22.914 38.02 83.63 77.77

25-INCH VICTOR, CYLINDER GATE.o

[Tested July 25, 1877, and March 26, 1878.]

1.000 2 18.02 209 200 204.5 209 38. 092 62.72 85.84 80.58

30-INCH VICTOR, CYLINDER GATE.o

1.000 * 11.65 144.5

1.000 9 17.11 156

[Tested October 29, 1878.]

144.5 144.5 144.5 19.671 52. 54 86.76 86.76

35-INCH VICTOR."

[Tested September 5, 1879.]

126.6 142.5 150 83.32 132. 46 83.34 82.04

30-INCH TYLER FLUME WHEEL, NO GATE.s

1.000 3 18. 56 21.->

[Tested April, 1876.]

168 195. 3 215.3 20.29 33.61 91.27 79.05

a Made by Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Company, Dayton, Ohio.

6 U sed in draft-tube experiments; tested in the ordinary way.

c With draft tube 23 inches in diameter and 10.33 feet long.

d With draft tube 19 inches in diameter and 10.33 feet long.

e With draft tube 15 inches in diameter and 10.33 feet long.

/ With draft tube 21 inches in diameter, submerged 6.83 feet in backwater

g Made by John Tyler, Claremont, N. H.
EMERSON TURBINE TESTS. 35

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels Continued.

30-INCH TYLER, INSIDE REGISTER GATE.a

[Tested August 1, 1879.]

Gate

opening (proportional

1

1.000

Number of 

tests.

2

8

Mean 

head 

in feet.

3

18. 27

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.

4

218

Minimum.

5

180

Mean.

«

201

At maximum 

efficiency.

7

198.5

charge 

in secondfeet.

8

23.32

Mean 

horsepower.

9

38.60

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

82.25

Mean.

11

80.01

42-INCH TYLER FLUME WHEEL. NO GATE.a 

[Tested October 13, 1877.]

1.000 2 18.06 146.5 146

60-INCH TYLER,

146.2 146.5 43. 38 67.30 77.5 75.79

INSIDE REGISTER GATE.a

[Tested October 8, 1879.]

1.000 4 16.92 102.5 98

18-INCH LESNER

100.3 103 79.19 121.57 80.3 80.06

INSIDE REGISTER GATE.&

[Tested April 17, 1879.]

1.000 10 18. 29 335. 3

15-INCH

280 269. 6 296 10.74 16.41 75.61 73.87

HERCULES, CYLINDER GATE.c

[Tested March 5, 1880.]

1.000 6 17. 9 375. 5

33-INCH

298 342.7 356.5 18.03 29.44 82.94 81.87

HERCULES, CYLINDER GATE.c

[Tested November 4-11, 1879; Runner of McCormick type; partial division plates.]

1.000

1.000

11

5

17. 05 184. 5

16. 68 159. 2

130

148.7

156.9

153.2

154.5

152

78.41

77.46

119.88

116.45

80.31

79.95

79.09

79.56

a Made by John Tyler, Claremont, N. H.

& Made by William B. Wemple Sons, Fultonville, N. Y.

c Made by Holyoke Machine Company, Holyoke, Mass.
36 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Summary of James Emerson's tests of turbine water wheels Continued.

48-INCH HERCULES, CYLINDER GATE.o

[Tested January 10, 1880.]

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

1

1.000

.927

.878

. 830

.781

. 732

.683

.634

.586 

.537

.488

.439

Number of 

tests.

2

<J

Mean 

head 

in feet.

8

11,51

1 11.73

1

3

1

0

o

1

1

1

3

11.70

11.5.5

11.20

11.43

11.65

11.69

11.6 

11.36

11

11.72

Revolutions per minute.

Maximum.Minimum.

4 5

94.5

70.3

81.5

83.5

75.2

70.3

81.5

78.5

81.8 81.8

87 83. 2

85.7

83

82. 5 

81

82

88.5

85

83

82.5 

80

82

84

Mean.

fi

At

maximum 

efficiency.

7

84. 65 93. 2

70.3 70.3

81.5 81.5

80. 66 83. 5

81.8 81.8

So. 1 87

85.35

83

82.5 

80.5

82

85.7

83

82.5 

80

Mean

diseha rge 

in seeondfeet.

8

135. 53

131.54

129. 17

124. 06

116.67

112.38

108. 62

103. 95

Mean 

horsepower.

9

138. 24

130. 5

130. 89

Percentage of 

efficiency.

Maximum.

10

82.86

78.66

76.43

124.60 77.48

114.02

110. 82

109. 91

105.63

97.36 ! 98.20 

89.34 85.37

82 ' 80. 8S

86 88.5 75.41

74.54

70.31

77

76.19

76.74

76.72

76.59 

74. 59

73.94

70.68

Mean.

11

78.13

78.66

76.43

76.31

77

76.14

76. 54

76.72

76.59

73.87

73.94

70.18

36-INCH HUNT. 6

[Tested May 19, 1880.]

1.000

1.000

8

15

17.55

17.69

165

179

145. 5

139.5

155. 4

162.2

155.5

160

39.44

40.89

65.16

68.4

84.84

84.61

83.80

83.3

24-INCH REYNOLDS CHAMPION.« 

[Tested October 13, 1879.]

1.000 18.3 313 243. 7 .6 276.7 17.87 28.7 78. 57 76.72

oMade by Holyoke Machine Company, Holyoke, Mass 

''Made by Rodney Hunt Machine Company, Orange, Mass. 

"Made by Bloomer & Co., Ellenville, N. Y.

TURBINE TESTS BY HOLYOKE WATER POWER COMPANY.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

The. conditions under which turbines are tested at the Holyoke flume are described in 

the following circular issued by the Holyoke Water Power Company:

We are prepared to test turbines on vertical shaft, of any of the usual diameters (the pit is 20 feet 

square), and of any power up to 300 H. P.

The measuring weir has a capacity of about 230 cubic feet per second.

Small wheels may be tested under an> head from 4 to 18 feet. Larger sizes, 11 to 14 feet.

The price of test and report is based on the amount of water drawn by the wheel when giving its best 

efficiency at full gate. But on account of variation of heads the quantity drawn will be computed for 

a head of 17 feet, and on that the charge will be 66§ cents per cubic foot per second, but no test for less 

than $30, the sender to pay freight and cartage.

Scroll wheels or wheels set in iron cases may cost $10 to $15 or more in addition.

A test will consist of five or six settings of the gate; additional settings will be charged extra.
HOLYOKE TESTS. 37

We can also test small and medium sizes, singly or in pairs, on horizontal shaft, under certain conditions, details of which will be sent on application. Price of horizontal test, from $50 up, depending 

on the amount of labor necessary to erect the wheel.

All results are kept strictly confidential, report being made only to the party ordering the test.

Duplicate reports, typewritten, or in India ink for blue printing, will be furnished at *2 each.

HOLYOKE WATER POWER COMPANY. 

HOLYOKE, MASS., November 1, 1898.

The Holyoke flume serves three principal uses:

* ]. The testing of all wheels installed in conjunction with the-water power at Holyoke, in 

order that their discharge capacity may be determined and used as a means of estimating 

the quantity of water taken by the several mills.

10 feet

FIG. 14. Cross section of Holyoke testing flume.

2. The testing of experimental wheels with a view to their improvement. Many of the 

wheels tested, especially in the early years, have been of this class, and the results are of 

no general interest.

3. Testing of standard patterns of American type turbines which are to be installed in 

new plants. The results of such tests are of general and permanent interest.

A few complete tests have been published by Thurston« and in the catalogues of turoThurston, R. H., The systematic testing ol turbine water wheels in the United States-: Trans. Am. 

Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 8, pp." 359-420.
38 TUKBnSTE WATEK-WHEEL TE8T8 AND POWER TABLES.

bine builders. The policy of the Holyoke Water Power Company has been to treat the 

results of the. tests as the property of their clients, and they have never been made public 

without the permission of the parties for whom they were made. In the preparation of 

this paper application was first made to the Holyoke Water Power Company, and afterwards to a number of the leading turbine builders, for the results of Holyoke tests of standard patterns of wheels. As a result, complete reports of tests of a considerable number of 

turbines have been obtained for publication with the mutual consent of the Holyoke 

Water Power Company and the turbine builders.

Acknowledgment is due to Mr. A. F. Sickman, hydraulic engineer of the. Holyoke Water 

Power Company, and to the Holyoke Machine Company, Worcester, Mass.; the S. Morgan 

Smith Company, York, Pa.; the James Leffel Company, Springfield, Ohio; J. & W. Jolly,

.64

'£ -SO 

-t>

$2 83 8* 85

87 88 90

83 90

72

FIG. 15. Log of test of 36-inch right-hand Hercules, full gate, test No.190, October 13,1883.

Holyoke, Mass.; the Stillwell-Bierce and Smith-Vaile Company (now Platt Iron Works'), 

Dayton, Ohio, and the Dayton Globe Iron Works, Dayton, Ohio.

The quantity of water used in the Holyoke tests (see tables, pp. 43-76) is determined by 

means of a thin-edged weir, with or without end contractions, according to the volume 

of flow. The discharge is computed by the Francis formula, and is given in column 7 of 

the tables. The power is determined by a friction dynamometer (see PI. I, B), and is given 

in column 8 of the tables. Each wheel is tested under several positions of speed gate, commonly varying from about one-third to full gate. A varying number of tests at each gate 

is made, the load being so adjusted as to cover the ordinary range of speeds, both greater 

and less than that at which the maximum efficiency occurs. The net head acting on the 

wheel in feet is determined by means of hook gage readings, and is contained in column 4 

of the tables. The measured gate opening, head, speed, discharge, and power constitute 

the basic data of the experiments. The efficiency for each experiment is computed from
CO

OS

>3 .64

1^

3-62

 S 

I

**5

FIG. 16. Log of test of 36-inch right-hand Hercules, 0.80b sate, test No. 190, 

October 13,1SS3.

FIG. 17. Log of test of 3
FIG. 19 Log of test of 36-inch right-hand Hercules, 0.379 pate, test No.190, 

October 13,1SS3.

5- OS' 6V

FIG. 18. Log of test of 

£9'

07

99

E

69

S3 
TUEBINE. TESTING. 41

Ate measured discharge and power. This factor, together with the horsepower, is omitted 

from the series of tests of Smith-McCormick turbines.

In the reduction of the experiments, the ratio of the peripheral speed of the turbine to 

the spouting velocity due to the head is determined, and the data for each width of the 

gate opening are plotted, using as an argument the speed ratio described above. A series 

of curves is thus obtained for each gate opening showing the, variation in the discharge, 

power, speed, and efficiency. A set of these curves for a 36-inch Hercules turbine is shown 

in figs. 15-19. From these diagrams the maximum efficiency for each width of gate opening and the speed at which it occurs may be easily determined.«

In column 3 of the tables of tests (pp. 43-76) is given the proportional part of the fullgate discharge, the unit discharge at full gate being that which occurs at the speed giving 

maximum efficiency under the head used in the experiments. The head and discharge 

corresponding to the highest efficiency having been determined from the full-gate test diagram, the, proportional discharge is obtained as follows:

Let He represent the head at which maximum full-gate efficiency was observed, and H

/TT

anv other head corresponding to a discharge Q at either full or part gate, then Q'=x~. * Q

\/H

is approximately tne discharge which would have resulted with the given gate, opening

1.0

.9

2

H

n r

0V

Proportions/ discharge

FIG. 20. Proportional discharge coefficients for 12-, 15-, 18-, and 21-inch McCormick turbines. *x

undeKa head He and the ratio of the quantity Q' to the full-gate discharge at maximum 

efficiency ==^ is called the ''proportional discharge" and is given in column 3. This

column shows, therefore, the relative discharge at different gate openings all reduced to 

the head of maximum full-gate efficiency as a standard.

DETAILED HOLYOKE TESTS. 

M'CORMICK TURBINES.

The McCormick turbine is notable for its ~reat depth and capacity in proportion to its 

diameter. Many tests of all sizes have been made for the manufacturers, the S. Morgan 

Smith Company, York, Pa., and J. & W. Jolly, Holyoke, Mass. In the following tables will 

be found complete tests of all sizes from 12 to 57 inches diameter.

The mean factors for the group of experiments included in a single gate opening for a 

wheel of each size have been computed and are given in tabular form on pages 43-59. This 

data will enable any desired feature of the tests to be readily worked out for the different 

sizes. On figs. 20-23 are given the coefficients of part-gate discharge in form for ready 

comparison.

"The systematic testing of water wheels in the United States: Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 8. 

pp. 339-420.
42 TUKBIJSTE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

C -9

O .S

«L>

^ .6

I - 5 

 u

§/ 

'1 ^

FIG

1.0

^ .9

i-

<u Tg - 7

1 '

t *

I"

.2.

\^

<,

i/J

\°

*

h'l

</

/

. °/

Ms.t:(

\

~wp$

y]

 \

^.,

i

eX

r/

>

^

°lt

/.;

/

)j/

/

/

c

x

\

|/

61 /!

< 

^

^

/

,

\

/- 1

y^l

*

A

'i.

^

,\^

' 

v/

/

 ^ /

c!

\

w

(X

i

< 6

j'

5

/"'

o-.

^<

^9

\V

/

'W

/ .£

^

f/

^

\

\ /

'/

1

^

^,

Proportional discharge 

21. Proportional discharge coefficients for 24-, 27-, 30-, and 33-inch McCormick turbines.

,

t

\^>

.(

V

^/

,y ' >/

 ft J4

.i

i

,ol

/

^

Jt/

/ 

x

/ ..

ft

f

\

*

/,

/

^/

^Y*

^

v/.

i°i i*

 ^ /

^

^A:

,

 ^.N

/

^/

^

l>

/

y '

^

^A

\

fy; 

^

^

/ 

-c)

^/f

-J

>r

/

A

^/

/

/

'

V

^

^/

^

i/

fc

A-f

r.1

t

/

i 

{^

/

/

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 22. Proportional discharge coefficients for 36-, 39-, 42-, and 45-inch McCormick turbines.

S? 9

 S

^ -d

S 7

to no

16 -6

o

^

cS -

,rCl

.y

/

/«

» 

r

"?/^

<££

>/

.ft

V

t

y.,

- *

/

y

^

/

/

/

\t

*

r,

*, ?/.(f

^ ^

.;

2

h

?

A°J

/

$f

&-y

v

s

1/ /

»;

^

.1

iSV

-

^

/

0,

^

/

.<

'v/

/

&

N,

A

ty

I

J

\

tf

-/

/'

^

/

.(

^

Y

t

£

$

y

Vr

?

.i

$

/

*

ti

^/

/

>

/

/.

i

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 23. Proportional discharge coefficients for 48-, 51-, 54-, and 57-inch McCormick turbines.
TURBINE TESTING.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines.a

12-INCH RIGHT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 466, January 17, 1890.]

Number of experiment.

1

g

0............................

4............................

3............................

2............................

Mean

22............................

21............................

20............................

19............................

18............................

16............................

29............................

28

07

26............................

04

23 . ... ........

33............................

32............................

31............................

30............................

34............................

35............................

15............................

14............................

13............................

12............................

11............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1 000

.799

.799

.799

.799

.799

.799

.799

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.488

.488

.488

.488

.488

.488

.369

.369

.369

.369

.369

.369

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency =1.)

3

1.013

1.019

1.010

1.009

1.000

.995

.991

.985

.979

.895

.889

.882

.875

.870

.864

.860

.876

.801

.799

.794

.788

.781

.778

.770

.787

.667

.662

.660

.656

.651

.644

.656

.541

.539

.537

.531

.524

.520

.532

Mean head 

in feet.

4

17.92

17.84

17. 85

17.80

18.00

18.01

18.02

18.09

17.98

17.90

17.87

17.87

17.85

17.86

17.89

17.91

17. 878

17.92

17.92

17.93

17.94

17.98

18. 05

18.02

17. 965

18.06

18.08

18. 02

18.04

18.07

18.07

18. 056

18. 35

18.12

18.12

18.10

18.14

18.23

18. 176

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

6

4

4

3

3

4

3

4

6

4

3

3

3

4

3

4

4

4

6

3

4

4

4

3

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

0

Still.

375. 0

395.0

406.7

424.7

437.7

449.0

464.5

477.8

361.0

388. 5

407.0

421.3

435. 7

451.8

476.0

420.1

364.0

401.6

421.0

440.2

460. 0

477.3

503. 0

438. 15

362.0

392. 0

415.0

439. 5

462.0

479.5

425. 0

346.0

366.0

392.2

417. 5

440.7

406. 56

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

11.35

11.39

11.29

11.27

11.23

11.18

11.13

11.09

10.99

10. 02

9.95

9.87

9.79

9.73

9.67

9.63

8.98

8.90

8.83

8.77

8.75

8.65

7.50

7.45

7.38

7.32

6.13

6.07

6.05

5. 98

5. 91

5. 88

"Made by S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa.
44 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

15-INCH LEFT-HAND McCORMICK HOLYOKE WHEEL. 

[Test No. 740, March 20, 1894.]

Number of experiment.

1

8............................

3............................

0

15............................

14............................

13............................

12............................

11............................

Q

24............................

23............................

22............................

in

18............................

16............................

32............................

31............................

30. ...........................

29. ...........................

28............................

27............................

25............................

39............................

38............................

37............................

36............................

33............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

jj

1.000

1.000

1.000

 i.ooo

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.791

.791

.791

.791

.791

.791

.791

.791

. 615

.615

.615

.615

.615

.615

.475

.475

.475

.475

.475

.475

.475

.475

.359

.359

359

359

359

359

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l.)

:{

0.978

1.015

1.010

1.007

1.003

1.000

.993

.992

.999

.910

.904

.900

.893

.891

.869

.893

.780

.775

.767

.750

.765

.648

.644

639

.636

.627

.641

539

539

.533

5°3

Mean head 

in feet.

4

15.34

15.55

15.57

15. 59

15.61

15.63

15.65

15.27

15. 526

15.80

15.80

15. 75

15.77

15.81

15. 781

16.13

16.12

16.08

16.08

16.10

16.30

16.35

16.41

16.41

16.35

16.37

16.40

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

C

4

3

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

Still.

282. 2

302. 2

321. 7

333.5

354.0

372.0

375.8

377. 34

284.7

306.7

326.2

340.0

353.0

070 9

339. 78

270.0

307.0

qoq 9

qqo 9

qc9 7

365.5

377.7

335. 17

267.5

909 f\

9.79 7

333. 21

°68 2

°91 5

qi q H

090 c

348.0

365 7

009 9

090 ic

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

17 Q1

18.71

18.64

18.48

18.12

15. 526

16.69

16.61

16.40

16.16

14.66

14.63

14.55

14. 39

14.06

13.96

12 3^

12 29

12 24

19 17

1° 09

19 fU

11 97

n

OQ

10.20

9 9^

9 85
TURBINE TESTING.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

18-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 674, April 18, 1893.]

45

Number of experiment.

1

1....... .....................

6............................

5............................

4............................

3............................

7............................

13............................

12............................

10............................

9............................

8............................

19............................

18............................

17............................

16............................

14............................

23 ..

27............................

99

26............................

21............................

20... .........................

°8

29. ...........................

30............................

31............................

32............................

33............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

a

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1 000

1.000

.748

.748

.748

.748

.748

.748

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.476

.476

.476

.476

.476

.476

.476

.356

.356

.356

.356

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l.)

3

1.071

1.020

1.012

1.005

.999

.990

980

904

.899

.892

888

883

.872

.889

.797

794

.792

.789

.783

.779

.789

.675

.672

.672

.668

.668

.663

.540

539

.538

.536

.533

.531

.536

Mean head

in feet.

4

17. 37

17.41

17.41

17. 43

17. 45

17.48

17.424

17.44

17.47

17.46

17.50

17.48

17.52

17.478

17.68

17. 65

17.63

17.63

17.61

17.56

17. 626

17.65

17. 73

17.59

17.68

17.69

17.40

17.82

17.79

17.79

17.84

17.816

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

5

4

5

6

3

10

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

Still.

235. 5

248. 0

258. 7

299. 7

909 n

260 49

234. 0

266 4

272.5

259. 48

256.2

256.2

195. 5

214.2

233.2

250.2

267.0

279.2

Discharge 

in spcondfeet.

7

26.28

25. 76

25 ^7

93 ^n

23. 01

99 55

20.45

9() 30

17. 36

17.36

17.21

1 7 91

14. OS

14.01

10 09

13.85
46 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

21-INCH LEFT-HAND McCORMICK HOLYOKE WHEEL.

[Test No. 701, August 17, 1893.]

Number of experiment.

1

8............................

6............................

5............................

4......... ...................

2.. ....................... ...

1....... .....................

15............................

12............................

11............................

10............................

9............................

21............................

20............................

19......................... .

17...........................;

22

29............................

2S............................

27 ......

26............................

24............................

23............................

36............................

34............................

33............................

30............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.790

.790

.790

.790

.790

.790

.790

.790

.628

.628

.628

.628

.628

.628

.628

.628

.499

.499

.499

.499

499

.499

.499

.499

.374

.374

.374

.374

.374

.374

.374

.374

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l.)

3

1.024

1.018

1.013

1.006

1.000

.993

.983

.972

1.001

.914

.911

.904

.893

886

.874

.897

.780

.781

.776

.768

.756

.711

.652

.656

.654

.648

.642

.651

.534

.533

.531

.522

.530

Mean head 

in feet.

4

15.66

15.62

15. 62

15.65

15.66

15.68

15.71

15.75

15.869

15.79

15.81

15.82

15.83

15.85

15.89

15.90

15. 841

15.58

15.60

15.63

15.71

15.73

15.68

15. 157

15.79

15.76

15.76

15.81

15.87

15. 69

15.70

15.74

15.82

15. 737

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

205.7

214.5

224.0

244.0

253.7

266.7

280.0

240. 35

194.2

210.0

222.0

233.2

244.0

255.5

271.5

190.0

209.4

225.0

237.5

248.0

258.4

265.0

233. 33

192 2

223.0

230.6

239.7

252.2

263.5

230 31

186.2

227.0

256.2

224.61

Discharge

in secondfeet.

7

35. 40

35. 15

34.95

34. 76

34.55

34.32

34.02

33.69

31.73

31.63

31.39

31.22

31.03

30.85

30.45

26.88

26.95

26.79

26. 57

26.15

22.64

22.67

18.50

18.41

10 00

1C OK

18.14
TUBBHSTE TESTING. 47

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

24-INCII LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 67.5, April 19,1893.]

Number of experiment.

1

39...........................

38 ...........................

37............................

33............................

32............................

31............................

OA

29

28............................

26............................

25

24............................

23...........................".

22............................

21............................

20............................

jq

18............................

17............................

16............................

15....... .....................

13............................

12............................

11............................

Q

7............................

4............................

3............................

2......:.....................

i............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

a

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.771

.771

.771

.771

.771

.771

.771

.771

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

.604

0.471

.471

.471

.471

.471

.471

.471

.471

.471

.358

.358

.358

.358

.358

.358

.358

.358

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency^ 1.)

^3

1.012

1.009

1.00.3

1.002

.999

.995

.992

.984

.999

.894

.891

.887

.882

.879

.875

.869

.861

.879

.765

.761

.756

.750

.744

.739

.726

.749

.643

.639

.635

.630

.625

.618

.611

.601

.625

.519

.518

513

.507

.504

.497

.491

.487

Mean head 

in feet.

4

16.83

16.84

16.83

16.82

16.84

16.86

16.88

16.94

16. 855

17.13

17.14

17.25

17.24

17. 29

17.30

17.32

17.33

17. 250

17.47

17.49

17.49

17.47

17.47

17.43

17.44

17.465

17.47

17.44

17.47

17. 45

17.47

17.48

17. 52

17.53

17. 478

17.58

17.54

17 ^d.

17.51

17.48

17.42

17.45

17.46

17. 497

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

:

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

178. 25

186. 33

195. 25

203. 50

210.00

216.50

222. 25

232. 00

228 44

179. 00

189. 25

199.75

215.00

221. 50

228. 75

240. 00

183. 00

191.75

202.00

209. 75

218. 00

224. 75

209.39

176.00

186.00

195. 00

202. 75

211.50

220. 2.5

207. 65

169. 25

179.00

209.00

219.50

230.50

238. 25

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

47.88

47.74

47.55

47.41

47.27

47.13

46. 99

46.71

42. 65

42. 55

4'i 05

42.16

41.95

41. 73

41.34

36.87

36.68

36. 46

36. 16

35. 56

30.77

30.61

30. 36

30.12

25.01

oj on

23.93
48 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TAFLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

27-INCH RIGHT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL, CONICAL CYLINDER. 

[Test No. 1497, December 14, 1903.1

Number of experiment.

1

1. ...... ............. .......

6............................

5............................

3............................

0

1............................

14............................

1O

10............................

9............................

8.. ..........................

22............................

20............................

19............................

18...........-----.........-..

16 ...........................

°8

26........... .................

25............................

24............................

23............................

33............................

31............................

30

29. ...........................

Id

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.754

.754

.754

.754

.754

.754

.754

.754

.591

.591

.591

.591

.591

.591

. 591

.591

.456

.456

.456

.456

.456

.456

.334

.334

.334

334

.334

.334

.334

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l.)

3

1.011

1.008

1.007

1.005

1.003

1.000

.992

1.003

.872

.871

.865

.858

.853

.848

.840

.829

.854

.740

.741

.737

.730

793

.712

.700

.726

.609

.610

.608

.602

.596

.589

.602

.481

.480

.476

.474

Mean head 

in feet.

4

17.79

17.78

17.78

17.78

17.80

17.78

17.80

17. 787

17.95

17.96

17.95

17.97

17.98

17.98

17.99

17.99

17.971

18.08

18.08

18.10

18.11

18.12

18.16

18.16

18. 116

18.23

18.23

18.25

18.26

18.28

18. 245

18.39

18.41

18.40

18. 043

Duration

of test in 

minutes.

5

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

Revolutions per 

minute

6

168.00

178. 50

186. 50

194. 75

203. 25

231. 25

196. 46

163. 50

174.00

185.25

190.75

198. 50

206.50

216.25

225. 50

195.03

160. 50

173. 75

184.00

191. 25

199 °5

223.00

164. 00

175.00

183.50

190. 25

211. 75

187. 42

161.25

180. 00

inc; nfl

184. 17

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

60.32

60.13

60.07

CQ If,

52.30

52.24

51.89

51.45

51.21

50.90

50.40

49.78

44. 51

44.58

43.58

42.91

42.19

36.74

35. 65

29.14

o§ 90

90 70

OO CO
TURBHSTE TESTING. 49

Holyoke tests of McOormick turbines Continued.

30-INCH RIGHT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 846, May 10, 1895.]

Number of experiment.

1

15............................

14 . ........................

13...................... .....

11............................

10........... .................

9

8............................

24............................

23. ...........................

 ) > 

21............................

18............................

17............................

29............................

28............................

26............................

38............................

37............................

36.... ..........

35....................

31.... . .... .

33........................ ...

32.......................... .

31..........................

7

6............................

5......................... ..

4............................

3. ...........................

1......................... ..

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

2

1 000

1 000

1,000

1 000

1 ' 000

.783

.783

.783

.783

.783

.783

.783

630

.630

.630

.630

.630

630

630

.489

.489

.489

489

.489

.369

369

.369

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l.)

3

1.007

.993

.974

.976

.942

981

.896

.874

.868

.830

.864

.757

.755

.751

.744

.736

.622

.624

.624

6°3

.620

.615

.608

.589

.616

.495

498

498

.492

488

.481

.493

Mean lie ad 

in feet.

4

16.73

16.71

16.73

16.74

16.78

16.89

16.76

17.11

17.18

17.19

17.06

17.10

17.34

17.37

17.37

17.33

17.34

17.41

17.36

17.54

17.53

17.53

17.53

17.55

17.54

17.56

17.58

17.55

17.60

17.57

17.63

17.60

17.602

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

4

3

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

146.00

169.30

176.50

188.50

207.75

143.30

154.50

167.00

174.00

185.25

186.25

188.67

170. 08

155.50

153.00

168. 75

173.86

178. 75

187.00

169.64

144.25

151.25

158.67

166.00

171.25

177.50

185.25

198.50

169.08

132. 75

142. 33

149.33

159.00

172.00

179.33

190.50

160. 748

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

75.06

72.71

72.06

76.71

70.28

69.79

68.71

64.32

64.32

63.89

62.71

60.84

65.96

56.02

55.32

55.43

54.95

54.24

46.25

46.37

46.37

46.32

46.12

45.74

45.24

44.56

36.94

37.12

37.12

37.07

36.72

36.33

35.81

IRE 180 06-
60 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued. 

SPECIAL 33-INCH LKFT-HAND IMPROVED SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 511, January 29-30, 1891.]

N imher of experiment.

1

44............................

42............................

43............................

40.. ..........................

39............................

00"::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::

36... ........................

35............................

34............................

33............................

30

29............................

97

26............................

25............................

24

28............................

92

21 ............................

20............................

19............................

18............................

17............................

16............................

15............................

13............................

12............................

11............................

10............................

9............................

8............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

'

-

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.7,83

.783

.783

.783

.783

.783

.634

.634

.634

.634

.634

.634

.493

.493

.493

.493

.493

.493

.493

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

.377

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency^ 1.)

3

0.998

.992

.982

1.003

1.000

.994

1.014

1.010

1.007

1.003

.993

.982

.998

.900

.897

.891

-.885

.864

.885

.784

.776

.769

.756

.742

.632

.646

.641

.63.5

.629

.623

.616

.632

.526

.524

.517

.506

.499

.491

.484

.508

Mean head 

in feet.

4

15.37

15.42

15.31

13.11

13.13

13.17

11.27

11.30

11.32

11.36

11.40

11.45

12.80

11.48

11.51

11.55

11.55

11.66

11.59

11.64

11.67

11.73

11 79

13.25

13.21

13.21

13.23

13.25

13.28

13.33

13. 252

12.55

12.63

12.68

12.72

Duration, 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

3

3

3

4

4

3

4

5

5

3

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

141.50

149. 75

156.00

128.00

133.00

137. 75

112.75

116.75

121.00

126.00

132. 20

140.00

115.00

120.00

130 00

144.25

115.00

121.00

127. 75

135.00

142.00

120.50

127.50

132.50

105.25

199 nn

133.75

139. 75

148.25

155. 33

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

83.77

83.33

82.26

77.70

77 19

72.83

72.48

72.34

71.78

65.23

65.09

63. 15

57.10

56.69

55.38

50.24

50.03

48.16

37.94

37.43

36.92
TUEBINE TESTING.

Holyoke tests of McC'ormick turbines Continued.

36-INCH LEFT-HAND McCORMICK HOLYOKE WHEEL. 

[Test No. 534, June 13, 1891.]

51

Number of experiment.

1

6............................

12............................

11. ...........................

10............................

g

19............................

17............................

16............................

15............................

27............................

26............................

25............................

23............................

99

21............................

34............................

33............................

32............................

31............................

30

29.. ........

28............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

.>

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1,000

.789

.789

.789

.789

.789

.789

.629

.629

.629

.629

.629

.629

.502

Cl\0

.502

.502

.502

.502

.379

.379

.379

.379

.379

.379

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency =1.)

3

1.026

1.019

1.008

1.003

.995

.986

1.007

.919

917

912

.907

900

892

.885

894

.797

.793

.787

.781

.773

.788

.681

.677

.675

.672

.656

.551

.539

.533

Mean head 

in feet.

4

16.83

16.81

16.83

16.83

16.84

16.81

16.81

16.99

16.99

17.00

17.01

17. 05

17.07

17.06

17.28

17.30

17.29

17. 30

17.32

17.31

17.300

17.58

17 60

17.59

17.60

17.65

17.605

17.82

17.81

17.80

17.83

1 -, 01

17.81

17.82

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

0

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

119.75

125. 00

142. 25

155. 67

118.2.5

125. 50

139. 25

152. 50

118.50

128.00

134. 75

146. 50

152. 50

135. 17

115.75

131. 75

138. 75

141.50

147. 00

153. 60

135. 76

110. 75

118.80

126. 75

134. 75

141.50

148.33

156.67

133. 94

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

1

103. 93

103.30

101. 42

100. 96

99.91

93.61

93.40

92.93

92.49

91.80

91.13

90. 34

82.10

81.89

81.46

80.90

80.37

79.49

70.59

70.19

69.97

69.67

68.84

68.12

57.78

57. 68

57.48

57.39

56.26

55.58
52 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tents of McCormick turbine* Continued. 

39-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 1191, May 29, 1899.]

Number of experiment.

1

8............ ............... .

7.........----..--.-. . .......

6......-...-.--..---.---.-...

43

42.......-...--....--....--...

41..--....-...........-.-----.

40.......--..-.....-....---...

M.. ..........................

37. ...........................

36............................

OK

33............................

3

0

31...-..-.-..--..-........-.-.

on

29. ...........................

26............................

24

rj9

 >!

20..... .......................

19............................

IS............................

Gate opening (proportiorml 

part ) .

2

1. 000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.796

.796

.796

.796

.796

.796

.796

.796

.790

.h21

.621

.62]

.621

.621

.621

.621

.498

.498

.498

.498

.498

.498

.498

.498

.498

Proportional 

discharges. 

( Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency =1.)

3

1.009

1.006

1.001

. 998

.990

.977

.961

. 94.5

.903

.899

.893

.888

.882

.874

.864

.853

.760

.754

.748

.742

.734

.728

.703

.645

.636

.630

.625

.619

.611

.600

.588

.621

Mean head 

in feet.

1

15. 79

15.79

15. 82

15. 85

15. 87

1.5.91

15.96

15. 98

15. 871

15. 95

15.97

15.97

15.99

15.99

16.03

16.08

16.06

16.26

16.29

16.29

16.30

16.34

16.35

16.37

16.40

16.55

16.56

16.59

16.60

16.69

16.71

16.78

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

1

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

126.00

131. 75

138.00

143.00

150.00

1.54. 60

160. 25

165. 75

148. 17

118.25

123. 75

128. 25

133.00

136. 60

140.50

145.00

149. 00

153. 25

123. 75

127. 25

130.80

134.00

138. 25

142. 25

147. 75

156. 25

115.00

123.60

127. 75

131. 75

136. 25

143.00

150. 25

157. 75

133.95

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

117.83

117. 46

116. 98

116. 73

115. 89

114.53

112. 80

110.99

10S. 98

105.51

105. 02

104. 44

103.62

102. 78

101. 72

100. 45

99.41

89.97

89.41

88.73

87.94

87.18

86.51

85.09

83.65

77.10

76.47

75.95

75.31

74.77

74. 12

73.30

72.03

70.71
TLTEBINE TESTING. 53

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued. 

39-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL Continued.

Number of experiment.

1

16............................

14............................

10............................

9

Gate opening (proportional 

part).

>>

0. 390

. 300

. 390

. 390

.390

.390

.390

.390

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l.)

3

509

.512

r>09

r>06

.502

.495

.489

r>09

Mean head 

in feet.

4

16.72

16. 73

16.75

16. 7S

16.77

16. 757

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

116. 75 

121.50 

125. 50 

129. 50 

133.00 

135. 50 

139. 75 

145.00 

l.">0.60

Discharg

in second

feet.

133.01

42-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-MrCORMICK WHEEL,

[Test No. 1391, March 19, 1902.]

43............................

42............................

40............................

39............................

38............................

37............................

36............................

35............................

34............................

33............................

32................ ...........

31............................

30............................

28............................

27............................

29

26............................

25............................

24............................

22............................

20. ............... ...........

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.794

.794

.794

.794

.794

.794

.794

.794

.794

.648

.648

048

.648

.648

.648

.648

.648

1.002

1.002

.986

.970

.886

.882

.876

. 865

.856

.832

.819

858

.770

.770

.762

.754

.737

.716

.752

16.32

16.06

16.34

16.19

16.28

16.56

16.59

16.64

16.68

16.71

16.85

16. 93

16.718

16.96

16.94

16.96

16.97

17.01

17.12

17.000

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

121.50

123. 40

135. 20

141.00

146. 50

110. 25

116.80

120.50

125. 00

128.75

138. 50

144. 00

127. 20

103. 00

118.00

121.50

125. 00

1°9 50

145.00

124.07

148. 20

147. 02

147. 94

146. 73

145. 14

143. 27

131.89

131.50

130. 73

129. 34

125. 02

123. 28

116.70

114.90

108.46
54 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued. 

42-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL Continued.

Number of experiment.

1

19............................

18............................

16............................

14............................

12............................

11............................

10..... .......................

9............................

8......... ...................

7............................

6............................

5............................

4............................

2. ...........................

1............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

-

0.497

.497

497

.497

.497

.497

.497

.497

.497

.497

497

.375

.375

.375

.375

.375

.375

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l.)

3

0.642

.645

639

.634

698

.625

.619

.616

.608

.505

.500

.484

.498

Mean head 

in feet.

4

17.34

17.30

17.29

17.30

17.25

17.25

17.10

17.13

17.19

17.29

17. 257

17.67

17.81

17.80

17.82

17.74

17.64

17. 745

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

2

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

102.00

108. 50

114. 25

118.00

121.00

124. 50

127.00

132.00

137.00

142. 75

92.62

100.00

108. 25

116.50

123. 40

144. 25

118.88

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

97.81

98.15

97.91

97.21

96.31

95.52

94.61

93.80

93.46

92.55

91.56

77.53

77.85

78.28

77.95

77.21

75.40

74.46

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL McCORMICK-HOLYOKE WHEEL. 

[Test No. 850, June 10, 1895.]

10. ...........................

9

8............................

6............................

3............................

2............................

17............................

11. ...........................

1.000

1.000

1.000

1 000

1 000

1 000

1.000

1 000

.783

.783

.783

.783

1.031

1.019

.987

.906

899

.888

.882

.866

.890

16.37

16.46

16.23

16.28

16 339

16.68

16.661

4

4

4

5

 4

4

109. 50

114.00

129.50

106. 75

132.00

113.59

112.94

107.85

100 80

99 40

97 46

95.74
TUEBINE TESTING. 55

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued. 

45-INCII RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL McCORMICK-HOLYOKE WHEEL Continued.

Number of experiment.

1

25............................

23......................

22............................

20............................

19... ..................

33........................ ...

32............................

31............................

30............................

29................. ....

28...................... . .

27........................ . .

26...................... 

41...................... . .

40. ....................... .

39............ ..... . .

38. ...........................

37......................

36......................

35.................... .

34......................

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

2

0.612

.612

.612

.612

.612

.612

.612

.612

.503

.503

.503

503

.503

.503

.503

503

.503

373

373

373

070

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency =1.)

3

0.777

.771

.765

.758

.751

.746

.735

.676

.672

.658

.651

.043

.633

.620

.652

KAQ

545

540

KQl

Mean head 

in feet.

4

17.16

17.17

17.18

17.17

17.14

16.97

17.00

17. 112

17.29

17.30

17. 31

17.36

17.38

17. 39

17.41

17.347

17 54

17 59

17 59

17. 57

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

97.25

103.00

108. 75

113.75

118. 75

122. 75

129.50

113.39

95.00

101.25

107.00

118. 50

123. 75

130. 00

137.75

115.84

93.00

98.25

104. 50

109.75

115 '^5

125. 00

112.09

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

87.17

86.51

85. 85

85.08

84.21

83.22

82.02

76. 15

75/62

74.88

73. 40

72.56

71.41

69.99

62.15

61.76

60.75

60.18

59.69

59.00

48-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 578, April 5, 1892.]

54............................

53............................

52............................

51............ ...... . ......

50. ...........................

49....................... ...

48............................

47............................

46. ..................... .....

Mean ..................

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.008

1.000

991

983

.960

.948

.979

13.03

13.13

12 96

13.09

13.16

13. 072

4

4

4

4

83.50

89.00

93. 70

104.00

108. 37

96.08

154. 87

153.80

148. 80

147. 35

145. 63
56 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued. 

48-INCH LEFT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL Continued.

Number of experiment.

1

38............................

37............................

36............................

35............................

34............................

33............................

32 .. . .......

31............................

30............................

29............................

28............................

27............................

26............................

25............................

24............................

23............................

22............................

21............................

20............................

19............................

18............................

17............................

16............................

15............................

14............................

13 . ...... ...... .....

12............................

11 . ...... .....

10............................

9

8............................

7............................

6............................

5............................

4............................

3............................

2............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

2

0.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

.621

fiol

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.499

.371

.371

.371

.371

.371

.371

.371

.371

.371

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l.)

3

0.895

.887

.882

.875

.868

.860

.849

.839

.831

.820

860

.764

.758

.751

.743

.737

.727

.717

.707

.696

.688

.728

.638

.633

.626

.620

.613

.605

.595

.584

.575

.609

.504

.498

.494

.488

.484

.477

.469

.461

.453

480

Mean head 

in feet.

4

13.10

13.10

13.09

13.05

13.08

13.16

13. 23

13.31

13.10

13.20

13. 142

13.90

13. 93

13.97

14.00

14.00

14.03

14.08

14.10

14.17

14.19

14.09

14.10

14.11

14.13

14.15

14.19

14.27

14.35

14.40

14. 198

13.68

13.70

13.74

13.78

13.83

13.88

13.93

13.98

14.03

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

75. 62

80.12

84.62

88.00

91.75

96.50

100. 50

105.00

107. 25

111.00

94.03

78.25

82.75

87.37

91.75

95.50

99.50

103.50

107. 37

110.90

114.25

97.11

82.00

85.50

89.50

93.50

97.62

101.87

106. 75

111.37

116. 10

98.24

76.00

81.00

85.37

89.87

93.50

99.00

104. 62

110. 12

115.50

94.99

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

138. 80

137. 55

136. 75

135. 45

134. 55

133. 65

132. 35

131. 16

128.90

127. 65

122. 05

121. 17

120. 31

119. 17

118.16

116.70

115.35

113.75

112. 28

111.08

102. 55

101. 85

100.80

99.85

98.73

97.67

96.28

94.85

93.58

79.89

79.03

78.40

77.65

77.05

76.08

74.95

73.79

72.75
TURBINE TESTING.

Holyoke tests of McConnick turbines Continued. 

51-INCH LEFT-HAND McCORMICK WHEEL.

[Test No. 489, June 28, 1890.]

Number of experiment.

1

34............................

32................... .........

31 ............................

30............................

29 . . ...

8 . ..... . . .......

6............................

4. ...........................

3............................

9g

27............. ...............

26............................

24.......................... .

23...................... ...

09

21.................. . .

20...................... . .

19............................

18..................

17............................

16............................

15............................

14...................... . . .

13............................

12.......................... .

11............................

10............................

9............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

 j

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.0()0

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.818

.818

.818

.818

.818

.818

.818

.818

.818

.685

.685

.685

.685

.685

.685

.685

.685

. 554

.554

.414

.414

.414

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l.)

3

1.026

1.021

1.016

1.009

1.001

.989

.979

1.005

.915

.910

.902

. 895

.887

.880

.870 

.850

888

.808

.803

.797

.782

.768

.785

.666

.656

64 1

.672

.549

. 546

. 542

T9Q

.521

Mean head 

in feet.

4

11.49

11.52

11.53

11.58

' 11.62

11.68

11.74

10. 165

12.88

12.91

12.96

12.99

13.02

12.84

12.91

13.09

12.950

13.09

13.11

13.09

13.10

13.10

13.18

13.29

13. ISIS. 25

13.26

13.14

13.25

13.31

10 A A

13.260

10 no

10 no

10 Q1

10 QC

1 0 QQ

10 QOC

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

3

3

4

6

3

4

3

3

0

3

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

68.67

72.50

76. 50

80. 50

84.50

88. 62

92.17

80.49

74.00

78. 25

83.17

87.62

92.00

94.00

9S.67

105. 10

89.10

71.62

83.00

87.25

92.00

97.25

87.26

71.00

76. 75

87.71

71.62

84 25

89 50

95 50

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

169. 69

169. 05

168.35

167. 50

166.50

164. 95

16.3. 60

160.18

159. 50

158. 40

156. 10

155. 89

152.45

150. 05

142. 70

141. 78

140. 72

138. 01

123. 10

1 99 ^n

m oc

99 90

99.30

nc 70

96 45

95 Oc
58 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rolyoke tests of McCormick turbines Continued.

54-INCH RIGHT-HAND SMITH-McCORMICK WHEEL, PLAIN CYLINDER GATE.a 

[Test No. 1310, December 10-11, 1900.]

Number of experiment.

1

2r.............................

24... .........................

23........ ....................

oo

21

34............................

33............................

36............................

3(1............................

29

32............................

28

''7

13............................

12............................

11............................

10............................

9............................

16............................

o

19............................

18..--..----..-...............

17............................

20............................

16............................

15............................

14............................

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.783

.783

.783

.643

.643

.643

643

.643

.490

.490

490

.490

.490

.366

.366

.366

.366

.366

.366

.366

.250

.250

.250

.250

.250

.250

Proportional 

discharges. 

(D.scharge 

at full gate 

w th h ghest 

emciency= 1.)

3

1.015

1.007

1.003

.997

.994

.981

.999

939

.927

.933

* 869

.862

869

759

.755

729

.646

£QO

.630

.621

600

.629

.517

.516

.515

.512

.502

Mean head 

in feet.

4

14.00

14.27

14. 51

14.54

14.46

14. 586

14.90

14.58

14. 720

15.21

15. 25

15.53

14 90

15.22

i r 09

14.814

16.22

16.33

16.02

15.80

16. 205

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

6

4

4

4

3

0

4

4

4

Revolut ons per 

minute.

6

80.87

87.75

94.50

98.25

101. 25

109.87

95.41

92.25

97.75

102.62

104. 87

99.37

86.50

91.37

96.87

98. 50

Q7 7°?

80.50

101.25

94.57

83.75

91 00

100 12

105. 37

116. 50

97.20

74.25

84.50

87.75

97 00

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

227. 98

228. 28

229. 34

228. 28

226. 91

224. 60

215.64

212, 43

203. 44

202. 10

202. 36

201. 03

171.00

172.85

173 11

155. 59

154. 10

150. 21

125. 40

125. 40

124. 67

124. 15

123. 79

119. 79

a Tested on conical draft tube manufactured by S. Morgan Smith Company.
TURBINE TESTING. 59

Holyoke tests of McCorrnick turbines Continued. 

57-INCH McCORMICK-HOLYOKE WHEEL. 

[Test No. 696, August 7, 1893.

Number of experiment.

1

31............................

30............................

99

28............................

27. ...........................

26............................

25............................

24............................

23............................

22

21............................

20............................

19............................

18............................

17............................

16............................

15............................

14............................

Mean

13............................

12............................

11............................

10. ...........................

9............................

8............................

7............................

6............................

5............................

3............................

2

Gate opening (proportional 

part) .

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.780

.629

.629

.629

.629

goq

.629

493

.493

.493

493

.376

.376

.376

.376

072

Proportional 

discharges. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency^ 1.)

3

1.020

1.015

1.006

.999

.992

.987

1.003

.903

.894

.885

.876

.876

866

.883

.789

.784

.779

.768

.757

.744

.662

.657

.649

.641

.630

.651

.537

.527

.512

CAQ

.497

.518

Mean head 

in feet.

4

9.32

9.27

9.25

9.20

9.16

9.05

9.208

9.89

9.98

10.04

10.05

10.04

10.14

10. 023

10.83

10.86

10.90

10.98

11.07

11.16

10. 966

11.20

11.22

11. 30

11.34

11.42

11. 268

11.42

11 59

H 7O

11 79

11.598

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

r

4

4

4

4

3

4

5

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

(i

60.20

62.87

68.00

70.50

66.57

70.50

73.62

75.25

71.16

63. 25

67.50

71.12

75.62

79.25

7Q OQ

70. 37

74.12

77.62

82.00

,1.80

61.37

70.87

79.87

84.87

88.75

75. 38

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

. 200. 67

199. 18

197 93

195. 28

193. 48

191 98

182. 03

ISO. 73

179. 45

178. 86

167.31

166. 48

165. 67

162. 29

160. 09

142.82

140.59

139. 03

137. 12

117.01

115. 18

113 93

112. 72

111.01
60 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

HOLYOKE TESTS OF HERCULES TURBINES.

The Hercules turbine has been developed by elaborate experiments from the original 

design of John B. McCormick. The runners are very carefully finished, and the guide and 

bucket openings are made to conform with standard gauges, resulting in great uniformity of 

the output.

Tests of five sizes of Hercules turbines from recent patterns have been furnished by the 

Worcester (Mass.) shops of the Holyoke Machine Company. The mean head, speed, discharge, power, and efficiency for each group of experiments made with a given size of wheel 

and proportional gate opening have been computed and are given in the tables.

m

$Jn

*&.

17-

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 24. Proportional discharge coefficients for Hercules special turbines.

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines.a

42-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL.

[Test No. 988, February 18-19, 1897.]

Number of 

experiment.

1

8...............

7...............

6...............

5...............

4...............

3...............

2...............

43...............

17...... .........

15...............

14...............

13...............

11...............

10...............

9...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.778

.778

.778

.778

.778

.778

.778

.778

.778

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

pfflciency=l).

3

1.011

1.006

1.002

.998

.993

983

.975

.714

.960

.881

.867

.860

.854

.846

.836

.866

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

15.73

15. 73

15. 73

15. 76

15.80

15.82

15.78

16.54

15. 857

16.25

16.35

16.28

16.30

16.34

16. 282

Duration

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

119. 75

122.40

125. 87

136.00

200.50

134. 182

104. 37

121.37

124. 75

128. 62

132. 62

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

141.39

140.77

140. 25

139. 72

139.20

136.85

102. 50

134.83

1°6 89

1 9^ OQ

124. 61

123. 72

121. 60

120. 60

119 93

Horsepower 

developed.

8

201.37

201.85

201. 14

199. 57

199.03

192. 46

197. 062

187. 31

187. 72

187. 96

180.43

177. 07

Percentage of efficiency.

9

80.38

80.39

79.92

79.80

78.39

79.317

Of) QA

81.60

81.38

80.37

79.23

77.56

a Made by Holyoke Machine Company, Holyoke, Mass.
TURBINE TESTING. 61

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines Continued. 

42-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

experiment.

1

25...............

24...............

23...............

22.. .......

21...............

20...............

19...............

18. ..............

34...............

33...............

32.... ..........

31...............

30......... .

29...............

C)Q

27...............

26...............

42...............

41......... . .

40.......... ....

39...............

38...............

37...............

36...............

35...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportion 

part).

o

0.633

.633

.633

.633

.633

.633

.633

.501

.501

.501

.382

'JQO

.382

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l).

3

0.765

.760

T^fi

"7Kf\

.747

.742

.733

.723

.747

.627

.625

Q9Q

.605

.599

.583

.6084

.502

491

.487

.475

.467

.4875

Mean 

head, in 

feet.

4

16.48

16.51

16.54

16.52

16.53

16.57

16.58

16. 536

16.83

16.82

16.82

16. 835

17.05

17.12

17.13

17.20

17.12

Duration 

of test, in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

102. 50

108.00

118. 50

122. 00

133. 50

117. 437

105. 62

121.50

124. 87

129. 37

135.50

118. 12

98.75

111.50

114.87

119. 75

133. 12

114.56

Discharge, in secondfeet.

7

109.61

109.01

107. 08

106. 38

105.33

103.91

107. 176

90.36

86.65

85.57

84.47

88. 074

7.3. 12

72.91

71.65

71.03

70.43

68.26

71.13

Horsepower 

developed.

S

158. 29

161.47

159. 67

158. 38

156. 28

151. 96

158. 75

127. 38

127.37

128. 22

126.60

124. 09

121. 39

117. 80

112. 55

123. 76

95.39

96.58

95.36

94.00

92.10

87.78

81.91

92. 217

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

79.11

79.64

79.59

7Q 4T

78.95

77.77

78.98

73.36

73. 98

75. 04

74.53

73.44

72.17

69.56

73.57

67.47

68.42

68. 95

68.67

68.16

67.31

64.92

61.51

66. 926

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL 

[ Test No. 1030, July 19, 1897.]

10...............

9...............

8...............

6...............

5...............

4...............

3...............

2...............

1...............

44. ..............

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.024

1.016

1.012

1.007

1.001

.997

.990

.982

.969

.952

.712

15. 81

15.79

15. 78

15.78

15. 75

15.74

15. 78

15. 84

15. 84

15.98

16.80

15.899

4

4

5

4

5

5

4

4

5

96.20

99.75

103.67

108.00

111.20

115.00

119.60

124. 60

130. 25

135. 25

188.60

121. 10

163. 23

161.85

161. 15

160. 35

159. 25

158. 54

157. 60

156. 67

154. 48

152.45

116.90

154. 77

236. 04

235. 94

236. 05

236. 36

234. 30

232. 92

231. 67

228. 66

221. 32

211.43

230.469

80.79

81. 55

82.00

82.51

82.52

82.45

82.29

81.39

79.89

76.66

81. 205
TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines Continued. 

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

experiment.

1

16...............

14...............

13...............

26. ........

24...............

23...............

21...............

20...............

19...............

34...............

33...............

31...............

30...............

28...............

27...............

43...............

41...............

40...............

39...............

38...............

3 7

36...............

35...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportion 

part ) .

2

0.779

.779

.779

.779

.779

.779

.779

.779

.636

.636

.636

.636

.6.36

.636

.636

.636

.502

.502

.502

.502

.502

.502

.386

.386

.386

.386

.386

.386

.386

.386

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l).

3

0.894

887

.880

.873

.866

.856

.846

.834

.867

.770

.766

.760

.752

.745

.738

.728

.632

.627

.616

.611

601

591

.583

.484

.500

.494

.489

.484

.478

.456

Mean 

head, in 

feet.

4

16.24

16.26

16.30

16.34

16. 36

16.39

16.38

16.40

16.33

16.63

16.66

16.68

16.71

16.74

16. 75

 16.72

16.72

16.89

16.92

16.98

17.01

17.14

17.15

17.49

17.067

17.34

17.37

17.38

17.37

17.40

17 39

17.39

17.40

Duration 

of test, in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

5

4

4

5

4

4

5

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

97.25

101. 25

114.00

117.62

112.06

100.75

105.00

109.25

112. 75

117. 40

1°2 9 5

127.00

111.37

100.60

108. 75

112.00

179 00

96.75

101. 25

114.25

123.20

Discharge, 

in secondfeet.

7

144.31

143.35

142. 4.3

141.41

140.38

138. 81

137. 25

135. 42

140.42

125. 86

125.23

124. 36

123.21

122. 21

120. 98

119. 23

117. 39

104. 14

103.31

101. 66

100.97

99 59

98.07

96.70

81.20

83.47

82.49

81.72

80.88

79.91

-7Q QO

76. 15

Horsepower developed.

8

216.80

218. 15

218.23

218. 55

215.40

211.85

213.34

189.00

189. 12

188.61

186.22

183.53

178.64

184. 435

149. 22

150. 43

149.31

147.68

133. 53

113. 10

112.86

106. 38

88.22

Percentage of efficiency.

9

83. 55

82.85

79 74

79 °6

80.02

80.54

80.92

80.41

80.00

79.16

74.88

69.03

69.58

69 29

67.59

go 99

58.81
TTTRTUNE TESTING. 63

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines Continued.

48-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL.

[Test No. 1147, October 10-11, 1898.]

Number of 

experiment.

1

9...............

7...............

6...............

5...............

4...............

3...............

10...............

13...............

12...............

11...............

10...............

24...............

23...............

22...............

21........".......

20...............

19...............

18...............

31 ..............

30...............

29...............

28...............

26...............

25...............

39...............

38...............

37...............

36...............

35...............

34...............

33...............

32...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

._>

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.784

.784

.784

.784

.784

.784

.784

.784

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.651

.521

.521

.521

.521

.521

.521

.521

.402

.402

.402

.402

.402

.402

.402

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l).

3

1.026

1.018

1.011

1.005

.998

.986

.978

.969

-.957

.994

.888

.885

.872

.863

.853

.841

.832

.768

.763

.756

.747

.740

.730

.717

.746

.635

.632

.626

.618

.610

.602

.595

.516

.511

.502

.496

.489

.482

503

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

1.3. 47

15.46

15. 52

15.51

15. 53

15. 62

15. 56

15. 57

15. 68

15. 55

16.12

16.08

16.24

16. 30

16. 38

16.40

16. 34

16.31

16. 32

16. 35

16.35

16. 37

16.41

16.42

16.45

16.38

16.74

16.77

16.82

16.84

16. 85

16.86

16.87

16.82

17.07

17.08

17.07

17.14

17.18

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

t

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

89.50

93. 25

97. 00

100.50

104. 25

109.62

113. 75

119. 00

124.25

105. 68

90.80

95.50

101.00

104.50

108. 30

112.75

117.37

124. 50

93.87

100.00

104. 62

109.25

113.00

116.62

121.50

108. 41

97.25

102. 25

106. 25

110. 25

114. 25

118. 20

100.00

120.50

105 34

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

182. 27

180. 83

179. 85

178. 69

175. 98

174. 16

172. 76

171.05

177. 02

161.09

160. 27

158.90

157. 79

156. 05

153. 57

151.83

157. 42

140. 07

139. 27

137. 97

136.54

135. 37

136. 29

115. 97

114. 53

111.59

110.28

96.98

95.29

94 38

Q0 7fl

go gg

91 49

90.17

Horsepower 

developed.

8

255. 49

256. 69

257. 12

256. 15

255. 08

247. 40

242. 64

2.16. 46

251. 15

235. 13

238. 86

242. 32

241.49

239. 23

233. 73

227. 35

220. 01

234. 76

204. 16

207. .30

206. 21

204.20

199. 69

200. 22

167. 23

167. 49

164. 65

161. 11

155. 31

148. 62

129.14

io*> qn£

Percentage of 

efficiency.

<»

79.95

81.02

81.28

81. 55

81. 62

81.32

80.56

79. 60

77.79

80. 52

79.90

81.78

82. 27

81.67

80.59

79.95

78.25

78.81

SO. 33

80.66

SO. Si

79.32

78.13

75. 93

79 11

72.62

75. 23

75. 76

75. 33

74.62

72.84

70.49

73 84

68.47

70.05

60.65

67.13
(54 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of Rercnles turbines Continued. 

51-INCiI LEFT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL.

[Test No. 1077, February 25, 1898.]

Number of 

experiment.

1

46...............

45...............

43...............

42...............

*\... .............

40. ..............

39...............

38...............

37...............

36...............

35...............

47...............

34...............

33...............

32...............

31...............

30...............

99

28...............

27...............

26...............

25...............

24...............

23...............

22...............

19...............

18.. ........... .

17...............

15...............

13...............

12...............

11...............

10...............

9...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.800

.800

.800

.800

800

.800

.800

.800

.660

660

.660

660

660

.530

530

.530

.530

.530

530

.530

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l).

3

1.022

1.016

1.011

1.004

1.000

.992

.987

.978

. 975

.967

.959

.949

.731

9. 685

.902

.894

.886

.878

.871

.864

.857

.851

.841

.872

.789

.781

.761

.754

.748

.741

.732

.761

.654

.644

.637

.629

.622

.614

.638

Mean 

heart in 

feet.

4

13. 86

13. 96

14.00

14.01

14. 05

14.04

14.11

14.14

14.2(1

14. 28

15. 62

14. 196

14. 50

14. .54

14.61

14.64

14.65

14.64

14.68

14. 75

14. 626

14.97

15. 02

15. 05

15. 12

15.16

15. 17

15. 19

15. 22

15. 26

15. 128

15.64

15.69

15.72

15. 75

15 79

15. 84

15. 713

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

 >

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

6

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

Still.

83.00

85.50

88.50

91.25

93. 80

95.60

99.00

102. 08

106. 12

109. 30

102. 665

83. 37

87.37

90.62

93.87

96.87

103. 25

107.50

111.33

97. 116

83.00

87.25

90.70

94.50

98.10

101. 40

105.00

109.12

112. 75

97.98

84.50

92.80

96.80

101.00

105. 50

109.00

94. 53

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

204. 26

203. 83

202. 64

199.65

198. 45

197. 26

196. 83

195. 65

194. 46

195.66

184.33

183. 04

181. 74

180.30

178.90

176. 01

174.90

173. 35

178. 89

163. 76

162. 37

161. 27

160.17

157. 72

156. 48

155. 26

153. 50

158. 84

138.80

136. 85

135. 55

134. 01

132. 59

131. 18

135. 77

Horsepower 

developed.

8

267.40

267. 93

266. 49

261.75

259. 49

257. 49

252.58

261.61

250.46

252.38

251 . 30

249. 46

246. 24

238. 60

233. 81

227. 00

243. 508

221. 14

223. 57

223. 16

222. 87

221. 36

218.47

215.52

211.37

203. 08

217. 837

186. 08

187.31

186. 70

184. 88

181. 23

177.11

170. 39

182. 113

Percentage of efficiency.

9

82.86

83. 77

83.08

82.21

81.72

80.20

78 54

82. 405

82.63

83.62

83.45

83.33

82.31

81.65

80.30

78.28

82.40

79.54

80.83

81.07

81.15

80.94

80.52

79.95

78.87

76.44

79.92

74.15

75. 58

76. 58

76.67

76.50

75. 71

72.31

75. 26
TURBINE TESTING. 65

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines Continued. 

51-INCH LEFT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

 experiment.

1

S... ............

7. ..............

................

.5...............

.3...............

2...............

1. ....... .......

48...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

.410

.410

091

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency=l).

3

.521

.516

.510

.502

.494

.486

.478

.504

.148

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

16.24

16 99

16.41

16.46

16. 325

17.68

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

5

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

79.20

83.50

87.50

92.50

103. 60

114. 75

95. 975

102. 75

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

113. 53

112.66

111.66

110. 45

107. 33

105. 68

104.03

109.29

33.36

Horsepower developed.

8

142. 65

143. 58

143. 33

142.71

139. 52

133. 79

125. 94

116. 99

136. 063

Percentage of efficiency.

9

68.31

69.20

69.69

69.94

68.99

67.10

64.04

60.24

67. 188

54-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WK ^ 

[Test No. 1051, November 12, 1897.]

1.000

1.000

1.000

1 OOO

1.000

.800

.800

.800

.800

800

.800

fif\n

fif\n

.650

.650

.650

.650

.997

.989

.981

.974

944

.881

.875

.868

.844

.836

899

.820

.852

749

.745

.714

.696

14.07

14.13

14.22

14.26

14.34

14.38

14.69

14.80

14.87

14 94

15.01

14.82

15.38

15.40

1 f\ ^3

T; 47

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

4

80.40

84.12

87.00

90.50

98.00

104. 87

92. 548

80.00

83.20

86.60

93.75

97.12

101.00

iAt 07

108. 40

93.91

77 00

84.60

88.60

95.80

99 ^5

102.40

105. 75

91.91

230. 06

228. 98

227.80

226. 71

225. 30

223. 16

221. 65

219.38

225. 38

206.93

205. 72

204. 66

9Q9 gg

200.41

198. 92

197. 26

195. 46

201.567

179 O9

176. 85

179 09

170. 10

168. 14

305. 38

306. 94

305. 62

303. 39

299. 65

285.03

300. 59

287. 01

287. 19

287. 16

286.38

284. 75

281. 78

277. 94

261.48

280. 496

251.78

252.85

248.01

226. 34

245. 02

83.72

84.00

83.71

83.58

83.26

82.83

79.66

82.76

83.25

83.56

83.59

83.65

83.28

82.59

81.75

80 90

77.85

82.19

78.70

80.09

80.78

81.43

81.76

81.28

76.23

79.84

IBR 180 06-
66 TURBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of Hercules turbines Continued. 

54-INCH RIGHT-HAND SPECIAL WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

experiment.

1

16...............

15...............

13...............

11...............

10...............

9. ..............

6................

5................

3... ............ .

2................

1... .............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

a

0.527

.527

.527

.527

.527

.527

.410

.410

.410

.410

.410

.410

.410

.410

Proportional 

discharge 

(discharge, 

at full gate 

with highest 

efflciency=l).

3

0.622

.eis

.606

.584

.578

.499

.494

.489

.483

.478

.472

.467

.460

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

15.97

16.01

16.03

16.09

16.12

16.22

16.23

16.10

16.58

16.63

16.64

16.68

16.66

16.68

16.73

16.79

16.67

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

5

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

74.50

78.87

83.12

87.25

91.62

95.37

99.25

103.00

89.12

77.00

81.62

85.50

90.50

94.75

99.10

103. 75

109.30

92.69

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

152. 27

151.47

148.80

146.94

145.60

143.98

142. 55

147. 72

124. 59

123.44

122. 20

120. 82

119.58

118.20

117.00

115. 53

Horsepower developed.

8

202. 49

205. 79

207.50

205.44

200.89

195. 57

188.96

201. 74

163.24

163.61

162. 67

159.88

154.51

148. 14

140.99

129.97

152. 88

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

73.42

74.82

75.94

76.41

76.47

75.32

73.84

72.01

74.77

69.67

70.27

70.53

69.95

68.38

66.25

63.51

59.07

67.20

t.o

MO . *

.3

&

71

joy

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 25. Proportional discharge coefficients for Leffel-Samson turbines.

HOLYOKE TESTS OF SAMSON TURBINES.

The Samson turbine is constructed by James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. It has been 

developed along lines similar to the earlier LeflFel wheels, but with greatly increased depth 

and capacity. The runner resembles that of the McCormick turbines, except that a division plate provides for a narrow ring of inward discharge buckets near the top. It is oper-
HOLYOKE TESTS OF SAMSON" TURBINES. 67

ated with pivoted gates, differing in this respect from the Victor, Hercules, McCormick, 

and most other large-capacity turbines, which are provided with cylinder gates.

Complete Holyoke tests of three sizes of Samson wheels have been furnished by the 

builders. The means of the factors for each group of experiments in the tests are given in 

the tables, together with the original data of the tests.

>*; o Co en *o^

/euo/}j<x/OJj jtu/uscfo aje§

* - Avera

\ L

I/

\\

4

',

r

ftf /

^*?i

7'

^B-T

+

*" e//y'c

h-

/'e/7C, f

1*

1

i

t

^'

^

J>

P1^'

°Vi'

^IT f/T

7^

/f

i

,

J

1

1

 '» ,-

h-1

A1a> in

^

?^/77

<I5

4-

4

»

N'

M

A?f'

^A

tf/X

«

I

T

j

'C/ 'm' /

70 80 90 70 80 SO 7O 8O 30

Per cent Per cent Percent

FIG. 26. Efficiency curves for Leffel-Samson turbines. 

Holyoke tests of Samson turbines. 

35-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL. 

[Test No. 982, February 1, 1897.]

Number of 

tests.

1

7...............

3...............

4...............

2...............

5...............

1...............

6...............

Mean .....

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

of full gate at 

highest efficiency^.)

3

0.989

.994

.996

.998

1.002

.999

.997

.996

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

15.23

15.20

15.18

15.29

15.25

15. 34

15.29

15. 25

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

171.00

179.60

186. 50

194. 25

201.75

209.00

214.67

193. 82

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

100.85

101.31

101.43

102. 02

102. 25

102. 25

101.90

101. 72

Horsepower developed.

8

138. 90

140. 36

141.16

143. 44

142. 77

141.47

138. 71

140. 97

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

79.74

80.37

SO.S4

81.08

80.74

79. 53

78. 50

80.11

"::::::::::::::: i o

9 ... .. .......

8. ...............

.834

.834

.834

.834

.834

.834

.834

.834

.865

.869

.866

.864

.855

.845

.838

.826

.854

16.62

16.59

16.56

16.48

16.24

15.74

15.69

15.63

16. 15

4

4

4

-1

4

171. 25

181.25

187. 75

196. 50

206. 25

193. 28

92.15

92.49

no 15

91.69

88.79

S6.77

85. 36

89.72

144. 37

147. 23

146. 73

144.00

137. 22

129. 38

124.61

120. 37

116.77

134. 52

83.12

84.60

84. 78

84.03

82.45

81.37

77.96

77.17

81.68
68 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of Samson turbines Continued. 

35-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

tests.

1

25

23. ..............

21. ..............

20. ..............

19...............

17...............

32...............

31...............

30. ..............

29...............

°8

27.. .............

26...............

37...............

34...............

33...............

38...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

 2

0.733

.733

.733

.733

.733

.733

.733

.733

.733

.601

.601

.601

.601

.601

.601

.601

.488

.488

.488

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

of full gate at 

highest efficiency =1.)

3

0.770

.771

.772

.769

.762

.753

.735

.717

.644

.642

.636

.629

.627

.623

.616

.631

.527

.518

.513

.522

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

17.32

17.34

17.33

17.32

17.31

17.32

17.38

17. 3S

17.36

17.34

17.53

17.55

17.54

17.54

17. 55

17.56

17. 58

17.72

17.68

Duration

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

163. 25

170. 75

178. 50

183.75

187.00

192. 25

200.75

214.00

227. 75

190. 88

167.00

170. 50

176. 40

188.25

198. 75

177 06

162. 25

168. 50

174.00

180.75

Discharge

in secondfeet.

7

' 83.70

83.95

83.95

83.62

82.84

81.87

80.40

79.38

78.12

81.94

70.45

70.34

69.63

68.82

68.60

68.28

67.46

69.08

57.03

56.38

Horsepower 

developed.

8

133. 61

136.60

138.40

136. 82

133.49

130. 13

126.00

121.15

112.12

129.81

111.26

112. 01

110.17

109.64

109. 08

107. 73

103. 96

109.12

88.14

87.80

86.76

83.57

86.89

Percentage of 

efficiency

9

81.27

82.74

83.88

83.30

82.08

80.92

79.87

77.43

72.90

80.48

79.44

80.01

79.54

80.09

79.89

79.23

77.29

79.35

76. 10

73.96

75. 51

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL. 

[Test No. 979, January 25-26, 1897.]

8...............

7.. .............

6...............

5...............

4.... ...........

3...............

2.. .............

1......... ......

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.998

.999

1.001

1.002

.998

997

14.88

14.92

15.00

15.03

15.04

14.99

5

4

4

3

3

127.60

133.40

138. 12

144.00

148. 75

153.33

146. 54

171.24

172. 12

172. 12

172. 69

173.23

173. 38

172. 337

233. 49

238. 65

240.97

240. 82

239. 89

80.48

81.94

82.03

81.61

81.18

74.64
TURBINE TESTING. 69

Holyoke tests of Samson turbines Continued. 

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

tests.

1

18...............

17.-..........---

16...............

15...............

14...............

13...............

12...............

11...............

10...............

9...............

27...............

26...............

25...............

24...............

23...............

22...............

21...............

20...............

19...............

57...............

58...............

59...............

60. ..............

61...............

62. ..............

46...............

45...............

47...............

44...............

49...............

43...............

48...............

42...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

0.832

.832

832

.832

.832

.832

.832

.832

.832

.832

.684

.684

.684

' .684

.684

.684

.684

.568

.568

.568

.424

.424

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

of full gate at 

highest efficiency = 1.}

3

0.8S7

.892

.896

.897

.896

.893

.888

.881

.874

.847

.885

.766

768

.762

.756

.745

.734

.728

.719

.749

6^9

.622

.613

.628

.499

497

497

494

.487

.479

495

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

14 99

15.02

15.04

15.03

15.04

15.09

15.16

15.21

15.32

15.19

15.12

15.11

15.14

15.20

15.28

15.39

15.43

15.24

15.83

15.84

15.85

15.85

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

112.50

119. 75

126. 12

132. 25

138. 12

143. 00

148. 12

151. 25

155.00

160. 50

112.67

121.33

127. 67

131.50

135. 50

139.00

156.00

134. 71

143. 25

148. 25

112.50

121. 25

1^4 00

1°7 00

126. 87

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

153.24

154.34

155. 04

155. 27

155. 03

153. 12

152. 15

148. 02

133. 24

133. 52

133.24

132. 34

130. 06

90 94

89.69

88.24

07 MI

Horsepower 

developed.

8

208. 16

215. 05

219.62

223. 11

223.61

221. 79

219. 65

214. 01

208. 77

196. 52

215. 029

183.94

189.83

191. 06

187. 85

185.27

182. 49

176 99

169. 79

182. 84

160.68

157. 81

152. 99

146. 23

1 93 97

127. 84

127. 79

127. 86

1 97 71}

125. 47

121.67

m l Q

124 43

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

79.90

81.80

83.05

84.30

84.55

83.92

83.38

81.29

79.55

76. 42

81.82

80.14

82.91

83.68

82. 67

79 59

79 42

80.25

75. 61

7C n~.

69.18
70 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of Samson turbines Continued. 

56-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL.

[Test No. 1257, June 20, 1900.]

Number of 

tests.

1

19

18...............

17...............

25...............

22...............

21...............

32...............

31...............

29...-.-..-..-...

28...............

27...............

26...............

54...............

53...............

50...............

49...............

48...............

46...............

45...............

44...............

43 ..............

42...............

41...............

40...............

39...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part 'i.

>>

1.000

1.000

1 000

.919

.919

.919

.919

.919

919

.846

.846

.846

.846

.846

.846

.846

.771

.771

.771

.696

.696

.696

.696

.696

.626

.626

.620

.626

.626

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

of full gate at 

highest efficiency = 1.)

3

0. 995

.996

1.001

999

.992

.980

.994

.945

.947

.943

.936

.928

916

.936

.885

.888

.882

.876

.868

.843

8

71

.824

.819

.812

.794

.806

.736

.727

.725

.717

.715

.724

.663

.660

.651

.647

Mean

head m 

feet.

4

13.27

13.27

13.32

13.52

13.52

13.63

13.71

13.80

13.79

13.82

13.91

14.09

14.11

10 QA

14.21

14.27

14.63

14.70

14.72

15.12

15. 13

15. 17

15. 14

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

104.00

108. 62

117.00

99.37

107. 75

110. 12

112.37

101.00

105. 00

107. 80

100.37

102. 12

106. 25

109 67

97.50

inn °.7

103. 75

103. 798

107. 37

104. 67

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

V

246. 86

246. 69

243. 81

245. 63

235. 43

234.80

233. 37

231.98

033 49 .

090 77

223.37

°21 99

220. 47

219. 26

214. 58

210. 02

208.95

207. 29

203.03

188.70

188. 28

188. 15

172. 83

172 68

Horsepower 

developed.

8

303. 28

307. 27

309.85

307. 40

302. 19

294.03

304. 00

301. 69

301.52

295.43

288. 50

293. 34

296. 35

OQ9 Qg

286. 69

278. 62

269. 81

285.74

282. 77

280. 18

°69 13

264. 12

971 9°

 754 9g

247. 67

252. 20

231. 17

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

82.29

83.26

83.58

82.79

81.68

78.94

82.09

83.75

82.50

80.63

84.32

85.01

84 94

83.14

82.10

78.75

09 CC7

84.08

83.56

82.40

80.56

79.78

80.74

01 OR

80 99

79 99

80. 478

SO 06

79 85

77. 01
HOLYOKE TESTS. 71

Holyoke tests of Samson turbines Continued. 

56-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL Continued.

Number of 

tests.

1

38...............

37...............

36...............

35...............

34...............

33...............

6................

4................

3................

2................

1......... .......

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

o

0.564

.564

.564

.564

.564

.564

.497

.497

.497

.497

.497

.497

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

of full gate at 

highest efficiency =1.)

3

0.603

.600

.598

.592

.587

.581

.594

.537

.532

.527

.522

.520

.517

.526

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

15.45

15.44

15.46

15.49

15.51

15.56

15.48

15.91

15.95

16.00

16.04

16.04

16.07

16.00

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

95.50

98.62

102. 25

105. 75

109.87

114. 00

104.33

101.25

105. 12

109. 20

113.37

117.50

125. 75

112.03

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

160. 63

159.54

159. 11

157. 75

156. 65

155. 30

158. 16

145. 14

143. 93

142. 87

141. 70

140. 91

140. 27

142. 47

Horsepower 

developed.

8

219. 89 i

218. 36

217.37

214. 04

208. 95

201.31

213. 32

195.99

192. 77 '

189. 13

184.80

179. 56

170. 82

185. 51

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

78.29

78.33

78.09

77.40

75.99

73.62

76.95

75.00

74.20

73.11

71.85

70.20

66.96

71.88

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 27. Proportional discharge coefficients for New American turbines.

HOLYOKE TESTS OF NEW AMERICAN AND SWAIN TURBINES.

The New American turbine has a modern large-capacity runner mounted in a pivotedgate case. The runner resembles that of the Swain type of turbine, and bulges downward 

and outward less than those of the McCormick type of turbine.

Complete tests of three sizes of New American turbines have been published by the 

builders, the Dayton Globe Works, of Dayton, Ohio, and are presented in the following 

tables. The means of the various factors for each experimental gate opening and for each 

size of wheel have been computed and are included in the tables.

A recent test of a Swain turbine is appended.
72 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of New American turbines.

42-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL.

[Test No. 783, July 14, 1894.]

Number.

1

33...............

32...............

31...............

30...............

29...............

28...............

27.............:.

OR

or;

24...............

23...............

22...............

21...............

20...............

19...............

18...............

17...............

16...............

15...............

14...............

13...............

12...............

11...............

10...............

9...............

8...............

7...............

6...............

5...............

4...............

3...............

2...............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1 000

.710

.710

.710

.710

.710

71 n

.504

.504

.504

.504

.504

.504

.504

.389

.389

.389

.389

.389

.389

.389

.230

.230

.230

.230

.230

.230

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency^ 1.)

3

1.014

1.008

1.004

.999

.994

.988

1.001

.916

.912

.907

.900

.893

.877

.903

.798

.795

.793

.785

.774

.764

.736

.778

.700

.697

.685

.674

.660

.646

.633

.671

.530

.527

.520

.509

.501

.494

.514

Mean 

head 

in feet.

4

16.39

16.37

16.36

16.33

16.33

16.28

16.34

16.43

16.46

16.47

16.51

16.56

16.55

16.50

16.87

16.74

16.53

16.56

16.59

16.67

16.77

16.68

17.10

17.04

17.11

17.13

17.15

17.20

17.25

17.14

17.42

17.44

17.48

17.48

17.48

17.51

17.47

Duration 

of tests in 

minutes.

o

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

5

4

3

3

5

4

3

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

116.25

120. 50

124.00

128. 00

132. 25

136.00

126. 16

112. 25

117.50

122. 25

128. 25

134. 80

144.00

126. 51

110. 00

113. 33

117.00

124. 00

129. 33

133. 75

141. 75

124. 17

106.00

113.33

120. 25

125. 25

130. 00

136.00

144.50

125. 05

102. 62

108. 50

113. 25

121.00

128. 75

136. 20

118.39

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

1

136. 40

134. 97

134. IS

133. 54

134.54

123. 38

122. 99

122. 36

121.60

120. 85

118.57

121.63

108. 99

108. 15

107. 18

106. 25

104.85

103. 67

100.20

105. 61

96.17

95.58

94.22

92.76

90.85

89.10

87.44

92.30

73.51

73.10

72.27

70.80

69.66

68.73

71.34

Horsepower 

developed.

0

200.24

200.99

200. 08

199.56

198. 08

194. 44

198. 86

184.18

186. 39

187. 27

187. 73

188.14

181.37

185. 85

164.76

164. 34

163. 29

164. 62

162. 89

159. 35

149. 58

161.26

140. 73

144.28

144. 91

142. 40

138. 96

134. 26

127. 89

139. 06

100. 61

101. 20

100. 23

98.85

96.42

92.73

98.34

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

79.17

80.03

80.09

80.50

80.29

77.96

80.31

81.38

82.13

82.65

83.09

81.69

81.87

79.20

80.24

81.47

82.70

82.77

81.50

78.68

80.94

75.64

78.30

79.45

79.21

78.83

77.43

74.94

77.69

69.44

70.16

70.13

70.60

69.99

68.10

69.74
TURBINE TESTING. 73

Holyoke tests of New American turbines Continued. 

45-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL.

[Test No. 782, July 9, 1894.]

Number.

1

37...............

36...............

35...............

34...............

33...............

32...............

31...............

30

29...............

28...............

27.........-.--..

26.........---...

25...............

24...............

23...............

22...............

21...............

20. ..............

19...............

18...............

17...............

16...............

15...............

14...............

13...............

12...............

11...............

10......... ......

8................

7................

6................

5................

4................

3................

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

2

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.699

.699

.699

.699

.699

.699

.699

.699

.505

.505

.505

.505

.505

.505

.382

.382

.382

.382

.382

.382

.293

.293

.293

.293

.293

.293

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency= 1 ) .

3

1.022

1.015

1.009

1.003

997

.990

.983

.921

914

.905

.899

.893

.885

.874

.856

.893

.800

.796

.787

.775

.762

.746

.725

.770

.687

.681

.671

.661

.651

.635

.664

.584

.579

.572

.563

.553

.541

Mean 

head 

in feet.

4

15.98

16.01

16.02

16.04

16.06

16.09

16.13

16.30

16.38

16.40

16.41

16.42

16.42

16.45

16.53

16.41

16.68

16.71

16.74

16.78

16.81

16.85

16.86

16.78

16.97

17.00

17.03

17.07

17.11

17.19

17.09

16.84

16.83

16.86

16.88

16.90

16.94

16.87

Duration 

of tests in 

minutes.

5

4

4

3

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

5

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

103.50

107.50

112.00

115.37

119.17

123.00

127. 75

115.47

101.25

105.75

110.25

113.87

117.33

122.00

127. 50

134.00

116.49

102.00

106.00

110. 75

117.33

122.50

127.40

133.50

117.07

101.25

107.00

111.83

116.00

119.75

127.50

113.89

99.25

103.33

108.00

118.67

119.67

127.00

112.65

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

144.87

143.95

143. 17

142.36

141.58

140. 77

140.02

142. 39

131.77

131.12

129.93

129. 11

128.35

127.18

125.67

123.42

128.32

115.77

115.29

114.17

112.60

110.81

108.50

105.56

111.81

100.29

99.50

98.12

96.83

95.48

93.32

97.26

84.91

84.27

83.28

82.07

80.54

78.93

Horsepower developed.

8

205. 05

205. 66

206.64

205. 79

205.27

203.49

200.04

204.56

195.08

197.27

198. 16

197.69

196.51

195. 19

190. 97

182. 46

194.17

175.69

176.81

177.19

175. 74

170. 97

164.80

154.51

170. 82

149.58

150. 79

149. 99

147.68

138. 89

146.87

120.28

120.30

119.85

118.40

114.06

108.08

Percentage of efficiency.

9

78.26

78.84

79.60

79.63

79.76

79.38

78.26

79.10

80.25

81.15

82.17

82.44

82.38

82.58

81.62

79.02

81.45

80.39

81.09

81.92

82.18

81.10

79.64

76.71

77.66

78.77

79.31

78.94

76.50

74.32

74.94

75.42

75.52

74.04

71.42
74 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke tests of New American turbines Continued. 

51-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL. 

[Test No. 901, March 11-12, 1896.]

Number.

1

42...............

41...............

AQ 

39.............

38...............

37...............

45...............

36...............

35...... .........

34...............

33...............

32...............

29...............

9g

27...............

26...............

25...............

24...............

23...----...-..-.

19

18...............

16...............

15...............

13...............

12. ..............

Mean ... .

10...............

9................

8................

6................

S... .............

Gate 

opening 

(proportional 

part).

'_'

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.659

.659

.659

.659

.659

.465

.465

465

465

.465

.465

.465

.465

.465

.362

.302

.362

.362

.362

.302

.362

.362

.362

.251

.251

.251

.251

Proportional 

discharge. 

(Discharge 

at full gate 

with highest 

efficiency = 1 > .

3

1.021

1.016

1.005

1.003

.999

991

.988

1.004

.916

.911

.905

.898

.891

.882

.9005

.806

.802

794

788

.781

.774

.763

.689

.673

.662

.651

690

.665

K-Q

 )56

cri

CQ1

Mean 

head 

in feet.

4

14.83

14.88

14.88

14.87

14.94

14. 80

15.03

15.13

14.94

14.93

15.39

15.40

15.43

15.46

15.49

15.44

15.88

15.95

15.97

16.05

16.12

16.42

16.43

16.67

16.74

16.79

16.59

17 00

17.02

17 06

17.10

17.10

17.10

Duration 

of tests in 

minutes.

5

5

4

5

4

5

6

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

5

5

3

4

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

88.50

91 70

95.62

100 00

103 °5

104.87

9° 80

96.75

100 9 5

94.82

85.33

90 60

93.40

Qfi QK

99 10

11*^ 00

96.14

86.50

90 00

100.25

103 95

85.50

QO rf\

90 00

% orc

100 00

go 39

Discharge in secondfeet.

7

194 24

1Q9 CO

19° 08

174.85

173.16

176.39

160.00

159. 70

1 ^R 7J.

1 ^7 9°.

i ^9 °.fi

150.36

139 25

137 97

m qq

1 9Q QQ

m oo

114.31

111.97

Horsepower 

developed.

8

255. 10

259.09

059 08

260.40

258. 34

260.09

253.46

258.53

253.98

254.91

249. 01

030 05

OQ O *7Q

230.01

99Q 70

9 16 91

202 90

1 Oft fi*J

194.52

189 80

184 90

m KI

167.99

155.58

154. 85

154 71

153 99

149 78

1 1C f%7

1 ^3 97

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

79.04

79 38

79.36

7Q ^1

79.70

78 91

78.59

78.95

Q[\ AO

81.34

81.95

82.61

QO O1

Q1 Qf\

Q1 70

77 4,1

Q1 10

Q1 07

80 09

7Q 7C

74.67

77.51

77 SS

77.87

77 54

7r QO

74.58

73.30

CQ «q

 7C CO

70.52

71 69

70.53
TUEBINE TESTING. 75

Holyoke tests of Swain turbines.a

36-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL.

[Test No. 977, January 20-21, 1897.]

Number.

1

04. ..............

63...............

62...............

61...............

60...............

59...............

58...............

57...............

Cp

55...............

54...............

53...............

51...............

50...............

49. ..............

48...............

47....... .......

46. ..............

45...............

44...............

43...............

42...............

41...............

40...............

39...............

38...............

37...............

36...............

35...............

34. ..............

33...............

32...............

31...............

30...............

29...............

28...............

Gate 

opening 

('decimal 

part ) .

._>

1 000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

------

.875

.875

.875

.875

.875

.750

.750

.750

.750

.750

.750

.750

.625

.625

.625

. 625

.625

. 625

.625

.500

.500

.500

.500

Discharge 

(decimal 

part) .

3

1.004

.995

.984

.973

.966

.954

.945

.934

.922

.964

.932

.925

.916

.907

.890

909

.866

.857

.849

.844

.838

.829

.826

.814

.840

.783

.775

.767

.758

.749

.733

.715

.754

.683

.668

.660

.652

.644

.635

.660

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4-

15.16

15.40

15.42

15.43

15. 48

15.47

15.44

15. 33

15.38

15.16

15.15

15.28

15.41

15.50

15.35

15.66

15.74

15.76

15.70

15.54

15.62

15.16

15.20

15.55

15.30

15. 38

15.43

15. 47

15.51

15.58

15.50

15. 74

15. 78

15.83

15.85

15.91

15.95

15.96

15.86

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

3

4

3

3

4

4

4

3

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

o

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

Revolutions per 

minute.

6

130. 33

135. 00

140.33

144.00

146.50

150.75

154. 00

158.00

161.37

146. 70

132.00

135. 75

140.75

147.00

153. 50

162. 33

145.22

130.00

136.00

141.00

146. 00

149. 75

157. 33

156. 75

162. 75

147. 45

127.50

134. 75

142.12

149. 50

154.50

162. 75

169. 50

148. 66

123. 20

131. 25

137. 50

144.00

150.25

157.50

163. 33

143.86

Discharge 

in secondfeet.

7

76.49

75.98

75.52

74.74

74.19

73.45

72.73

71.76

70.58

73.94

70.95

70.42

70.01

69.61

68.99

67.75

67.03

66.52

65.96

65.41

64.64

64. 09

62.88

62.06

64.82

59.90

59.45

5S. 95

58.30

57.70

56.62

55.32

58.03

52.98

52.54

51.98

51. 42

50.87

50.31

49.62

51. 39

Developed horsepower.

8

111.57

111.47

111.61

110.16

108. 51

107.08

104. 72

101. 68

97.97

107. 20

102. 58

102. 20

102. 54

102. 63

101.58

98.55

100. 24

100. 73

100. 16

99.28

97.28

96.47

91.36

88.93

96.81

85.92

86.72

87.15

86. 23

84.42

81.02

76.15

S3. 95

74.80

75.70

75.13

74.31

72.98

71.72

69. 41

73.44

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

84.84

84.83

84.62

84.28

83.58

83.04

82.07

80.92

79.84

83.11

84.10

84.47

84.52

84.37

83.75

82.22

84.20

84.83

84.96

85.24

85.39

84.97

84.51

83.13

84. 65

82.67

83. 63

84.48

84.30

83.18

80.99

77.56

82.40

79.09

80.51

80.51

80.40

79.51

78.81

77.29

79.44

a Made by Swain Turbine and Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Mass.
TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Holyoke teats of Swain turbines Continued. 

36-INCH RIGHT-HAND WHEEL Continued.

Number.

1

26...............

25. ..............

24...............

23...............

90

21...............

20...............

27...............

19. ..............

18. ..............

17...............

16...............

15...............

14...............

13...............

11............. .

10................

9...............

8. ..............

6...............

5...............

4...............

3...............

2...............

1... .............

Gate 

opening 

(decimal 

part).

o

0.375 

.375 

.375 

.375 

.375 

.375 

.375 

. 375

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250

.125 

.125 

.125 

.125 

.125 

.125 

.125 

.125

.067

Discharge 

(decimal 

part) .

3

0.557 

.552 

.545

.538 

.531 

.524 

.514 

.504

.533

.420 

.416 

.412 

.407 

.401 

.396 

.386 

.378 

.367 

.356

Mean 

head in 

feet.

4

15.21 

15.19 

15.21 

15.21 

15.22 

15.21 

15.30 

15.30

15.23

15.53 

15.54 

15.57 

15.01 

15.60 

15.61 

15.66 

15.70 

15.74 

15.79

.394 ' 15.64

.257 

.254 

.252 

.249 

.247 

.245 

.242 

.239

16.03 

16.01 

16.07 

16.17 

16.23 

16. IS 

16.22 

16.11

. 248 16. 13

.161 16.49

Duration 

of test in 

minutes.

5

4 

4 

4

4 

3 

3 

4 

5

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4

4

4

4 

4 

4 

4 

4

4

Revolu- cn^rSJe

tions fr insecogndmmute. feet _

6

120. 37 

127. 50 

133.50 

139.00 

145. 67 

152. 33 

160.25 

167. 20

143. 23

113.50 

120. 25 

126.50 

133. 25 

139.50 

146.25 

155. 75 

163.50 

171.75 

179. 50

144. 98

111.50 

119.00 

126. 75 

134. 12 

141.00 

146. 25 

152. 25 

159. 50

123.80

153.25

7

42.50 

42.06 

41.58 

41.06 

40.53 

40.01 

39.36 

38.57

40.71

32.40 

32.11 

31.83 

31.46 

31.00 

30.59 

29.91 

29.26 

28.45 

27.64

Developed horsepower.

8

54.08 

54.19 

53.49 

52.32 

51.30 

49.94 

48.65 

45.68

51.21

36.52 

36.50 

36.10 

35.60 

34.72 

33.74 

32.15 

29.78 

26.07 

21.80

30. 46 32. 30

20.06

19.89 

19.76 

19.62 

19.45 

19. 24 

19.07 

18.73

16.92 

16.62 

16.16 

15.47 

14.55 

13.32 

12.02 

9.68

19.48 14.34

12.80

Percentage of 

efficiency.

9

73.77 

74.78 

74.58 

73.87 

73.32 

72.36 

71.23 

68.25

72.77

64.00 

64.50 

64.22 

63.91 

63.31 

62.31 

60.52 

57.16 

51.33 

44.04

59.53

46.41 

46.01 

44.88 

43.00 

40.65 

37.73 

34.26 

28.30

40.16

THE USE OF THE TURBINE AS A WATER METER.

In conjunction with the stream-gaging operations of the United States Geological Survey 

in New York and the New England States the method of utilizing existing dams as weirs 

and of determining the flow through turbines by using them as meters has been found convenient in many instances.

It not infrequently happens that nearly the entire fall of a stream is taken up at existing 

dams, leaving no opportunity for gaging by floats or current meter in open section without 

encountering backwater. In rapid, precipitous streams the current may be so rough as 

to render open section measurements unfeasible without great expense for preparation.

The use of the turbine as a water meter, as well as a water motor, has been most elaborately carried out at Holyoke, where about 150 turbines are used in 50 mills. They have 

all been accurately calibrated in the testing flume, and the amount of water used and to
USE OF THE TURBINE AS A WATER METER. 77

be paid for by the different companies is ascertained from daily observations of the head 

and speed-gate opening.

A similar method of stream measurement has been in uee at Mechanicsville, N. Y., on 

the Hudson River, beginning in 1888, under the direction of R. P. Bloss. In 1891-92 

stream gagings at dams and mills were extensively carried out in New Jersey by C. C. 

Vermeule, and in 1898 a number of such gaging stations were established in New York 

by George W. Rafter. At the present time many gaging stations at dams and mills 

are maintained in the Great Lakes and New England districts by the United States Geological 

Survey. It is found that continuous gaging records can often be maintained summer and 

winter in this way where other methods would not be feasible owing to obstruction of the 

streams by ice.

In some cases the identical turbines used in the mills have been tested at Holyoke, but 

in the majority of cases dependence must be placed upon tests of wheels from the same 

patterns. Where these are not available tests of wheels of the same make but of different 

sizes may be used to determine the proper discharge coefficients, or, in the absence of all 

tests, the manufacturer's rating tables may be used as a guide in calibrating the turbines. 

(For discussion of such tables, see p. 87.)

In connection with the use of the turbine as a water meter various questions arise relative to the accuracy attainable under different conditions.

RELIABILITY OF HOLYOKE TESTS AS TO TURBINE DISCHARGE.

Tests made by the writer indicate very close agreement between tested and actual discharge. This is confirmed by other unpublished tests which have been examined.

In general it may be said that whereas local conditions may cause considerable departure from the test in regard to power and speed, the discharge will remain fairly constant 

unless the turbine is in so cramped a position as to partially shut off free access of the 

water supply to the wheel. The above statements also apply to the agreement between 

manufacturer's rating tables and wheels in actual use, in cases where the rating tables have 

been deduced from authentic tests.

The following figures for flow measured by a turbine and by a current meter at gaging 

stations were obtained without special precautions, conditions being the same as for the 

regular gaging record. They maybe taken as representing what may ordinarily be expected, 

the fact being borne in mind that a part of the difference between the turbine and current 

meter measurements may be attributed to errors of the meter measurements.

Comparison of discharge measurements made by means of turbine and current meter.

Middleville, N. Y., March 28, 1901, head 8.25 feet. 

Turbine measurement:

66-inch Leflel, full gate.............................................................. 105

21-inch Camden, full gate............................................................ 14.4

36-inch Camden, 0.75 gate........................................................... 36

Waste weir.......................................................................... 6.4

Total.......................................................................... 161.8

Current-meter measurement in headrace................................................ 160.0

Middleville, N. Y., September 10, 1900, head 10 feet. 

Turbine measurement:

66-inch Leffel. full gate.............................................................. 115.0

21-inch Camden, full gate............................................................ 16.0

Total.......................................................................... 131.0

Current-meter measurement............................................................ 132.3

Schoharie Falls, N. Y., April 5, 1901, head 35.61 feet.

Turbine measurement:

Pair Leffel-Samson 40-inch horizontal turbines, average gate, 0. 449 . ............... 210

Current-meter measurement a in headrace.............................................. 216

a A slight loss by leakage occurred between point of measurement and the power house, probably 

about 2 second-feet.
7 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Little Falls, N. Y., Paper Company's.mill, head 12.25 feet. 

Turbine measurement:

CO-inch Camden. approximately 0.7,') gate........................................... 129

42-inch Camden, 0.75 gate........................................................... 55

36-inch Camden, 0.75 gate........................................................... 44

Reddy turbines, 0.75 gate........................................................... 60

Total...............................

Current-meter measurement in headrace.

288

302

Mechanicsville, N. Y., October 20, 1900.

Turbine measurement................................................................... 1,977

Current-meter measurement "........................................................... 1 871

ft* 'Proportionalpart full-gate discharge

FIG. 28. Part-gate discharge coefficients for three 24-inch Hercules turbines, showing close agreement 

of duplicate wheels from the same patterns.

A'ARIATION DISCHARGE FOR DIFFERENT AVHEEL.S OF SAME PATTERN.

For the best modern wheels having guide and bucket openings made to conform with 

standard gages, wheels from the same patterns will be found to agree closely as to discharge. This is illustrated by fig. 28, showing part -gate coefficient for three 24-inch Hercules turbines.

Proportional discharge 

FIG. 29. Types of part-gate discharge coefficient curves.

a Probably too small; slackvvater. Very unsatisfactory meter measurement. The flow thrcugh 

individual turbines in this mill has been checked by the engineer and found to agree within 2 or 3 per 

cent with maker's tables.
USE OF THE TITRBHSTE AS A WATER METER. 79

VARIATION IN DISCHARGE FOR DIFFERENT WHEELS OF THE SAME TYPE.

Each type of runner and speed gate has its own characteristic part-gate discharge coefficient curve. Fig. 29 shows a series of such curves for various types of wheels with cylinder, pivot, and other forms of gate. As a rule, the part-gate coefficient curve is slightly 

concave upward. The discharge for one-half gate usually exceeds one-half of that of the 

full gate, while the discharge from three-fourths to full gate is often nearly proportional 

to the gate opening.

The various sizes of patterns of the principal builders resemble one another very closely. 

It will be found (see pp. 94-125) that the power, speed, and discharge of the various sizes are 

very nearly mathematical functions of the diameter.

The characteristic part-gate coefficient curve for any type of wheel is usually persistent 

for all sizes, within narrow limits of variation. Figs. 20 to 23 (on pp. 41-42) show partgate discharge coefficient curves for various sized McCormick turbines from 12 to 57 inches 

diameter. With the exception of the 54-inch wheel, the curves for the different diameters 

resemble one another closely.

Taking the coefficients for various gate openings from the diagram, we obtain the following table:

Part-gate discharge coefficients for McCormick turbines.

Diameter of 

wheel.

Inches.

12

15

18

21

24

27

33

36

Full gate.

1.000

1.000

1.012

1.005

.998

1.006 

.970

.998

Threefourths 

gate.

O.S55

.868

.888

.866

.864

.855

.860

1.006 .870

One-half 

gate.

0.660

.666

.695

.655

.655

.045 

.642

.638

Diameter of 

wheel.

Inches.

39

42

45

48

51

57

Full gate.

0.988

.993

1.005

.980

1.006

1.005

Average....' .998

.672

Threefourths 

gate.

0. 845

.830

.868

.838

.840

.864

.8574

One-half 

gate.

0.628

.628

.655

.610

.625

.652

.6484

It will be seen that the departure from the average does not exceed 5 per cent for either the 

one-half or three-fourths gate coefficients for any of the sizes litted. This variation is due, 

at least in part, to the fact that the different wheels were not all tested over the same range 

of loads and speeds. The coefficients given are the averages for the loads and speeds included 

in the test at a given gate opening. These cover the range of variation likely to occur in 

ordinary practice.

Part-gate discharge coefficients for Hercules, Leffel-Samson, and New American turbines.

HERCULES.

Diameter of 

whoel .

Inches.

42

45

51

54

Full gate.

0.960

.969

I .*»

) . 908.3

.976

Threefourths 

gate.

0. 847

.842

.834 

.834

. 815

One-half 

gate.

0.612

.598

.598 

.600

.574
80 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Part-gate discharge coefficients for Hercules, Lfffel-Samson, and. New American turbines Con.

LEFFEL-SAMSON.

Diameter of

wheel.

Inches.

23

35

45

56

Average . . .

Full gate.

0.995

.995

.995

.995

.995

Threefourths 

gate.

0.82

.78

.81

.785

.799

One-half

gate.

0.58

.535

.56

.535

.552

NEW AMERICAN.

.001

.003

.004

.003

.998

0.924

.920

.940

.914

.922

0.768

.768

.790

.7%

.795

VARIATION OF TURBINE DISCHARGE WITH SPEED.

Holyoke tests show that a turbine gives maximum efficiency for each gate opening under 

some certain speed. Considering the peripheral speed as a percentage of the spouting 

velocity due to the head, the following ratios are found for maximum efficiency for the Hercules turbine, results of tests of which are shown in figs. 15 to 19.

Peripheral speed for maximum efficiency, various gate openings. Hercules turbines.

Gate opening.

Full.

0.806

.647

.489

.379

Ratio of peripheral velocity to 

velocity due to 

head.

0.675

.652

.642

.603

.585

It' will be seen that the speed of maximum efficiency decreases slowly with decreased gate 

opening. A turbine should be geared to drive the machinery to which is connected at a 

proper speed when the turbine is running at its speed of maximum efficiency for the gate 

opening at which it is commonly operated. If a turbine is running above or below its normal speed for a given head and gate opening its discharge will vary from that given in the 

maker's tables. In using the turbine as a water meter it is important that the normal speed 

at which the wheel runs under load should be known. The amount of variation in discharge 

resulting from varying the load and speed, the head remaining constant, is shown in figs. 30, 

31, 32, which give speed-discharge curves tor three sizes of Smith-McCormick turbines. A 

similar analysis of the effect of variation in load and speed can be made for other sizes and 

types of turbines from the data furnished by Holyoke tests, given on pages 43-76.

For the ordinary range of speed variation the discharge at a given gate opening usually 

decreases as the load decreases or as the speed increases. An overloaded turbine will, as a 

rule, use more water than one running at its normal load under the same head and gate opening. Turbines may be so constructed that the quantity of water discharged attains a maximum for each head and gate, opening when running under a certain load. For loads either 

less or greater the discharge and power will decrease.
USE OB THE TURBHSTE AS A WATER METER. 81

The amount of variation in discharge corresponding to a given range of variation in speed 

is usually a maximum at full gate, decreasing as the gate opening is decreased. The amount 

"of variation in full-gate discharge resulting from such variations in speed as will usually be 

allowable in practice is ordinarily small. This is illustrated by the following table.

Variation in full-gate discharge with varying speed, Smith-McCormick turbines.

Wheel.

24 incli ............

Range in speed.

Revolutions per 

minute.

178 to 231

123 to 146

81 to 110

Corresponding variations 

in discharge.

Per cent. 

2.8

3.3

3.4

For the turbines considered in the 

above table a variation of 25 per 

cent in the speed at full gate will 

cause a variation but little exceeding 

3 per cent in the discharge. If a 

turbine runs normally at its tabled 

speed, and variations in excess or 

deficiency are equally likely to occur, 

their effect on discharge may commonly be neglected in using the 

turbine as a water meter.

Turbines controlled by automatic 

governors often afford favorable opportunities for recording the discharge. Care should always be taken 

to eliminate slip of the turbine gate 

mechanism and to have the governor 

gate indicator so set that its indications correspond with the actual proportional opening of the turbine 

gates. A scale attached directly to 

the turbine gate cylinder or gate 

stem and graduated by trial may 

often be used. It should indicate 

zero when waste motion in the mechanism has just been taken up and 

full gate at such a point that any further opening does not increase the area of the inlet 

ports.

VARIATION OF TURBINE COEFFICIENTS WITH VARIATION IN HEAD.

The discharge coefficients for heads corresponding with those used in making tests at the 

Holyoke flume are known with considerable accuracy.

In the use of the turbine as a water meter, W'here the wheels are installed under heads 

either greater or less than those used at the Holyoke flume, the question arises as to the 

applicability of the discharge coefficients. Data of tests by James Emerson (p. 30) indicate 

that the coefficients of discharge through turbine buckets and guides, considered as orifices, 

are very nearly constant for ordinary heads.

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McCormick turbine.
82 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

It will be reasonably supposed, however, in accordance with the well-known variation of 

coefficient for standard orifices, that as the head is increased the coefficient of discharge for 

turbines would slightly decrease. Data to determine whether this is true or not are. almost 

entirely wanting. It may be said, however, from inference by comparison with experiments 

on orifices under varying heads, that the coefficient of discharge probably differs slightly for 

turbines under high heads from that for similar wheels under lower heads, the rate of variation decreasing as the head increases.

The rating tables of manufacturers are deduced by making the discharge directly proportional to the square root of the head. This will be correct only in case the coefficient of discharge through the turbine orifices remains constant.

Stock patterns of the turbines are 

seldom applied under heads exceeding 

60 feet. The available records of tests 

of special high-head turbines in situ do 

not afford any means of determining 

what the discharge coefficient for the 

same turbines would be if they were 

operated under such heads as are commonly experienced with stock patterns 

of wheels.

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METHODS OF TURBINE 

SETTING AND ARRANGEMENT.

The rouet volante, scroll central-discharge, Fourneyron, and early Francis 

turbines were erected on vertical shafts 

in wooden or iron penstocks set alongside the flume to which they were con 

nected by a short trunk or chute.

The tub wheel and the Jonval turbine 

were capable of being set over a hole in 

the bottom of an open flume. The 

greatly decreased cost of this mode of 

erection led to its general use in the 

latter half of the last century, and 

most turbines of the American type 

are designed with special reference to 

this mode of erection, several wheels 

often being set in the same flume. The 

serious disadvantage of this method is 

the impossibility of inspecting or repairing any wheel without stopping all 

and drawing off the water. For most purposes, except burrstone mills, power is required 

on horizontal shafts, and gears must be introduced if vertical turbines are used.

The step or thrust bearings of vertical turbines support the weight of the incumbent millwork and machinery. The weight and thrust of a vertical turbine is now often supported 

by a water-balanced step bearing, which relieves the mechanism of undue friction and wear. 

Where two wheels discharging in opposite directions are placed on a horizontal shaft the end 

thrust is neutralized (PI. II). By inverting a vertical turbine and causing the water to flow 

upward through the buckets, the vertical component of pressure can be utilized for the same 

purpose, as it is in the Fourneyron turbines of the Niagara Falls Power Company's installation (fig. 3).

to TO aoso too HO no ao 

Revolutions per minute

FIG. 31. Variation of turbine discharge with speed, 

42-inch McCormick turbine.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 180 PL.

A. PAIR OF TURBINES WITH PIVOT GATES MOUNTED ON HORIZONTAL SHAFT AND 

DISCHARGING INTO A COMMON DRAFT TUBE.

J?. PAIR OF TURBINES ON HORIZONTAL SHAFT.

Water is received from cylindrical steel penstock and discharged in opposite directions into cuarterturn draft tubes.
METHODS OF SETTING AND ARRANGEMENT. 83

Credit for the erection of the first pair of turbines on a horizontal shaft is claimed by E. 

Geyelin,a by whom the Jonval turbine was introduced into America about 1850. The draft 

tube was a feature of the Jonval turbine, and its use made the horizontal turbine possible, 

since without it a considerable portion of the head of horizontal wheels must be lost, as the 

wheels have to stand above tail-water.

Vertical turbines in open flumes must be set singly, one on a shaft. With the double 

horizontal arrangement power equal to that of a very large vertical turbine can be obtained 

together with a much greater speed.

Tests of turbines on horizontal shafts were made by James Emerson in 1879. A pair 

of 35-inch Gates-Curtis wheels with a rectangular wooden draft tube were used, and an 

average full-gate efficiency of 71.07 per 

cent was obtained, as compared with 

82.52 per cent for one of the same runners tested vertically.

The result of this test and the belief 

that a horizontal wheel shaft would 

wear its bearings unequally and rub at 

the bottom and leak at the top of its 

case a belief held by James Emerson 

undoubtedly did much to delay the 

introduction of horizontal wheels. 

Their advantages are facility of access 

and facility of direct connection to 

generators, centrifugal pumps, and 

other machines, together with the 

ability to obtain large power on a single 

high-speed shaft, four or even six runners often being mounted tandem for 

this purpose.

Too much emphasis can not be laid 

upon the importance of allowing ample 

room all around the gate inlets where 

turbines are set in quarter-turn, globe, 

or cylindrical casings. The Holyoke 

Water Power Company gives the general rule: allow velocity in turbine casing not to exceed 3 feet per second and 

in draft tube not to exceed 4 or 5 feet 

per second.

The more common methods of tur-

^

1*

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tl

<Cg

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ft

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zs

,11

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J24

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$a

a

3I

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at

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te

«;

'31

*3

fit

1

1 |

^

f"'

e<

'e

w-

<?!

v

o

 ^

^

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^

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^ S

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£

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\.

i

**s

0.

^

^

^

» V

A

t

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0

\ 1

\

94

Vi'^

07

&

o

\

^

 \

O.6

o

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O

K >

,0t*

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\ \

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*0

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O

O.i

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86

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0

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61

1 a

 3

t

60:1

Revolutions per minute

 - Curve plotted from 

revolutions in revolutions reduced 

Hotvoke test to a standard head

> Curve plotted from 

actualre

FIG. 32. Variation of turbine discharge 

54-inch McCormick turbine.

v, ith sFeed, bine setting in power plants are as 

follows:

1. Wheels may be arranged vertically in open flumes and connected by bevel gear harness. This method is well adapted for use under low heads. Several wheels can be controlled by one governor. Wheels can be arranged in units of three or four, which can be 

cut off successively by means of clutches beginning with the unit most remote from the driving end, thus allowing for variation of head and load. The governor may be attached to 

but one unit, additional units being controlled by hand and generally operated full gate, 

thus giving maximum efficiency for the system. Wheels are set in cast-iron penstocks or 

globe cases, or in cylindrical riveted steel penstocks in a number of ways. Single wheels 

are often placed in quarter-turn cases, with vertical or horizontal shafts. Double horizontal 

wheels may receive water from separate penstocks and discharge through a common draft 

tube, or may receive through a common penstock and have separate draft tubes; or they

a First pair of horizontal turbines ever built, working on a common axis: Proc. Eng. Club, Philadelphia, vol. 12, 1895, pp. 213-217.
84 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

may have both feeder and draft tubes in common. The principal features of each method 

are included in the following classification.

2. Wheels may be arranged in pairs on a horizontal shaft, with a common draft tube. 

Each pair may be in a penstock compartment by itself, with drop planks at the entry, so 

that the water can be drawn from any pair without disturbing the others. This is an excellent and economical arrangement for moderate heads, say 12 to 40 feet, and one which gives 

large area and free access of water to wheel chutes from all sides. Two pairs in tandem, 

with quill shaft, can be used, enabling them to be operated singly or as a unit.

3. Horizontal pairs of runners may be set in a cylindrical steel penstock, having a common central-draft tube. This method is adapted to cases where a line of driving shaft can 

be placed parallel to a circular steel flume leading from the dam, or where several units are to 

be driven from a common bulkhead, in which case the wheels for each unit are in a short

 .vV;. »*?; <.«i«;*'t t'-^ «J.''>* « WIV iis"

FIG. 33. Cross section of power house, at Chevres, near Geneva, Switzerland.

trunk leading from the foot of the bulkhead. A gate valve near the bulkhead will enable 

each unit to be separately cut off. Two wheel units, each containing either two, four, or 

even six pairs of runners, can be used in conjunction with a quill shaft, if desired.

4. Horizontal pairs of runners may be set in a cylindrical steel penstock, fed from the 

center and discharging outward into separate quarter-turn draft tubes. This arrangement 

possesses features similar to the preceding, but enables the driving shaft to be placed at 

right angles to the feeder trunk and also gives the water somewhat more, freedom of access 

to wheel inlet ports. A feeder trunk is sometimes placed parallel to the power house, and 

short lateral feeders connect it with the penstocks, arranged as above. Short bends in the 

feeder line are, however, undesirable. This arrangement generally leaves a dead end at the 

foot of the penstock, in which ic? may accumulate. A large blow-off valve should always 

be provided at the foot of a steel penstock.
TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES. 85

TURBINE PLANTS FOR VARYING HEAD.

If the guide chutes of a turbine are designed with an area somewhat in excess of that 

required by theory at full gate, a wheel of very great capacity may be obtained, which will 

give its maximum efficiency at three-fourths or seven-eighths gate. (See figs. 14-19). 

Turbines for electrical service must nearly always have some reserve power and are seldom 

operated at full gate. With a fairly steady load, a moderate range of variation in the head 

may be taken care of with such wheels and uniform speed maintained by increasing the gate 

opening as the head decreases. Where there are large variations in the head, covering 

considerable periods of time, other expedients must be resorted to. The effect of a given 

range of variation in head increases rapidly as the head decreases. For example, the 

decrease in speed resulting from 1 foot decrease in head is as follows:

Effect of varying heads on turbine speed.

Original 

head.

Feet.

4

10

50

100

Decreased 

head.

Feet.

3

9

49

99

Resulting speed 

(per cent of 

original).

86.60

94.87

99.00

99.50

In order to obtain uniform speed and power when operating under high head with small 

flow part of the time, and under a small head with large flow part of the time, two sets of 

turbines may be installed, one of large diameter, but with small openings, to operate under 

high head, the other of small effective diameter, but greater depth and capacity, for lower 

heads. Such an arrangement, in use at Chevres, near Geneva, Switzerland, is illustrated in 

fig. 33. The upper wheel is used in winter with a head of 28 feet and a stream discharge of 

4,250 cubic feet per second, and the lower wheel is used in summer with a head of 15 feet 

and a stream discharge of 31,800 cubic feet per second.

CONDITIONS GOVERNING ECONOMY IN SIZE AND NUMBER OF

TURBINES USED.

The cost of a turbine, including foundation and erection, is about proportional to its diameter. Small turbines are sometimes selected for use under low heads because of their 

greater speed, which enables them to be directly connected to machines. The writer 

observed in one case 26 small old register-gate turbines in one flume, doing only as much 

work as perhaps one-third their number of large modern wheels would have done, including loss through gearing and jack shaft.

Turbines in use on Black River, New York, in 1898.

Diameter of 

wheel in Inches.

18 to 27J

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 44

Number.

16

84

111

46

Diameter of 

wheel in inches.

5u to 54

55 to 57

60 to 61

66 to 72

Total....

Number.

44

17

30

5

380

In a canvass of water power on Black River, New York, in 1898, it was found that of a total 

of 380 turbines 50 per cent were from 30 to 40 inches diameter. In many places, notably 

at pulp mills, it was clearly evident that the use of larger turbines would have been more
86 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

economical. The heads were those most commonly occurring everywhere 10 to 20 feet. 

It was also found that 25 per cent of the wheels in use were operated at very uneconomical 

widths of gate opening, varying from one-fourth to three-fourths.

Turbines of medium sizes, of which the greater number are manufactured, are likely to 

be the most reliable and to give the best service. Manufacturers scales of prices are also 

so adjusted that turbines of medium sizes, 36 to 48 inches diameter, cost less per horsepower 

than do sizes either larger or smaller.

The peripheral speed of maximum full-gate efficiency is, for turbines of a given design, 

nearly a constant fraction of the spouting velocity due to the head. This is illustrated by 

the following tests of various sized Hercules turbines:

Peripheral speed of Hercules turbines at full gate.

Diameter

1

42..........

45..........

48. .........

51.......... 

54..........

Date of test.

o

July 19, 1897. ..........

October 10-11, 1898....

February 25, 1898... .. 

November 12, 1897.....

Test

3

988

1077

feet) at

efficiency.

4

15.73

15.75

15.53

14.01 

14.07

V/2gH= 

vel. due

to head.

5

31. 809

31.829

31.606

30. 020 

30. 084

revoluminute.

6

119. 75

111.20

104. 25

91.25 

84.12

speed in

second.

1

21.946

21.804

21.838

20.306 

" 19.820

Ratio: 

Col. 7.

Col. , .

8

0. 68994

. 68598

. 69080

. 67642 

.65882

The discharge, and hence also the power of a turbine, is nearly proportional to the square 

of its diameter. The extent to which this is true in practice depends upon the similarity 

of form of different sized turbines of the same make. The members of certain series of patterns made by some builders are perfectly homologous, one particular size having been 

developed by experiments and others being made larger or smaller in strict proportion. 

For other types each size is a law unto itself, though, of course, there is a general resemblance between the different sizes. How nearly proportional to the square of the diameter 

is the discharge may be judged from the following table, in which the capacity of various 

sized Hercules and Smith No. 2 Success turbines are compared. The factor vent-H-(Diam. 2 ) 

should be constant if the discharge is proportional to the square of the diameter. If the efficiency is constant, the power at a given head is proportional to the discharge.

Relations between diameter and discharge and power of turbines of various sizes.

Diameter.

Inches. 

9 

12 

15

18

21

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

Square of 

diameter.

81 

144 

225

324

441

576

900

1,296

1,764

2, 304

2,496

3,600

Hercules (cylinder gate).

Vent.

Sq. m. 

24.80 

42.89 

69.19

96.5h

136

168

265

379

555

687

897

1,074

Vent

Diameter. 2

0.305 

.298 

.307

.298

.308

.292

.297

.293

.315

.298

.308

.297

Smith No. 2 Success 

(pivot gate).

Vent.

Sij. in.

41

59

81

102

168

235

361

471

580

730

Vent .

Diameter. 2

0.182

.182

.183

.177

.188

.181

.205

.204

.199

.203
TURBINE WATEK-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEK TABLES. 87

It will be seen that for the Hercules and No. 2 Success the discharge as rated by the 

manufacturer is nearly proportional to the square of the diameter. Assuming the power 

to be proportional to the square of the diameter, the diameter D of a single turbine equal 

in power to two smaller wheels, each of diameter d, is:

D=V2~ds =1.41 d. 

If two equal wheels of diameter d are to replace a single wheel of diameter D, then

If m wheels each of diameter D are to replace n wheels of diameter d, then

mD2 =nd2 

and

n 

If a single wheel of diameter D is to replace two wheels of unequal diameters d: and d2, then

D^dTw

Similarly, if m wheels of diameter D are to replace any series of wheels in whioh there are 

A wheels of diameter da , B wheels of diameter db , C wheels of diameter dc , etc., then

mD2 =A da2 +B db2 +C dc2 -f-etc. 

or

D=(A d 2 +B db2 +C dc2+etc.) 

y m

Considerations like the above will be found convenient in selecting the best diameters 

and arrangements of turbines and in remodeling old plants.

MANUFACTURER'S TABLES OF POWER, SPEED, AND DISCHARGE.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Nearly all American turbine builders publish rating tables in their catalogues, showing 

the discharge in cubic feet per minute, speed in revolutions per minute, and horsepower for 

each size pattern under heads varying from 3 or 4 feet to 40 feet or more.

Inasmuch as these rating tables furnish in many cases the only means of ascertaining the 

quantities of water provided by riparian rights, or the amounts of power used by mills, the 

question of their reliability is of some importance.

Examples of each size of a number of the leading types of turbines have been tested in 

the Holyoke flume. For such turbines the rating tables have usually been prepared directly 

from the tests. In some cases the average of the full-gate power of a number of tests has 

been used; in other cases the power corresponding to maximum efficiency from a single test 

has been used as a basis for calculation.

Let M,R,and Q denote, respectively, the horsepower, revolutions per minute, and discharge 

in cubic feet per minute of a turbine, as expressed in the manufacturer's tables, for any head 

H in feet. The subscripts 1 and 16 added signify the power, speed, and discharge for the 

particular heads 1 and 16 feet, respectively.

Let P, N, and F denote coefficients of power, speed, and discharge, which represent, respectively, the horsepower, revolutions per mjnute, and discharge in cubic feet per second under 

a head of 1 foot.

The speed of a turbine or the number of revolutions per minute and the discharge are 

proportional to the square root of the head. The horsepower varies with the product of the 

head and discharge, and is consequently proportional to the three-halves power of the head.
88 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEE TABLES.

If we have given the values of M^R, and Q from the manufacturer's tables for any head H 

we can calculate these quantities for any other head h by the following formulas:

MH : Mh : : H' : h* 

RH : Rh : : H* : h* 

QH : Qh : : H* : h*

(1)

MIB

H-

-rt

 "16

Hi

Ql6

60H*

_ M16

64

T?

_ -"10

4

_ Ql6

240

= 0.01562 M16

= 0.25 Rlo

- 0.00417 Q16

M-M!

\

R = RX ^^ =NV/H

Q-Qi JS =60Fv/H

If H and h are taken at 16 feet and 1 foot, respectively, we may derive formulas from 

which the coefficients P, N, and F can be conveniently calculated as follows:

(2)

P, N, and F, when derived for a given wheel, enable the power, speed, and dicharge to be 

calculated without the aid of the manufacturer's tables, and for any head H, integral or 

fractional, by means of the following formulas:

(3)

Since at a head of 1 foot, and Mt , Rj, and Q( equal P, N, and 60 F, respectively, H^ and

each equals 1.

The accompanying tables give the values of P and N and F for turbines of various styles 

and sizes, and tables are appended giving three-halves powers and square roots, by the use 

of which the quantities can be calculated for any head and turbine with facility.

Besides presenting the individual constants of turbines in very compact form, as compared with manufacturer's rating tables, these coefficients afford a means for comparison of 

the capacity of different turbines.

The following examples illustrate the use of the tables: 

On page 122 we find for a 36-inch Hercules turbine 

Power coefficient, 1.91 = P 

Discharge coefficient, 21.1 = F 

Speed coefficient, 32.2 = N

To find the power, discharge, and speed for any head, multiply P by the. three-halves power 

of the head to get the horsepower, and mutiply F and N by the square root of the head to 

get the discharge in cubic feet per second and the revolutions per minute, respectively, or 

as formulas:

Horsepower=PH^

Cubic feet per second=FHi

Revolutions per minute=

To determine these factors for a head of, say, 7.5 feet, find in the tables of three-halves 

powers, and square roots, pages 90-94:

7.5= = 20.54 

^/7^ = 2.74
POWER, SPEED, AND DISCHARGE. 89

Multiplying, we get for a 36-inch Hercules turbine under 7.5 feet head 

Horsepower =20.54X 1.91=39.2. 

Cubic feet per second =21.1 X 2.74=57.8. 

Eevolutions per minute=32.2 X 2.74=88.2.

If the discharge in cubic feet per minute is desired, multiply the cubic feet per second by 

60 and we get, cubic feet per minute=3,468.

Tests of different turbines from the same pattern have been found to agree closely if the 

conditions were similar. The manufacturers' rating tables can as a rule be relied upon 

within a small percentage, where they are obtained from complete test records as above 

described.

There are other turbines on the market for which tests of only one or two sizes of patterns have been made. In such cases, the rating tables for sizes other than those tested 

have been computed, usually on the following basis:

1. The efficiency and coefficients of gate and bucket discharge for the sizes tested have 

been assumed to apply to the other sizes also.

2. The discharge for additional sizes has been computed in proportion to the measured 

area of the vent or discharge orifices.

Having these data, together with the efficiency, the tables of discharge and horsepower 

can be prepared. The peripheral speed corresponding to maximum efficiency determined 

from tests of one size of turbine may be assumed to apply to the other sizes also. From 

this datum the revolutions per minute can be computed, the number of revolutions required 

to give a constant peripheral speed being inversely proportional to the diameter of the 

turbine.

Other turbines are on the market for which there appear to be no authentic tests of any 

sizes. Some of these wheels are close copies of known types, the rating tables for which , have been adopted or slightly modified as seemed necessary.

In point of discharge, the writer's observation has been that the rating tables are usually 

fairly accurate. In the matter of efficiency there are undoubtedly much larger discrepancies.

The discharge of turbines is nearly always expressed in the manufacturers' tables in cubic 

feet per minute. The vent in square inches is also used by millwrights and manufacturers, 

although to a decreasing extent. Engineers prefer to express the discharge of turbines 

i'n cubic feet per second (second-feet) to conform with general practice in stream gaging 

and in power calculations. The vent of the turbines, as usually expressed, is the area of 

an orifice which would, under any given head, theoretically discharge the same quantity 

of water that is vented or passed through a turbine under that same head when the wheel 

is so loaded as to be running at maximum efficiency.

If V=vent in square inches

Q= discharge in cubic feet per minute under a head H 

F= discharge in cubic feet per second under a head of 1 foot, 

then

Q=m x/%H=3- 344Vx/H 

and

also

V=17.94F and F=0.0557V.

Manufacturers formerly gave the vent of their wheels in conjunction with the rating 

tables, and water privileges are often deeded in the terms of the right to use a certain number of "square inches" of water from a stream or power canal. As commonly interpreted, 

this implies no definite coefficient of contraction, the owner being entitled to use as much 

water as can flow naturally through an orifice of a given area, under the existing head. 

The limiting value of the coefficient of discharge is unity.
90 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

In the use of scroll wheels, fed by short flumes leading out of the raceways, and having 

a contracted rectangular throat, the ventage agrees more or less closely with the area of 

the throat.

The vent of a turbine should not be confused with the area of the outlet orifice of the 

buckets. The actual discharge through a turbine is commonly from 40 to 60 per cent of 

the theoretical discharge of an orifice whose area equals the combined cross-sectional 

areas of the outlet ports measured in the narrowest section.

Table of square roots for calculating discharge and speed of turbines.

Head in feet.

0. ..................

1...................

2...........-----...

3... .............. ..

5...................

6.. .................

g

11. ..................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

2°

93

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

31...................

32...................

33...................

34...................

35...................

36..................

37..................

38. .................

39..................

40..................

0.0

0.0000

1.0000

1. 4142

1. 7320

2.0000

2. 2360

2. 4494

2. 6457

2. 8284

3.0000

3. 1622

3. 3166

3. 4641

3. 6055

3.7416

3.8729

4.0000

4.1231

4. 2426

4. 3588

4. 4721

4. 5825

4. 6904

4. 7958

5.0000

5.0990

5. 1961

5. 2915

5. 3851

5. 4772

5. 5677

5. 6568

5. 7445

5.8309

5.9160

6.0000

6.0827

6. 1644

6. 2449

0.1

0. 3162

1.0488

1. 4491

1. 7606

2. 0248

2. 2583

2. 4698

2. 6645

2. 8460

3. 0166

3. 1780

3.3316

3.4785

3.6193

3. 7549

3. 8858

4. 0124

4. 1352

4. 2544

4. 3703

4. 4833

4. 5934

4. 7010

4.9091

5.0099

5. 1088

5. 2057

5. 3009

5. 3944

5.6656

5. 7532

5.8395

5. 9245

6.0909

6. 1725

6. 2529

0.2

0. 4472

1.0954

1.4832

1. 7888

2. 0493

2. 2803

2. 4899

2. 6832

2.8635

3. 0331

3. 1937

3. 3466

3. 4928

3. 6331

3. 7682

3. 8987

4. 0249

4. 1472

4.2661

4. 3817

4. 4944

4. 6043

4.7116

4 9193

5. 0199

5. 1185

5. 2153

5. 3103

5. 4037

5. 6745

5. 7619

5. 8480

5.9329

6.0991

6. 1806

6. 2609

6.3403

0.3

0. 5477

1.1401

1.5165

1. 8165

2. 0736

2. 3021

2. 5099

2. 7018

2.8809

3. 0495

3.2093

3. 3615

3. 5071

3. 6469

3. 7815

3. 9115

4. 037.3

4. 1593

4. 2778

4.3931

4.6151

4. 7222

5. 0299

5. 1283

5. 2249

5.3197

5. 4129

5. 7706

5.9413

6. 1073

6.1886

6 0409

0.4

0. 6324

1. 1832

1. 5491

1. 8439

2. 0976

2. 3237

2. 5298

2. 7202

2. 8982

3.0659

3. 2249

3. 3763

3.5213

3. 6606

3. 7947

3.9242

4. 0496

4. 1713

4. 2895

4.4045

4. 5166

4. 6260

4. 7328

5. 0398

5. 1380

5. 2345

5. 3291

5.4221

5. 7792

5. 8651

5. 9497

6.1155

0.5

0. 7071

1.2247

1.8708

2. 1213

2. 3452

2. 5495

2. 7386

2.9154

3.2403

3.3911

3. 5355

3. 6742

3. 8078

3. 9370

4.0620

4.1833

4.3011

4. 4158

4. 5276

4. 6368

4. 7434

5. 0497

5. 1478

5.2440

5.3385

5. 4313

5. 7879

6. 0415

6 2849

6.3639

0.6

0. 7745

1. 2649

1.6124

1.8973

2. 1447

2. 3664

2. 5690

2. 7568

2.9325

3.0983

3.2557

3.4058

3. 5496

3. 6878

3.8209

3.9496

4. 0743

4. 1952

4. 3127

4.4271

4. 5387

4. 6475

4. 7539

4.8579

4. 9598

5. 0596

5. 1575

5. 2535

5. 3478

5.4405

5.7096

5. 7965

5. 8821

5. 9665

6 0497

6.1318

6. 2128

6.2928

6.3718

0.7

0.8366

1. 3088

1.6431

1.9235

2. 1679

2. 3874

2.5884

2. 7748

2. 9495

3.1144

3. 2710

3.4205

3. 5637 "

3. 7013

3.8340

3. 9623

4.0865

4. 2071

4. 3243

4. 4384

4. 5497

4.6583

4. 7644

5.0695

5. 1672

5. 2630

5. 3572

5. 4977

5.7183

5. 8051

5. 8906

5. 9749

6.1400

6.3007

6.3796

0.8

0. 8944

1.3416

1.9493

2. 1908

2.4083

2. 6076

2. 7928

3. 1304

3.2863

3. 4351

3. 5777

3. 7148

3. 8470

3. 9749

4.0987

4.2190

4. 3358

4. 4971

4.5607

4.6690

4. 7749

5. 0793

5. 1768

5. 2725

5. 3665

5. 4589

5.6391

5.7271

5.8137

5. 8991

5.9833

6.0663

6.1481

6 2289

6. 3087

6 QQ74

0.9

1.3784

1.9748

9 9832

3. 5916

3.8600

4. 1109

4. 2308

4. 3474

4. 5716

4.7853

4 9899

5. 0892

5.1865

5. 3758

5.4680

5. 7358

5.8223

5. 9076

5.9916

6. 1562

6. 2369

6.3166

6

OQCO
CALCULATION OF DISCHARGE AND SPEED. 91

Table of square roots for calculating discharge and' speed of turbines Continued.

Head in feet.

41...................

42...................

43...................

44. ..................

45...................

46...................

47. ..................

48...................

49...................

50. ..................

51...... ............

52...................

53...................

54...................

55.... ............

56...................

57...................

58. ..................

59..... .............

60.... ............

61...................

62...................

63...................

64...................

65...................

66...................

67...................

68...................

69...................

70...................

71...................

72...................

73...................

74...................

75...................

76...................

77...................

78...................

79...................

80...................

81...................

82...................

83...................

84...................

85. ..................

86...................

87...................

88. ..................

89...................

90...................

0.0

6.4031

6.4807

6.5574

6. 6332

6.7082

6. 7823

6. 8556

6. 9282

7.0000

7.0710

7. 1414

7.2111

7. 2801

7.3484

7.4161

7.4833

7. 5498

7. 6157

7. 7459

7. 8102

7. 8740

7.9372

8.0000

8.0622

8.1240

8. 1853

8. 2462

8. 3666

8. 4261

8.4852

8.5440

8. 6023

8. 6602

8. 7749

8. 8317

8. 8881

8. 9442

9.0000

9. 1104

9.1651

9. 2195

9. 2736

9. 3273

9.3808

9.4339

9. 4868

0.1

6.4109

6.4884

6. 5650

6. 6407

6. 7896

6. 8629

6. 9354

7.0071

7.0781

7. 1484

7.2180

7. 2869

7. 3552

7. 4229

7 4899

7. 5564

7. 6223

7. 7524

7. 8166

7.8803

7. 9435

8.0062

8. 0684

8. 1301

8.1914

8.2522

S. 3725

8. 4320

8.4911

8. 5498

8.6081

8. 6662

8. 7235

8.7806

8.8374

8. 8938

8.9498

9.0055

9. 1159

9. 1706

9. 2249

9. 2790

9.3327

9.3861

9. 4392

9.4921

0.2

6.4187

6. 4961

6. 5726

6.6483

6. 7230

6. 7970

6. 8702

6. 9426

7.0142

7. 0851

7. 1554

7. 2249

7. 2938

7. 3620

7 4°96

7.5630

7. 6288

7. 7588

7. 8230

7. 8866

7. 9498

8. 0124

8. 0746

8. 1363

8. 1975

8. 2583

8. 3785

8. 6139

8.6717

8. 7863

8. 8430

8. 8994

8.9554

9.0111

9 1°14

9. 1760

9. 2303

9. 2843

9. 3380

9.3914

9. 4445

9. 4973

0.3

6.4265

6. 5038

6.5802

6. 6558

6. 7305

6.8044

6.8774

6. 9498

7.0213

7.0922

7. 1624

7.2318

7. 3006

7.3688

7. 4363

7. 5033

7. 5696

7. 6354

7.7006

7. 7653

7. 8294

7. 8930

7. 9561

8.0187

8.0808

8.1424

8.2036

8. 2643

8. 3845

8.4439

8.5029

8.5615

S.6197

8. 6775

8. 7349

8. 7920

8. 8487

8. 9050

8. 9610

9.0166

9. 1268

9. 1815

9. 2357

9. 2897

9.3434

9.3968

9. 4498

9. 5026

0.4

6. 4342

6.5115

6. 5878

6. 6633

6. 7379

6.8117

6.8847

6. 9570

7.0285

7.0992

7. 1693

7. 2387

7.3075

7.3756

7. 4431

7.5099

7. 5762

7. 6419

7. 7071

7.7717

7.8358

7.8993

7.9624

8. 0249

8. 0870

8. 1486

8.2097

8. 2704

8.3306

8.3904

8. 4498

8. 5088

8. 5673

8. 6255

8.6833

8.7407

8. 7977

8.8543

8. 9106

8. 9666

9. 0221

9.0774

9. 1323

9. 1869

9.2412

9.2951

9.3487

9.4021

9. 4551

9. 5078

0.5

6.4420

6.5192

6.5954

6. 6708

6. 7453

6. 8190

6. 8920

6. 9641

7.0356

7. 1063

7. 1763

7. 2456

7.3143

7. 3824

7.5166

7. 5828

7. 6485

7. 7136

7. 7781

7. 8421

7.9056

7. 9686

8.0311

8.0932

8. 1547

8.2158

8. 2764

8.3366

8.3964

8. 4557

8.5146

8. 5732

8. 6313

8. 6890

8. 7464

8. 8034

8.8600

8.9162

8. 9721

9.0277

9. 1378

9. 1923

9. 2466

9.3005

9.3541

9. 4074

9. 4604

9.5131

0.6

6 4498

6.5268

6.6030

6.6783

6. 7527

6. 8992

6.9713

7. 0427

7. 1133

7.1833

7. 2525

7.3212

7.3891

7. 4565

7.5232

7. 5894

7. 6550

7. 7201

7.8485

7. 9120

7. 9749

8. 0374

8.0993

8. 1608

8. 2192

8. 2825

8. 3426

8. 4023

8. 4616

8. 5205

8.5790

8. 6371

8. 6948

8. 7521

8.8090

8. 8656

8.9218

8.9777

9.0332

9.0884

9. 1433

9. 1978

9. 2520

9.3059

9.3594

9. 4127

9. 4657

9.5184

0.7

6. 4575

6. 5345

6. 6105

6.6858

6. 7601

6.8337

6. 9065

6.9785

7. 0498

7. 1203

7. 1902

7. 2594

7. 3280

7.3959

7. 4632

7. 5299

7. 5960

7. 6615

7. 7265

7. 7910

7.8549

7.9183

7. 9812

8.0436

8. 1055

8. 1670

8. 2280

8. 2885

8. 3486

8.4083

8. 4675

8. 5264

8.5848

8.6429

8.7005

8. 7578

8. 8147

8. 8713

8.9274

8.9833

9.0388

9.0939

9. 1487

9.2032

9. 2574

9.3112

9. 3648

9. 4180

9. 4710

9. 5236

0.8

6. 5421

6.6181

6. 6932

6. 7675

6. 8410

6.9137

6. 9856

7. 0569

7. 1274

7. 1972

7. 2663

7. 3348

7.4027

7. 5365

7. 6026

7. 6681

7. 7330

7. 7974

7.8612

7. 9246

7. 9874

8. 0498

8.1117

8. 1731

8. 2340

8.2945

8.3546

8.4142

8. 4734

8. 5322

8. 5906

8. 6486

8. 7063

8. 7635

8. 8204

8. 8769

8. 9330

8. 9888

9. 0443

9.0994

9. 1542

9. 2086

9. 2628

9. 3166

9. 3701

9. 4233

9. 4762

9.5289

0.9

6 £4QC

6. 6257

6.7007

6.7749

6.8483

6 9°09

7.0639

7. 1344

7. 2041

7.3416

7 4094

7. 6092

7. 6746

7. 8676

7.9309

7. 9937

8. 0560

8. 1178

8. 1792

8. 2401

8.3006

8. 3606

8. 4202

8. 4793

8. 5381

8.5965

8. 6544

8. 7120

8. 7692

8. 8260

8. 8825

8. 9386

8.9944

9. 0498

9. 1049

9. 1596

9.2141

9. 2682

9. 3220

9. 3754

9. 4286

9. 4815

9.5341
92 TURBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Table of square roots for calculating discharge and speed of turbines Continued.

Head in feet.

91...................

92. ..................

93...................

94

95...................

96...................

97

98...................

99...................

100..................

0.0

9.5393

9. 5916

9. 6436

9. 6953

9. 7467

9. 7979

9. 8488

9. 8994

9. 9498

0.1

9. 5446

9. 5968

9. 6488

9. 7005

9. 7519

9.8030

9. 8539

9.9548

0.2

9.5498

9.6020

9.6540

9. 7056

9. 7570

9. 8081

9.8590

9.9095

9. 9599

0.3

9. 5551

9. 6072

9. 6591

9. 7108

9. 7621

9.8132

9.8640

9.9146

9. 9649

0.4

9. 5603

9.6124

9.6643

9. 7159

9. 7672

9.8183

9.8691

9. 9196

9. 9699

0.5

9.6176

9. 7724

9.8234

9. 8742

9. 9247

0.0

9. 5707

9. 6228

9. 6747

9. 7262

9. 7775

9. 8285

9. 8792

9.9297

9. 9799

0.7

9. 5760

9.6280

9.7313

9. 7826

9.8336

9. 8843

9. 9347

9. 9849

0.8

9. 5812

9. 7365

9. 7877

9 8893

9 9398

9 9899

0.9

9 690°

9 7416

9 79^8

9 9949

Table of H" for calculating horsepower of turbines.^

Head in 

feet.

0........

1........

2........

3........

4........

5........

6........

7........

8........

9........ 

10........

11........

12........

13........

14........

15........

16........

17........

18........

19........

20........

21........

23........

24........

25........

26........

27........

28. .......

29. .......

30........

0.0

1.0000

2. 8284

5. 1962

8.0000

11. 1803

14. 6969

18. 5203

22. 6274

27.0000 

31. 6228

36. 4829

41. 5692

46. 8720

52. 3832

58. 0944

64.0000

70. 0928

76. 3672

82. 8192

89. 4424

96. 2344

103. 1883

110.3040

117.5752

125.0000

132. 5744

140 ''gGO

164. .3168

0.1

1. 1537

3. 0432

5. 4581

8. 3019

11. 5174

15. 0659

18. 9185

23. 0530

27. 4512 

32. 0983

36. 9815

42. 0910

47. 4148

52. 9464

58. 6776

04 6090

70. 7132

83. 4748

90. 1152

96. 9232

103. 8940

111.0248

118.3128

125. 7516

133. 3408

141.0768

148 957°

156. 9788

165. 1396

0.2

0. 0894

1.3145

3.2631

5. 7243

8.6074

11.8578

15. 4379

19. 3196

23. 4812

27. 9050 

32. 5762

37. 4824

42. 6128

47. 9576

53. 5096

59. 2608

71. 3330

77. 6440

84. 1304

90.7880

97. 6120

111. 7450

119. 0490

126. 5032

134. 1072

141. 8576

149. 7520

157. 7880

165. 9024

0.3

0. 1643

1.4822

3. 4881

5. 9947

8. 9167

12. 2015

15.8129

19. 7235

23. 9121

28. 3012 

33. 0504

37. 9855

43. 1388

48. 504S

54. 0768

59. 8472

71.9572

78. 2850

84. 7892

91.4636

98. 3044

105. 3070

112. 4700

119.7870

127. 2576

134. 8764

142.6416

150.5500

158.6000

106. 7884

0.4

0. 2530

1. 6565

3. 7181

0. 2693

9. 2295

12. 5485

10. 1909

20. 1302

24. 3455

28. 8199 

33. 5390

38. 4908

43. 0648

49. 0520

54. 6440

00. 4336

75. 5808

78. 9272

85. 4480

92. 1392

98. 9968

106. 0100

113. 1944

120. 5272

128. 0120

135. 6456

143. 4256

151.3480

159. 4120

107. 0144

0.5

0. 3536

1.8371

3. 9529

6. 5479

9. 5459

12. 8986

20. 5396

24. 7815

29. 2810 

34. 0239

38. 9984

44. 1952

49. 6032

55. 2152

61. 0244

67. 0244

73. 2084

79 57'M

86. 1104

92. 8184

99. 6924

106. 7276

113.9216

121.2690

128. 7706

136. 4180

144.2120

152.1488

160. 2268

168. 4428

0.6

0. 4648

2. 0238

4. 1924

6. 8305

9. 8659

13. 2520

16. 9557

20. 9518

25. 2202

29. 7445 

34.5111

39. 5082

44. 7256

50. 1544

55. 7864

61.6152

67. 0336

73. 8360

80. 2176

86. 7728

93. 4976

100. 3880

107. 4392

114. 6488

122. 0120

129. 5292

137. 1904

144. 9984

152. 9496

161.0416

169. 2712

0.7

0. 5857

2. 2165

4. 4366

7.1171

10. 1894

13. 0086

17. 3425

21. 3000

25. 0013

30. 2105 

35. 0000

40.0202

45.2000

50. 7090

56. 3616

62.2096

68. 2464

74. 4672

80. 8664

87. 4384

94. 1800

101. 0868

108. 1540

115. 3788

122. 7576

130. 2876

137. 9652

145. 7880

153. 7533

161. 8588

170. 1020

0.8

0,7155

2.4150

4. 6853

7. 4076

10. 5163

13. 9682

17. 7322

21. 7842

26. 1050

30. 6789 

35. 4924

40. 5343

45. 7944

51.2648

56. 9368

62.8040

68. 8592

75. 0984

81. 5152

88.1040

94. 8624

101.7856

108. 8688

116. 1088

123. 5032

131.0480

138.7400

146. 5776

154. 5568

162. 6760

170:9328

0.9

0. 8538

2.6190

4. 9385

7. 7019

10. 8466

14.3311

18. 1248

22. 2045

26. 5523

31. 1496 

35. 9865

41.0507

46. 3332

51.8240

57. 5156

63. 4020

75. 7328

82. 1672

88. 7732

95. 5484

102. 4872

109. 5864

116.8420

124. 2516

131.8112

139. 5180

147. 3700

155. 3632

163. 4964

171.7668

a Original.
CALCULATION" OF HOESEPOWER.

Table of H^ for calculating horsepower of turbines Continued.o

Head in 

feet.

31........

32........

33........

34. .......

35........

36........

37........ 

38........

39........ 

40........

41........

42.. ....

43........

44........ 

45........

46........

47........

48........

49.. .....

50........

51........

53........

54........

55. .......

56........

57........

58........

59........ 

60........

61........

62........ 

63........

64........ 

65........

66........

67........

68........

69........ 

70........

71........

72

73........

74. .......

76........

78........

80........

0.0

172. 6008

181 0199

216.0000

225.0024 

234.2480

243. 5552 

252. 9824

262. 5280

272. 1912

281.9696 

291.8632 

301.8688

311. 9872

322. 2160

332. 5536

343.0000

353. 5500

364.2114

374.9772

385. 8453

396. 8136

419. 0648

430. 3386

441. 7106

454. 0849 

464. 7540

476. 4222

488. 1880 

500. 0436

512.0000 

524. 0430

548. 1151

560. 7416

573. 1554 

585. 6620

598. 2531

610. 9344

623.7120

636. 5702

649 5150

662. 5452

715.5360

0.1

173. 4372

216.9012

225. 9760 

235. 1736

244. 4932 

253. 9320

263. 4896

273. 1644

282. 9544 

292. 8597 

302. 8764

313. 0056

323. 2452

333. 5927

344. 0486

354. 6128

365. 2832

376. 0578

386.9343

397. 9163

420. 1833

431.4704

442. 8556

455.3271 

465. 9192

489. 3666

513. 1974 

525. 2528

549. 6429

561. 9748

574. 4006 

586 HI"?0

663.S5S3

716. 8789

0.2

174. 2736

182. 7192

191. 2968

217. 8024

226. 8896 

236. 0992

245. 4312 

254. 8816

264. 4512

274. 1376

283. 9392 

293. 8552 

303. 8840

314.0240

324. 2744

334. 6333

355. 0720

366. 3564

377. 1397

3S8. 0301

399. 0204

421. 3089

432. 6036

443. 9961

455. 4907 

467. 0797

490. 546.3

514. 3960 

526. 4639

550. 8720

575. 6473 

588. 1707

665. 1650

691.5226

718. 2230

0.3

175. 1128

192. 1624

209. 7312

218. 7000

227. 8056 

237. 0276

246. 3712

265. 4152

275.1132

284. 9204 

294. 8536 

304. 8936

315. 0448

325. 3000

335. 4753

346. 1500

350. 7376

367.4311

378. 2331

389. 1219

400. 12o8

422. 4257

433. 7380

456.6455 

468. 2475

491. 7339

515. 6024 

527. 6762

576. 8947

666. 4728

706. 1665

719. 5683

0.4

175. 9520

201.7010

219. 6096

228. 7210 

237. 9500

247.3112

206. 3792

270. 088X

285. 9130 

295. 8520 

305. 9032

326. 3370

347. 2079

357. 7990

368. 5020

379. 3078

390. 2205

401.2326

423. 5583

434.8738

446. 2869

457. 8017 

469.4106

492. 9163

516. 8035 

528. 8898

578. 1436

654 . 7°08

667. 7894 

680 9419

fiQd 1 771

720.9146

0.5

176. 7940

193. 8960

211.5204

220. 5760

299. 6404 

238. 8808

248. 2540 

257. 7412

207. 3456

280. 9028 

296. 8528 

306. 9148

327. 3716

348. 2622

358. 8081

369. 5794

380. 3940

391. 3150

402. 3408

424. 6879

447. 4372

458. 9592 

470. 5750

4§o 9891

494. 1000

518. 0059 

530. 1046

579. 3937

fjon i 9n9

669. 0996

fiS9 QAT^

722. 2540

0.6

177. 6360

203. 5232

212. 4184

221. 4224

230. 5592 

239. 8176

249. 1968 

958 6960

268. 3120

278. 0456

287. 8920 

297. 8536 

307. 9264

318.1112

328. 4056

338. 8051

349. 3179

359. 9329

370. 6582

381.4815

392.4163

403. 4448

414. 5814

425. 8131

437. 1494

448. 5830

460. 1179

471. 7467

495. 2912 

507. 2036

519.2160 

531. 3120

568. 1795

580. 6449

644. 3276

670. 4108

fJQfi CQA1

710.1752

723. 6026

0.7

178.4804

186 9990

195. 6348

204. 4068

213. 3104

222. 3312

231. 4800 

240. 7508

250. 1420

269. 2804

279. 6252

288. 8836 

298. 8564 

308. 9404

319. 0556

329. 4416

339. 8529

350. 3750

300. 9992

382. 5703

393.5136

404.5557

426. 9453

438. 2892

449. 7300

461.2720 

472. 9137

484. 6473

496. 4774 

508. 4024

520. 4209 

532.5313

544. 7389

557.0356

569. 4199

581. 8974

645. 6246

658 6278

671.7131

724.9523

0.8

179.3248

196. 5056

205. 2904

214.2024

223. 2400

232.4008 

241. 6840

251.0872 

260. 6096

270. 2488

280. 0048

289. 8752 

299. 8592 

309. 9544

320.0000

330. 4776

340. 8972

351.4336

362. 0719

372. 8149

383. 6606

394.6122

405. 6679

428. 0732

439. 4302

450. 8842

462.4334 

474.0819

497. 6648 

509. 5961

521. 6270 

533. 7498

545. 9630

558. 2652

570. 6616

583. 1510 

595. 7253

608. 3901

621.0841

633. 9862

646.9152

673.0368

699.4997

71 9 8534

726. 2950

0.9

180.1720

215. 1012

224. 1512

233. 3244 

242. 6196

252. 0348 

261. 5688

271.2200

280. 9872

290. 8692 

300.8640 

310. 9708

321. 1080

331. 5156

341. 9479

352. 4886

363. 1409

373.8927

384.7522

395. 7122

406. 7759

417 9419

429. 2080

440. 5726

452. 0359

463. 5960 

475. 2514

487. 0044

498. 8536 

510. 7974

522. 8344 

534. 9630

547. 1884

559. 5027

571.9113

584. 4059 

596. 9921

609. 6616

622.4274

635. 2813

648. 2145

661. 2408

674.3514 

687. 5454

700. 8292

714. 1941

727. 6496
94 TUEBINE WATEK-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Table of H * for calculating horsepower of turbines Continued.

Head in 

feet.

81........

82........

83........

84. .......

85.-...-..

86........

87........

88

89

90. .......

91

93

94

95........

96........

97........

98........

99........

0.0.

729.0000

742. 5346

756. 1632

769. 8684

783. 6575

797.5296

811.4751

825. 5704

839. 6171

853. 8120

868. 0763

882.4272

896. 8548

925.9365

940.5984

955. 3336

970. 1412

985.0302

0.1

730. 3460

743.8998

757. 5312

771. 2474

785. 0389

798. 9219

812. 8781

826. 9154

841.0327

855. 2382

869. 5130

883. 8652

898.3032

912.8170

927.4056

942. 0683

956. 8136

971.6314

986.5206

0.2

731. 7613

745. 2580

758. 9004

772. 6192

786. 4215

800. 3066

814. 2736

828.3214

842.4494

856.6564

870. 9417

885. 3044

899. 7528

914. 2675

928. 8664

943. 5392

958. 2948

973. 1129

988. 0220

0.3

733. 0495

746. 6173

760. 2624

774. 0004

787. 8052

801.7011

815. 6788

829. 7374

843.8671

858. 0847

872. 3806

886. 7445

901. 1946

915. 7284

930. 3281

945.0111

959. 7672

974. 6051

989. 5145

0.4

734.3989

747.9776

761.6338

775.3743

789. 1984

803.0966

817. 0763

831.1456

845. 2S59

859. 5051

873.8114

888.1857

902. 6456

917 1809

931. 7908

946.4841

961.2503

976.0886

991.0080

0.5

735. 7575

749. 3392

763.0063

776. 7493

790. 5843

804. 4932

818. 4837

832. 5549

846. 7058

860.9355

875. 2432

889. 6280

904.0982

918. 6439

933. 2642

947. 9581

962. 7345

977. 5829

992.5025

0.6

737. 1091

750. 7018

764. 3798

778. 1338

791.9712

819. 8834

833. 9652

848. 1267

862. 3670

876. 6761

891.0712

934. 7290

949.4331

964. 2099

979. 0684

993.9980

0.7

738.4699

752. 0655

765. 7461

779.5110

793.3591

835. 3766

849. 5487

863. 7905

906. 9972

936. 1948

950. 9091

965. 6961

980. 5548

995.4945

0.8

739. 8237

753.4303

767. 1219

794. 7482

822. 6947

836. 7890

850. 9627

865. 2241

937. 6616

952. 3764

967. 1735

982. 0522

996.9920

0.9

741. 1876

768. 4904

796. 1383

852. 3868

866. 6496

939.1295

953. 8545

968.6617

983. 5407

998. 4905

Rating table for Fourneyron turbines. 

McELWAIX'S FOURNEYRON.a

Diameter 

of runner 

in inches.

24....... 

30.......

36.......

42.......

48.......

54.......

60

66.......

79

84.......

96....... 

108. ..... 

120......

Manufacturer's rating for a head 

of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

13.05 

20.39 

29.37 

39.97 

52.22 

65.46 

81.60 

98.73 

117.50 

159. 93 

208. 89 

264.38 

326. 40

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

480 

750 

1,080 

1,470 

1,920 

2,430 

3,000 

3, 630 

4,320 

5,880 

7,680 

9,720 

12,000

Revolutions per 

minute.

220.5 

172.9 

143.9 

121.0 

106.0 

92.8 

83.5 

74.9 

68.6 

58.1 

50.3 

44.3 

39.6

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.203 

.318 

.458 

.624 

.815 

1.022 

1.275 

1.540 

1.833 

2.495 

3.259 

4.124 

5.092

Discharge

(=F).

2.000 

3. 125 

4.500 

6.125 

8.000 

10. 125 

12.500 

15. 125 

18.000 

24.500 

32.000 

40. 500 

50.000

Speed

(=N).

55.10 

43.20 

35.90 

30.20 

26. 50 

23.20 

20.80 

18.70 

17.10 

14.50 

12.50 

11.07 

9.90

a Formerly made by H. S. McElwain & Co., Amsterdam, N. Y. Mounted in a quarter-turn iron case 

similar to the Boyden Fourneyron, with cylinder gate inside of guide ring.
POWEE, DISCHAKGE, AND SPEED. 95

Bating tables for scroll central-discharge turbines. 

JOHN TYLER IMPROVED.o

[18G9 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

9.......

12......

14......

18......

24......

30......

36......

42......

48......

60......

72......

Listed 

style or 

number.

2

2

3 

9 

5 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o

Manufacturer's rating for roeffirients 

a head of 16 feet. e oemcients.

Horsepower.

2.42 

4.24 

4.84 

10.90 

20.30 

30.30 

45.45 

60.60 

78.78 

121.20 

151.50

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

101 

177 

202 

456 

849 

1,267 

1,900 

2,534 

3,293 

5,068 

6,333

Revolutions Power 

per (=P). 

minute.

493 

363 

343 

246 

181 

144 

121 

104 

90 

72 

60

0.038 

.066 

.076 

.170 

.317 

.473 

.709 

.94.5 

1.229 

1.891 

2.363

Discharge 

(=F).

0.421 

.738 

.842 

1.901 

3.54 

5.296 

7.923 

10.55 

13. 719 

21.141 

26. 396

Speed

(-=N).

123.2 

90.7 

85.7 

61.5 

45.2 

36.0 

30.2 

26.0 

22.5 

18.0 

15.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

5 

10 

16 

36 

67 

100 

150 

200 

260 

400 

500

Weight 

in 

pounds.

REYNOLDS IMPROVED.!*

12......

12

12......

12......

15......

15......

18......

18......

1 Q

24......

24......

30......

30......

30......

36......

36......

42......

42......

48......

48......

54......

54......

60......

60......

B.

o

1

o

1

9

1

O

3

9

3

o

3

9

3

9

9

3

48

80

144

180

216

276

328

652

732

1,008

1,208

1,3.56

1,320

1,980

2,056

2,288

2,932

3,296

3,960

4,396

5, .500

...... ...

0.200

.333

.600

.751

.901

1.151

1.367

1.701

2.718

3.052

3. 653

4.205

5.033

5.654

6.467

8.257

8.574

9.541

12. 226

13. 744

15. 279

16.513

18.321

19. 099

22. 935

........

........

200

200

200

200

350

350

650

650

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,800

1,800

1,800

2,700

2,700

2,700

3,600

3,600

4,800

4,800

4,800

6,000

8,600

8,600

a Made by the Sullivan Machine Company, Claremont, N. H., usually with sliding gate in the throat, 

but also with a cylinder gate surrounding the runner within the scroll case. Has inward flow and discharges downward.

bMade by Kingsford Foundry and Machine Works, Oswego, N. Y. This turbine has an iron runner 

mounted in a boiler-iron scroll case, and a pivoted butterfly gate in the throat. The discharge is both 

upward and downward at the center, and the buckets protrude slightly from case.
96 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for scroll central-discharge turbines Continued. 

CARLEY HELICAL WHEEL.a

[1889 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

15......

21......

24......

28......

36......

50......

Listed 

style or 

number.

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.~

Horsepower.

6.80 

9.72 

13.59 

19.44

25.92 

45.68 

89.83

. Discharge in 

cubic 

I'eet per 

minute.

280 

401 

500 

802 

1,069 

1,885 

3,733

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

326 

272 

232 

202 

173 

136 

97

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.106 

.152 

.212 

.303 

.404 

.713 

1.401

Discharge

(=F).

1.168 

1.672 

2.085 

3.344 

4.458 

7.860 

15.567

Speed

(=N).

81.50 

68.0 

58.0 

50.5 

43.2 

34.0 

24. 2

Vent 

in

square 

inches.

21 

30 

42 

60 

80 

141 

280

Weight 

in 

pounds.

PERFECTION STANDARDS 

[1894 list.]

6.......

10......

12......

14......

16......

18......

.......

27......

30......

36......

42......

54......

............

............

............

............

1.32

2.43

3.70

5.39

7.83

9.89

11.94

16.82

20.99

32.92

47.47

67.90

87.90

110.80

91

157

204

348

482

624

785

1,062

1,310

1,886

2,715

3,476

4,426

806

630

480

350

315

276

245

206

186

167

140

120

104

93

0.021

.038

.058

.084

.122

.154

.186

.262

.327

.416

.514

1.059

1.371

1'. 728

.379

.655

.851

1.184

1.451

2.010

2.602

3.273

4.428

5.463

7.965

11.322

14. 495

18.456

201.5

157.5

120.0

101.2

87.5

78.8

69.0

61.2

51.5

41.8

30.0

26.0

23.2

 ? z.

6.5

9.0

 16.0

21.0

30.0

36.0

45.0

64.0

80.0

100.0

203.0

263.0

inn

140

200

 400

550

700

1,000

1,100

1,700

2,000

2,900

4,500

6,000

DOUBLE PERFECTION WHEELS

[1894 list.]

6.......

8.......

10......

12......

14......

16......

18......

21......

24......

36......

42......

48. .....

54......

3.70

5.39

"- Q*3

11.94

16.82

26.68

32.92

47.47

67.90

87.90

110.80

49

204

^84

348

482

624

70 r

1,062

1,310

1,886

2,715

3,476

4,426

ftnfi

630

405

350

315

245

206

186

167

140

104

93

038

.058

ns4

.122

.154

.186

.262

.327

.416

C1 A

.741

1.373

1.728

0 204

.655

.851

1.184

2.010

2.602

3.273

4.428

5.463

7.865

11.322

14.495

18. 456

157.5

101.2

87.5

78.8

69.0

61.2

46.5

41 7

35.0

30 0

26.0

23.2

7.0

13.0

18.0

32.0

42.0

60.0

72.0

190.0

128.0

160.0

200.0

284.0

285

475

650

950

1,500

2,000

2,180

o OOfl

oMade by Alexander, Bradley & Dunning, Syracuse, N. Y. Has an iron runner set in an iron scroll 

case, discharging both upward and downward, and a pivoted butterfly gate in throat of case. There are 

no guides. Similar wheels are known by the names '' Mahler " and ' ''Cushing."

b Made by Craig Ridgway & Son, Coatesville, Pa. This has an inward flow and downward discharge. 

The buckets are curved in line of radius and slightly curved in line of axis at bottom. The Double 

Perfection turbine has a division plate and discharges both upward and downward. It has a sliding 

gate in the throat of scroll case.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED.

Ratiny tables for scroll central-discharge turbines Continued.

JONES LITTLE GIANT.o

[1890 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

ui inches.

Listed 

style or 

number.

6.......'............

8....... ............

10|.

12

14......

16

18...... ............

24......

33

45 .

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

 

2.2 

3.3 

6.6 

9.9

14.8 

18.2 

26.4 

34.6 

44.6

US. 5

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

91

136

409 

614 

750 

1,090 

1,431 

1,840 

3, 270 

4,810

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

642 

483 

376 

321 

276 

242 

214 

184 

161 

121 

92

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.034 

.051 

.103 

.154 

.231 

.284 

.412 

.540 

.696 

1.236 

1.849

Discharge

(=F).

0.379 

.567 

1.134 

1.706 

2.560 

3.128 

4.545 

5.967 

7.673 

13.636 

20. 058

Speed 

(=N;.

160.5 

120.7 

94.0 

80.2 

69.0 

60.5 

53.5 

46.0 

40.2 

30.2 

23.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

6.8 

10.0 

20.0 

30.0 

45.0 

56.0 

81.0 

107.0 

138.0 

245.0

Weight 

in 

pounds.

270 

390

760 

950 

1,525 

1,950 

2, 500 

4,800

JONES LITTLE GIANT.a 

[1900 list.]

8.......

10......

12......

14......

16......

IS......

21......

24......

33......

44

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

3.23

6.48

9.70

13.61

18.15

25.94

34.60

97.24

118.50

134

267

401

562

749

1,431

1, 872

4,011

4, 810

507

381

^^7

28.8

190

169

121

92

0.050

.101

910

°83

.405

.540

1 517

1.S49

0.559

1.672

2.344

3.123

4.462

5.967

16. 726

20.058

126.8

95.2

84 °

74.0

02.5

42.2

23.0

10

20

on

42

56

107

i -in

300

360

---------

a Made by Munson Brothers, Ftica, N. Y. This wheel, as described in the trade list of 1890 is mounted 

in a scroll case with sliding gate in throat. The buckets are double curved and protrude from center of 

case. The runner has a division plate and discharges both at top and bottom of case. There are no 

guides. Wheels from similar patterns are made by J. 0. Wilson A: Co., Picton, Ontario. In 1S95 Munson Brothers' patterns were destroyed by fire. The sizes and capacities of the new patterns, as shown 

by the later list, differ somewhat from the earlier ones, largely owing to their lower rating in efficiency. 

A peculiarity of the runner is a groove and swell forming a'corrugation in the center of each bucket 

intended to guide the water through the wheel. Later wheels are also mounted in register-gate cases.

IRR 180 06 7
98 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Bating tables for JonvcH turbines.

McELWAIN JONVAL.o 

[1871 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches

12......

14......

16......

18......

20......

25......

28......

30......

38. .....

44. .....

48......

50......

55......

60

72......

Listed 

style or 

number.

Manufacturer' s rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

4.71 

5.79 

9.05 

12.69 

16.20 

21.74 

28.98 

38.04 

50.00 

65.21 

79.71 

94.20 

115.94 

.144.94 

217.41

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

171 

214 

335 

471 

601 

807 

1,076 

1,413 

1,856 

2,420 

2,959 

3,497 

4,304 

5,381 

8,061

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

479 

406 

323 

300 

280 

230 

216 

202 

160 

144 

116 

106 

101 

86 

73

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.073 

.090 

.141 

.198 

.253 

.338 

.452 

.593 

.780 

1.017 

1.240 

1.470 

1.809 

2.261 

3.392

Discharge 

<=F).

0.713 

.892 

1.397 

1.964 

2.501 

3.365 

4.464 

5.892 

7.740 

10.091 

12.339 

14.582 

17.948 

22.438 

33.614

Speed

(=N).

119.8 

101.5 

80.7 

75.0 

70.0 

57.5 

54.0 

50.5 

40.0 

36.0 

29.0 

26.5 

25.2 

21.5 

18.2

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

160 

220 

292

Weight 

in 

pounds.

BLOOMINGDALE, OR WAIT'S CHAMPION.&

10......

13......

]7......

21......

24......

27......

30......

36......

40......

44. .....

48......

^4

60......

79

3.4

4.6

7.6

18.0

25.0

34.0

45.0

56.0

64.0

107.0

122

160

280

474

678

940

1,220

1,611

2,034

2,406

3,531

4,068

6,783

688

372

325

276

253

242

190

172

155

133

122

102

86

0.053

.118

.187

.281

.390

.530

.702

.874

.998

1.123

1.670

2.824

0.509

.667

1.168

1.976

2.827

3.920

5.087

6.718

8.482

10. 033

11.301

14. 724

16. 964

172.0

93.0

81.2

69.0

63.2

60.5

47.5

43.0

38.7

33.2

30.5

25.5

21.5

9

12

21

35

50

70

90

120

150

180

200

260

300

oMade by H. S. McElwain & Co., Amsterdam, N. Y. Has outside register gate, similar to that of 

the Bodine'Jonval.

6 Made by Me arthy & Doremus Manufacturing Companv, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Has cast-iron Jonval 

runner and guide ring. Not usually provided with a gate, but erected in an iron or wooden penstock 

having a gate in the throat. Wheels from similar patterns were made by the Sandy Hill (N. Y.) Iron 

and Brass Works and by Ryther & Pringle, Carthage, N. Y.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 99

Rating tables for Jonval turbines Continued. 

DIX IMPROVED JONVAL.a

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

12......

18......

20...:..

24......

30

Listed 

style or 

number.

::::::::::::

36...... ............

40..... .'...... ......

48 ...'

54......

60......

72.......

............

............

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

4.13 

10.33

13.77 

19.28 

30.99 

46.49 

55.09 

77.48 

96.41 

120.51 

172. 17

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

160 

401 

535 

749 

1,203 

1,805 

2, 136 

3,008 

3,744 

4,679 

6,685

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

491 

327 

294 

270 

216 

164 

147 

123 

109 

108 

90

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.064 

.161 

.215 

.301 

.484 

.726 

.861 

1.210 

1.504 

1.880 

2.686

Discharge 

( = F).

0.669 

1.676 

2.223 

3.121 

5.012 

7.521 

8.912 

12. 533. 

15.600 

19. 496 . 

27. 854

Speed 

(=N,.

122.7 

81.7 

73.5 

67.5 

54.0 

41.0 

36 7 

30.7

27.0 

22.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

12.0 

30.5 

40.0 

56.0 

90.0 

135.0 

160.0 

225.0 

280. 0 

350.0 

500.0

Weight 

in 

pounds.

OSGOOD IMPROVED JONVAL.6

[1883 list/1

12......

18......

20......

24......

30......

36......

40......

48......

54......

60......

72

............

4.54 

11.36 

15.14 

21.20 

34.08 

51.18 

60.59 

85.22 

106. 05 

132. 56 

189. 38

160 

401 

535 

749 

1,203 

1,805 

2,139 

3,008 

3,744 

4,679 

0,685

540 

359 

323 

297 

237 

180 

161 

135 

119 

118 

99

0.071 

.177 

.236 

.331 

.531 

.798 

.945 

1.329 

1.654 

2.068 

2.954

0.669 

1.676 

2.223 

3.121 

5.012 

7.521 

8.912 

12. 533 

15.000 

19. 496 

27. 854

135.0

89.8 

80.8 

74.2 

59.2 

45.0 

40.2 

33.8 

29.8 

29.5 

24.8

12.0 

30.5 

40.0 

56.0 

90.0 

135.0 

160.0 

225.0 

280.0 

350.0 

500.0

BODINE JONVAL. c

12......

14......

16......

18......

20......

25......

27......

30......

35......

40......

45......

50......

55......

tiO......

72

4.71 

5.79 

9.05 

12.69 

16.20 

21.74 

28.98 

38,04 

50.00 

65.21 

79.71 

94.20 

115. 94 

144. 94

217. 41

171 

214 

335 

471 

601 

807 

1,076 

1,413 

1,856 

2,420 

2,959 

3,497 

4,304 

5,381 

8,061

479 

400 

323 

300 

280 

230 

216 

202 

160 

144 

116 

106 

101 

86 

73

0.073 

.090 

.141 

.198 

.253 

.339 

.452 

.593 

.780 

1.017 

1.243 

1.470 

1.808 

2.261 

3.392

0.713 

.892 

1.397 

1.964 

2.506 

3.365 

4.487 

5.892 

7.740 

10. 091 

12. 339 

14.582 

17.948 

22. 439 

33. 614

119.7 

101.5 

80.7 

75.0 

70.0 

57.5 

54.0 

50.5 

40.0 

36.0 

29.0 

26.5 

25.2 

21.5 

18.2

13 

13 

25 

35 

45 

60 

80 

105 

138 

180 

220 

260 

320 

400 

630

190 

260 

370 

490 

650 

980 

1,150 

1,350 

1,680 

2,075 

2,420 

3,000 

3,500 

4,000 

5,100

<* Made by J. L. & S. B. Dix, Glens Falls, N. Y. This wheel has a cast-iron runner and guide ring. 

has no case or gate, and is set in a penstock having a gate in the throat of the leading flume.

6 Made by John Osgood, Fort Edward, N. Y. A cast-iron runner with guide ring is mounted in a 

wrought-iron penstock having a gate in the throat similar to that of the C hase Jonval.

cMade by Genesee Valley Manufacturing Company, successors to Bodine Manufacturing Company, 

Mount Morris, N. Y. Has a register gate over the guide chute entrance. The guides are thickened at 

the top, where they have a width equal to the breadth of the chute openings.
100 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Eating tables for Jonval turbines Continued.

CEASE IMPROVED JONVAL.a

[180711st.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

12......

15

Listed 

style or 

number.

Regular . . 

do. -

IS...... .....do....

21 . . . _ do..

07

.....do....

do

30...... .....do....

36.. ....'. ....do....

42 - i...do__ .

48......

54. .....

06......

78......

12......

18......

24......

27

30

.....do....

.....do....

.....do. ...

.....do....

Special. . . . 

.....do....

.....do.... 

.....do....

.....do. ...

.....do....

...do. .

54......

78......

.. .do. . .

.....do....

.....do. ...

.....do....

.....do....

Manufacturer's rat ing for 

a head of lt> feet.

Horsepower.

5.47 

7.90 

13.09 

10.40 

28.25 

35. 55 

42.53 

50.21 

88.10 

114. 83 

127. 59 

196. 85 

243. 03 

8.04 

15.80 

2123 

31.10 

42.37 

53. 33 

00.59 

82. 00 

120. SO 

151. 45 

ITS. 80 

303.00 

430. 32

Dis oh -j rerin Kevo' 

C "Zc %'«""

2S! "A'to.

240.0

347.4 

574.8 

721.8 

1,243.2 

1,504.2 

1.S71.4 

2,472.0 

3,87(1. li 

5,052.0 

5,014.0 

8,001.0 

1,009.3 

379. 0 

094. 0 

1, 000. 0 

1 ,300. 0 

1,804.0 

2,340.0 

2,073.0 

3, 009. 0 

5,581.0 

0,083.0 

7,891.0 

13,300.0 

19,248.0

570 

402 

350 

308 

287 

254 

241 

l'J7 

177 

151 

143 

124 

110 

058 

528 

411 

307 

328 

290 

270 

233 

201 

180 

173 

142 

128

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.085 

.123 

.204 

.250 

.441 

. 555 

.003 

.877 

1.374 

1.791 

1.990 

3.071 

3.791 

.135 

.240 

.378 

.486 

.001 

.832 

.945 

1.2,80 

1.979 

2.303 

2.778 

4.727 

0.800

Discharge

( = F>.

1.003 

. 1. 449 

2.397 

3.010 

5. 184 

0.523 

7.804 

10. 311 

10. 105 

21.009 

23. 395 

36. 119 

44. 591 

1.58 

2. 894 

4.458 

5.709 

7.773 

9.783 

11. 146 

15.050 

23. 273 

27. 868 

32. 905 

55. 730 

80. 204

Speed

(-N).

1410 

115.5 

89.0 

77.0 

71.7 

63.6 

00.2 

49.2 

44.2 

37.7 

35.7 

31.0 

27.5 

164.5 

132.0 

102.7 

91.7 

82.0 

715 

69.0 

58.2 

50.2 

40.5 

43.2 

35.5 

32.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

18 

26 

43 

44 

93 

117 

140 

180 

290 

378 

420 

048 

800 

28 

52 

80 

102 

140 

175 

200 

270 

417 

500 

590 

1,000 

1,440

Weight 

in 

pounds.

a Made by Chase Turbine Manufacturing Company, Orange, Mass. This is a parallel downward-flow 

turbine having a runner like that of the Jonval wheel, but with vanes curved both axially and radially. 

The runner is mounted in a wrought-iron penstock with a wicket gate in the throat.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 101

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

20......

20...... 

25...... 

25......

30----..

30...-.-

35......

35...... 

40......

40...... 

48......

48...... 

5G......

Listed 

style or 

number.

Register.. 

Regular . . 

Register.. 

Regular . .

Register. . 

Regular. .

Register. . 

Regular . . 

Register. . 

Regular . . 

Register. . 

Regular . .

Manufacturer's rating for 

a bead of 1H feet.

Horsepower.

9. 33

7. 35 

14.54 

11. CO 

21.58

16. 20 

32. If,

22.04 

41. 00 

29. 00 

(12. 07 

40. 09 

S,S. 83

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

597

4SG 

923

74S 

1,376

1 ,072 

2,051

1,458 

2,053 

1,920 

3,900 

2,093 

5,666

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

Coefficients.

Power

(-Pi.

Discharge 

< = F>.

o i*»j ?, I4i;

. 459

. 082

.512

1.016

. 696 

1. 315 

.916 

1. 961 

1.2S6 

? X07

2. 561 

4. S64 

3 942

7 252

Speed

( -N).

10.809 '

7. 0,84 

13. 981 

10. 118 

20. 869 

14. 193

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

57 ''

46. 0

88. 0 

71.0

130 8

Weight 

in 

pounds.

250. 8 

182.0

374.4 

255. 0

i

ECLIPSE DOUBLED 

[188311st.]

8.......

m......

Ofi

35......

40......

48......

54......

60

66......

72 ......

3. 20 

5.51 

7.20

17.52 

24. 46 

33.55 

52. 46 

67. 36 

98.12 

128. 16 

168. 41

214. 10 

254. 89

94 

132 

227 

297 

428 

721 

1,010 

1,384 

2,160 

2,778 

4,048 

5,293 

. 6,947 

8,818 

10,517

(ilti

4SS 

395

280 

244 

197 

164 

140 

122 

103 

91 

.82 

74 

63

0. 035 

.050 

. 086 

.112 

1. 62 

.273 

.382 

.523 

.818 

1.051 

1.531 

2. 000 

2. 627 

3. 340 

3. 976

0. 392 

.550 

. 946 

1.238 

1.7S4 

3.000 

4.212 

5.771 

9.007 

11.584 

16. 880 

22. 072 

28. 969 

36. 771 

43. 773

154. 0 

122.0 

98.5 

81.8 

70.0 

61.0 

49.3 

41.0 

35.0 

30.5 

25. 8 

22.8 

20.5 

18.5 

17.0

7.0 

9.9

17.0 

22.3 

31.8 

53. 6 

75.6 

103. 6 

161. 8 

208.0 

303. 0 

396. 0 

519. 8 

060.0 

787.5

500 

675 

1,150 

1,800 

2,400 

3,300 

5,000 

0,725 

8,225 

10,000 

10,825

HELMER'S PATENT ROME.?

18......

30

36......

42......

48......

7.00 

10.50 

14.00 

21.44

9S. s8

40. 54

64. 00 

84. 02 

108.56

300. 0 

450.0 

600. 0 

900. 0 

1,200.0 

1,920.0 

2,640.0 

3,466.2 

4.479.6

426 

355 

284 

248 

213 

170 

142 

122 

100

0. 109 

.161 

.218 

.335 

.451

1.000 

1.310 

1. 694

1.250 

1. 875 

2.500 

3. 750 

5.000 

8.000 

11.000 

14. 442 

18. 665

lOii. 5 

88. 7 

71.0 

62.0 

53.2 

42.5 

35. 5 

30.5 

26. 5

33 

4.5 

67 

90 

144 

198 

260 

336

oMade by Gates Curtis, Ogdensburg, N. Y. A turbine of small capacity, commonly with an inside 

register gate. The water enters in an inward and downward direction and is discharged downward. 

The wheel closely resembles the Jonval type. According to the list the "regular" pattern of each size 

is built with cylinder gate.

6 Made by Stillwell i Bierce Manufacturing Company, Dayton, Ohio. An. inside register-gate turbine. 

The ga,te ring is of about the same thickness as the fixed outside guide ring. One-half of each guide is 

in the inner ring. The ends slide past each other in such manner as to give a continually contracting 

jet without sharp angles. The runner has central division plate. The buckets are curved slightly downward, but do not bulge outward.

cMade by S. Adams & Son, Rome, N.Y. A turbine of small capacity with inside register gate. Buckets 

curve radially, but discharge inward and downward.
102 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for register-gate turbines Continued. 

CASE NATIONAL IMPROVED."*

[ 1898 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

5.......

10......

10

Listed 

style or 

number.

15...... ............

^..-... ...........

IS...... ............

20...... ............

20...... ............

20...... ............

25...... ............

25...... ............

30...... ............

30...... 1 ............

30... ..A. ..........

40...... ! ............ i 40. ..... ! . ...........

40......'............

50...... ............

50... ...I ...........

00...... ............

CO......'............ 1

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

1.16 

2.77 

4.16 

7.14 

9.54 

11.92 

12.72 

15.89 

19.09 

23.20 

31.02 

31.57 

36.00 

43.35 

56.69 

69.61 

83.55 

124. 32 

143.22 

167. 10 

200.53

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

48 

112 

108 

288 

385 

481 

513 

641 

770 

938 

1,251 

1,273 

1,476 

1,708 

2,286 

2,807 

3,369 

5,013 

5,775 

6,738 

8,086

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

980 

550 

550 

362 

362 

362 

266 

266 

266 

208 

208 

174 

174 

174 

132' 

132 

132 

106 

106 

90 

90

Coefficients.

Power

(=P)-

0.018 

.043 

.065 

.111 

.149 

.186 

.198 

.248 

.298 

.363 

.484 

.492 

.571 

.675 

.884 

1.086 

1.303 

1.932 

2.234 

2.607 

3.128

Discharge

(=F).

0.200 

.467 

.700 

1.201 

1.605 

2.000 

2.139 

2.673 

3.211 

3.911 

5.217 

5.308 

0.155 

7.122 

9.533 

11. 705 

14.049 

20.904 

24.082 

28.097 

33. 719

Speed

(=N).

245.0 

137.0 

137.0 

90.5 

90.5 

90.5 

66.5 

66.5 

66.5 

52.0 

52.0 

43.5 

43.5 

43.5 

33.0 

33.0 

33.0 

26.5 

26.5 

22.5 

22.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

3.6 

8.4 

12.6 

21.6 

28.8 

36.0 

38.4 

48.0 

57.6 

70.2 

93.6 

96.0 

110.4 

127.8 

171.0 

210.0 

252.0 

375.0 

432.0 

504.0 

604.8

Weight 

in 

pounds.

45 

250 

280 

530 

550 

600 

860 

880 

900 

1,500 

1,600 

2,000 

2,150 

2,200 

3,500 

3,700 

3,900 

7,000 

7,200 

12,000 

13,000

WETMORE.&

12......

15......

18......

21......

24......

27......

30......

36.._...

42......

48......

54......

00

5.49

11.70

17.41

24.47

30.16

81.44

137. 09

191.38

213

333

467

695

976

1,203

1,497

2,167

3,251

4,479

5,472

457

366

385

260

228

201

182

130

114

101

91

0.085

.130

.182

.272

.382

.471

.589

1.272

1.753

2.142

2.990

0.888

1.388

1.947

2.898

4.070

5.016

6.242

13. 566

18. 677

22. 818

31. 855

114.2

91.5

76.2

65.0

57.0

50.2

45.5

38.2

32.5

28.5

25.2

22 7

16

25

35

52

73

on yu

112

162

243

334

409

571

oMadeby the Case Wheel and Mill Company, Bristol, Conn. This wheel has buckets of medium depth, 

moderately curved both in line of radius and parallel to axis, but not protruding below lower outside 

band of runner, which can lie lifted from case vertically. Runner resembles that of the Swain turbine; 

has inside register gate. One-half of each quadrant of wheel is entirely closed, the other half contains 

four guides. The register gate fits against the closed portion of guide ring when wheel is open, leaving 

four openings opposite the guide chutes which are completely shut ofl one after another as register ring 

is moved over them.

& Made by Sullivan Machine Companv, Claremont, N. H. This turbine has outside register gate. The 

buckets are large and the guide chutes few in number. The buckets are curved axially and radially, but 

do not protrude beyond the lower rim band of runner.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 103

Rating tables for register-gate turbines Continued.

FLENNIKEN.o

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

8.......

10. .....

12. .....

14......

16......

18......

-21......

001

25......

30......

35......

40......

45. .....

50

Listed 

style or 

number.

55...... ......... -

60......

72......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

2.76 

3.80 

5.58 

6.61 

8.74 

12.34 

15.34 

19.35 

25.85 

34.34 

45.30 

65.15 

83.67 

118.99 

139.90 

184. 73 

243. 85

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

115 

157 

234 

270 

367 

500 

669 

794 

1,058 

1,406 

1,909 

2,678 

3,526 

4,948 

5,878 

7,554 

9,961

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

760 

608 

506 

435 

380 

338 

304 

270 

243 

203 

173 

152 

135 

122 

114 

102 

85

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.043 

.059 

.087 

.103 

.136 

.192 

.239 

.302 

.403 

.536 

.707 

1.016 

1.305 

1.856 

2.182 

2.882 

3.804

Discharge

(=F).

0.480 

.655 

.976 

1.126 

1.530 

2.085 

2.790 

3.311 

4.412 

5.863 

7.960 

11.167 

14. 703 

20. 633 

24.511 

31.500 

41.537

Speed

(=N).

190.0 

152.0 

126.5 

108.8 

95.0 

84.5 

76.0 

67.5 

60.8 

50.8 

43.2 

38.0 

33.8 

30.5 

28.5 

25.5 

21.2

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

8 

11 

16 

19 

25 

35 

47 

,55 

73 

96 

130 

182 

240 

336 

400 

514 

702

Weight 

in 

pounds.

130 

210 

333 

380 

460 

600 

800 

940 

1,110 

1,500 

2,200 

2,900 

3,750 

5,000 

6,100 

7,300 

11,000

HUMPHREY STANDARD IXL.6 

[1898 list.]

12......

15......

18......

21......

24. . . . . .

27......

30......

33......

36......

42......

48......

54......

60......

68. .....

78......

88......

100.....

4.6

7.1

10.2

14.0

18.3

28.5

34.5

41.1

56.0

73.1

92.5

114.2

146.3

195.0

243.8

318.7

150

236

340

464

604

765

945

1,144

1,360

1,852

2,420

3,064

3,780

4,838

6,450

8,064

10,550

400

267

229

200

178

160

145

133

115

100

89

80

71

62

52

48

0.072

.1110

.160

.218

.285

.360

.445

.538

.641

.874

1.142

1.443

1.782

2.282

3.042

3.803

4.972

0.626

.984

1.418

1.935

2.519

3.190

3.941

4.770

5.671

7.723

10.091

12. 777

15.763

20.158

26.897

33.627

43.994

100.0

80.0

66.7

57.2

50.0

44.5

40.0

36.2

33.2

28.7

25.0

22.2

20.0

17.7

15.5

13.0

12.0

a Made by Dubuque Turbine and Roller Mill Company, Dubuque, Iowa. An inside register-gate turbine of moderate capacity. 

* See footnote (a) on following page.
104 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Eating tallies for register-gate turbines Continued. 

HUMPHREY STANDARD XLCR.a

[1898 list.J

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

6.......

8.......

10......

12......

15......

24......

27......

30......

33. .....

30

Listed 

style or 

number.

42...... ............

48.... .........

54......

60

08...... ............

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of Ifi feet.

Horsepower.

2.3 

4.0 

6.3 

9.1 

14.3 

20.5 

28. 0 

36.5 

40.2 

57.1 

09,0 

82.2 

112.0 

140. 2 

185.0

228.4

IQ'} Q

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

75 

134 

210. 

302 

473 

680 

926 

1,210 

1,532 

1.890 

2, 288 

2,720 

3,704 

4,840 

6, 064

7,560

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

800 

600 

480 

400 

320 

207 

229 

200 

178 

100 

145 

133 

115 

100 

89

Coefficients.

Power 

( = P).

0.030 

.062 

.098 

.142 

.223 

.320 

.437 

.509 

.721 

.891 

1.070 

1.282 

1.747 

2.281 

2. SS6

80 3. 503 

71 4. 565

Discha rge

(=F;.

0. 313 

.559 

.870 

1.259 

1.972 

2.S3G 

3.861 

5. 046 

6.388 

7.SS1 

9.541 

10. 134 

15. 440 

20. 183 

25 287

31.525 

40.349

Speed

( = N).

200.0 

150.0 

120.0 

100.0 

80.0 

06. 8 

57.2 

50.0 

44.5

40.0 

36.2 

33. 2

28.8 

25.0 

22.2

20.0 

17.8

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

BURNHAM'S NEW IMPROVED STANDARD. & 

[1900 list.]

9

IQi

13 1

15......

16V

............ 4.41

............ 0. 03

............ 7.89

............ 9.97

............' 12.30

_ ......... 14.8S

18......'............ 17.70

24...... ............ 31.47

27. ..... ! ..... ....... 39.87

30 ................ 49.22

36 70. 90

42......

48......

60

............ 101.5

............ 131.1

..... 203.4

178 

244 

318 

402 

497 

000 

714 

972 

1,259 

1, 008 

1, 984 

2,859 

4,087 

5,289 

6,670 

8,203

540 

463 

405 

360 

324 

295 

270 

032 

203 

180 

162 

135 

116 

101 

90 

82

0.068 

.094 

.123 

.150 

.192 

.231 

.270 

.376 

.491 

.022 

.768 

1.106 

1.583 

2.045 

2.580 

3. 173

0.742 

1.017 

1. 326 

1.676 

2.072 

2.502 

2.977 

4.053 

5.292 

0.705 

8.273 

11. 922 

17. 043 

22. 055 

27.814 

34. 206

135.0 

115.8 

101.2 

90.0 

81. 0 

73.8 

07.5 

58.0 

50.8 

45.0 

40.5 

33.8 

29.0 

25.2 

22.5 

20.5

13.3 

18.3 

23.7 

30.0 

37.3 

44. S 

53.4 

72.7 

94.0 

120.3 

! "_;. 5 

213.7 

305. 7 

395.4 

498.9 

613. o

160 

185 

290 

370 

450 

5SO 

640 

950 

1,260 

1,000 

2,000 

2,850 

4,080 

0,000 

6, 900 

8,900

a Made by Humphrey Machine Company, Keenn, N. H. The IXL is a flume wheel. The XLCR is 

similar, but is mounted in pairs on horizontal fiaft - ~'th central draft tube. A register ring of the 

ordinary type lies between the guide ring and runner. AbouJ; this the guide ring revolves, giving in 

effect a register gate. The upper (Jnd lower rims of the guid: ring are boldly curved, and the guide 

vanes are few and give long curved chutes. Manufacturers' nower table is bp.sed on the theoretical 

power of the water, and the quantities are to be multiplied by an efficiency factor to get net power.

b Made by Burnham Brothers, York, Pa. This is an inside register-gate turbine. The buckets are 

not deep, and the vanes curve axially at bottom. The stated weights are for wheels with worm gate 

gearing.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED.

Rating tables for register-gate turbines Continued.

BALANCED GATE.o

[1895 list.]

105

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

G. ......

Q

12......

14......

10......

24......

Listed 

stylo or 

numb or.

30...... ............

33. ..... ! ..... .......

42...... ............

CO

66. .....'............

72. ...............

Manufacturer's ratinf for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

1.86 

3.36 

5.28 

7.66 

10.38 

13.60 

17.27 

23.58 

31.85

48.78 

58.87 

70.74 

90. 74 

127.1 

161.8 

200.6 

243.8 

291.4

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

76 

138 

217 

312 

426 

558 

708 

9G7 

1,267 

1,606 

1,988 

2,410 

2,874 

3,930 

5,164 

6, 574 

8,150 

9,908 

11,804

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

790 

604 

486 

406 

348 

306 

274 

236 

206 

184 

160 

150 

138 

120 

105 

94 

85

72

Coefficients.

Power

( = P>.

0.029 

.052 

.082 

.119 

.162 

.212 

.269 

.368 

.497 

.613 

.761 

.918 

1.104 

1.509 

1.983 

2.524 

3.129 

3.803 

4.546

Discharge 

(=F).

0.317 

.575 

.905 

1.301 

1.776 

2.327 

2.952 

4.032 

5.283 

6.697 

8.290 

10. 050 

11. 984 

16. 388 

21.534 

27. 414 

33. 98G 

41.316 

49. 223

Speed

( = N>.

197.5 

151.0 

121.5 

101.5

87.0 

76.5 

68.5

59.0 

51.5 

46.0 

41.5 

37.5 

34.5 

30.0 

26.2 

23.5 

21.25 

19.2 

18.0

| 

V£f Weight

SK p°£d"-

........' ISO

........ 200

........' 360

........ 530

........ 090

........ 840 

........ 1,170

........ 1,540

........ 1,710

........ 2,400

........ 3, 100

. .... 4, 000

........ 5, 700 

........ 6, 800

........ 8, 500

........ 10, 500

........ 13,000

ALCOTT'S HIGH DUTY.&

[1898 list.]

10......

10......

12......

12. ....

13......

13......

15......

1.3......

18......

IS. .....

21......

21......

24......

24......

27......

27......

30. .....

30...... 

30 ..... 

36......

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard .

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . .

Standard.

Special. . . . 

Medium . . 

Standard.

4.1

9.95

5.7

13.00

7.2

16.45

160

397

223

540

281

681

8. 1 334

20.29

12.2

29.25

18.9

39.80

24.8

52.00

29.3

65.80

43.9

81.17 

62.0 

63.2

845

508

1,217

762

1,656

968

2,164

1,140

2,724

1,818

3,381 

2,406 

2,616

484

484

403

403

378

378

337

337

276

276

234

234

209

209

188

188

166

166 

166 

139

0.064 0.667

.155

.089

.203

.112

.257

121.0

1.655 121.0

.930 100.7

2.252 100.7

1. 172 94. 5

2.840

.126 1.393

.317

.190

.456

.295

.621

.387

.811

.457

1.026

.685

1.266 

.967 

.986

94.5

84.2

3. 524 84. 2

2.118 69.0

5. 075 09. 0

12

30

17

41

21

51

25

63

38

91

3. 178 58. 5 57

6.906

4.036

9.024

4.754

11.359

7. 581

14.099 

10. 033 

10.909

58. 5 124

52.2

52. 2

47.0

47.0

41.5

41.5 

41.5 

34.7

165

275

225

400

275

475

325

550

500

850

750

1,250

73 950

162 1, GOO

89 1, 200

204

137

253 

180 

195

2,050

1,800

3,050

2,600

i Made by the Christiana Machine Company, Christiana, Pa. Has inside register gates. T 

ckets are nearly straight, curving slightly at the bottom. 

!> Made by T. C. Alcott & Son, Mount Holly, N.J., in regular and special styles. The regular style fc 

cylindrical runner similar to that of the Swain. The special style has bulging buckets extending t 

scharge area outside of nominal diameter, as in McCorraick and Victor. Inside register gate.
106 TUEBINE WATEE-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEE TABLES.

Rating tables for register-gate turbines Continued. 

ALCOTT'S HIGH DUTY Continued.

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

36...... 

42. .....

42......

48. .....

48......

54......

60......

66......

Listed 

style or 

number.

Special. . . . 

Standard . 

Special. . . . 

Standard . 

Special. . . .

Manufacturer's rating tor ' Coefficients 

a head of 16 feet. Coefficients.

Horsepower.

117. 00 

79.3 

159. 20 

117.5 

208.00 

174.5 

208.5 

278.2

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

4,868 

3,182 

6,624 

4,742 

8,656 

6,958 

8,622 

11,450

Revolutions Power 

per (=P). 

minute.

139 

118 

118 

103 

103 

92 

S3 

76

1.825 

1.237 

2.484 

1.833 

3.24 

2.722 

3.253 

4.340

Discharge

(=F).

20.300 

13.269 

27. 622 

19. 774 

36.096 

29.015 

35.954 

47. 746

Speed

(=N).

34.7 

29.5 

29.5 

25.7 

25.7 

23.0 

20.7 

19.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

365 

238 

495 

354 

648 

531 

645 

869

Weight 

in 

pounds.

4,400 

3,700 

6,300 

5,000 

7,500 

5,800 

7,860 

9,300

LESNER'S IMPROVED.o 

[1898 list.]

56.....

8b.....

11......

14......

16*.....

16J.....

18......

18......

18......

2°

22......

92

98

28......

33......

33......

36......

36......

44......

44......

56......

56......

0.64

1.44

2.36

4.29

5.72

7.60

7.44

9.52

9.74

12.19

14.63

16.55

22.07

27.58

31.50

38.50

40.83

49.00

54.61

63.71

73.51

83.31

97.30

116.80

142. 75

26.3

58.7

97.8

177.6

236.4

314.4

307.8

393. 6

403. 2

504.0

604.8

684.0

912.0

1, 140. 0

1,302.0

1,591.2

1, 687. 2

2,024.4

2, 256. 6

2, 632. 8

3, 037. 8

3, 442. 8

4,023.0

4, 827. 0

5, 899. 8

994

621

621

452

452

355

302

302

276

276

276

226

226

226

178

178

151

151

138

138

113

113

89

89

89

0.010

.022

.037

.067

.089

.119

.116

.148

.152

.190

.228

.258

.344

.430

.491

.606

.637

.764

.852

.994

1.147

1.300

1.518

1.811

2.227

0.109

.244

.407

.740

.985

1.312

1.282

1.640

1.680

2.100

2.520

2.850

3.800

4.750

5.425

6.630

7.030

8.435

9.402

10.970

14. 345

16. 762

20.112

24. 582

248.5

155.2

155.2

113.0

113.0

88.7

75.5

75.5

69.0

69.0

69.0

56.5

56.5

56.5

44.5

44.5

37.7

37.7

34.5

34.5

28.2

28.2

22.2

22 2

22.2

1.97

7.33

4.40

7.33

13.27

17.70

23.60

23.05

29.50

30.16

37.70

45.24

51.15

68.20

85.25

97.37

119. 00

125.90

149. 08

168.79

196.92

227.22

257.18

361.05

441.44

a Made by Fultonville Foundry Company, successors to William B. Wemplo's Sons, Fultonville, N. Y. 

This is an'inside register-gate "turbine, with buckets curving axially at bottom but not protruding 

below lower rim band of runner, which can be lifted out of the case vertically. This turbine has been 

extensively used to operate boat winches at locks on the Erie Canal.

& Brass runner for large heads.
POWEE, DISCHABGE, AND SPEED. 107

Rating tables for register-gate turbines Continued.

RISDON CYLINDER- AND REGISTER GATE-TURBINES.o

[1896 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in inches.

12

12

12......

12......

12......

12......

16......

16......

16......

20......

20

Listed 

style or 

number.

X. .......

XXX.....

Standard. 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard. 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard. 

T. r,

20. D. C___...

25......

25......

30. .....

30

30......

36......

36......

36......

40. .....

40......

40......

43......

43

Standard. 

T. C......

D C

Standard. 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard. 

T. C......

D. C......

Standard. 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard . 

T. C

43. . ' D. C

50. .....

50. .....

50......

54......

54......

54......

60...... 

60......

60......

66...... 

66......

66. ...

72......

72......

Standard . 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard . 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard. 

T.C......

D.C......

Standard. 

T C

D.C......

Standard. 

T. C......

D.C......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower

1.72 

2.75 

3.39 

4.80 

6.2 

7.20 

7.20 

12.4 

14.40 

12.4 

18.6 

24.8 

18.6 

31.0 

43.0 

31.0 

43.0 

68.0 

43.0 

58.4 

96.2 

58.4 

75.6 

116.8 

75.6 

96.2 

151.2 

96.2 

146.0 

192.4 

120.3 

178.7 

240.6 

146.0 

197.4 

 292. 0 

178. 7 

248.9 

357.4 

223.4 

292.0 

446.8

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

66.8 

107.0 

140.0 

187.0 

240.0 

281.0 

281.0 

481.0 

562.0 

481.0 

722.0 

962.0 

722.0 

1, 203. 0 

1, 669. 0 

1, 203. 0 

1, 669. 0 

2, 646. 0 

1,669.0 

2,272.0 

3, 743. 0 

2, 272. 0 

2,941.0 

4, 544. 0 

2,941.0 

3, 743. 0 

5, 882. 0 

3, 743. 0 

5,681.0 

7, 486. 0 

4,671.0 

6, 943. 0 

9, 342. 0 

5,681.0 

7, 686. 0 

11, 362. 0 

6, 943. 0 

9,691.0 

13, 886. 0 

8, 688. 0 

11,362.0 

7,376.0

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

314 

314 

314 

264 

264 

264 

218 

218 

218 

188 

188 

188 

157 

157 

157 

142 

142 

142 

132 

132 

132 

113 

113 

113 

105 

105 

105 

94 

94 

94 

86 

86 

86 

78 

78 

78

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.027 

.043 

.053 

.075 

.097 

.112 

.112 

.193 

.225 

.193 

.290 

.387 

.290 

.484 

.671 

.484 

.671 

1.061 

.671 

.911 

1.500 

.911 

1.179 

1.825 

1.179 

1.501 

2.359 

1.501 

2.278 

3.001 

1.877 

2.788 

3.753 

2.278 

3.079 

4.556 

2.788 

3.883 

5.575 

3.485 

4.555 

6.970

Discharge

(=F).

0.278 

.446 

.584 

.780 

1.001 

1.172 

1.172 

2.006 

2.344 

2.006 

3.011 

4.012 

3.011 

5.016 

6.960 

5.016 

6.960 

11.034 

6.960 

9.474 

15.608 

9.474 

12.264 

18.948 

12.264 

15.608 

24. 528 

15. 608 

23. 690 

31.217 

19.478 

28. 952 

38. 956 

23. 690 

32.051 

47.380 

28. 952 

40.411 

57.905 

36.229 

47.380 

30. 758

Speed

(=N).

101.0 

101.0 

101.0 

101.0 

101.0 

101.0 

78.5 

78.5 

78.5 

66.0 

66.0 

66.0 

54.5 

54.5 

54.5 

47.0 

47.0 

47.0 

39.2 

39.2 

39.2 

35.5 

35.5 

35.5 

33.0 

33.0 

33.0 

28.2 

28.2 

28.2 

26.2 

26.2 

26.2 

23.5 

23.5 

23.5 

21.5 

21.5 

21.5 

19.5 

19.5 

19.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

5.0 

8.0 

10.5 

14.0 

18.0 

21.0 

21.0 

36.0 

42.0 

36.0 

54.0 

72.0 

54.0 

90.0 

125.0 

90.0 

125.0 

200.0 

125.0 

170.0 

280.0 

170.0 

220.0 

340.0 

220.0 

280.0 

440.0 

280.0 

425.0 

560.0 

350.0 

520.0 

700.0 

425.0 

575.0 

850.0 

520.0 

725.0 

1,040.0 

650.0 

850.0 

1,300.0

Weight 

in 

pounds.

1

a Made by T. H. Risdon'& Co., Mount Holly, N. J. The runner is similar to that of the Swain. 

The depth varies for each size according to capacity. Built both with register and with inside cylinder gate. The guide ring has no upper flange, and water is admitted from above as well as around the 

circumference.
108 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines.

CROCKER (NEW TYPE).a

[1901 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

20. ...

25....

30

Listed style 

or number.

35.... ..............

40.... ..............

43.... ..............

45.... i ..............

50.... ..............

55.... ..............

60...

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

23. 04

41.6 

64.5 

94.0 

124.4 

167.3 

189.9

205. 0 

263. 0 

311.0 

366. 0

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

970 

1,710 

2, 665 

3, 250 

5,160 

6, 940 

7,876 

8, 500 

10, 400 

12, 830 

15, 260

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

326 

25S 

196 

104 

142 

127 

119 

114 

102 

95 

85

Coefficients.

Power 

l=P>.

0.359 

.649 

1.006 

1.466 

1.941 

2.610 

2.962 

3.198 

4. 103 

4.852 

5. 710

Discharge

f=F).

4.045

7.131 

11,113 

13. 552 

21.517 

28.940 

32. S43

43. 3GS 

53.501 

63. 634

Speed 

v-N).

81.5 

64.5 

49.0 

41.0 

35. 5 

31.7 

29.7 

28.5 

25. 5 

23.7 

21.2

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

72 

129 

200 

288 

384 

512 

554 

640 

800 

960 

1,120

Weight 

in 

pounds.

950 

l,6r.O 

2,550 

4,360 

6, 480 

8,850 

11,850

CROCKER (OLD TYPE).a

[1896 list.]

15....

20. ...

30. ...

35. ...

40....

45. ...

50. ...

55....

60....

14.4

25.9

77. S

104.8

128.0

162.4

194 4

228. 8

601

1,070

3,210

4, 345

5,292

6,700

8,040

9,435

326

164

142

127

114

102

85

0 225

.404

63°

.911

1.214

1.635

1.997

2.533

3.033

3. 569

2.506

4.462

6 964

13. 386

18.119

22. 168

27. 939

39. 344

SI. 5

64. 5

49 0

35.5

31.7

28.5

21 °

45

SO

125

240

320

400

500

600

700

CAMDEN HORIZONTALS

!->

18....

21....

24....

27....

30. ...

 33....

Sfi

10.3

26.3

28.7

45.9

61.3

73.4

83.4

109 A

401

1,043

1,149

1,805

2,418

2, 886

3,286

d mv

489

327

280

218

195

177

IfiS

0. 161

.413

.448

.716

. 956

1.145

1.301

1 riQQ

1.672 122.2

4.349 81.8

4. 791 70. 0

10.083 54.5

12. 035 48. 8

13.702 44.2

ir> 7r>Q on s

30

78

86

135

181

216

246

am

« Made by E. D. Jones & Sons Company, Pittsfield, Mass. This turbine has a small number of 

large gates pivoted near the circumference of the wheel. A short outrigger from each gate is connected to the turbine axis by a linkage, by means of which the gates are opened and closed. The 

later type of Crocker turbine" has double curved buckets with ladle-shaped outlets protruding below 

and outside of the inlet ring.

6 See footnote on following page.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 109

Rating tallies for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

CAMDEN VKRTICAL.o

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

21....

°7

30....

33....

36....

42. ...

48....

54.... 

60. ...

Listed style 

or number.

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.'

Horsepower.

12. 14

27. 17 

30.71

58.74 

74.74 

88. 10 

102. 4(1 

132. 87 

196. 14 

211.79 

307. 50

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

481 

1,082 

1,202 

1,924 

2, 378 

2,925 

3,447 

4,007 

5,196 

7,694 

8,282 

12, 022

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

478

265 

236 

202 

183 

168 

156 

134 

116 

102 

95

Coefficients.

Power C=P;.

0.189 

.424 

.479 

.763 

.916 

1. 166 

1.374 

1.597 

2.073 

3.060 

3. 304 

4 797

^k (=PN?.

2.006 

4.512 

5. 012 

8.023 

9.916 

12. 197 

14.374 

16. 709 

21. 667 

32. 084 

34. 536 

50.132

119.5 

69.2 

66.2 

59.0 

50.5

42.0 

39.0 

33.5 

29.0 

25. 5 

23. 7

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

6 

8 

11 

13 

13 

15

16 

16

IS 

19 

19 

21

Weight 

in 

pounds.

CAMDEN STEEL DOUBLE.

r.3

°0

031

54

60. ...

3. 43

6.27 

9.04 

16. 76 

30. 01 

64. 68 

94.40 

114.70 

1.57. 37

302. 04

133 

240 

347 

642 

1,149 

2,471 

3,606 

4,382 

6,011 

9,150 

11,544

631 

478 

360 

275 

236 

183 

156 

134 

116 

102 

95

0.054 

.098 

.141 

.261 

.469 

1.009 

1.473 

1.789 

2. 455 

3. 735 

4.712

0.555 

1.001 

1.447 

2.667 

4.791 

10. 304 

15.037 

IS. 273 

25. 066 

38. 156 

48. 138

157.7 

119.5 

90.0 

68.7 

59.0

45 7

39.0 ........

29.0 ........

23.7

UNITED STATES. « 

[1903 list.]

f>7

36

39

42. ...

.............. 27. 9

.............. 72. 1

.............. 144.1

.............. 171.6

.......... 201. 2

009 g

.............. 295. 3

1,154

1,706

2, 330

2,981

4, 933

5, 960

7, 100

8, 322

9,496

375

2.34

188

171

144

134

116

0. 435

.878

1. 125

1.861

2 248

3.139

3.582

4 007

4.812

7.114

9. 716

12. 431

20.571

24. 853

29. 607

34. 703

39. 598

93.8

78.5

67. 2

58.5

i 9 2

47.0

42.8

39.0

36.0

33.5

31.0

29.0

| 

85 '..........

126 ..........

174 '..........

O9n

286 '..........

368 '..........

445 . .......

524 ..........

621 ..... ....

710 ..........

812 ..........

904 ..........

a Made by Camden Water Wheel Works, Camden, N. Y. The Camden turbine is built with either 

pivot or register gates. The bucket ring is deep and narrow. The vanes are slightly ladle-shaped 

at bottom and broaden below lower rim band of runner. The Camden Horizontal turbine has two 

similar runners mounted crn a horizontal shaft with central draft tube. The rating table is for a 

single runner. In the Camden Steel Double turbine the runner comprises a central dome having 

an upper ring of central-discharge buckets, the lower ring consisting of inward-and downward-flow 

buckets. The inlet ports to the latter are about one-half the depth of the frame. The buckets are 

curved axiallv and the outlet is at the bottom. The inner edge of the buckets is attached to the central drum, the United States turbine is a later type, having deep, bulging buckets and either cylinder 

or pivot gates,
110 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

COLE DOMINION."

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

12....

15....

18.'...

21....

24....

27. ...

30

Listed style 

or number.

36...J -------- -

48....

54

60. ...

66....

72....

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

8.11

12.90

17.80

24.30

35 60 

42.00

50.10

68.00

137.00

174.00

217.00

357.00

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

459 

367 

306 

265 

229 

204 

183 

153 

131 

114 

102 

91 

83 

76

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.126 

.201 

.278 

.379 

.556 

.655 

.782 

1.061 

1.591 

2.137 

2.714 

3.385 

4.321 

5.476

Discharge 

<=F).

Speed

(=N).

114.7 

91.7 

76.5 

66.2 

57.5 

51.0 

45.7 

38.2 

32.7 

28 5 

25.5 

22.7 

20.7 

19.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

25 

40 

55 

75 

110 

130 

155 

210 

315 

425 

540 

660 

815 

965

Weight 

in 

pounds.

BRADWAY.6 

[1903 list.]

15....

15....

18....

20....

24....

30

36....

36....

42....

48....

48. ...

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

5.20

9.40

15.65

22.79

25.31

30.38

42.60

50.29

69.89

89.09

104. 75

118.20

167.00

200.00

212

365

497

900

1,120

1,580

2,600

3,000

3,790

4,650

6,122

7,632

344

344

250

208

166

135

135

124

104

104

0.081

.147

.244

.356

.395

.474

.665

.785

1.090

1.390

1.634

1.844

2.605

3.120

0.884

1.522

2.072

3.753

4.467

6.588

8.048

10.842

12.510

15.804

19.390

25.528

31.826

110.2

86.0

86.0

69.0

56.2

52.0

46.5

41.5

33.8

33.8

34.5

31.0

26.0

26.0

"Made by Vulcan Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y. A shallow wheel having inward discharge buckets, 

which curve, but do not bulge. The inner end of each of the pivoted guides is attached to the crown 

ring; the outward ring is actuated by linkages reaching from an outside gate ring to the ends of outriggers attached to the guides.

&Made by C. P. Bradway Machine Works, West Stafford, Conn. The runner is similar to that of the 

Swain. The gates are pivoted near the outer ends and open two, four, or six guide chutes at a time in 

successive sections, the remainder being closed.
POWER, DISCHARGE, A1STD SPEED. Ill

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

HARTLEY WATER-TIGHT.a

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

14.... 

14.... 

16.... 

16.... 

19...- 

19.... 

22.... 

22.... 

25.... 

25.... 

29.... 

29.... 

33.... 

33.... 

38.... 

£8.... 

44.... 

44.... 

51.... 

51.... 

58. ... 

66....

18....

30

36....

42....

48....

48....

Listed style 

or number.

Standard...

Standard. .. 

Special. ..... 

Standard . . .

Standard . . . 

Special. ..... 

Standard . . .

Standard . . . 

Special ..... 

Standard...

Standard. .. 

Special. ..... 

Standard . . .

Standard . . . 

Special. ..... 

Standard . . .

1900 pattern.

No. 1.......

No. 2.......

Manufacturer's rating; for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

4.10 

10. 00. 

6.30 

15.00 

10.00 

20.00 

15.00 

27. eO 

20.00 

36.00 

27.00 

49.00 

36.00 

60.00 

49.00 

91.00 

67.00 

91.00 

91.00 

118.09 

158. 00 

192.00 

30.20

42.25 

53.00 

82.40 

118.00 

169.00 

212.00 

140.00

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

170 

414 

259 

596 

414 

805 

596 

1,125 

805 

1,492 

1,125 

2,018 

1,492 

2,746 

2,018 

3,731 

2,746 

3,731 

3,731 

4,860 

6,510 

8,680 

1,310

1,836 

2,280 

2,924 

5,140 

7,352 

9,500 

6,300

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

343 

343 

300 

300 

253 

253 

218 

218 

192 

192 

166 

166 

145 

145 

126 

126 

109 

109 

94 

94 

83 

73 

300

255 

212 

170 

140 

128 

106 

106

Coefficients.

Power

(=P)-

0.064 

.156 

.098 

.234 

.156 

.312 

.234 

.421 

.312 

.562 

.421 

.764 

.562 

.936 

.764 

1.420 

1.045 

1.420 

1.420 

1.841 

2.465 

3.000 

0.471

.658 

.827 

1.285 

1.841 

2.636 

3.307 

2.184

Discharge

(=FJ.

0.709 

1.726 

1.080 

2.485 

1.726 

3.357 

2.485 

4.691 

3.357 

6.222 

4.691 

8.415 

6.222 

11.450 

8.415 

15.558 

11.450 

15.55S 

15.558 

20.266 

27. 147 

36.196 

5.463

7.664 

9.508 

12. 193 

21.434 

30.658 

39.615 

26.271

Speed

(=N).

85.8 

85.8 

75.2 

75.2 

63.2 

63.2 

54.5 

54.5 

48.0 

48.0 

41.5 

41.5 

36.2 

36.2 

31.5 

31.5 

27.2 

27.2 

23.5 

23.5 

20.8 

18.2

63.8 

53.0 

42.5 

35.0 

32.0 

26.5 

26.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

CANADA.6 

[1895 list.]

16....

20....

30. ...

36....

50....

50. ...

60....

5.88

16.32

24.10

36.14

53.02

73.60

103.83

170. 53

232

419

640

954

1,431

4,111

4,111

6,752

432

324

259

216

173

144

123

104

104

87

0.092

.165

.255

.376

.564

.827

1.148

1.620

1.620

2.660

0.967

1.747

2.694

3.978

5.967

8.753

12.151

17.143

17.143

28. 156

108.0

81.0

64.7

54.0

43.2

36.0

30.7

26.0

26.0

21.7

17

31

47

108

159

218

304

304

494

oMade by William Hartley & Sons, Hartley, N. .1. The runner resembles that of the Swain. The flow 

is inward and downward. The buckets do not protrude below lower rim band of runner. The runner 

can be lifted vertically from case. The gates consist of semicircular columns, which are pivoted in a 

recess in the guide chutes and which turn half round, cutting off the guide opening.

&Made by Reading Foundry Company, Reading, Pa. This turbine has inward and downward flow. 

The buckets are curved, but are not bulging. The gates are few in nmuber, are pivoted near their inner 

ends, and are actuated by a gate ring surmounting the dome of the turbine.
112 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

ELMER WATER WHEEL.o

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

10....

12.5..

22 5

Listed style 

or number.

25

30. ...

35....

40....

45....

55

60. .................

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of Ki feet.

Horsepower.

6.02 

9.37 

14.06 

19.07 

25.11 

31.46 

37.48 

56.24 

76.28 

100. 44 

125.84 

149.92 

193.01 

224.26 

262. 19

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minut".

240 

374 

560 

760 

1,001 

1,254 

1,506 

2,204 

3,040 

4, 004 

4,916 

6, 024 

7,712 

8,960 

10,413

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

548 

438 

366 

319 

273 

244 

209 

1S2 

159 

137 

122 

109 

98 

92 

86

Coefficients.

Power 

( = P>.

0.094 

.146 

.219 

.297 

.392 

.491 

.585 

.877 

1.190 

1.567 

1.963 

2.339 

3.011 

3.498 

4.090

Discharge 

(=F).

1.001 

1.560 

2.335 

3.169 

4.174 

5.229 

6.280 

9. 191 

12.677 

16. 097 

20.500 

25. 120 

32.159 

37.363 

43.422

Speed 

( = N).

137.0 

109.5 

91 5

79.7

68.2 

61.0

45.5 

39.7 

34.2 

30.5

24.5 

23.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

EUREKA IMPROVED.

9....

18....

21....

24....

27....

30....

36....

40....

48....

60....

66....

84....

4.82

6.79

10.62

13.20

18.34

26.41

31.18

42.18

55.01

66.00

79.59

107. 10

140. 66

183. 39

214.02

324.00

182

281

440

546

759

1,092

1,289

1,744

2,276

2, 730

3,292

4,430

5,818

7,585

8,852

13, 370

507.0

472.0

384. 0

319.0

214.0

240.0

213.0

192.0

. 159. 0

144.0

120. 0

106.0

96.0

87.0

76.0

65.6

0.075

.106

.166

.206

.286

.412

.486

.658

.858

1.030

1.242

1.671

2.194

2.816

3.342

5.054

0.759

1.172

1.835

2.277

3. 165

4.554

5.375

7.272

9.491

11.384

13. 728

18.473

24.261

31.629

36.913

55. 753

126.8

118.0

96.0

79.8

53.5

60.0

53.2

48.0

39.7

36.0

30.0

26.5

24.0

21.7

19.0

16.4

5

14

21

33

41

57

82

97

131

170

204

246

334

437

567

062

1,000

353

581

775

1,070

1,770

2,220

2,400

3,430

4,022

6,000

8,600

9,000

12, 220

15,500

18,000

a Made by Valley Iron Works Manufacturing Company Appleton, Wis A pivot-gate turbine, with 

outer ends of gates pivoted in frame, and inner ends moved by a gate ring. The buckets are curved along 

line of radius and have ladle-shaped outlets, not protruding much below lower band of runner. The 

wheel is of medium depth

6 Made by Ailentqwn Foundry and Machine Works, Allentown, Pa. This turbine has an inside 

ring, similar to a register gate, to which the inner ends of the guides are pivoted. The outer ends slide 

on ways in the fixed outside guide ring. A very deep wheel.
POWEE, DISCHAKGE, AND SPEED. 113

Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

SMITH IMPROVED SUCCESS." 

[1896 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

lasted style 

or number.

10.... No. 2.......

10.... No. 1.......

1U No 9

111... 

13....

13....

15

No. 1. ...... 

No. 2.......

No. 1 .......

No. 9.

15 No. 1

18....

IS....

21....

°4

No. 2.......

No. 1.......

No. 2.......

No. 1.......

No. 9,

24....I No. 1....... 

27.... No. 2.......

27 No. 1

33....

33....

36

No. 2.......

No. 1 .......

No. 1 ....... 

No. 2 . .

Mo. 1

39....' No. 2....... 

39 No. 1

42. ...

42. ...

48....

48.... 

54....

60

66. ...

66. ...

7°

No. 2.......

No. 1.......

No. 1 ....... 

No. 2... ....

No. 2.......

No. 1 .......

No. 2......

No. 1 .......

No. 2.......

No. 1

1

Man^aTof *J& f°r Coefflaents.

Horsepower.

5.3 

3.5

4.9 

9.6 

6.4 

13.2 

8.8 

19.0 

12.5 

26.1 

17.3 

32.8 

21.9 

43.6 

29.0 

54.2 

36.1 

65.2 

43.6

50.7

96.3 

64.6 

116.6

77.8 

150.4 

100. S 

187.2 

124.8 

235.2 

156. 8 

292.8 

195.2 

345.6 

230.4

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

220 

147 

311 

207 

401 

267 

548 

367 

7SS 

528 

1,082 

721 

1,363 

909 

1,814 

1,203 

2,246 

1,497 

2, 700 

1,804 

3,141 

2,099

3,984 

2,674 

4,826 

3,222 

6,297 

4,198 

7,761 

5,174 

9, 766 

6, 511 

12, 153 

8,102 

14, 319 

9,546

Revolutions ' Power 

per (=P)- 

minute.

515 

515 

448 

448 

397 

397 

344 

344 

286 

286 

245 

245 

215 

215 

191 

191 

172 

172 

157 

157 

142 

142 

132 

132 

123 

123 

106 

106 

95 

95 

86 

86 

78 

78 

72 

72

0.083 

.055 

.117 

.076 

.150 

.998 

.206 

.137 

.296 

.195 

.407 

.270 

.512 

.342 

.680 

.452 

2.846 

.563 

1.017 

.680 

1.184 

.791 

1.502 

1.008 

1.819 

1.214 

2.346 

1.572 

2.920 

1.947 

3.670 

2.446 

4.568 

3.045 

5.391 

3.594

Discharge 

(=F).

0.917 

.613 

1.297 

.863 

1.672 

1.113 

2.285 

1.530 

3.286 

2.202 

4.512 

3.006 

5.684 

3.790 

7.564 

5.016 

9.366 

6.242 

11.259 

7.523 

13.098 

8.753 

16.613 

11.150 

20. 124 

13.436 

26.258 

17.506 

32. 363 

21.576 

40. 724 

27. 151 

50. 678 

33.785 

59.710 

39. 807

Speed

(=N).

128.0 

128.0 

112.0 

112.0 

99.0 

99.0 

86.0 

86.0 

71.5 

71.5 

61.2 

61.2 

53.7 

53.7 

47.7 

47.7 

43.0 

43.0 

39.2 

'39.2 

35.5 

35.5 

33.0 

33.0 

30.7 

30.7 

26.5 

26.5

23.7 

21.5 

21.5 

19.5 

19.5 

18.0 

18.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

16.5 

11.0 

23.3 

15.5 

30.0 

20.0 

41.0 

27.5 

59.0 

39.5 

81.0 

54.0 

102.0 

68.0 

135.0 

90.0 

168.0 

112.0 

202.0 

135.0 

235.0 

157.0 

298.0 

200.0 

361.0 

241.0 

471.0 

314.0 

580.0 

387.0 

730.0 

487.0 

909.0 

606.0 

1,071.0 

714.0

Weight 

in 

pounds.

a Made by S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa. The Improved Success was built with two depths 

of bucket for each diameter, thus giving two capacities both with same speed. These were termed No. 1 

and No. 2 respectively. The New Success is a later type of wheel. The Smith Success turbines have

wheel case vertically.

IER 180 06 8
114 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating table for pivot-gate turbines Continued.

SMITH NEW SUCCESS.*

[1896 list.l

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

9....

12....

15....

18....

21....

27....

30. ...

33....

36....

on

42....

45....

48....

54....

57....

60. ...

66. ...

84....

Listed style 

or number.

^f helTof IrS8 f° r ! Coefficients.

Horsepower.

8.5 

14.9 

23.7 

34.7 

49.1 

64.8 

82.1 

99.0 

121.5 

139.0 

163.5 

200.7 

213.7 

241.1 

274.6 

323.3 

362.7 

470.1 

568.9 

716.0 

975.1

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

354 

615 

982 

1,437 

2,033 

2,684 

3,399 

4,096 

5,025 

5,752 

6,762 

8,304 

8,842 

9,975 

11,357 

13, 372 

15,022 

19, 447 

23,530 

29, 614 

40, 323

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

584 

437 

350 

282 

269 

222 

207 

1S3 

159 

156 

134 

132 

119 

114 

108 

100 

97 

90 

82 

74 

64

Power

(=P).

0.132 

.232 

.369 

.541 

.706 

1.011 

1.281 

1.544 

1.895 

2.168 

2.556 

3.131 

3.324 

3.761 

4.284 

5.043 

5.658 

7.334 

8.875 

11.170 

15.210

Discharge 

( = F).

1.476 

2.564 

4.095 

5.992 

8.478 

11.192 

14, 174 

17.080 

20.954 

23. 986 

28. 198 

34.628 

36.871 

41.596 

47.359 

55. 761 

62.642 

81.094 

98.008 

123.490 

168. 147

Speed

(=N).

146.0 

109.2

87.5 

70.5 

67.2 

55. 5 

51.7

39.7 

39.0 

33.5

33.0 

29.7 

28.5 

27.0

24.2 

22.5 

20.5 

18.5 

16.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

..........

AMERICANS

13....

16*...

20....

25....

30....

36....

42. ...

48....

54....

60....

66. ...

75....

M....

5.30 

8.00 

12.28 

19.67 

28.43 

46.48 

61.44 

79.10 

119. 13 

155. 89 

195.44 

245. 87 

328.08

219 

332 

508 

813 

1,176 

1,924 

2,540 

3,271 

4,927 

6,448 

8,083 

10, 170 

13, 569

378 

296 

244 

195 

163 

136 

117 

102 

91 

82 

74 

65 

58

0.083 

. 125 

.192 

.307 

.443 

.725 

.958 

1.234 

1.856 

2.434 

3.042 

3.838 

5.117

0.913 

1.384 

2.118 

3.390 

4.904 

8.023 

10. 592 

13. 640 

20. 546 

26. 888 

33. 706 

42.409 

56. 583

94.5 

74.0 

61.0 

48.8 

40.8 

34.0 

29.5

22.8 

20.5 

18.5 

16.3 

14.5

a See footnote on preceding page.

b Made by the Dayton Globe Iron Works Company, Dayton, Ohio. The American and New American turbines have runners of progressively increasing depth and capacity. The earlier types resemble 

the Swain: the later types resemble the McCormick. The gates comprise a fixed guide', forming the 

front wall of the chute, and a pivoted guide, forming the back wall. By swinging the latter, by means 

of a linkage device, the inlet is decreased or increased in size.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 116

Rating table for pivot-gate turbines Continued.

NEW AMERICAN « 

[1892 Hat.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

6

Listed style 

or number.

8.. ... .... -

10....

13

10

10....

09

25. .................

30. . . .

36....

42....

48....

54. . . .

60....

66. . . .

22.... 

25. ...

36....

45....

54....

.....do......

.....do......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 fi>et.

Horsepower.

3.2 

5.5 

8.1 

11.1 

22.7 

29.4 

35.8 

39.0 

63.2 

SI. 5 

122.7 

141.8 

208. 5 

271.1

40.0

58. 2 

105. 6 

169.0 

238. 2

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

134 

227 

334

50S 

90S 

1,216 

1,482 

1,616 

2,616 

3, 369 

5,074 

5,564 

8, 622 

11,216 

14,378 

1, 657 

2, 406 

4, 382 

6, 989 

9,841

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

818 

614 

490 

378 

306 

258 

232 

195 

163 

136 

117 

102 

91 

S3 

74

206 

136- 

114 

90

Coefficients.

Power

(=P>.

0.05 

.086 

.126 

.173 

. 354 

.459 

. 558 

.608 

.986 

1.271 

1.914 

2. 212 

3. 256 

4. 230 

5.421 

.624 

.90S 

1.647 

2. 634 

3. 716

Discharge

(=F).

0. 5.59 

.946 

1.393 

2.118 

3.786 

5. 071 

6.180 

6. 739 

10. 909 

14. 049 

21.158 

24. 453 

35. 9.54 

46. 771 

59. 956 

6.910 

10. 033 

18. 273 

29. 144 

41.037

Speed

(=N).

204. 5 

153. 5

94.5 

76.5 

64.5 

5.5. 5 

48.7 

40.7 

34.0 

29.2 

25.5 

22.7 

20.5 

18.5 

55.5 

51.2 

34.0 

28.5 

24.75

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

10 

17 

35 

38 

67 

91 

111 

121 

195 

252 

300 

439 

04.5 

839 

1,076 

124 

180 

328 

523 

737

Weight 

in 

pounds.

NEW AMERICAX.a 

[1895 list.]

13....

16. ...

19. ...

23....

o?i

30....

33....

36....

39

43....

45. ...

48. . . .

54....

57....

60....

17.2

28. 8 

41.1 

53. 7 

58. 2

ST. 3

126.7 

144.9 

173.0 

207.4 

207. 5 

234. 0 

285. 8 

329. 9 

357. 0 

399. 6

711 

1,153 

1,702 

2,227 

2, 400 

3,009 

4,120 

5, 260 

5, 094 

7, 156 

8, 582 

8, 683 

9,679 

11, 809 

13,630 

14,771 

16, 535

397 

321 

271 

234 

2U6 

186 

171 

156 

143 

131 

123 

114 

107 

102 

07 

91 

86

0. 269 

.449 

.641 

.838 

.908 

1.362 

1. 552 

1.976 

2.260 

2. 699 

3.235 

3.237 

3. 6.50 

4. 458 

5. 146 

5. .560 

6. 234

2.963

4.808 

7.097 

9.286 

10. 033 

13.050 

17. 180 

21. 034 

24. 905 

20. 840 

35. 787 

36. 208 

40. 361 

49. 244 

56. 837 

61.595 

68. 951

99.2 

80.2 

67.7 

58.3 

51. 5 

46.5 

42.7 

39.0 

35. 7 

32.7 

30.7 

28.5 

26.7 

25.5 

24.3 

22.7 

31.5

'

1

"See footnote (6) on preceding page.
116 TUKBrNE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEK TABLES.

Bating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued.

NEW AMERICAN^

[1901 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

10....

13

Listed style 

or number.

22

OT ,_

30....

33....

36....

39....

48. ...

54....

60....

72....

6.... 

8.... 

36--.. 

45....

( 6 ) 

( 6) 

(") 

( 6)

Man a fheiZI'l«i^r £< 'r Coefficients.

Horsepower.

11.3

I/ . -j

28.8 

41.1 

53.7

87.3 

105. 4 

126.7 

159. 5

173.0

232.4 

267.4 

285.8 

336. 5 

367.7 

427.5 

610.6 

o. 2 

5.5 

62.0 

116.4

Discharge in 

cuhic 

feet per 

minute.

467 

711 

1,153 

1,702 

2, 227 

2,790

3, 609 

4,367 

5, 260 

6, 593 

7,156 

8,007 

9,725 

11,061 

11,809 

13, 902 

15,214 

17, 692 

25,254 

134

2, 566 

4,812

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

490 

397 

321

£

206

186 

171 

156 

143 

131 

123 

114 

107 

102 

95 

91 

88 

75 

818 

614 

143 

114

Power 

(=PJ.

0.176 

.268 

.449 

.641

.838

1.3G2 

1.644 

1.976 

2.488 

2. 699 

3.020 

3. 625 

4.171 

4.458 

5. 249 

5.736 

6. 669 

9.525 

.050 

.086 

.967 

1.816

Discharge 

( = F).

1.947 

2.965 

4.808 

7.097 

9. 286 

11.634

15.050 

18.210 

21.934 

27.493 

29. 840 

33. 389 

40. 553 

46. 124 

49. 244 

57.971 

63. 442 

73. 776 

105. 309 

.559 

.946 

10. 700 

20. 066

Speed

(=N).

122.5 

99.2 

80.2 

67.7 

58.5

46.5 

42.7 

39.0 

35.7 

32.7 

30.7 

28.5 

26.7

23.7

22.7 

22.0 

18.7 

204.5 

153. 5 

35.7 

28.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

........

........

::::::::

Weight 

in 

pounds.

750 

1,000 

1,550 

1,800 

2,600 

3,200 

4,000 

4,800 

6,000 

7,500 

8, 500 

9,300 

10,000 

11,500 

14,600 

17,500 

20,000 

22, 500

.POOLE & HUNT LEFFEL TURBINE. c

7|...

74

10or8| 

10....

13}... 

13}...

15}...

in...

20....

23....

26i...

30 '

35....

40....

48....

52

61....

66....

1

1

1

1.79 

2.42

3.05 

4.13

5.38

7.18

9.33

12. 20

16.15

21.54

28. 00

49.17

64.61

93. 32

121. 32

186. 64

236.00

67 

90

114 

154

201 

267

34,.

602

802

1,043

1,831

2,406

3,475

4,518

6,950

8,661

723

79Q

551

r£i

416 

416

362

315

276

240

208

181

158

138

115

110 

99

90

81

0.028

.038

.048

.064

.084

.112

.145

.190

ow

.336

4^7

.582

.767

1.008

1.456

1.893

2.469

3.682

0.279

.475

.642

S38

1.113

1.451

1.897

2.510

3.344

4 349

5.796

7. 635

10.033

9. 212

14. 491

18. 840

24. 407

28.982

36. 116

180.7

180.7

i <?7 7

137.7

104.0

104.0

78.7

69.0

60.0

52.0

45.2

39.5

31.5

28.7

27.5

24.7

22.5

20.2

a Sec footnote (6) on page 114.

& Reduced discharge.

fMade by Poole & Hunt, Baltimore, Md. See footnote (a) on page 118.
POWEE, DISCHARGE, AKD SPEED. 117

Bating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

TKUMP MODEL TURBINE.o

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

Listed stj IP 

or number.

14....'..............

17.... ..............

20.... ..............

23.... ..............

9fi

30. ... ..............

35....

40....

44....

48....

56....

66....

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

23.90

41. S 

58.3 

77.4 

100.0 

131.0 

179.5 

232.8 

282. 3 

335.7 

394.0 

457. 3 

544.2

fi-Vi 9

*S'° >«? 

as »& 

989 

1,724 

2,406 

3,195 

4,131 

5, 428 

7,407 

9,606 

11,645 

13,851 

16, 257 

18, SG5 

22, 401

385 

317 

269 

234 

204 

177 

154 

134 

121 

112 

103 

96 

88 

82

Coefficients.

!-" ! Sf

0.373 

.652 

.909 

1.207 

1.560 

2.044 

2.800 

3.C32 

4.404

6. 146 

7.134 

8. 489

4.124 

7.189 

10. 033 

13.323 

17. 226 

22.C35 

30. 887 

10.057 

48.560

67. 792

93.412 

109.275

Speed

( = N).

9C.2 

79.2 

67.2 

58.5 

51.0 

44.2 

38.5

33. 5

30.2

28

25.7

22 

20.5

Vent

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

LEFFEL (OLD TYPE.)f< 

[1892 list.]

10.... 

1U...

13i...

loi...

17i...

20....

23....

26A....

30J. . .

35....

40....

44....

56....

61....

66....

74. ...

20.... 

23....

264...

30|.. .

35....

40....

44....

50....

56....

61....

66-...

74. ...

Standard .. 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Special ..... 

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

4.13

5.38

7.25

9.38

16

21.50

9$

37.38

49

64.50

93

158

187

224

23.25 

31.13

40. 50 

54.25

71

93

109

144

1S3

163 

213

286

370

484

632

849

1,106

1,470

1,935

2, 547

2,962

3,670

6,241

7, 386

8, 848

10, 783

916 

1,229

1,600 

2,143

2,804

3,672

5,688

7,228

10, 072

551 

479

416

362

315

276

240

208

181

158

138

126

113

99

90

82

74

276 

240

208 

181

158

138

126

113

99

90

82

74

0.064

.113

.146

.191

.249

.335

.437

.583

1.006

1.170

1.451

2.463

4 '759

.363

.486

.632

1.700

2.246

2. 855

0 00 r

o 071

0.6SO

1.193

1.543

2.018

2.635

3.540

4.612

10.621

13.186

15.304

3.820

S 936

11.693

23.719

30. 141

137.8

119.8

104

90.5

78.8

69

60

52

45.3

39.5

34.5

31.5

28.3

24.8

18.5

69

60

52

45.3

39.5

34 ~>

31 5

28.3

24.8

20.5

.

a Made by the Trump Manufacturing Company, Springfield, Ohio. This wheel has pivot gates similar 

to the Leffel turbines. The inlet portion of the runner is a frustum of a cone, so that the water has an 

inward and downward direction as it enters the wheel.

6 See footnote (a) on following page.
118 TUKBINE WATEK-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables/or pivot-gate turbines Continued.

LEFFKL (NEW TYPE).« 

[1900 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

10.... 

111

1 *}!

15}.--

17.J... 

20....

03

Listed style 

or number.

Manufacturer's ratine; for 

a head of If. feet."

Horsepower.

Standard... 3.70 

do 4.9

.....do......

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

do

301, ! do

35....

40-'..

44....

56....

74....

20....

26*...

OAl

35....

40....

41....

56....

616...

66....

74. ...

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

_....do......

.....do. .....

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Special ..... 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

6.5 

8.4 

11.00 

14.9 

19.4

25. 25 

33.01 

44.3 

58.2 

67.75 

84.1 

142 

168 

202 

247 

21.13

36.8 

49.3 

64.4 

84.4 

98.9 

131 

166 

81.7 

98 

118

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

53 

201 

267 

348 

455 

602 

802 

1,043 

1,390 

1,831 

2,406 

2, 800 

3, 475 

5, 858 

6,950 

8,340 

10, 222 

870 

1,168 

1,520 

2.036 

2,664 

3,488 

4,090 

5,404 

6, 867 

6, 004 

7,205 

8,672

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

535 

463 

404 

351 

306 

268 

233 

202 

176 

153 

134 

122 

110 

96 

87 

80 

72 

268 

233 

202 

176 

153 

134 

122 

110 

96 

66 

5G 

54

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.058 

.076 

.101 

.131 

.172 

.232 

.303 

.393 

.524 

.691 

.90S 

1.058 

1.312 

2.215 

2.621 

3. 151 

3.853 

.329 

.440 

.574 

.769 

1.005 

1.317 

 1.543 

2.044 

2.590 

3.023 

3.626 

4.366

Discharge 

(=F).

0.220 

.838 

1.113 

1.451 

1.897 

2.510 

3.344 

4.339 

5.796 

7.635 

10.033 

11.676 

14.490 

24.428 

28. 982 

34.778 

42. 623 

3.628 

4.871 

6.338 

8.490 

11.089 

14.545 

17.055 

22.535 

28. 635 

33. 355 

39.913 

48. 108

Speed

( = N).

133.8

101.0 

87.8 

76.5 

67 

58.2 

50.5 

44 

38.2

00 K

30.5

24

20

18 

67 

58.2 

50.5 

44 

38.2 

33.5 

30.5 

27.5 

24 

22 

18.7 

18

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

--------

Weight 

in 

pounds.

a, Made by James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. The Leffel double turbine has two independent sets 

of buckets, one an inward and downward, the other a central discharge. Both receive water from the 

same set of guides but discharge it independently. The power table given for the Poole & Hunt Leflel 

(p. 116) is nearly identical with those issued by the Leflel Company in 1879, and for the corresponding 

sizes is the same as for the Trump Leflel (p. 117). The table for the Leflel of 1892 differs slightly from 

the preceding but agrees substantially with that in the 1897 list in which are rated new sizes of wheels 

having greater capacity. The Samson follows with further increase of capacity.

b At 9-foot head".
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 119

Eating tables for pivot-gate turbines Continued. 

LEFFEL IMPROVED SAMSON.a

[1S97 and 1900 lists.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

20. ...

23....

26. ...

30....

35....

40....

45. ...

50. ...

56....

62....

68. ...

74....

17 E. 

17 D. 

17 C. 

17 B. 

17 A.

Listed stylo 

or number.

Manufacturer's rating for 

ahead of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

51.7 

68.3

87.3 

116 

158 

207 

262 

324 

405 

497 

597 

70S 

14.3 

18.6 

24.5 

30.2 

39. 5

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

2,111 

2,792 

3,569 

4,751 

6,440 

8,446 

10, 689 

13, 196 

16, 554 

20, 292 

24, 409 

28, 906 

581 

7 r>S 

90S 

1,232 

1,610

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

325 

283 

250 

217 

186 

163 

145 

130 

116 

105 

96 

88 

373 

373 

373 

372 

372

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.806 

1.065 

1.362 

1.810 

2,465 

3.229 

4.087 

5.054 

6.318 

7, 753 

9.313 

11.045 

.223 

.290 

.382 

.471 

.616

Discharge

(-F).

8.803 

11.643 

14.883 

19.812 

26. 855 

35.220 

44.573 

55.027 

69.030 

84. 618 

101. 786 

120.538 

2.423 

3.161 

4. 162 

5.137 

6.714

Speed

(=N).

81.3 

70.8 

02. 5 

54.3 

46.5 

40.8 

36.3 

32.5 

29.0 

26.3 

24.0 

22.0 

93.2 

93.2 

93.2 

93.0 

93.0

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines. 

ROCHESTER.^

[1873 list.]

Diarnetei of 

runner 

in 

inches.

16.... 

20....

20....

25 

30.... 

30.... 

36.... 

36.... 

42.... 

48....

54

Listed style 

or number.

Standard . . . 

.....do......

Special. ..... 

Standard. .. 

Special.... .. 

Standard . . .

Standard . . . 

Special. ..... 

Standard . . . 

.....do......

do

60.... '.....do......

66.... .....do......

72.... .....do......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 feet.

Horsepower.

6.44 

10.68 

12.94 

10. 17 

19.40 

24.25 

30.72

40.45 

48.51 

64.68 

80.90 

103.60 

113.20 

145.60 

186.10

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

267 

440 

535 

667 

802 

1,003

1, 669 

2,003 

2,670 

3,339 

4,275 

4,671 

6,007 

7,677

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

319

271

199

162

152

126 

99 

89 

84 

81 

79

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.100 

.166 

.202

.303 

.378 

.479 

.631 

.757 

1.010 

1.262 

1.616 

1.766 

2.271 

2. 903

Discharge 

(=F).

1.113 

1.835 

2.231

2.781 

3.344 

4.182 

5.296 

6.960 

8.353 

11.134 

13.924 

17.827 

19.478 

25.049 

32.013

Speed

(=N).

79.8 

67.8

49.8

40.5 

38.0

31.5 

24.8 

22.2 

21.0 

20.2 

19.8

Vent

ill

square 

inches.

20 

33 

40 

50 

60 

75 

95 

125 

150

200 

250 

320 

350 

450 

575

Weight 

in 

pounds.

450 

950

1,650

2,100

2,700

3,600 

4,200 

5,100 

6,200 

7,400 

8,500

i See footnote (a) on page 118.

''Formerly made by Rochester Turbine Manufacturing Company, Rochester, N. Y. 

were of small depth. '

The buckets
120 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Eating tables for cylinder-gate turbines Continued. 

SWAIN.o 

[1897 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

Listed style 

or number.

12.... ..............

18.... ..............

21J...

971

30. ...

36....

42....

48....

54....

60....

66....

72....

80. ...

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 10 feet.

Horsepower.

10. 840 

24.390 

35.570 

43.370 

5S.275 

72. 110 

103. 720 

141.260 

184. 720 

237. 070 

293. 380 

357. 580 

433. 650 

530.450

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

439.8 

989.4 

1,444.2 

1,761.0 

2,365.9 

2,927.6 

4,210.9 

5,734.9 

7,499.4 

9,625.2 

11,910.6 

14,517.6 

17,605.8 

21,535.8

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

441 

294 

249 

220 

194 

176 

147 

126 

110 

98 

88 

80 

74 

66

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

 0.169 

.380 

.555 

.676 

.909 

1.125 

1.618 

2.204 

2.882 

3.698 

4.577 

5.578 

6.765 

8.275

Discharge

(=Fj.

0.031 

.069 

.100 

.122 

.164 

.203 

.293 

.398 

.521 

.485 

.828 

1.009 

1.224 

1.497

Speed

( = N).

110.2 

73.5

55.0 

48.5 

44.0 

36.8 

31.5 

27.5 

24.5 

22.0 

20.0 

18.5 

16.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

DC-LAN'S LITTLE GIANT.& 

[1893 list.]

6....

8.-..

12....

14i...

17J...

20....

23....

27....

31....

36....

40....

44....

40. ...

58....

64....

66....

SO

4.11

7.39

11.36

17.37

24.11

29.78

41.84

54. 94

83.71

95.72

130. 21

190. 84

239.27

262. 37

310. 17

371.69

.443. 12

528. 21

160

288

442

655

909

1,123

1,578

2,072

3,155

3,610

4, 920

7 9 19

9,024

9, 893

11,698

14, 018

16, 712

19,921

882

750

414

283

247

i *}n

99

82

70

61

.115

.271

.376

.464

.653

1 306

o 03i

3.733

4.093

4.839

5.798

0. 913

8.240

0.667

1.201

1.843

2.731

3.790

4.683

6.580

41. 254

48. 781

69.689

83.070

O9Q 5

187.5

86.5

70.7

61.7

28.2

23.0

20.5

18.7

15.2

23.0

49 0

68.0

84.0

118.0

460.0

540.0

675.0

740.0

875.0

1,490.0

o~c

375

875

1,250

1,450

O £flO

5,000

13,000

20,000

is was one of the earliest 

enter-vent wheel, but the

oMade by Swain Turbine and Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Mass. Tl

turbines of the American type. The original design followed the Francis center-vent wheel, but tne 

buckets were curved both axially and radially and extended downward from inlet ring. Outside cylinder gate.

b Made by Wm. Dolan & Co., Logansport, Ind. Outside cylinder-gate turbine and deep bulging 

buckets.
POWEK, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 1*21

Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines Continued

DO LAN'S IMPROVED LITTLE GIANT.o 

[1898 list.]

Diameter of

in 

inches.

6

Listed style 

or number.

8 ...

10....

°0

23.... ..............

36.... ..............

44.... ..............

54 .... ..............

60....

IS.... 

21....

32....

38....

42. . . .

46....

50. ...

56....

68....

Special ..... 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

......ID......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 16 ftet.

Horsepower.

4.13

7.70 

12.18 

19.54 

25.24 

30.91 

43.69 

59.92 

80. 16

130.11 

161.07 

197. 79 

241.50 

295.58 

364. 55 

435.33 

37.09 

51.59 

69.46 

91.82 

115.48 

146.45 

179.96 

222.09 

264. 70 

345.23 

399.96 

513.21

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

162 

289 

464 

723 

957 

1,168 

1, 653 

2,259 

3, 029 

3, 925

5,097 

6,297 

7,730 

9,538 

11,555 

14, 751 

17,616 

1,403 

1,952 

2,618 

3,469 

4,514 

5,739 

7,033 

8,672 

10, 454 

13, 495 

16,183 

20, 766

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

816 

618 

490 

397 

345 

282 

246 

214 

187 

160 

141 

122 

112 

104 

92 

80

279 

243 

211 

184 

158 

138 

119 

110 

102 

91 

78 

75

Coefficients.

Power

(=P).

0.064 

.120 

.190 

.305 

.394 

.482 

.682 

.935 

1.250 

1.567 

2.030 

2.513 

3.085 

3.767 

4.611 

5.687 

6.791 

0.579 

.805 

1.084 

1.433 

1.801 

2.285 

2.807 

3.465 

4.129 

5.386 

6.239 

8.006

Discharge 

(=F,.

0.676 

1.205 

1.935 

3.015 

3/991 

4.871 

6.893 

9.420 

12. 631 

16.367 

21. 254 

26.258 

32.234 

39 773 

48. 184 

61.512 

73. 459 

5.850 

8.140 

10.917 

14. 466 

18.823 

23. 932 

29.328 

36. 162 

43. 593 

56.274 

67.483 

86.594

Speed

(=N).

204.0 

154.5 

122.5 

99.2 

86.2 

70.5 

61.5 

53.5 

46.8 

40.0 

35.2 

30.5 

28.0 

26.0 

23.0 

20.0 

19.2 

69.7 

60.7 

52.7 

46.0 

39.5 

34.5 

29.7 

27.5 

25.5 

22.7 

19.5 

18.7

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

22 

35 

54

87 

124 

169 

225 

293 

380 

470 

584 

714 

866 

1,104 

1,322

Weight

in 

pounds.

215 

305 

410 

615 

895 

1,250 

1,540 

2,170 

3,150 

3,600 

5,500 

7,100 

8,000 

9,200 

12, 400 

17,000 

23,000

oMacle by Wm. Dolan <fe Co., Logansport, Ind. 

buckets.

Outside cylinder-gate turbine and deep bulging
122 TUEBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AKD POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines Continued.

HUNT STANDARD, NEW PATTERNS 

[1S97 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

g

12....

18....

21....

Listed style 

or number.

07 !

 3n 1

33... J. .............

36... j.............. 

39 ' ..........

48.... ..............

51.... ..............

54.... ..............

60

72....

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of 10 feet.

Horsepower.

6.33

12.66 

18.99 

29.52

41. 25

66.15 

79 f

97.15 

114.99 

134. 54 

154. OS 

166. 84 

178. 68 

210. 74 

246. 66 

310. 66 

344. 99 

383. 32

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

254 

374 

508 

762 

1,189 

1, 056 

2,124 

2 672 

3,180 

3,891 

4,009 

5, 397 

6,176 

6,760 

7, 348 

8,617 

9,886 

12, 452 

13, 828 

15, 364

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

516 

402 

402 

337 

276 

242 

209 

188 

166 

153 

139 

129 

118 

111 

103 

98 

92 

S3 

76 

69

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

0.099 

.147 

.197 

.296 

.460 

.644 

.827 

1.032 

1. 237 

1.516 

1.794 

2.099 

2.404 

2.603 

2.787 

3.288 

3.848 

4. ,846 

5.382 

5.980

Discharge

(=F).

1.059 

1. 560 

2.118 

3.178 

4. 958 

6.906 

8.857 

11.142 

13.261 

16. 225 

19. 220 

22. 505 

25. 754 

28. 189 

30. 641 

35. 933 

41.224 

51.925 

57. 663 

64.068

Speed

(=N).

129.0 

100.5 

100.5 

82.2 

69.0 

60.5 

52.2 

47.0 

41.5 

38.2 

34.7 

32 2 

29.5 

27.7 

25.7 

24.5 

23.0 

20.7 

19.0 

17.2

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

19 

28 

38 

57 

89 

124 

159 

200 

238 

292 

345 

404 

462 

506 

550 

645 

740 

932 

1,035 

1,150

Weight 

in 

pounds.

HERCULES.6

9

12....

15....

18....

21...

24. ...

27....

33....

36....

39. ...

42....

45

48.... L............

51... J..............

54 .........

GO.... ..............

8.04 

13. 84 

22.35 

31.19

43.92 

54.24

72 33 

85.57 

108. 19 

122. 39 

150. 49 

179. 22

201. 18 

221.86 

250. 59 

289. 68 

312.92 

346. 84

333 

573 

925 

1,291

1,818 

2, 245 

2,994 

3,542 

4,478 

5,066 

6, 229 

7,418 

8,327 

9,183 

10, 372 

11,990 

12, 952 

14, 356

517 

388 

310 

259 

222 

194 

172 

155 

141 

129 

120 

111 

103 

97 

91 

86 

82 

7.8

0.125 

.216 

.349 

.486 

.685 

.846 

1.130 

1.334 

1.688 

1.909 

2.348 

2.796 

3.184 

3.461 

3.909 

4. 519 

4.882 

5.411

1.389 

2.389 

3.857 

5.383 

7.581 

9.362 

12. 485 

14. 770 

18. 673 

21. 125 

25. 975 

30. 930 

34. 724 

38.293 

4.3. 251 

49. 660 

54. 010 

59. 864

129.2 

97.0

77.5 

64.7 

55.5 

48.5 

43.0 

38.7 

35.2 

32.2 

30.0 

27.7 

25.7 

24.2 

22.7 

21.5 

20.5 

19.5

24.8 

42.9

69.2

96.6 

136.0 

168.0 

224.0 

265.0 

335.0 

379.0 

466.0 

555.0 

623.0 

687.0 

776.0 

897.0 

969.0 

1,074.0

a Made by Rodney Hunt Machine Company, Orange, Mass. This wheel has deep bucket inlets and 

double-curved bulging buckets. An inside cylinder gate is used with a garniture to conform with the 

vena contracta.

b Made by Holyoke Machine Company, Holyoke, Mass. A turbine of American type, with deep, 

double-curved, bulging buckets and inside cylinder gate. The runner formerly had rows of rib plates 

forming partial division plates to guide the water through the wheel.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 123

Rating tables for cylind-er-qate turbines Continued.

McCORMICK.a

[1894 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

9....

Listed style 

or number.

21

24.... ..............

27.... ..............

30. .................

33.... ..............

36.... ..............

42 ............ . .

48. . . . ..............

51.... ..............

60

66.... ..............

72.... ..............

Manufacturer's rating for 

<i head of 1C feet.

Horsepower.

8.8 

1.3.4

24.5

50.7 

66.9 

84.7 

102.1 

124.9 

143.4 

168. G 

207.0 

220. 4

248. 6 

2S3.1 

333. 3

374. 0 

470.1 

568.9 

716.0

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

365 

635 

1,013 

1,482 

2,096 

2, 768 

3,505 

4,223 

5,166 

.5,931 

6,972 

8,561 

9 116

10, 284 

11,709 

13, 786 

15, 467 

19,447 

23, 530 

29,614

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

531 

398 

319 

257 

245 

202 

189 

167 

145 

142 

124 

120 

109 

98 

99 

91 

89 

82 

75 

74

Coefficients.

^ charge (- 11 - (=F).

0.137 

.240 

.382 

.558 

.791 

1.044 

1.321 

1.593

2.237 

2. 630 

3.229 

3.438 

3.878 

4.416 

5. 199 

5.834 

7.334 

8.875 

11. 170

1.522 

2.648 

4.224 

6.180 

8.740 

11.542 

14. 616 

17. 610 

21.542

24. 732

35. 699 

38. 014 

42. 884 

48. 826 

57. 488 

64.497 

81.094 

98. 120 

123.490-

Speed

( = N).

132.7 

99.5

64.2 

61.2 

50.5 

47.2 

41.7 

36.2

35.5

30.0 

27.2 

24.5 

24.7 

22 7 

22.2 

20.5 

18.7 

18.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

McCORMICK'S NEW ENGLAND.*

9

12....

15. . . .

18

 n

24....

'so....

33....

36....

39....

42....

45....

48....

51....

54....

60....

8.3

32.3

56.3

186.3

209.2

260.6

301.2

360. 7

595

96°

1,342

3,113

3,683

4,657

6,468

8,660

9, 5.50

10, 786

12, 469

14,930

477

382

308

994

242

226

9QO

144

131

117

118

109

98

0 1 99

.225

.362

.504

.878

1.173

1.388

1. 753

2.434

2.906

3.264

3.699

4.065

4.699

5. 076

4.012

4.596

7.881

12.981

15. 358

19 490

°1 968

26. 972

32. 176

36. 112

39. 824

44. 878

45. 453

62. 278

146.0

119 9

77.0

56 5

50 0

42.5

36.0

32.8

oq o

29.5

27.2

°6 5

24.5

a Made by S. Morgan Smith Company, York. Pa.. A turbine of the American type, with deep ladleshaped bucket outlets protruding below and outside of the guide ring and inside cylinder gate. The 

tables given arc from the catalogue of the S. Morgan Smith Company. Nearly identical rating tables 

for McCormick turbines are furnished by J. & W."Jolly, Holyoke, Ma'ss.: Rodney Hunt Machine Company, Orange, Mass., and Pubnque Tur'bine and Roller MiH'Company, Dubuque, Iowa. The wheels of 

these three manufacturers are known, respectively, as the Smith-McCormick, the Hunt-McCormick, and 

the McCormiek-Holyoke turbines.

i> Made by Hanover Foundry and Machine Company, Hanover, Pa.
124 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines Continued.

TAYLOR SLEEVE GATE.o

[1902 list.]

Diameter of 

runner 

in 

inches.

15....

15....

15....

15

Listed style 

or number.

B......... .

o

D

15 F, . .

15....

18....

21....

24....

27....

30

Standard . . . 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

33... - - do...

36 . . do....

39.... .....do......

42....'... _do_...

45. ...

48. ...

51....

54....

60. ...

64....

68....

.....do......

.....do. ....

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Manufacturer's rating fnr 

ahead of Hi feet.

Horsepower.

5.76 

8.04 

13.84 

22.35 

31.33 

45.14 

64.51 

88. 27 

113.75 

144.21 

182. 07 

216. 69 

254.31 

302. 32 

352. 80 

401. 30 

460. 27 

533. 13 

565. 88 

652.11 

728. 19 

816.24 

936. 09

Discharge 

in cubic 

feet per 

minute.

223 

333 

573 

925 

1,295 

1, 866 

2,667 

3,649 

4,704 

5,963 

7,530 

8,985 

10, 518 

12, 502 

14,586 

16, 590 

19, 037 

21,678 

23, 402 

26,971 

30,118 

33, 759 

38, 710

Coefficients.

Revolutions Power 

per (=r>. 

minute.

293 

293 

29.3 

293 

293 

293 

250 

216 

185 

166 

149 

135 

125 

116 

107 

100 

93 

86

QO

78 

73 

68 

62

0. 090 

.125 

.216 

.349 

.489 

.704 

1.006 

1.377 

1.775 

2. 250 

2.840 

3.380 

3.967 

4.716 

5.504 

6.260 

7.180 

8.317 

8.828 

10.173 

11. 360 

12. 733 

14.603

Discharge 

(=F).

0.930 

1.389 

2.389 

3.857 

5.400 

7.781 

11.121 

15. 216 

19.616 

24. 866 

31.400 

 37. 467 

43. 860 

52. 133 

60. 824 

69. 205 

79. 384 

90. 397 

97. 586 

112. 469 

125. 592 

140. 775 

161. 421

Speed

C=N).

73.2 

73.2 

73.2 

73.2 

73.2 

73.2 

62.5 

54.0 

46.2 

41.5 

37.2 

34.7 

31.2 

29.0 

26.7 

25.0 

23.2 

21.5 

20.5 

19.5 

18.2 

17.0 

15.5

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

Weight 

in 

pounds.

1

i

!

VICTOR TURBINE.6 

[1897, 1900, and 1903 lists.]

1"

15....

18....

21....

24....

27....

30. ...

33....

36. . . .

39....

42. . . .

45....

48. ...

gate.

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

12.29

29.56

42.59

57. 97

95. 83

118.31

143. 15

199 94

266. 19

302. 87

678

1,222

1,761

2,397

3,963

4,893

5,920

7,046

8, 269

11,009

12, 526

406

314

269

188

171

156

134

125

116

0.192

.461

.664

.904

1.181

1.495

1.846

2.233

3.119

3.617

4.152

4.725

2.827

5. 096

7.343

9.995

20. 404

24. 686

29. 382

34. 482

39.990

45. 908

101.5

94.0

78.5

67.2

52.2

47.0

42.7

39.0

33.5

31.2

29.0

GO

90

130

179

°94

365

442

520

617

717

821

927

a Made by John Williams Taylor, Atlanta, Ga. A turbine of recent design, having outside cylinder 

gate and very deep bucket inlet. The duckets bulge downward but do not extend outside of circumference of inlet ring. The guide chutes and buckets are divided into three compartments by partition 

plates.

b Made by Stillwell-Bierce and Smith-Vaile Company, Dayton, Ohio. The Victor turbine resembles 

the McCorrhick pattern. It hasvervdeep bucket inlets, bulging ladle-shaped discharge, and inside cylinder gate. Small-size Victor turbines for high heads are built with register gate. The high-pressure 

turbine is a recent design (1903), and is tabled for heads of 70 to 675 feet.
POWER, DISCHARGE, AND SPEED. 125

Eating tablet* for cylinder-gate turbines Continued. 

VICTOR TURBINE Continued.

Diameter of 

runner in 

inches.

51.... 

54....

fi:i

h

10.... 

12. ...

Listed style 

or number.

Cylinder 

gate ......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do......

Register

0*0 j-p

.....do......

.....do ..... 

.....do......

Manufacturer's rating for 

a head of Ifi feet.

Horsepower.

341.91 

383. 32 

427. 09 

473.24

4.05

10.07 

15.19

Discharge in 

cubic 

feet per 

minute.

14,141 

15, 854 

17, 664 

19, 573

160 

223 

397 

579

Revolutions 

per 

minute.

107 

102 

97 

92

814 

616 

48S 

395

Coefficients.

Power 

(=P).

5.334 

5.9SO 

6. 663 

7. 382

.063 

.099 

.157 

.237

Discharge 

(=F).

58.968 

66.111 

73. 659 

81.619

.667 

.930 

1.665 

2.414

Speed

(=N).

26.7 

25.5 

24.2 

23. 0

154.0 

122.0 

98.8

Vent 

in 

square 

inches.

1,055 

1, 154 

1,318 

1,463

Weight 

in 

pounds.

VICTOR HIGH PRESSURE.^ 

[190311st.]

14....

16....

18....

9Q

99

24....

28

30

33....

36....

OQ

42. ...

45....

48....

51....

(\t\

63....

66....

69

:::::::::::::: ..............

50

66

*>

106

128

173

228

272

343

387

462

504

544

590

619

742

799

247

332

442

707

850

1,265

1,512

1,805

2,277

2, 563

2,820

q QOT

656

574

510

459

417

383

278

161

153

139

133

OS9

1°S

619

.742

799

i

.553

.733

.903

1.178

1.417

2.108

2.520

3.008

4.272

6.008

6. 833

7.508

8.817

57.4

51.0

4") 0

41.7'

38.3

27.8

25.5

9} 9

20.4

19.1

16.0

14.6

13.9

12.7

........

a Made by Stilhvell-Bierce and Smith-Vaile Company, Dayton, Ohio. The Victor turbine resemble 

the McCormick pattern. It has very deep bucket inlets, bulging ladle-shaped discharge, and inside cylinder gate. Small-size Victor turbines for high heads are built with register gate. The high pressure 

turbine is a recent design (1903), and is tabled for heads of 70 to 675 feet.

& Table gives maker's rating for head of 100 feet.
126 TUKBIlSrE WATEB-WHEEL TESTS AND POWEK TABLES.

LITERATURE.

HISTORICAL.

APPLETON'S CYCLOPEDIA OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Modern mechanism, vol. 3, pp. 891-901.

Description of the development of the turbine. 

FANNING, J. T. History of the development of American water powers. Kept. 22d Ann.

Meeting, Am. Paper and Pulp Assoc., 1898, pp. 16-24. 

FAIRBAIRN, WILLIAM. Machinery and millwork.

Description of the undershot water wheel, pp. 145-150; description of earlier types of turbines, 

pp. 151-173.

FRANCIS, JAMES B. Lowell hydraulic experiments, pp. 1-70.

Description and tests of Boyden-Fourneyron Tremont turbines; also the Boyden-Francis 

"center-vent'' turbine, in which the flow was radially inward.

FRANCIS, JAMES. Water power in New England. Eng. Rec., vol. 33, 1896, pp. 418-419. 

FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. The Koechlin turbine. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 20, 1850, 

pp. 189-191.

Report of experiments made by members of the institute at the request of Emile Geyelin, who 

introduced the Koechlin turbine" at Dupont's powder mill.

GEYELIN, EMILE. Experiments upon two hydraulic motors, showing the comparative

power between an overshot wheel and a Jonval turbine made for Troy, N. Y. Jonr.

Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 22, 1851, pp. 418-419. 

GEYELIN, EMILE. First pair of horizontal turbines ever built working on a common axis.

Proc. Eng. Club, Philadelphia, vol. 12, 1895, pp. 213-214. 

GLYNN, JOSEPH. Power of water, pp. 39-97.

KNIGHT'S MECHANICAL DICTIONARY, vol. 3, water wheel, p. 2746; turbine, pp. 2656-2658. 

MORIN, ARTHUR. [Experiments on water wheels having a vertical axis, called turbines],

1838. Translated by Ellwood Morris in Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 6,1843, pp.

234-246, 289-302, 370-377. 

MORRIS, ELLWOOD. Remarks on reaction water wheels used in the United States and on

the turbine of M. Fourneyron. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 4,1842, pp. 219-227

289-304.

MORRIS, ELLWOOD. [Translation.] See Morin, Arthur. 

MORRIS, ELLWOOD. Experiments on the useful effect of turbines in the United States.

Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 6, 1843, pp. 377-384. 

RICE, A. C. Notes on the history of turbine development in America. Eng. News, vol. 48,

1902, pp. 208-209. 

TYLER, W. W. The evolution of the American type of water wheel. Jour. Western Soc.

Eng., Chicago, vol. 3, 1898, pp. 879-901. 

WEBBER, SAMUEL. Ancient and modern water wheels. Eng. Mag., vol. 1, 1891, pp.

324-331. 

WEBBER, SAMUEL. Water power, its generation and transmission. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.

Eng., vol. 17, 1896, pp. 41-57. 

WHITELAW, JAMES. Observations on Mr. Ellwood Morris's remarks on water wheels.

Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 8, 1844, pp. 73-80.

DESCRIPTIVE.

BJORLING, PHILIP R. Water or hydraulic motors, pp. 65-128. 

CASSIER'S MAGAZINE, Niagara power number, vol. 8, 1895, pp. 173-384.

Complete description and drawings of turbines of Niagara Power Company.

PRASIL, FRANZ. Die turbinen und deren regulatoren, etc. Review of exhibits at the 

Geneva Exhibit in 1896. Schweizerische Bauzeitnng, Nov.-Dec., 1896.

PRASIL, FRANZ. Turbine building and turbo-electric stations in Switzerland. Eng. Mag. 

pp. 245-256, 347-359. 

An excellent review of recent European practice.
BIBLIOGEAPHY. 127

REICIITEL, PROF. E. Turbinenbau. Zeitschrift der Verein der Duetscher Ingenieurs, May 

26, 1900.

Review of the art of turbine construction in Europe.

RICHARDS, CHARLES B. Report on machinery and apparatus adapted for general use in 

mechanical engineering. Paris Universal Exposition, 1889, turbines, pumps, and 

hydraulic motors. House Executive Doc., 51st Cong., 1st sess. 1889-90, vol. 40, pp. 

154-180. 

WAGENBACH, W. Neuere turbinen-Anlagen, Berlin, 1905.

Description of recent European practice.

See also elaborate works in German by Meissuer, Rittinger, and Redtenbacher: also files 

of engineering periodicals containing descriptions of hydro-electric plants recently constructed.

VERTICAL WATER WHEELS (OVERSHOT, UNDERSHOT, BREAST, ETC.).

BELLINGER, L. F. Chinese wheels. Eng. News, vol. 47, 1902, p. 494. 

BJORLING, PHILIP R. Water or hydraulic motors, pp. 17-39, 54-64. 

BOVEY, HENRY T. Treatise on hydraulics, 1901, pp. 416-472.

A mathematical discussion.

BRESSE-MAHAN. Hydraulic motors, 1869, pp. 9-65. 

CHRISTIE, WILLIAM WALLACE. Some old-time water wheels. Eng. News, vol. 42, 1899, p.

394.

Description of a number of old vertical water wheel? in northern New Jersey. 

ENGINEERING NEWS. German designs of breast wheels. Eng. News, vol. 48, 1902, p.

436. 

EVANS, OLIVER. Millwright and miller's guide, 1853.

Plans of wooden water wheels as constructed in first, half of nineteenth century in America; 

also results of James Smeaton's tests of water wheels.

FRIZELL, J. P. The old-time water wheels of America. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., vol.

28, 1893, pp. 237-249. 

WEISBACH-DUBOIS. Mechanics of engineering, vol. 2, pp. 171-340.

Elaborate treatment, including theory, design, and construction of overshot, breast, Poncelet, and undershot water wheels as constructed in Germany and elsewhere.

WRIGHT, ALBERT E. Current wheels; their use in lifting water for irrigation. Bull. 146,

Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

DBS INGENIEURS TASCHENBUCH, 1902, part 1, pp. 767-781.

Latest and perhaps best discussion of design and construction of overshot and breast water 

wheels.

TURBINES. 

TURBINE DESIGN.

BTJCHETTI. Les moteurs hydrauliques actuels, Paris, 1892.

BOOMER, G. R. Hydraulic motors and turbines. Theory and design of reaction turbines, 

1902, pp. 24-194.

Statement of mathematical principles and designs of vanes, guides, etc., for axial-, inward-; 

outward-, and parallel-flow turbines.

INNES, CHARLES H. Centrifugal pumps and turbines, pp. 35-72.

Contains theory and design of vanes of radial-flow reaction turbines. 

MARKS, G. CROYDEN. Hydraulic power engineering, 1900, pp. 263-314.

A few pages devoted to simple examples of designing turbines for special cases. Little mathematics.

MUELLER. Die Francis Turbinen, Hannover, 1901.

MEISSNER. Die Hydraulik und hydraulisclien Motoren, Jena, 1878.
128 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

WOOD, DE VOLSON. Theory of turbines.

Design of guides and vanes, based on late theory, including centrifugal force and friction 

effects.

Anonymous.

DES INGENIEURS TASCHENBUCH, 1902, part 1, pp. 781-808.

Practical formulas and designs for Jonval and inward downward-flow turbines (Francis 

type).

AMERICAN TYPE OF TURBINE.

BARBER, T. Notes on the development of water power. Engineering Society, School of 

Practical Science, Toronto, No. 13, pp. 189-200.

Practical notes on selection and use of turbines.

BELL, Louis. Electric power transmission, 3d edition, pp. 324-344. 

BOOMER, G. R. Hydraulic motors and turbines, 1902, pp. 466-499. 

FRIZELL, J. P. Water power, pp. 266-305.

Discussion of discharge relations and various American designs.

THURSO, J. W. Modern turbine practice and water-power plants, New York, 1905. 

THURSTON, R. H. The systematic testing of turbine water wheels in the United States.

Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 8, 1887, pp. 359-420. 

WEBBER, SAMUEL. Efficiency of turbines as affected by form of gate. Trans. Am. Soc.

Mech. Eng., vol. 3, 1882, pp. 84-86. 

WOOD, DE VOLSON. Theory of turbines, pp. 67-149.

Analysis of Francis (J. B.) and Holyoke (Mass.) tests of Boyden and Swain wheels. 

See also catalogues of American turbine builders, and files of engineering journals containing descriptions of hydro-electrical plants.

MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF TURBINES.

ATTERBERG, GUSTAF. Theory for turbine water wheels. Van Nostrand's Eng. Mag., vol.

26, 1882, pp. 138-146, 230-238. 

BOVEY, HENRY T. Treatise on hydraulics, 1901, pp. 490-538.

A mathematical discussion of conditions governing efficiency in inward-, outward-, downward-, and mixed-flow turbines.

BRESSE-MAHAN. Hydraulic motors, 1869, pp. 66-110.

Discussion of Fourneyron turbines, with remarks on tub wheels and on the Girard type 

impulse wheel, which is termed a "reaction" turbine and compared to a Fourneyron turbine 

with one guide chute.

CHURCH, I. P. Hydraulic motors, New York, 1905.

CHURCH, I. P. . The alleged "remarkable error in the theory of the turbine water wheel." 

Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 87, 1884, pp. 333-340.

Criticism of paper presented by J. P. Frizell in Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 86, 1883, pp. 

92-96.

CHURCH, I. P. Turbines. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d sor., vol. 93 (whole-number vol. 123),

1887, pp. 323-331, 379-387.

ESCHER, R. tiber Niederdruck Turbinen mit gesteigerter Umdrehungszahl. Schweizer. 

Bauzeit., Jan. 8, 1898.

A mathematical discussion of bucket curves for low-head turbines of high rotative speed. 

Fox, WILLIAM. Graphics of water wheels. Stevens Indicator, vol. 15, 1898, pp. 374-387.

Discussion of turbine theory and design by graphical methods. 

FRIZELL, J. P. A remarkable error in the common theory of the turbine water wheel.

Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 86, 1883, pp. 92-96.

FRIZELL, J. P. An inquiry as to a more perfect form of water wheel, Boston, 1897. 

Valuable discussion of possibility of obviating defects in present types of turbines.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 129

FRIZELL, J. P. The discharge of turbine water wheels. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol.

88, 1884, pp. 29-34. 

FRIZELL, J. P. Note on the discharge of turbine water wheels. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d

ser., vol. 94 (whole-number vol. 124), 1887, pp. 67-71.

HERMANN. Graphische Theorie der Turbinen und Kreiselpumpen, Berlin, 1887. 

SPEIDEL-WAGENBACII. Uber Francis-Turbinen-Schaufelung. Zeitschrift des Vereins der

Deutschen Ingenieure, Aug. 21, 1897. 

A recent mathematical discussion of the Francis turbine as used in Germany, with graphical

methods of design.

THURSTON, R. H. The theory of turbines. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 86, 1383' 

pp. 440-459: vol. 87, 1884, pp. 6-19.

TROWBRIDGE, W. P. Turbine wheels. Van Nostrand Science Series, No. 44.

VIGREUX, Ch. Turbines, Paris, 1889, pp. 1-140. 

Treats chiefly of inward-flow turbines.

WEISBACH-DUBOIS. Mechanics of Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 341-536.

Discussion and theory of rouets and tub ^yheels; the evolution of the Jonval turbine by addition of guides; theory of inward-, outward-, and parallel-flow turbines; Fontaine. Thomson, 

Whitelaw, and Fourneyron turbines; various screw turbines; Dana'i'des, Barker's mill, and other 

novel forms. Chiefly of historical interest.

WOOD, DE VOLSON. Hydraulic reaction motors. Trans. Am. Soc. Mcch. Eng., vol. 14,

1893, pp. 266-309. 

WOOD, DE VOLSON. Theory of turbines, pp. 1-66.

Mathematical discussion leading to practical formulas for initial and terminal angles and 

other conditions of host efficiency of inward- and outward-flow turbines, etc.

WOOD, DE VOLSON. Turbines. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 87, 1884, pp. 412-427. 

WOODBRIDGE, J. L/ESTER. Turbines. Jour. Franklin Inst., 3d ser., vol. 92 (whole number

vol. 122), 1886, pp. 351-365, 438-448. 

ZUENER. Theorie der Turbinen. Leipsic, 1899.

TURBINE GOVERNING.

BELL, Louis. Electric power transmission, 3d edition, Regulation of water wheels, pp.

34.5-360. 

CASSEL, ELMER F. Commercial requirements of water power governing. Eng. Mag./

vol. 19, 1900, pp. 841-846. 

GARRATT, A. V. Elements of design favorable to speed regulation in plants driven by

water power. Eng. News, vol. 42, 1899, pp. 51-53, 139.

Discussion by John Sturgess. 

HARE, W. A. Problem of speed regulation in power plants. Rept. Eng. Assoc., School

of Practical Science, Toronto, No. 13, pp. 37-75. 

INNES, CHARLES H. Centrifugal pumps and turbines, pp. 73-94.

The regulation of reaction turbines.

KNIGHT, SAMUEL N. Water-wheel regulation. Jour, of Elec., Nov., 1897. 

PARKER, M. S. Governing of water power under variable loads. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ.

Eng., vol. 37, pp. 17-23. 

PERRINE, F. A. C. Regulation in long-distance power transmission by electricity. Eng

News, vol. 44, 1900, pp. 161-162. 

REPLOGLE, MARK A. Speed government in water-power plants. Jour. Franklin Inst.,

vol. 145, 1898, pp. 82-99. 

WILLIAMS, HARVEY D. A new method of governing water wheels. Sibley Jour, of Eng.,

March, 1896.

IRR 180 06 9
130 TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES.

IMPULSE WATER WHEELS.

BJORLING, PHILIP R. Water or hydraulic motors, pp. 40-53.

Pelton water wheels. 

BLAIRE, F. K. The efficiency of Pelton water wheels. Elec. World, Sept. 12, 1896.

Practical details as to setting and connections. 

BOOMER, G. R. Hydraulic motors and turbines. Theory, elfect of centrifugal force, etc.,

1902, pp. 211-275.

Relates to inward- and outward-flow wheels of the Girard type. 

BOVEY, HENRY T. Treatise on hydraulics. Reaction and impulse turbines, 1901, pp.

482-490. 

BUDAW, ARTHUR. Wirkiingsweise des \vassers in Laufradern der Fricstrahl turbinen.

Zcitschrift der Oestrr. Ing. imd Arch. Vercin, May 30, 1902.

The action of water in free-jet turbines. 

CAZIN-LIBBY. Discussion on impulse turbines. Eng. News, ATO!. 37, 1897, pp. 326-327,

395-396; vol. 38, 1897, pp. 74-75. 

CHURCH, I. P. Hydraulic motors, pp. 62-82. 

DOBLE, W. A. The tangential water wheel. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 29, 1899,

pp. 852-894. 

ENGINEERING NEWS. Tests of new impulse water wheel. Results of tests of Hug water

wheel. Eng. News, vol. 40, 1898, p. 327.

ENGINEERING NEWS. The Pelton water wheel. Eng. News, vol. 27, 1892, p. 172. 

ESCHER, RUDOLF. Ueber die Schaufelung des Loffelrader. Schweiz. Bauzeit., April 20,

1905.

Buckets of impulse wheels. 

GROOT, B. F. Experiments and formula for the efficiency of tangential water wheels.

Eng. News, vol. 52, 1904, p. 430. 

HATT, W. KENDRICK. An efficiency surface for Pelton motor. Jour. Franklin Inst., vol.

143, 1897, pp. 455-461. 

HENRY-LECONTE. An efficient high-pressure water-power plant. Eng. News, vol. 50,

1903, pp. 311-312. 

HENRY, G. J., Jr. Some points in the design of buckets for impulse water wheels. Eng.

News, vol. .50, 1903, pp. 322-324. 

HITCHCOCK, E. A. Impulse water-wheel experiments. Theory and results of experiments

at Ohio State University. Elec. World, June 5, 1897. 

INN Eg, CHARLES H. Centrifugal pumps and turbines, pp. 101-111.

Gives theory and describes single-nozzle, outward radial-flow, impulse water wheel similar

to Girard wheel.

KINGSFORD, R. T. A complete theory of impulse water wheels and its application to 

their design. Eng. News, vol. 40, 1898, pp. 37-39.

FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. The Pelton water wheel. Jour. Franklin Inst., vol. 140, 1895, pp. 

161-197.

Report of the institute, through its committee on science and arts, on the invention of 

Lester A. Pelton.

RICHARDS, JOHN. Notes on a problem in water power. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 

vol. 13, 1892, pp. 331-336.

SMITH, HAMILTON, Jr. Water power with high pressures and wrought-iron water pipe. 

Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., vol. 13, 1884, pp. 15-31.

TRINKHAM, RALPH R. and KINGDOM, JUSTIN T. Tests of impulse wheels at the University of Michigan. The Michigan Technic, Ann Arbor, 1906, pp. 26-102.

VIGREUX, CH. Turbines. Paris, 1899, pp. 141-154. 

Discussion of rouets and Pelton wheels.
INDEX.

A. Page.

Acknowledgments to those aiding.......... 38

Adams, S., & Son, turbine of......... .... 101

Alcott, T. C., & Son, turbine of............ 105

Alcott's High-Duty turbine, description of 105 

rating table for. ....................... 105-106

Alexander, Bradley <fc Dunning, turbine of . 96 

Allentown Foundry and Machine Works,

turbine of....................... 112

American turbine, description of............ 114

rating table for......................... 114

tests of................................. 32-33

American type turbine, bibliography of.... 128

comparison of European types and..... 1.")

description of........................... 14-15

Appleton Mills, turbines for, efficiency of.... 23

B.

Balanced-gate turbine, description of..... . .

rating table for.......................'..

Barber & Harris turbine, tests of...........

Barker's mill, description of................

reaction in..............................

Bartley & Sons, turbine of..................

Bartley Water-tight turbine, description of

rating table for......................... Ill

Biobligraphy of turbine................... 126-130

Birkenbine, P. M., experiments by......... 24

Black River, N. Y., turbines on............. 85-86

Bloomingdale turbine, description of....... 98

rating table of........................... 98

Bodine-Jonval turbine, description of...... 99

rating table of .......................... 99

Bollinger turbine, tests of.................. 28

Booth Cotton Mills, Francis turbine at, figure showing..................... 13

Boyden, Uriah, experiments by............ 21,24

turbine of............................... 23

Bradway (C. P.) Machine Works, turbine of. 110 

Bradway turbine, description of............ 110

rating table for......................... 110

Breast wheels, description of............... 8

Bucket, definition of.......-.--.-....-...... 9

evolution of............................. 15

Burnham Brothers, turbine of.............. 104

Burnham's New Improved Standard turbine, description of............. 104

rating table for......................... 104

Camden Horizontal turbine, description of. . 109

rating table for......................... 108

Camden Steel Double turbine, description of 109

rating table for......................... 109

Page. 

Camden turbine, discharge by.............. 77-78

tests of................................ 108-109

Camden Water Wheel Works, turbine of... 109 

Camden Vertical turbine, rating table for... 109 

Canada turbine, description of............. Ill

rating table for......................... Ill

Carley Helical wheel, description of......... 96

rating table of.......................... 96

Case, definition of........................... 9

Case National Improved turbine, description of. ........................ 102

rating table for......................... 102

Case National turbines, tests of......... 30,31-32

Case Wheel and Mill Co., turbine of.......... 102

Centennial turbine tests, results of........21.24-30

Centrifugal force, application of............ 19

Chase Improved Jonval turbine, description

of............................... 100

rating table for......................... 100

Chase turbine, tests of...................... 29

Chase Turbine Manufacturing Co., turbine of 100 

Chevres, Switzerland, power house at, section of, figure showing.......... 84

Christiana Machine Co. turbine of.......... 105

Chutes, definition of........................ 9

types of................................. IG-17

Cole Dominion turbine, description of....... 110

rating table for......................... 110

Cope.?:. T., A- Sons turbine, tests of......... 26

Craig, Ridgway & Son, turbine of.......... C6

Crocker turbines, descriptions of............ 108

rating table for......................... 108

Current meters, comparison of turbines and. 77-78 

Curtis, Gates, turbine of.................... 101

Cylinder-gate turbines, rating tables for... 119-125

D.

Dayton Globe Iron Works Co., turbine of... 114 

Discharge, calculation of, tables for........ 90-92

influence of head on..................... 81-82

influence of speed on.................... 80-81

figures showing.................. 81,82,83

measurement of, by turbine.......... 7,76-82

relial ility of........................ 77-78

variations in............................ 78-82

figures showing.................. 78,81, ,82

Discharge, power, and speed, tables of..... 94-125

tables of, discussion of................. 87-90

Dix, .7. L. & S. B., turbines of.............. 99

Dix Improved Jonval turbine,description of. 99 

rating table for......................... 99

Dolan.William, & Co., turbine of.......... 120-121

Dolan's Improved Little Giant turbine,

description of................... 121

131
132 INDEX.

Dolan's Improved Little Giant turbine, 

rating table for.........................

Dolan's Little Giant turbine, description of. 

rating table for.........................

Double Perfection turbine, description of... 

rating table for.........................

Double turbines, description of.............

Dubuque Turbine and Roller Mill Co., turbine of........................ 103,

Dynamometer, plate showing................

Eclipse Double turbine, description of......

rating table for......._...............-.

Eclipse turbines, tests of....................

Efficiency, measure of.......................

Ellis, T. G., tests by........................

Elmer water wheel, description of..........

rating table for.........................

Emerson, James, tests by............ 24,30-

Eureka Improved turbine, description of...

rating table for.........................

European typo turbines, comparison of 

American types and............

101

Page 

Head, influence of, on discharge ............ 81-S2

121 I influence of, on speed...................

120 i variation in, devices for counteracting.. 

120 figure illustrating...................

96 Helmer's Patent Rome turbine, descrip90 tion of..........................

16 j ratingtable for......................... 101

Henschel, O., invention of Jonval turbine by 12 

123 I Hercules turbine, description of............ 122

14 discharge and diameter of, relations of . 86-87 

i discharge coefficients of................. 79

figures showing......................... 78

101 rating table for......................... 122

101 speed of................................. 80,8fi

33 ' tests of........................... 35-3ti, 60-66

-22 ! figures showing.................. 38,39,40

velocity of.............................. 19

Herschel, Clement, on American type turbines............................ 15

testing flume designed by.............. 24

Holyoke, Mass., testing flume at........... 24

tests at.............................. 30,33-36

reliability of, as to discharge ....... 77-78

water measurement at................. 76-77

122 

24,37

Flenniken turbine, description of........... 103

rating table for......................... 103

Floats, definition of......................... 9

Flow, measurement of, by turbine........ 7,76-82

Flutter wheel, description of................ S

Fourneyron turbines, description of........ 9-12

figure showing.......................... 11

plan of, figure showing ................. 10

rating table for......................... 94

sections of, figures showing............. 10,12

Francis, J. B., experiments of.............. 13,21

work of................................. 23,24

Francis turbine, description of............. 13

figures showing................. ...... 13

Fultonville Foundry Co., turbine of........ 106

Gas engine, relative efficiency of turbine and,

figure showing.................. 23

Gates, definition of.......................... 9

types of............................... . 16-17

Gates-Curtis turbine, description of ........ 101

rating table for......................... 101

Genesee Valley Manufacturing Co., turbine 

of.............................

Geneva, Switzerland, powerhouse near, section at..........................

power house near, section at, figure

showing......................... 84

use of horizontal shaft by............... 83

Geyelin Double Jonval turbine, description

of............................... 13

Geyelin turbines, tests of................... 27

Goldie & McCullough turbine, tests of...... 27

Gravity, operation of water wheels by ..... 7, 8

Guides, definition of........................ 9

types of................................. 16-17

II.

Hanover Foundry and Machine Company, 

turbine of.......................

Holyoke Machine Company, turbine of.....

Holvoke Water Power Compay, flume of... 

flume of, dynamometer of, plate showing.............................. 14

section of, figure showing........... 37

tests by........................... 24,30,36-76

Horizontal shafts, turbines on, plates

showing........................ 82

use of................................... 83

Horsepower, calculation of, table for....... 92-94

definition of............................ 19

development of, in turbines............ 19-22

ITowd, S. B., invention of inward-flow turbine by......................... 13

Howd-Francis turbine, description of...... 13,14

Humphrey Machine Company, turbine of .. 104 

Humphrey Standard IXL turbine, description of.......................... 104

rating table for ..... ..........._........ 103

Humphrey Standard XLCR turbine, description of..................... 104

rating table for......................... 104

Hunt Standard turbine, description of..... 122

rating table for......................... 122

I.

Impulse, principle of....................... 18-19

principle of, figures showing............ 18

Impulse water wheels, bibliography of..... 130

Isle of Man, overshot wheel on............. 8

John Tyler Improved turbine, description

of............................... 95

rating table for......................... 95

Jolly, J. & W., turbine of................... 123

Jones, E. D., & Sons, turbine of ........... 108

Jones Little Giant turbine, description of .. 97

rating table for......................... 97

Jonval turbine, description of.............. 12-13

rating tables for....................... 98-100
INDEX. 133

K. Page.

Kinetic energy, operation of water wheels

by.............................. 7.S

Kingston Foundry and Machine Works,

turbine of....................... 9.3

Knowlton & Dolan turbine, tests of....... 25

Leffel (James) & Co., turbine of............ 118

Leffel Improved Samson turbine, description of...............-------..-. US

rating table for......................... 119

Leffel-Samson turbines, discharge by ...... 77

discharge coefficients of................. SO

tests of................................. 156-67

figure showing...................... titi-71

Leffel turbine, description of........... 14,16,118

discharge by............................ 77

rating table for....................... 117-118

tests of................................. 31

Lesner turbine, tests of..................... 35

Lesner's Improved turbine, description of.. 106 

rating table for......................... 106

Literature, list of......................... 12(1-130

Little Giant turbine, tests of............... 14

M.

McCarthy & Dn rein us Manufacturing Co., 

turbine of.......................

McCormick, J. B., invention of turbines by. 

McCormick Holyoke turbine, tests of......

4ti, 31, 

McCormick turbines, description of . .......

discharge coefficients of.................

rating table for.........................

tests of.................................

tests of, figures showing................

See also Smith-McCormick; McCormick

Holyoke.

McCormick's New Kngland turbine, rating 

table for........................

MeEhvain, II. S., & Co., turbines of........

McElwain-.Ionval turbine, description of.. .""

rating table of..........................

McEhvain's Fourneyron turbine, description of..........................

rating table for.........................

Mechanical principles, explanation of.......

Mechanicsville N. Y., water measurement 

at...............................

Mixed-flow turbines, descriptions of........

Morin, Arthur, experiments by ......... 21,

Morris, Elwood, experiments by...........

Morris Canal, use of Barker's mill on.......

Mosser, \V. F., turbine of, tests of..........

Motors, efficiency of, figure showing........

Munson Brothers, turbino of...............

98

14

44,

55,59

123

79

123

40-59

41,42

123

94,98

98

98

94

94

17-19

Page. 

New York, stream measurement in ........ 77

use of Jonval turbines in............... 13

Niagara Falls, N. Y., Fourneyron turbines

at, figures showing............. 11,12

No ves it Sons' turbine, tests of............. 20

Obenchain, Matthew and John, invention of

turbine by...................... 14

Osgoorl, John, turbine of................... 99

Osgood Improve.! Jonval turbine, description of.......................... 99

rating table for......................... 99

Overshot wheels, description of............ 8

P.

Parallel downward-flow turbines See J onval turbine.

Parker Brothers, invention of scroll case by. 14 

Perfection Standard turbine, description of. 9f>

rating table for......................... %

Philadelphia, turbine tests at........... 21.23-24

Pivot-gate turbines, rating table for..... 108-119

Poole i Hunt, turbine of................... ll'i

Poole & Hunt Leffel turbine, rating table for llfi 

Power, speed, and discharge, tables of.... 94-125

tables of, discussion of................. 87-90

R.

Radial inward-flow turbine. Flee Francis

turbine.

Radial outward-flow turbines. See Fourneyron turbine. 

Reaction, principle of....................... 17

principle of, figure showing.............

Reading Foundry Co., turbine of...........

Register-gate turbines, rating tables for.. 101- 

Reynolds Champion turbine, tests of.......

Reynolds Improved turbine, description of

rating table for..................... ....

Risdon.T. H., & ro ., turbine of............

Risdon Cylinder and Register-gate turbines, description of............

rating table for.........................

Risdon turbine, efli ie icy of................

tests of-........ .......................

Rochester turbine, description of...........

rating table for.........................

Rochester Turbine Manufacturing Co., turbine Of..........................

Rodney Hunt Machine Co., turbine of.... 122,

Rodney Hunt turbine, tests of............. 27

Rouet volante. description of..............

Runner, definition of.......................

plate showing..........................

Ryther & Pringle, turbine of...............

'-18

17

111

-107

30

95

107

107

107

14

119

119

N. S.

National turbine, tests of.................. 29 Samson turbine, tests of.................... fifi-71

New American turbine, description of...... 114

discharge coefficients of................. 80

rating table for....................... 115-116

tests of................................. 71-74

tests of, figure showing................. 71

New Jersey, stream measurement in ....... 77

tests of, figures showing ............... 6ti, 07

Sandy Hill Iron and Brass Works, turbine

of............................... 9S

Schiele turbine, description of.............. 14

figure showing.......................... 14

Scope of paper.............................. 7
184 IXDEX,

Page. ' Page.

Scroll central-discharge turbines, descrip- Turbines, efficiency of, figure showing...... 23

tions of......................... 12,13 j figures showing.................... . 11,14,82

rating tables for........................ 95-97 horsepower of.......................... 19-22

Smeaton, James, experiments by........... 21,22 Interference in.......................... 22

Smith (S. Morgan) Co., turbines of ....... 113,123 lost energy in........................... 22

Smith Improved Success turbine, descrip- measurement of v-iter by............ 7,76-82

tion of.......................... 113 mechanical principles of................ 17-19

rating table for......................... 113 parts of................................ 9

Smith-McCormick turbine, speed and dis- reliability of, as to discharge........... 77-78

charge of, relations of.......... 81 sections of, figure^ showing....... 10,1-, 13,14

figure showing.......................... 81 setting of, methods of.................. 82-84

Smith-McCormick turbines, tests of........ 43,45 testing of............................... 22-76

47-50,52-54,55-57,58 use of, as water meters............... 7,76-82

Smith New Success turbine, description of . 113 j Tyler, Benjamin, inve-.tion of turbine by .. 14

rating table for......................... 114 Tyler turbines, tests of............... 28,30,34-35

Smith No. 2 Success turbine, diameter and

discharge of, relations of. ...... 86-87 ^ 

Speed, calculation of, table for............. 92-94 Undershot wheels, description of........... 8

influence of, on discharge............... 80-81 United States turbine, description of....... 109

figure showing................... 81,82,83 rating table for......................... 109

influence of head on.................... 85 Unwin, W. C., on lost energy............... 22

Speed, discharge, and power, tables of .... 94-125

tables of, discussion of................. 87-90 V.

Square roots, table of...................... 90-92 y Iron Workg Manufacturing Co-> tui.

Steam engine, relative efficiency of turbines ' KIP of 11° 

and, figure showing............ 23 , ^^ deflnition of; ""_ "_ \]'_'_ "_ \]'_]' [ 9

Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Co., tur- theor of 18

bine of.......................... 101 figures'showing.".".".".".'.'.".".".".".".".".". '.'.'.'. 18

St.llwell-Bieree and Smith-Vaile Co., tur- Vertical shafts, use of...................... 82-83

bine of........................ 124,125 Vcrtical water wneels, bibliography of..... 127

Stout, Mills & Temple turbine, tests of..... 27 descriptions of ' 8

Sullivan Machine Co, turbines of......... 95,102 v[otor High-pressurVturbine",descriptionof '. 125

Swain, A. M., testing flume of.............. 24 rating table for......................... 125

Swain turbine, description of............... 120 Victor tur,)ine degcription of .............. 124

rating table for......................... 120 rating table for....................... 124-125

testsof.............................. 74,75-76 I tests of.............................. 30,33-34

Swain Turbine and Manufacturing Co., tur- yigreux, , figure by....................... 22

bine of.......................... 120 Vulcan Iron Works, turbine of............. 110

T.

Tait turbine, tests of....................... 26

Tangential outward-flow turbines. See Wait's Champion turbine, description of... 98

Barker's mill. rating table of.......................... 98

Taylor. J. W. turbine of 124 Water, equivalent dimensions of........... 20

Taylor sleeve-gate turbine, description of.. 124 measurement of...................... 7,76-82

ratingtable for........................ 124 waste of. in turbines.................... 22

Thompson vortex turbine, description of.. 14 weight of............................... 20

Three-halves powers, table of.............. 92-94 | Water meters, use of turbines as......... 7,76-82

Tide wheels, description of. ................ 8 Water rights, determination of............. 7

Trenton Falls, N. Y., Fourneyron turbine at 12 Water-wheel design, essentials of........... 16

Trump Manufacturing Co, turbine of...... 117 Water wheels, classifications of............ 7-8

Trump Model turbine, description of....... 117 efficiency of............................. 20-21

rating table for......................... 117 measurement of water by............ 7,76-82

Turbines, arrangement of, methods of..... 82-84 types of................................. 7-8

bibliography of....................... 126-130 See also Turbines.

classes of, description of................ 9-14 Water wheels, vertical, descriptions of..... 8

comparison of current meters and...... 77-78 Webber, Samuel, tests by.................. 24,30

cost of.................................. 85 Wetmore turbine, description of........... 102

definition of............................ 9 ratint table for......................... 102

discharge and diameter of, relations of. 86-87 Whitelaw, James, development of Barker's

discharge measurements by............ 77-78 mill by.......................... 9

variations in........................ 78-82 Wilson, J. C, & Co, turbine of............. 97

figures showing.............. 78,81,82 Wolff turbine, tests of...................... 26

economy in sh'.e and number of. conditions governing................. 85-87

efficiency of............................. 19-22 York turbine, tests of.... ................. 28
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY.

[Water-Supply Paper No. l«u.]

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual 

Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral 

Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United 

States folios and separate sheets thereof, (S) Geologic Atlas of the United States 

folios thereof. The classes numbered 2. 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the 

others are distributed free. A circular gi vine complete lists may 1 >e hail on application.

Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways:

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 

may be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2. 7, and 8), on application.

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress 

for distribution.

.">. Other co] lies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 

D. (A, from \vhoiu they may be had at prices slightly above cost.

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 

libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested.

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 

subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 

into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; K, Chemistry and 

physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; II, Forestry; I, Irrigation; .1, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographie investigations; X, Water power; (>, Underground waters; P, Hydrographie progress reports. 

This paper is the eighteenth in Series M, the complete list of which follows 

(WS=Water-Supply Paper):

SERIES M GENERAL HYPROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS.

WS 56. Methods of stream measureinent. 1901. 51pp., 12 pis.

WS 64. Accuracy of stream measurements, by E. C. Murphy. 1902. 99 pp.,4 pis.

WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

108pp., 13 pis.

WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, hy G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. 

WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi.

WS 88. The Passaic flood of 1902, by G. B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 56 pp., 15 pis. 

WS 91. Natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, and

Miami drainage areas in Ohio, by B. II. Flyim and M. S. Flynu. 1904. 130 pp. 

WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. O. Leighton. 1904. 48 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 94. Hydrographie manual of the United States Geological Survey, prepared by E. C. Murphy,

J. C. Hoyt, and G. B. Hollister. 19U4. 76 pp., 3 pis.

WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements (second edition), by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169pp., 6 pis. 

WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district by, Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 109. Hydrography of the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson.

1904. 215 pp., 28 pis.
II SERIES LIST.

WS 116. Water resources near Santa Barbara, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1904. 99 pp., S pis. 

WS1 47. Destructive floods in the United .States in 1904, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1905. 206 pp.,

18 pis.

WS 150. Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. Horton. 1906. 189 pp., 3S pis. 

WS 162. Destructive floods in the United States in 1905, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1906. 105 pp.,

4 pis. 

WS IhO. Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, by Robert E. Horton. 1906. 134 pp., 2 pis.

Correspondence should be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

SEPTEMBER, 1906.