The Industrial Utility 

of Public Water 

Supplies in the 

United States, 1952

Part 1. States East of the Mississippi River

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1299
ERRATA SHEET WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1299

Titles for figures 1 (p 0 15), 2 (p. 30), and 3 (p. 33) were omitted 

and should read as follows:

Figure 1« Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness 

from large public supplies in the United States, 1952«

Figure 2, Percent of population using water of different treatment 

from public supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the

United States, 1952.

Figure 3. Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for 

the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 6?595
The Industrial Utility 

of Public Water 

Supplies in the 

United States, 1952

Part 1. States East of the Mississippi River

By E. W. LOHR and S. K. LOVE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1299

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price $2.25 (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract............................................................. 1

Introduction.......................................................... 2

Acknowledgments..................................................... 3

Division of work ...................................................... 3

Analyses of water from public supplies.................................. 5

Sources of analyses ................................................. 5

Collection of samples ............................................... 5

Applicability of analyses............................................. 6

Expression of results ............................................... 7

Composition of natural waters.......................................... 8

Mineral constituents in solution ...................................... 8

Silica.......................................................... 8

Aluminum ..................................................... 8

Iron........................................................... 8

Manganese..................................................... 9

Calcium and magnesium ......................................... 9

Sodium and potassium........................................... 9

Carbonate and bicarbonate ....................................... 9

Sulfate ........................................................ 9

Chloride....................................................... 10

Fluoride....................................................... 10

Nitrate ........................................................ 10

Dissolved solids................................................ 10

Properties and characteristics of water............................... 10

Color........................................................... 10

Hydrogen-ion concentration...................................... 11

Specific conductance ............................................ 11

Turbidity ...................................................... 11

Temperature ................. ^................................. 12

Corrosiveness, causes, prevention............................... 12

Hardness ...................................................... 12

Hardness of public water supplies ...................................... 13

Ranges in hardness ................................................. 14

Weighted average hardness .......................................... 16

Average hardness .................................................. 22

Median hardness.................................................... 25

Sources and treatment of public water supplies............................ 28

Natural surface water ............................................... 30

Treated surface water............................................... 30

Ground water....................................................... 31

Mixed supplies ..................................................... 31

Physical plant facilities ............................................. 31

Treatment of water.................................................... 33

Natural purification................................................. 33

Filtration.......................................................... 34

Rapid sand filtration .............................................. 34

Plain sedimentation............................................. 34

Coagulation .................................................... 34

Mixing and settling basins, filters ................................ 35

Slow sand filtration ............................................... 35

Disinfection........................................................ 36

Adjustment of pH ................................................... 36

HI
IV CONTENTS

Treatment of water--Continued Page

Tastes and odors .................................................. 36

Iron and manganese removal........................................ 37

Municipal softening ................................................ 38

Fluorides and fluoridation .......................................... 39

Industrial treatment of water from public supplies....................... 40

Boiler feed water .................................................. 40

Scale, corrosion, embrittlement, foaming and priming .............. 41

Softening ....................................................... 42

Internal treatment ............................................... 42

Water for industrial processes...................................... 43

Domestic treatment of water from public supplies....................... 45

Publications ........................................................ 46

Water-supply papers............................................. 46

Cooperative reports .............................................. 46

U. S. Geological Survey circulars................................. 46

References.......................................................... 47

Descriptions and analyses of public water supplies in the States east of

the Mississippi River ........................................ 50

Alabama.......................................................... 50

Connecticut ....................................................... 69

Delaware ......................................................... 84

District of Columbia ............................................... 92

Florida........................................................... 94

Georgia........................................................... 120

Illinois. ............................................................ 146

Indiana ........................................................... 173

Kentucky........................................................... 197

Maine ............................................................ 213

Maryland ......................................................... 222

Massachusetts..................................................... 231

Michigan ......................................................... 259

Mississippi ....................................................... 283

New Hampshire........... r ........................................ 300

New Jersey ....................................................... 307

New York......................................................... 339

North Carolina .................................................... 333

Ohio.............................................................. 424

Pennsylvania...................................................... 454

Rhode Island ....................................................... 501

South Carolina..................................................... 511

Tennessee ........................................................ 541

Vermont.......................................................... 557

Virginia .......................................................... 553

West Virginia ..................................................... 591

Wisconsin ........................................................ 608

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Plate 1. Weighted average hardness, by States, of finished water from 

public supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. ............................................ 21

2. Weighted average hardness, by States, of raw water from public

supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 21

3. Percent of population, by States, served from public supplies

with water having hardness of 100 parts per million or less for

1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. ......... 21
CONTENTS

Plate 4. Average hardness, by States, of finished water from public 

supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 

1952. ..................................................

5. Average hardness, by States, of raw water from public supplies 

for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952.

Figure 1. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from 

large public supplies in the United States, 1952. ...........

2. Percent of population using water of different treatment from 

public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. ...........................................

3. Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952. .........................

Page

23

24

15

30

33

TABLES

Page 

Table 1. Sources of analyses in this report. .......................... 5

2. Number of persons using water in different ranges of hardness 

from public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the 

United States, 1952. ..................................... 14

3. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from 

public supplies, including mixed supplies, for 1,315 of the 

larger cities in the United States, 1952. ...........:....... 15

4. Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from 

public supplies for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. ............................................ 15

5. Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public

supplies in each State, 1952. .............................. 17

6. Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public

supplies of States bordering the Great Lakes, 1952. ......... 18

7. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States bordering the Great Lakes, 1952. ........... 18

8. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies in each State, 1952. ................................ 20

9. Population served, and the percent of population served with 

water from public supplies having hardness of 100 parts per 

million or less for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United 

States, 1952. ........................................... 21

10. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of

finished water for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United

States, 1952. ........................................... 23

11. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of raw

water for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. 24

12. Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median

hardness of finished water, by States, for 1, 315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952. .......................... 26

13. Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median 

hardness of raw water, by States, for 1, 315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952. .......................... 26

14. Summary of data on hardness-of public water supplies, by States,

for 1, 315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952. ..... 27

15. Source and treatment of the public water supplies of 1, 315 of the

larger cities in the United States, 1952. ................... 29

16. Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger

cities in the United States, 1952. .......................... 32

17. Number of places and population, in thousands, using water with 

different quantities of fluoride from large public supplies in 

the United States, 1951. ................................. 40
VI CONTENTS

Page 

Table 18. Suggested water-quality tolerance for boiler feed water. ...... 41

19. Industrial requirements for water. .......................... 43

20. Suggested water-quality tolerances. ......................... 44
ABSTRACT

Public water supplies are utilized extensively by industries for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The requirements as to quality of water for each industry are specific, therefore information 

on the quality or chemical character of the water supply is essential not only in the location of industrial plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of products.

Data are given in this report on the water supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities (or places) throughout the United States. The population of these cities represents 58. 3 percent of the total population 

(1950 census), and more than 90 percent of the total urban population, of the United States. Part 1 of 

the report contains data for 819 cities east of the Mississippi River, and part 2 includes data for 416 

cities west of the river. All cities of 15,000 or more population and many cities of smaller population 

are included.

The information given for each place includes, in most instances, population of the place; ownership, 

source, and treatment of supply; storage facilities for both raw and finished water; and chemical analyses of the supplies.

The chemical quality of a water affects its industrial utility. A total of 2, 506 chemical analyses of 

the supplies for the places included are shown. Surface-water supplies, generally, are more variable 

in composition than ground-water supplies, but contain less mineral matter in solution. Many of the 

treated public supplies require further treatment to make them satisfactory for some industrial uses. 

Of the total of 1,315 places included in the report, 711 receive surface-water supplies; 472 receive 

ground-water supplies, and 132 receive mixed supplies. The population served by these supplies is 

about 88,000,000, of which about 71,000,000 receive surface-water supplies and 17,000,000 groundwater supplies.

Hardness of water supplies with respect to industrial use is given much attention. The hardness of 

the large public supplies ranges from less than 5 parts per million to about 700 parts. About 52, 000, 000 

people are furnished with water having hardness of 100 parts per million or less.

The weighted average hardness (average hardness of supplies weighted according to the population 

served) of finished water of surface supplies is 82 parts per million; of ground supplies, 162 parts; and 

of all supplies, 97 parts. The weighted average hardnesses of raw water of surface, ground, and all 

supplies are 96,200, and 116 parts per million, respectively.

The average hardness (based on the average hardness of each supply and the number of supplies) of 

finished water of surface supplies is 85 parts per million; of ground supplies, 164 parts; and of all supplies, 121 parts. The average hardnesses of the raw water supplies are 94, 192 and 139 parts per million, respectively.

The median hardness of finished water of all supplies is 91 parts per million, and of the raw water 

supplies, 90 parts.

The treatment of a public water supply is planned principally to give a water that is bacterially safe 

for public use, and to eliminate or minimize certain undesirable characteristics of the water; Of the 

suppliesfor the places in this report, a total of 117 (3 surface supplies and 114 ground supplies) receive 

no treatment; 393 supplies receive no treatment other than chlorination; and the remainder receive treatment in addition to chlorination. The supplies for 171 cities are softened. Rapid sand filter plants are 

in use for 533 cities, exclusive of those in use at places where the water is softened. Slow sand-filter 

plants are in use at 35 places. A population of about 40, 000, 000 is served with water from these filter 

plants.

The total number of treatment plants, exclusive of facilities for chlorination, for most of the places 

in this report is 660. The total capacity of these plants in millions of gallons per day is 10, 694.

A total of 693 places report raw-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 2, 460, 346 millions 

of gallons; a total of 1,081 places report finished-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 

24, 557 millions of gallons.

Investigations by others have shown that a definite relationship exists between fluoride in drinking 

tfater and the incidence of dental caries in the teeth of children. A total of about 85 percent of the popdlation served from the large public supplies receive water having a fluoride concentration in the range 

of 0.0 to 0. 5 part per million. Few large public supplies contain fluoride in concentrations in excess of 

3 parts per million. A total of 155 places of those included in the report received fluoridated water in 

1955.

1
2 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

INTRODUCTION

The most valuable of all our natural resources, except for the land itself, is 

water. Generally taken for granted and considered practically inexhaustible during the 19th century, water is today one of the most actively managed of all our 

natural resources. Large sums of money are spent each year for surveys, reclamation, conservation, power development, and flood control.

Water is different from most minerals in that it is fluid and active. Moreover, 

its chemical character is ever changing, not only because of natural processes in 

its trip from clouds to seas but also because of the myriad activities of man. Water supply is a complex problem, and it is of extreme importance to communities, 

agriculture, industries, and commerce. Without water these things could not exist; nor could life itself.

An adequate water supply of either ground water or surface water, or both, is 

often a prime requisite in the selection of sites for industrial plants. It is estimated that American industry in 1950 used 75 billion gallons of water per day from 

private sources and about 6 billion gallons per day from public water supplies. 

Furthermore, industries require a process water of specific characteristics or 

standards of quality. For example, process water used in .the manufacture of textiles must be practically free of suspended matter, iron, and color and must be very 

low in dissolved minerals, especially calcium and magnesium. Specific requirements of quality for process water in certain industries are so exacting that extensive treatment for many natural waters is usually necessary to make them suitable 

for use. Therefore, an important factor in the selection of sites for industries, in 

addition to an adequate supply of water, is the specific quality of the supply.

Information as to the chemical character of the water is essential not only in 

the location of many industrial plants but also to the distribution of the products 

manufactured. The manufacturer of water-softening equipment would not expect 

to find a ready market for his product in an area where the water supplies are soft. 

The need for materials and appliances for control of corrosion in water pipes, and 

the selection of boiler-plant and water-softening equipment will be influenced by 

the chemical character of the water.

Many of the water-supply papers of the U. S. Geological Survey and reports 

made in cooperation with State agencies contain considerable information relating 

to the chemical quality of water in the United States. See page 46 for the partial 

list. Among these are the annual "quality of surface water" reports beginning in 

October 1941, which give the results of comprehensive investigations in different 

areas of the country for the year named. Other reports give the results of comprehensive investigations within a State, among which are those dealing with the 

public water supplies; still others give information on the geology and the occurrence and availability of ground-water supplies with brief discussions of the chemical character of the water encountered in the area of investigation.

Reports' showing the chemical character of the public water supplies of the 

larger cities of the United States were published in 1923 and 1934. The last published report, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, contains data for 670 

of the larger cities, representing 46 percent of the total population of the United 

States. It has filled an important need in the field of water-supply engineering. 

The insistent demand for more current information and a more extended coverage 

has led to the present report. Descriptive and analytical data for about 75 percent 

of all the places that are included in the two volumes of this report have been published in a recent series of nine Geological Survey circulars, each circular covering a prescribed section of the country. The present report gives data for 1,315 

places, representing 58.3 percent of the total population of the United States. It 

includes data for all places of 15,000 or more population, 80 percent or more of 

the total urban population of each State, and at least 10 places for each State except Delaware. Many places of less than 15,000 population are included in order 

thateither80percentof the total urban population of the State or 10 places for each 

State might be represented. It was felt that the use of the above criteria for the
INTRODUCTION 3

selection of the places to be included in the report would give adequate representation for each State.

Part 1 of the report includes data for 819 places in the 26 States and the District of Columbia east of the Mississippi River; part 2, for 496 places in the 22 

States west of the Mississippi. The text material and illustrations and the form 

of the tables are identical in both parts of the report and apply to the country as a 

whole. The statements made in regard to the supplies as a whole and to other subjects are generally applicable in each part of the report.

An important part of this report is the descriptive and analytical data pertaining to the water supplies of the individual places. Although not as complete and 

representative as desired in some instances, these data are intended to show conditions as they existed at the time of collection. From the data as presented inferences and conclusions can be drawn as to the general character of the water and 

its general usability for many industrial purposes. In the use of the data, it must 

be borne in mind that many supplies from surface sources are quite variable in 

composition; that ground-water supplies are more uniform in composition than surface supplies; and that most of the analytical data relate to the treated or finished 

water as served to the consumers, although much information is given as to the 

character of the raw-water supplies.

The general discussion of hardness and the illustrations and tables with reference to the distribution and use of water of different hardness are of considerable 

value or importance in the report, since hardness is a characteristic of water that 

affects both the domestic and industrial use of water. Caution is necessary in the 

use of generalized data relative to the hardness of public water supplies, when 

location of industrial plants or industrial activities require more specific data as 

to the chemical character of the water supplies.

Fluoride occurring naturally in water supplies and the fluoridation of public 

water supplies, because of the effects of fluoride on the incidence of dental caries 

in the teeth of growing children and not because of the effects on the industrial use 

of the water, are discussed at some length.

Discussions of the various aspects of water supply and treatment are necessarily brief in this report. Fuller and detailed discussions are to be found in papers and books on the subjects.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

State departments of health, city and waterworks officials, private water companies, and commercial laboratories furnished many analyses, water-supply and 

water-plant data on forms prepared by the Quality of Water Branch for the purpose, and collected samples of water for analysis. (See table 1.) For these data 

and assistance grateful acknowledgment is made.

Many of the personnel of the Surf ace Water Branch and the Ground Water Branch, 

Water Resources Division, assisted in obtaining data in certain areas pertaining 

to the supplies and collecting samples for analysis. Grateful acknowledgment is 

made for this cooperation and assistance.

DIVISION OF WORK

This report is the result of the efforts of many of the personnel of the Quality 

of Water Branch of the Geological Survey under the general supervision of S. K. 

Love, chief, Quality of Water Branch. The efforts of the various members of the 

branch who participated in the work were coordinated by E. W. Lohr, chemist, 

who also reviewed and compiled all data submitted by the district offices of the 

branch, wrote the body of' the text, and was mainly responsible for the tables and 

illustrations.

The analyses made by the Geological Survey for inclusion in the report were 

made in the district laboratories by the Quality of Water Branch in different sections of the country under the immediate supervision of the district chemists at
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

the time. The district offices also collected other data pertaining to the supplies 

in the States comprising their districts. The States comprising the different districts, the location of the district offices, and the personnel in charge at the time 

the work was in progress, are named below.

State

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Mississippi 

Missouri (part) 

Tennessee

California

Connecticut

District of Columbia

Florida

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

Rhode Island

Vermont

Colorado (part) 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Minnesota 

Missouri (part) 

Montana (part) 

Nebraska 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Wyoming (part)

Arizona 

Colorado (part) 

New Mexico

Georgia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Michigan

Ohio

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Kansas (part) 

Oklahoma

District or Regional Office

I. S. T. Building, University 

of Arkansas, 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

G. A. Billingsley 

J. W. Geurin

2520 Marconi Avenue, 

Sacramento 21, Calif. 

I. W. Walling

General Services Administration Bldg., 

Washington 25, D. C. 

S. K. Love 

W. F. White 

E. W. Lohr

510 Rudge Guenzel Bldg. 

Lincoln 8, Nebr. 

P. C. Benedict 

H. A. Swenson

P. O. Box 293, University Station, 

Albuquerque, N. Mex. 

J. D. Hem

P. O. Box 5668, 

Raleigh, N. C. 

F. H. Pauszek

2822 East Main Street, 

Columbus, Ohio 

W. L. Lamar 

P. N. Brown

P. O. Box 4355, 

Oklahoma City, Okla. 

T. B. Dover
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

State

Delaware 

Pennsylvania

Louisiana 

Texas

Colorado (part) 

Idaho

Montana (part) 

Nevada 

Oregon 

Utah

Washington 

Wyoming (part)

Virginia

District or Regional Office

1302 Custom House, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

N. H. Beamer 

E. F. McCarren

302 West 15th St., 

Austin, Tex. 

B. Irelan 

J. R. Avrett

P. O. Box 2657, 

Fort Douglas, 

Salt Lake City, 

Utah

C. S. Howard 

R. T. Kiser

P. O. Box 1488, 

University Station, 

Charlottesville, Va. 

J. G. Connor

ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

SOURCES OF ANALYSES

Most of the analyses in this report were made during its preparation in the 

laboratories associated with the District offices of the Quality of Water Branch 

of the Geological Survey. Analyses from other sources were freely used as indicated in table 1. The lack of space prohibits giving the names of the individual 

analysts, although the names of the laboratories making or furnishing the analyses 

are given in the tables of analyses for the individual places.

Table 1. Distribution of sources of analyses used

Source

U. S. Geological Survey laboratories:

Other reports ...............................

Waterworks laboratories ......................

Commercial laboratories ......................

. Totals ..........

Number 

of 

analyses

1,781

185

268

155

117

2.506

Number 

of 

places

1,008

56

107

109

35

1.315

Many analyses and other data not printed in this report were available. These 

analyses and data were valuable aids in the selection of the analyses and data which 

are printed.

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

Many samples for analysis were collected by the personnel of the Quality of 

Water Branch and other members of the Water Resources Division of the Geological Survey. Other samples were collected in containers furnished by theGeolog-
6 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

ical Survey by waterworks, city, and health-department officials. At many places 

samples were collected of bothraw- and finished-water supplies especially at those 

places where the treatment of the raw water was extensive or where the water was 

softened. Many samples of finished water were collected at the treatment plants 

of the individual cities; other samples were collected from city taps of the distribution systems. The samples collected are considered to be representative of the 

supplies at the time of collection.

APPLICABILITY OF ANALYSES

The analyses made by the Geological Survey used in this report were made by 

methods developed by the Quality of Water Branch or adapted from methods in 

general use for the mineral analysis of water. (Am. Pub. Health Assoc., 1946; 

Am. Soc. for Testing Materials, 1947). The analyses made by other laboratories 

were carefully examined for possible errors in order that the information given 

might be reliable. The reporting of these analyses has been made to conform to 

the Geological Survey method of reporting the results of water analysis and any 

difference in the analyses as published and originally submitted is because of this. 

Many waterworks laboratories make daily determinations of alkalinity, pH, and 

hardness which give some indications as to the extremes in chemical composition 

of the supplies. These data are given in the tables of analyses whenever they were 

available. Every effort has been made to give reliable information as to the chemical character of the water supplies at the time the analyses were made and 

throughout the year.

Single analyses of supplies from lakes and large reservoirs represent fairly 

well the chemical character of the water throughout the year, but for many supplies taken directly from streams or from small impounding reservoirs a single 

analysis will not represent the character of the water for the year. It may so happen that the single analysis will represent about the average character of the water 

for the year. Many streams are very variable in character not only with the seasons but with rapid changes in stage. Obviously a single analysis of such streams 

will not show the extremes in chemical composition of the water, and many analyses of daily samples or frequent samples are necessary to show the composition of 

the water throughout the year.

Some waterworks laboratories make complete analyses of composites of daily 

samples. Where available, averages of these analyses are given in the table of 

analyses. Averages of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for a period of a year are shown for a number of supplies. Analyses of composites of daily 

samples with the maximum and minimum content of dissolved solids are shown in 

a few instances. The single analyses and other analyses taken together with the 

analytical data furnished by the waterworks laboratories give reliable information 

as to the chemical character of many surface-water and treated-water supplies.

For many places that have several sources of supply, analyses are usually 

given representative of the several sources or of the combined sources. It is obvious that if different sections of a city are served by different sources, an analysis of a sample collected in one section of the city may not represent the character of the water served in th*e other section or the entire city. Statements in the 

descriptive data for the supplies of these places are made to show the percent of 

supply from each source. In many instances it was not possible to give analyses 

of each of the sources of supply.

Ground water, in general, is much more uniform in composition than surface 

water. A single analysis may suffice to show the general character of the water 

throughout the year not only for a single source but also for multiple sources furnishing water of similar composition. However, many places obtain public supplies from several wells or groups of wells in several well fields that differ considerably in chemical composition. Sometimes water from these various sources 

is pumped directly into the distribution system in different sections of the city. 

Sometimes groups of wells or individual wells are pumped at different times. For 

most such supplies analyses are selected to show the character of the water of the 

entire supply, or the several sources of supply, or the range or differences in
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 7

composition of the water from the individual wells or several groups of wells. It 

is obviously necessary to consider the descriptions of the sources of supply, the 

percent of supply obtained from each source, and the analyses of the supplies in 

order to evaluate or plan in connection with the use of the data of such groundwater supplies.

EXPRESSION OF RESULTS

The dissolved mineral constituents are reported in parts per million. A part 

per million is a unit of weight of a constituent in a million unit weights of water. 

Equivalents per million, though not given in this report, are sometimes preferred 

to the expression of results in parts per million. An equivalent per million is a 

unit chemical combining weight of a constituent in a million unit weights of water. 

Equivalents per million for any constituent are obtained by dividing the concentration of the constituent in parts per million by the chemical combining weight of the 

constituent. For convenience in making this conversion the reciprocals of chemical combining weights of the most commonly reported constituents are given in the 

following table:

Constituent Factor Constituent Factor

Iron (F+++)............ 0. 0537 Carbonate (CO3 "">....... 0. 3333

Manganese (Mn++)...... . 0364 Bicarbonate (HCO3 -)..... . 0164

Calcium (Ca++) ........ .0499 Sulfate (SO4 "~) .......... .0208

Magnesium (Mg++) ..... . 0822 Chloride (Cr) .......... . 0282

Sodium (Na+) .......... .0435 Fluoride (F~) ........... .0526

Potassium (K+) ........ . 0256 Nitrate (NO3 -) .......... . 0161

Results in parts per million can be converted to grains per United States gallon by dividing by 17. 12

A calculated quantity of sodium and potassium as sodium, given in some analyses, is the quantity of sodium needed in addition to the calcium and magnesium to 

balance the anions.

Total hardness as used in this report means, in most instances, the hardness 

expressed as calcium carbonate caused by calcium and magnesium in the water; 

it is obtained by calculation from the results of determination of these two constituents by either gravimetric or volumetric methods. In a few instances, other 

substances such as aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium, and free acid, which 

also cause hardness, have been included in the calculations. Many determinations 

of hardness made at waterworks treatment plants are made with soap solutions, 

and such results for total hardness tend to be lower generally and less accurate 

than those obtained by calculation. The volumetric test for hardness using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is much more reliable and is rapidly replacing the 

soap test (Connors, 1950). Hardness is further discussed on pages 12, 13-28.

Color is expressed in units of the platinum cobalt scale proposed by Hazen 

(1892, p. 427-428).

Hydrogen-ion concentration is expressed on the pH scale.

Specific-conductance values are expressed as micromhos per centimeter at 

25 °C. In many reports conductance is designated by the letter "K", and values 

expressed as above may be written Kx 10° at 25°C. A micromho is a millionth 

of a reciprocal ohm.

Turbidity is expressed as units of turbidity on the silica scale (U. S. Geological 

Survey, 1902).

Alkalinity as reported in the tables of determinations made at treatment plants 

is expressed as calcium carbonate. Acidity, in some instances, is shown in these 

tables as a minus alkalinity.
8 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS

All natural waters contain dissolved mineral matter. Water in contact with 

soils and rocks evenfor only afew hours will dissolve some mineral matter. The 

quantity of mineral matter dissolved by a natural water depends primarily on the 

type of rocks and soils with which the water comes in contact and the length of the 

contact. Some streams are fed by both surface runoff and ground water from 

springs and seeps. Such streams reflect the chemical character of the more concentrated ground water during dry periods and are more dilute during periods of 

heavy surface runoff. Ground water usually contains more dissolved mineral matter than surface runoff for it remains in contact with soils and rocks for longer 

periods of time. The concentration of dissolved solids in a river water may be 

increased by drainage from mines and oil fields, by discharge of industrial and 

municipal wastes into the streams, and in irrigated areas by return drain waters.

The mineral constituents and physical properties of the raw and treated supplies in the tables of analyses are those that affect thfe value of the water for most 

purposes. The analyses generally include results for silica, iron, manganese, 

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium (or sodium and potassium together as sodium), carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, dissolved solids, and hardness. Results for color, pH, specific conductance, turbidity, and 

temperature are reported in many others. The source and significance of the constituents and properties of water supplies are discussed in the following paragraphs.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN SOLUTION

Silica (SiO2). --The element silicon is not found free in nature but it occurs as 

silica in sand, in quartz, and as silicates in feldspar, kaolinite, and other minerals. 

Silica is dissolved from practically all rocks. Its state in solution in natural water is not definitely known, but it is assumed to be colloidal, and it does not enter 

into the ionic balance between the acids and bases of a water analysis.

Many natural surface waters, especially lakes, contain less than 5 parts per 

million and few contain more than 30 parts per million. Well waters generally 

contain more silica than surface waters, but comparatively few contain more than 

50 parts per million.

Silica affects the industrial use of water because it contributes to the formation 

of boiler scale, or it may help to cement other scale-forming substances into a 

hard scale; it is usually removed from feed water for high-pressure boilers. Silica also forms troublesome deposits on the blades of steam turbines.

The silica in the treated water of a public supply is usually less than in the raw 

water if in the treatment process coagulation and filtration are employed. The 

use of activated silica as a coagulant, either alone or in conjunction with alum, 

will not increase the silica content of the treated water.

Aluminum (Al). Although aluminum is relatively abundant in many rocks and 

ores some of which are readily soluble, aluminum is present only in negligible 

quantities in most natural waters for it precipitates from the waters. Acid waters 

and water that has been in contact with certain types of rocks or ores may contain 

considerable quantities of aluminum. Aluminum contributes to hardness in water 

and may be deposited as scale in boilers. It is not reported in the tables of analyses. In a few samples the aluminum content is indicated by footnotes.

Iron (Fe). Iron is dissolved from practically all rocks, and practically all 

natural water supplies contain iron in solution. Surf ace waters, unless acid, rarely 

contain more than several tenths of a part per million. Acid waters may carry 

relatively large quantities. Iron in water upon being exposed to air is readily oxidized to ferric hydroxide which will readily settle out of a surface supply unless 

acid; therefore surface waters generally carry relatively small quantities of iron.

Many ground waters may carry several parts per million of iron. Such waters 

on exposure to air become turbid with ferric hydroxide as a result of the oxidation
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 9

of the iron. The ferric iron will settle out and the water will eventually clear up 

if it is quiescent. Iron in solution will cause reddish-brown stains on white enamelware, porcelain fixtures, and fabrics washed in these ground waters, which are 

objectionable also for other domestic and industrial uses. . Many natural waters may be corrosive to the supply system, dissolving sufficient quantities of iron from the pipes to be objectionable in the use of the water 

for many purposes. Much of the iron in natural waters is removed by the treatment as practiced at the modern water-purification plants, but sometimes such 

treatment will leave the waters corrosive so that they will dissolve objectionable 

quantities of iron from pipes in the supply system or household installations.

Manganese (Mn). Manganese is found in many natural waters, sometimes in 

appreciable quantities. Water impounded in large reservoirs may contain manganese that has been dissolved from the mud on the bottom of the reservoir. Some 

ground waters may-contain very objectionable quantities of manganese. Waters 

that contain appreciable quantities of manganese usually contain also objectionable 

quantities of iron. Manganese is especially objectionable in water use din laundering and textile manufacturing, for it causes dark-brown stains on the fabrics. It 

will also stain porcelain fixtures. Water supplies containing objectionable quantities of manganese require special treatment for its removal.

Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). --Calcium and magnesium are dissolved 

from many rocks but more particularly from limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. 

Limestone, which is primarily calcium carbonate, and dolomite and dolomitic 

limestone made up of both calcium and magnesium carbonates are readily soluble 

in water containing carbon dioxide. Caves and solutions channels in these" rocks 

are the result of this action of water. Comparatively large quantities'of calcium 

are also dissolved from gypsum (calcium sulfate). Calcium is frequently the principal basic constituent in waters that contain relatively small quantities of dissolved solids and are soft waters. Calcium and magnesium are the most universally characteristic constituents of natural waters.

Calcium and magnesium cause hardness in water and contribute to the formation of boiler scale and deposits in hot-water heaters and pipes and in water systems. The calcium and magnesium content and hardness of waters used for public 

supplies greatly affect the industrial value of the waters.

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The very active metals sodium and potassium 

are not found free in nature, but their compounds are relatively abundant in the 

earth's crust and are highly soluble in water. Sodium and potassium are found in 

all natural waters. Natural waters that contain only 3 or 4 parts of the two together 

are likely to contain about equal quantities of each. As the total quantity of these 

constituents increases the proportion of sodium becomes much greater. Waters 

carrying from 40 to 50 parts per million of the two'may carry one-fourth or onetenth of the quantity as potassium; waters containing more sodium may even have 

a smaller proportion of potassium.

Some well waters that carry moderate quantities of dissolved material in passage through the earth may undergo base exchange and change from hard waters to 

soft waters. These waters may contain several hundred parts per million of sodium bicarbonate. Waters in arid and semiarid regions are likely to carry considerable quantities of sodium salts, usually sulfate and chloride. Streams that 

receive drainage from irrigated lands may carry several thousands parts per million of sodium sulfate. The quantity of sodium and potassium found in the water of 

most public supplies has comparatively little effect on the industrial use of the 

water.

Carbonate (CO.) and bicarbonate (HCO3). Carbonate as such is present in relatively few natural waters. Some waters that have been treated with lime contain 

carbonate or even hydroxide. Free carbon dioxide in rain water increased by a 

larger amount from decaying organic matter in percolating water, in lakes, and 

in streams in contact with carbonate rocks or calcareous material is converted into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is the chief anion in a great many natural waters and 

in most of the waters used for public supplies. Waters that have been in contact 

with granitic rocks and rocks of similar characteristics usually contain less than 

50 parts per million of bicarbonate and frequently less than 2 5 parts, whereas those 

that have been in contact with carbonate rocks may contain as much as 500 parts.
10 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Carbonate and bicarbonate are often reported as alkalinity which is expressed as 

calcium carbonate. One part of alkalinity as calcium carbonate corresponds to 

1. 22 parts of bicarbonate.

Sulfate (SOJ. --Sulfate is present in most natural waters, although in many it 

may be a relatively small quantity. Sulfate may be dissolved in relatively large 

quantities from beds of gypsum and shale. Some surface waters receiving acid 

mine drainage may contain considerable quantities of sulfate some of which may 

be the result of oxidation of the sulfides of iron. Water in arid or semiarid regions may contain relatively large quantities of sodium sulfate.

Sulfate in waters that contain much calcium and magnesium contributes to the 

formation of hard scale in steam boilers and affects the use of waters in other industrial processes. Aluminum sulfate as a coagulant in the treatment of public 

supplies increases the sulfate content and decreases the bicarbonate content of the 

water.

Chloride (Cl). --Chloride is found in practically all natural waters, although 

many surface waters contain only a few parts per million. Streams in arid or 

semiarid regions may contain several hundred parts per million of chloride especially if they drain areas where chlorides occur in natural deposits or have been 

concentrated in soils through evaporation processes. Sewage increases the chloride content of river waters. Drainage from oil wells or other deep wells, salt 

springs, and industrial wastes may add large quantities of chloride to stream waters. Most public supplies from surface sources contain less than 25 parts per 

million of chloride. Ground waters usually contain larger quantities than surface 

waters and some public-supply wells may contain as much as 100 parts per million. The larger quantities of chloride may affect the industrial use of the water.

Fluoride (F). --Fluoride occurs in nature in fluorspar, cryolite, and in both 

sedimentary and igneous rocks. In most natural surface waters it is present only 

in very small concentrations; in ground waters it is present in larger concentrations, in some waters as much as several parts per million. Fluoride in water 

supplies in relation to the dental defect known as mottled enamel and fluoridation 

and natural fluorides in relation to the prevention of dental caries is discussed on 

page 39 . The fluoride content of public water supplies may be of little importance as far as the industrial use of the water is concerned.

Nitrate (NO3). --Nitrate is considered the final oxidation product of nitrogenous 

matter and its presence in water supplies of more than several parts per million 

may indicate previous contamination by sewage or other organic matter. The effect of nitrate present in most public water supplies on the industrial use of the 

water is practically negligible. Studies indicate that nitrate in excess of about 44 

parts per million in drinking water may be a contributing factor or the cause of a 

condition in infants known as methemoglobinemia("blue babies"). (Waring, 1949).

Dissolved solids. --The results reported as dissolved solids represent approximately the total quantity of dissolved mineral matter in each water analyzed. 

(Howard, 1933, p. 4-6). The quantity of dissolved solids in most instances was 

determined by evaporating a given volume of water, drying the residue at some 

definite temperature (180°C, by U. S. Geol. Survey), and weighing the dried residue. In some instances the quantity reported was obtained by a summation.of the 

individual constituents shown in the analysis, bicarbonate being included as carbonate. This summation of constituents for dissolved solids is indicated by a footnote in the tables of analyses. Relatively few supplies of places in this report contain more than 500 parts per million of dissolved solids and many of them have 

less than 100 parts. Ground-water supplies usually contain more dissolved material than surface water supplies. Part of the material reported as dissolved solids 

in colored waters is organic matter, which is not shown in the analyses.

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

Color. --Color, in water analysis, refers to the appearance of water that is 

free of suspended material. Many turbid waters that appear yellow, red, or brown 

have little color after the suspended material is removed. Color in natural waters 

is almost entirely the result of extraction of coloring matter from decaying roots,
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 11

stems, leaves, and other organic materials in the water and in the ground. Swamp 

waters may have as much as 200 or 300 units of color. Industrial wastes may add 

color to water. Color in most public supplies is rather negligible. A color of less 

than 10 units usually passes unnoticed. Some impounded supplies if not filtered 

may have appreciable color. Color is objectionable in the use of the water for 

some industrial purposes.

Hydrogen-ion concentration. --Hydrogen-ion concentration in an aqueous solution or in water on the pH scale is represented by a number which is the negative 

logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration in moles per liter of solution. The 

pH range is from 0 to 14. A solution with a pH of 7 is said to be neutral. Progressive values of pH below 7 denote increasing acidity, and progressive values 

above 7 denote increasing alkalinity. The pH values are logarithmic, for example, 

a water with a pH of 6 has 10 times the concentration of hydrogen ions as one with 

a pH of 7.

There is a definite relationship between pH and acidity although acidity should 

not be confused with pH, for a water with a pH value of 6. 0 may have a low total 

acidity whereas another highly buffered water having a pH of 7 may have a high 

total acidity. Acidity is the results of the effects of a combination of substances 

and conditions in water, and may be defined as the power of the water to neutralize hydroxyl ions. Acidity is usually caused by the presence of free carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and salts of strong acids and weak bases.

A definite relationship also exists in waters between pH and alkalinity (carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide).- (Langelier, 1946.) Alkalinity in a water may 

be defined as its power to neutralize hydrogen ions. Alkalinity is caused by the 

presence of carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides and, to a lesser degree, by silicates, phosphates, borates, and organic substances. Although pH values and 

alkalinity are inter related, high alkalinity may not be necessarily associated with high 

pH values; for example, a relative dilute water with a pH of 7 may have a low total 

alkalinity, whereas, a buffered water with a pH of 6. 0 may have a high total alkalinity. The combined effects of the several substances and conditions in the water 

affect the relationship between alkalinity and pH values.

The pH value of most natural water ranges between 6 and 8. Waters containing 

free mineral acids have pH values below 4. 5. Some ground waters have pH values 

above 8, some below 6. On account of the relation between the pHof water and its 

corrosive properties, many water-treatment plants make final adjustment of the 

pHof the supplies to preventer minimize corrosion in the distribution system and 

household installations. The pH values of public supplies have a very considerable 

and definite bearing on the utility of the supplies for many industrial purposes.

Specific conductance (K X 1Q6 at 25°C). --The specific conductance of a water 

is a measure of its capacity to conduct an electric current. The conductance varies 

with the concentration and degree of ionization of the different minerals in solution 

and with the temperature of the water. It furnishes a rough measure of the mineral content of the water but does not give any indication of the relative quantities 

of the constituents in solution. It is useful in following the changes in the total 

quantity of dissolved minerals in a water through a series of samples.

Turbidity^ --Turbidity of water is due to suspended matter such as clay, silt, 

finely divided organic matter, microscopic organisms, and any such similar material. The terms "turbidity" and "suspended matter" are not synonymous or 

equivalent expressions. Turbidity is an expression of an optical approximation of 

the suspended matter, based on the similarity of the interference of the suspended 

matter to the passage of light rays through a water sample when compared with 

standard samples of recorded turbidity. The standard unit of turbidity is considered as that produced by one part per million of diatomaceous earth or fuller's 

earth (silica) in distilled water.

Practically all public supplies that are filtered are free from noticeable turbidity or suspended matter. A few unfiltered supplies and those that contain enough iron to give an appreciable precipitate on exposure to air may show noticeable turbidities. Suspended matter in surface-water supplies is usually a much 

more variable quantity than dissolved solids and must be taken into consideration 

in any utilization of the unfiltered supplies.
12 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Temperature. --The results for temperature in the tables of analyses are shown 

in degrees Fahrenheit and represent the temperature of samples at the time of 

collection. In a few instances results for temperature are shown that were obtained at the treatment plants.

Corrosiveness, causes and prevention. --Corrosiveness of a water isthatproperty which makes the water aggressive to metal surfaces and frequently results 

in "red water" caused by solution of iron, although all red-water troubles may 

not be the result of corrosion. As discussed previously, many well waters contain considerable quantities of iron in solution and when these supplies are exposed 

to the air the iron separates out as a precipitate. Some of this precipitate may be 

carried along in the mains and pipes in suspension in the water giving red-water 

effects. Corrosive waters causes the deterioration of water pipes, steam boilers, 

and water-heating equipment. Many waters that do not appreciably attack coldwater lines may aggressively attack hot-water lines.

The phenomena of corrosion are not thoroughly understood (Speller, 1951). 

The active agents in water aside from the solvent action of water itself are acids, 

substances which upon hydrolysis or decomposition produce acid reactions, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide. The problem of prevention of corrosion, therefore, is the problem of controlling these active agents or minimizing 

their effects. Books and papers have been written on various aspects of the problem. (Proc. A. S. T. M., 1940; Betz and Betz, 1953).

The principal methods used in the treatment of municipal water supplies to 

prevent corrosion and red-water trouble involve treatment to maintain proper alkalinity, pH values and stability in the treated waters. (Amer. Water Work As soc., 

1950; Baker, 1948). Effluent from filter plants where alum is used in the treatment, many unfiltered supplies, and some naturally soft supplies, contain free 

carbon dioxide and have low pH values, may aggressively corrode metal surfaces 

in distribution mains and plumbing installations, producing red-water troubles, 

pitting, and tuberculation. To increase the alkalinity and to raise the pH values, 

agents such as lime or soda ash are added to the supplies before they enter the 

distribution system. Where the supplies are softened, the alkalinity and residual 

hardness" can be controlled so that the effluent may be left in a slightly unstable 

condition with respect to calcium carbonate, and a light protective coating of calcium carbonate may be deposited in the mains of the distribution system (Langelier, 

1936). A stability test may indicate whether a water is corrosive or will form a 

protective film (Enslow, 1939).

Deaerators anddegasifiersforthe removal of dissolved gases are used to some 

extent in the treatment of boiler feed waters and in private installations (Powell 

and Burns, 1936; Powell, Bacon, and Lill, 1946). Aeration removes to some extent carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, although in the treatment of public water 

supplies this process is used more for the purpose of removal of iron and of tastes 

and odors than for corrosion control.

Phosphates, metaphosphates, and silicates, classed as anodic inhibitors, are 

used to some extent in the treatment of public supplies and in industrial and private 

installations for prevention of corrosion. The compounds are effective because 

'not only do they neutralize the agents of corrosion but also, it is thought, they 

form protective films on the metal surfaces. Sodium hexametaphosphate has been 

found not only to be effective in stopping corrosion but also to promote removal of 

corrosion products from pipelines (Rice, 1947).

Corrosion inside of steel tanks and standpipes may be prevented by a process 

known as cathodic protection. Special electrical equipment is required which in 

operation reverses the electrochemical processes setup in the corrosion of metal, 

thereby rendering the metal surface passive (Pallo, 1948).

Hardness. --Hardness of water is that characteristic or quality shown by water 

containing certain substances in solution. Calcium and magnesium are the principal constituents causing hardness. Other substances, such as aluminum, iron, 

manganese, strontium, zinc, and free acid also cause hardness, but most of these 

are not present in water supplies in sufficient quantities to affect appreciably the 

hardness.

The terms "carbonate" and "noncarbonate" hardness are roughly equivalent to 

or are used in the same sense as the older terms "temporary" and "permanent"
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 13

hardness. Carbonate hardness refers to the hardness in equivalence with carbonate and bicarbonate; noncarbonate hardness to the remainder of the hardness. A 

water has no noncarbonate hardness if the total hardness does not exceed in chemical equivalence the carbonate and bicarbonate (the alkalinity) present in the water. 

Waters of high noncarbonate hardness usually contain large quantities of calcium 

and magnesium sulfates, chlorides, or nitrates in solution. The character of scale 

formed in steam boilers is affected by the relation of carbonate to noncarbonate 

hardness. The selection of the proper methods for softening is based largely on 

the type and degree of hardness present in the waters.

Hardness in water in respect to both domestic and industrial use receives great 

attention. In domestic use hardness is recognized by the difficulty in obtaining a 

lather without an excessive consumption of soap; the insoluble, sticky curd that 

results with the use of soap, and the scale formed in vessels in which the water is 

boiled. Industry gives great attention to hardness in water supplies because of its 

effects in the various processes of manufacturing and on the manufactured product, 

and because of the scale deposited in the use of hard water in hot-water pipes, hotwater heaters, and steam boilers, resulting in economic loss through loss of heat 

transfer, increased fuel consumption, and breakdown of equipment. Large sums 

of money are expended in softening supplies to make them suitable for both domestic and industrial uses.

HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

Data relating to the hardness of the water of the larger public supplies of the 

United States as shown in the descriptive and analytical data for each place are 

summarized in a number of tables and illustrations. Most of these data relate to 

the supplies as served to consumers representing water of natural hardness and 

water of which the hardness has been changed by treatment including softening. 

The data shown relate to only 58.8 percent of the total population of the United 

States. The percent of population represented by each of more than half of the 

States is much less than the total for the whole country. Furthermore, in several 

of the summaries the average hardness of the State is used which does not show 

any extremes in the hardness of the supplies within the State. The extremes in 

the hardness of the supplies in some States are much greater than in others, although the average hardness for those States may not be any higher than for a State 

where the ranges in the hardness are not so great. Furthermore, it must be borne 

in mind that the smaller municipalities, which are not represented in the report 

and consequently are not in the summaries, obtain their supplies for the most part 

from ground-water sources whose supplies generally are harder than surface waters. Therefore, it is important that the base data of these summaries be kept in 

mind when making any conclusions or inferences relative to the distribution of water of certain hardness as shown by the hardness of the larger public water supplies of the country.

These summaries of data on hardness are based on the average hardness of a 

supply for a year. In some instances only meager analytical data were available 

to show the hardness of the supply for a year. In these instances an average for 

hardness was selected, based on known factors, such as the sources of the supply whether from a large or a small stream, or from lakes, reservoirs, wells, 

or springs, the time of year the sample or samples for analysis were collected, 

and the general knowledge of the hardness of water supplies in the locale of the supply in question. The average hardness used for many places with varying hardness was that furnished by the waterworks laboratories. The average hardness of 

those places furnished from more than one source where not mixed prior to distribution was based on the hardness of the supplies and the percent furnished from 

each source. In some instances the total population of a place was divided according to the percent of supply from each source so that the proper tabulation could be 

made as to population and hardness. For those places furnished with ground water from several sources of supply with different hardness, proper evaluation for 

an average hardness was based on the percent of supply from each source and the 

hardness of each supply. For a few places furnished with both ground and surface
14 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER-SUPPLIES, 1952

water, the population using each had to be estimated in the tabulations where division was necessary.

RANGES IN HARDNESS

Table 2 shows the number of persons, in thousands using water of different 

ranges of hardness from larger public supplies in the United States. It gives no 

information as to the distribution of hard water by area or locality. The table is 

reasonably accurate as to the use of water in different ranges of hardness by the 

consumers indicated, which represent about 90 percent of the total urban population of the United States.

Table 2. Number of persons using water in different ranges of hardness from 

public supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952.

1-10 .......

11-20 ......

21-30 ......

31-40 ......

41-50 ......

51-60 ......

61-80 ......

81-100

101-120 ....

121-140 ....

141-160 ....

161-180 ....

181-200 ....

201-250 ....

251-300 ....

301-350 ....

351-400 ....

401-450 ....

451-500 ....

501-550 ....

551-600 ....

601-650 ....

651-700 ....

Population (thousands)

Surface 

water

1,344

5,673

11,632

3,680

2,482

3,709

4,794

9,561

5,524

12,266

831

355

358

977

935

185

12

10

16

Ground 

water

434

397

471

706

550

910

647

1,482

1,075

550

1,253

312

304

1,707

1,142

706

848

516

200

26

85

40

34

Mixed 

supplies

109

219

252

297

353

222

1,097

1,067

602

2,863

247

385

681

125

388

176

4

Total

1,887

6,289

12,355

4,683

3,385

4,841

6,538

12,110

7,201

15,679

2,331

1,052

1,343

2,809

2,465

1,067

860

516

210

26

89

40

50

Accumulative 

total

1,887

8,176

20,531

25,214

28,599

33,440

39,978

52,088

59,289

74,968

77,299

78,351

79,694

82,503

84,968

86,035.

86,895

87,411

87,621

87,647

87,736

87,776

87,826

The table is not necessarily accurate as to the use of water in different ranges 

of hardness by the total population of the United States, because only 58. 3 percent 

of the total population is represented and the supplies are treated supplies, many 

 of which are softened. The significant things to note about the table are the relative proportion of numbers of people using water in the lower ranges from surface-water sources and from ground-water sources and how this proportion changes 

with respect to the supplies in the upper ranges of hardness. The proportions of 

users of surface water and ground water for the total population of the country 

probably are very different from the proportions here shown for the users of the 

larger public supplies.

Thedatafor hardness summarized in table 2 are further summarized in tables 

3 and 4. Table 4 is similar to table 3 with the exception that the mixed supplies 

shown in table 3 have been separated into surface-water and ground-water supplies 

according to the percentage of supply from each source and the average hardness 

of each supply. The number of ranges for hardness in these two tables has been 

decreased from 23 shown in table 2 to four. It is significant that a large population is served with water in the range of hardness from 1 to 60 parts per million,
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 15

and in the ranges of hardness above 120 parts per million, ranges where softening 

is profitable and necessary for many domestic and industrial uses. These data are 

shown graphically on figure 1.

Table 3. --Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from public 

supplies, including mixed supplies, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United

States, 1952

Range in hardness 

(ppm) i-eo .............:.

61-120 .............

121-180 ............

180+ ...............

Population (thousands)

Surface water

28, 520 

19,879 

13,452 

2,493

64,344

Ground water

3,468 

3,204 

2,115 

5,608

14,395

mixed supplies

1,452 

2,766 

3,495 

1,374

9,087

Total

33,440 

25,849 

19,062 

9,475

87,826

Table 4. --Number of persons using water in four ranges of hardness from public 

supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

Range in hardness Population (thousands)

(ppm)

1-60 .....................

61-120....................

121-180 ..................

180+ .....................

Surface water

29,776

21,727

16, 529

2,921

70,9b3

Ground water

3,987

3,761

2,667

6,458

16,873

Total

33,763

25,488

19, 196

9,379

87,826

Less than 61 61-120 I2I-I8O More than 180 

HARDNESS, IN PARTS PER MILLION
16 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS

The data for hardness of the larger public water supplies of the United States 

are summarized in a different way in table 5. This table shows the weighted average hardness of both surface-water supplies and ground-water supplies, and 

both supplies combined for each State. To calculate the weighted-average hardness for the surface-water supplies of a State, the average hardness of each surface-water supply was multiplied by the population served by that supply; the sum 

of the products thus obtained was then divided by the total number of people served 

by the surface-water supplies. The weighted-aver age hardness for the groundwater supplies was obtained in the same way. Then the weighted average hardness for all supplies for the State was obtained by dividing the total of all the products by the total population served in the State. Thus the weighted average hardness of all supplies of a State represents the average hardness of each supply 

weighted according to the population served by that supply.

The data thus summarized in table 5 gives valuable information as to the distribution of hard water not so much within each State but for all the States. In 

some States the range in hardness of the supplies is not large, whereas in others 

the range is considerable. No supply in the State of Connecticut included in the 

report had a hardness of more than 60 parts per million. Only one place from 

each of the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Rhode Island, had a 

hardness of more than 60 parts per million. For a few States the range in hardness for the supplies extended from not less than 80 parts to well over 500 parts. 

The range in hardness of the supplies for the places in Texas is from 4 to 700 

parts.

The weighted average hardness of the supplies for the States, Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin, bordering on the Great 

Lakes is influenced by the hardness of the supplies taken from these lakes. The 

weighted-average hardness for each of these States except New York is decreased 

by the weighted average hardness of the supplies taken from the Great Lakes. The 

weighted average hardness of the supplies in Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin 

are influenced more than in the other States, because about 50 percent of the population of Illinois and Michigan and about 30 percent of the population of Wisconsin 

are represented by the population of the places included in this report. The weighted average of the" supplies not taken from the lakes in these three States is much 

higher than the weighted average for the whole State and is probably much nearer 

the average of the supplies not included in the report.

The weighted average hardness for New York State is increased by the hardness of the supplies from lakes Erie and Huron, although the weighted average for 

the whole State is influenced more by the supply of New York City than all other 

supplies in the State combined that are included in the report. No other supplies 

in the whole country influence the weighted-average hardness of the State as much 

as the supplies for New York City and Chicago influence the weighted average for 

New York and Illinois. Data on the weighted-average hardness for the States 

named above are summarized in tables 6 and 7 for both finished and raw water.
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 17

Table 5 . Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public supplies in each State, 1952

State

District of Columbia . .

Idaho ................

Maine ...............

New York ...........

North Dakota .........

Utah ................

West Virginia ........

Wyoming ............

United States ......

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

52 

200 

36 

107 

107 

29 

53 

96 

104 

24 

92 

135 

194 

138 

163 

101 

72 

20 

48 

20 

100 

74 

73 

100 

100 

261 

79 

16 

54 

73 

46 

33 

111 

120 

119 

14 

84 

33 

17 

136 

84 

120 

171 

52 

60 

22 

71 

128 

123

82

Population served

Thousands

878 

167 

355 

7,962 

754 

1,481 

128 

803 

262 

1,237 

84 

4,901 

1,310 

429 

423 

916 

871 

388 

1,677 

3,314 

3,359 

1,012 

161 

2,099 

205 

264 

54

194

2,886 

50 

10, 660 

1,194 

104 

3,952 

774 

644 

6,387 

672 

615 

67 

790 

1,971 

194 

103 

1,466 

1,029 

541 

1,095 

71

70, 953

Percent 

of population of 

State

28.7 

22.2 

18.6 

75.2 

56.9 

73.7 

40.3 

100 

9.4 

35.9 

14.3 

56.3 

33.3 

16.3 

22.2 

31.1 

32.4 

42.4 

71.6 

70.7 

52.7 

33.9 

7.4 

53.0 

34.8 

19.9 

33.5 

36.3 

59.7 

7.4 

71.8 

29.4 

16.8 

49.7 

34.6 

42.3 

60.9 

84.9 

29.1 

10.2 

24.0 

25.6 

28.2 

27.2 

44.2 

43.2 

27.0 

31.9 

24.3

47.1

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaC03 

(ppm)

68 

225 

54 

164

42 

81

127 

114 

135 

348 

334 

265 

190 

108 

57 

22 

27 

54 

218 

261 

24 

184 

226 

232 

204 

56 

135 

274 

112 

66 

296 

284 

163 

37 

128 

26 

25 

394 

50 

143 

212 

59 

151 

118 

170 

250 

223

162

Population served

Thousands

271 

271 

187 

1,945

23 

44

1,218 

294 

142 

549 

571 

592 

380 

47 

332 

23 

34 

330 

510 

282 

361 

157 

39 

247 

42 

83 

988 

222 

1,122 

57 

49 

899 

122 

114 

320 

42 

125 

114 

543 

1,890 

179 

21 

93 

308 

108 

519 

64

16,873

Percent

of population of 

State

8.8 

36.2 

9.8 

18.4

1.2 

13.7

44.0 

8.6 

24.2 

6.3 

14.5 

22.6 

20.0 

1.6 

12.4 

2.5 

1.4 

7.0 

8.0 

9.5 

16.6 

4.0 

6.6 

18.7 

26.5 

15.6 

20.4 

32.6 

7.6 

1.4 

7.9 

11.3 

5.5 

7.5 

3.0 

5.2 

5.9 

17.5 

16.5 

24.5 

25.9 

5.6 

2.8 

13.0 

5.4 

15.1 

22.3

11.2

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

55 

216 

42 

118 

107 

29 

60 

96 

123 

41 

119 

156 

237 

212 

176 

102 

68 

20 

48 

23 

115 

114 

39 

106 

120 

247 

135 

28 

75 

237 

52 

34 

170 

150 

125 

17 

86 

32 

18 

299 

70 

132 

191 

53 

65 

44 

88 

167 

171

97

Population served

Thousands

1,149 

438 

542 

9,907 

754 

1,504 

172 

803 

1,480 

1,531 

226 

5,450 

1,881 

1,021 

803 

963 

1,203 

411 

1,711 

3,644 

3,869 

1,294 

522 

2,256 

244 

511 

96 

277 

3,874 

272 

11,782 

1,251 

153 

4,851 

896 

758 

6,707 

714 

740 

181 

1,333 

3,861 

373 

124 

1,559 

1,337 

649 

1,614 

135

87,826

Percent 

of population of 

State

37.5 

58.4 

28.4 

93.6 

56.9 

74.9 

54.0 

100 

53.4 

44.5 

38.5 

62.6 

47.8 

38.9 

42.2 

32.7 

44.8 

44.9 

73.0 

77.7 

60.7 

43.4 

24.0 

57.0 

41.4 

38.6 

60.0 

51.9 

80.1 

40.0 

79.4 

30.8 

24.7 

61.0 

40.1 

49.8 

63.9 

90.1 

35.0 

27.7 

40.5 

50.1 

. 54.1 

32.8 

47.0 

56.2 

32.4 

47.0 

46.6

58.3
18 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

(Table 6. --Weighted average hardness of finished water from large public supplies of States bordering

the Great Lakes, 1952

Illinois : 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . 

Whole State ........

Indiana: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. .

Michigan: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Minnesota: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. .

New York: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State. .

Ohio: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. .

Wisconsin: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . 

Whole State ........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaC03 

(ppm)

133 

143 

135

136 

213 

194

100 

89 

100

46 

77 

74

125 

30 

70 

46

130 

111 

120

128 

120 

128

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

645 

4,901

326 

984 

1,310

3,158 

201 

3,359

107 

905 

1,012

964 

7,800 

1,896 

10, 660

1,901 

2,051 

3,952

1,006 

89 

1,095

Percent 

of population of 

State

48. & 

7.4 

56.3

8.3 

25.0 

33.3

49.5 

3.2 

52.7

3.6 

30.3 

33.9

6.5 

52.6 

12.7 

71.8

23.9 

25.8 

49.7

29.3 

2.6 

31.9

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

348 

348

334 

334

218 

218

261 

261

143 

87 

112

284 

284

250 

250

Population served

Thousands

549 

549

571 

571

510 

510

282 

282

500 

622 

1,122

900 

900

519 

519

Percent 

of population of 

State

6.3 

6.3

14.5 

14.5

8.0 

8.0

9.5 

9.5

3.4 

4.2 

7.6

11.3 

11.3

15.1 

15.1

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

133 

237 

156

136 

258 

237

100 

182 

115

46 

121 

114

125 

37 

75 

52

130 

164 

150

128 

231 

167

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

1,194 

5,450

326

1,555 

1,881

3,158 

711 

3,869

107 

1,197 

1,294

964 

8,300 

2,518 

11,782

1,901 

2,950 

4,851

1,006 

608 

1,614

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

13.7 

62.6

8.3 

29.5 

47.8

49.5 

11.2 

60.7

3.6 

39.8 

43.4

6.5 

56.0 

16.9 

79.4

23.9 

37.1 

61.0

29.3 

17.7 

47.0

Table 7. Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States ooraeiing the

the Great Lakes. 1952

Illinois : 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . .

Indiana: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State. . .

Michigan: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

131

177 

137

135 

230 

206

103 

278 

113

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

646 

4,902

326 

984 

1,310

3,158 

201 

3.359

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

7.4 

56.3

8.3 

25.0 

33.3

49.5 

3.2 

52.7

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

384 

384

354 

354

314 

314

Population served

Thousands

549 

549

571 

571

510 

510

Percent 

of population of 

State

6.3 

6.3

14.5 

14.5

8.0 

8.0

All supplies

.Hardness 

as 

CaC03 

(ppm)

131 

272 

162

135 

275 

251

103 

304 

140

Population served

Thousands

4,256 

1,194 

5,450

326 

1,555 

1,881

3,158 

711 

3,869

Percent 

of population of 

State

48.9 

13.7 

62.6

8.3 

39.5 

47.8

49.5 

11.2 

60.7
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 19

Table 7. --Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies of States bordering the 

the Great Lakes, 1952 Continued

Minnesota: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

New York: 

Supplied from Great

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Ohio: 

Supplied from Lake 

Erie ..............

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Wisconsin: 

Supplied from Lake

Remainder of State . . 

Whole State .........

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

44 

162 

150

124 

30 

71 

46

128 

149 

139

129 

172 

132

Population served

Thousands

107 

905 

1,012

964 

7,800 

1,895 

10,659

1,901 

2,051 

3,952

1,006 

89 

1,095

Percent 

of population of 

State

3.6 

30.3 

33.9

6.5 

52.6 

12.7 

71.8

23.9 

25.8 

49.7

29.3 

2.6 

31.9

Ground supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

275 

275

143 

87 

112

358 

358

253 

253

Population served

Thousands

282 

282

500 

622 

1,122

899 

899

519

519

Percent 

of population of 

State

9.5 

9.5

3.4 

4.2 

7.6

11.3 

11.3

15.1 

15.1

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

44 

188 

177

124 

37 

75 

52

128 

213 

179

129 

241 

171

Population-served

Thousands

107 

1,187 

1,294

964 

8,300 

2,518 

11,782

1,901 

2,950 

4,851

1,006 

608 

1,614

Percent 

of population of 

State

3.6 

39.8 

43.4

6.5 

56.0 

16.9 

79.4

23.9 

37.1 

61.0

29.3 

17.7 

47.0

The weighted average hardness for the supplies of 670 places in the United 

States in Water-Supply Paper 658 in 1932 was 102 parts per million; for the supplies in 1,315 places in this report, it is 97 parts. This difference of 5 parts in 

the hardness may seem difficult to explain when it is realized that the supplies of 

the more than 600 places included in this report and not included in the report in 

1932, are comparatively small places and many obtain their supplies from ground 

water which has a much higher average hardness generally than surface waters. 

This decrease in the hardness is readily explained by changes in the sources of 

supply to water of lower hardness affecting a rather large part of the population, 

and by an increase, in practice, of softening of supplies. Some of the places where 

changes in the hardness of the supplies have been effected are Little Rock, Flint, 

Minneapolis, St. Paul, Kansas City (Mo.), Oklahoma City, Toledo, Wichita, and 

the metropolitan area of Southern California. In 1932 the number of places with 

softened supplies was 40; in this report of the same 670 places mentioned inWaterSupply Paper 658 the number of places with softened supplies is 85.

The weighted average hardness for the surface-water supplies in the report in 

1932 was 85 parts per million; in this report it is 82 parts. The weighted average 

hardnesses for the ground-water supplies are 191 and 162 parts per million respectively. The decreases in the weighted average hardness of both surface and 

ground-water supplies are explained as above for the decrease in the weighted 

average for all the supplies for the country. Although the decrease in hardness 

of the ground-water supplies is much greater than in the surface-water supplies, 

this decrease has less weight in decreasing the weighted average for all supplies 

than the decrease in the surface supplies because the ground-water supplies represent only 11.2 percent of the total population, the surface supplies, 47. 1 percent.

Data on weighted average hardness for the raw-water supplies are shown in 

table 8 in the same manner as they are shown in table 5 for the water supplies as 

served to the consumers. Average-hardness values for the raw supplies were obtained in the same manner as for the supplies as served to the consumers, although 

more estimates were made for the raw water averages of the individual supplies
20 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

than for the finished water supplies.

An examination of the tables shows the weighted average hardness of the rawwater supplies for the United States to be 116 parts per million as compared to 97 

parts for the finished-water supplies; 96 parts for raw surface-water supplies as 

compared to82 parts for the finished surface-water supplies; and200parts for the 

raw ground-water supplies as compared to 162 parts for the finished ground-water 

supplies.

Table 8. --Weighted average hardness of raw water from large public supplies in each State, 1952

State

District of Columbia . .

Kansas ..... ........

New York

North Dakota .........

Ohio ................

Rhode Island .........

Utah ................

West Virginia ........

Wyoming ............

United States ......

Surface supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

40 

200 

23 

184 

110 

27 

55 

84 

95 

15 

90 

137 

206 

210 

221 

107 

108 

18 

38 

19 

113 

150 

56 

126 

101 

261 

101 

16 

51 

76 

46 

23 

255 

139 

150 

13 

86 

21 

17 

253 

77 

162 

171 

52 

48 

24 

66 

132 

114

96

Population served

Thousands

878 

167 

355 

7,962 

754 

1,481 

128 

803 

262 

1,237 

84 

4,901 

1,310 

429 

423 

916 

871 

388 

1,677 

3,314 

3,359 

1,012 

161 

2,099 

205 

264 

54 

194 

2,886 

50 

10,660 

1,194 

104 

3,952 

774 

644 

6,387 

672 

615 

67 

790 

1,971 

194 

103 

1,466 

1,029 

541 

1,095 

71

70,953

Percent 

of population of 

State

28.7 

22.2 

18.6 

75.2 

56.9 

73.7 

40.3 

100 

9.4 

35.9 

14.3 

56.3 

33.3 

16.3 

22.2 

31.1 

32.4 

42.4 

71.6 

70.7 

52.7 

33.9 

7.4 

53.0 

34.8 

19.9 

33.5 

36.3 

59.7 

7.4 

71.8 

29.4 

16.8 

49.7 

34.6 

42.3 

60.9 

84.9 

29.1 

10.2 

24.0 

25.6 

28.2 

27.2 

44.2 

43.2 

27.0 

31.9 

24.3

47.1

Ground supplies

ness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

67 

225 

60 

206

42 

56

242 

167 

135 

384 

354 

342 

271 

291 

84 

22 

27 

53 

314 

275 

20 

228 

224 

239 

204 

58 

137 

282 

112 

123 

345 

358 

224 

37 

200 

25 

23 

426 

49 

144 

212 

59 

157 

118 

185 

253 

233

200

Population served

Thousands

271 

271 

187 

1,945

23

44

1,218 

294 

142 

549 

571 

592 

380 

47 

332 

23 

34 

330 

510 

282 

361 

157 

39 

247 

42 

83 

988 

222 

1,122 

57 

49 

899 

122 

114 

320 

42 

125 

114 

543 

1,890 

179 

21 

93 

308 

108 

519 

64

16,873

Percent 

of population of 

State

8.8 

36.2 

9.8 

18.4

1.2 

13.7

44.0 

8.6 

24.2 

6.3 

14.5 

22.6 

20.0 

1.6 

12.4 

2.5 

1.4 

7.0 

8.0 

9.5 

16.6 

4.0 

6.6 

18.7 

26.5 

15.6 

20.4 

32.6 

7.6 

1.4 

7.9 

11.3 

5.5 

7.5 

3.0 

5.3 

5.9 

17.5 

16.5 

24.5 

25.9 

5.6 

2.8 

13.0 

5.4 

15.1 

22.3

11.2

All supplies

Hardness 

as 

CaCO3 

(ppm)

47 

215 

36 

188 

110 

27 

55 

84 

216 

44 

119 

162 

251 

286 

245 

116 

101 

18 

38 

22 

140 

177 

31 

133 

121 

250 

147 

29 

73 

244 

52 

28 

283 

179 

160 

15 

91 

21 

18 

362 

66 

153 

191 

53 

54 

45 

86 

171 

171

116

Population served

Thousands

1,149 

438 

542 g^o1/

754 

1,504 

172 

803 

1,480 

1,531 

226 

5,450 

1,881 

1,021 

803 

963 

1,203 

411 

1,711 

3,644 

3,869 

1,294 

522 

2,25fi 

244 

511 

96 

277 

3,874 

272 

11,782 

1,251 

153 

4,851 

896 

758 

6,707 

714 

740 

181 

1,333 

3,861 

373 

124 

1,559 

1,337 

649 

1,614 

.135

87,826

Percent, 

of population of 

State

37.5 

58.4 

28.4 

93.6 

56.9 

74.9 

54.0 

100 

53.4 

44.5 

38.5 

62.6 

47.8 

38.9 

42.2 

32.7 

44.8 

44.9 

73.0 

77.7 

60.7 

43.4 

24.0 

57.0 

41.4 

38.6 

60.0 

51.9 

80.1 

40.0 

79.4 

30.8 

24.7 

61.0 

40.1 

49.8 

63.9 

90.1 

35.0 

27.7 

40.5 

50.1 

54.1 

32.8 

47.0 

56.2 

32.4 

47.0 

46.6

58.3
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 21

Further examination of the tables shows that for six States the hardness reported 

for the raw-water supplies is the same as for the finished-water supplies. For 17 

States where soft water supplies are generally found the weighted average hardness 

of the raw-water supplies is less than the finished-water supplies, indicating the 

addition of lime in the treatment of the raw-water supplies for pH adjustment and 

corrosion control; and for 19 States where hard-water supplies are more general, 

the hardness of the raw-water supplies is considerably higher than the finishedwater supplies, indicating that softening was part of the treatment of the raw-water 

supplies in those areas.

The data on weighted average hardness in table 5 are further summarized on 

plate 1 and table 8 on plate 2. The States are separated into four groups according 

to the weighted average hardness of the supplies of each State and are shown on the 

maps by shaded patterns representing the four groups or ranges of hardness. These 

maps of weighted-average hardness of supplies by States have definite limitations, 

but they show, in a general way, the areas where water in definite ranges of hardness is found. It is obvious that hardness of water supplies does not follow State 

lines; moreover, each State, with one exception, has supplies with hardness that 

exceed the limits of the ranges of hardness for the particular group into which it 

falls. The map for the weighted average hardness of the raw-water supplies more 

nearly represents the average hardness of the natural waters than the map for the 

weighted average hardness of the finished-water supplies.

The classification of water supplies as soft, moderately hard, hard, and very 

hard is rather unsatisfactory even where the domestic use of the water is concerned, 

and much more so with respect to the industrial use of the water. Water with a 

hardness of 100 parts oer million may be called a soft water by one accustomed to 

using a water with 300 or 400 parts of hardness, whereas, one accustomed to using 

a water with less than 50 parts hardness may call water with a hardness of 100 

parts rather hard. A water with a hardness of 100 parts is not soft in terms of 

soap consumption in cleansing, washing, and laundering operations. About 60 percent of the population^ of the places in this report are furnished with water having a 

hardness of 100 parts per million or less. (See table 9 and plate 3.)

Table 9. --Population served, and the percent of population served with water from public supplies having hardness of 100 parts per million or less for 1,315 of the larger 

cities in the United States, 1952

State

l^al if nfnifl

Kansas ...... . .

Population 

served 

(thousands)

1,065

32

509

2,643

183

1 K()4

155

803

857

1,382

140

215

135

396

155

627

1,133

411

1 711

3,644

3,078

i,012

472

1 ^44

111

Percent

92.7

7.3

93.9

26.7

24.3

100

90.1

100

K7 q

90.3

61.9

3.9

7.2

38.8

19.3

65.1

94.2

100

100

100

79.6

78.2

or) 4

70.7

*±J. J

State

Nevada ...........

New Hampshire. . . .

Mow Vnrk

North Carolina ....

North Dakota......

Ohio .............

Utah .............

West Virginia .....

Total ...........

Population 

served 

(thousands)

0

44

252

2,686

35

10, 187

1,236

46

957

638

758

3,580

714

731

33

1,064

2,012

0

112

1,524

1,135

473

133

61

52,378

Percent

0

45.8

91.0

69.3

12.9

86.5

98.8

30.1

19.7

71.2

100

53.4

100

 98.8

18.2

79.8

52.1

0

90.3

97.8

84.9

72.9

8.2

45.2

59.6
22 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

The limitations of quality with respect to the hardness of water supplies for 

industrial use are so varied that any general classification would not be feasible 

or satisfactory. A supply with a hardness of 60 parts per million may be satisfactory for one or several industries and not satisfactory for others. The grouping of the supplies in this report into four groups or ranges of hardness follows 

the pattern used in Water-Supply Paper 658 and is convenient for comparison; the 

grouping does not fit any industrial classification. Some other grouping may be 

more practical or satisfactory than the above.

For the finished-water supplies 17 States fall into the first group, 1 to 60 parts 

per million of hardness; 14 States and the District of Columbia fall into the second group, 61 to 120 parts of hardness; 10 States fall into the third group, 121 to 

180 parts of hardness; and 7 States fall into the group, above 180 parts of hardness. In the second group 3 States (California, Idaho, and Montana) have weightedaverage hardnesses near the maximum for the group, and a total of 9 States and 

the District of Columbia have weighted average hardnesses above 90 parts. In 

the third group 4 States (Kansas, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) have 

weighted average hardnesses around 170 parts or near -the upper range of hardness for the group. .

For the raw-water supplies, the States fall into the four groups as follows: 

18 States in the first group; 8 States and the District of Columbia in the second 

group; 11 States in the third group; and 11 States in the last group. The significant fact in this grouping of the States according to the weighted average hardness 

of the finished-water supplies and the raw-water supplies is the difference in the 

number of States falling into the second and last groups. Supplies that have been 

softened generally fall in with the group with 61 to 120 parts of hardness, and 

raw-water supplies most likely to be softened fall in the third and last groups. 

This difference in the number of States in the second group has been the result of 

softening of supplies with hardness not only above 180 parts but also those with 

hardness in the upper ranges of the third group.

AVERAGE HARDNESS

Further summaries of data on the hardness of the finished-water supplies for 

the places in this report are shown in table 10 and plate 4. Table 10 shows the 

average hardness of both finished surface-water and ground-water supplies 

and also of both supplies combined for each State, based on the number of supplies shown in the table for each State. It is realized that for some of the States 

the averages are based on too few or insufficient data--for example, no groundwater supplies are included in the average for Colorado, and only one surface 

supply is included in the average for Nebraska.

These arithmetical averages for the States as a whole are slightly higher than 

the weighted average hardness, for a small place has the same weight as a large 

place in the arithmetical averages and the larger places in many States are the 

ones that have the softer supplies or receive softened supplies, and consequently 

have more weight in a weighted average. The average hardness for the United 

States is 121 parts compared to 97 parts for the weighted average.

. The grouping of the States for plate 4 according to the four ranges of hardness 

differs considerably from the grouping for plate 1 of weighted averages. The number of Spates in the group of 1 to 60 parts per million of hardness and the group of 

above 180 parts for plate 4 is 12 and 13, respectively, as compared to 17 and 7 

for plate 1. The number of States in the other two groups is about the same, but 

the States making up the groups are different.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 1

More than ISO Location of cities

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF FINISHED WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES FOR 1,315-

OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 (Face p. ZZ) No. 1
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 2

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF RAW WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES FOR 1,315 OF

THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 ( Face p. 22) No. 2
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 3

"

^£wmm£&?33r

:Y;^?#S.:^v;;-:;;:n:;£i^ 

WS^^-^l:^}^^^^li^^i^^^i^^

More then 75 percent Location of cities

PERCENT OF POPULATION, BY STATES, SERVED FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES WITH WATER HAVING HARDNESS OF 100 

 PARTS PER MILLION OR ESS FOR 1.315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 1952 NO. ,
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 23

Table 10. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of finished 

water for 1,315 of the larger cities of the United States, 1952

State

Al nVlH TY1Q

District of

Florida .........

Idaho ............

Illinois ..........

Iowa ............

Kentucky ........

Massachusetts . . .

Mississippi ......

Nevada ..........

New Hampshire . .

'KTa n/ TV/I P Y i f* c\

North Carolina . . . 

North Dakota ..... 

Ohio ............

Oregon ..........

Pennsylvania ..... 

Rhode Island ..... 

South Carolina . . . 

South Dakota .....

Utah. ............

VpfTYinni*

West Virginia ....

Wyoming ........

United States . . .

Surface supplies

Number

15 

5 

13 

29 

12 

20 

2

1 

5 

16 

7 

20 

15 

13 

13 

18 

6 

13 

9 

33 

19 

5 

3 

16 

10 

1 

4 

7 

18 

3 

44 

38 

6 

26- 

20 

11 

54 

8 

21 

5 

13 

34 

3 

8 

25 

14 

16 

9 

6

712

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

46 

186 

51 

132 

106 

29 

61

96 

90 

31 

68 

133 

182 

140 

134 

97 

70 

23 

44 

28 

107 

78 

81 

125 

90 

261 

132 

17 

58 

87 

77 

35 

128 

123 

174 

28 

71 

38 

23 

154 

89 

162 

196 

57 

49 

32 

71 

120 

195

85

Ground supplies

Number

8 

20 

15 

57

3

7

24 

17 

li 

14 

20 

24 

15 

3 

11 

2 

2 

14 

14 

18 

20 

7 

6 

12 

6 

4 

22 

11 

19 

4 

5 

16 

8 

4 

11 

4 

14 

8 

9 

46 

12 

4 

7 

9 

5 

15 

7

594

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

70 

215 

70 

176

42 

76

112 

114 

172 

324 

338 

274 

229 

128 

60 

42 

26 

56 

216 

265 

28 

173 

202 

253 

168 

50 

104 

321 

104 

76 

275 

202 

156 

50 

127 

28 

22 

379 

86 

125 

222 

79 

140 

82 

168 

240 

225

164

All supplies

Number

23 

25 

28 

86 12- 

23 

9

1 

29 

33 

18 

34 

35 

37 

28 

21 

17 

15 

11 

47 

33 

23 

23 

23 

16 

13 

10 

11 

40 

14 

63 

42 

11 

42 

28 

15 

65 

12 

35 

13 

22 

80 

15 

12 

32 

23

V 21 N24

M3

1,306

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

54 

210 

61 

161 

106 

30 

74

96 

108 

75 

132 

212 

271 

227 

185 

101 

64 

23 

40 

36 

153 

224 

35 

140 

132 

254 

154 

30 

83 

271 

85 

39 

195 

153 

169 

34 

80 

34 

22 

292 

88 

140 

217 

64 

69 

53 

94 

195 

211

121
24 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Furtherdata on average hardness of the raw-water supplies of places in this report are shown in table 11 and plate 5. The results for average hardness of the 

raw-water supplies in table 11 were obtained in the same manner as for table 10 

of the finished-water supplies. The averages for some of the States in table 10 differ only to a small degree, being either higher or lower, from the weighted averages of the raw-water supplies as shown in table 8, whereas for other States the 

two averages differ considerably. The average hardness for the United States is 

139 parts as compared to 116 parts for the weighted average.

The arrangement of the States into the four groups, according to the ranges of 

average hardness as shown in plate 5, differs considerably as to the number falling 

into each group and as to the States making up each group, from the groupings made 

according to-the weighted average hardness as shown on plate 2. The greatest difference as to number of States is in the two groups of the higher ranges of hardness, 121 to 180 parts and above 180 parts, respectively. In these two groups there 

are 4 States and 19 States respectively, as compared to 11 and 11 in the same groups 

for plate 2.

The data on hardness as summarized in table 11 and plate 5 when compared with 

those summarized in table 10 plate 4 also reveal important difference in the values 

for average hardness of the raw and finished supplies of the individual States and 

the grouping of the States into the four groups or ranges of hardness. The data as 

summarized in table 11 and plate 5 give more nearly accurate information as to the 

average hardness of the natural waters of the States than the data on average hardness weighted according to population or changed by reason of the treatment of the 

supplies, summarized in the preceding tables and illustrations. Plate 5 is a reasonably accurate representation of the areas of soft and hard waters in the United 

States.

Table 11. --NumDer of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of raw water lor 

1

State

Colorado ........

District of

Georgia .........

Idaho ...........

Indiana ..........

Massachusetts . . .

Mississippi ......

Surface supplies

Number

15 

5 

13 

32 

12 

19 

2

1 

5 

16 

7 

19 

17 

13 

13 

18 

6 

13 

8 

33 

19 

5 

3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

30 

183 

38 

150 

107 

26 

45

84 

75 

24 

65 

174 

199 

195 

210 

92 

87 

20 

36 

24 

135 

148 

61

Ground supplies

Number

9 

20 

15 

56

3

7

24 

18 

11 

14 

21 

24 

15 

3 

11 

2 

3 

14 

14 

18 

20

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

72 

215 

80 

189

42

;v- 72

252 

126 

172 

358 

352 

355 

307 

206 

112 

22 

30 

58 

298 

280 

34

All supplies

Number

24 

25 

28 

88 

12 

22 

9

1 

29 

34 

18 

33 

38 

37 

28 

21 

17 

15 

11 

47 

33 

23 

23

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

46 

209 

61 

175 

107 

28 

66

84" 

222 

78 

131 

252 

284 

299 

262 

109 

103 

21 

34 

34 

204 

251 

37
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 4

Mare thon 180 Location of cities

AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF FINISHED WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

FOR 1,315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 ( Face p. 24) No. 1
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1300 PLATE 5

Mare than 180 i Location of cities

AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF RAW WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

FOR 1,315 OF THE LARGER CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

303739 O - 54 (Face p. 24) No. Z
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 25

Table li. Number of supplies, and average hardness, by States, of raw water for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952 Continued

State

Nebraska ........

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey

North Carolina . . . 

North Dakota ..... 

Ohio ............

flvficrnn

Pennsylvania .... 

Rhode Island ..... 

South Carolina . . . 

South Dakota .....

Texas ...........

Utah ............

Virginia .........

Washington. ......

West Virginia ....

Wyoming ........

United States . . .

Surface supplies

Number

16 

10 

1 

4 

7 

18 

3 

44 

38 

6 

26 

20 

11 

54 

8 

21 

5

ia

34 

3 

8 

25 

14 

16 

9 

6

714

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

163 

106 

261 

182 

17 

54 

89 

78 

22 

231 

i60 

176 

26 

70 

31 

18 

256 

85 

177 

196 

57 

43 

33 

62 

142 

173

94

Ground supplies

Number

7 

6 

12 

6 

4 

22 

11 

19 

4 

5 

17 

8 

4 

12 

5 

14 

8 

9 

46 

12 

4 

9 

9 

5 

15 

7

602

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)'

247 

193 

267 

168 

55 

110 

337 

106 

126 

300 

361 

246 

50 

172 

26 

19 

452 

84 

126 

222 

79 

141 

83 

202 

239 

247

192

All supplies

Number

23 

16 

13 

10 

11 

40 

14 

63 

42 

11 

43 

28 

15 

66 

13 

35 

13 

22 

80 

15 

12 

34 

23 

21 

24 

13

1,316

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

189 

139 

267 

174 

31 

85 

284 

87 

32 

262 

240 

196 

33 

89 

29 

19 

392 

85 

148 

217 

64 

69 

52 

95 

203 

213

139

MEDIAN HARDNESS

Data on the average hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 1, 315 of 

the larger cities of the United States are summarized in a different way in table 12 

for finished-water supplies and in table 13 for raw-water supplies than in the preceding tables. These two tables in addition to showing the median of the average 

hardnesses of the supplies of each State, show the range in average hardness of 

the supplies of each State based on the number of supplies indicated in each table. 

The number of supplies shown for each State may not necessarily coincide with 

the number of cities for each State included in the report, because a number of 

cities in several States are supplied from a single source of supply, and conversely, one city may have several sources of supply.
26 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 12. --Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median hardness ot finished water, 

by States, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Montana .............

Number 

of 

supplies

23

25

28

86

19

9S

9

29

33

18

34

35

37

28

91

17

15

11

33

23

23

9^

16

Range 

in 

hardness

14-115

12-500

11-317

11-46

24-144

20-274

18-360

8-354

83-632

75-548

12-198

2 1 f\1

8-82

3-85

2-150

KE OQA

16-404

Median 

hardness

49

185

45

152

68

32

61

96

91

50

125

144

286

192

130

107

76

18

35

39

132

241

23

120

121

State

New Mexico

Ohio ..............

Utah .............

Number 

of 

supplies

13

10

11

40

14

63

42

11

42

28

15

65

12

35

13

22

80

15

12

32

23

21

24

13

Range 

in 

hardness

112-370

33-320

10-121

10-251

30-626

7-292

6-113

81-406

46-427

8-675

9-95

5-256

17-83

3-107

70-672

19-177

4-700

152-349

16-121

8-295

12-155

28-264

50-500

12-575

Median 

hardness

274

162

21

67

168

82

36

152

120

130

36

72

30

17

255

79

96

198

58

45

46

70

131

170

Table 13. Number of supplies, range in average hardness, and median hardness of raw water, by 

States, for 1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Montana .............

Number 

of 

supplies

24

25

28

88

12

22

9

9Q

<3A

18

33

38

37

28

21

17

15

11

33

23

23

23

16

Range 

in 

hardness

7-115

12-500

10-250

18-561

11-46

oo IAA

12-1,060

10-360

8-354

126-565

112-640

96-632

2-395

8-63

3-80

40 A(\K

3-226

55-317

3-404

Median 

hardness

41

190

35

167

64

28

35

200

48

105

225

268

250

100

90

18

32

28

250

20

183

144

State

Number 

of 

supplies

13

10

11

40

14

63

42

11

43

28

15

66

13

35

13

22

80

15

12

34

23

21

24

13

Range 

in 

hardness

155-370

33-320

10-121

5-251

35-626

7-292

6-195

51-445

95-677

8-700

8-95

5-314

10-68

3-107

193-673

25-161

4-700

152-349

16-121

7-330

12-155

16-264

50-500

12-700

Median 

hardness

284

202

21

66

212

81

23

257

217

134

35

68

26

16

281

86

126

198

57

44

46

87

168

150
HARDNESS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 27

The range in hardness as shown in these two tables is the range in the average 

hardnesses for the number of supplies as indicated for each State. No intent is 

made to show the range in hardness of the individual supplies of each city. The 

tables show that for some States the range in average hardness of the supplies is 

comparatively small, whereas for other States it is large. The lower limits of 

the range in average hardness for all the States for finished-water supplies range 

from 2 to 152 parts, the upper limits from 46 to 700 parts. For the raw-water 

supplies, the lower limits of the range in average hardness for all the States is 2 

to 193 parts; the upper limits, 46 to 1,060 parts. The ranges in average hardnesses, as here shown for the public water supplies included in this report for 

each State, tend to emphasize the fact that erroneous conclusions may be drawn 

from averages of hardness for each State.

The median of the-average hardnesses is that value below which there are as 

many supplies with hardness less than the median as there are supplies with hardness greater than the median. The difference between the average hardness and 

the median indicates the difference in balance of the hardnesses of supplies with 

less and greater hardness than the median.

All data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for the places included in this report are shown in summary table 14, in which are summarized 

the data on weighted average hardness, average hardness, and median hardness.

Table J.4. Summary of data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, 1952

State

Arizona ........

California ......

Colorado .......

Connecticut ..... 

Delaware .......

District of 

Columbia ..... 

Florida ........

Georgia ........

Idaho ..........

Illinois ........

Indiana ........

Tr\wn

Kansas ........

Louisiana .......

Maryland

Massachusetts . . Michigan .......

Mississippi .....

Nevada ...

New Hampshire . 

New Jersey ..... 

New Mexico ..... 

New York .......

Finished water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

55 

2i6 

42 

118 

107 

21 

60

96 

123 

41 

119 

156 

237 

212 

176 

102 

68 

20 

48 

23 

115 

114 

39 

106 

120 

247 

135 

28 

75 

237 

52

Average 

hardness

56 

208 

61 

160 

106 

29 

75

96 

91 

76 

136 

215 

272 

235 

185 

101 

64 

23 

40 

36 

160 

224 

35 

141 

137 

254 

154 

30 

86 

271 

74

Median 

hardness

49 

185 

45 

152 

68 

32 

61

96 

91 

50 

125 

144 

286 

192 

130 

107 

76 

18 

35 

39 

132 

241 

23 

120 

121 

274 

162 

21 

67 

168 

82

Haw water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

47 

215 

36 

188 

110 

27 

55

84 

216 

44 

119 

162 

251 

286 

245 

116 

101 

18 

38 

22 

140 

177 

31 

133 

121 

250 

147 

29 

73 

244 

52

Average 

hardness

46 

209 

61 

187 

89 

28 

66

84 

222 

78 

131 

252 

284 

299 

262 

109 

103 

21 

34 

34 

207 

251 

37 

188 

139 

267 

174 

31 

85 

284 

87

Median 

hardness

41 

190 

35 

167 

64 

28 

35

84 

200 

48 

105 

225 

285 

268 

250 

100 

90 

18 

32 

28 

185 

250 

20 

183 

144 

284 

202 

21 

66 

212 

81
28 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 14. Summary 6f data on hardness of public water supplies, by States, for 

1,315 of the larger cities in the United States, i952--Continued

State

North Carolina . . 

North Dakota .... 

Ohio ...........

Oregon ........

Pennsylvania . . . 

Rhode Island . . . 

South Carolina . . 

South Dakota ....

Utah ...........

Vl Y* O*l 1*11 H

Washington ..... 

West Virginia . . .

Wyoming .......

United States . .

Finished water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

34 

170 

150 

125 

17 

86 

32 

18 

299 

70 

132 

191 

53 

65 

44 

88 

167 

171

97

Average 

hardness

38 

192 

155 

169 

37 

81 

34 

22 

292 

86 

144 

217 

64 

70 

52 

94 

195 

211

121

Median 

hardness

36 

152 

120 

130 

36 

72 

30 

17 

255 

79 

96 

198 

58 

45 

46 

70 

131 

170

91

Raw water

Weighted 

average 

hardness

28 

283 

179 

160 

15 

91 

21 

18 

362 

66 

153 

19l 

53 

54 

 45 

86 

171 

171

116

Average 

hardness

32 

262 

240 

196 

33 

89 

29 

19 

392 

85 

148 

217 

64 

69 

52 

100 

203 

221

139

Median 

hardness

23 

257 

217 

134 

35 

68 

26 

16 

281 

86 

126 

198 

57 

44 

46 

87 

168 

150

90

SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

Table 15 is a tabulation of data as to sources and general methods of treatment relative to the public water supplies of the larger cities of the United States 

in 1952. The data for the table were taken from those shown for the supply for 

each place in the report.
SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 29

Table 15. --Source and treatment of the public water supplies for 1,315 of the 

larger cities in the United States, 1952

Source and treatment

Surface water: 

No treatment ..........................

No treatment other than chlorination .....

Slow sand filtration ....................

Rapid sand filtration ...................

Softening 

With lime ...........................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Ground water (wells, infiltration galleries, 

and springs): 

No treatment ...........................

No treatment other than chlorination .....

Iron and manganese removal ............

Slow sand filtration ....................

Rapid sand filtration ...................

Softening 

With lime ...........................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Mixed supplies (surface and ground water) : 

No treatment ..........................

No treatment other than chlorination .....

Slow sand filtration ....................

Rapid sand filtration ...................

Softening 

With lime ............................

With lime-soda ash ...................

By cation exchange ...................

Total softened supplies ..............

Total mixed supplies ................

Total all softened supplies ........

Total all supplies ................

Number of 

places

3 

143 

28 

459

44 

31 

3

78

711

114 

213 

64 

0 

16

31 

20 

14

65

472

0 

37 

2 

7 

58

10 

12 

6

28

132

171

1,315

Population served

Thousands

'95 

18,095 

3,348 

32,867

3,917 

3,163 

2,859

9,939

64,344

2,025 

7,335 

2,594 

0 

463

1, 114 

524 

340

1,978

14,355

0 

3,631 

41 

132 

2,694

1,164 

1,096 

329

2,589

9,087

14, 506

87,826

Percent

0.1 

28.1 

5.2 

51.1

6.1 

4.9 

4.5

15.5

100.0

14.1 

51.0 

18.0 

0 

3.2

7.7 

3.6 

2.4

13.7

100.0

0 

40.0 

.4 

1.4 

29.7

12.8 

12.1 

3.6

28.5

100.0

16.5

100.0

Percent of 

population of 

United States

0.1 

12.0 

2.2 

21.8

2.6 

2.1 

1.9

6.6

42.7

1.4 

4.9 

1.7 

0 

.3 .

.7 

.4 

.2

1.3

9.6

0 

2.4 

.0 

.1 

1.8

.8 

.7 

.2

1.7

6.0

9.6

58.3
30 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

NATURAL SURFACE WATER

Of the 711 places included in this report that are supplied with surface water 

only, 3 receive no treatment and 143 receive no treatment other than chlorination. 

See table 15 and fig. 2. The population thus served represents 28. 2 percent of the 

population served with surface supplies only, and 12 percent of the total population of the United States. Falling into this category are some of the largest public 

supplies of the country. These supplies are usually taken from large lakes or from 

impounding reservoirs on streams that drain protected uninhabited watersheds. 

The storage capacity of these lakes and reservoirs is usually so large in relation 

to demand that sufficient time is given for the settling of any suspended matter and 

for natural purification. The growth of algae in these open bodies of water can be 

very troublesome.

Many of these waters are soft and contain small quantities of mineral matter 

in solution. Some may have little color, others may be highly colored. The lack 

of hardness and dissolved minerals aredesirablecharacteristics asfar as domestic use and many industrial uses are concerned, but on the other hand these waters 

are likely to be corrosive and may cause trouble in service mains and plumbing 

installations. Some of the waters that are not corrosive may be equally troublesome because of their hardness and mineral content.

The current trend is to treat public supplies so as to make them not only safe 

for drinking from a sanitary point of view but more satisfactory for general use and 

to protect expensive water-supply systems from corrosion and resultant troubles.

SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER

f. 15.5 percent o. O.I percent f. 13.7 percent o. 14.1 percent

e. O.O percent c. 5.2 percent

MIXED SUPPLIES

a. OX) percent

0.0 percent e. 0.4 percent c. 1.4 percent

a. No treatment

b. No treatment other than chlorinotlon

c. Slow sand filtration

d. Rapid sand filtration

e. Iron and manganese removal

f. Softening and filtration

TREATED SURFACE WATER

A total of 487 places of all the places supplies with surface water included in 

this report were furnished with water filtered through sand filters, exclusive of 

those supplies filtered in conjunction with softening. Of the population supplied 

with filtered water, 5.2 percent received water from slow sand filters, and 51.1 

percent, from rapid sand filters. Seventy-eight of the surface water supplies were 

softened. These softened supplies represented 15. 5 percent of population furnished 

with surface water only.

A total of 71.4 percent of the population served with surface water received 

water that was given more treatment than just chlorination. The above total does 

not include the surface water mixed with ground water and classed as mixed supplies.
SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 31

GROUND WATER

Ground water, although used exclusively by only 472 of the places included in 

this report is used by the greater part of the rural population of the country and 

by the smaller cities and towns. Ground water is less subject to changes in chemical composition than surface water, is generally clearer, and is cooler in summer. On the other hand, ground water usually contains more dissolved mineral 

matter and frequently objectionable quantities of iron. Supplies from shallow 

sources and springs are sometimes subject to pollution.

The population served exclusively by ground-water supplies of the places in 

this report represents 16. 4 percent of the total population of the 1,315 places, 

andonlyQ. 6percent of the total population of the country. Of the 472 places served with ground water, 114 places received water with no treatment; 213 places 

received water with no treatment other than chlorination. The population of these 

327 places represents about 65 percent of the total population served exclusively 

with ground water. Sixty-five places were served with softened water, the population of which places represents about 14 percent of the total population served 

with ground water.

MIXED SUPPLIES

The population of 132 of the 1, 315 places in this report was furnished with supplies, classed as mixed, from both surface and ground sources. In some instances 

the water from one source was not mixed with that from the other before entering 

the city mains; in other instances the water from the two sources was mixed prior 

to entering the mains. In some instances one or more sections of a city was furnished with water from one source, while at the same time other sections were 

furnished water from the other source. Ground water made up about 27 percent 

of the total supply of these places furnished with mixed supplies. The population 

served with mixed supplies is about 10 percent of the total population of the 1, 315 

places included in this report and 6.0 percent of the population of the country.

Most of these places received water which was given more treatment than 

chlorination. Most of the supplies were filtered or softened. In some instances 

one part of the supply received no treatment other than chlorination, whereas the 

other part received more treatment.

PHYSICAL PLANT FACILITIES

Data relative to the physical plant facilities for treatment, raw-water storage, 

and finished-water storage for most of the places included in this report, are 

shown in table 16 and graphically in figure 3. Facilities for chlorination only are 

not included in the statistics relative to the number and capacities of the treatmentplants. For afew places the capacities of the treatment plants are notshown. 

Facilities for the storage of raw and finished water are included for all places 

included in the report for which storage data are shown. For some places storage data were not available or were not reported. In the tabulation of the data, 

chlorinated water is considered finished water. Many large cities, the supplies 

of which are taken from natural lakes or from large streams, have few facilities 

for raw-water storage and have no particular need for them. Many places taking 

their supplies from wells have few facilities for raw-water storage since many 

such supplies are pumped directly into the distribution systems.
32 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 16. --Physical plant facilities for public water supplies for the larger cities 

in the United States, 1952

State

California ....

Connecticut . . . 

Delaware ..... 

District of 

Columbia .... 

Florida ......

Idaho

Illinois .......

Louisiana .....

Massachusetts

Minnesota .... 

Mississippi . . .

Nevada ......

New Hampshire 

New Jersey . . . 

New Mexico . . .

North Carolina 

North Dakota . . 

Ohio .........

Pennsylvania . . 

Rhode Island . . 

South Carolina 

South Dakota . . 

Tennessee .... 

Texas ........

Utah .........

Washington. . . . West Virginia . Wisconsin. .... 

Wyoming .....

Total .......

Treatment plants

Number 

of 

plants

15 

5 

20 

17 

7 

10 

5

2 

17 

19 

4 

21 

23 

19 

17 

16 

11 

4 

8 

13 

18 

8 

9 

18 

4 

4 

1 

3 

15 

2 

36 

39 

7 

31 

21 

6 

35 

5 

22 

8 

16 

36 

0 

1 

24 

4 

18 

12 

4

660

Total 

capacity 

(mgd)

139 

43 

74 

652 

242 

115 

6

225 

217 

217 

19 

494 

317 

136 

150 

222 

185 

20 

315 

116 

889 

349 

35 

503 

53 

123 

2 

6 

300 

4 

498 

187 

26 

888 

161 

45 

936 

111 

94 

27 

212 

605 

0 

6 

257 

24 

133 

293 

23

10,694

Raw -water storage

Number 

of 

places

11 

9 

7 

55 

15 

21 

5

1 

10 

16 

11 

10 

13 

15 

9 

11 

6 

8 

10 

52 

10 

5 

7 

14 

11 

7 

7 

7 

36 

9 

30 

27 

4 

28 

18 

6 

36 

15 

20 

2 

2 

33 

9 

8 

19 

8 

8 

7 

5

693

Capacity 

(rag)

5,736 

8,598 

17,498 

621,233 

187,354 

113,154 

100

560 

766 

1,238 

3,015 

15,631 

7,993 

2,404 

1,039 

3,058 

40 

8,774 

59,036 

562,570 

1,641 

6,755 

1,209 

4,176 

18,279 

96 

119 

9,536 

54 

2,851 

377,798 

48,856 

7 

32,164 

107,974 

15 

49,028 

6,440 

5,483 

3,876 

2 

119,719 

1,685 

1,606 

30, 564 

8,371 

1,501 

20 

724

2,460,346

Finished -water storage

Number 

of 

places

24 

9 

26 

39 

7 

11 

6

1 

24 

29 

7 

41 

30 

30 

19 

21 

13 

17 

11 

50 

38 

20 

18 

28 

6 

5 

3 

7 

50 

9 

51 

40 

10 

46 

24 

15 

45 

15 

29 

11 

19 

65 

4 

5 

30 

19 

21 

26 

7

1,081

Capacity 

(mg)

61 

172 

74 

1,956 

221 

1,260 

4

118 

59 

78 

22 

789 

141 

125 

10 

164 

45 

162 

847 

2,570 

288 

223 

28 

379 

33 

95 

7 

85 

1 

47 

5,225 

169 

191 

686 

128 

385 

2,502 

93 

75 

38 

156 

497 

66 

56 

3,222 

755 

60 

140 

49

24,557
TREATMENT OF WATER 33

400

300

Ij200 

o

100

lll^ 1mo §

o§

8 8

gill 0 i

TREATMENT-PLANT CAPACITY 

MGD

RAW-WATER STORAGE FINISHED-WATER STORAGE 

MILLION GALLONS MILLION GALLONS

TREATMENT OF WATER

The treatment of water for public supplies is comprehensively discussed in 

technical books expressly written for that purpose (Amer. Waterworks Assoc., 

1950; Hopkins, 1948; Nordell, 1951). Improvements in the design of waterworks 

equipment and installations and the processes involved in the treatment and purification of water supplies are generally reported in the Journal of the American 

Water Works Association and other waterworks publications of a technical or professional nature. Statistics and descriptions have been collected for practically 

all public water-supply systems and purifications plants of the country. (U. S. 

Public Health Service, 1948).

The general discussions in this report relative to the treatment of public water 

supplies are of necessity brief and are intended to be mainly explanatory in character as to the data contained herein. The descriptions given of the treatment of 

some of the individual supplies are incomplete, and others are lacking in detail, 

but it is hoped that the descriptions that are given will be of some aid to those 

using the report, and of value in the interpretation and avaluation of the analytical 

data for each supply.

NATURAL PURIFICATION

It is generally recognized that waters impounded in artificial lakes and reservoirs improve in quality from storage. Suspended matter settles out, and the 

amount of color and the number of pathogenic and other bacteria decrease. On 

the other hand, conditions are favorable for the growth of algae and other microorganisms. Sanitary conditions within the catchment area of such supplies are
34 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

usually carefully controlled to prevent pollution of the supply.

On account of the great increase in urban population and industrial development, and the resultant pollution of many streams, relatively few places depend 

on natural purification of their supplies. Chlorine is regularly applied as a safety 

measure to those supplies that have no other treatment than natural purification.

FILTRATION

Filtration, simply defined, is a process of clearing a liquid of suspended material. Filtration in water treatment and purification is of extreme importance. 

Sand is usually the filtering medium, and the two principal types of filters are 

rapid sand filters and slow sand filters. The essential difference between filtration by means of rapid sand filters and slow sand filters is in the treatment of the 

raw water preceding filtration, the rate of filtration, and the method of cleaning 

the filters. The preliminary treatment of the raw water is important in the efficient operation of filters of both types. The rate of filtration is as much as 50 

times more rapid in the rapid sand filter than in the slow sand filter. The rapid 

sand filter is cleansed or is washed by reversing the flow of water through the filtering medium, and the slow sand filter by removing and cleaning the top layer of 

sand.

Other filtering media and other types of filters are used in the treatment of 

water. Crushed and graded anthracite coal is sometimes used instead of sand and 

gravel. The rate of filtration through anthracite coal is more rapid than through 

sand, and the velocity needed for the wash water is lower, but coal is more expensive than sand and gravel. Pressure types of filters with upward or downward 

flow are used as opposed to the sand filters with gravity flow. Pressure filters 

may be horizontal as well as vertical in design. Pretreatment of the water is as 

necessary for the pressure filters as it is for the more conventional type sand 

filter.

RAPID SAND FILTRATION

The essential processes in the treatment of water where rapid sand filters are 

concerned are coagulation and sedimentation preceding filtration.

Plain sedimentation. --Plain or primary sedimentation, differentiated from 

that which follows after the addition of the coagulants to the raw water, is accomplished at many plants by allowing the raw water to stand in large basins or reservoirs for a length of time sufficient for the greater quantity of the suspended 

material to settle out. Finely divided and colloidal materials do not readily settle out, making it necessary to add coagulants before the filtration process. Plain 

sedimentation is an important preliminary step in the treatment of turbid waters 

even where rapid sand filters are used and is absolutely essential where slow 

sand filters are used, if coagulation is not used prior to filtration. Earlier this 

was the only treatment given surface waters, but the current practice is not to 

rely on plain sedimentation as a means of water purification. Impounded reservoir supplies are usually chlorinated as an added precaution when no other treatment is given.

Provisions are usually necessary for the removal of the settled material from 

reservoirs and basins by operation of sluice gates or other means. Capacity of 

reservoirs can be greatly lessened by this settled material and the useful life of 

the reservoir limited.

Coagulation. --To settle out the finely divided solid material, colloidal material, and bacteria and other micro-organisms, it is necessary to apply coagulants 

to the raw water after plain sedimentation. The most commonly used coagulant 

is aluminum sulfate, referred to as alum. Ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate are 

less commonly used. Other coagulants are ferric chloride, sodium aluminate, 

sodium silicate, and bentonite. Lime and soda ash as conditioning agents are 

frequently used in conjunction with coagulants. Activated silica, originally sug-
TREATMENT OF WATER 35

gested by Baylis(1937) as an aid in coagulation, is finding increasing use as a coagulant in softening plants (Black, 1948) and in other treatment plants (Hay, 1944). 

Different coagulants have specific merits which must be recognized in selecting 

the ones to be used. Coagulants, either in dry or liquid form, are fed to the raw 

water by various regulating feeding devices. The ease in handling and application 

of the coagulant is sometimes an important consideration in the selection of the 

coagulant to be used.

The addition of alum in the coagulation process increases the sulfate content, 

reduces the alkalinity of the water, and tends to leave the water somewhat corrosive. The increase in the sulfate content of the water is of minor significance in 

the industrial use of the water. The adjustment of the pH of the water is usually 

necessary before delivery to the mains.

The action of the coagulant is to clump together the suspended material, so 

that it and most of the coagulant may settle out prior to filtration. Proper coagulation and subsequent settling are very important in the efficient operation of the 

modern rapid sand filtration plant. The quantity or dosage of coagulant to be added 

to the raw water was based formerly on the turbidity, later on the alkalinity of the 

water. Current practice is to determine the proper dosage by trial. Turbidity, 

pH, temperature of the water, and length of time of mixing are factors to be considered in determining the proper dosage. Finely divided suspended material is 

more difficult to coagulate than larger particles. Good coagulation is obtained 

only at definite pH ranges, and in some waters adjustment of pH is necessary. 

Length of time of mixing and temperature of the water affect coagulation and flocculation, and consequently the dosage required. The variable character of a water and the different types of waters must be considered; strict laboratory control 

is necessary throughout the whole treatment process.

Mixing and settling basins, filters. --There are various types of mixing basins, 

the function of which are to mix the chemicals with the water quickly and uniformly 

so as to bring about the proper flocculation of the coagulant and to keep the water 

in motion a certain length of time before it enters the settling basins or sedimentation basins. The coagulated water is detained in the settling basins to allow the 

floe to settle out. The design and arrangement of the settling basins are such that 

this settled floe or sludge can be removed continuously or periodically. The water 

finally enters the filters from the settling basins practically free of suspended matter and floe and a great many bacteria and micro-organisms.

The rapid sand filter is usually rectangular in shape, filled to the desired depth 

with graded gravel and sand, equipped with a system of underdrains to carry off 

the filtered water, and a means of washing by an upward flow of water.

The rate of flow of water through the filter is usually 2 to 3 gallons per minute 

per square font of filter surface. The filtering rate and loss of head at most modern plants are recorded automatically." Washing is necessary when there is loss 

of head and flow of water through the filter. The washing process consists basically in an upward flow of water through the filter bed at such velocity that the filtering sand layer is agitated sufficiently to clean it of the material to be removed 

yet without appreciable loss of filter sand. Mechanical means of agitating the sand 

are sometimes employed during the washing process. The efficient operation of 

rapid sand filters requires constant attention to give an effluent of high quality.

SLOW SAND FILTRATION

Slow sand filters are the older type of sand filters and are often referred to as 

the European type, as compared with the rapid sand filters or the American type.

The filtering units are usually of large size requiring much more space, and 

therefore construction costs are much greater than for rapid sand filters of the 

same capacity. The rates of filtration range from 2 to 10 million gallons per acre 

of sand surface per day as compared to the 125 million gallons or more of the rapid sand filter.

Filtration by slow sand filters is definitely limited to waters of low turbidity, 

usually less than 20 parts (silica standard), of low color, and of low bacterial load. 

Water from lakes and large reservoirs may be filtered by slow sand filters without
36 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

pretreatment.

Slow sand filters are efficient in the removal of taste and odor because biological activity in the filters changes the forms of nitrogen and destroys some forms 

of organic matter. They can be operated with a minimum of attention. Because 

of construction costs and the lack of adaptability to waters of changing characteristics and to modifications of treatment of the water, few slow sand filters are 

being installed today.

DISINFECTION

Chlorine is the chief reagent used in the disinfection of water supplies and is 

added before delivery of the water to the mains. The quantity of chlorine to be 

added for effective disinfection depends upon the chlorine demand of the water. 

This quantity must satisfy the chlorine demand and leave a residual of free available chlorine of about 0.1 to 0. 3 part per million. The chlorine residual can be 

conveniently determined by the well-known ortho-tolidine or ortho-tolidine arsenite test. Once the chlorine residual required for a water, determined by bacteriological check, is known, the chlorine dosage can be controlled to meet this 

requirement by an automatic feeding device. Excessive chlorination can thus be 

avoided.

Other agents used in the disinfection of water are chloride of lime, hypochlorites, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ammonia in conjunction with chlorine, ozone, and ultra-violet light. Some of these agents find special application where 

control of tastes and odors are concerned, or where the volume of water to be 

treated is not large.

Prechlorination is practiced in many modern water-treatment plants. Numerous benefits result from the practice and in some instances it is a necessity, 

especially where control of tastes and odors are involved in the treatment scheme. 

In practice the chlorine may be added to the water before or with the coagulant. 

Prechlorination may find special application in waters softened with lime.

Superchlorination is practiced at some plants where the water is heavily polluted or contains taste-producing compounds. If the chlorine is added greatly in 

excess of the chlorine demand of the water, dechlorination, usually with sulfur 

dioxide or some of its derivatives, should follow to remove the surplus chlorine 

before the water enters the mains.

Chlorination does not normally affect the industrial value of the water except 

as it may affect the taste or odor.

ADJUSTMENT OF pH

Some adjustment of the pH of the water is usually necessary either during the 

main treatment process or before the filter effluent enters the mains. Finished 

water of too low pH will aggressively attack iron mains, resulting in the water 

carrying in solution troublesome quantities of iron, and damage to the mains by 

pitting and tuberculation. Lime or soda ash is usually used to adjust the pH of 

the water so that it will not be corrosive. Carbon dioxide is also used to adjust 

the pH of lime softened waters.

TASTES AND ODORS

One of the requirements of a good drinking water is that it be free of tastes 

and odors. Tastes and odors do not seriously affect the industrial use of water 

except in the food and beverage industries.

Tastes and odors in public water supplies may be divided into two general classes 

--those caused by plant growths of the algal type and those that are due to sewage 

and to polluting wastes from industrial plants such as coke, gasworks, oil refinery, 

and cannery. The tastes and odors resulting from the growth and destruction of algae are usually accompanied by those resulting from decaying vegetation, such as
TREATMENT OF WATER 37

leaves, grass, and roots, and from bacterial slimes. The tastes and odors resulting from sewage and industrial pollution may be due to the tastes and odors of the 

polluting substances themselves or may be produced as a direct result of the presence of these substances in the water in the treatment process. These tastes and 

odors may be described as organic, medicated, or phenolic.

Various methods are used in the prevention and elimination of tastes and odors. 

Aeration is sufficient in some instances. Effective algicides are copper sulfate 

and chlorine, the latter either in elemental form or as calcium hypochlorite. But 

it must be emphasized that the growth of algae should be prevented or controlled, 

for the tastes and colors resulting from too great a destruction of algae is often 

worse than those produced by the algae in their life cycle. Activated carbon, usually added along with coagulants, is used at many plants. It may also be applied 

to reservoirs. Heavy application' of chlorine in prechlorination or superchlorination is used in preventing so-called phenolic tastes as well as those resulting from 

heavy pollution. Ammonia, in conjunction with chlorine, also is used for the same 

purpose. In recent years chlorine dioxide is finding increasing application in the 

prevention and control of tastes and odors. (Aston, 1950.) The whole problem of 

prevention and elimination of tastes and odors is complicated.

IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL

Surface-water supplies, generally, have very little iron in solution. Some 

streams, however, receiving industrial wastes or acid mine drainage may carry 

objectionable quantities of iron and manganese as well. Some surface waters containing complex organic acids or substances may carry in solution considerable 

quantities of iron.

Many ground waters contain considerable quantities of iron dissolved from soil 

and rock material by carbon dioxide in solution in the water, in the absence of oxygen, as ferrous carbonate. Iron in solution as a result of oxidation of iron pyrites is present as ferrous sulfate. Organic acids in ground water may contribute 

to the solution of the iron. Many ground waters containing considerable quantities 

of iron frequently contain objectionable quantities of manganese.

The occurrence of iron in ground waters cannot be predicted with any degree of 

certainty. Samples of water from wells of about the same depth and in close proximity may differ decidedly in their iron content.

The principle of iron removal is simple but no single method may be entirely 

satisfactory because of the presence of other constituents, such as organic matter, 

manganese, and carbon dioxide. Iron in solution in the water in the ferrous condition is oxidized by aeration to ferric hydrate, which settles out. Surface-water 

supplies, because of natural aeration, require very little attention to iron removal. 

The regular treatment that is given most surface supplies and the aeration incident 

thereto is generally sufficient to remove most of the iron. If the water is softened, 

both iron and manganese are removed in the process. Some treated waters may 

dissolve iron from the distribution mains and service pipes.

Aeration followed by settling, and filtration through sand or fine gravel, will 

generally remove iron from most ground waters. Aeration not only brings the iron 

in water in contact with dissolved oxygen but releases carbon dioxide also, thus the 

precipitation of the iron is hastened. Aeration and oxidation may be accomplished 

by means of sprays, cascades, perforated trays, contact beds of coke, broken 

pebbles, coal, or some such material.

Manganese is not oxidized as readily as iron and a method of treatment that 

may be effective for iron removal may not be satisfactory for manganese removal. 

Manganese may be oxidized by chlorine, and catalytic manganese dioxide (Zapffe, 

1933) deposited on contact beds of coke, coal, crushed stone, and the like. Such 

treatment followed by filtration effectively removes manganese. Carefully planned 

treatment is necessary for satisfactory removal of both iron and manganese (Nordell, 1951.)

Cation-exchange units will remove iron and manganese from waters provided 

the iron and manganese are in the soluble reduced state. Any prior oxidation of 

the iron before the water enters the exchange unit will result in the deposition of
38 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

oxidized iron on the exchanger, thus interfering with its effective action. These 

units are adaptable to the treatment of some well waters.

MUNICIPAL SOFTENING

Numerous data are available showing the value of the use of soft water and 

softened water supplies relative to soap consumption (Olson, 1939). The savings 

resulting from decreased soap consumption in many instances are sufficient to 

pay for the cost of softening the whole supply. Savings from decreased soap consumption is only one of the values resulting from the use of a softened public water supply. Many industries require soft process water and would be attracted to 

places where adequate supplies of such water are available.

The practice of softening of public water supplies is not new. (Baker, 1948.) 

It might be said as far as this country is concerned that it centered at Columbus, 

Ohio, because of the research carried on and the practices developed at the plant 

at that city. (Hoover, 1927, 1928, 1943.) The practice of softening public supplies has increased considerably since 1932. (Olson, 1945.)

A number of factors are involved in the proper selection of the method of softening water supplies, chief of which are the physical and chemical characteristics 

of the water and the extent of the reduction of the hardness. The softening process involves the removal by chemical precipitation or cation exchange of those 

substances in the water, principally calcium and magnesium, that cause hardness.

The larger municipalities use lime or the lime-soda ash process in softening 

their supplies. Lime is effective in removing carbonate hardness but soda ash in 

addition to lime is usually used to remove noncarbonate hardness. Excess lime 

servesthe same purpose as soda ash inthe excess lime treatment process. These 

methods of softening are used where the water generally requires filtration, volume demand is large, and competent technical supervision is provided.

Lime-softened waters are unstable (Hoover, 1942) being supersaturated with 

the normal carbonates of calcium and magnesium, and require recarbonation to 

prevent these carbonates from crystallizing out on the sand grains of afilter eventually destroying its effectiveness as a filter, or in the mains of the distribution 

system, lessening its capacity. When excess lime is used in the softening process, the softened water contains caustic alkalinity, and carbon dioxide is usually 

used to neutralize the excess lime. Phosphates are also used in stabilizing limesoftened waters.

The cation-exchange method of softening (Streicher and Bowers, 1950) involves 

the exchange of calcium and magnesium in the water for sodium in the exchange 

material. The exchange material when exhausted is regenerated with a solution 

of sodium chloride (common salt). Sea water or natural brines are used at a few 

plants. The operation of a cation-exchange softening plant requires less attention 

and less expert control than a lime or lime-soda ash softening plant. It is adaptable to those supplies where the water is relatively free of suspended matter and 

excessive quantities of iron and manganese and where the volume demand is not 

generally large.

It is not practical or desirable to soften a supply completely, although this is 

possible with a cation-exchange softener. At a few places this type of softener is 

used in conjunction with lime softening, employing what is known as split treatment. (Streicher, 1945.) Split treatment is used also in softening some groundwater supplies. In this method of treatment a portion of a supply may be completely softened by cation exchange, and then raw water, unsoftened water, or 

partially softened water may be mixed with it in such volume as to produce an effluent of a definite hardness.

Lime reduces the quantity of dissolved solids in water inthe softening process; 

soda ash and cation exchangers do not.

The equipment required in water-softening plants using lime approximates 

that used in the filtrations plants of the rapid sand type. Greater facilities for 

handling chemicals are needed; some means for the production of carbon dioxide 

are required; and facilities for handling sludge are necessary. (American Water 

Works Assn., 1949). Some plants are recalcining the sludge and reusing the
TREATMENT OF WATER 39

lime or selling it for agriculture use.

Data in Water Supply Paper 658 in 1932 showed that of the 670 places in that 

report, 40 were furnished with softened water, representing a total population of 

4,065, 000, 7. 2 percent of the total population of the 670 places, and 3. 4 percent 

of the total population of the country. Data in table 11 of this report show that 171 

places are furnished with softened water, representing a total population of 

14, 506,000, or 16. 5 percent of the total population of the 1,315 places in this report and 9. 6 percent of the total population of the country. Of the 670 places in 

Water Supply Paper 658 and also in this report, 85 places now have softened supplies. Thus 86 of the total of 171 places that have softened supplies are among 

the 645 places in this report but not in Water Supply Paper 658. These 645 places 

are small in population'in comparison with the 670 places.

In this report the hardness of the public supplies that are softened ranges from 

less than 50 parts per million to about 150 parts. For many large supplies the 

hardness ranges between 70 and 85 parts. About one-third of the total population 

of the places in this report that receive softened water, receive water having a 

hardness greater than 100 parts per million. Many laundries and industrial plants 

require softer water than that furnished as public supplies and find it profitable 

and necessary to further soften. Municipalities can well afford to give more attention to softening of supplies to effect greater economies and satisfaction in the 

use of the water.

FLUORIDES AND FLUORIDATION

It was discovered about two decades ago that fluoride in drinking water caused 

the dental defect known as mottled enamel. (Churchill, 1931; Smith, Lantz, and 

Smith, 1931.) Through much study and observation as a result of this discovery 

the limit of fluoride concentration, below which mottling does not usually occur, 

was fairly well established. (Dean, 1936.) It was observed also that the prevalence of dental caries in areas where mottled enamel was endemic was no greater, 

in many instances less, than in areas where fluoride was not naturally present in 

the water supplies. (Dean, 1938.) Further study and observations along this line 

by Dean and his associates showed that there was a very definite relationship between fluoride in the water supplies and the prevalence of dental caries in the permanent teeth of children. (Dean, Jay, Arnold, and Elvove, 1941.) These and other 

studies showed that fluoride concentrations of about 1.0 to 1. 5 parts per million 

in the water supplies, concentrations below which mottling of the enamel does not 

usually occur, greatly lessened the incidence of dental caries in the permanent 

teeth of children using the water. Other investigations showed also that fluoride 

compounds topically applied to the tooth surfaces of children's teeth lessened the 

incidence of caries (Knutson and Armstrong, 1943).

The results of these numerous studies and investigations naturally led to the 

question of fluoridation of water supplies in order to preventer lessen the incidence 

of caries in the permanent teeth of children. Fluoridation has much support from 

dental and health associations. (Amer. Water Works Assn., 1952). In a news 

release of June 1, 1950, Assistant Surgeon General Bruce D. Forsyth of the U. 

S. Public Health Service, said:

"Artificial fluoridation of communal water supplies has been found to be effective 

in reducing the incidence and prevalence of dental caries among children as does 

water naturally containing fluorides. As a result of new evidence from its Grand 

Rapids project where community water has been fluoridated since January 25, 

1945, the Public Health Service has now altered its basic policy to read: 'Using 

scientific methods and procedures, communities desiring to fluoridate their communal water supplies should be strongly urged to do so' ".

The compounds now most generally used for fluoridating public water supplies 

are sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride. Sodium fluoride is much more 

soluble than sodium silicofluoride, but it is much more costly per unit weight. 

Hydrofluosilicic acid is less frequently used, and hydrofluoric acid is rarely used. 

Because hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive, its application requires considerable care.
40 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

The quantity of fluoride added to the water supply is such that the concentration 

as the fluoride ion generally ranges between 0. 7 and 1. 3 parts per million. The 

quantity of fluoride ingested by an individual will depend upon the quantity of water 

used by the individual and the fluoride content of the water. This quantity is further related to climatic conditions and the characteristics of the individual as to 

need for water. Some supplies may require only 0. 7 part per million, whereas 

others may require nearly up to the permissible maximum of 1. 5 parts. (U. S. 

Public Health, 1946.) The quantity of fluoride naturally present in the supply 

must be taken into account in fluoridating the supply. Some fluoride is removed 

by alum in the coagulation process in the regular treatment of public supplies 

and a larger quantity if the supply is softened, therefore, the application of the 

fluoride should be at such place in the treatment scheme so as not to be removed.

The practice of fluoridation has gained considerable impetus in the past 2 years 

(1951-52). At the time of the collection of most of the data on the supplies for the 

places in this report about 70 supplies were being fluoridated or facilities were 

under construction for fluoridating. However, since the collection of the data, 

and as of the end of the year 1952, reliable statistics (Amer. Water Works Assn., 

1953) indicate that of the places in this report 155 were receiving fluoridated water, representing a population of about 12 million people or about 14 percent of 

the total population of all the places included in this report.

Table 17 shows the number of places and the population using water with different concentrations of fluoride from large public supplies at the time of the collection of these data. The table shows among other things that about 85 percent 

of the total population of the places in this report used water with a concentration 

of fluoride in the range of 0.0 to 0. 5 part per million. A population of about 7 

million people used water with a concentration of fluoride in the range of 0. 6 to 

1. 5 parts per millions. Such a range of concentration of fluoride will include 

practically all those supplies that were being fluoridated at the time and in addition those supplies with natural fluoride of that range of concentration.

Table 17. Number of places and population, in thousands, using water with different quantities of fluoride from large public supplies in the United States, 1952

Fluoride 

(ppm)

<0.6

.6-1.0

1.1-1.5

1.6-2.0

2.1-3.0

>3.0

Not reported

Total

Surface supplies

Places

628

39

10

2

1

31

711

'Population

55,604

3,991

412

34

65

--

4,238

64,344

Ground supplies

Places

368

56

16

9

5

6

12

472

Population

10,661

2,120

302

164

149

i36

863

14,395

Mixed supplies

Places

117

6

3

6

132

Population

8,538

132

52

365

9,087

All supplies

Places

1,113

101

29

11

6

6

49

1,315

Population

74,803

6,243

766

198

214

136

5,466

87,826

Percent 

of 

total

85.2

7.1

.9

.2

.2

.2

6.2

100

INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

The treatment that is given to a public water supply is planned primarily to 

give a water that is safe to drink and that is free from pathogenic bacteria, without too much regard for other uses of the water. The water maybe generally satisfactory for most domestic uses, but many public supplies are far from satisfactory for many industrial uses. The additional treatment that may be required 

may range from almost nothing to that which includes sand filtration, softening, 

and corrosion control.

BOILER FEED WATER

One of the common uses of water from public supplies is in steam boilers for
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER 41

the production of power and heat. Large boilers carrying high steam temperatures and pressures require water of rather exacting standards of quality. Table 

18 suggests quality-tolerance limits for boiler-feed waters.

Table 18. --Suggested water-quality tolerance for boiler-feed water a/

Hydrogen sulf ide (HZS) .........

Total hardness as CaCO3 .......

Aluminum oxide (AljO^ ........

Silica (SiOj,) ..................

Bicarbonate (HCO3) b/. .........

Carbonate (COg) ..............

Hydroxide (OH) ................

Total solids d/ ................

Turbidity .....................

Color ........................

Sulf ate -carbonate ratio 

(A. S. M. E.) (Na2SO4 :Na2CO3) 

pH value (minimum) ............

Allowable limits, in parts per million, for 

indicated pressure in Ib/sq. in.

<rl50

15 

1.4 

c/5 

80 

5 

40 

50 

200 

50 

3,000-500

20 

80

1:1 

8.0

150-250

10 

.14 

c/3 

40 

.5 

20 

30 

100 

40 

2,500-500

10 

40

2:1 

8.4

250-400

4 

.0 

0 

1Q 

.05 

5 

5 

40 

30 

1,500-100

5

5

3-1 

9.0

>400

3 

.0 

0 

2 

.01 

1 

0 

20 

15 

50

1 

2

3:1 

9.6

a/Moore, E. E., Progress report of the committee on quality tolerances of water for industrial uses: New England Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, 

p. 263, 1940.

b/Limits applicable only to feed water entering boiler, not to original water 

supply.

c/Except when odor in live steam would be objectionable.

d/Depends on design of boiler.

The treatment of boiler water has received much attention generally. Details 

on the methods of treating water supplies for boiler feed, and on boiler-ope rating 

practices are found in books and papers on the subject. (Brown, 1946; Betz,. 

1953).

SCALE, CORROSION, EMBRITTLEMENT, FOAMING, AND PRIMING

Scaling in boilers and indirectly hardness in water supplies receive much attention in the treatment of boiler-feed waters. Scale consists of mineral deposits on boiler surfaces; it is composed principally of compounds of calcium and 

magnesium with usually smaller quantities of other substances such as silica and 

iron. Mineral matter in the boiler-feed water becomes greatly concentrated in 

the boiler; slightly soluble substances precipitate, and under the influence of heat, 

may be baked on the boiler surfaces as scale or carried as sludge in the boiler 

water.

Scale formed as a result of carbonate hardness in the water is usually more 

porous and less adherent than the scale formed as a result of noncarbonate-hardness minerals. Both may become hard and adherent because of the presence of 

some cementing material like silica or from conditions prevailing in the boiler. 

Silica scale, itself, is hard and adherent and of low thermal conductivity. Much 

use is made of phosphate compounds in the treatment of boiler waters in scale 

prevention and control. Silica may be removed by magnesium compounds in conjunction with hot lime or hot lime-soda softening.

Corrosion would result in a boiler from the use of a water containing noncarbonate hardness caused by the chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium 

or by free acid. Such waters are rarely served to the public or used in boilers
42 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

without treatment. Dissolved gases--oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia--originally 

present in the boiler water, in the returned condensate, or formed as a result of 

the treatment, may corrode boilers. These gases may be removed by aeration or 

by daerating heaters. Controlled "causticity" or hydroxide concentration in boiler 

waters is important in the prevention of corrosion.

"Caustic embrittlement" or cracking of the boiler plate, a controversial subject for many years, may result from maintaining too high a causticity in the boiler water or from the use of waters containing considerable quantities of sodium 

bicarbonate or carbonate either originally present or as a result of treatment. 

It has been regarded by some as fundamentally due to poor boiler construction. 

The development of the embrittlement detector by the U. S. Bureau of Mines has 

facilitated the study of caustic embrittlement. (Schroeder and Berk, 1941.)

To prevent this type of failure, emphasis was formerly placed on the proper 

ratio of sulfate to carbonate in the boiler water; later investigations, however, 

have shown that the recommended ratios may not necessarily protect against embrittlement. (Berk and Schroeder, 1943.) Sodium nitrate and quebracho tannin 

(Bureau of Mines, 1951) are successfully used to prevent this type of failure. Simultaneous control of pH and of phosphate concentration in the boiler water may 

prevent embrittlement and is applicable where the water is primarily evaporated 

makeup or condensate.

Foaming and priming, associated activities in boiler waters, are attributed to 

a number of causes, some of which may be in the structural design and operation 

of the boiler itself. Foaming is generally attributed to too great a concentration 

in the water of soluble compounds of sodium and the presence of finely divided 

solids in suspension in the water. The standard method of controlling this condition, although sometimes not the most economical, is by blowdown to reduce the 

concentration of dissolved solids and to remove some of the sludge. Effective organic antifoam agents, such as polymerized esters, alcohols, and amides, have 

been developed in recent years. The insolubility of some of these agents in water 

makes it necessary to disperse them with other agents in feeding. Priming is usually the result of careless operation of the boiler.

SOFTENING

Municipal supplies when softened with lime and soda ash may contain anywhere 

from 25 to 100 parts per million or more of hardness. It is possible with the use 

of the cation-exchange type of softener to produce a completely softened water. 

However, for economical reasons this is rarely done in practice, except in the 

split treatment or in conjunction with lime softening. Many municipal supplies, 

even when softened, therefore, require softening for satisfactory use in boilers. 

The methods of softening employed may be hot lime, hot lime-soda ash, hot phosphate, and cation exchange. The method selected depends upon a number of factors, chief of which are character of the water, volume of water required, further treatment necessary after softening, and the conditions under which the boilers are operated.

INTERNAL TREATMENT

The practice of introducing chemicals in the water within the boiler to condition the water or make its use possible is known as internal treatment. (Blanning 

and Rich, 1934.) The practice began because of the inadequacy, in part, of the 

lime-soda softening or because of no treatment at all of waters used in boilers. 

Hardly any external treatment is adequate protection against scale formation of 

some kind; therefore the necessity for internal treatment.

These boiler compounds are both inorganic and organic in composition. They 

are used for the control of concentrations of carbonate and silica to prevent scale 

formation, corrosion, and such. The phosphate compounds, for example, are 

much used in the treatment of water that has already been softened with lime and
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER 43

soda ash, or not softened at all, to further soften it and to prevent the formation 

of calcium scale in the boiler. Organic compounds such as tannin, lignin, agar, 

and starches are used in internal treatment. They are thought to have a dispersing action on inorganic precipitates or to exert to some extent a coating action on 

inorganic precipitates, decreasing their tendency to cohere and also adhere to the 

boiler surface.

Internal treatment may be used successfully where the water supply is only 

moderately hard and the boiler is operated at a moderate pressure and not at too 

high a rating. Internal treatment, rather than being a "cure all" for boiler operation difficulties, should supplement the rather thorough external treatment of the 

boiler water.

WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

The use of huge volumes of water by industry demonstrates the extreme importance of water to industry, whether the water is used as an ingredient in the 

production of other materials, as a cleansing agent, or for cooling. Each industry requires a process water of characteristics peculiar to that industry, therefore, the requirements as to quality of process water are so varied that a water 

or a method of treatment that is entirely adequate for one process may not be suitable for another. (Nordell, 1951.) The following tables set forth some requirements as to both quantity and quality of water for a number of industrial uses.

Table 19. --Industrial requirements for water

Kem

Brewing:

Buildings:

Laundries:

Canning:

Beans:

Corn

Grapefruit: 

Juice ...............

Peaches, pears .......

Pumpkin, squash ......

Tomatoes:

Distilling, grain: 

Combined wastes ......

Evaporator condensate . 

Distilling, molasses ..... 

Distilling, cooling water. .

Meat:

Stockyards ............

Unit

meal .............

100 cases No. 2 cans

I 1, 000 bu. grain 

I mashed

1,000 gal. 100 proof 

1,000 gal. 100 proof

100 hogs killed ....

a/ Jordan, H. E., Industrial requirements for wa 

b/Per day. 

E/60,000 for recirculatmg systems, 120,000 for

Water required 

(gal. per unit)

50,000-125,000 

100 

160 

7-10

470 

80

b/27-45 

b/135-350 

12/350-525

4.3-5.7 

3 

0.5-4.0 

160

8,000 

7,000

3,500 

25, 000 

3,500 

2,500 

2,500

500 

5, 600 

6,500 

2,500 

2,500 

300 

16, 000 

12,500

7,000 

I- 750 

1 750 

360, 000

600,000

8,400 

120,000 

80 

100+ 

7-10 

1,000

550 

550 

160

Item

Milk: 

Receiving station 

Bottling works . . 

Cheese factory .

Condensery .... 

Dry milk factory 

General dairy. . .

Oil refining ....... 

Paper: 

Paper mill ...... 

Pasteboard

Strawboard ......

Paper pulp: 

Ground wood. ....

Steam power. ......

Tanning: 

Vegetable ....... 

Chrome ......... 

Textile: 

Cotton:

Desizing ......

Bleaching .......

Mercerizing ..... 

Dyeing:

Vat ...........

Sulfur ...... . 

Developed ... . 

Naphthol .... . 

Aniline black . 

Print works ... .

Rayon manufacture . 

Rayon hosiery ..... 

Woolens ..........

Unit

1,000 raw Ib. ...... 

gal. ..............

100 bbl. crude .....

ton of coal .........

18ft Ib. raw hide.... 

100 Ib. raw hide ....

l.OOOlb. processed

1,000 Ib. produced.. 

1,000 produced.. . . . 

l.OOOlb. finished ..

Water required 

(gal. per unit)

180 

250 

200 

110 

150 

150 

340 

22 

18,000 

77,000

f 39,000 

1 14,000 

I 26,000 

I 83,000

5,000 

f 85, 000 

J 64,000 

1 60, 000 

L b/1 

0.1 

2.4 

50,000 

500 

c/60, 000-120, 000 

0.5

800 

800

820 

1,750 

1,240 

300 

3,400 

30,000

18,000 

6,400 

19,000 

5,400 

14,400 

4,800 

15,600 

4,500 

6 

8 

135,000-160,000 

9,000 

70,000

ter: American Water Works Assoc. , v. 38, p. 66-67, 1946. 

nonrecirculating systems.
44 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Table 20. --Suggested water-quality tolerances a/ 

(Allowable limits in parts per million)

Industry or use

Air conditioning

Baking

Brewing:

Light beer

Dark beer

Canning:

Legumes

General

Carbonated

beverages

Confectionery

Cooling

Food. General

Ice

Laundering

Plastics, clear,

uncolored

Paper and pulp:

Groundwood

Kraft pulp

Soda and sulfite

High-grade

light papers

Rayon (viscose):

Pulp production

Manufacture

Tanning

Textiles: General

Dyeing

Wool scouring

Cotton bandage

Furbidtty

-.

10

10

10

10

10

2

50

10

5

2

50

25

15

5

5

.3

20

5

5

--

5

Color

-_

10

--

--

--

10

..

5

2

20

15

10

5

5

10-100

20

5-20

70

5

Hardness 

as CaCO,

-_

25-75

--

250

--

50

-.-

50

--

180

100

100

50

8

55

50-135

--

--

(Fe)

c/0. 5

£/.2

£/. 1

S/.l

57.2 57.2

.2

C/.2

C/.5

£/.2 s/.2

E/.2

c/,02

c/1.0

£/ 2

£/. 1

c/.l

£/. 05

.0 57.2

.25

57.25

£/1.0

c/.2

Manga- 

(Mn)

0.5

.2

.1

.1

.2

.2

.2

.2

.5

.2

.2

.2

.02

.5

.1

.05

.05

.03

.0

.2

.25

.25

1.0

.2

Total 

solids

..

500

1,000

850

100

__

--

--

200

.-

300

200

200

100

__

200

..

--

Alkalinity 

as CaCO,

..

75

150

--

50-100

__

--

--

--

total 50;

hydroxide 8

total 135;

hydroxide 8

__

--

Odor, 

Taste

low

low'

low

low

low

low

low

low

--

low

low

--

--

--

--

._

--

--

low

Hydrosulfide

1

.2

.2

.2

1

1

.2

.2

5

--

--

--

..

--

--

Other requirements b/

No corrosiveness, slime formation.

P.

P. NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 6. 5-7. 0. )

P. NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 7. 0 or

more).

P.

P.

 P. Organic color plus oxygen consumed

less than 10 ppm.

P. pH above 7. 0 for hard candy.

No corrosiveness, slime formation.

P.

P. SiO, less than 10 ppm.

No grit, corrosiveness.

AlaO, less than 8 ppm, SiO2 less than 25

ppm, Cu less than 5 ppm.

pH 7.8 to 8. 3.

Constant composition. Residual alumina

less than 0. 5 ppm.

a/Moore, E. W., Progress repo

Jour. , v. 54, p. 271, 1940

b/P indicates that potahle water,

Cy'Limit given applies to both iroi

rt of the committee on quality tolerances of water for industrial

conforming to U. S. Public Health Service standards, is nee 

i alone and the sum of iron and manganese.

ises: New England Water Works Assoc.

sary.

Water that is used in the processing of foods and beverages must be safe for 

drinking, that is, free of pathogenic bacteria. Water that is used in washing and 

rinsing of food products prior to the actual processing should be free of pathogenic 

bacteria and other organisms that might subsequently cause food spoilage.

The most common improvement made in water from public supplies for use in 

industrial processes is softening. Softening may be accomplished by the methods 

used for boiler waters plus any other treatment necessary to meet specific requirements. Softening by cation exchange is practicable and profitable for laundries.

Water used for baking should be free of substances that might produce undesirable tastes, odors, and colors. Too much hardness in the water retards fermentation processes, although some calcium is necessary for some yeast action, 

and too little softens the gluten resulting in soggy bread. Water of zero hardness 

is used in making certain bakery products.

The quality of the water used in brewing (Pozen, 1940) affects considerably the 

final product. Waters low in alkalinity and comparatively high in calcium sulfate 

are desirable. Moderate quantities of chlorides also seem to be beneficial. Water used in the production of carbonated beverages should be free of suspended 

matter, color, tastes and odors, iron, manganese, and must be low in alkalinity 

because of the acid nature of the product. (Gullo, 1951.)

Process water for canning and freezing of foods should be free of tastes and 

odors, color, organic matter, iron, and manganese. Hardness causes toughening of some foods, such as peas and beans, and may cause deposits on others. 

(Lancefield, 1938.)

Water used in the manufacture of ice should be free of iron, manganese, tastes 

and odors, and should be low in dissolved solids. (West, 1944.) Calcium and 

magnesium can be rather easily removed, but the remaining salts are almost as 

troublesome as calcium. The use of demineralizing resins or distillation may be 

resorted to in order to remove certain elements not removed in ordinary treatment. The upper concentrations limits of minerals in water used in ice manufacture will depend to some extent on the practices followed in the actual freezing 

process itself.
DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER 45

Process water used in the manufacture of textiles and fine paper should be 

practically free of suspended matter, color, iron, and manganese. Iron and manganese cause staining, and color may be adsorbed resulting in an inferior product 

(Miller, 1944). Hardness interferes in washing operations, dyeing of fabrics, and 

in sizing of paper, although it is reported that some hardness is desirable in water used for scouring of wool.

Corrosion and scaling would result from the use of many public water supplies 

in cooling systems (Powell, 1948.) Corrosion may be lessened by the adjustment 

of the pHof the supply and the use of protective coatings for the pipes. Scale formation may be minimized by the use of organic inhibitors such as tannin or by 

treatment with phosphates and silicates.

DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES

The treatment given to public water supplies undoubtedly is receiving more 

attention today than ever before. Domestic users and industry in general have 

more or less indirectly demanded this increased attention to treatment. The sanitary conditions of many streams and lakes are such that increased treatment of 

the supplies is required to make them satisfactory as public supplies. Many public supplies may be further improved by treatment for household use.

Hardness is objectionable in many public supplies and the installation of domestic softeners is often desirable as a matter of economy and satisfaction in the 

use of the water. The savings resulting from softening in decreased soap consumption, smaller plumbing repair bills, and longer life of hot-water heating 

equipment often more than pay for such equipment. Even where public supplies 

are softened in very hard water areas it is often desirable to further soften them 

in the home.

The cation-exchange type of softener is especially adapted for use in homes. 

Low cost of installation and simplicity of operation, in some types automatic, are 

attractive features, aside from the fact of being capable of delivering completely 

softened water which is so desirable in cleaning and laundering. The sodium cation exchanger in operation removes calcium and magnesium from the water in 

exchange for the sodium in the exchange material. This reaction is reversible. 

When the exchange material's capacity for softening is exhausted, it is regenerated by treating the exchange material with a solution of sodium chloride( common 

salt). Sodium from the salt solution is taken up by the exchange material and 

calcium and magnesium are released. Excess salt solution is washed out and the 

exchanger is ready again for softening.

Where public supplies are not softened, softening or conditioning agents, such 

as ammonia, borax, sodium carbonate, and such are much used in cleansing and 

laundering in the home. Trisodium sodium phosphate under various trade names 

is much used in this respect. Synthetic detergents, "soapless soaps", have recently been developed and are finding special application not only in the home but 

in industry as'well. These agents, in common with soaps, possess properties of 

wetting, dispersing, and emulsifying, although they may not be equally effective 

for all three purposes. They are produced in greater variety than soaps, more 

specifically suited to an express purpose under a variety of conditions, are finding ready markets, and are replacing soaps for many purposes. (Larson, 1949.)

Home equipment is available from plumbing establishments and manufacters 

of water-conditioning equipment for control of corrosion in water pipes to prevent 

"red water" troubles. Most of these are designed to raise the pH of the water 

supply to make it less aggressive to metal surfaces.

Equipment or devices for elimination of tastes and odors may be used to some 

extent in homes, although it is not generally practicable to do much in a home to 

improve the taste or odor of a public supply.
46 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

PUBLICATIONS

The following reports contain information relating to the quality of the surface 

water of the United States and to the public water supplies of the United States and 

of several States. The reports were prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey or 

by the Survey with cooperating State agencies. Most of the reports listed are available for consultation in the larger public and institutional libraries. Copies of 

Geological Survey publications, except circulars, still in print may be purchased 

from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 

25, D. C., who will furnish lists and prices upon request. Publications out of 

print are preceded by an asterisk. Circulars may be obtained free of charge on 

application to the Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C., as 

long as stocks are available.

WATER-SUPPLY PAPERS

658. The industrial utility uf public water supplies in the United States, 1932.

912. Industrial utility of public water supplies in Georgia, 1940.

942. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1941.

950. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1942.

970. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1943.

1022. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1944.

1030. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1945.

1047. Public water supplies in Eastern Texas.

1050. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1946.

1069. Public water supplies in Central and North-Central Texas.

1070. Public water supplies in Southern Texas.

1102. Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1947.

1106. Public water supplies in Western Texas.

1132. (Parts 1-6) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1948.

1133. (Parts 7-14) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1948.

1162. (Parts 1-6) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1949.

1163. (Parts 7-14) Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1949.

COOPERATIVE REPORTS

Public water supplies of Arkansas. Research Series No. 11, Univ. of Arkansas,

Bureau of Research, Fayetteville, Ark. 1947. 

Public surface-water supplies in North Carolina, Progress report No. 1, North

Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. 1947. 

Public ground-water supplies in North Carolina, Progress report No. 2, North

Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. 1949. 

Public water supplies in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board,

'(Division of Water Resources), Oklahoma City, Okla. 1951. 

Circ. 287. Public and industrial water supplies of the Jackson Purchase Region,

Ky. 

Circ. 299. Public and industrial water supplies of the Blue Grass Region, Ky.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULARS

*197. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the East South Central 

States, 1952.

*203. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Mountain States, 1952.

*206. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the West North Central 

States, 1952.
REFERENCES 47

*221. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the West South Central 

States, 1952.

*232. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Pacific States, 1952.

*253. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the East North Central 

States, 1952.

*269. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the South Atlantic States, 

1952.

*283. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the Middle Atlantic States, 

1952.

*288. The industrial utility of public water supplies in the New England States, 

1952.

REFERENCES

American Public Health Association, 1946, Standard methods for the examination 

of water and sewage, 9th ed., New York, N. Y.

American Society for Testing Materials, 1940, A review of data on the relationship of corrosivity of water to its chemical analysis: Am. Soc. for Testing 

Mat., Proc., v. 40, p. 1317.

*1947, Standards Part III-A, Nonmetallic Materials, 1946: Am. Soc. for 

Testing Mat., Philadelphia, Pa.

American Water Works Association, 1949, Disposal of softening plant wastescommittee report: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 41, p. 819.

*Committee report, 1953, Census of fluoridation in the United States and 

Canada, 1952: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 45, no. 8.

American Water Works Association, Inc., 1950, Water quality and treatment 2d 

ed.: New York, N. Y.

*1952, Fluoridation of public waters supplies: Willing Water, no. 19, New

York, N. Y. 

Aston, Royden N., 1950, Developments in the chlorine dioxide process: Am.

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 151. 

Baker, M. N., 1948, The Quest tor pure Wc-ter: Am. Water Works Assoc., New

York, N. Y. 

Baylis, John R., 1937, Silicates as t ids to coagulation: Am. Water Works Assoc.

Jour., v. 29, p. 1355. 

Berk, A. A., and Schroeder, W. C.. 1943, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Trans., v. 65,

p. 701. 

Betz, W. H. and L. D., 1953, Handbook, Industrial water conditioning, 4th ed.:

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Black, A. P., 1948, The chemistry of -water treatment: II Softening: Water &

Sewage Works, v. 95, p. 211. 

Blanning, H. K., and Rich, A. D., 1934, Boiler feed and boiler water softening:

Nickerson & Collins Co., Chicago. 

Brown, K. W., 1946, Boiler water quality and treatment: Am. Water Works

Assoc. Jour., v. 38, p. 973. 

Churchill, H. V., 1931, Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United

States: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, v. 23, p. 996-998.

Connors, J. J., 1950, Advances in chemical and colorimetric methods: Am: Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 33. 

Dean, H. T., 1936, Chronic endemic dental fluorosis: Am. Med. Assoc. Jour.,

v. 107, p. 1269-1272.

*1938, Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries: Public Health 

Reports, v. 53, p. 1443-1452.

Dean, H. T., Jay, Philip, Arnold, F. A., Jr., and Elvove, Elias, 1941, Domestic water and dental caries: Public Health Reports, v. 56, p. 716.

Enslow, L. H., 1939, The continuous stability indicator: Water Works & Sewage, 

v. 86, p. 107.

Goldman, Louis, 1951, Boiler-water treatment manual for federal-plantoperators: 

Bureau of Mines, Handbook 5.
48 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1952

Gullo, Stephen J., 1951, Water requirements for soft drink industry and quality

control: Pepsi-Cola Company. 

Hay, Harold R., 1944, W^ater purification methods involving sodium silicates:

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 36, p. 626. 

Hazen, Alien, 1892, A new color standard for natural waters: Am. Chem. Jour.,

v. 12, p. 427-428. 

Hoover, C. P., 1927, Use of lime in water softening and purification: Ind. and

Eng. Chem. v. 19, p. 567-570. 

 1928, Developments in water softening: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour.,

v. 20, p. 642-652.

-1942, Stabilization of lime-softened waters: Am. Waters Works Assoc.

Jour., v. 34, p. 1425.

-1943, Water supply and treatment, 5th ed.: Natl. Lime Assoc., Bull. 211,

Washington, D. C.

Hopkins, Edward S., 1948, Water purification control 3d ed.: Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.

Howard, C. S., 1933, Determination of dissolved solids in water analyses: Ind. 

and Eng. Chemistry, Anal. ed., v. 5, p. 4-6.

Knutson, John W., and Armstrong, Wallace D., 1943, The effect of topically applied sodium fluoride on dental caries experience: Public Health Reports, v. 

58, p. 1701-1715.

Lancefield, S., 1938, Water for the canning factory: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., v. 30, p. 167.

Langelier, W. F., 1936, The analytical control of anti-corrosion water treatment: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 28, p. 1500-1521.

 1946, Chemical equilibria in water treatment: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., v. 38, no. 2.

Larson, T. E., 1949, Synthetic detergents: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 

41, p. 315-321.

Miller, L., 1944, Water for textile processing, quality and treatment: Cotton, 

v. 108, 7, p. 85.

Nordell, Eskel, 1951, Water treatment for industrial and other uses: Reinhold 

Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y.

Olson, H. M., 1939, Benefits and savings from softened water for municipal supply: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 31, p. 607.

 1945, 1944 Census of U. S. municipal water softening plants: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 37, no. 6.

Pallo, Peter E., 1948, Cathodic protection of steel water tanks: Am. Waterworks 

Assoc. Jour., v. 40, p. 495.

Powell, S. T., 1948, Some aspects of the requirements for the quality of water 

for industrial uses: Sewage Works Jour., v. 20, p. 36.

Powell, S. T., Bacon, H. E., and Lill, J. R., 1946, Recent developments in corrosion control: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 38, p. 169.

Powell, S. T., and Burns, H. S., 1936, Vacuum deaeration: Chem. and Met. 

Eng., v. 43, p. 180.

Pozen, M. A., 1940, Water in the brewery: Mod. Brew. Age, v. 23, p. 67.

Rice, O., 1947, Corrosion control with Calgon: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 39, p. 503.

Schroeder, W. C., and Berk, A. A., 1941, Intercrystalline cracking of boiler 

steel and its prevention: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 443.

Smith, M. C., Lantz, E. M., and Smith, H. V., 1931, The cause of mottled enamel, a defect of human teeth: Ariz. Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 32.

Speller, F. N., 1951, Corrosion, causes and prevention: 3d ed.: McGraw-Hill 

Book Co., New York.

Streicher, Lee, 1945, Operating experiences at La Verne softening plant: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 37, no. 5.

Streicher, Lee, and Bowers, A. E. 1950, Cation exchangers for municipal water 

softening: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, p. 81.

U. S. Geological Survey, 1902, Div. Hydrography Circ. 8.
REFERENCES 49

U. S. Public Health, 1946, Drinking water standards: Public Health Reports, v.

61, p. 11. (Reprint no. 2697.) 

U. S. Public Health Service, 1948, Inventory of water and sewage facilities in the

United States: Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Waring, F. Holman, 1949, Significance of nitrates in water supplies: Am. Water

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 72, no. 2. 

West, Philip W., 1944, The ice industry: Chemical and Engineering News, v. 22,

p. 718. 

Zapffe, Carl, 1933, The history of manganese in water supplies and methods for

its removal: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 25, p. 655.
50 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

ALABAMA

ANDALUSIA 

(Population, 9,162)

Ownership: Water Works Board of Andalusia; also supplies about 450 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 9,600.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5). Wells 1, 2, and 3 are 300 to 350 ft deep; wells 4 and 5 

635 ft deep; yield reported to be 200, 75, 110, 500, and 500 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 200, 000 gal.

Wells 1 and 4 are used most of the time, 

supply.

Well 4 furnishes about 75 percent of the

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQ^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SO.) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches);..

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply...

Well 1

10

.00

.00

34

7.4

1.6

1.1

0 

126

7.2

3.2

.0

.6

130

Well 4

8

0

.00

.00

3.9 

1.0

QO

0 K

0 

ocj4

1 K

10

.1

2

254

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total ...............

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

vtUT pH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Well 1

115

12

K

7.7

213

1

71

Oct. 23,

1951

300-350

--

Well 4

14

0

7

8.2

403

2

73

Oct, 23,

1951

/JOE

O

1948

75

ANNISTON 

(Population, 31,066)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies unincorporated communities of Oxford and Blue 

Mountain, and other suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 

58, 600.

Source: Cold Water Spring, about 7 miles southwest of the city.

Treatment; Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8,000, 000 gal.
ALABAMA 51

ANNISTON- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Suifate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Tap 

sample

11

OK

.00

22

19

O 1

1.6

0

2.8

2 2

.0

q

118

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ).......,..

Tap 

sample

1 f!4

K

7 ^

70

Oct. 18,

1 Q5.1

AUBURN 

(Population, 12,939)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Moores Mill Creek, impounded, and 2 wells, one of which flows into the

water plant and furnishes 6 percent of the supply. Chewacla Creek, impounded, auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechl or ination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and postchlor ination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 440, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 825, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is | miles southeast of the city. 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Suifate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Moores 

Mill a 

Creek

6.5

Q4

.02

3.2 

1.5

2.9

2.7

0 

20

2.2

3.2

.0

.5

34

Finished 

water 

(cOmp. )

6.1

no

.00

16 

9 1

9 Q

o 7

t>37

1 1

7 9

.0

.7

-70

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Moores 

Mill a 

Creek

14

0

£t*j

6

Q

AK f\

0

70

Oct. 22,

1QC1

Finished 

water 

(comp. )

4Q

18

*j

8

n

110

1

71

t\f\ OO

1 QC1

a Raw water. 

Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).
52 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BESSEMER 

(Population, 28,445)

Ownership: (See Birmingham.) Supplies about 2, 700 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, abput 31,150.

BIRMINGHAM 

(Population, 326,037)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bayview, Bessemer and its suburban area, 

Edgewater, Fairfield, Fultpndale, Graysville, Homewood, Mountain Brook, 

Tarrant City, and number of other communities. Total population supplied, 

about 426, 000.

Source: Domestic supply: Cahaba River, Little Cahaba River with impounded 

reservoir (Lake Purdy) and Inland Lake (owned by Birmingham Industrial 

Water System from which raw water is purchased).

Industrial supply: Blackburn Fork of the Black Warrior River impounded in 

Inland Lake (21 billion gal capacity).

Treatment: Domestic supply: Cahaba River and Lake Purdy (Shades Mountain 

plant) plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for adjustment of pH 

to 8. 2 to 8.4. Inland Lake purchased water, (Birmingham Station plant) prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime for manganese removal, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Industrial supply: Inland 

Lake-chlorination (approximately 1. 0 ppm of chlorine), and application of 

soda ash (approximately 3. 0 ppm).

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Shades Mountain plant, 55,000, 000 gpd; Birmingham Station plant, 12,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 5,682,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,500, 000 gal.

The Shades Mountain plant is 5 miles south of the city on the Cahaba River,

and the Birmingham Station plant, about 7 miles northeast of the center of the

city. 

The Birmingham Industrial Water System serves 52 industrial consumers, some

consumers taking water at more than one location, in and around Birmingham.

In 1951 the total volume of water delivered to the industrial consumers amounted to 17, 541,335, 000 gal.
ALABAMA 53

BIRMINGHAM- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Date of collection...............

Cahaba River

Raw 

water

7.8 

.06 

.01 

26 

5.9 

5.1 

2.0 

0 

95 

16 

2.8 

.2 

1.2 

116

89 

11

7 

7.3

189 

2 

69 

Oct. 18, 

1951

Finished 

water

6.1 

.06 

.00 

27 

5.7 

4.8 

1.8 

0 

89 

21 

4.2 

.2 

1.3 

118

91 

18

8 

7.2

193 

2 

69 

Oct. 18, 

1951

Inland Lake

Raw 

water

5.0 

.07 

.00 

1.8 

1.2 

2.4 

1.3 

0 

9 

2.9 

2.2 

.3 

1.6 

26

9 

2

23 

6.2

29.3 

1 

55 

Oct. 19, 

1951

Finished 

water

4.5 

.03 

.00 

9.2 

1.1 

2.9 

1.1 

0 

29 

7.5 

2.2 

.1 

1.5 

46

27 

4

7 

8.4

72.6 

2 

57 

Oct. 19, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant , 1950

Raw watera. ......

Finished watera.

Finished water b.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12

Max

95 

105

16

48

Min

22 

29

10 

19

PH

Av

7.4 

8.3

7.2 

9.0

Max

7.9 

8.5

7.3 

9.1

Min

7.0 

8.0

7.1 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

12 

30

Max

100

12 

36

Min

4Q

12 

24

Turbidity

Av

0

0

Max

380 

0

30 

0

Min

15 

0

15 

0

a Shades Mountain, 

b Birmingham.

DECATUR 

(Population, 19,974)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Austinville and other suburban districts.

Total population supplied, about 26,100. 

Source: Tennessee River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 130, 000 gal; elevated tanks 3,300,8QO gal.

The treatment plant is 1^ miles east of the city.
54 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DECATUR--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.6

.06

.00

23

4 Q

7.0

1.5

0 

67

14

15

.3

3.9

113

Finished 

water

6.1

.10

.00

29

4 Q

7.0

1.4

0 

77

20

17

.0

.8

118

Tntal .. ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity. .............

Raw 

water

23

<JU

6 Q

 i. Oft

4

U«7

Oct. 17,

1 OKI

Finished 

water

«7£i

29

7

rr

OAQ

70

Oni- 1'T

1QS1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

G?pm)

Av

::

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.3 

7.9

Max

7.6 

8.1

Min

7.0 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

::

Turbidity

Av

50 

0

Max

228 

0

Min

20 

0

DOTHAN 

(Population, 21,584)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 9 wells (1 to 4 and 6 to 10). The depths of the wells are reported to be

625-640(1, 2, and 3), 315, 326, 335, 680, 760, and 760 ft. The yield of the

wells is reported to be 200 (1, 2, and 3), 240, 500, 640, 560, 620, and 600

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination of water from well 4; aeration of water from well 6; and

addition of phosphate for corrosion correction to water from well 7. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 950,000 gal.

The wells are not pumped as a unit. Well 5 has been abandoned.
ALABAMA 55

DOT RAN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)........... ................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCCg...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well? 

(raw water)

8

0

.01

no

7

0

1 QI

0 0

.7

0

97

1.4

3

0

.0

2.8

44

OK

3

7

6

0

65.7 

1

70

()rt 9Q,

1951

3o5

24-16

l«7Ttd

Well 9

1 R

OR

on

 JO

7.7

OK

3

1

0

1 Q1

J. &

4.8

.0

2

190

114

0

7.7

294 

1

74

Orf 9^

1951

ibu

lo

J.«/^C I

Well 10

10.

OR

.00

00

7.7

oc

2

0

0

1 an

11

A C

.0

2

186

119

0

7 Q

291 

1

Clrt *>1

1951

7bU

lo

±y j j.

Wells, Finished water 

(composite)

7.4

.07

on

8

n

1.5

2 q

..7

0

OQ

1

0

A K

.0

3.4

48

26

3

4

6.4

68.7 

0

74

f)nt 99.

1951

F AIRFIELD 

(Population, 13,177)

Ownership: (See Birmingham.)

FLORENCE 

(Population, 23,879)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, 23, 929.

Source: Cypress Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Underground storage, 250,000 gal; elevated tanks,

1,030, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 3 miles north of the city.
56 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FLORENCE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

SiUca (SiOs) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.2 

.03 

.00 

21 

2.1 

.5 

.6 

0 

71 

1.9 

1.8 

.0 

.7 

72

Finished 

water

6.8 

.17 

.00 

26 

2.5 

1.8 

.8 

0 

70 

15

3.5 

i

1,3 

94

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color........... . .

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC fi \

Temperature (F.).. 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

61 

3

6 

7.1

114 

2 

59 

Oct. 17,. 

1951

Finished 

water

75 

18

14 

7.7

151 

2

Oct. 17, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

TTinichoH ujafatAlkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

SO

Max

56 

50

Min

8 

18

PH

Av

6.8 

8 fi

Max

7.4 

8 8

Min

6.0 

8 9.

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

GADSDEN 

(Population, 55,725)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Attalla and Rainbow City. Total population

supplied, about 64,900. 

Source: Coosa River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7,500,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about a mile n&rtheast of the city. There is some 

variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the year.
ALABAMA 

GADSDEN- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

57

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO.,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.5

.17

.00

ID 

K K

5.2

1.3

0 

68

9.0

3.5

.0

1.6

84

Finished 

water

6.6

f\A

.00

20

K C

5.2

1.2

0 

70

15'4.5

.0

1.6

96

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

CA

4

ji o

7 K,

70

Oct. 18,

1QK1

Finished 

water

79

15

o

8

n

148

9

70

Oct. 18,

1Q51

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

30 

52

Max

54 

67

Min

16 

25

PH

Av

7.0 

8.3

Max

8.3 

8.5

Min

6.3 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

42 

56

Max

54 

72

Min

30 

38

Turbidity

Av Max

700

Min

25

HOME WOOD 

(Population, 12,866)

Ownership: (See Birmingham.)

HUNTSVILLE 

(Population, 16,437)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies West Huntsville and other suburban areas. Total

population supplied, about 25, 000. 

Source: 2 springs (Big Spring and Braham Spring). Lincoln Mills supply may be

used in case of emergency. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 600, 000 gal.

Big Spring is in downtown Huntsville. Braham Spring is 2 miles south of Huntsville.
58 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HUNTSVILLE- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Big 

Spring a

8.3

.15

.00

42

5 9

1 9

.5

0 

139

4.2

3.0

.0

7.7

141

Braham 

Spring a

7.7

.07

.00

34 

4.4

1.8

.8

0 

112

0 1

3.2

.0

7 9

118

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). .... ..........

Turbidity. ......... ....

Temperature (F.)...

Big 

Spring a

1 OC

12

c

7.1

OOO

CO

Hrt 17

IQRI

Braham 

Spring a

103

11

5

7.0

1QC

1

CO

Oct. 17,

. 1QK1

aRaw water.

JASPER 

(Population, 8,589)

Ownership: Water Works Board of Jasper; also supplies Cordova, Parrish, and 

suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 15,900.

Source: Warrior River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,400,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

The treatment plant is ten miles southeast of Jasper.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.6 

.13

4.8 

2.2 

3.2 

2.6 

0 

17 

12 

3.5 

.3 

.9 

56

Finished 

water

4.5 

.22

11 

2.3 

1.6 

2.0 

0 

a 24 

17 

5.0 

.1 

.7 

58

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

21

7

65 

6.5

65.9 

17 

69 

Oct. 19, 

1951

Finished 

water

37 

17

7 

8.8

94.1 

2 

69 

Oct. 19, 

1951

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (CO3 ).
ALABAMA 59

JASPER--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water*

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

20 

20

Max

25 

22

Min

5 

19

PH

Av

7.1 

8.5

Max

7.3 

9.1

Min

7.0 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

MOBILE 

(Population, 129,009)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 149, 000.

Source: Clear Creek furnishes 80 percent of supply; Threemile Creek furnishes 

20 percent; Eightmile Creek furnishes 4, 000, 000 gpd as auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 20,000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 8 miles northwest of the city.

A new source of supply (Big Creek) is being developed. Clear Creek and Three 

Mile Creek will be abandoned as sources of supply after 1952.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (804)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Clear Cr. and 

Threemile Cr. 

(raw water)

6

Q

RQ

.00

1

C

2

0

1.0

0

8

3

K

.0

1.0

31

8

1

50

6.4

26.2

6

75

Oct. 24, 1951

Clear Cr. and 

Threemile Cr. 

(finished water)

6.1

10

.00

6.4

1.0

2

0

.5

0

10

6.7

K O

.0

1.7

38

20

10

5

7.0

53.7

1

76

Oct. 24, 1951

Big Creek 

(raw water)

K n

.03

.00

.8

1.8

.5

0

5

.7

2.8

.1

.6

20

5

1

27

6.2

17.7

1

70

Oct. 24, 1951
60 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MOBILE - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 a

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

5 

11

Max

6 

12

Min

3

7

PH

Av

6.3 

8.9

Max

6.5 

9.3

Min

6.0 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

36

Max

10 

40

Min

6 

20

Temperature

. Av

67 

67

Max

?8 

78

Min

50 

50

a Oct. 1, 1950 to Sept. 30, 1951.

MONTGOMERY 

(Population, 106,525)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a population of about 14,000 outside-the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 120,500.

Source: 32 wells, regular supply; 13 (airlift) wells, auxiliary supply. The depth 

of the wells ranges from 64 to 740 ft. The depth of the greater number of the 

wells is around 600 ft. The yield of the wells (data on 27 wells) ranges from 

120 (well 17) to 650 gpm (well 27), and averages 419 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 11,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2,250,000 gal.

An additional 4,000,000 gal storage tank will be completed in 1951. 

There are two pumping stations, one on Court Street, and the other on Day Street 

Each station pumps 16 wells. The Day Street Station pumps wells 21 to 36 

inclusive.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... .

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.... ........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Wells a

1C

.15

.01

4.6

1.5

C7

1.7

0

143

19

11

.4

3

0

185

1 R

0

4

7.5

283

71

Oct. 21,

1951

Wells b

9Q

oc

.05

oo

2 A

on

1.7

0

128 10

10

1 fin

an

0

7.0

257 

1

77

Oct. 20,

1951

Well 2

1C

oc

no

1

Q

2

Q

I

ff

0

7

4

0

.0

6

1

41

4

5.7

38.6 

1

69

Oct. 20,

1951

Well 8

10

n9

on

3 9

1

0

84

1.0

T 1 C

165 

14

8

e

1.7

99fl

10

0

5

8.9

341 

2

71

Oct. 21,

1951

Well 14

1C

1 a

nn

1.4

2 1

1.4

0

8 

1.5

2

Q

.0

.4

9A

7

0

5

5.5

32.1 

1

68

Oct. 20,

1951

a Finished water, composite sample, collected at Court Street pumping plant. 

b Finished water, composite sample, collected at Day Street pumping plant.
ALABAMA 

MONTGOMERY--Continued

61

Depth (feet) .«....».....»»««. 

Diameter (inches) ......................................

Date drilled ..... 

Percent of supply ........ ... 

Well 2

78 

24 

1918

Well 8

497 

18 

1921

Well 14

650 

14 

1937

ANALYSES'

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geotoj

Silica (SiO,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ....... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..... ....

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ... ...

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 15

13 

.25 

.00 

1.2 

.5 

105 

1.1 

32 

183 

16 

10 

.6 

.2 

272

5 

0

6 

9.1

424 

1 

72 

Oct. 20, 

1951

81 

14 

1937

Well 23

31 

.16 

.00 

25 

2.1 

15 

2.6 

0 

24 

28 

30 

.0 

18 

192

71* 

51

5 

5.8

241 

0 

69 

Oct. 20, 

1951

140 

18 

1942

Well 248

37 

.08 

.08 

28 

2.0 

9.0 

1.7 

0 

106 

6.2 

3.0 

.1 

.2 

142

78 

0

5 

6.9

183 

1 

69 

Oct. 20, 

1951

166 

18 

1948

gical Survey)

Well 27

33 

.73 

.06 

19 

1.7 

39 

1.5 

0 

150 

8.6 

6.5 

.5 

.3 

186

54 

.0

25

7.4

261 

2 

68 

Oct. 20, 

1951

598 

18 

1943

Well 31

" 11 

.19 

.00 

3,0 

.8 

104 

1.4 

9 

211 

9.3 

28 

.9 

1.1 

274

11 

0

3 

8.6

443 

2 

68 

Oct. 20, 

1951

636 

18 

1949

MOUNTAIN BROOK 

(Population, 8,359)

Ownership: (See Birmingham.)

OPELIKA 

(Population, 12,295)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Sougahatchee Creek impounded in Sougahatchee Lake.

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir. 

Finished-water storage: 1,243,000 galr
62 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OPELIKA--Continued

The treatment plant is about 5^ miles northeast of Opelika. 

Raw water is furnished to Pepperell Mill which has its own filter plant having a 

rated capacity of 2, 000, 000 gpd.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.8

f\a

.00

3.3

1

C

0 C

2

0

0

99

1 °l

2

0

.1

0

31

Finished 

water

. JLO

.00

ii

I

n

0 C

1.7

0 

OQ

9

0

7.0

..0

.1

57

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Nintif* st yhnn uf'p

pH .......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity...............

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

15

0

£t\J 

6Q

cn f\

o

71

rjrt 99

1QC1

Finished 

water

oo 

19

o 

8.4

89.0

71

Vi^lr. £l£l,

1QC1

PHENIX CITY 

(Population, 23,305)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 23, 600. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. Emergency connections can be made with the

municipal supply of Columbus, Ga. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,250,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located 1 mile north of the city. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the

year, but the dissolved solids are usually low.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.3

on

.00

4.2

6.0

9 9

0

99

4,6

5.0

.0

2.5

53

Finished 

water

8.5

.01

.00

9.0

1

0

6

(\

2

0

0

00

19

7.8

.0

1.7

60

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color..................

pH.. ....... ...... ........

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1Q

1

70

7.1

63.8

6

71

Oct. 22,

1951

Finished 

water

30

11

4

7.2

90.2

1

71

Oct. 22,

1951
ALABAMA 63

PHENK CITY--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

17

Max

17' 

21

Min

12 

16

PH

Av

7.2 

8.4

Max

8.8 

8.9

Min

6.9 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

30

Max

22 

36

Min

14 

28

Turbidity

Av

50 

.2

Max

400 

.3

Min

10 

.1

PRICHARD 

(Population, 19,014)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Chickasaw and Whistler. Total population

supplied, about 33, 000. 

Source: Eight Mile Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about li miles northwest of Prichard.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp ^NT) ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4 S

 A *J

.00

1.1

1.1

1 9

0

1 9

Q R

.1

.7

32

Finished 

water

4 K

. \}£i

.00

19

.5

4 

±o 1^

10

6

Q

.0

.7

50

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal .... ........

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

7

1

en

6

1

<)9 Q

71

(Vfr 94

1QC1

Finished 

water

W

16

4

9

0

7Q Q

1

71

Oct. 24,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

3 

15

Max

4 

17

Min

2 

14

PH

Av

b. 8 

8.3

Max

6.0 

8.4

Min

b. 6 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
64 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SELMA 

(Population, 22,840)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 23,340. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 460, 460, and 465 ft deep, and reported to yield 1,500,

1,500, and 1,800 gpm, respectively. Equal quantities of water are pumped

from each well. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation (lime), sedimentation, chlorination, and

rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,300,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) .

Date drilled ........

Percent of supply .

Well 2

14

1.4

.00

all

4.1

3.2

6.9

0 

89

4.8.

3.0

.0

.3

102

Finished 

water

12

.11

.00

ai.

4

C

2.7

6.9

0 

93

5.8

4.5

.0

.0

104 .

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

_ W9 pH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity.......:......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 2

cv

0

«JO

7.1

159

4

. 70

[Oct. 20,

1951

460

12

1946

Finished 

water

71

0

5

8

n

162

1.

69

Oct. 21,

1951

SHEFFIELD 

(Population, 10,767)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the town of Muscle Shoals. Total population

supplied, about 12,700. 

Source: Tennessee River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 537,000 gal.

The treatment plant is 0. 5 mile northwest of Sheffield.
ALABAMA 65

SHEFFIELD- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ...............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

 "O** ******** \***O/ 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,)1 . ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

K «

04

.00

23

4

y»

7 9

1.7

0 

71

19

19

A a

108

Finished 

water

5

yj

.05

.01

28

. 57

6

n

1 c

0

OQ

O3.

16

.1

2

0

128

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..........:....

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

TR

18

1C

6.8

190

2

71

Oct. 17,

1951

Finished 

water

on

33

10

7.4

208

70

Oct. 17,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

44 

65

Max

68 

65

Min

28 

56

PH

Av

7.0 

8.4

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

SYLACAUGA 

(Population, 9,606)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a few people in suburban areas. Total population supplied, about 9,700.

Source: Tallaseehatchee Creek and Bills Creek (impounded). 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and polyphosphate (Calgon) for 

corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,350,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 4 miles northeast of Sylacauga."

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

.01

.00

3.5

i. &

3

3.

1 9

0

10

2

c

2

C

.7

39

Finished 

water

9 4

.10

.00

12

j.. ft 

4.0

1 9

0

91

1 Q

6

c

69 .

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

14

0

91

6.6

41.2

2

66

Oct. 18,

1951

Finished 

water

oc

18

6.8

99.4

2

67

Oct. 18,

1951
66 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SYLACAUGA Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

20

Max

24 

24

Min

12 

14

PH

Av

6.5 

7.0

Max

6.9 

7.1

Min

6.1 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

30 

50

Max

35 

100

Min

25 

35

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

--

TALLADEGA 

(Population, 13,134)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 14, 500.

Source: Talladega Creek.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, polyphosphate (Calgon) for corrosion control, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 3 miles south of Talledega.

The rated capacity of the treatment plant will be increased to 4, 000, 000 gpd in

1952. 

The storage facilities for the raw and finished waters are being increased to

3, 000, 000 and 2, 250, 000 gal, respectively. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the

year, but the amount of the dissolved solids is usually low.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca). ........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COg) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12

oc

.00

3.9

1

0

o 4

1.1

0 

17

6.2

1.8

.1

1 9

39

Finished 

water

7.6

oc

.00

15

1.5

.6 0"

00

97

4.8

.2

.4

75

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color ................ ...

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

17

3

6.6

AC. Q

70

Oct. 18,

1951

Finished 

water

48

29

8.1

o

68

Oct. 18,

1951

Regvdar determinations at treatment plant, 1949

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

14

Max

15 

16

Min

10 

12

PH

Av

6.6 

9.2

Max

6.9 

9.3

Min

6.6 

9.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

'> Av

13

45

Max

18 

52

Min

8 

38

Turbidity

Av Max

--

Min

-~
ALABAMA 67

TROY 

(Population, 8,555)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban communities. Total population sup 

plied, about 10,600.

Source: 2 wells 237 and 560 ft deep, and each reported to yield 740 gpm. The 

wells are pumped alternately.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

2 wells 

(composite)

19

.00

.00

18

 t 7

K1

c n

0

197

6.2

3

0

.0

.! 

197

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

2 wells 

(composite)

£ A

0

t

7

0

one

1

79

rv>t 91

1QK1

oo fy C£n

 10

1QOQ 1Q4^

100

TUSCALOOSA

(Population, 46,396)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Northport and other suburban districts. Total

population supplied, about 55, 300. 

Source: Yellow Creek impounded. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorinatjon, fluoridation, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 40, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 300,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 3^ miles northeast of Tuscaloosa.

Rated capacity of the treatment plant will be increased to 12, 000,000 gpd in 1952.
68 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TUSC ALOOSA- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Bin) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SO*) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride(F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.7

4.9

.03

2.0

1.0 .

.5

0 

6

2.6

2

n

,1

.6

24

Finished 

water

5 9

1Q

.00

6.3 

1.4

3

0

0 

18

4

9

4

C

.6

40

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

wUpH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK f* \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

3

oc

6

0

90 4

CQ

Oct. 19,

1QR1

Finished 

water

&*. 

1

4

7 Q

RA 7

U«7

Oct. 19,

1951

Regular determination* at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

16

Max

11 

18

Min

9 

14

PH

Av

5.9 

8.9

Max

6.2 

9.1

Min

5.5 

8.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

~

Max

__

Min

 

Turbidity

Av

25 

0

Max

40 

0

Min

8 

0

WEST HUNTSVILLE 

(Population, 8,221)

Ownership: (See Huntsville.)
CONNECTICUT 69

ANSONIA 

{Population, 18,706)

Ownership: Ansonia Water Company; also supplies a small part of Derby and

Seymour. Total population supplied, about 19,000. 

Source: Beaver Lake Reservoir and diversions from Hopp Brook through 18 in.

pipeline. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, Quillinan Reservoir and Fountain

Lake Reservoir. In 1950 Quillinan Reservoir furnished about 12 percent of the

supply and Fountain Lake, about 13 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 610,500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

 ** . ^^ ^j .....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

. b

. \J£i

.0

5.1

. o

. j.

0

J. A

J.A

4.5

41

Finished 

water b

6

0

. 0

.15

.0

7.2

1.3 20

. 0

0

10

J.A 

61

. .7 

41

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

on

10

J.A

6

C

60.9

July 17,

1Q51

Finished 

water b

oo

15

6

0

CO O

July 17,

inei

a Fountain Lake, west-side supply, 

b Middle Reservoir, east-side supply.

BRIDGEPORT

(Population, 158,709)

Ownership: Bridgeport Hydraulic Co.; also supplies wholly or in part Easton, 

Fairfield, Shelton, Stratford, Trumbull, and Westport towns. Total population supplied, about 250,000.

Source: 3 impounding reservoirs: Hemlocks Reservoir, about 54 percent of supply; Easton Reservoir, about 26 percent; Trap Falls Reservoir, about 20 percent.

Treatment: Chlorination, and-adjustment of pH with lime.

Raw-water storage: 24,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: ~
70 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BRIDGE PORT - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

3.0 

.21 

.09 

8.0 

2.2 

2.6 

.9 

0 

17 

12 

6.2 

.2 

.3 

46.

Finished 

water a

8.0 

.13 

.00 

7.5 

1.8 

2.0 

1.4

13 

4.0 

.0 

.1

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

**TX pH. ...... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

29 

15

15 

6.8

75.3- 

2

July 26, 

1951

Finished 

water a

26

12

7.2

0 

38 

March, 

1951

a Hemlocks Reservoir; average for the month of March, 1951. Analysis by 

Bridgeport Hydraulic Company.

BRISTOL 

(Population, 35,961)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Reservoirs fed by surface waters. Auxiliary or emergency supply, well.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, chlorination, and addition of Calgon. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 840, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

" O

.04

.00

2.8 

1.0

5 A

0

q

11

2

Q

.1

<J

34

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ... . ......

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

11

4

1

6

C

CA Q

0.6

July 12,

1QR1
CONNECTICUT 71

DANBURY 

(Population, 22,067)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 4,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 27,000.

Source: (Two separate sources): Padanaram, Marjorie, and East Lake Reservoirs; West Lake, Lower Kohanza, and Upper Kohanza Reservoirs.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

addition of Calgon, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 5, 000,000 gpd (each of two).

Raw-water storage: 2, 800, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron f7e) ..............

Manga, ^-e (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4j ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

0.5 

.13

9.2 

2.3 

2.6 

1.0 

0 

21 

17 

3.1 

.0 

.3 

46

Finished 

water b

2.6 

.11

8.4 

2.2 

2.4 

.6 

0 

17 

17 

3.9 

.0 

.3 

45

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ...

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

32 

15

6 

6.7

89.7 

1.0

June 24, 

1952

Finished 

water b

30 

16

4 

6.6

83.6 

0.9

June 24, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 7952

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

::

Max

25 

25

Min

8 

10

PH

Av Max

10.0 

7.5

Min

6.4 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

32

45

Min

19 

20

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

60 

.5

Min

1.0 

.0

a Padanaram, Marjorie, and East Lake Reservoirs.

bWest Lake, Lower Kohanza, and Upper Kohanza Reservoirs.

EAST HARTFORD town 

(Population, 29,933)

Ownership: Supplied by Metropolitan District of Hartford County. (See Hartford.)

FAIRFEELD town 

(Population, 30,489)

Ownership: Supplied by Bridgeport. (See Bridgeport.)
72 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREENWICH town 

(Population 40,835)

Ownership: Greenwich Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Co., 

Inc.); also sells water wholesale to Port Chester Water Works, Inc., Port 

Chester, N. Y. which supplies about 40,000 people in Port Chester and Rye, 

N. T. Total population supplied, about 84,000.

Source: Putnam Lake, Rockwood Lake, and Brush Dam. The raw water intake is 

in Putnam Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, interconnections with Stamford Water Company.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Putnam Lake, 572,000,000 gal; Rockwood Lake, 500,000,000 

gal; Brush Dam, 14,000,000 gal; Laurel Reservoir of Stamford Water Company, 

2,250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO-j) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. f»

.11

~~

12

2

n

3 7

1. O

0

00

91

7.0

.1

. £» 

76

Hardness as CaCO,'

Total .......................

Nnn/* 9 TliAna frp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

 JO

La

7.1

110

2

n

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water

Finished waters..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

26

Max

27 

36

Min

12 

18

pH

Av

6.9 

8.5

Max

7.3 

8.9

Min

6.8 

6.8

Hardnes 

asCaC 

(ppm)

Av

34 

41

Max

38 

48

IS

o,

Min

27 

38

Turbidity

Av

1 

<1

Max

5 

<1

Min

1 

<1

HAMDEN town 

(Population, 29,715)

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven Water Co. (See New Haven.)
CONNECTICUT 73

HARTFORD 

(Population, 177,397)

Ownership: Metropolitan District of Hartford County, which also includes as member towns Bloomfield, East Hartford, Newington, Rocky Hill, Wethersfield, and 

Windsor; and non-member towns Glastonbury and West Hartford. Total population supplied, about 322,000.

Source: Series of impounding reservoirs. Nepaug Reservoir and Barkhamsted 

Reservoir are the principal supply reservoirs.

Treatment: Aeration, slow sand filtration; and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 45,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 42,600,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 30,760,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..;........-....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

(city tap)

. v

 \j&

.00

3.5

1. 3

.4

0 

7

6

0

2

Q

.1

 >n

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

. water (city tap)

19

7

6

0

on 7

0.4

July 14,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

7.3

Max

8.5

Min

6.0

PH

Av

6.8 

6.4

Max

7.1 

6.7

Min

6.1 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15

Max

18

Min

10

Turbidity

Av

1.2 

.6

Max

2.4 

1.9

Min

0.4 

.2

MEHIDEN 

(Population, 44,088)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 80 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 44,200. 

Source: Broad Brook Reservoir and 3 other reservoirs, 82 percent of supply; 1

well 18 percent of supply. Emergency supply, Black Pond (never has been

used). 

Treatment: Broad Brook supply: aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Other supplies: chlorination. Copper

sulfate is used when necessary.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Broad Brook supply: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,623,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.
74 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MERIDEN - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (H.COJ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

4.2 

.11 

.00 

16 

1.4 

2.1 

2 

0 

34 

19 

3.2 

.0 

.3 

68

Finished 

water b

4.9 

.25 

.00 

11 

1.8 

1.5 

.2 

0 

25 

15 

3.0 

.0 

.4 

55

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate ......

Color .......... .........

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

46 

18

5 

7.9

112 

3.0

July 7, 

1953

Finished 

water b

34 

14

5 

7.5

88.3 

3.5

July 7, 

1953

a Broad Brook Reservoir. b The other 3 reservoirs.

MIDDLETOWN 

(Population, 29,711)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mt. Higby Reservoir; Laurel Brook Reservoir (not being used at present).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 600,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

.7 

.03 

.0 

16 

2.0 

3.8 

.8 

0 

30 

22 

5.5 

.2 

.9 

68

Finished 

water b

.7 

.07 

.0 

7.8 

2.3 

2.7 

.2 

0 

13 

13 

7.8 

.0 

.1 

47

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

__TT pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

48 

24

4 

7.0

120 

2

July 18, 

1951

Finished 

water b

29 

18

8 

6.7

75.8 

2

July 18, 

1951

a Laurel Brook Reservoir.

b Mt. Higby Reservoir, chlorinated.

MILFORD town 

(Population, 26,870)

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven Water Company. (See New Haven.)
CONNECTICUT 75

NAUGATUCK 

(Population, 17,455J

Ownership: The Naugatuck Water Company. Total population supplied, about

17,650. 

Source: Reservoirs (Long Hill, Prospect, and Condee) 96.4 percent of supply; 1

well 78 ft deep, and reported to yield 300 gpm, 3. 6 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

Water is pumped to Mulbury Reservoir for high service use.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Reservoirs

5 9

.11

3.5

2 4

.4

0

8

n

3

K

.0

38

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Reservoirs

11

6

1

49 9

1.4

June 25,

1QK9

NEW BRITAIN 

(Population, 73,726)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 78,700.

Source: Shuttle Meadow, Wolcott and Whigville Reservoirs (small brooks impounded or diverted); 20 White Bridge wells 40 ft deep; 66 upper White Bridge 

driven wells.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, carbon, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, lime, chlorination, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride. 

Well supply: chlorination (and fluoridation planned).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 524, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,500,000 gal.
76 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

NEW BRITAIN Continued

The White Bridge pumping station is operated by two 3-mgd electric pumps, and 

Upper White Bridge station, by two 1-mgd electric pumps. Electric power 

for the pumps is generated by Fairbanks-Morse diesel generating units. The 

wells of the Upper White Bridge field are connected to header lines which terminate in the pumping station from which the water is pumped to a large concrete well (the caisson) 50 ft in diameter and about 28 ft deep at White Bridge. 

The walls of this well are perforated with 3 in. pipe openings. The well has 

no constructed bottom. Suction lines in each of the White Bridge wells are 

connected to a header line which also leads into the caisson. Ordinarily, 

water from the caisson is pumped into the Whigville Reservoir line leading 

directly to distribution lines in the city when only ground water is being carried in the line. Under these conditions about 6 mgd can be delivered. If 

necessary the water can be delivered to the treatment plant. With a full line 

from Whigville Reservoir no water can be diverted from White Bridge. Under 

normal operation conditions about 3.1 mgd is diverted from Whigville and 

about 2.6 mgd from White Bridge, all being delivered to the treatment plant 

through the single pipeline serving both supplies. In the year 1950 about 18. 5 

percent of the total of all supplies was furnished by the wells.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

8.2 

.01 

.00 

9.4 

1.4 

3.2 

.3 

2 

16 

14 

3.2 

.4 

.2 

52

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

waters

29 

13

2

9.0

85.1 

0.5 

72 

July 11, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

¥?AW WSltOY*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

14

Max

13 

18

Min

3 

10

PH

Av

6.7 

8.5

Max

8.1 

9.1

Min

5.9 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

18 

42

Max

34 

76

Min

6 

22

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a Sample collected at Shuttle Meadow treatment plant.
CONNECTICUT 77

NEW HAVEN 

(Population, 164,443)

Ownership: New Haven Water Co.; also supplies Branford, Cheshire, East Haven, 

Hamden, North Branford, North Haven, Orange, West Haven, and Woodbridge 

towns; and sells water to Milford town. Total population supplied, about 

294,000.

Source: 8 collecting systems comprising 15 impounding reservoirs.

Treatment: Lake Whitney supply: slow sand filtration, and chlorination. Remaining supplies: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 19,683,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: clear well, Lake Whitney Supply, 800,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Lake 

Whitney

8.3 

.00 

.02 

23 

2.9 

5.4 

.3 

0 

58 

14 

12 

.1 

1.1 

96

69 

22

1 

6.9

165 

0.8

July 18, 

1951

Woodbridge 

Reservoir

5.8 

.27 

.08 

5.6 

1.5 

3.2 

.5 

0 

12 

10 

5.8 

.2 

.4 

45

20 

10

15 

6.3

64.5 

1.2

July 18, 

1951

Lake 

Maltby 

Reservoir 1

4.7

12 

2.2

\ 3.5

0 «

29 v 

11 

8

.2

a 56

39 

15

3 

7.2

102

July 18, 

1951

Lake 

Maltby 

Reservoir 2

4.2

10 

1.9

5.0

0 

24 

12 

8

.3 

a 53

33 

13

3 

7.1

92.2

July 18, 

1951

a Sum of determined constituents.
78 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW HAVEN--Continued

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ...... ......

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Lake 

Gaillard

K 0

.00 Q n

3 7

O Q

0

oc

iO

4 Q

.1

o 1

 JQ

1 R

7.0

90.7 

1.0

July 17, 

1951

Lake 

Bethany

4.1

6

n

1.4

\ 3.0

0

a » \J

3

*36

91

1 R

6

f\

64.2

July 18, 

1951

Beaver 

Brook 

Reservoir

8

G

14

4 9

6.0

0

OK

£t L

14

3

Q

O QA

KO

00

7

6

0

155

July 16, 

1951

Lake 

Saltonstall

6

cr

0°

.00

1 Q

f K R

X .4

0

C1

io

8

c

.1

1.0

111

71

91

1

7

0

169 

1 s

July 18, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant t>

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

32

Max

43

Min

25

PH

Av

6.8

Max

6.9

Min

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

46

Max

54

Min

40

Turbidity

Av

.25

Max

1

Min

0

a Sum of determined constituents.

b Lake Whitney, quarterly determinations, Aug. 4, and Oct. 18, 1950; Jan. 10 

and Apr. 6, 1951.

NEW LONDON 

(Population, 30,551)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 550 people in Montville and Waterford

towns. Total population supplied, about 31,100. 

Source: Lake Konomoc Reservoir. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, Barnes

Reservoir and Bogue Brook Reservoir. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1,046, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6,300, 000 gal.
CONNECTICUT 79

NEW LONDON Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

2 A

 \ift

3.0

 ti

.4

0

5

0

6 A

.0

sn

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

11

7

6

Q

47 Q

0.7

July 16,

1QR1

a Lake Konomoc.

NORWALK 

(Population, 49,460)

Ownership: Municipal. The two taxing districts of the city have separate systems of supply. The first taxing district supplies about 25,000 people; the 

second, about 21, 500.

Source: First taxing district: 4 impounding.reservoirs on Silvermine River. 

Second taxing district: stored water from East Branch Silvermine River and 

North Wilton Brook.

Treatment: First taxing district: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, lime, Calgon, and chloramine. Second taxing district: slow 

sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: First taxing district, 5,000,000 gpd; Second 

taxing district, 4, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: First taxing district, 1, 000,000,000 gal; Second taxing district, 780,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: First taxing district, 5,000,000 gal; Second taxing district, 3,400,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

4.0

. fii 

.04

8.7

. 5

. o

0

1C

J.U

u» &

.1

54

Finished 

water b

4.0

.24 

.05

10

2.7

. o

1.0 

0

ti i

11

7.1

.1

54

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ^. ..............

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......... .............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

 10

19

7

6

n

87.0

Aug. 20,

1QC1

Finished 

water b

OC

14

7.6

93.9

1QC-I

a First taxing district, 

b Second taxing district.
80 INDUSTRIAL UTILmU>F PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NORWICH 

(Population, 23,429)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 13,000 people in surrounding areas 

and other communities. Total population supplied, about 36,500.

Source: .Open reservoirs. (Stony Brook Reservoir is in open system with Deep 

River Reservoir.)

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1,250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, iii parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ .........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Pluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved soli'ds.....

Stony Brook Reservoir

6

1

. fn

3.1

1.0

2

0

0

7.0 10

.1

33

Deep RiverReservoir

. £t

. 30

2.6

 V

.7 

0

4.4

.0

.5 

34

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Stony BrooK Reservoir

19

4

7

6 1

47.6

1 R

June 18,

1Q51

Deep River Reservoir

10

6

40

5

O

OQ A

1.7

June 18,

1Q51

STAMFORD 

(Population, 74,293)

Ownership: Stamford Water Co.; also sells water to Greenwich Water Company

and Noroton Water Company.

Source: Mill River and tributaries impounded in reservoirs. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3,303,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

. i

 wu

9.2

 w

 VI

0

on

X A

7 9

1 A

.0

.2

in

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

«1 .

15

6

17

00 0

0

0

July 11,

1QR1

aNorth Stamford Reservoir, distributing reservoir.
CONNECTICUT 81

STRATFORD town 

(Population, 33,428)

Ownership: Supplied by Bridgeport. (See Bridgeport!)

TORRINGTON

(Population, 27,820)

Ownership: Torrington Water Company.

Source: 5 reservoirs.

Treatment: Chlorination and addition of copper sulfate as required.

Raw-water storage: 1,849,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water (composite)

1.4

 \j&

. uo

4.1

. t

 V

0 

10

1 57

~» U

.1

9O

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water (composite)

9O

19

6 A

46.3

70

July 18,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 a

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

21

Max

30

Min

12

PH

Av

6.8

Max

7.1

Min

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

37

Max

48

Min

26

Turbidity

Av

2

Max

3

Min

1

a Results of analyses by State Department of Health.
82 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WALLINGFORD 

(Population, 11,994)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 7,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19,000.

Source: Reservoir 1 (Pine River) 33 percent of supply; Reservoir 2, 67 percent of 

supply.

Treatment: Reservoir 1: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and addition of Calgon. Reservoir 2: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,475,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000,000 gal.

The supply from Reservoir 1 is pumped into the distribution system. The supply 

from Reservoir 2 is distributed by gravity flow.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Reservoir 2 

(finished 

water)

7

/j

98

.0

8.4

3

0

2

0

.1

0

90

14

4 Q

.1

.1

51

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Reservoir 2 

(finished 

water)

Orr 

1 C

7

6

17

Qf\ Q

July 19,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water.?.

Finished water b

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

50 

35

--

Max

70 

50

30

Min

30

15

20

PH

Av

7.2 

6.8

6.8

Max

8.4 

6.9

7.1

Min

6.8 

6.2

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

45 

45

25

Max

80 

80

30

Min

50

50

20

Turbidity

Av

15 

3

10

Max

200

5

15

Min

15 

3

5

a Reservoir 1. b Reservoir 2.
CONNECTICUT 83

WATERBURY 

(Population, 107,477)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 109, 500. 

Source: 4 Impounding reservoirs (Sheepaug, Morris, Pitch, and Wigwam) on

mountain streams. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, Prospect and East

Mountain Reservoirs.

Treatment: Chlorination and addition of lime for pH control. 

Raw-water storage: 4,164,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2

0

 1&

~~

7.5

£t» U

0

17Q n

5.5

.0

.1

45!

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ).......-...

Finished 

water

94

10

4

6

0

an A

1

C

June 25,

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

PH

Av

6.7 

7.1

Max

6.9 

8.3

Min

6,6 

6,7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

1.5 

1.3

Max

2.0 

1.5

Min

1.0

1nO

WEST HARTFORD town 

(Population, 44,402)

Ownership: Supplied by Hartford Metropolitan District. (See Hartford.)

WEST HAVEN town 

(Population, 32,010)

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven Water Company. (See New Haven.)
84 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THK UNITED STATES, 1952

BELLEFONT, DELAWARE 

(Population, 1,472)

Ownership: Wilmington Suburban Water Co.; supplies also Bellevue, Claymont, 

Gwinhurst, Holly Oak, Silver side, and other communities in New Castle 

County. Total population supplied, about 18,0001

Source: Bellevue Quarry (largely spring fed) about 75 percent of the supply. The 

remaining 25 percent of the supply is furnished by the Delaware Water Co. and 

Chester Municipal Authority.

Treatment: Wilmington Suburban Water Co. supply: prechlorination, coagulation 

with alum, sedimentation,, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,440,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 100,000,000 gal. (Bellevue quarry).

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal.

T>^ treatment plant is at Bellevue.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (&fg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

' Raw 

water a

__

--

0

1 £

on

6 r\

1.4

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

9 0

94

22

. o 

50

2

0

0

KK

OA

19

1.4

122

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total f. ..............

Noncarbonate. .....

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Toirbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

99

9

20

6.4

1O3

en

Mav 24

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

70

25

10

8

n

197

KA

Mav *****J 24, ** *> 

1QK1

a Bellevue Quarry.

DOVER 

(Population, 6,223)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 6,700.

Source: 3 deep wells (1 to 3) 208, 231, and 222 ft deep; 1 ("A") open well. The 

deep wells are at the power plant, on Division Street, and on Dover Street, 

respectively, and are reported to yield 505, 650, and 657 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Tank, 100,000 gal.
DELAWARE 85

DOVER Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geolo

Silica (SiOj,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ,,,,,,,,,,

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO.) .. .

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... 

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOj,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........ 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Welll, 

Power 

Plant

0 

157 

6.6 

3.4

.4

100 

0

5 

8.0

259

60 

Apr. 25, 

1951

208 

12 

1926

Well 2, 

Division 

Street

0 

153 

8.9 

3.4

.5

101 

0

5 

8.1

254

58 

Apr. 25, 

1951

231 

12 

1938

T 

Well 3, 

Dover St.

0 

153 

7.5 

2.8

.4

108 

0

8 

8.0

252

61 

Apr. 25, 

1951

222 

16-10 

1948

gical Survey)

Well "A", 

Open 

well

0 

153 

7.8 

3.4

.5

102 

0

5 

8.0

261

68 

Apr. 25, 

1951

"""

City tap 

sample

35 

.08

33 

5.0 

14 

3.9 

0 

153 

8.0 

3.0 

.1 

.6 

191

103 

0

7 

8.0

263

64 

Apr. 25, 

1951

 

LEWES 

(Population, 2,904)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells. 3 wells (1 to 3) 96, 163, and 87 ft deep are on Kings Highway; 

1 at the plant. (Well 2 on Kings Highway temporarily out of operation). Auxiliary or emergency supply, 3 wells 65, 65, and 67 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 80,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 100,000 gal.
86 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LEWES--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total. .......... .

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ..............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

0 

9 

5.4 

13

14

24 

17

3

5.7

123

56 

Apr. 20, 

1951

96 

16-10 

1945

Well 2

17 

.09 

.00 

1.5 

.7 

8.0 

.9 

0 

10 

2.6 

10 

.1 

.6 

49

7 

0

3 

6.9

55.7

Oct. 4, 

1945

163 

16-10 

1945

Well 3

0 

9 

2.8 

10

2.6

10 

3

3 

5.9

62.7

56 

Apr. 20, 

1951

87 

16-10 

1945

Well 4

0 

35 

31 

20

27

77 

48

2 

6.4

259

57 

Apr. 20, 

1951

_ _

City tap 

sample a

19

.4

5.8 

1.3 

8.4 

1.0 

0 

20 

3.9 

12 

.0 

4.7 

67

20 

3

2

7.4

91.9

55 

Apr. 20, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20

Max Min

--

PH

Av

5.7

7 ^

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

27

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

11

Max

--

Min

a No treatment at time of collection of sample.

MILFORD 

(Population', 5,179)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 deep wells (1 to 3) 150, 150, and 220 ft deep. Well 3 is reported to

yield 346 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 250,000 gal.
DELAWARE 87

MILFORD- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ...... ..........

Sulfate (SOJ..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ...................!......

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Well 1

__

0

189

2.4

2.8

.5

140

0

7 Q

9QQ

an

Apr. 20, 1951

Well 3

55

.13

.01

AO

6.9

6.4

2.5

0

192

2.0

3.4

.1

.0

217

148

0

o

7 Q

9QR

Dec. 12, 1951

Finished 

water a

36

.27

46

6.6

5.6

2.9

0

187

2.9

2.9

.0

.3

216

142

0

4

8

1

uni

57

Apr. 20, 1951

a Well 2 out of operation at time of sampling.

NEWARK 

(Population, 6,731)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1, 4, 5, 7) 72, 62, 70, and 64 ft deep; yield reported to be 146,

160, 200, and 300 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 296,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 150,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 752,000 gal.
88 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 1952

NEWARK- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geolo)

Silica (SiO,,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Me)..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COu) ..... ...

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ....... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date 'drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Welll

0 

9 

5.8 

12

19

30 

23

5 

5.9

114

56 

Apr. 26, 

1951

72 

6 

1906

Well 4

0 

10 

5.9 

12

20

32 

24

5 

5.8

113

58 

Apr. 26, 

1951

62 

10 

1920

Weal 5

0 

14 

7.8 

12

13

31 

20

5 

6.5

111

58 

Apr. 26, 

1951

70 

10 

1920

gical Survey)

Well 7

0 

13 

10 

16

20

34 

23

5 

6.0

144

56 

Apr. 26, 

1951

64 

16 

1931

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

13 

.61

6.8 

4.3 

7.6 

1.1 

0 

11 

8.- 2 

15 

.1 

16 

95

35 

26

3 

6.8

136

57 

Apr. 26, 

1951

NEW CASTLE 

(Population, 5,396)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 interconnected wells (Cdl, Cd2, Cd3) each 24 ft deep and 3 infiltration 

galleries, which drain into the wells. Water from well Cdl flows by gravity 

through ah infiltration gallery to well Cd2; water from well Cd2 flows by gravity to well Cd3 which also receives the combined now of water from the other 

two infiltration galleries. Wells Cdl and Cd2 furnish 50 percent of the supply; 

well Cd3 with the combined flow of the 2 galleries furnish 50 percent. Reserve 

supply, 1 well 135 ft deep, yield reported to be 500 gpm (completed in 1952).

Treatment: Aeration, coke contact bed, prechlorination, coagulation with lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 100,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 45,000 gal; elevated tank, 600,000 gal; 

standpipe, 300,000 gal; emergency reservoir, 1,500,000 gal.
DELAWARE 89

NEW CASTLE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)........ ...................

lUiftnflrQnAAA /1bfn\

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)..... ........

Sulfate (SOJ .............«...

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj). ....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity.......................:..

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (feet) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ................

Well Cdl

0 

13 

23 

12

7.8

38 

27

5 

6.2

138

57 

Apr. 26, 

1951

24 

12

Well Cd2

0 

12 

16 

9.8

8.8

29 

19

5 

6.3

114

56 

Apr. 26, 

1951

^4 

12

Infiltration 

galleries a

C2.4-

0 

43 

100 

240

1.6

161 

126

10 

6.5

1,000

58 

Apr. 26, 

1951

Finished 

water

16 

b.40

28 

18 

80 

3.9 

0 

52 

49 

162 

.0 

4.1 

445

144 

101

3

7.7

716

56 

Apr. 26, 

1951

a Sample from the combined flow from the two galleries flowing into well Cd3< 

b Total iron. Iron in solution 0.06 ppm. c Reported.

SEAFORD 

(Population, 3,087)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells: 5 wells, each 80 ft deep; 2 wells, each 40 ft deep; 1 well, 73 

ft deep. The wells are pumped in groups of 5,^2, and 1 wells by 3 pumping 

units, Standby, Power Plant, and Spruce St., 'respectively.

Treatment: Adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,016,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal.
90 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SE AFORD- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............ ................

Color...............................

PH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Date of collection...............

5 wells

0 

7 

7.8 

9.8

23

23

17

4 

5.8

114

59 

Apr. 20, 

1951

2 wells

0 

20 

8.7 

11

23

26 

9.6

2 

6.2

124

58 

Apr. 20, 

1951

1 well 

Spruce St.

0 

5 

5.1 

8.2

19

20 

16

2

5.4

96.1

57 

Apr. 20, 

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14 

.07

5.3 

3.0 

5.9 

2.6 

0 

6 

7.7 

9.0 

.1 

22 

89

24 

21

2 

5.5

109

68 

Apr. 20, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity, 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

6

Max

7

Min

5

PH

Av

5.7 

7.0

Max Min

~

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34

Max

38

Min

32

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

~

Min

~

WILMINGTON 

(Population, 110,356)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 30,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 140,000.

Source: Brandywine Creek.

Treatment: Porter plant: coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and chlorination. Walnut St. plant: coagulation with alum and 

lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Porter plant, 16,000,000 gpd; Walnut St. plant, 

20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Hoopes Reservoir, 2,235,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Cool Spring Reservoir, 40,000,000 gal; Rodney St. Reservoir, 7,000,000 gal; clear well, 6,000,000 gal; Rockford Tower, 500,000 

gal; Monroe Park tank and Faulk Road tank, each 100,000 gal.
DELAWARE 91

WILMINGT ON - -C ontinued

In normal operation, water from Brandywine Creek is pumped to Hoopes Reservoir, which serves as a reserve supply in the event of periods of low flow in the 

Creek. Water is also taken directly from the Creek to the rapid sand filter 

plant from which point a portion of the raw water is lifted to the Porter sedimentation reservoir which serves the Porter rapid sand filter plant. The 

finished water from the Porter treatment plant is used in the high service lines. 

The Walnut Street plant supplies the low service lines.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium .(Na).... .......................

Carbonate (COs) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ... ..............

Sulfate (SO4).... ........ ....... ........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ). ........ ..

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Brandywine Creek

Raw water a

12

.08

14 

5.2

J- 7.3

0 

41 

22 

6.5 

.1 

5.7 

103

56 

23

20 

6.5

158

53

Oct; 1948, 

Apr. 1951

Raw water

12

.08

11 

4.5

6.7

0 

38 

17 

4.8 

.1 

5.7 

89

46 

15

5 

6.8

131

64 

May 31,, 

1950

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

12 

.10

12

4.4 

/ 5.4 1 ,o

27 

28 

6.0 

.0 

3.9 

89

48 

26

3

7.1

137

60 

Apr. 25, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

27

Max

49 

40

Min

10 

3

PH

Av

7.2 

6.5

Max

8.4 

6.9

Min

6,9 

5.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

52

Max

62

Min

40

Turbidity

Av

40 

0

Max

800 

0

Min

8 

0

a Average of analyses of 30 monthly samples.
92 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

(Population, 802,178)

Ownership: Department of the Army and the District of Columbia; also supplies 

Arlington County, Virginia; part of Fairfax County, Virginia; the City of Falls 

Church, Virginia; and a small area in Montgomery County, Maryland. Total 

population supplied, about 1,000,000.

Source: Potomac River. Emergency supply, connections to the extent of 9. 2 mgd 

to the treated supply of the Washington Suburban Sanitary District. (See 

Hyattsville, Maryland.)

Treatment: Dalecarlia Plant: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination or dechlorination as may be necessary, chlorine dioxide when necessary for control of tastes and odors, and 

addition of lime for adjustment of pH. Me Millan Plant: Addition of alum at 

the Dalecarlia Plant. The water then flows by gravity to the Georgetown Reservoir, 2 miles to the southeast, part of which is constructed to serve as a 

sedimentation basin. The water then flows by gravity through the Washington 

Tunnel to the Me Millan Reservoir near the center of the District where further 

settling takes place, slow sand filtration, chlorination, chlorine dioxide as required, and continuous adjustment of pH with lime. Fluoridation (begun June 

23, 1952) with sodium fluosilicate, the compound being fed at Dalecarlia to the 

filtered water from the Dalecarlia plant and to the raw water along with the 

alum for the McMillan plant supply. An average fluoride content of 1.1 ppm 

is maintained in the finished water in the distribution system.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Dalecarlia Plant, 100,000,000 mgd; McMillan 

Plant, 125,000,000 mgd.

Raw-water storage: 560,000,000 gal (30 percent available). The three reservoirs, 

Dalecarlia, Georgetown, and McMillan serve as storage reservoirs for unfiltered water.

Finished-water storage: Clear-water basins, 47,700,000 gal; ground-surface 

reservoirs, 67,200,000 gal; elevated tanks, 2,740,000 gal.

The water system of the District has two components, the supply division and the 

distribution system. The supply division comprised of the collection and purification systems is under the control of the Department of the Army and is operated by the Washington District Office of the Corps of Engineers. The distribution system is owned and operated by the District of Columbia.

The diversion dam and the raw water intake are located at Great Falls, Montgomery County, Maryland, about 10 miles froth the District line. The raw 

water flows by gravity through two conduits into the forebay of the Dalecarlia 

Reservoir at the District line, from which it is lifted into Dalecarlia Reservoir. 

This reservoir serves not only as storage reservoir but also as plain sedimentation basin, from which the water flows by gravity to the treatment plants.

Arlington County, Falls Church, and areas in Fairfax County are served principally with water from the Dalecarlia Plant.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

WASHINGTON Continued

93

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Dalecarlia Laboratory,! Washington, D. C.)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca). ....................

Magnesium (Me) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Raw 

water a

5.5 

.05

25 

5.2

> 6'L

71 

32 

3.8

1.0 

139

84 

26

7.7

55 

1950

Finished.

TJaTecarna 

Plant

5.6 

.05

30 

6.0

4.0

71 

38 

5.1

1.0 

154

99 

41

7.7

57 

1950

y3t$Kn 

Plant

5.5 

.03

28 

5.4

3.5

64 

38 

5.1

1.0 

149

93 

40

7.5

57 

1950

Finished

water c 

(city tap)

6.6 

.00

31 

6.1

8.0

0 

79 

39 

7.0 

1.0 

2.6 

156

102 

38

3

7.5

236

June 30, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water. ......

Dalecarlia Plant 

Finished water .

McMillan Plant 

Finished water..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

59

58

62

Max

82

79

74

Min

41

40

37

pH

Av

.7.7

7.7

7.5

Max

7.9

7.8

7.8

Min

7.5

7.6

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

84

99

93

Max

114

127

120

Min

70

79

77

Turbidity 

July 1948 to 

July 1949

Av

69

.05

0

Max

165

.30

0

Min

21

.00

0

a Average of monthly analyses of composites of daily samples, Dalecarlia 

Reservoir outlet.

b Average of monthly analyses of composites of daily samples, 

c Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
94 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BRADENTON, FLORIDA 

(Population, 13,604)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Ward (Braden River).

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Ward. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7

0

fl<J

.00

29 

10

C 1

0 C

0

49

4ft

1 1 a

0

4.0

30R

Hardness as CaCC^:

. Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Qn of i f i f* f* cm Hi i r* 1"H n r* a

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

119

7Q

0

7 3

KKK

0.4

Jan. 19,

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

42

.25

Max

58 

31

Min

30

17

PH

Av

7.0 

8.8

Max

7.2 

9.0

Min

6.8 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

67 

91

Max

91 

111

Min

43 

74

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

_ _

Min

_«.

CLEARWATER 

(Population, 15, 581)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells (7, 8, 11 to 13, 16, 18, 19, and 21 to 23) ranging in depth from

135 to 296 ft (depth not reported for wells 7 and 8). 

Treatment: Partial aeration. 

Storage: --

Analyses of samples from all of the wells indicate that the chloride content of the 

water from the wells ranged from 16 to 153 ppm.
FLORIDA 95

CLEARWATER Continued 

ANALYSES

Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.

Silica (SiOj,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO,) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NC^) ..............

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 7

17

.01

67

8 1

\ 38

^

189 

0

Q1

359

200

7

c

O

f*

Mar 14

1950

1Q94

Well 11

91

.14

cc

6

1

4.7

183 

0

16

91Q

163

10

4

7 ^

0 9

Mar 14

1950

nnf*

--

Well 16

14

m

£1

7 ^

7.1

194 

0

97

0

261

182

OQ

0

7 ^

0.4

Mar 14

1950

1QK

1QOO

Well 19 a

94

nc

.00

£1

9 7

J / 34 it

\ Q

0

182 

3n

on

.6

336

1924-j

c

7 ^

550

8

0

Nov. 22,

1951

91 5

10

1941

Well 21

1 Q

1Q

CQ

4 Q

/ \ 13 13

170 

0

9Q

OQp

153

IQ

7

t*

1.0

Mar 14

1950

9Qfi

1943

a Analyzed by U. S. Geological Survey.

CORAL GABLES 

(Population, 19,837)

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.) Population supplied, outside the 

city limits, about 21, 200. Total population supplied, about 41,000.

DAYTONA BEACH 

(Population, 30,187)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 6,000 people outside the city limits, 

and a transient population of about 25,000. Total population supplied, about 

61,000.

Source: 26 wells ranging in depth from 165 to 220 ft.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Two plants: one, 4,000,000 gpd; the other, 

1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,850,000 gal.
96 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DAYTONA BEACH Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black laboratory, Lie., Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOg)..... ............

Sulfate(SOj...........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCOa: 

Total ........ ........................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ..;.....

Temperature (F. )...................

Date of collection ...................

Raw water 

(composite)

17

.10

105

Oft

\ \ Uw59

'

QQO

.0

1QQ

.1

CIO

1AK

68

7 a

Mar. 15, 1950

Finished 

water 

(composite)

99

.01

11 

.14

75

Aft

14

140

.1

414

OR

47

8

Q

Mar. 15, 1950

Finished

water ^ 

(composite)

ftC

69

7

R7

15

.4

09

24

15

8 7

401

Jan. 1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

FORT LAUDERDALE 

(Population, 36,328)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 4,500 people outside the city limits, and 

also about 50,000 seasonal visitors. Total maximum population supplied, 

about 91,000.

Source: 18 wells ranging in depth from 130 to 185 ft.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,7 50,000 gal.
FLORIDA 97

FORT LAUDERDALE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville; Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

 Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Raw water a 

(composite)

22 

1.6

92 

2.3

\ 8.6

287 

.1 

16

314

239 

4

59 

7.7

3 

Feb. 8, 1950

Finished 

, water a 

(composite)

9.1 

.13

23

1.6

3.0

5 

39 

.1 

21

130

64 

23

22 

9.4

1 

Feb. 8, 1950

Finished 

, water" 

(composite)

.10

12

7 

36 

10 

23 

.2 

.2

56 

18

29 

8.9

.169 

Nov. 23, 1951

Regular -determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

250 

40

Max

. .

Min

PH

Av

7.4 

9.6

Max

« .

Min

 ..

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

260 

53

Max Min

--

, Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

aWells 1 through 12.

b 18 wells. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

FORT MYERS 

(Population, 13,195)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 20 shallow wells, 20 to 22 ft deep. Auxiliary or emergency supply, 3

deep artesian wells. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum and lime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,450,000 gal.

It is reported as of August 18, 1947 that the color of the raw-water from the 

shallow wells ranged from 12 to 700 units.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FORT MYERS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ..

20Wellsa 

(raw 

water)

102

10

\ 29

Q7f|

10

38

436

Finished 

water ^

6

C

.01

.00

36

3 7

( fiQ

\ Q

0

OK

77

0

.5

344

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal .......

Noncarbonate......

Color..-.............".

_ TT pH. ......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

20Wellsa 

(raw 

water)

304

1

56

7.2

__

78

Jan. 9,

1948

Of) OO

100

Finished 

water b

105

84

5

8.1

556

0.5

Jan. 25,

1952

a Analysis by State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla. 

t> Composite.

FORT PIERCE 

(Population, 13,502)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14,200. 

Source: Savanna surface water, 60 percent of supply; 6 wells (1 to 6) 165, 170,

126, 127, 135, and 155 ft deep, 40 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Well water: Softening with lime, and color removal. Savanna water:

Prechlorination, color removal, taste and odor control, final adjustment of

pH and stabilization, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

The ratio of Savanna water to well water used varies throughout the year according 

to amount of rainfall and demand. Analyses of the well waters indicate that 

the wells yield water of about the same chemical composition.
FLORIDA 99

FORT PIERCE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

pH.. .....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Savanna 

Canal

(raw water)

1.4

.01

. u 

3.6

\ 21 / 21

0

91

7.7

40

.2

148

OQ

22

170

6.0

208

Mar. 21, 1944

Wells 2 and 5 

(raw water)

1 £

QQ

O 0

42

0

316

5.6

60

.1

.4

365

9RQ

0

58

7.1

649

Mar. 24, 1948

Finished

water a 

(city tap)

5 n

.00

.00

OQ

3 n

J/ 34

X 1.7

0

 56

41

KO

.1

.6

ont;

00

36

19

fi Q

341

7.5

Nov. 29, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 b

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

__

Min

PH

Av

6.5 

8.6

Max

6.9 

8.8

Min

6.3 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

258 

112

Max

258 

120

Min

258 

100

Turbidity

Av

__

Max Min

aComposite, Savanna and well waters. 

b Well water.

GAINESVILLE 

(Population, 26,861)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies the University of Florida.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 365, 407, 421, and 464 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with

lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, fluoridation, and rapid

sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

The fluoride content of the raw water is about 0.3 ppm. The fluoride content of 

the treated water is maintained at about 0. 7 ppm from May 1 through October, 

and about 0. 9 ppm from November 1 to May.
100 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GAINESVILL^--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)...........................

Potassium (K) ....... ..........j^,..

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ........ ........ .... ..

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) ................... ...

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .....;........-..................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temoerature fF )

Date of collection ...................

Well 1

20 

.10

51 

13

X 11

200 

30 

7

246

181 

17

25 

7.,6

Mar. 13, 1948

Well 4

21 

.03

55 

13

3.8

210 

13 

9 

.2

248

191 

19

7 

7.8

0.2 

July 26, 1949

Finished 

water 

(composite)

17 

.0

17 

3.6

22

58 

43 

9 

.3

140

57 

10

0 

8.5

0.2 

Jan. 19. 1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm) .

Av

180 

55

Max Min

PH

Av

7.8 

8.4

Max

 _

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO8 

(ppm)

Av

200 

65

Max

__

Min

Turbidity

Av

__

Max

__

Min

fflALEAH . 

(Population, 19,676)

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.)

HOLLYWOOD 

(Population, 14,351)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied,i highly variable, in winter months,

about 35,000; in summer, about 21,000. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5). Wells 1, 2, and 4 are each 85 ft deep. (Depths not

reported for wells 3 and 5).

Treatment: Zeolite softening, chlorination, stabilization, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 515,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.
FLORIDA 101

HOLLYWOOD Continued

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

. water a

 

no

102

4.4

X 31 J 31

0 

306

28

42

.1

.7

359

Finished 

water a

 _

f\tt

30

2 7

116

0 

300

35

40

.0

.3

372

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total ................

Nbncarbonate. .....

pH..... ..................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection ...

Raw 

water a

273

22

25

6.8

632

__

Mar. 29,

1948

Finished 

water*

86

0

19

6.7

620

__

Mar. 29,

1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

.

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOj

(ppm)

Av

235

Max

__

140

Min

__

87

PH

Av

7,2

7.2

Max

__

Min

__

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

366

Max

__

~

Min

__

~

Temperature

( F. )

Av

56

60

Max

__

~

Min

__

~

a Composite.

JACKSONVILLE 

(Population, 204,517)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 20,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 224,500. 

Source: 44 artesian wells most of which range in depth from about 1,000 to about

1,300ft.

Treatment: Aeration at reservoirs, and chlorination. 

Storage: Ground reservoirs, 18,000,000 gal; elevated tanks, 3,000,000 gal.

All of the wells yield water of similar chemical composition. Hydrogen sulfide 

(HjgS) in quantities of 1,5 to 2. 5 ppm is present in all the well supplies. The 

fluoride content is reported to be 0.6 to 0.7 ppm.
102 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JACKSONVILLE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Department of Chemistry, University of.Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 )......

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 15 a

on

no

on

07

} »

150

1 55

10

.3

384

278

1 55

--

Oct. 31,

1941

1,034

19

__

Well 33

O-J

70

94

12

1 ^5

OQO

276

1 OC

7 a

May 20,

1950

1,064

10

__

Well 38

O4

.0

TO

OQ

9.7

1 ££

1 75

4Q1

fjin

7 5

VTa-17 9ft

1950

I

OQ^J

10

Well 49

00

.0

75

OD

. I

1 7?

161

4<}Q

300

1 an

7

c

May 20,

1950

1,365

1 9

Finished

water b 

(city tap)

.0

OT

OC

14

1 CO

On

461

074.

140

7.4

May 12,

1949

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

b Analysis by Fla. State Board of Health, Tallahassee, Fla.

KEY WEST 

(Population, 26,433)

Ownership: U. S. Navy; also supplies about 5,000 people outside the city limits, 

and other communities on the Florida Keys. Total population supplied, about 

35,000.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 62, 62, 48, and 53 ft deep. The wells are located at 

Florida City and the water is piped to Key West, a distance of 127 miles.

Treatment: Softening with lime, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: .300,000 gal.
FLORIDA 

KEY WEST--Continued

103

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells, Finished 

, water., . (composite)

3.3

.12

.00

£t\.

1.8

6.3

.5

0

61

6.5

10

.1

.2

85

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells, Finished 

, water., . (composite)

60

10

0

8

1

150

0.1

Jan. 30,

1QCO

Regulftr determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity, 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

180 

86

Max

185 

115

Min

170 

65

pH

Av

7.4 

8.4

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

7.4 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

180 

76

Max

185 

100

Min

170 

54

Turbidity

Av

0

0

Max

0

0

Min

0 

0

LAKELAND 

(Population, 30,851)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 35,900. 

Source: 7 deep wells (1 to 7). The depths of wells 1 to 5 are reported to be 741,

846, 1,201, 683, and 828 ft. The yield of well 5 is reported to be 4, 500 gpm.

Wells 1 and 2 are used in emergencies. 

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 800,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750, 000 gal.
104 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAKELAND- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ...............................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.). ..........

Turbidity .............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ............7......

Date drilled .................... k .....

Percent of supply ...................

Well 3 a

22

.16

Q1

21

y -

250

100

15

425

314

109

Feb. 18, 1935

1,201

18

1QOO

Well 4 b

__

.05

KA

18

. 0

_

266

0

7

 _

245

209

0

19

7 *>

Mar. 18, 1946

683

._

Well 5

19

.02

KA

16

/ 6.8

\ 1.0

0

242

2.0

10

.4

.2

236

201

2

10

7 9

393

7.0

80

Nov. 24, 1951

090

24

1Q4.Pl

a Analysis by Southern Analytical Laboratory.

b Analysis by Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla.

LAKE WORTH 

(Population, 11,777)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied varies from 12,000 to 20,000. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10) 136, 136, 136, 100, 140, 92, and 100

ft deep.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 600,000 gal.
FLORIDA i05

LAKE WORTH--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, bv Black Laboratory. Inc. . Gainesville, Fla.

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 1

3.3 

.96

70 

2.7

> 10 ..

207 

4.5 

25

262

186 

16

29

7.4

0.7

Feb. 7, 

1950

136 

12 

1925

Well 5

6.8 

1.6

85 

2.7

4.3

244 

3 

21

295

223 

23

85 

7.3

9

Feb. 2, 

1950

100 

1947

Wells a 

(composite)

7 

.92

65 

6.6

8.1

205 

6.3 

23

261

189 

21

29

7.4

1

Feb. 7, 

1950

A11 u 

. Wells b

(composite)

.50

14

0 

198 

24 

21 

.1 

2.1

186 

24

70 

7.9

414

Feb. 11, 

1952

a AH wells, except well 10.

D Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

MIAMI 

(Population, 249,276)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Coral Gables, El Portal, Hi ale ah, Miami 

Beach, Miami Shores, Miami Springs, Surf side, and other communities. 

Total population supplied, about 350,000.

Source: 22 wells (1 to 8, 11 to 24) 62 to 110 ft deep serving the Hialeah Plant, 

and 4 wells (1 to 4) 98 to 101 ft deep serving the Southwest Plant.

Treatment: Hialeah Plant: Softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation. Southwest Plant: Softening with lime, sedimentation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Hialeah Plant, 60,000,000 gpd; Southwest 

Plant, 40,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal.
106 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MIAMI- -Continued

The Southwest supply system is under development. Ultimately it is to provide 

80,000,000 gpd from the new well field located about 1 mile west of the County 

Hospital at Kindall and 4 miles west of the Southwest treatment plant at Galloway Road and Seaboard Airline Railroad, which is 6^ miles from the southwest 

section of Miami. The treatment for the water will be similar to that given at 

the Hialeah plant.

The water from the wells of both fields is similar in chemical composition.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by City of Miami Water Department)

Silica (SiO^) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )......

Sulfate (S0«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.. ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Well 1, 

Hialeah 

Plant

6.8 

1.7

93 

4.9 >°.

255 

39 

22

330

252 

43

7.3 

1946

Well 24, 

Hialeah 

Plant

10 

1.2

89 

4.4

8.3

0 

278 

7.4 

16

310

240 

12

7.2 

1951

Well South-' 2, 

west Field

4.8 

.62

95 

2.9

3.2

0 

264 

18 

15

275

249 

32

7.2 

1951

Raw 

water 

composite)

9.0 

.9

98 

7.1

17

0 

268 

37 

35

2.2 

350

274 

56

80 

7.3

November, 

1948

Finished 

water 

^composite)

9.0 

.02

25 

4.0

27

3 

49 

40 

35 

a.2 

2.2 

190

79 

34

23

8.7

November, 

1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

.(ppm)

Av

220 

43

Max

230 

52

Min

215 

36

PH

Av

7.3 

8.8

Max

9.2

Min

7.2 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

260

85

Max

265 

100

Min

250 

80

Turbidity

Av

0.1 

.1

Max

--

Min

--

a From partial analysis, July 27, 1951.. A fluoride content of about 0. 8 ppm 

in the finished water is maintained throughout the year.

MIAMI BEACH 

(Population, 46,282)

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.)
FLORIDA 107

NORTH MIAMI 

(Population, 10,734)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied varies from 15,000 to 20,000.

Source: Well Field No. 1: 4 wells (1 to 4) 35 to 45 ft deep; Well Field No. 2: 4 

wells (1 to 4) 25 to 55 ft deep.

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, coagulation with activated silica, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Biscayne Chemical Laboratory, Miami)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color..... ...........................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of analysis ...............

Well 1 a 

(raw water)

4.4

2.6

76

i q

^ A R

V 4.6

'

one

on

13

250

198

29

7 9

Feb. 22,

1951

Well 3 a 

(raw water)

5 9

1

0

2

Ct

. o

254

oc

1«J

300

250

42

7 9

Feb. 22,

1951

Raw 

water b

5 9

.32

QQ

3

0

o. £

occ

47

16

.2

.1

363

263

54

7 5

1942

Finished 

water ^

7.6

.12

9Q

2 4

. O

00

47

16

.3

.5

82

51

8 A

1942

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

174 

24

Min

__

pH

Av

--

Max

7.2

Min

...

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

.«

Max

240 

40

Min

.__

Turbidity

Av

,--

Max

0 

0

Min

aWell Field No. 2.

b Well F eld No. 1, wells 1 to 4; analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
108 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OCALA 

(Population, 11,741)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13,200. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 350, 350, and 455 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 650,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc. , Gainesville, Fla. )

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ .........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

13 

.09

109 

19

194 

180 

18 

.2

489

Well 3

(raw 

water)

12 

.03

104 

15

7.1

183 

160 

14 

.2

442

Hardness as CaCO,:. 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

350 

192

7.6

June 22, 

1950

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

321 

171

7.8

June 22, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av

160 

39

Max

50

Min

30

pH

Av

7.3 

9.5

Max

7.4 

9.7

Min

7.2 

9.4

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

328 

100

Max

332 

115

Min

326 

85

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

78 

75

Max

::

Min

::
FLORIDA 109

ORLANDO 

(Population, 52,367)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 17,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 69,000.

Source: Lake Underbill, Lake Ivasihoe, and 1 well 908 ft deep. Well water is 

pumped into Lake Underbill to maintain the water level of the lake. Lake 

water is then pumped to the treatment plant.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and activated silica, lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorinatioii.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Aaw-water storage: 737,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: -5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc. , Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ...... ......

Sulfate (SO^) « . ...........

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Lake 

Underbill

1.4 

.05

27 

3.2

102 

6.5 

12

125

81 

0

7.4

Dec. 15, 

1947

Lake 

Ivanhoe

1.8 

.01

13 

.8

18

44 

9.7 

21

100

36 

0

7.3

Dec. 15, 

- 1947

Well 1

5.7 

.01

30

7.4

11

132 

4.2 

12 

.1

135

105 

0

14 

8.8

Apr. 21, 

1948

Finished 

water 

(composite)

4.0 

.06

39 

6.3

20

93 

60 

20 

.1

180

123 

47

7.3

Feb. 1, 

1951

1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

95 

80

Max

99

87

Min

74 

57

PH

Av

8.4 

8.4

Max

8.8 

8.5

Min

7.6 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98 

105

Max

105 

H5

Min

86 

95

Turbidity

Av

2.0 

,5

Max

2.7 

,5

Min

1.4

.5
110 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PANAMA CITY 

(Population, 25,814)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 26,300. 

Source: 2 well fields: Millville, 4 wells (1 to 4) 80 to 130 ft deep; St. Andrews,

7 wells, each 600 ft deep (cased from 125 to 175 ft). 

Treatment: Millville plant: Softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation,

filtration, and chlorination. St. Andrews: Chlorination only. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Millville plant, 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: St. Andrews water, 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Millville water: 3 elevated tanks, 100,000 gal each;

clear wells, 400,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

8.5

n^

.00

39

& 1

S

o

1 9

0 

110

19

14

.0

147

Finished 

water b

17 i ">

.00

45

£1*1

oc

2

f»

0

900

1 9

4Q

Q

.5

287

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color..................

_ TT pH .......................

(micromhos at

OK r< \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

106

16

0

8.0

94Q

0.5

Feb. 15,

1952

Finished 

water*5

20

1

7.6

505

0 3

Jan. 31,

1QCO

a Composite, Millville well field, 

b Composite, St. Andrews well field.
FLORIDA 111

PENSACOLA 

(Population, 43,479)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 48,000.

Source: 6 wells: Main Plant wells (6 to 9) 245, 240, 169, and 252 ft deep; West

Plant well, 226 ft deep; East Plant well, 260 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, pH control, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of plants: 19,440,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,600,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled .......:..........

Ppyppnt" rvf dimnlv

Finished 

water a

Q n

.0

.00

5.0

1 Q

7 9

.6

0

11

5.8

9

0

.0

8.5

56

Total . ........

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

nPpmnpya friiTP (V \

Finished 

water a

OA

11

2

7.1

87.0

3.0

Jan. 5,

1952

94R 959

on ic

1Q4H ICWS

a Composite, wells 6 and 9.
112 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ST. AUGUSTINE 

(Population, 13,555)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 13,750.

Source: 15 shallow wells (1 to 15) 65 to 90 ft deep for regular supply; 3 deep 

wells, 325 ft deep, emergency supply. The shallow wells are located 2£ miles 

west of the treatment plant and the deep wells on the plant grounds.

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 1,713,000 gal.

Analyses indicate that the water from the individual wells varies to some extent 

as to chemical composition, but all of it is really hard.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Lie., Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).................

Sulfate (SQJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate.... .................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Raw 

water a

1C

 »n

nv 

3*

\ 20

J

 1AQ

OC

 m

49Q

qi9

26

7 9

Jan. 28, 1948

Finished 

water a

6

*5

.10

m 1 

20

29

00

RQ

 iA

207

70

47

8 9

Jan. 28, 1948

Finished 

water b

.49

0

01

Qn

49

.1

1.0

70

48

3

7 c

382

Mar. 27^1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

337 

38

Max

365 

86

Min

316 

32

PH

Av

7.0 

8.6

Max

7.1

9.4

Min

6.9 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

337 

82

Max

365 

104

Min

316 

78

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

75

Max

75

Min

75

aComposite, wells 1 to 14. 

b Composite, wells 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and la. Analysis by U. S. 

Geological Survey.
FLORIDA 113

ST. PETERSBURG 

(Population, 96,738)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Gulf port, Pinellas Park, Bay Pines Hospital, and other consumers. Total population regularly supplied, about 110,000. 

Population supplied during winter tourist season may reach a peak total of 

275,000.

Source: 14 wells ranging in depth from 300 to 350 ft located near Cosme in northwest part of Hillsborough County. Emergency supplies from Mirror Lake 

(Plant) and Crescent Lake (Plant).

Treatment: Softening with lime-, coagulation with ferric sulfate, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 330,000 gal.

Analyses of samples from all of the wells indicate that the wells yield water of 

about the same composition.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiO,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) .. ... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mjj) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) .. . ....

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOs) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

PH.... ........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C- ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F ) ...

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1C

14

68

2.9

\ 4.0

216

9

.2

218

182

7.7

__

Aug. 24,

1950

300

1941

Well 5

16

.

76

4.1

4.5

244 

1.5

10

.2

245

206

7.6

__

Aug. 24,

1950

oen

 10OU

WeU7A

16

.10

80

4.9

3.6

256 

4.3

9

.2

264

220

10

7

e

Aug. 24,

1950

onn

JLtf^iO

Raw 

water a

14

.10

68

2.5

5.5

221 

1

7

0

221

180

0

.10

7

C

1

May 21,

1949

Finished 

water a

11

r\A

QD

2.5

3.4

109 80

10

0

149

105

1 a

4

7

0

O D

May 21.

1949

a Composite.
114 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ST. PETERSBURG Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

186 

88

Max

196 

100

Min

191 

186

PH

Av

7.3 

7.8

Max

7.4 

8.0

Min

7o2 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

183 

92

Max

192 

99

Min

180 

88

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

76 

79

Max

76 

82

Min

76 

76

SANFORD

(Population, 11,935) 

»_ 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,900.

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7) 135, 80, 135, 135, 135, 135, and 180 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 200,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Louis C. Herring & Co.).

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nifratp fNO I

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suonlv ...............

Well 1

7 9

I

/;

50

9 1

}

o7 37

1 an

7 ?

I . O

62

1 9

97S

162

15

7

0

Ann* fi

1950

1 OC

Well 3

6

0

1 9

44

9.0

36

168

6

0

56

1 9

94 S

147

9

7.7

Aug. 8,

1950

10C

Well 6

7.4

1 Q

4?

8.3

29

161

6

0

46

1.2

238

141

10

7.7

A no* Q

1950

10C

Finished 

water a

10

.24

.00

46

8.7

/ 29

^ \ 1.6 1C

162

7

55

.1

.6

246

151

18

0

7.6

430 

0.3

Feb. 7,

1952

80 to 180

a Composite, wells 1 to 7. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
FLORIDA i!5

SARASOTA 

(Population, 18,896)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 16 deep wells in 5 well fields: Plant well field, 5 wells (1 to 5) 640 to 

758 ft deep; Northeast well field, 4 wells (1 to 4) each 600 ft deep; Northwest 

well field, 3 wells (1 to 3) 350, 580, and 570 ft deep; Payne Terminal wells 

(1 and 2) 529 and 475 ft deep; St. Armands Key wells (1 and 2) 340 and 400 ft 

deep. The Plant well field is pumped by means of gasoline power -nd can be 

used in case of electric power failure.

Treatment: Softening with zeolite (both pressure and gravity type softeners, sea 

water regenerated).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 950,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,935,000 gal.

Partial analyses of samples from all of the wells indicate that the water is of similar chemical composition. The St. Armands Key wells yield water that is 

lower in dissolved solids and hardness than that from the other wells. The 

Plant well field yields water with the highest dissolved solids.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory Inc., Gainesville, Fla.)

Silica (SiO-j) ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH... ................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Northwest well field .

Well 1

23

220 

106

\ 90

146 

809 

156

c 1,480

985 

866

7.5

Dec. 11, 

1950

350 

1950

Well 3

24

196 

151

57

149 

824 

180

ci,500

1,110 

988

7.4

Dec, 11, 

1950

570 

1950

Well 1 a

30

73 

43

52

193 

216 

64

C573

359 

201

7.6

Dec. 11, 

1950

340 

1950

Finished 

water b

24 

.56 

.00 

14

/ 530 

X 16 

0 

161 

817 

168 

1.5 

.5 

c l,650

36 

0

2

7.5

2,420 

0.4

Feb. 12, 

1952

a St. Armands Key well field.

b Composite, wells 1, 2, 3, and 4, Plant well field; wells 1 and 2 North well 

field; well 2, West well. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

c Sum of determined constituents.
116 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAR.ASOT A- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3. 

fepm)

Av

140 

140

Max

145 

150

Min

136 

136

PH

Av

7.8 

8.Q

Max

7.9 

R,2

Min

7.6 

.7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

1060 

45

Max

1120 

55

Min

985 

36

Turbidity

Av Max

--

Min

TALLAHASSEE

(Population, 27,237)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7,500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 34,700. 

Source: 9 wells (1 to 9). Wells 1 and 2 are obsolete; 3 and 4, for emergency use

only. The depths of wells 5 to 9 are reported to be 246, 414, 400, 427, and

350 ft, respectively. (Wells 10 and 11 were under construction at the time of

obtaining well data).

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. a 

Storage: 1 ground reservoir, 400,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 400,000 and 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches) ...

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ...

Wells, 

8 and9 b

14

.00

.00

41

19

3 n

0

6.5

5.4

.1

.9

164

Well 9C

n9

.00

36

8

0

\ 7.8

146

5 A

10

1 fi

173

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

_«pH........... ............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p v

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Wells 

8 and 9 b

1KO

10

7 ft

287

2 A

Jon A.

1952

497 ^Rfl

1946

Well 9 c

124

4

10

7

0

0

OKA

1946

a Fluoridation was begun about Mar. 1, 1952.

b Composite. Collected from distribution system. Not fluoridated.

c Analysis by Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa.
FLORIDA 117

TAMPA 

(Population, 124,681)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 50,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 175,000.

Source: Hillsborough River, 97 percent of supply; wells, 3 percent. 

Treatment: The treatment varies from mainly color removal with alum during

wet seasons to lime softening during dry seasons when the use of well water

increases and the hardness of the river water increases. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5,200,000 gal.

The composition of the river water varies considerably throughout the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

5.3

no

.0

29

4

K

[X 49 / 4' 9

0 

69

21

16

. .1

.4

123

Finished 

water

_ _

15

~ 

7.7

0 

35

07

15-

.2

.3

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH........... ............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

91

34

2

7.5

203

_ _

Mar. 11

1949

Finished 

water

72

43

30

7/5

192

_ _

Nov. 9,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950-1961

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

89 

59

Max

130 

96

Min

46 

34

pH

Av

7.3 

8.3

Max

8.3 

8.7

Min

6.8 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

111 

115

Max

144 

160

Min

60 

58

Color

Av

96 

16

Max

190 

25

Min

30 

8
118 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WARRINGTON 

(Population, 13,570)

Ownership: Peoples Water Service Company of Florida. Total population supplied, about 19,100.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 242, 225, 286, 298, and 300 ft deep. 

Treatment: Ghlorination, and lime for adjustment of pH. 

Finished-water storage: 2 tanks, 60,000 and 150,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

Well 3 

(finished 

water)

Q n

.0

.00

9.2 

.4

3.0

o

0

26

1.5

5.8

.1

.1

44

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well 3 

(finished 

water)

25

3

o

fi Q

69.2

3.0

Jan. 5,

1952

1946
FLORIDA 119

WEST PALM BEACH 

(Population, 43,162)

Ownership: West Palm Beach Water Company; supplies also Palm Beach. Total 

population supplied, about 47,000.

Source: Clear Lake and Lake Mangonea (Loxahatchee Marsh).

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 26,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,100,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

At certain periods of the year, well water having an alkalinity of 120 ppm is added to the raw water in amounts varying between 3 to 10 percent of the total to 

increase the alkalinity of the raw water. The wells are considered as an adjunct to the treatment plant rather than as .an auxiliary supply.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,: by So. Analytical Laboratory, Jacksonville)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate . ....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.). ..........

Turbidity............... ..............

Date of collection...................

Raw 

water

2.2 

.56

27 

2.6

} »

61 

12 

28 

.5

173

80 

30

25

7.7

18 

June 21, 1949

Finished 

water

1.6 

.10

35 

2.2

32

61 

65 

34

225

96 

46

2 

7.9

5 

June 21, 1949

Finished 

water a

.05

3.7

0 

26 

23 

16 

.1 

. .3

60 

39

5 

8.1

155 

Nov. 2 1,19 51

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34 

22

Max

66 

40

Min

16 

14

PH

Av

7.6 

- 8.5

Max

8.5 

9.7

Min

6.8 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

56 

76

Max

82 

93

Min

29 

49

Color

Av

71 

6

Max

95 

20

Min

35 

3

'Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
120 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALBANY, GEORGIA 

(Population, 31,155)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas and Turner Air Force Base. 

Total population supplied, about 37,000.

Source: 7 deep wells (6 to 12). (Wells 7 and 8 under repair and not in use as of 

Feb. 2, 1952). The depths-of wells 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 are 955, 795, 868, 915, 

and 725 ft, respectively; yields reported to be 1,500, 1,669, 1,248, 1,250, and 

I,i75gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination at wells.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 310,000, 244,000, and 998,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 gal each.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey'*

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)..:... ...............

Sodium (Na)...........................

Potassium (K) ...... ......... . ...

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

SulfatetSO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled .......... .......... k .....

Well 11 

(raw water)

26

.11

.00

1C

7.7

ao

0

173.

11

2.9

.2

.3

188

96

0

8 f\

295

0

70

Dec. 1, 1951

Q1 R

00

1950

Finished 

water a

26

.10

.00

on

6.5

oo

0

191

10

4.4

.3

.2

202

102

0

7

0

325

C

69

Dec. 1, 1951

Well 9 

(finished water)

32

.11

.00

00

6.5

&%

0

176

8.6

3.2

.2

.2

194

107

0

1

7.8

297

1

72

Dec. 1, 1951

795

20

1047

a Mixed water from wells 7, 8, and 10.

AMERICUS 

(Population, 11,389)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,400.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 259, 168, 635, 635, and 450 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4 reservoirs, 422,000 gal; elevated tank, 350,000 gal.
GEORGIA 121

AMERIC US Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 3. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ ....... ..............

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulf ate (SOJ................. ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoolv ...................

Welll

OQ

.18

46

4.5

3 A

3.4

0

152

16

2.0

.0

.1

177

133

9

< 

-._

67

Jan. 21, 1938

259

12

1927

Well 2

en

.36

ou 

31

3

0

3

n

0

96

14

2 0

.0

, .1

155

88

9

Jan. 21, 1938

168

10

1Q14

Well 4 

(finished water)

62

op

.03

97

3.0

\ 2.0

0

85

9.2

3.2

.1

.1

154

80

10

1

7.7

169

0

72

Dec. 1, 1951

635

12

1947

ATHENS 

(Population, 28,180)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 32,000.

Source: Oconee River and/or Sandy Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum and lime, carbon for taste and odor control, sedimentation, fluoridation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 100,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 and 750,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

750,000 and 250,000 gal.

The intake on the Oconee River is adjacent to the treatment plant in the north section of the city. Water is pumped from the river directly to the treatment 

plant. The intake on Sandy Creek is about % mile north of the city. Normally, 

creek water is pumped to a 100,000,000 gal raw-water reservoir,.thence to 

the treatment plant.
122 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ATHENS--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj ......................

Iron (Fe)...........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (CO,,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCCv,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

r\U

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Oconee 

River 

(raw water)

15

.05

3.9

1.8

3.8

1.2

0

25

2 Q

2.1

.1

.3

43

17

0

6

__

Nov. 15,

1940

Sandy 

Creek 

(raw water)

14

.05

.00 3.6-

1.3

\ 4 2 / 4 ' 2

0.

21

0 1

2.4

.1

.5

40

14

0

3

6.6

42.6

_.

Mar. 1,

1951

Finished 

water a

12

.10

.00

8.8

1.4

3.9

0

22

13

3.0

.0

.4

55

28

10

2

6.8

79.4

__

Mar. 1,

1951

Finished

water b

14

.06

.03

13

1.6

4.4

0

30

17

3.2

.6

.4

73

39

14

3

8.2

107

__

July 31,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

14 

20

Max

18 

26

Min

10 

15

PH

Av

6.6 

8.3

Max

6.7 

8.3

Min

6.5 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

20 

0

Max

25

0

Min

15 

0

a Sandy Creek.

b Mixed sample, Sandy Creek, and Oconee River.

ATLANTA 

(Population, 331,314)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas, the cities of Forest Park, 

Hapeville, Marietta, Smyrna, and communities in Cobb, DeKalb, and Fulton 

counties. Total population supplied, about 550,000.

Source: Chattahoochee River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and bleaching clay, chlorination, ammoniation, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH 

with lime. Copper sulfate is used for the control of algae.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 70,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 500,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear water well, 10,000,000 gal; standpipe, 500,000 

gal; elevated tank, 2,000,000 gal.

The intake is about 7 miles northwest of the center of the city and about 4 miles 

from the treatment plant. The water is pumped from the river to the raw-water reservoirs from which it flows to the treatment plant. The finished water 

is pumped into the distribution system and to elevated storage.
GEORGIA 123

ATLANTA Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4)............. ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Raw

water

10 

.14 

.00 

2.8 

1.0

X 3.3

0 

16 

2.1 

1.9 

.0 

.3 

33

11 

0

4 

6.9

35.4. 

Mar. 3, 1951

Finished 

water

9.6 

.05 

.00 

5.8 

1.0

2.1

0 

17 

4.2 

3.0 

.0 

.6 

40

19 

5

2 

7.3

56.3 

Mar. 5, 1951

Finished 

water

11 

.05 

.00 

6.2 

1.1

3.6

0 

15 

6.5 

5.4 

.0 

1.4 

48

20 

8

2 

6.9

63.0

57 

Dec. 18. 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

12

16

Max

14

17

Min

10

14

pH

Av

6,9

8.7

Max

7.2

8.9

Min

6,5

8.5

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

10

19

Max

11

23

Min

8

18

' Turbidity

Av

26

.10

Max

150

.30

Min

7

.10

AUGUSTA 

(Population, 71,508)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 110,000.

Source: Savannah River. The intake is 3 miles north of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 60,000,000 gal each. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 3,000,000 and 1,000,000 gal; elevated

tank, 500,000 gal; standpipe, 250,000 gal.
124 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AUGUSTA Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12 

.10 

.00 

3.0 

1.3

\ 3.6

0 

17 

2.8 

2.6 

.0 

.3 

37

Finished 

water

12 

.03 

.00 

5.8 

1.3

4.0

0 

18 

8.8 

3.1 

.0 

.3 

46

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color................ 

__ww pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. . .......... ..

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

13 

0

8 

6.9

44.2

Apr. 7, 

1951

Finished 

water

20 

5

3 

7.0

62.7

Apr. 7, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

16 

15

Max

17 

16

Min

15 

14

PH

Av

7.2

7.5

Max

7.3 

7.2

Min

7.0 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

 

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

66 

1

Max

150 

1

Min

25 

1

BAINBRIDGE 

(Population, 7,562)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 11,000.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4). Depth not reported for well 1; depth of wells 2 to 4, 450, 

464, and 434 ft, respectively.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 225,000 gal; standpipe, 93,800 gal. (Additional elevated storage tank of 500,000 gal capacity expected to be in service 

by July 1, 1952.)

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 2 and 3 (finished

water)

8 7

.17

.00

37

7 1

\ 5.4

0

141

3

0

10

.0

.7

139

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 2 and 3 

(finished 

water)

1 92

7

7 1

OC-I

1

RQ

Dec. 3,

1QK1
GEORGIA 125

BRUNSWICK 

(Population, 17,954)

Ownership: Peoples Water Service Company of Georgia; also supplies suburban

areas. Total population supplied, about 22,000. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 1,027, 1,000, 1,000, and 750 ft deep. The wells flow,

but wells 1,3, and 4 are equipped with turbine pumps. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 200,000, 100,000, and 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na). ................ ..........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (SO4)........ ...................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 3 

(raw water)

36

1 o

no

o& 

94

} 12

0

141

no

15

.6

.2

900

196

79

3

7.3

430

0

7R

Dec. 4, 1951

1,000

1 Q 19

1Q44

Well 4 

(raw water)

07

.10

.00

40

94

12

0

141

70

17

.0

9QO

198

81

2

7.4

436

1

TC

Dec. 4, 1951,

7 en

1Q4R

Wells 1 and 2 

(finished 

water)

41

.06

.00

ino

67

108

0

149

376

181

.7

.2

1,000

530

414

8

7.3

1,450

0

Oft

Dec. 4, 1951

CARROLLTON

(Population, 7,753)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 9,000.

Source: Little Tallapoosa River. The intake is about 1.2 miles north of the center of the city. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Curtis Creek impounded in 

185 acre lake.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), 

chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH 

with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake, 250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 150,000 gal; standpipe, 145,000 gal; elevated tank, 500,000 gal.
126 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CARROL LTON C ontinued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids :........

Finished 

water

14

no

.00

10 

1.6

X 4.9

5

22

5.3

6.5

.1

.2

59

Hardness as CaCO,,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

32

4

2

8.6

88.6

1

48

. Nov. 29,

1951

CARTERSVILLE 

(Population, 7,270)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas and town of Atco. Total population supplied, about 10,300.

Source: Etowah River about 90 percent of supply; spring about 10 percent of supply. The percentage taken from each source varies with the stage of the river. 

The intake in the river is about 1. 5 miles south of the city adjacent to the 

treatment plant.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon 

(Nuchar) at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and 

adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 1,100,000, and 100,000 gal; elevated tank, 

60,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

8.1

.04

.00

12 

60

X 3.0

0 

65

2

0

q i

.1

1

C

68

Finished 

water a

7 Q

no

.00

18

6

4

4.3

0 

79

11

K A

.1

1 ^

92

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water a

55

2

5

7.9

122

5

57

Nov. 28,

1QR1

Finished 

water a

70

11

5

7.6

154

1

57

Nov.28,

1 QR1

a Etowah River (90 percent); Spring (10 percent).
GEORGIA 127

CARTERSVILLE--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

36

Max

38

Min

33

PH

Av

7.4

7 Q

Max

7.5 

8n

Min

7 ?,

7 ft

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

170 

10

Max

332 

15

Min

97 

5

CEDARTOWN 

(Population, 9,470)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10,250. 

Source: Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorinationu

Raw-water storage: 2 standpipes, 185,000 and 1, 575,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .......'....... 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 1

no

.00

31 

1 s

} - 7

' 0

160

3.5

2.8

.2

1.7

144

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

fit!

Specific conductance

25 C. )........... ...........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

139

2

7.3

253

0

62

Dec. 29,

1951

COLLEGE PARK 

(Population, 14,535)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by East Point. (See East Point.)

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 79,611)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Bealwood, Bibb City, and suburban districts.

Total population supplied, about 120,000. 

Source: Chattahqochee River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 3,000,000, 2,500,000, and 250,000 gal;

3 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 4 miles north of the center of the city near the intake 

in the river. The water is pumped from the river into a raw-water reservoir 

from which it flows to the treatment plant.
128 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COLUMBUS Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (§iOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

OP

.00

3.0

lol

X 4.7

1 C

3

0

o n

.1

1.1

40

Finished 

water

8 Q

no.

.00

7.8

A O

6.2

0

91

11

5

0

O

1 9

55

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

12

0

7

6.6

45.6

..

July 7,

1951

Finished 

water

25

8

 t

7.5

88.2

__

July 31,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

14

Max

16 

22

Min

8 

12

pH

Av

7.0 

8.2

Max

7.5 

8.8

Min

6.8 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15 

18

Max

22 

21

Min

8 

14

Turbidity

Av

35 

0

Max

185 

0

Min

5 

0

CORDELE 

(Population, 9,462)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9, 500.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 396, 735, and 540 ft deep. The yield of well 1 is reported to be 900 gpm; of well 3, 1,000 gpm; of well 2, not reported. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 250,000 gal; standpipe, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) ............ <k ...

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) *..............,...

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ......... . .

Well 1

1°.

. .01

44

1 ^

Q 4

1 1t\

1.4

4

0

.0

°. *)

149

 I 1 £

5

Well 1

1°.

0

1°.4

117

7

Well 3 

(raw water)

00

nc

.00

C<>

2 A

\ 9 *

> 2. 0

0

1 CO

1 . O 

2 A

.1

.0

140

6

Wellsl 2 3 

(finished 

water)

O J.

no

.00

CO

9 4

0

1 Cf\

7.0

9

'

.0

.0

1 an

140

8
GEORGIA 129

CORDELE, Analyses Continued

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoDlv ..^..... .......

Well 1

~

Jan. 21,

1938

QQfi

 g

1900

Well 1

7

0

243

CO

Dec. 1,

1951

IQfZ

g

1900

Well 3 

(raw water)

1

7

C

271 

0

70

r>Af» 1

1951

KAn

OC 1 f\

1Q4Q

Wells 1, 2, 3 

(finished 

water)

7 <l

269 

1

CO

Der> 1

\_ 1951

DALTON 

(Population, 15,968)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 19,000.

Source: Mill Creek. The intake is at the treatment plant about 1.4 miles northwest of the center of the city.

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate or alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 200,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 2,000,000 

and 750,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) .....*....

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9 9

n<i

.00

33

8

ct

\ 1 R > r

140

o -c

2.0

.1 

g

130

Finished 

water

8

C

.01

.00

14

 &

1.7 

7

CO

7 Q

2.4

.1

80

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total -...;.... .......

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

118

3

4

7.3

225

1

47

Nov. 29,

1951

Finished 

water

69

6

8.6

145

1

50

Nov. 29,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

50

Max

125 

65

Min

10 

20

PH

Av

7.1 

8.6

Max

7.3 

9.1

Min

6.5 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

50

Max

140 

65

Min

12 

2.0

Turbidity

Av

50

Max

5000

Min

10
130 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DECATUR 

(Population, 21,635)

Ownership: DeKalb County Water System; supplies Decatur and suburban areas,

Avondale, Chamblee, Doraville, and a large number of consumers in DeKalb

County. Total population supplied, about 93,000. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. The intake is at Holcombe Bridge about 22 miles

north of Decatur. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, fluoridatibn, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 75,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,500,000 gal; 2 clear wells, 400,000 gal

(owned by Decatur, leased by county); 3 elevated tanks, 1,000,000, 500,000,

and 85,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12 

.06 

.00 

3.0 

1.1

} «

0 

15 

3.6 

2.9 

.2 

.2 

42

Finished 

water

12 

.03 

.00 

5.8 

1.2

3.4

0 

18 

5.6 

3.2 

.6 

.2 

40

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . ......

Color .................. .

pH. ........ ...... ........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

9R C \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

12 

0

9 

6.8

56.4 

16 

50 

Nov. 27, 

1951

Finished 

water

19 

5

2 

6.9

58.1 

1 

51 

Nov. 27, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

20

Max

23

Min

19

PH

Av

8.0

Max

8.5

Min

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

30

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

38

Max Min

DUBLIN 

(Population, 10,232)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Veterans Hospital- Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 290, 290, 490, and 650 ft deep. The wells are all flowing 

wells. The yield of well 4 is reported to be 350 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, ammoniation, softening with lime, chlorination, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 63,000, and 

250,000 gal.
GEORGIA 131

DUBLIN--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate fNO \

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

01

81

.00

63

o . ±

\ 2.9

0

1 ^

o 4

0

.1

207

Finished 

water

01

04

.00

17

2

c

4.1

0 

50

1 ^

O K

.1

.4

92

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

170

13

4

7.1

333

G

67

Nov. 30,

1951

Finished 

water

53

12

4

7.5

130

1

64

Nov. 30,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

175

54

Max

186

77

Min

162 

40

PH

Av

7.2 

8.5

Max

7.2 

8.6

Min

7.2 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

176 

66

Max

180

88

Min

174 

58

Turbidity

Av Max Min

--

EAST POINT 

(Population, 21,080) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies College Park and suburban areas. Tptal

population supplied, about 38,000.

Source: Sweetwater Creek. The intake is about 12 miles west of East Point. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, chlorine dioxide, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 10,000,000 gal (An additional reservoir of

47,000,000 gal capacity is being constructed).

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 750,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 gal 

each; 1 elevated tank (in College Park).

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO \

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

.03

.00

4.9

1.7

"\ R 1 > r

24

6.3

3.9

.2

.3

59

Finished 

water

18

.03

.00

11

1 Q

5.7

8 

18

11

5.0

.3

.2

70

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ...... ................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

19

0

12

7.3

79.1

8

50

Nov. 28,

1951

Finished 

water

35

7

3

8.6

96.6

1

51

Nov. 28,

1951
132 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EAST POINT Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water..;

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

17 

24

Max

28 

30

Min

13 

20

PH

Av

6.9 

8.7

Max

7.3 

9.2

Min

6.7 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

29

Max

20 

30

Min

14 

26

Turbidity

Av

60 

.2

Max

320 

.5

Min

10 

0

FITZGERALD 

(Population, 8,130)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies -suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,600.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 576, 825, 750 ft deep. The wells are located at the pumping plant.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 34,000, 120,000, and 750.,.000 gal; 1 standpipe, 98,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Well l a

22 

.02

24 

8.4 

3.0 

.6 

0 

120 

1.6 

2.5 

.0 

.1 

122

Well 3 

(finished 

water)

23 

.17 

.00 

23 

9.8

> 

0 

113 

.9 

3.8 

.2 

.0 

120

Hardness as CaCO,:

 Noncarbonate. .....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply .........................................................

Well l a

94 

0

71 

Feb. 1, 

1938

576 

10 

1921

Well 3 

finished 

water)

98 

5

2

7.8

189 

1 

71 

Dec. 3, 

1951

750 

12

a U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 912, 1940.

GAINESVILLE 

(Population, 11,936)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 18,000.

Source: Chattahoochee River (75 percent of supply); Crier Creek and Peeler 

Branch (25 percent of supply). The intake on Chattahoochee River is about 

3.4 miles northeast of the center of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination when necessary.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir about 3,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 480,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 300,000 and 

210,000 gal.
GEORGIA 133

G AINESVELLE ~C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

11 

.04 

.00 

2.2 

.8

0 

15 

1.3 

1.5 

.1 

.4 

28

Finished 

water a

10 

.03 

.00 

3.6 

.8

3.0

0 

10 

5.7 

3.1 

.1 

.1 

31

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK /-i .\

Turbidity.. ............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

9 

0

15 

6.4

28.4 

2

Nov. 27, 

1951

Finished 

water a

12

4

5 

6.5

44.5 

3 

53 

Sfov. 27,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

11

Max

12 

13

Min

8 

9

PH

Av

6.9 

6.9

Max

7.2 

7.1

Min

6.8 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

25

Max

25 

28

Min

16 

18

Turbidity

Av

120 

1

Max

500 

1

Min

30 

1

aChattahbochee River 75 percent; Crier Creek and Peeler Branch 25 percent.

GRIFFlft 

(Population, 13,982)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20,000.

Source: Flint River. The intake is about 10 miles northwest of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination during fall and winter months, coagulation with alum, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of- pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 1, 500,000 and 3,000,000 gal; 2 elevated 

tanks, 275,000 and 300,000 gal.
134 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GRIFFIN- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Jflg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COg)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

on

1 Q

.00

3.5

1

C

X 6.9

0 

26

0 C

3.6

.4

.4

53

Finished 

water

1Q

ft0,

.00

11

1 Q

. 1

0 

36

9

0

5.4 )

.1

75

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ......

^JflTl f* Q l*Vlf\TlSl tp

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 c

0

00

6.9

60.6

4

Nov. 30,

1951

Finished 

water

35

5

8.0

103

1

55

Nov. 30,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

27

Max

28 

36

Min

13 

19

PH

Av

6.8 

8.0

Max

7.0 

8.4

Min

6.5

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

28

Max

21 

32

Min

16 

26

Turbidity

Av

35 

.15

Max

700 

.20

Min

20 

.10

HAPEVILLE 

(Population, 8,560)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: Finished-water from Atlanta 85 percent of supply ; 2 wells (Atlanta Avenue and Jonesboro Road) 800 and.600 ft deep, 15 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Well water: None. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3 elevated tanks, 500,000, 100,000, and 100,000 gal. .

Partial analyses of samples from the wells, Nov. 28, 1951, indicated no essential change has occurred in the chemical character of the water since 1938.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Mitrat p f MO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Atlanta 

Avenue 

Well a

34

OR

20

0. 0

11

2.2

<n

10

1.8

.1

.0

128

Well b

34

.04

13

5

0

7

O

5.3

Qfl

9

0

2.5

.0

no

115

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ...............

None arbonate ......

Color ...................

_TT pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. . ............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Atlanta 

Avenue 

Well a

63

0

__

._

66

May 2,

1938

Well b

56

0

__

__

64

May 2,

1938

a U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 912. 1940. b Jonesboro Road.
GEORGIA 135

HAPEVILLE--Continued

Depth (feet) .......................................................... . .

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................. ..........

Percent of supply ....................................................... .

Atlanta 

Avenue 

Well a

800

10

1932

Well b

600

10

1930

au. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 912. 1940. b Jonesboro Road.

LAGRANGE 

(Population, 25,025)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 25, 500.

Source: Chattahoochee River. The intake in the river is about 3. 5 miles west of 

the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gal.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 12,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 1,000,000 gal; 

standpipe, 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

14

n^

.00

4.2 

1 3

X 5.4

0 

16

4.6

5.6

«>

1.1

48

Finished 

water

1?

no

.00

9.2 

1 <?

5.8

5 

15

10

6.0

0

1.1

60

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color .............. .....

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

16

3

17

6.9

60.0

10

52

Nov. 29,

1951

Finished 

water

28

8

1

8.8

88.8

1

53

Nov. 29,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15 

28

Max

20 

30

Min

8 

26

PH

Av

6.8 

8.7

Max

7.2 

9.0

Min

6.4 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

28

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av Max

300 

5

Min

10 

.5
136 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MACON 

(Population, 70,252)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 100,000.

Source: Ocmulgee River. The intake in the river is about 3 miles north of the 

center of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, activated carbon 

at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final 

adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gal.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 275,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 1,500,000 and 

3,000,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 2.00,000 and 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (804)...........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate ............ .........

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Raw 

water a

1 9

f\£t

3 a

1

£

4.6

1

/>

22

3 Q

2

0

.0

1.0

44

16

1937-38

Raw 

water

9

e

.00

. ft 

1 5,

J 5.6

0

91

3

9

3.6

.2

.7

42

1 5,

0

4

7.0

55.5

Apr. 26, 1951

Finished 

water

19

no

.00

10

1.6

4.9

0

OR

14

4.5

.1

.7

fi4

32

11

3

1 7 9

98.2

Apr. 26, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

15 

25

Max

16 

26

Min

15 

24

pH

Av

7.4 

8.5

Max

7.2 

8.6

Min

7.2 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max

"""

Min

«.

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

35 

0

Min

18 

0

a Average of 36 analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples, May 1, 1937, 

to Apr. 30, 1938. (U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 889-E. 1944)1
GEORGIA 137

MARIETTA 

(Population, 20,687)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20,700.

Source: Finished water from City of Atlanta, 2/3 of supply; 21 wells, 1/3 of supply. The wells range in depth from 259 to 910 ft and are reported to yield a 

total of 567 gpm.

Treatment: Well water: none.

Storage: 2 reservoirs, 243,000 and 1,000,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 500,000 gal 

each.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ..........."........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,)......

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total. ....................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ............;...........

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 8 a

1Q

.10

6.0

3.6

3.1

1.5

31

3.0

4.0

.0

2.5

59

30

4

- -

 

63

Apr. 22,

1938

272

10

Well 18 a

9,4

no

90

10

15

9 i

m^

25

16

.0

28

226

121

97

__

62

Apr. 22,

1938

910

10-

1927

Well 21 a

97

.50

10

3

0

K 4

2

0

40

16

1.8

.0

.2

88

39

__

62

Apr. 22,

1938

382

10

1928

Well 25a

99

49

9

0

S O

19

1

Q

99

3.4

15

.0

20

119

40

19

__

--

62

Apr. 22,

1938

297

10

1937

Wells b

99

AC

.00

1 a

8 7

\ 4 5

/ 4' 5

0

79

8.0

7.4

.0

8.4

123

76

1 C

2

6.9

180 

1

62

Nov. 28,

1951

a U. S. Geol. Water Supply Paper 912. 1942 

' 'Composite sample of water from wells 1, 3, 5, and 8.
138 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MILLEDGEVILLE 

(Population, 8,835)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9,850.

Source: Fishing Creek. The intake is about 2i miles west of the center of the 

city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, ammoniation, chlorination, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, final adjustment of pH with lime, and 

addition of polyphosphate (Calgon).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 2,100,000 gal; sedimentation basin, 3,000,000 

gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 35,000 and 165,000 gal; standpipe, 

150,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by tj. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn)..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Naj ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

27 

.01 

.00 

7.9 

4.0 > :

54 

3.6 

8.4 

.2 

.1 

89

Finished 

water

26 

.03 

.00 

20 

4.2

11

0 

62 

18 

15 

.2 

.2 

126

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

nH

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

36 

0

3 

7.2

123 

3 

49 

Nov. 30, 

1951

Finished 

water

67 

16

4 

8.1

190 

1 

50 

Nov. 30, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

47 

.42

Max

57 

60

Min

32

18

PH

Av

7.2 

6.7

Max

7.6 

7.3

Min

6.2 

6.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

41

Min

39

Turbidity

Av

20 

1

Max

300 

2

Min

5 

1

MOULTRIE 

(Population, 11,639)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 17,600.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 750, 825, and 752 ft deep. The yield of wells 2 and 3 is 

reported to be 1,350 and 831 gpm respectively.

Treatment: Chlorination:

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 250,000 gal each; 2 elevated tanks, 

150,000 and 500,000 gal.
GEORGIA 139

MOULTRIE - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

26 

.05 

.00 

24 

13

\ 26

0 

134 

48 

6.6 

.6

ol

210

WellS 

finished 

water)

24 

.07 

.00 

86 

43

34

0 

132 

329 

8.6 

.9 

.4 

635

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

nH

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

QC p \

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

113 

4

2

7.7

333 

0 

74 

Dec. 2, 

1951

825 

12 

1943

WellS 

finished 

water)

391 

283

. 7 

7.2

859 

1 

70 

Dec. 2, 

1951

752 

16 

1948-49

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

125

Min

116

PH

Av

7.4|

Max

__

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

388

Min

118

Turbidity

Av

__

Max

__

Min

__

NEWNAN 

(Population, 8,218)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10,000.

Source: 4 springs 80 percent of supply; 5 wells (1, 2, 4 to 6) 400, 806, 350, 350, 

and 350 ft deep, 20 percent of supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and aeration at times.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 130,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 250,000 and 1,250,000 gal; elevated tank, 

500,000 gal; standpipe, 300,000 gal.
140 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWN AN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)..... ............

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ........ ......j...........

Nitrate (NO,) .......... ........v.......

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............... ................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity............... ..............

Date of collection ...................

Raw 

water a

11

4c

.00

4.4 

1.4

\ 4 3

y 43

0

21

2.5

3.5

.2

.9

41

17

0

6

0

W 4

1

Nov. 29, 1951

Raw 

water b

25

.03

.00

17

1.4

. u

0

43

27

2.4

.2

.6

105

48

13

1

7.0

144

1

Nov. 29, 1951

Finished 

water 0

12

.03

.00

17

1.4

5.5

15

12

14

6.8

.4

.2

82

48

13

9 4

1 OO

1

55

Nov. 29. 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15 

22

Max

18 

28

Min

13 

16

PH

Av

7.0 

8.4

Max

7.2 

8.8

Min

6.8 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

36

Max

46

Min

26

Turbidity

Av

40 

.05

Max

60 

1

Min

20 

0

a From 4 springs.

b Mixed sample from wells 4, 5, and 6.

c From 4 springs (80 percent), and wells (20 percent).

ROME 

(Population, 29,615)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 35,000.

Source: Oostanaula River. The intake is 2 miles north of the center of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, ammoniation, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. '

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,000,000 gal; reservoir, 3,000,000 gal.
GEORGIA 141

ROME - -Continued 

ANALYSES

{Analyses,^^^03^^61rmillion7 by

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5 A

f\R

.00

6.3 

1.4

V S 25&* U

0 

25

3

n

1.6

37

Finished 

water

5

0

no

.00

13

1.7

3.2

0 

33 14

3

n

.1

0

59

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

91

1

7

6.3

52.0

Apr. 23,

1951

Finished 

water

39

12

4

6.9

99.2

Apr. 23,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

39 

46

Max

48 

58

Min

32 

39

pH

Av

7.1 

8.1

Max

7.3 

8.2

Min

6.9 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

42 

52

Max

52 

60

Min

18 

22

Turbidity

Av

153 

.1

Max

297 

.1

Min

36 

.1

SAVANNAH 

(Population, 119,638)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 120,000.

Source: 5 Artesian wells (5, 7 to 10) 60 percent of supply; Abercorn Creek 40 

percent of supply. The intake in the creek is about 15 miles north of the city. 

The wells are 82, 56, 68, 59, and62ftdeep; the yield is reported to be 3,470, 

2,800, 3,200, 3,470, and 1,400 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, and clay, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 gal each; elevated tank, 

4,000,000 gal; reservoir, 2,000,000 gal.
142 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

SAVANNAH Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COg) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^ 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

13 

.10 

.00 

5.2 

1.3

\ 5.6

0 

26 

3.5 

3.1 

.2 

.8 

48

Finished 

water b

12 

.17 

.00 

12 

1.5

5.7

0 

34 

13 

4.8 

.0 

.4 

67

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ....

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.).... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

18 

0

22 

6.5

59.1

June 4, 

1951

Finished 

water b

36 

8

7 

7.1

108

June 4, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

ROTJT U7Of'PT*

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

1 B

23

Max

oc

32

Min

10

15

PH

Av

6.6

7.9

Max

7 9

8.9

Min

6.0

6.9

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

1Q

37

Max

26

53

Min

12

21

Turbidity

Av

70

2.5

Max

125

5

Min

15

0

a From Abercorn Creek.

b From wells and Abercorn Creek.

THOMASVILLE 

(Population, 14,424)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 14,800o

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5) 300, 550, 305, and 400 ft deep; yield reported to be 600, 

1,200, 1,000, and 1,300 gpm respectively.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, bleaching clay, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid 

sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 500,000 gal; elevated tank, 300,000 gal.
GEORGIA 143

THOMASVILLE - -C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

24

.07

.00

47

00

\ 6.9

0 

157

79

7.6

-.4

.1

271

Finished 

water a

16

no

.00

23

8

Q

20

19 

16

77

8.8

.4

.1

182

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

"Wrtnp o i*Virtnnt A

Color...................

PH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

208

7Q

1

7.9

416

0

71

Dec. 2,

1951

400

1 £

1 QAQ

Finished 

water a

94

4Q

1

9.2

289

0

71

Dec. 2,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

130 

32

Max

130

47

Min

130 

27

PH

Av

7.5 

8.9

Max

7.5 

9.6

Min

7.5 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

200 

85

Max

200 

110

Min

200

75

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

a From wells 3 and 4.

VALDOSTA 

(Population, 20,046)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 23,000.

Source: 3 wells (3,4, Pendleton Park). The depths of wells 3 and 4 (Plant well) 

are 409 ft and 380 ft, respectively. v

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, Nalco, lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: None.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 250,000 and 1,000,000 gal; 3 elevated 

tanks, 100,000, 400,000, and 500,000 gal.
144 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VALDOSTA-H -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 3. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Wel

i s

.01

00

4.4

2 q

i.b

 7Q

3.8

.2

3

136

98

34

72

Sept. 30,

1941

4.0Q

1 c

1Qoq

L3

oq

0

on

Qfi

101

7.4

218

68

T">«/i O

1951

40Q

1 C

1 Q9^

Well 4 (finished 

water)

1 K

1 9

.00

<3C

5 n

} -

0

78

97

10

.3

.3

143

108

44

90

7 I

220 

1

68

T^AS* 9

1951

00ft

1 S

1946

Finished 

water a

9ft

1 9.

no

94

8 A

.3

0

107

4 1

1 9

.5

.1

128

94

7

7 Q

187

1

68

DAP 9

1951

1 Q4Q

apendleton Park Well.

WARNER ROBINS 

(Population, 7,986)

Ownership: U. S. Government. (Other data confidential.)

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8

rt

1 9

.00

17

\ 1 5

f 0

CO

q

2 9

.0

q q

RO

Total ................ .....

Nr\nr* Q yVvMiSi to

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

46

fifi

 o

1 Qfi

CO

O*%«4- OO

LVDfi
GEORGIA 145

WAYCROSS 

(Population, 18,899)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts.

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2) in Legion Park and at pumping plant 700 and 703 ft deep.

The yield of wells is reported to be 1,700 and 2,000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 798,830 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Standpipe, 281,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of suoolv ...

Well 1

46

91

34 

14

1 £

O A

1 SQ

OQ

14

.4

2

224

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

40

.11

.00

41 

17

\ 1R ) ib

0

1 SQ

48

1 Q

.5

.1

258

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal ....

Noncarbonate ......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc r\ \

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Well 1

142

__

__

74

May 28,

1941

658

19

1 QQt

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

172

42

2

7.6

394

0

76

Dec. 3,

1951

703

12-10

1Q04
146 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALTON, ILLINOIS 

(Population, 32,550)

Ownership: Alton Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Company); supplies also about 1,450 people outside Alton. Total population suppplied, about.34,000.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 600,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,045,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn)..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.2 

a .02 

.18 

45 

17 

10 

1.6 

0 

170 

49 

10 

.4 

.3 

251

Finished 

water

3.6 

.12 

.00 

23 

12 

7.6 

2.4 

0 

65 

55 

10 

.3 

2.3 

166

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

None arbonate ......

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

95 C \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

184 

43

20

7.7

410

76 

Sept. 16, 

1952

Finished 

water

106 

54

5

7.7

275

76 

Sept. 16, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm) "Av

151

5J

Max

191 

90

Min

97 

29

PH

Av

7.7 

9.3

Max

7.4 

10.2

Min

7.9 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

205 

117

Max

252 

150

Min

127 

90

Turbidity

Av

218 

0

Max

1,228 

0

Min

25 

0

Iron in solution when analysed. Sample turbid when collected.

AURORA 

(Population, 50,576)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 drilled wells (5 to 12, I2a, 14), 2,185 to 2,460 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration for iron removal, chlorination of part of supply, filtration

of part of supply.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7,200,000 gal.
ILLINOIS 147

AURORA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply ...

Well 7

1 9

83

9Q

| 204 

b 297

AK.

<IA(\

.2'

!°°E

Wells 

(finished 

water) a

7 Q

1Q

.00

OQ

f 19Q

[ll

Q1 C

07

94.R

1.0

0

730

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color ...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Well 7

329

85

0

10

Oct. 19,

1946

2

O£O

1 Q

1 Q1 C

Wells 

(finished 

water) a

350

93

o

6.8

1,370

_

Sept. ,

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

BELLEVILLE 

(Population, 32,721)

Ownership: East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company. 

Source: Supplied by East St. Louis. (See East St. Louis.)

BERWYN 

(Population, 51,280)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

Finished-water storage: 2,650,000 gal.

BLOOMESfGTON

(Population, 34,163)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Money Creek, impounded.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2,250,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 8,160,000 gal.
148 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BLOOMINGTON- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.0

.1 

49 

24

* o

200 

49 

1.0 

.1 

.3 

216

Finished 

water

.08 

22 

10

.0

0 

76 

22 

.0

11 

264

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

pH. .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

221 

57

7.9 

404

Apr. 9, 

1945

Finished 

water

98 

36

7.2

Mar. 12, 

1951

'Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

150

28

Max

171

47

Min

100

20

pH

Av

8 9

9.3

Max

o n

9.5

Min

7.6

9.0

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

206

88

Max

352

112

Min

150

74

Turbidity

Av

65

0

Max

800

0

Min

10

0

BLUE ISLAND 

(Population, 17,622)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 8,000 people outside Blue Island.

Total population supplied, about 25,600. 

Source: Supplied by Chicago.' (See Chicago.)

BROOKFIELD

(Population, 15,472)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

CALUMET CITY 

(Population, 15,799) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

CHAMPAIGN 

(Population, 39,563)

Ownership: Northern Illinois Water Corporation.

Source: 40 drilled wells, 154 to 299 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration for iron removal, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant; -- 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 050, 000 gal.
ILLINOIS 149

CHAMPAIGN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by ni. Dept. of Health and by State Water Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). .............. ......

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ......... .......

Sulfate (SO^.... ............ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ...........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of sunolv ...................

Well 48

24

3

0

.0

£1

Of} 23

I 63

J

a 473

1.0

3.0

.4

403

94. ft

0

0

22

Mar. 15,1949

231

38-17

1947

Well 50

1Q

ou

97

ZD

a 356

.0

2.0

.1

.2

ooo

237

0

0

__

Jan. 19, 1949

299

38-17

1947

Finished 

water

18

.03

.1

KK

34

oo

0

417

12

3.0

.3

.1

360

277

0

7.7

638

Apr. 10, 1951

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate

CHICAGO

(Population, 3,620,962)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Berwyn, Blue Island, Brookfield, Calumet 

City, Cicero, Elmwood Park, Harvey, Maywood, Oak Park, Park Ridge, and 

a number of other cities and towns, of a total population of about 487,000. 

Total population supplied, about 4,108,000.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: North and Central Districts (about 67 percent of supply): chlorination. 

South District (about 33 percent of supply): prechlorination, coagulation with 

alum (and acid treated sodium silicate during winter months), activated carbon, 

addition of lime for corrosion control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 320,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8 basins, 14,600,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 32,300,000 gal.
150 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHICAGO- -Continued

The city is divided into three water districts: North District, Central District, 

and South District, served by 4 intakes in the Lake. Wilson Avenue Crib 

intake, 2. 1 miles offshore at Wilson Avenue, supplies the North District; 

Wm. E. Dever Crib intake, 2. 7 miles offshore at Chicago Avenue, and 

Four Mile Crib intake, 3. 2 miles offshore at 14th Street, supply the Central 

District; Dunne Crib intake, 2 miles offshore at 68th Street, supplies the 

South District Filtration Plant and the South District. The water supply 

system includes 15 pumping stations.' the treatment plant is on 79th Street at 

the Lake on the southeast side of the City. The plant serves a total population 

of about 1,510,000.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Chicago Department of Public Works)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COs) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).. ...........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate ..................

Color...............................

pH. .............. ....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Raw 

water a

2.3 

.09 

.00 

32 

10 

3.5 

1.0 

0 

138 

17 

6.5 

.1

171

121 

8

3

8.2

263 

12 

40 

Apr. 9, 

1952

Finished 

water a

1.8 

.09 

.00 

39 

10 

3.3 

.7 

0 

132 

23 

7.2 

.1

168

138 

30

1 

7.9

273 

0 

39 

Apr. 9, 

1952

Finished 

water ^

2.1 

.21 

.00 

36 

10 

3.4 

.7 

0 

135 

17 

6.3 

.1

150

131 

20

3

8.2

225 

14 

37 

Apr. 9, 

1952

Finished 

water c

2.2 

.19 

.00 

36 

10 

3.9 

.6 

0 

138 

18 

6.4 

.1

148

131 

18

3

8.2

240 

13 

38 

Apr. 9, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952 a

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

113

107

Max

119

115

Min

107

95

PH

Av

S.3

8.1

Max

8.7

8.5

Min

8.1

7.7

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

134

137

Max

144

148

Min

126

126

Turbidity

Av

9.2

0.0

Max

83

0.1

Min

2.0

0.0

a South District Filtration Plant, 

b Chicago Ave. Pumping Station. 

c Jefferson Ave. Pumping Station.
ILLINOIS 151

CHICAGO'HEIGHTS 

(Population, 24,551)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 drilled wells (15 to 19, 21 to 23), 200, 235, 1,832', 251, 330, 203, 270,

and 260 ft deep. Auxiliary supply, 1 well (14), 174 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,065,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by. Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COs)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)...

Date drilled .........

Percent of supply...

Well 21

1Q

.4

112

4K

y 33

444

159

4.0

4.1

618

Wells 

(finished 

water) a

1Q

O.Q

.00

130 

58

I f 4L91 

\ 5. 2

0 

488

200

3.5

.3

1.5

687

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 21

466

102

0

7.0

10

51.6

Oct. 20,

1945

on?

24

1 Q4C

Wells 

finished 

water) a

565

163

4

7.1

1,040

.-

Sept. 27,

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

CICERO

(Population, 67,544)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

DANVILLE 

(Population, 37,864)

Ownership: Interstate Water Company; supplies also about 5,400 people outside

Danville. Total population supplied, about 43,300. 

Source: North Fork Vermilion River, impounded. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination to breakpoint. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 900, 000 gal.
152 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DANVILLE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

.2

56 

94.

> 1

0

CO

9

270

Finished 

water) a

2.0

1.2

.00

47

9ft

/ 4.8

1 V 1C!- 6

0 

99n

46

11

0

.4

265

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

238

70

7.9

567

_

June 11,

1945

Finished 

water a

232

52

 >

7.3

465

_

Sept. 17,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

157 

144

Max

240 

238

Min

20 

12

pH

Av

7.7 

7.3

Max

8.4 

8.2

Min

6.2

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

183

Max

324

Min

159

Turbidity

Av

133 

2.4

Max

2,000 

35

Min

6.5 

0

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

DECATUR 

(Population, 66,269)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Sangamon River, impounded in Lake Decatur.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 8,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,300,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.1 

61

28

\ 2.0

0 

263 

44 

3.0

6.0 

280

Finished 

water

5.0 

.01 

.0 

14 

16 

8.0

a CA ' 54

62 

4.0 

.4 

5.0 

132

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water.

268 

52

8.0 

590

July 10, 

1945

Finished 

water

100 

56

9.6 

301

July 10, 

1945

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).
ILLINOIS 153

DECATUR-^Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

182 

73

Max

252 

134

Min

96 

32

PH

Av

8.0 

9.6

Max

8.4 

10.2

Min

7.3 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

225 

116

Max

284 

172

Min

132 

76

Turbidity

Av

107 

.6

Max

650 

1.9

Min

40 

.2

EAST ST. LOUIS 

(Population, 82,295)

Ownership: East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company; supplies also about

68, 200 people outside East St. Louis. Total population supplied, about

150,500.

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and chlorine dioxide for taste and odor

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 28, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7 5

.04

.00

40

1 £

7

f*

O 0

0

1 Cfi

00

7.0

.1

2 n

216

Finished 

water

4.7

1Q

.00

47

1 £

6

O

1.7

0

1 CA

CQ

9

0

O 1

237

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color........... .....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. ).'..

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

166

30

35

7.5

363

__

__

Sept. 16,

1952

Finished 

water

182

52

8

7.1

395

__

__

Sept. 16,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

144 

142

Max

190 

192

Min

90 

100

pH

Av

7.7 

7.6

Max

8.0 

8.1

Min

7.2 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18£ 

196

Max

226 

246

Min

138 

154

Turbidity

Av

457 

.3

Max

3,400 

2.5

Min

25 

.1
154 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ELGIN 

(Population, 44,223)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 drilled wells. Wells (1 to 4) 2,000, 1,300, 1,300, and 1,300 ft deep 

are on Slade Avenue. The location and depth of the remaining wells are as 

follows: Slade Avenue, 53 ft; St. Charles Street, 105 ft; North State Street, 

43 ft; Creighton Avenue, 53 ft; Lavoie Avenue, 650 ft; Shuler Street, 1,940 ft.

Treatment: (1) Aeration, coagulation with alum and iron salts, softening with lime, 

recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

(2) Aeration, rapid sand filtration, softening with cation exchange, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,'000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal,

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na).... ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color........ .......................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 1

19

.1

.0

CO

P4

\ 22

'

a 356

1O

7.0

.4

0

 IQO

267

0

0

57

June 29,

1948

2,000

12

1904

Well 

Slade Ave.

1 C

K

.0

en

 30

9.0

a302

85

11

.1

.8

386

332

84

0

KA

June 28,

1948

53

12

1934

Well 

Lavoie Ave.

14

.1

.0

62

OK

36

a 380

1O

9.0

.7

.1

360

258

0

0

55

June 28,

1948

650

16

1931

Finished 

water

9.0

.2

.0

15

13

16

a 98

on

11

.4

.7

145

91

11

1948

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

292

95

Max

302 

132

Min

278 

72

PH

Av

7.3 

9.1

Max

7.3 

9.7

Min

7.3 

8.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

280 

80

Max

288 

112

Min

256 

54

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).
ILLINOIS 155

ELMHURST 

{Population, 21,273)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 drilled wells (1, 2, 3a, 4, 5), 1,480, 2,227, 1,502, 1,400, and 1,480

ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 450, 0.00 gal.

ANALYSES

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 4

14 

.4 

.0 

90 

21

\ 77

a 312 

84 

98 

1.1

540

Well 5

16 

.0 

.0 

61 

22

43

a 280 

80 

15

3.6 

380

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK fi \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) ........."........................................................

Diameter (inches) .........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply .........................................................

Well 4

312

56

0

2 

60 

June 9, 

1949

1,400 

10 

1927

Well 5

243 

13

0

60 

Feb. 9, 

1943

1,480" 

16 

1940

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).

ELM WOOD PARK 

(Population, 18,801)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

EVANSTON 

(Population, 73,641)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, fluoridation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished^water storage: 9,900,000 gal.
156 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EVANSTON- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

2.0

.1

26

\ 6.0 

bl34

1 9

2.0

.1

5.0

129

Finished 

water) a

.9

.10

.00

34

^- 10

/ 9 ft

\ .5 

0

oo

6.5

1.0

.5

150

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color............... .

_-TT pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

114

4

8.2

_ _

-.

July,

1944

Finished 

water a

126

24

2

7.3

273

__

Sept. 17,

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey, 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO,).

FREEPORT 

(Population, 22,467)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 drilled wells (2 to 4), 303, 446, and 500 ft deep.

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorinafion.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8,450,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na). .............. ...... ......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ...........................v....

Noncarbonate.....................

Well 2

oo

.6

.1

t no

KO

\ i,

)

b400

104

AK

.1

91

ccc

AOQ

161

Well 4

7.6

.6

en

36

6.0

b371

10

1.0

.0

iin

ono

0

Wells a 

(finished water)

8.7

.20

.00

net

46

4.7

2.5

0

QQO

40

7 ft

.1

.2

390

con

58

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey, 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).
ILLINOIS 157

FREEPORT, Analyses Continued

Color ...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 2

0

10

uU. O

No". 14. 1947

onq

1 £

1Q14

Well 4

0

Nov. 13. 1947

A AC

1 C

1 QOQ

Wells a 

[finished water)

0

7.4

GClA

Sept. 18, 1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

GALESBURG 

(Population, 31,- 25)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 drilled wells: Bradley 1 and 2, 1,252 and 2,450 ft deep; Henderson

Street 1 and 2, 2,414 and 2,408 ft deep; Florence Avenue, 2,473 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6,375,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey) <

Silica (SiOa)...... ..........

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ...........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) . ..........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COL) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...:.... .......

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO8 : 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Bradley

Well 1

10 

.6 

.0 

113 53*

I 432

' 0 

263 

930 

184

1.8 

b l,850

501 

285

0 

7.8

63 

Feb. 11, 

1944

We'll 2

12 

2.1 

.0 

72 

33

358

a 293 

560 

195 

2.5 

1.1 

b 1,380

316 

76

0

10 

68 

Jan. 9, 

1946

Henderson St.

Well 1

10 

.3 

0 

56 

22

282

a 280 

333 

185 

2.0 

5.4 

bl,030

229 

0

0

0 

69 

Jan. 9, 

1946

Well 2

13 

.1 

.0 

56 

21

298

a 281 

364 

190 

2.0 

.5 

bl,080

227 

0

0

0 

70 

Jan. 9, 

1946

Florence 

Avenue Well

10 

.5 

.0 

68 

26

382

a 278 

560 

215 

3.0 

1.2 

b 1,400

279 

51

68 

Jan. 9, 

1946 .

Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOS). 

Sum of determined constituents.
158 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

GALESBURG, Analyses Continued

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Bradley

Well 1

1,252 

24 

1917

Well 2

2,450 

12 

1919

Render son St.

Well 1

2,414 

22 

1919

Well 2

2,408 

22 

1928

Florence 

Avenue

Well

2,473 

24 

1944

GRANITE' CITY

(Population, 29,465)

Ownership: East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company.

Source: Mississippi River; from East St. Louis.

Treatment: Coagulation, filtration, chlorination. (See also East St. Louis.)

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal.

HARVEY 

(Population, 20,683)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Treatment: See Chicago. Rechlorination at Harvey. 

Finished-water storage: 3,225,000 gal.

HIGHLAND PARK 

(Population, 16,808)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,750,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (BiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COa) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp (NO \

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

3.0

.1 

28 

12

V 3.0

' 0 

132 

12 

3.0 

.1 

1.0 

132

Finished 

water a

2.0 

.09 

.00 

34 

11 ( 2 :<

0 

124 

24 

8.0 

.0 

1.0 

147

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

VkTJ pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

119 

11

8.0

June, 

1944

Finished 

water a

129 

28

2 

7.2

278

Sept A 5, 

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
ILLINOIS 159

JACKSONVILLE 

(Population, 20,387)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 200 people outside Jacksonville.

Total population supplied, about 21, 600. 

Source: Mauvisterre Creek, impounded in Lake Mauvisterre; Sandy Creek,

impounded in Lake Jacksonville. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 875, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 815,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

38

1 Q

I ."

1 °,Q

4R

O o

10

295

Finished 

water

8

n

.1

.1

16 

1 9

4.0 

a^9

51

6

n

Q

10

164

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color ................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC /-! \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..,

Date of collection...

Ri v 

water

1 CQ

KK

7.4

TW Q TT*h

1 QC1

Finished 

water

on

64

9

C

TW Q IT*}*!

1 Q^l

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

168 

48

Max

206 

90

Min

50 

15

PH

Av

7.8 

9.6

Max

8.0 

10.3

Min

7.4 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

194 

102

Max

240 

160

Min

170 

80

Turbidity

Av

111 

0.5

Max

3000 

2

Min

15 

0

Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

JOLIET 

(Population, 51,601)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 drilled wells (1, Ottawa St., Williamson Ave., Jasper St., and Ruby

St.), 1,677, 1,621, 1,610, 1,565, and 1, 544 ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 200, 000 gal.
160 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JOLIET- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)... ........................

Calcium (Ca) ...... ..............

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 1

19

.0

82

oc 1 SR y DO

0

ooo

\.£t£t

on

1.0

cnc

Ofl7

40

0

7. J

0

61

Of»t 10

1946

1

c r? r?

1QQ7

Well 

Ottawa St.

19

.2

80

25

79

0

ooc

1 OC

40

1.1

.4

R0.4

OAO

97

0

7 9

0

61

rw»t ^n

1946

I

coi

i a

1QO7

Well 

Williamson 

Ave.

12

.1

130

59

29

0

400

£Oi7

3

n

170 C

CCQ

941

0

7.1

0

57

Oct. 30,

1946

1,610

1 a

1Q9A

Well 

Ruby St. ,

12

.5

70

22

bo

0

of 7

01

1.1

47C

263

0

7.1

10

62

Oct. 31,

1946

1 544

19

1 QIC

KANKAKEE 

(Population, 25,856)

Ownership: Kankakee Water Company.

Source: Kankakee River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration,! ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,300,000 gal.
ILLINOIS 161

KANKAKEE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.0

.1

66

94

I ^

. 0 

 234

96

4.0

.3

5.0

338

Finished 

water

9.0

0

17

8 A

26

a 34

01

6.0

.2

5.0

185

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Raw 

water

263

71

7.9

566

 

1944

Finished 

water

75

47

9.4

310

_

June,

1944

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

170 

33

Max

216 

56

Min

84 

25

PH

Av

7.9 

9.4

Max

.8.3 

10.1

Min

7.5 

8.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

276 

89

Max

373 

116

Min

150 

74

Turbidity

Av

90

Max

2,000

Min

5

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

KEWANEE

(Population, 16,821) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 drilled wells (1 to 3), 2,497, 2,438, and 2,484 ft deep. Not all of the 

wells are pumped at the same time. The water from the wells is mixed before 

it is distributed. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 700,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.

. ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 2

14

.0

97

Qfl

\ 474 

b283

978

fi4fl

g

1,700

Wells 

(finished, 

water) a,

9

0

1 ^

.00

88

QC36

I44Q

\ 3.4 

0

989

265

*2« c

1.0

1 2

1,670

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Well 2

OQQ

157

0

0

70

July 28,

1938

Wells 

.finished 

water) a

o 70

136

7.1

2,880

Sept. 16,

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).
162 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KEWANEE--Continued

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches)....

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply....

Well 2

2,438

20

1927

Wells 

(finished 

water ) a

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. .

MATTOON 

(Population, 17,547) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Little Wabash River, impounded (86 percent of supply); 6 drilled wells

and 8 auxiliary wells ranging in depth from 37. 5 to 43 ft (14 percent of supply). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, softening with lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 585,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 585,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na)...........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ, ................

Sulfate (SO4)... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids .........;..........

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

PH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Date of collection ...................

Well 5 a

22 

3.8

94 

37

/ 2.3

0 

414 

58 

4.0 

.2 

1.6 

440

386 

46

0

7.4

40 

56 

June 22, 1948

Little Wabash River

Raw water

3.9 

.14 

.00 

43 

19 

/ 22

X 1.1

0 

176 

32 

42 

.2 

1.2 

284

188 

41

8

7.4

482

80 

Sept. 16, 1952

Finished water

4.0 

.09 

.00 

18 

14 

.22 

.9 

20 

26 

33 

42 

.2 

1.0 

185

104 

48

2 

9.6

339 

Sept. 16,. 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

123

56

Max

160 

80

Min

80 

38

PH

Av

7.6 

9.9

Max

7.6 

9.9

Min

7.6 

9.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

152 

120

Max

272 

125

Min

110 

85

Turbidity

Av

146 

1.4

Max

2,000 '4.7

Min

15 

.6

a Analysis by Illinois State Water Survey.
ILLINOIS 163

MAYWOOD 

(Population, 27,473)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.)

Finished-water storage: 3,925,000 gal.

MOLINE 

(Population, 37,397)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,700,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,,) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Flubride (F) ..........

Nitratp /NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

3.0 

.3 

.00 

30 

11

} ; "o

127 

14 

3.0

164

Finished 

water) a

5.3 

.13 

.00 

22 

1.0 

f 4.0 1 ,.,

30 

29 

8.0 

.2 

.3 

104

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Color .......... .........

PH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc /-> \

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

122 

18

7.7

May, 

1940

Finished 

water a

59 

34

2 

7.2

166

Sept J. 5, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

115 

84

Max

150 

128

Min

66 

25

PH

Av

7.7 

7.6

Max

8.4 

10.9

Min

7.4 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

139

150

Max

176 

198

Min

82 

69

Turbidity

Av

142 

.13

Max

800 

.35

Min

2 

0

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

MOUNT VERNON 

(Population, 15,600)

Ownership: Illinois Cities Water Company.

Source: Casey Fork, impounded.

Treatment: Coagulation, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

zeolite softening, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage-: None. 

Finished-water storage: 225,000 gal.
164 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MOUNT VERNON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)....;

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.5

1 Q

19

I 18

^ 0

CO

fiQ

4

a !55

Finished 

water

8 n

.7

9Q

. «J

57

0

Cfi

 1 an

4

a 302

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

94

38

6.8

_

1946

Finished 

water

103

57

7.2

_

March,

1947

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

4Q

51

Max

fiQ

74

Min

QO

30

PH

Av

7

R

8.7

Max

8.4

9.4

Min

7.1

7.0

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

1 RI

83

Max

OAC

86

Min

114

72

Turbidity

Av

OR

0

Max

on

0

Min

7

0

a Sum of determined constituents.

OAK PARK 

(Population, 63,529)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Treatment: (See Chicago.) Rechlorination at Oak Park. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal.

OTTAWA 

(Population, 16,957)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 drilled wells (7, 8, and 9); depth, not reported for well 7, 1,180, and

315 ft.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1,205,000 gal.
ILLINOIS 165

OTTAWA - -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water. Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ..<...

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^ ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 7

13

.1

73 

28

; \ 4242

a 327

11

76

.7

2.9

429

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Well 7

OQO

Hm

0

0

KQ

July 11,

1QA7

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ).

PARK RIDGE 

(Population, 16,602) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Finished water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

PEKIN 

(Population, 21,858)

Ownership: Pekin Water Works Company. 

Source: Drilled wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,690,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

"D off* An t" f\f dtirm 1 v

Well 4

23

.1

.0

82 

34

i 9.2

J

a 283

99

10

.1

19

425

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ................ .....^....

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Well 4

345

113

0

 

0

Auo* 11

1947

Jl 10

TXJU

1946

|aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).
166 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PEORIA 

(Population, 111,856)

Ownership: American Waterworks Service Co. , Inc.

Source: 11 drilled wells, 89 to 140 ft deep (data reported for 8 wells).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 19,350,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches)....

Date drilled ..........

Percent of supply ....

Well 10

00

.4

91 

40 )".

b 424

K1

16

3

448

Wells a 

1 and 2

07

.7

.1

110 

44

17

b-JKC

144

94.

1Q

583

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color...................

pH... ....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 10

QQ4

46

0

0

54

Jan. 31,

1949

--

Wells a 

1 and 2

4.KK

163

0

10

Nov. 15,

1946

1 1 R-i- 1 1 1 

n i7

i QAA 1QAR

a Dodge St.

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonafte (HCO3).

QUINCY 

(Population, 41,450)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation and softening with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, recarbonation, ammoniation, Chlorination, and rapid sand

filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 20,900,000 gal.
ILLINOIS 167

QUINCY--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiO.j) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

 i

oc

10

1 57

J - 

146

OK

5

r\

o

157

Finished 

water a

6

C

f\Q

.00

Oft

L,^

*> 7

1 O 0

0 

44

OQ

Q n

.1

1.0

126

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . ... ......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Raw 

water

141

01

7.7

1940

Finished 

water a

7K

QQ

7.6

On 7

Sept.- 13,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

120 

38

Max

165 

70

Min

57 

22

pH

Av

7.6 

9.4

Max

8.3 

9.7

Min

6.5 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

152 

106

Max

194 

194

Min

90

77

Turbidity

Av

.95

Max

3,400 

2.S

Min

15 

.18

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

ROCKFORD 

(Population, 92,927)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 17 drilled wells, 200 to 1,631 ft deep. Eleven of the wells are unit 

wells and six are group wells located at the steam plant. The unit wells are 

located throughout the city so that the water supplied to any section of the city 

depends on which wells are being pumped at the time.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 10,885,000 gal.
168 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROCKFORD-- Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, bv Illinois State Water Surve~y]ii

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)..... ........

Sulfate (SOJ ...................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) ...;.................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity ..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Date of collection..........;....

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Group 

Well 6

.6

b366 

84 

17

14 v 

446

389 

89

0

53 

Mar. 5, 

1948

1,608 

16 

1926

Unit Well 7

2.7

b 390 

56 

9.0

12 

402

400 

80

0

20 

53 

June 10, 

1948

1,503 

1913

Unit Well 1

.2

b366 

36 

11

3.3 

364

353 

53

0

55 

Jan. 17, 

'1948

18

Finished 

water a

13 

1.1 

.17 

78 

38 

3.8 

1.2 

0 

376 

40 

7.0 

.0 

3.2 

381

352 

43

2 

7.3

675

Sept. 13, 

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey, 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

ROCK ISLAND 

(Population, 48,710)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,700,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11,200,000 gal.
ILLINOIS 169

ROCK ISLAND--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water -

3

0

.07

.00

58 

17

6

f\

9 4

0

10Q

QQ

1 £

1.7

287

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

91 R

1DQ

4

7.1

437

June 17,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppni)

Av

117 

100

Max

156 

154

Min

66 

46

PH

Av

7.7 

7.2

Max

8.5 

8.1

Min

7.1 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

156 

190

Max

212 

240

Min

88 

120

Turbidity

Av

143 

.43

Max

1,200 

35

Min

2 

.01

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 81,628)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 13,600 people in other places-and outside of the city limits. Total population supplied, about 95, 200.

Source: Sugar Creek, impounded.

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation and softening with alum 

and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca). ........ 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1.0

0

34 

14

\ 2

I > 0

124

39

2.0

.2

2.6

159

Finished 

water

1.0

6

12

9

0

14 

a 37

55

4

.2

2

r»

b l!6

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ....

Noncarbonate......

Color ................ ...

pH.......... .............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

149

40

8.0

1944

Finished 

water

fiQ

39

9.9

1944

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3 ). 

of determined constituents.
170 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPRINGFIELD- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

111 

36

Max

139

74

Min

85 

26

pH

Av

8.4 

10.5

Max

9.0 

10.9

Min

8.0 

9.5

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

170 

94

Max

202 

103

Min

131 

79

Turbidity

Av

40 

.2

Max

152 

12

Min

7 

0

STREATOR 

(Population, 16,469)

Ownership: Northern Illinois Water Corporation.

Source: Vermilion River, impounded.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, prechlorination, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,800,000 gpd. 

Raw water storage: -- 

Finished water storage: 2,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health)

Silica (SiOjj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

C arbonate (C OJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9

0 

54 

30

\ 20

* 0 

261 

74 

6 

.3 

2.6 

b324

Finished 

water a

4.9 

.09 

.00 

43 

27 

f 9.8 

\ 2.0 

0 

179 

75 

15 

.3 

.4 

284

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Trrtal . ....

None arbonate......

Color..................

pH. .................... ..

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date- of collection . . .

Raw 

water

259 

45

7.8 

1944

Finished 

water a

220

72

2 

7.1

489

Sept. 15, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQg 

(ppm)

Av

194 

178

Max

268

Min

80 

30

pH

Av

8.1 

7.4

Max

8.7 

7.9

'Min

7.5 

6.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

26T

Max

380

Min

110

Turbidity

Av

316 

0

Max

1

Min

4 

0

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Sum of determined constituents.

URBANA 

(Population, 22,834)

Ownership: Northern Illinois Water Corporation. 

Source: Supplied by Champaign. (See Champaign.)
ILLINOIS 171

WAUKEGAN 

(Population, 38,946)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

i'luoridation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,766,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2.8

.07

.00

33 

11

Q K

1.4

0

120

25

K n

1.0

9

149

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

126

on

0

7 ?

271

Sept. 17,

1952
172 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WILMETTE 

(Population, 18,162)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,640,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ..... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.6 

.08 

.00 

34 

11 

2.6 

.6 

0 

120 

21 

8.5 

.0 

.6 

148

Hardness as CaCC^: 

Total ...........;...........

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

129 

32

3 

7.5

276

Sept. 16, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water. ........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

115

102

Max

126

109

Min

113

96

PH

Av

8.3

7.6

Max

8.4

7.7

Min

8.1

7.4

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

~

Turbidity

Av

44

.03

Max

360

.9

Min

3

0
INDIANA 173

ANDERSON 

(Population, 46,820)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 10,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 57,000. 

Source: 6 drilled wells (Ranney wells, 85 percent of supply); White River (15

percent of supply). 

Treatment: Well supply: chlorination, filtration; White River supply: prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, sedimentation, and rapid

sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Sicg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO2) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.9 

2.0 

.00 

55 

43 

5.0 

1.2 

0 

259 

94 

8.0 

.0 

8.8 

379

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

316 

102

4 

7.4

578

Jan. 22, 

1952

Regular determinations at treann^nt plant, 1950

7?9U7 watpt*

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOs

(ppm)

 Av

O«1Q

230

Max

97R

275

Min

ips

165

PH

Av

7 *;

7.4

Max

7

Q

7.7

Min

7 9

7.2

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

4

3

Max

30

3

Min

4

3

BEDFORD 

(Population, 12,562)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Oolitic, and about 1,600 people outside the

city limits. Total population supplied, about 15,300. 

Source: East Fork White River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation, copper sulfate, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,150,000 gal.
174 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BEDFORD--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.1

. \jj 

.00

53

1 C

4.7

1 }

0

i 7^

"SO

Q 0

. 1

4.4

245

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

55

£t

1 «7

tld.Il. A3, 

1 QC9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQs 

(ppm)

Av

262 

156

Max

1500 

220

Min

65 

40

PH

Av

7.8

7.2

Max

8.3

7.5

Min

7.4 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

271

Max

1500

Min

30

BLOOMINGTON 

(Population, 28,163)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Griffey Creek, impounded. Auxiliary supply from Bean Blossom Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 750,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,726,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.1 

.07 

.00 

36 

5.3 

2.4 

.2 

0 

102 

27 

4.2 

.1 

2.3 

139

Hardness as CaCOj: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... .................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )........ ..

Finished 

water

111 

28

0 

7.8

229

Jan. 24, 

1952
INDIANA 175

BLOOMINGTON- -Continued 

r determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water,..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

. Av

inn

105

Max

110

120

Min

83

85

PH

Av

7,5

8.0

Max

8 3

8.2

Min

7,3

7.9

. Hardness

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

. .

--

Max

__

..

Min

_ _

Turbidity

Av

10

1

Max

25

2

Min

5

0

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 18,370)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Drilled wells.

Treatment: Aeration and filtration for iron removal, chlorination, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

1

0

.14

17 /;

O£

2

1

K

0

004

Cfl

0 *J

.0

.6

319

Finished 

water

1<J

.46

.11

on

£t I

o 7

1.1

0

KO

4.1

1.4

.0

328

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total . .

Noncarbonate ......

Color .................. .

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).,.. ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

&yy

47

7

7

c

C1Q

Jan. 22,

1QKO

Finished 

water

oil

56

0

7 P.

S4Q

Feb. 6,

1 QKO

CONNERSVILLE 

(Population, 15,550)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,000. 

Source: 14 drilled wells, about 80 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to

be 500 gpm each.

Treatment: Chlorination of part of supply. 

Raw-water storage: 3,500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 
176 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C ONNERSVILUE - -Cpntinued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Date drilled .......:.......... 

Raw 

water

19

1 o

.16

94

01

10

2.3

0

Q74

66

Q n

.0

6.0

423

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

 rr pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Raw 

water

360

56

5

7.5

697

62

Apr. 14,

1952

80

12

1949

CRAWFORDSVILLE 

(Population, 12,851)

Ownership: Indiana Gas and Water Company.

Source: 3 drilled wells: 1 (west); 2 (middle); and 3 (east). The yield of the wells

is reported to be 800-900, 500, and 600 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 600,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .......... 

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 1 

(finished 

water)

15 

3.0 

.18 

123 

35 

10 

1.5 

0 

406 

122 

19 

.0 

.1 

549

Hardness as CaCO2 : 

Total ...... ..... ... ...

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Depth (feet) ..........................................................................

Diameter (inches)..................................................................

Date drilled .........................................................................

Percent of supply..................................................................

Well 1 

(finished 

water)

454 

118

2 

7.5

846

54 

Apr. 9, 

1952

82 

15 

1941
INDIANA 177

EAST CHICAGO 

(Population, 54,263)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Ammoniation, chlorine dioxide at times, prechlorination, coagulation,

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o 1

no

n*>

35 

11

4.4

1 ^

0

-« oc

9f\

8

c

.0

159

Hardness as CaCOgi

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

J.OO

£1*3

1 * «7

070

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

~~

Min

~-

pH

Av

8.1 

7.1

Max

8.3

7.5

Min

8.0 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

-~

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

55 

.35

Max

940

.4

Min

14 

.3

ELKHART 

(Population, 35,646)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also .about 50 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 35,700. 

Source: 9 drilled wells, 44 to 60 ft deep, yield reported to be 800 gpm each; 3

dug wells, interconnected, 35 ft deep, combined yield reported to be 2,400 gpm.

Auxiliary supply, 2 drilled wells, 43 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3,400,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.
178 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

ELKHART Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) '.....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8.2

.20

OU

19

3.8

1.4

0

226

23

7.0

.0

.8

212

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

203

18

10

7.9

386

Jan. 15,

1952

EVANSVILLE 

(Population, 128,636)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 30,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 158,600. ,

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime, 

and postchlorination. Activated carbon and sodium chlorite when needed.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 36,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 24,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ....... ........

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 0

1 9

.00

30 6-1

4

0

1.7

0

55

CO

10

.0

3

C

137

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

^Jnn/* 9 1*1"U"IT1£1 t" P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... .............. .

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

100

KK

8

n

229

Jan. 14,

1Q^9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

62 

64

Max

72

74

Min

51 

55

pH

Av

7.5 

8.1

Max

7.9

8.5

Min

7.3 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

112 

132

Max

132 

152

Min

94 

114

Turbidity

Av

160

Max

283

Min

55
INDIANA 179

FRANKFORT 

(Population, 15,028)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 125 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 15,200. 

Source: 7 drilled wells (6, 8, 10, 11 to 14) 84, 84,- 84, 84, 160, 301, and 300 ft

deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 700, 1,000, 400, 600, 200,

1,000, and 790 gpm. 

Treatment: Supply from 5 wells: aeration over coke, rapid sand filtration, chlorination. Supply from 2 wells: chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 200,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 14 

(raw 

water)

17

C 1

.00

63

1C

00

9 1

10 

o.or\

8

0

6.5

1.4

.1

352

Finished 

water a

10

1.0

.00

70

O £t 

00

9 9

0

385

04

10

1 0

3

C

390

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntnl .. .

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Well 14 

(raw 

water)

OCC

0

4

8

n

CQ'j

Feb. 13,

1QCO

Finished 

water a

OfM

0

7

0

641

Jan. 22,

1QKO

aWell 10 (38 percent), well 11 (62 percent).

FORT WAYNE 

(Population, 133,607)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 135,400. 

Source: St. Joseph River, impounded. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, softening with lime and soda

ash, chlorine dioxide, carbonation, chlorination, sedimentation,- rapid sand

filtration, ammoniation, stabilization with polyphosphates, and fluoridation.

The water is softened to a hardness of about 76 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 210,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 23,500,000 gal.
180 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FORT WAYNE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.0 

.16 

.00 

40 

8.3 

2.5 

1.7 

0 

111 

35 

3.5 

.0 

9.0 

174

Finished 

water

4.3 

.07 

.00 

26 

2.4 

3.2 

1.7 

2 

17 

47 

5.8 

1.0 

6.4 

115

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color"............"...

wtTT pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK /I \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

133 

43

35

7.4

267

Jan. 21, 

1952

Finished 

water

76 

58

0 

8.6

180

Jan. 21, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(Ppm)

Av

180 

30

Max

292 

51

Min

69 

19

PH

Av

8.1 

9.8

Max

8.4 

10.4

Min

7.6 

9.2

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

234 

76

Max

348 

91

Min

98 

69

Turbidity

Av

113

Max

975

Min

10

GARY 

(Population, 133,911)

Ownership: Gary-Hobart Water Company. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Chlorination, chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,750,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

0 0 .

.01

 (\9

35 

19

1 7

.6

0

137

94

Q 0

.1

.8

159

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.).......... ............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

1 OC

94

1 R

7.7

Jan. 15,

1QCO
INDIANA 181

GOSHEN 

(Population, 13,003)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 wells. Main Plant: 6 wells (1 to 6) 170, 170, 171, 171, 166, and 154 

ft deep, 500 gpm each; South Side: 1 well, 177 ft-deep, yield reported to be 500 

gpm; West Side: 1 well, 135 ft deep, yield reported to be 600 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 765,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...........:...

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

t ft 10

X. O

.00

73

AO 

60

.7

0 

one

O 3 

6n

.0

304

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

£t I

to

7

0

KflQ

Jan. 22,

1QCO

a Wells 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Tap at the main pumping plant.

HAMMOND 

(Population, 87,594)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Highland, Munster, about 500 people outside 

the city limits, and Lansing (HI.). Total population supplied, about 104,100.

Soifrce: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, carbon, coagulation with alum, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 6, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2.1

.05

.00

35 

to

4

0

1.0

0

 fOC

oq

7.0

.1.-7

160

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

tOC

26

7 Q

oon

Jan. 15,

1QCO
182 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HUNTINGTON 

(Population, 15,079)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 12 drilled wells. Minton Field: 5 wells (1 to 5) 75 to 180 ft deep (60 percent of supply); Plant Field: 5 wells, 100 to 180 ft deep (10 percent of supply); 

College Street: 2 wells, 130 ft deep (30 percent of supply).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,400,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

C ar bonate (C Oa) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells, 

Plant 

Field a

14

2

0

.26

93

o a

16

o 4.

0 

4.90

4Q

11

C

2

428

Well 1, 

Minton 

Field a

11

1.5

.09

81

tta

8

r

1 0

0

QOC

00

7.0

K

2

360

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntnl .... ....

Noncar bonate......

Color"......-.........

i-»U

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Wells, 

Plant 

Field a

QDn

34

7

7 ^

709

Jan. 17,

1 QP19

Well I, 

Minton 

Field a

000

5

7.6

623

Jan. 17,

1 QP;O

a Raw water.

INDIANAPOLIS 

(Population, 427,173)

Ownership: Indianapolis Water Company; supplies also Beech Grove, Ben Davis,

Mars Hill, Meridian Hills, Southport, and Woodruff Place. Total population

supplied, about 439,800. 

Source: West Fork White River (66 percent of supply); Fall Creek (34 percent of

supply). Emergency supply from 60 tubular wells. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and.lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, auxiliary slow sand filtration at times,

ammoniation, fluoridation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: White River Plant: 48,000,000 gpd (normal

operation), 60,000,000 gpd (with 3 slow sand filters in operation). Fall Creek

Plant: 32,000,000. gpd.

Raw-water storage: 7,000,000,000 gal (Geist Reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir, 23, 500,000 gal; elevated storage,

3,000,000 gal.
INDIANA 183

INDIANAPOLIS--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).............

Sulfate (SO4) ................ ......

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NCg .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ..............

White River 

(finished 

water)

7.0 

.11 

.00 

67 

20 

6.2 

1.6 

0 

206 

67 

10 

1.0 

12 

295

251

81

6

7.4

486

Mar. 28, 

1952

Fall Creek 

(finished 

water)

4.7 

.12 

.00 

50 

23 

10 

1.7 

0 

201 

56 

8.0 

1.0 

11 

266

222

55

3 

7.6

442

Mar. 28, 

1952

White River 

(finished 

water) a

.05

76 

26

22

b 277 

71 

21 

.8

294

7.6 

1951

Fall Creek 

(finished 

water) a

.03

58 

22

13

b !89 

51 

11 

.8

236

7.4 

1951

Averages obtained from analyses made during 1951 by Indianapolis Water Co. 

Results for alkalinity, fluoride, total hardness, and pH are from one or more 

daily determinations. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

JEFFERSONVTLLE 

(Population, 14,685)

Ownership: Indiana Gas & Water Company, Inc.; also supplies Clarksville.

Total population supplied, about 20/600. 

Source: 39 drilled wells: 1 Oth St. Station, 3 deep wells; Hertzsch Station, 2

wells each 70 ft deep; and 34 shallow wells each 35 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 500,000 gal; standpipe, 10, 000 gal.
184 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JEFFERSONVILLE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ...............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14

on

.-14

60

oc

1 5

1

C

0

OQQ

7Q

1 Q

.0

3

0

393

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ). .........

Finished 

, water t (city tap)

A0O

U 1

7

1 3

COO

Jan. 30,

in co

KOKOMO

(Population, 38,672)

Ownership: Kokomo Water Works Company; supplies about 1, 500 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 40,200. 

Source: 12 drilled wells, 287 to 500 ft deep. Auxiliary supply, Wild Cat Creek.

During 1950 97.9 percent of the supply was taken from the wells. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

1 C

1 fi

.07

112

on

oc

1

0

0

OKI

1 cr?

00,

.4

1.0

568

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

4f|O

11C

7

0

QAQ

April

1QCO
INDIANA 185

LAFAYETTE 

(Population, 35,568)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 drilled wells, 105 to 114 ft deep, in Wabash River flood plain.

Emergency supply, 2 drilled wells. 

Treatment: Ammoniation and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 150,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

 water

19

OR

1 ft

102

n /j

19

3 a

0

376

Qfi

on

11

496

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

^tU £t

«/rt

0

7.1

77ft

CO

Mar ^1

1 QCO

LA PORTE 

(Population, 17,882)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 150 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,000. 

Source: 3 wells (Wernecke, Lake St., Brighton St.) 128, 134, and 135 ft deep.

The yield of the wells is reported to be 700, 1,400, and 2,100 gpm. Auxiliary

supply, 3 dug wells, 28 ft deep, reported to yield 550, 1,100, and 1,400 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.
186 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LA PORTE--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

15

.14

.14

Q1

26

15

1.4

0

324

60

23

.1

.3

388

Total

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Finished 

water

308

44

2

7.9

615

Jan. 15,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 -5i

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

330 

310

Max

360 

350

Min

260 

260

PH

Av

7.0 

7.1

Max

7.4 

7.4

Min

6.8 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm) a

Av

310 

316

Max

369

Min

274

Turbidity 9

Av

25

Max

50

Min

5

From analyses by Indiana State Board of Health.

LOGANSPORT 

(Population, 21,031)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,100. 

Source: Eel River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, ammoniation, sedimentation,

chlorination, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 260,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.5

.17

.00

71

17

s 1

1.1

0

148

118

1 9

.2

8., 5

320

Hardness as CaGO^

Total ... .... .........

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

946

126

6.8

4Q4

Mar. 26,

1952
INDIANA 187

LOG ANSPORT Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished wateiu..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

175 

160

Max

292 

266

Min

86 

60

PH

Av

8.2 

7.1

Max

8.6 

7.3

Min

7.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

MARION 

(Population, 30,081)

Ownerships Municipal; supplies also about 320 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 30,400. 

Source:. 6 drilled wells: West 8th St. Field, ,4 wells (5, 8, 7, 8) 135, 138, 138,

and 136 ft deep, yield reported to be 1, 500, 1, 500, 1, 500, and 1; 800 gpm;

Shunk St. Field, 2 wells (9, 10) 147 and 150 ft deep, yield reported to be

1,500 and 1,400 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum and lime,

sedimentation, .recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 1,750,000 and 650,000 gal; 2 elevated

tanks, each 50,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 5 

(raw water)

i<»

O 7

.00

148

41

20

2.1

0

4.4.0

188

29

.4

.4

683

538

176

5

7.0

990

51

Apr. 17, 1952

1QK

26

1946

30.6

Well 10 

(raw water)

20

2.7

.01

1 19

53

22

1.8

0

437

158

19

.7

.3

618

500

139

3

7.3

922

Jan. 4, 1952

150

26

1948

19. R

Finished 

water

15

.06

.00

17

23

48

3.9

9

67

141

19

.3

.0

314

138

67

3

8.9

496

51

Apr. 17, 1952
188 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MICHIGAN CITY 

(Population, 28,395)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Long Beach, Indiana State Prison, and about 

400 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 33,400.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (8103) ........,.:....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3 1

.07

.00

35 

11

4.1

1.4

0

129

27

8.0

.1

.6

158

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

1QO

97

8.1

273

Jan. 11,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

114 '108

Max

117 

111

Min

112 

105

PH

Av

8.0 

7.2

Max

8.1 

7.3

Min

7.9 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av

138

Max

143

Min

135

Turbidity

Av

13 

0

Max

450 

0

Min

5 

0

MISHAWAKA 

(Population, 32,913)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 33,000.

Source: 8 drilled wells (1 to 8) 106, 97, 98, 92, 120, 112, 92, and 330 ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 400 to 1, 500 gpm (yield not reported for well 8).

Treatment: Aeration of part, and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.
INDIANA 189

MBHAWAKA Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

19

.65

1 9

78 

oc

7 ^

1.4

0

97R

oc

8

n

.1

2.3

369

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

one

79

7.7

Rfi4

KO

Jan. 15,

1QKO

MUNCIE

(Population, 58,479) 

Ownership: Muncie Water Works Corp. 

Source: White River. Auxiliary supply, 18 tubular wells and Buck Creek. During

1950, 99.4 percent of the supply was taken from surface source. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.0

.11

.00

( O

25

4.2

1.8

0

272

58

9.5

.2

9.9

331

'

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

286

62

7.5

546

Mar. 29,

1952

NEW ALBANY 

(Population, 29,346) 

Ownership: Indiana Gas and Water'Company, Inc.; supplies also about 1,275

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 30,600. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, coagulation with alum,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment

of pH by addition of soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 16, 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.
190 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLBES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW ALBANY Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.5

.12

.00

28 

6.6

19

1.8

0

67

64

13

.1

3.0

176

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

rtC ( > \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (P.). .........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

96

42

3

7.3

296

__

Jan. 30,

1952

.

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

70 

80

Max

300 

164

Min

30 

52

PH

Av

7.2

7.3

Max

8.0 

7.8

Min

6,1 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

~~

Min

Turbidity

Av

318 

.06

Max

2000 

.06

Min

35 

.05

NEW CASTLE 

(Population, 18,271)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 tubular wells: 7 wells at pumping station (90 percent of supply); Baker

Park well (10 percent of supply). The wells are 111 to 291 ft deep, and the

yield is reported to be from. 135 to 500 gpm each. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir, 1,100,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. J5. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 u 

.00

94

O&

AO

1. A

0

A * C

O 1

O 1

.4

1 C

4Rfi

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

QCQ

OK

D

. D

nan

Mar. 31,

J.t7U£l
INDIANA 191

PERU 

(Population, 13,308)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 13, 800.

Source: 5 drilled wells (1 to 5) 120, 76, 452, 454, and 74 ft deep, in the northeast 

part of the city, 0. 6 mile from the treatment plant. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1,000 gpm each (yield not reported for well 4). Auxiliary supply, Wabash River, intake located at the treatment plant.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

1 9

.07

.00

184 

44 54.

1 ^

0

490

91 R

109

o

.1

816

Hardness as CaCCv,:

Total .......................

Color .......................... 

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

C A A

6v7O

' 5

1. O

1 9^0

c c

Feb. 26,

lt7UA

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

332 

340

Max

340 

346

Min

324 

330

PH

Av

7.1 

7.8

Max

7.1 

7.9

Min

7.1

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

RICHMOND 

(Population, 39,539)

Ownership: Richmond Water Works Corp; supplies also Spring Grove, and about 

1,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 40,900.

Source: 4 wells (Foster 1 to 4) each 28 ft deep, 7 percent of supply; 3 dug wells 

(Cooper 1 to 3) 30, 30, and 18 ft deep, 4 infiltration galleries, and 1 spring, 

58. 5 percent of supply; 2 wells (N. W." 7 and 8) 91 and 152 ft deep, 22 percent 

of supply; East Fork White water River, 12. 5 percent of supply.

Treatment: East Plant: (Surface water and part of ground water) coagulation with 

alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Part 

of ground water , chlorination. West Plant: (Wells N. W. 7 and 8) iron removal, pressure filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: Hill reservoir, 10,500,000 gal; clear well, 300,000 gal.
192 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RICHMOND- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO<) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 

N.W.7 a

10

IP

.23

114

41

9

0

1 p

0

A9A

inQ

1 9

.4

1.0

522

Finished 

water b

6

0

00

.00

62

fto

18

1.6

0 010

K(\

7.0

7.4

338

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..

Date of collection...

Well 

N. W. 7 a

A CO

106

0 

7.4

010

Apr. A M-M O3, 

1952

Finished 

water ^

974

17

0 

7 5

COQ

Mar. 31,

1 t7U<£

j*Raw water.

" Ground water 88 percent, surface water 12 percent.

SOUTH' BEND 

(Population, 115,911)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 116,100.

Source: 41 wells: North Station: 6 wells, 102 to 110£ ft deep, yield reported to 

be 1, 500 to 2,220 gpm (29 percent of supply); Oliver Station! 26 wells, 121 to 

170 ft deep, yield reported to be 328 to 2,300 gpm (31 percent of supply); 

South Station: 5 wells, 81 to 108i ft deep, yield reported to be 425 to 1,400 gpm 

(12 percent of supply); Coquillard Station: 2 wells, 200 and 206 ft deep, yield 

reported to be 1,500 and 2,200 gpm (16 percent of supply); Central Station: 

1 well, 105 ft deep, yield reported to be 2,100 gpm (11 percent of supply); 

Airport Station: 1 well, 102^ ft deep, yield reported to be 1,750 gpm (1 percent 

of supply).

Treatment: Chlorination. Raw water stored at North Station prechlorinated and 

rechlorinated when pumped to mains.

Raw-water storage: 6,000,000 gal (at North Station).

Finished-water storage: 7,250,000 gal.
INDIANA 193

SOUTH BEND Continued 

ANALYSES

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). .......... ..........

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (804).... ........ ........ .......

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOJ .........................

Dissolved solids ...... ........ ......

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH............ ...........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C*). ..........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Doi*f*orif" nf Qimnl v

Well 1 

South Station a

i R

.15

.00

to 

op

4.4

1.5

0

0,04

no 

4

C

.0

9n

010

OQQ

32

7

c

COQ

Jan. 17, 1952

92i

1 Q

1Q97

Well 2 

North Station 3

19

on

1Q

f £t

op

5

C

1.0

0

9Q4

G C

8

n

.1

.7

9A(\

9QR

54

7

c

ccc

52

Jan. 17, 1952

108

50 by 38

1940

Wells, 

Oliver Station b

15

.11

no,

141 

46

7.1

1 9

.0

QC7

949

7 Q

.0

91

CO1

R44

248

7.4

QQC

Jan. 17, 1952

1

31

Raw water, 

b Finished water.

TERRE HAUTE 

(Population, 64,214)

Ownership: Terre Haute Water Company; supplies also Allendale, Seelyville, 

Youngstown, and about 4,650 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 70, 500.

Source: Wabash River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant; 10,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 843,000 gal.
194 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TERRE HAUTE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO3 ) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ...;......

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ................

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ;..............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 } K

nQ

.00

ob 

17

3.6

.7

0

136

89

6.1

.1

10

257

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ........;.................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

one

no

c

7.4

491

44

Feb. 5,

1 Q^9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

174 

154

Max

272 

250

Min

60 

48

PH

Av

7.8 

7.1

Max

8.3 

7.7

Min

7.5 

6.7

Hardness a 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

278

Max

313

Min

243

Turbidity

Av

282 

0

Max

1500 

3

Min

30 

0

L From analyses made by Indiana State Board of Health.

VALPARAISO 

(Population, 12,028)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Flint Lake Water Company and about 300 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 13,800.

Source: flint Lake (96 percent of supply); 2 wells ( 4 and 5), 122 and 128f ft deep, 

yield reported to be 600 gpm each (4 percent of supply). Water from the wells 

is pumped at times to Flint Lake to maintain lake level. Auxiliary supply, 2 

gravel packed wells.

Treatment: Breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 212,000 gal.
INDIANA 195

VALPARAISO- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, iff parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

19

4 Q

91

71

oc

2

c

1.1

0

OQQ

CO

2

C

.0

308

Finished 

water

2 A

.11

.00

OK

8

c

1 Q

2

c

0

74

re

10

1 °.

161

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tr»tal

Color ................ ...

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 5 

(raw 

water)

9R4

CO

4

7.4

501

1QCO

Finished 

water

CO

7

7.7

ocn

1 qco

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

67 

62

Max

110 

248

Min

50 

38

PH

Av

7.5 

7.4

Max

7.9 

7.8

Min

7.1 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av

130 

140

Max

160 

168

Min

104 

86

Turbidity

Av

9.0 

.2

Max

310 

10

Min

5.0 

0

VINCENNES 

(Population, 18,831)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 20,600. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 90 to 91. 5 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to

be 800, 1,400,'1,050, 1,400, and 1,050 gpm, respectively. Auxiliary or

emergency supply, Wabash River. 

Treatment: Well supply: chlorination. Surface supply: aeration, breakpoint

chlorination, copper sulfate, coagulation with alum, lime for pH control,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 480,000 gal; standpipe, 580,000 gal;

elevated storage, 1,000,000 gal.
196 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VINCENNES Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per, million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

A/TQ onficiinin (M[(f\

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) .............. 

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

10

co

r>Q

86

99

6.4

1 9

0

974

fiQ

7 9

10

351

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

Of|R

Of)

7 K

 563

C7

Mar 1*7

1952

WEST LAFAYETTE 

(Population, 11,873)

Ownership: West Lafayette Water Company, Inc.; supplies also about 1,250 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 13,100.

Source: 5 drilled wells (1 to 5) 109, 112, 103, 115, and 115 ft deep. The yield of 

the wells is reported to be 500, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,200 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 330,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

1 £

97

.00

83

OK

3

'Q

2.4

0

O>|O

70

6

rt

.0

3 A

336

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

rP<*irnn<it*!iiTit*ft /¥T \

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

OKO

70

7

K

coo

54

Apr. 18,

1QCO

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply........

112

12

1939
KENTUCKY 197

ASHLAND 

(Population, 31,131)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Russell (which supplies Worthington,

Flatwoods, Bellefonte, Westwood, and Raceland) and about 600 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 39,800. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 700,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 25,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6,500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) .

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.4

.21

.00

flO

6-6

10

1.5

0

44

60

11

.1

1.5

145

Hardness as CaCO^

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

25 C. ).......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

93

56

0

7.2

245

May8,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

32 

41

Max

52 

59

Min

17 

24

PH

Av

7.0 

8.3

Max

7.7 

8.7

Min

6.2 

7.2

.Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

90 

107

Max

156 

170

Min

43 

72

Turbidity

Av

176

Max

2000

Min

25

BELLEVUE 

(Population, 9,040)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Newport, (See Newport.)

BOWLING GREEN 

(Population, 18,347)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about-1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 19,800. 

"Source: Barren River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, adjustment of pH by addition of lime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 5QQ, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,150,000 gal.
198 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BOWLING GREEN--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.3

.20

.00

O £t

5.3

2.2

.7

0

104

13

5.0

.0

3.4

114 .

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

"Wnn/*Ji T*VviriJi1'A

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

102

16

0

7.8

202

Apr. 17,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

104 

103

Max

134 

142

Min

58 

58

PH

Av

7.8 

7.9

Max

8.2 

8.2

Min

7.3 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

102 

112

Max

140 

142

Min

' 54 

72

Turbidity

Av

139

Max

2100

Min

5

COVINGTON 

(Population, 64,452)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Edgewood, Elsmere, Erlanger, Florence, 

Fort Thomas, Highland Heights, Ludlow, Park Hills, South Fort Mitchell, 

and a number of smaller communities. Total population supplied, about 

105, 000.

Source: Ohio River. The intake and pumping station is about 7 miles upstream 

from Covington. The treatment plant is on Alexandria Pike, 3 miles southeast of Covington.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation with addition of copper sulfate for algae control, 

prechlorination, coagulation with alum or ferric sulfate and lime, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 36, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 72, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal.
KENTUCKY 199

COVINGTON- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4 5

.21

.00

33 

7.3

9.5

1.7

0

54

77

10

.1

1.8

173

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )...... ....

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

68

7.1

280

May 16,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

29 

39

Max

39 

49

Min

14 

27

pH

Av

7.4 

8.1

Max

8.1 

9.0

Min

7.0 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

129 

136

Max

196 

198

Min

90 

110

Turbidity

Av

241 

0

Max

1200 

0

Min

5 

0

DANVILLE 

(Population, 8,686)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Hustonville, Junction City, Moreland, and 

about 1,200 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

11,800.

Source: Dix River impounded in Herrington Lake.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 200, 000 and 150,000 gal.

The treatment plant is half a mile north-northeast of the city. The pumping station at Herrington Lake is 3 miles northeast of the treatment plant!
200 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DANVILLE--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (8102) ........;......

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5.3

00

.00

oo 

6.8

4 *>

1 ^

0

124

21

4.0

.0

5.0

153

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

124

91

4

7 Q

258

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

96 

100

Max

130 

130

Min

80 

80

PH

Av

7.3 

7.8

Max

7.5 

8

Min

7.0 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

112

Max

140

Min

100

 Turbidity

Av

25

Max

3500

Min

20

DAYTON 

(Population, 8,977)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Newport. (See Newport.)

FORT THOMAS 

(Population, 10,870)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Covington. (See Covington.)

FRANKFORT 

(Population, 11,916)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 15,400. 

Source: Kentucky River. The pumping station and treatment plant are one mile

upstream from the center of Frankfort. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation.with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, lime, and postchlorination. Finished water from reservoirs is

rechlorinated during summer months. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 900,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6,800,000 gal.
KENTUCKY 201

FRANKFORT Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.3

.29

.00

23 

4.1

4.9

1.7

0

52

30

7.5

.1

1.4

114

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

74

32

5

7.7

181

May 14,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1947

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

56 

62

Max

77 

83

Min

30 

26

PH

Av

7.3 

7.5

Max

7.4 

7.7

Min

6.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

130

Max

142 

155

Min

89 

95

Turbidity

Av

25

Max

3000

Min

20

HENDERSON 

(Population, 16,837)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,300. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant:. 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5. 1

1C

.00

35 

50

6

/\

1 ">

0

77

CO

7 5

.1

3 9

1fi2

Total ..... .................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Qr\ a p i f i p p t\n Hi i p tit n p o

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

AQ

0

7 q

OCQ

Apr, 19,

1951
202 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HENDERSON- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, i9W

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQj 

(ppm)

Av

63

Max

80

Min

58

PH

Av

7 1

7.2

Max

7

£

7.4

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

121

Max

127

Min

117

Turbidity

Av

150 

5

Max

800

7

Min

100 

2

HOPKINSVILLE 

(Population, 12,526)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16, 500. 

Source: Little River. Auxiliary supply is from two artificial lakes on tributaries

of Little River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, lime,

ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 450,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 800, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.2 

.15 

.00 

42 

4.4 

4.1 

.3 

0 

104 

40 

4.5 

.1 

1.5 

155

Hardness as CaCQ,: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..-....................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

124 

38

0 

7.8

257

67 

Apr. 30, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

76 

88

Max

120 

124

Min

56 

60

PH

Av

7.1 

7.7

Max

7.8 

8.7

Min

6.0 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

77 

122

Max

116 

144

Min

48 

76

Turbidity

Av

177

Max

1500

Min

10
KENTUCKY 203

LEXINGTON 

(Population, 55,534)

Ownership: Lexington Water Co.; supplies also about 25, 600 people outside the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 81,100.

Source: East Hickman Creek and West Hickman Creek, impounded in 4 reservoirs. The impounding reservoirs and treatment plant are 1 mile southeast of Lexington on U. S. Highway 25.

Treatment: Copper sulfate for algae control in impounding reservoirs, aeration, 

coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 750,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

0.8

.26

.00

ob 

4.6

1.4

1.1

0

104

21

3.2

.0

4.1

128

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Finished 

water

110

24

4

7 ^

224

May 1,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity ' 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

84 

76

Max

114 

110

Min

52 

42

PH

Av

7.5 

7.4

Max

8.4 

8.0

Min

7.2 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

80 

84.

Max

101 

108

Min

64 

63

. Turbidity

Av

49 

.24

Max

240 

2.4

Min

10 

1

LOUISVILLE 

(Population, 369,129)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also St. Matthews, Shively, Middletown, 

Jeffersontown, Anchorage, and Jefferson County (which supplies other 

places). Total population supplied, about 450,000.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum (sometimes with sodium aluminate, activated carbon) softening with lime and soda 

ash, clarification, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, 

ammoniation, and adjustment of pH (when not softening) with lime. When 

it is necessary, for taste and odor control, activated carbon and chlorine 

dioxide are used. Fluoridation (with sodium silicofluoride) is planned in the 

near future.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 80, 000, 000 gpd capacity of softening plant; 

120, 000, 000 gpd, capacity of filters .

Raw-water storage: 131, 000,000 gal (only in connection with treatment 

processes).

Finished-water storage: 57, 750,000 gal.
204 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LOUIS VILLE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.4

nc

.00

26

8

c

8.0

1.6

0 

60

48

9.0

.1

o n

142

Finished 

water

6.4

04

.00

21

9

0

15

1.7

0 

44

60

10

.1

0 1

146

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total *.'..............

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

101

51

0 

7 9

O4.fi

Mav Q

1951

Finished 

water

on

KA

7.7

OKI

May 10,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

57 

40

Max

99 

88

Min

27 

26

PH

Av

7.4 

9.0

Max

8.2' 

10.0

Min

6.7 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115 

97

Max

165 

140

Min

62 

70

Turbidity

Av

155 

0

Max

875 

3

Min

5 

0

LYNCH-BfiNHAM

(Population, 7,952)

LYNCH

Ownership: United States Steel Company. Total population supplied, 5,800. 

Source: Watershed of Big Looney Creek, southeast of Lynch. 

Treatment: Coagulation with iron salts and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000., 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 150,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 50,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

d. O

. art

.00

14

o . *±

A*Z

0 

100

bX

 £t

.1 

.1.5

im

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

48

0

 >

7.6

200

May 10,

1QC1
KENTUCKY 205

LYNCH-BENH AM Continued 

BENHAM

Ownership: International Harvester Company. Total population supplied, 2, 200. 

Source: Maggard's Branch, impounded near No. 1 mine at Benham. Auxiliary

supply, No. 1 coal mine in Machine Shop Hollow, and Scott's Branch impounded. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime,- chlorination, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2,400,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal.

Maggard's Branch is used about 9 months during the year. No. 1 coal mine is 

used during the other 3 months, usually September, October, and November, 

or in times of drought. Scott's Branch is used only, and rarely, when the 

other supplies fail.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

5

n

OC

.00

40

£t£t 

Rf\

0 Q

0 

904

fifi

2 0

.1

2 A

356

Finished 

water b

4.1

.17

.00

15

. 3

1Q

1

C

0

no

O JL

5 n

.1

113

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

PH. ......................

.(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

1QQ

0

v

6

Q

605

May 9,

1QC1

Finished 

water b

an

0

4

7

0

9nR

Mav Q

IQCI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

92 

95

Max

270 

244

Min

32

40

PH

Av

7.5 

7.6

Max

7.7 

7.8

Min

7.1 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

29 

0

Max

800 

0

Min

20 

0

a No. 1 mine. b Maggard's Branch.
206 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MADISONVILLE 

(Population, 11,132)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14,000. 

Source: 2 lakes (impounded streams). Auxiliary supply from lakes (impounded

streams) near Earlington. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of polyphosphate (Calgon). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 550,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 7

.17

.00

15

4.4

5. 1

1.0

0

99

41

4.0

.1

.0

87

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

nTI

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

56

38

4

6.9

147

55

Apr. 18,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

16 

20

Max

20 

25

Min

8 

12

PH

Av

7.1 

8.0

Max

7.3 

8.1

Min

6.8 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

--

Min

Temperature

Av Max

91

Min

34

MAYFIELD 

(Population, 8,990)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9, 500. 

Source: 3 wells (8835-3640-1, 8835-3640-2, 8835-3640-3) 254, 258, and 246 ft

deep; yield reported to be 1,400, 1,300, and 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, and addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 180,000 gal.
KENTUCKY 207

MA.YFIELD- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per .million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ...........

Finished 

water a

 f C

on

.00

14

8 n

oo

1 3

0

0>f

o-i

oo

.1

94

155

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(mlcromhos at

25 C. )............... .......

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

RQ

40

6.8

254

Mav 14

1951

246

18

1945

a Well 8835-3640-3

MAYSVILLE 

(Population, 8,632)

Ownership: Maysville Water Company; supplies also about 5,900 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14, 500. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, lime, fluoridation, and postchlorination during summer

months.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.

The pumping station and the treatment plant are about 1 mile upstream from the 

center of Maysville. The finished-water storage basin is on a bluff above the 

city and the water is delivered by gravity at a pressure of 145 pounds throughout the distribution system.
208 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MAYSVILLE - -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) t

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

n

 )A

.00

34

9

0

6

/\

1 ft

0

44

"7Q

14

a n

1

0

181

.

Hardness as GaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )...... ....

Finished 

water

R7

4

7.7

OQC

May 15,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

47 

54

Max

61 

69

Min

31 

40

PH

Av

7.4 

8.3

Max

8.1 

9.1

Min

6.3 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

107 

99

Max

140 

120

Min

80 

80

Turbidity

Av

173

Max

850

Min

20

a The supply was not being fluoridated at the time of the collection of sample 

for analysis.

MIDDLESBORO 

(Population, 14,482)

Ownership: Kentucky Water Service Co., Inc.; supplies also about 100 people

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14,600. 

Source: Little Yellow Creek impounded in Fern Lake, 1 mile south of

Middlesboro. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: (Impounding reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5

0

70

.17

1.6 

1.0

1.0

0

4.0

.0

.1

19

Hardness as CaCO^

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

12

7.2

20.5

May 11,

1951
KENTUCKY 209

NEWPORT 

(Population, 31,044)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bellevue and Dayton. Total population

supplied, about 49,100. 

Source: Ohio River. The pumping station is about 5 miles upstream from

Newport. The treatment plant is half a mile west of the pumping station. 

Treatment:, Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 40,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SKXj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.7 

.42 

.00 

33 

6.8 

10 

1.4 

0 

52 

69 

13 

.1 

2.5 

172

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

110 

68

5 

7.0

281

May 16, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

39 

38

Max

44 

40

Min

36 

36

PH

Av

7.8 

7.7

Max

8.0 

8.0

Min

7.5 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

132

Min

126

Turbidity

Av

286

Max

600

Min

120

OWENSBORO 

(Population, 33,651)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36, 700.

Source: 18 wells (1 and 5 to 21), 110 to 132 ft deep; yield reported to be 100 to 

500 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is being enlarged (1951) to a capacity of 10,000, 000 gpd.
210 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OWENSBORO- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet)

Diameter (inches)

Date drilled ........

Percent of supply

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

A 0

CA

.00

41

5

0

8

i\

1 t

0 

104

AQ

Q n

.1

. 1

174

All wells 

composite a

19

. J.O

.00

1 Q

1O

8

Q

Q

6

44

CQ

1Q

0

o 4

169

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color .................. .

pH......... ..............

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Temperature (F. )...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

1 *)£

41

0

7.7

98Q

72

Apr. 18,

1951

124

8

1931

All wells

composite a

1 no

61

0

8 1

ICO

C1

Apr. 18,

IQ^I

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7.4 

8.8

Max

7.5 

9.2

Min

7.2 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

350 

116

Max

385 

122

Min

166 

108

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

__

Min

--,

a Finished water.

PADUCAH 

(Population, 32,828)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 520 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 37, 300. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and

final adjustment of pH to about 8. 3. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 800, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 740, 000 gal.
KENTUCKY 211

PADUC AH- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3

0

.26

.00

34 

4.4

4.4

1.4

0

68

41

6.5

.0

1.6

134

Hardness as CaCCyTotal .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

109

47

7 t\

OOfi

May 14,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

.(ppm)

Av

65 

68

Max

88 

90

Min

50 

58

PH

Av

7.4 

8.3

Max

7.8 

8.6

Min

6.8

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

66 

72

Max

90 

101

Min

54 

62

Turbidity

HAV

150 

5

Max

 700 

8

Min

30 

0

RICHMOND

(Population, 10,268) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,800. 

Source: Otter Creek, impounded. Emergency supply from Blue Grass Ordnance

Depot, 4 miles southwest of Richmond. The treatment plant and impounding

reservoirs are 2 miles east of Richmond on State Highway 52. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate for algae control in reservoirs, coagulation with alum

and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 325, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,300, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.4

40

.00

34 

11

1

0

0

1 1 A

oo

5

0

.1

.5

154

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

132

35

4

7.3

269

_

May 1,

1951
212 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RICHMOND Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 7950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

119 

108

Max

157 

138

Min

70 

60

PH

Av

8.1 

7.6

Max

8.4 

8.1

Min

7.5 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

77 

80

Max

92 

94

Min

62

68

Turbidity

Av

21 

0

Max

165 

0

Min

10 

0

WINCHESTER 

(Population, 9,226)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11, 200. 

Source: Lower Howards Creek, impounded in two reservoirs. The impounding

reservoirs and treatment plant are 4. 5 miles southwest of Winchester on

U. S. Highway 227. Emergency supply from Kentucky River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,250,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 150,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 775,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjs) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) .....'..........

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1 1

C7

.00

45 

8.7

4.7

.8

0

126

38

7.0

.1

1.0

166

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

148

AC

7.1

287

May 1,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1947

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

192 

185

Max Min

__

PH

Av

8.2

7.4

Max

8.4 

8.0

Min

7.6 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

_ _

Min

Turbidity

Av

25 

2

Max

__

Min

__
MAINE 213

AUBURN 

(Population, 23,134)

Ownership: Auburn Water District (Municipal).

Source: Lake Auburn.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 7,363,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir and standpipe, 8,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1.5 

.12 

.00 

4.8 

.6 

1.5 

.7 

0 

12 

4.0 

3.2 

.1 

.3 

28

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total ........:..............

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14 

5

2 

6.6

42.9 

1.2 

44 

Apr. 17, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av Max

~

Min

"" ""

pH

Av

7.0 

7.0

Max

7.1 

7.1

Min

6.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

18

Max

24 

24

Min

12 

12

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

AUGUSTA 

(Population, 20,913)

Ownership: Augusta Water District (quasi-municipal); supplies also Manchester, 

Winthrop, and Veterans Administration Hospital. Total population supplied, 

about 23,000.

Source: Lake, Carleton Pond, in Readfield, Maine 77 percent of supply; Lake 

Cobbosseeconttee (Manchester and Winthrop) 23 percent of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination and adjustment of pH with lime to 7. 6 to 7.8.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 700,000,000 .gal.

Finished-water storage: 16,600,000 gal.
214 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AUGUSTA- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ....................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F).. ..............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o 7

ntt

.00

4.-8 

1 Q

1

C

0

11

9 9

3 A

.0

.4

34

Hardness as CaCOj*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

on

11

99

6

K

46.6

0.6

44

Apr. 18,

 1QR1

BANGOR 

(Population, 31,558)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies an Army Airport. Total population supplied,

about 35,000. 

Source: Penobscot River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .........I.... 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o 9

.00

12 

1.4

1.1

o

0

10

90

6 O

<J

R4

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

rFpnnnPT*at"iiT*P f T*1 ^

Finished 

water

9B.

9H

19

6

n

QQ Q

2

1

49

Apr. 18,

1QS1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water a .

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

18

Max

24

Min

9

PH

Av

6.9

Max

7.1

Min

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

33

Max

61

Min

20

Turbidity

Av

10

Max

22

Min

5

a City tap.
MAINE 215

BATH 

(Population, 10,644)

Ownership: Bath Water District (quasi-municipal); supplies also East Brunswick,

West Bath, and Woolwich. Total population supplied, about 13,000. 

Source: Nequasset Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Thompson Brook. 

Treatment: Ammoniation and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 2,250, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.5 

.07 

.00 

2.0 

.8 

3.0 

.5 

0 

5 

4.0 

5.8 

.2 

.7 

34

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

8 

4

20 

5.9

42.4 

1.7

Apr. 18, 

1951

BIDDEFORD 

(Population, 20,836)

Ownership: Biddeford & Saco Water Company; also supplies Old Orchard, Saco, 

and Scarborough. Total population supplied, about 41,000; total population 

supplied in the summer, about 120, 000.

Source: Saco River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

filtration, ammoniation, postchlorination, and addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 11, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ...:......

Calcium (Ca) ..............

A^Q trr\ OQliiTTi (J^CF\

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.7

.01

.00

7.8 

1.4

1

0

.4

0

19

14

0 1

41

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

25

15

7

8.1

60.4

0.2

44

Apr. 16,

1951
216 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BIDDEFORD Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

4 

14

Max

5 

15

Min

3 

13

PH

Av

6.6 

8.1

Max

6.7

Min

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

17 

30

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

5 

0

Max

*"

Min

BRUNSWICK 

(Population, 7,342)

Ownership: Brunswick and Topsham Water District. Total population supplied,

about 12, 800.

Source: 70 driven wells 28 ft deep; yield reported to be 700 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

L6 

 SO

« £t£t

4.8

1.4

5

£

.7 

0

1 Q

^. u 

8n

.0

1.1

nn

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ) .........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

1 Q

 ^

6

/\

74 R

O n

Anr 14

1QR1

LEWBTON 

(Population, 40,974)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Auburn. Emergency supply, connections with the supply system of

the City of Auburn. (See Auburn for analysis). 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,400,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 33,250, 000 gal.

OLD TOWN

(Population, 8,261)

Ownership: Old Town Water District; also supplies Bradley and Milford. Total

population supplied, about 10,650. 

Source: Penobscot River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, rapid sand filtration, and addition of soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant:, 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: ~ 

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal.
MAINE 217

OLD TOWN Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ................

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOa) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 9

(\K

04

5.0 

q

A Q

0

15

7.0

5.6

.0

.3

49

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

1ft

4

19

6.4

56.1

0.6

May 16,

1951

PORTLAND 

(Population, 77,634)

Ownership: Portland Water District; also supplies South Portland, Westbrook, 

and Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland (part), Falmouth, Gorham, Scarborough, 

South Windham, and Windham (part) towns. Total population supplied, about 

138,000. (North Windham and Stahdish towns are supplied by wells).

Source: Sebago Lake.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation.

Raw-water storage: Sebago Lake.

Finished-water storage: Tanks and reservoirs, 33,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca)^ .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

 «/

 UO

.00

4.2

1.4

.4 

0

7.0

2

n

.0

.4

23

Hardness as CaCO2:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14

7

1 ^

6.7

«»n 7

0.7

46

Apr. 23,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

6.0 

6.0

Max

6.5 

6.5

Min

5.0 

5.0

PH

Av

6.8 

6.8

Max

7.0 

7.0

Min

6.7 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

13 

13

Max

14 

14

Min

12 

12

Turbidity^

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0
218 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PRESQUE ISLE 

(Population, 9,954)

Ownership: Presque Isle Water District.

Source: Presque Isle Stream.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carfefcmate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

no

.00

16 

1.7

.7

.4

0

26

oo

0 -I

.1

71

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)..... .......... .......

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

47

OC

19

7.7

1HR

0.4

Apr. 17,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

49

47

Max

74 

72

Min

23 

26

PH

Av

6.6 

7.1

Max

7.0 

7.1

Min

6.3 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

63 

82

Max

88 

107

Min

48 

53

Turbidity

Av

54 

0

Max

125 

0

Min

25 

0

ROCKLAND 

(Population, 9,234)

Ownership: Camden & Rockland Water Company; also supplies about 7,000 people 

in Camden, Rockport town, Thomaston, and a small part of Owls Head town. 

Total population supplied, about 16,200.

Source: Mirror Lake (Oyster River Pond) in Rockport. Emergency supply only, 

Chickawaukee Lake (not used in the past 25 years).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 600,000,000 gal.

'Finished-water storage: 2,600,000 gal.
MAINE 219

ROC KL AND--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

N&rate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.7

 £tt

. \Jfi

2.0

o u

..4 

0

4

5

C

6

0

.0

 £* 

90

Hardness as CaCOu*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

t/

Lft

6.4

49 9

O Q

Apr. 17,

lt7Ul

RUMFORD 

(Population, 7,888)

Ownership: Rumford Water District. 

Source: Mountain stream. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 110,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

t O

.15

09

1.6 

1 ^

.4

0

6

Q

1

C

.0

22

Hardness as CaCO,,:

Total .......................

Color .......................... PH .............;................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

4

97

6

-t

94 Q

2

0

48

Apr. 17,

1 QR1

SACO

(Population, 10,324)

Ownership: Biddeford & Saco Water Company. (See Biddeford.
220 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SANFORD 

(Population, 11,094)

Ownership: Sanford Water District.

Source: 42 driven wells 20 to 30 ft deep, 93 percent of supply; Littlefields pond,

7 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Mousam River. 

Treatment: Well supply: pressure sand filtration, aeration, chlorination, and 

. addition of soda ash and Calgon. Pond supply: slow sand filtration and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

 ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl)-... ...........

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

. Wells 

(finished 

water)

10

AC

.05

7.8

1

C

* . It

0

10

1ft

7.1

58

Hardness as CaCO,:

.Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

oft

17

1

6

1

QD T

O Q

May 18,

1QM

SOUTH PORTLAND 

(Population, 21,866)

Ownership: Supplied by Portland. (See Portland.)
MAINE 221

WATERVILLE 

(Population, 18,287)

Ownership: Kennebec Water District; supplies the towns of Benton, Fairfield,

Vassalboro, and Winslow. Total population supplied, about 28,000. 

Source: China Lake. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 40,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ............'...

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

j>« &

f|C

.00

6.5

O 1

o n

0

17

 1 0

3 1

.0

9

38

.Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

ao

11

j>£

6

Q

60.0

. <J

Apr. 17,

1.0U1.

WESTBROOK 

(Population, 12,284)

Ownership: Supplied by Portland. (See Portland.)
222 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 

(Population, 10,047)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Dreams Landing, Eastport, Forest Hills, 

Germantown, Homewood, Wardour and West Annapolis. Total population 

supplied, about 28, 000.

Source: Broad Creek and other small streams (impounded), 74 percent of 

supply; 4 wells (1, 2, 5, and 6) 26 percent of supply. The wells are 270, 

250, 248, and 242 ft deep respectively. Well number 1 is used very little. 

The surface water is used regularly, and the wells are used only to supplement this supply when necessary.

Treatment: Lime, aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and the addition of lime to adjust the pH to about 8.6. 

When the well water is used it is mixed with the surface water before treatment is begun.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 80, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Basin, 500, 000 gal; standpipe, 1, 750, 000 gal.

The wells are used during the summer and during the peak demand furnish about 

one half of the supply. Most of this is furnished by wells 5 and 6. During 

the year 1950 only well 5 was used. It is not possible at the present time to 

sample the individual well supplies.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

watera

10

.01 

.00

2.4

1.0 

1.4

1 R

0

6

f\

q c

.0 1.1

35

Finished 

water*1

11

.0 

.00

12

1.5 

o n

1

C

0

on

1 £

6

u

.0

63

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Raw 

watera

10

5

5

6.3

42.9

1.0

tfar.20,

1951

Finished 

water**

36

20

2

7.6

95.7

0.9

Mar. 20,

1951

Impounding reservoir. 

^Surface supplies, only.
MARYLAND 223

BALTIMORE 

(Population, 949,708)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies a large population in the Metropolitan District 

of Baltimore County. Total population supplied, about 1,163, 000.

Source: Gunpowder River impounded in Lock Raven Reservoir. North Branch of 

Patapsco River, (to be tapped about the middle of 1951 adding about 40, 000, 000. 

gpd to the present supply), auxiliary supply.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, pr'echlorination to 0. 5 ppm of free available chlorine through filters, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and adjustment of pH to 7. 8 with lime. Fluoridation with fluosilicic acid to 1. 0 

ppm of fluoride in the finished water was begun Nov. 26, 1952.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 240,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 43, 000,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Filtered water reservoirs, elevated tanks, standpipes. 

Total 773, 500,000 gal.

The Metropolitan District of Baltimore County borders Baltimore City on the west, 

north, and east and the water supply for the District is obtained from the city 

supply. After the distribution system is installed, it is turned over to the city 

for maintenance and operation and forms an integral part of the city system.

It is proposed to construct eventually an impounding dam on the North Branch of 

Patapsco River and another treatment plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Monte Bello Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland)

Silica (SiO,,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

watera

19

. Ua

.00

10

. u

2

0

1.5

0 

41

7.0

Q O

.0

3

0

63

Finished 

water 0

6

n

.01 

.00

14

4.0

\ 43 / 4' 3

^ty 11 60

.1

81

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at.

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

watera

Oy

6

7.0

1UO

i. , £t

Apr. 18,

it? tjl

Finished 

water b

uu 

10

. u

0.1

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

44 

52

Min

35

PH

Av

7.2 

8.0

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

6.8 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40 

52

Max

46 

63

Min

45

Turbidity

Av

5 

.1

Max

30 

,2

Min

3 

.1

aReservoir. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

b Averages of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples.
224 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CAMBRIDGE 

(Population, 10,351)

Ownership: Dorchester Water Company, Cambridge, Maryland. Supplies about 

750 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 11,100.

Source: 11 wells. Station No. 1, Trenton Street wells 1 and 2 each 375 ft deep and 

each reported to yield 300 gpm (used as an auxiliary supply); Station No. 2, Mill 

Street well 1 (well 2 abandoned in 1948) 375 ft deep, and reported to yield 375 

gpm;Station No. 3, Washington Street wells 1 and 2 each 405 ft deep and each 

reported to yield 600 gpm; Station No. 4, Fletcher Avenue Well 1,420 ft deep, 

reported to yield 700 gpm; Station No. 5, High Street well 1,460 ft deep, reported to yield 700 gpm (has been out of service for about a year); Station No. 6, 

Dorchester Avenue wells 1 and 2, 412 ft and 970 ft deep respectively, and reported to yield 700 and 424 gpm; Station No. 7, Nathan Avenue wells 1 and 2, 431 

ft and 427 ft deep, respectively. Well 1 is reported to yield 350 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, and settling.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: The individual wells are equipped with aerators, 

chlorinators and settling basins.

Raw-water storage: None..

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank 500,000 gal; receiving basins at individual 

wells 1,080,000 gal.

The Fletcher Avenue well is pumped continuously; the Dorchester Avenue wells and 

the Washington Street wells are usually pumped continuously. The pumps automatically cut off when the receiving basins at the individual wells are full of water.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) .............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled ................. i...

Percent of supply ...............

Fletcher 

Avenue 

Well

00

.10

.00

6.0

4 R

180

8 A '

1 9

486

9

0

14

1.0

.6

a 505

34

0

3

8.5

809 

1.2

64

Sept. 8, 1951

49ll

19

--

Dorchester 

Avenue 

Well 1

9f»

.11

5

1

3

e

172

6.4

8

455

19

7.5

1 9

.4

473

27

0

4

8.0

766

64

Oct. 8,1948

41 9

1 9

1Q45

Dorchester' 

Avenue 

Well 2

1 ft

1 3

3.2

9 4

139

5.3

9

358

14

6.8

1.0

.2

385

18

0

5

8.2

615

72

Oct. 8,1948

970

14 R

1946

Finished 

water 

(city "tap)

25

.04

.00

5.8

4.4

172

6.8

12

468

9

0

6.8

.9

.6 b 481

32

0

3

8.5

758 

1.4

69

Sept. 8, 1951

a Includes 2.1 ppm lithium (Li). b Includes 1.9j>pm lithium (Li).
MARYLAND 225

COLLEGE PARK 

(Population, 11,170)

Ownership: Supplied by Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. (See 

Hyattsville.)

CUMBERLAND 

(Population, 37,679)

Ownership: Municipal; (Evitts Creek Water Company) supplies also Cresaptown

and La Vale, Maryland; Ridgeley and Wiley Ford, West Virginia. Total

population supplied, about 42,100.

Source: Evitts Creek impounded in two lakes, Koon Lake and Lake Gordon. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration,

chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Koon Lake, 2,300, 000, 000 gal; Lake Gordon 1, 330,000, 000

gal. 

Finished-water storage: Fort Hill reservoir, 3,750, 000 gal; Ridgedale reservoir,

7, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at Koon Lake about 8 miles northeast of the city. 

The finished water flows by gravity through two 36-in. reinforced concrete 

conduiffe from the treatment plant to the finished water reservoirs, thence to 

the distribution system. The analyses represent water of about minimum concentration of dissolved solids and minimum hardness.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^%........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

. v

.0

4.7

2.1

>»

0

48

ifi

1. SJ

.1

. 1

69

Finished 

water

. ft

.02

9.9

2.8

/ 20 

\ 1.4 

0

DD

ct\i

. U

.1

. ft

93

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

«>c p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection. <.

Raw 

water

20

0

6

7.6

118

9

38

Mar. 5,

1951

Finished 

water

36

0

5

7.2

158

4

Mar. 5,

1951
226 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FREDERICK 

(Population, 18,142)

Ownership:., Municipal; a small population is supplied outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 18,200.

Source: Tuscarora and Fishing Creeks about 84 percent of supply; Linganore 

Creek, about 16 percent of supply. Fishing Creek (impounded) is the main 

source of supply. Linganore Creek water is used to supplement the regular 

supply at times of peak load or when necessary.

Treatment: Main supply: Chlorination and ammoniation. Linganore Creek water: 

coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, breakpoint Chlorination, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Fishing creek reservoir, 77,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells and elevated tanks, 1,000,000 gal.

Fishing Creek reservoir is located about 10 miles northwest of the city, above the village of Mountain Dale. The water from Tuscarora Creek reservoir enters the conduit from Fishing Creek reservoir near Yellow Springs. Thus the water from these 

two sources is mixed before entering the c ity. The treatment plant for the 

Linganore Creek supply is about 3. 5 miles east of the city.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)........ ...................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ......... .......

Sulf ate (SOJ.... ........ ...............

Chloride (Cl) .................'........

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Fishing Creek 

reservoir 

(raw water)

3 n

.01

,

.1

2

c

0

3

C

0 A

1.4

.0

.1

10

o

0

6

-1

H e

1

 Mar. 6, 1951

Fishing Creek

A C

.00

.7

0

\ 2 1

/ 0

4

1 R

1

C

.0

10

0

0

8

c 7

14.5

en

Oct. 16, 1951

Linganore Creek 

Finished water

JffiK 7

.01

11

0 A

6.8

0

26°n

6.2

.1

6.5

78

41

20

3

7.0

131

2

Mar. 6, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950s.

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

4f 

34

Max

61 

45

Min

17 

23

PH

Av

7.1 

6.6

Max

8.6 

7.0

Min

6.9 

6.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

52 

53

Max

66 

68

Min

39 

44

Turbidity

Av

15 '5

Max

1000 

5

Min

5 

5

aLinganore Creek.
MARYLAND 227

HAGERSTOWN 

(Population, 32,260)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Williamsport, Funkstown, Smithburg, and a 

number of people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

48,000.

Source: Potomac River, 2/g of supply; mountain'supply consisting of Raven Rock 

and Warner Hollow Creeks, impounded, 1/3 of supply.

Treatment: Potomac River supply: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, occasionally activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and addition of lime for adjustment of pH. Mountain supply: Chlorination. Occasional use .of chlorine dioxide in both supplies.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Potomac River supply: 2 settling basins, 5,000,000 gal each. 

Mountain supply: reservoir, 120,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Equalizing reservoirs and elevated tanks, 11, 500,000 gal.

The two sources of supply are interconnected so that the consumers may be furnished with river, mountain streams, or the mixed water. There is considerable variation in composition of the water from both supplies throughout the 

year, but the water of the mountain supply is low in mineral content and hardness at all times.

Fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride was begun Nov. 20, 1951, of the mountain 

supply and Dec. 4, 1951, of the Potomac River supply. An average content of 

about 1.1 ppni of fluoride is maintained in the supplies.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)............ ........:......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ........ .......

Sulfate (SOJ.... ................ .......

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Potomac

Raw water

4

0

no

11

5.0

\ 13

/ 0

49

oc

0 Q

.0

1 5

Q7

48

14

6

7

0

161

9

Mar. 6, 1951

: River

Finished water

K 4

.01

17

3

0

( 15

1 J' 1

4c

44

4.8

.0

1.6

116

CO

21

7.8

193

2

Mar. 6, 1951

Mountain Supply

(city tap)

10

.07

3

Q

1 Q

\ 4 8

/ 4 ' 8

0

1Qi

9.2

4.0

.2

1.6

45

17

7

4

7.0

59.5

5

Mar. 6, 1951
228 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HAGERSTOWN- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water A......

Finished water A

Raw waterb.......

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

65 

65

15

Max

100 

100

25

Min

20 

10

10

PH

Av

7.3 

7.7

6.5

Max

7.6 

8.2

6.9

Min

6.6 

7.2

6.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

80 

85

20

Max

130 

140

25

Min

25 

30

5

Turbidity

Av

20

5

8

Max

1600 

10

15

Min

6 

.2

5

a Potomac River. *>Mt. Supply.

HYATTSVILLE 

(Population, 12,300)

! Ownership: The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, a public body incorporated by the Maryland General Assembly in 1918, serves a metropolitan area 

of 213 square miles in Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties. It supplies 

water to Beltsville, Berwyn.Heights, Bethesda, Bladensburg, Bowie, Brentwood, Cabin John, Capitol Heights, Cheverly, Chevy Chase, College Park, 

Colmar Manor, Cottage City, District Heights, Edmonston, Fairmount Heights, 

Forest Heights, Forestville, Gaithersburg, Garrett Park, Glenarden, Glen 

Echo, Glenmont, Hyattsville, Kensington, Lanham, Mt. Rainier, North Brentwood, Riverdale, Seat Pleasant, Silver Spring, Somerset, Takoma Park, University Park-, Washington Grove, Wheaton, and other communities. It also 

supplies two communities, Laurel and Greenbelt, which are outside the boundary of the District. Total population supplied, about 385,000»

Source: The Patuxent River and the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River furnish the surface water supply. A deep well system in the southern portion of 

the District furnishes the supply for that area. Water from the Patuxent River 

can be pumped into the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River during low 

flows of the latter branch.

Treatment: At each of the two plants, prechlorination, coagulation with alum (and 

lime or sodium aluminate as necessary), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

postchlorination (or dechlorination as necessary), fluoridation with sodium 

silicofluoride, and addition of lime for adjustment of pH. The well water, 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: The Patuxent treatment plant on the LaurelBurtonsville road at Willis School, 31,700,000 gpd; the Robert B. Morse treatment plant on the Northwest Branch at Burnt Mills, 10,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Triadelphia Reservoir at Brighton on the Patuxent River, 

6,118,000,000 gal; Rocky Gorge Reservoir (under construction) on the Patuxent River near Laurel, 6,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, standpipes, elevated tanks, 45,295,000 gal.

The main source of water supply of the Sanitary District is the Patuxent River, 

impounded by a dam near Brighton in Montgomery County. Another dam is 

under construction on the same river at Rocky Gorge near Laurel. When this 

dam is completed the Washington Suburban Sanitary District will have an assured supply from the Patuxent River of slightly over 40 mgd. The Commission 

also obtains a portion of its supply from the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia 

River, which water is treated in the Robert B. Morse plant at Burnt Mills. 

The flow of the Northwest Branch can be supplemented by raw water pumped 

from the Patuxent River at Mink Hollow near Ashton. The deep wells at Forest 

Heights in the southern portion of the District will yield 1.4 mgd.

The water from the Patuxent River is lifted by the Rocky Gorge pumping station to 

the Patuxent treatment plant. The treated water flows by gravity from the 

plant to Prince Georges County or is pumped to the higher service area at 

Wheaton in Montgomery County.
MARYLAND 229

HYATTSVILLfc-- Continued

At Capitol Heights in Prince Georges County a pumping station lifts the water

to the higher service area at Suitland and a pumping station at Wheaton in

Montgomery County lifts the water to a higher service zone at Glenmont. 

Connections with the water supply systems of the District of Columbia exist at a

number of points. Water may be interchanged between the two systems in the

event of emergency. 

Fluoridation of the treated water at both treatment plants was initiated on Dec. 27,

1951. Sodium silicofluoride is utilized and the fluoride content in the finished

water averaged 0.96 ppm in 1952.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Pe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .. .

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulf ate (SQJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ....................... .. ..

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ...........i... ...... ........

. Patuxent River

Raw water a

9.7 

.02 

.00 

4.0 

1.1 

2.6 

1.2 

0 

15 

4.0 

3.2 

.0 

1.9 

37

14 

2

2

6.8

54.6 

0.9

Apr. 9, 1951

Finished water &

8.9 

.09 

.-00 

8.8 

1.6 

2.9 

1.1 

0 

18 

8.5 

7.2 

.0 

2.4 

56

29

.14

4 

7.4

84.9 

1.0

Apr. 9, 1951

Finished 

water c

14 

.01 

.00 

10 

1.7 

4.6 

.9 

0 

26 

10 

7.8 

.0 

1.2 

68

32 

11

2

7.4

102 

0.5

Apr. 9, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plants, 1952

Raw water*.......

Finished water 5.

Raw water 0 ......

Finished water c

Alkalinity

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Ay

14

18

19

24

Max

31

30

26

35

Min

10

12

11

14

PH

Av

6.9

8.7

6.8

8.7

Max

7.2

9.4

7.10

9.3

Min

fi. 5

6.6

6.3

7.2

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

18

33

20

38

Max

22

47

24

51

Min

14

27

15

29

Turbidity

Av

55

.24

78

.27

Max

5000

.8

3000

.9

Min

5

.1

8

.1

a Patuxent treatment plant. b City tap, Hyattsville. 

CN. W. Branch Anacostia. River, at Robert B. Morse Plant.

MOUNT RAINIER 

(Population, 10,989)

Ownership: Supplied by Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. (See Hyattsville. )
230 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SALISBURY 

(Population, 15,141)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 wells (2, 4 to 13) averaging 60 ft in depth. Emergency supply, Schumaker Pond. The 11 wells are capable of yielding 7,000 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration by means of a forced air degasifier, addition of lime for uniform pH control, chlorinatiqn, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000 gpd.

Low service storage (aeration and lime treatment only): Underground reservoir 

at plant, 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3 elevated tanks, 200,000, 300,000, and 500,000 gal; 

1 standpipe, 85,000 gal.

The wells are located within the Municipal Park area and pump to the treatment 

plant and reservoir. All wells are equipped with turbine pumps with automatic 

draw-down cutoffs, and all wells, and blowers for the degasifier, are operated 

by remote control from the main pumping station. A rotation system is used 

in operating the various wells so that none of the wells is operated continuously. 

The system is flexible enough to take care of varying daily requirements.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ................

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .... v.. ........................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled .. ...

Percent of supply ...................

Well 2 

(raw water)

1 Q

1.0

AK

. 6 

1.4

7

Q

1 Q

0

1 9

3

t)

7 S

.1

19

70

17

7

0

5

Q

00 A

Mar. 3, 1948

57

94

1 GOG

Well 10 

(raw water)

1 Q

n9

.00

& . a

I .5

\ 9.7

0

i«j

«J C

6

Q

.0

8.0

CA

0

o

6

0

79, fj

2

Mar. 19, 1951

Kf\

1 8

1 Q4Q

Wells 2, 4, 5, 

7, 8 

(finished water)

10

n e

.01

7.0

( 10 \ 1.7

0

99

2

n

9

n

.0

19

Q1

on

2

Q

7.1

104

11

Mar. 19, 1951

TAKOMA PARK 

(Population, 13,341)

Ownership: Supplied by Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. (See 

Hyattsville.)
MASSACHUSETTS 231

ARLINGTON town 

(Population, 44,353)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

ATTLEBORO 

(Population, 23,809)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people in North Attleboro and

Mansfield. Total population supplied, about 24,200. 

Source: 4 wells 35 ft deep. 

Treatment: Addition of lime and chlorine. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

. oo

.01

16

3

f*

.7

0

oo

1 Q

6

O

.0

1.0

71

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

ftTfin/* 9 i*Vw"kna t p

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )....'......

Finished 

water

(city tap)

43

17

4

7.4

114

0 7

Mar 3

1QK'}

BELMONT town 

(Population, 27,381)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

BEVERLY 

(Population 28,884)

Ownership: Salem-Beverly Water Supply Board. (See Salem.)

BOSTON 

(Population, 801,444)

Ownership: Metropolitan District Commission, Commonwealth of Massachusetts; 

also supplies Arlington, Belmont, Brookline, Chelsea, Chicopee, Everett, 

Framingham (part), Lexington, Maiden, Medford, Melrose, Milton, Newton 

(part), Quincy, Revere, Saugus, Somerville, Walthain, Watertown, Winthrop, 

and other communities. Total population supplied, about 1,622,000.

Source: Swift River impounded in Quabbin Reservoir; Ware River diverted into 

Quabbin Reservoir through a deep, rock tunnel; South Branch of Nashua River 

impounded in Wachusett Reservoir. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Sudbury 

Reservoir (7,254,000,000 gal capacity).

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. Rechlorination when distributed from 

open distribution reservoirs.
232 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BOSTON Continued

Raw-water storage: Quabbin Reservoir, 415,000,000,000 gal; Wachusetts 

Reservoir, 65,000, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs: Norumbega, 150,000,000 gal; Weston, 

200,000,000 gal; Spot Pond, 1, 792, 000,000 gal; Fells, 85,000,000 gal; Waban 

Hill, 13, 500,000 gal; Bear Hill, 2, 500, 000 gal; Arlington, 2,000,000 gal. 

Standpipes: Arlington (2 steel standpipes), 2, 000,000 gal; Bellevue (steel 

standpipe), 2, 5QO, 000 gal. All of the reservoirs are open reservoirs.

Water from Quabbin Reservoir is conducted through a tunnel to Wachusetts Reservoir from which the water from both reservoirs is conveyed to Norumbega and 

Weston Reservoirs, the two principal distribution reservoirs. Weston reservoir supplies the low service system in downtown Boston, parts of Cambridge, 

Somerville, Chelsea, Medford, and Everett. Norumbega Reservoir supplies 

the northern high service and southern high service systems. Water from 

these systems is pumped to the extra high service at various locations.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Water Division, Metropolitan District Comm.)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)............. ............ .

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg). ............

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Quabbin 

Reservoir a

0 0

19

.00

4.1

.7

1

C

0

 o 

2fl

.1

.1

OQ

10

8

7

6.3

1.0

37

Mar. 6,

1952

Norumbega 

Reservoir

1 c

.10

ni\

5.5

.7

2

Q

1.1

0

7

. <7

Q 7

.1

QO

17

11

14

6.5

0.5

35

Mar. 6,

1952

Spot 

Pondb

O Q

no

.00'

5

C

.7

2

C

1 9

0

8

e

5

n

.1

.1

49

17

10

7

6.3

1.0

38

Mar. 6,

1952

Finished 

water c

2 4

.10

.01

4.0

.4

i ft

.7

0

7

5

ft

o 4

.1

OQ

19

6

19

6.5

41.3 

1.0

Mar. 17,

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

7.3 

6.8

Max

9.3 

9.4

Min

5.8 

5.7

PH

Av

6.7 

6.6

Max

6.9 

6.9

Min

6.5 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

14

Max

16

17

Min

13 

13

Turbidity

Av

0.7

.7

Max

1.5 

1.5

Min

0.5 

.5

a At reservoir outlet. 

 b At east gatehouse, 

c Tap, Federal Bldg., Boston. Analysis by U. S. Geol. Survey.
MASSACHUSETTS 233

BRAINTREE town 

(Population, 23,161)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Great Pond.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and corrosion correction. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 748,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ............'.......

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

^x. 3

 UO

--

9.4

, 4

y "

0

1 C

£» I

11

.1

85

Hardness as CaCO2 -

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

oo

&\j

7.1

i.i.9

Feb. 25,

J.9U6

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished watar^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

8 

10

Max

10 

13

Min

6 

9

PH

Av

6.9

7.5

Max

7.0 

7.7

Min

6.8 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

26 

35

Max

33 

42

Min

25 

31

Turbidity

Av

4

Max

6

Min

2

BROCKTON 

(Population, 62,860)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies East Bridgewater, Hanson town, Pembroke 

town, West Bridgewater, and Whitman town. Total population supplied, about 

81,000.

Source: Silver Lake 96 percent of supply; Avon Reservoir (pond) 4 percent of 

supply.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 5,250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 8,000, 000 gal.
234 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BROCKTON C ontinued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2 7

.14

no

2.6 

1.0

5 9

0

8

8.4

7.0

.1.1'

35

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

NV"ttv/* 9 T*Vv^nn f~P

Color .........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Data rvf f*nllpf*Hfin

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

11

4

6.6

54.3

i s

Mar. 5,

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

7.4 

9.3

Max

13 

18

Min

2.9 

2.9

PH

Av

5.7 

5.9

Max

6.9 

7.0

Min

4.9 

4.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

14 

13

Max

30 

26

Min

6 

6

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

. 0

a

BROOKLINE town 

(Population, 57,589)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

CAMBRIDGE 

(Population, 120,740)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Fresh Pond, Hobbs Brook Reservoir, and Stony Brook Reservoir.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, aeration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22,900,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 559,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 43,000,000 gal.
MASSACHUSETTS 235

CAMBRIDGE-- Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.3 

.03

16 

4.0 

9.7 

1.3 

0 

50 

32 

16 

.1 

.1 

193

Hardness as CaCOji 

Total ........;..............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

56 

15

7.8

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

24 

26

Max

40 

40

Min

19 

22

PH

Av

7.1

8.2

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

6.7 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

57 

66

Max

72 

98

Min

38 

42

Turbidity

Av

.3

Max

1.0

Min

.1

CHELSEA 

(Population, 38,912)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

CfflCOPEE 

(Population, 49,211)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See

Boston.)

Source: Auxiliary or emergency supplies: Impounded reservoirs. 

Treatment: Auxiliary supply only: Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 3,500,000 gal.

DANVERS town 

(Population, 15,720)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Middleton town. Total population supplied,

about 18,600.

Source: Middleton Pond, Swan Pond, and Emerson Brook. 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 951,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.
236 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DANVERS town Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ................... '

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 &

. 34

. \ia

8.1

. o

0

Lft v,

6

Q

J.. &

52

Hardness as CaCCX*

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

£O

J.O

45

6

0

74.4

j.. &

Mar. 6,

1QCO

DEDHAM town 

(Population, 18,487)

Ownership: Dedham Water Co.; supplies also Westwood town. Total population

supplied, about 24,300.

Source: 4 tubular wells 45 to 120 ft deep; 1 dug well 18 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Finished-water storage: 800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

J.O

. oo

 UJ.

13

. o

6

0

1.1

0

on

£O

1O

.0

2

0

87

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total.......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

A O

94

7

6

c

1 K.C

1.0

51

Mar 4

1QR1

EVERETT 

(Population, 45,982)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)
MASSACHUSETTS 237

FALL RIVER 

(Population, 111,963)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: North Watuppa Pond. Auxiliary supply, water diverted from an adjacent

watershed during a portion of some years. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 7,200,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ........

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1

0

00

4.5

6

f\

0

10

15

8.4

.0

.1

42

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

15

6

7.1

<tA

Feb. 18,

1QCO

FITCHBURG 

(Population, 42,691)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Natural ponds, and impounding reservoirs, a gravity system of reservoirs

for high and low service lines. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 516,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

8

9

19

no

1.7 

.4

1 Q

.7

0

 j

4.4

2

0

23

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection ........:

Finished 

water a

15

5

Q

29.5

1.0

Mar. 10,

1QCO

Low service system.
238 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FrrCHBURG - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water....;....

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

3 

3

Max

4 

4

Min

2 

2

PH

Av

6.2 

6.2

Max

6.4 

6.4

Min

6.0 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

8

Max

10 

10

Min

6

6

Turbidity

Av

1 

1

Max

1 

1

Min

1 

1

FRAMINGHAM town 

(Population, 28,086) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Metropolitan District Commission, 65 percent of supply (See Boston.);

3 wells (1 to 3) 68, 78, and 68 ft deep, 35 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination (Metropolitan District sources); well water, none. 

Finished-water storage: 4,250,000_gal.__

,. , . ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2 A

. £t\J

4.7 

.4

<> c

1.0

0

1 R

Q 7

3 fl

.1

.1

40

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

10

1

6

Q

GARDNER 

(Population, 19,581) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Crystal Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Perley Brook. 

Treatment-: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 761,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ................

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

TC £t

.14

f\C

6.3

. o

60 TC

1.0 

0

11

8

0

4.4

.0

. o

35

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Qn OP i f i p p firi Hi i P fru n P P>

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

17

10

6

C

CQ fl

1.1

Mar. 10,

1QCO
MASSACHUSETTS 239

GLOUCESTER 

(Population, 25,167)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Babson, Dikes, Haskell, Wallace, and Fernwood Reservoirs.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1,120, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe\ ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

9

0

AQ

.01

9.0 

1.4

8 7

0

10

17

1 £

75

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Nra\f* a T*hnna frp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

OQ

on

40

7.1

104

1.3

IWar fi

1953

a Babson Reservoir supplying city at time of collection of sample.

GREEN FIELD 

(Population, 15,075)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 17,300.

Source: Glen Brook Reservoirs 74 percent of supply; 2 wells (1 and 2) 123 and 84

ft deep, 26 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, slow sand filtration, and

Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 70, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

^t. «7 

.11

.01 11

. V

1. O

.7

0

*>7

L£t

 ^t

.0

47

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

Of

7.1

75.6

0.6

Feb. 26,

1953
240 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREENFIELD--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

36 

34

Max

44 

35

Min

30 

31

PH

Av

7.1 

7.1

Max

7.1 

7.1

Min

7.1 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

38 

39

Max

46 

47

Min

29 

30

Turbidity

Av

1.7 

0

Max

2

0

Min

1 

0

HAVERHILL 

(Population, 47,280)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Groveland and West Newbury town. Total

population supplied, about 51,200. 

Source: Crystal and Kenoza Lakes, Millvale Reservoir, Round (emergency),

Johnson's, Chadwick, and Hovey's Ponds. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Kenoza Lake water: addition of lime and polyphosphate for corrosion control. 

Raw-water storage: 1,273,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 12,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQj ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3.7 

.03

7.7 

1.3 

5.6 

1.4 

0 

21 

13 

7.6 

.2 

.1 

58

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

l"Vj fr o rvf poll of* t1 f\n

Finished 

water

25

7

7.1 

74

Feb. 15, 

1952

HOLYOKE

(Population, 54,661)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Reservoirs: Ashley, 65 percent of supply; Me Lain, 25 percent of supply;

Whiting, 10 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw - wate r stor age: 2,3 00,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 
MASSACHUSETTS 241

HOL YOKE - -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

. 4

. au

. \J\J

8.1

j.. «/

1.4

0

99

6

n

4

0

.1

. o 

50

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

NrfcfY/»ai*Hnnat*»

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1(5

6

0

70.6

1.1

Feb. 26,

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

16

Min

8

PH.

Av Max

6.8

Min

5.8

Hardnes 

as CaC 

(ppm

Av Max

40

5S

03

Min

18

Turbidity

Av Max

6

Min

4

LAWRENCE 

(Population, 80,536)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Methuen town. Total population supplied,

about 105,000. 

Source: Merrimack River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

aeration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 42,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

4.7

AC.

7.0

1 9

04

19

7 9

.7

65

Finished 

water a

4.1

9fi

16

23 

0

04

A*)

16

.5

119

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

r»H

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC fl V

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

99

0

6

Q

Apr. 30,

1QC4

Finished 

water a

44

18

6

n

1QO

fVt 1 5

1QCQ

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
242 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

L AWRENC E - -C ontinued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOj

(ppm)

Av

9

11

Max

13

14

Min

5

8

PH

Av

6, 5

6.9

Max

6 7

7.1

Min

R.4

6.7

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

?,?,

41

Max

30

46

Min

14

36

Turbidity

Av

6

0

Max

14

0

Min

4

0

LEOMINSTER 

(Population, 24,075)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Impounding reservoirs (Simmond Pond, Goodfellows Pond, Rocky Pond,

and No Town Reservoir) for a gravity supply system for high, intermediate,

and low service. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, addition of carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,355,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

4

g\

.14

.00

10

4

0

CL

ir

1 a

2

0

.1

0

55

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total ........................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

oo

10

9

C

93.1

1.0

Mar. 10,

1953

LEXINGTON town 

(Population, 17,335)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See Boston.) 

Finished-water storage: 550,000 gal.

LOWELL 

(Population, 97,249)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: A large number of relatively shallow wells ranging in depth from about 

25 to 50 ft in several well fields.

Treatment: One group of wells is treated for iron removal by means of aeration, 

coke filtration, sedimentation and slow sand filtration; the other group of wells 

is treated for corrosion correction; all supplies are chlorinated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.
MASSACHUSETTS 243

LOWELL- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) 

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ...............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

, water a 

(city tap)

11

QA

00

13

O 0

8

0

2

0

0

39

16

10

.1

2 Q

90

Hardness as CaCO2:

Tribal

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

49

10

on

6

0

7 ^

Mar. 10,

1QCO

aWells, composite.

LYNN 

(Population, 99,738)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Breeds, Birch, Hawkes, and Walden Ponds supplemented with diversion

from Ipswich River. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 2,958,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 21,750,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO2) ............ ..

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2

0

 L£t

9.5

0 Q

6 Q

.4

0

*>&.

1 Q

1«>

.1

.4

86

Hardness as CaCO,'

Trrtal

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

40

on

6

/>

Jan. 24,

1952

MALI) EN 

(Population, 59,804)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)
244 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY^F PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES INTHE UNTIED STATES, 1952

MARLBOROUGH 

(Population, 15,756)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Milham and Williams Lakes. 

Treatment: Chlorination and addition of Calgon. 

Raw-water storage: 720,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1.9 

.59 

.01 

10 

2.0 

12 

2.0 

0 

20 

15 

22 

.0 

.4 

66

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .....................v.

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

33 

17

8 

7.0

145 

1.2

Mar. 9, 

1953

MEDFQRD 

(Population, 66,113)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

MELROSE 

(Population, 26,988)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

METHUEN town 

(Population, 24,477)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Lawrence. (See Lawrence.)

MILFbRD

(Population^ 14,396)

Ownership: Milford Water Co.; also sells water wholesale to supply about 300 

people in Hopedale. Total population supplied, about 15,000.

Source: Echo Lake (Charles River impounded) 95 percent of supply; 3 dug wells 

(1 to 3) 26, 25, and 28 ft deep and 24 driven wells 19 to 30 ft deep, 5 percent of, 

supply. The dug wells are reported to yield 50 gpm each, and the driven wells, 

a total of 200 gpm.

Treatment: Surface sources: slow sand filtration, corrective treatment with Calgon and lime, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,400,000 gpd.

,Raw-water storage: 384,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Standpipes, 2,400,000 gal.
MASSACHUSETTS 245

MILFORD Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Driven 

wells a

2.4

32

5.8

per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Finished 

water b

7.0 

.18

.01 

11 

.7 

2.2 

.5 

0 

24 

9.4 

5.8 

.0 

.7 

60

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH. .......... ............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Driven 

wells a

36

21

5.9

4

Feb. 3, 

1953

Finished 

water b

30 

11

18 

8.3

82.0 

0.6

Mar. 9, 

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, --

Raw waterb.......

Finished water li.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

23

Max

~~

Min

~~

PH

Av

5.5 

6.7

Max

-~

Min

~~

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

38

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

3 

1

Max Min

a Analyses by State Department of Health. b Surface supply.

MILTON town 

(Population, 22,395)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

NATICK town 

(Population, 19,838)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 23, 000.

Source: Drilled well 65 ft deep, reported to yield 1,000 gpm, 67 percent of supply; 

dug well 15 ft deep, 34 ft in diam., reported to yield 2,000 gpm, 33 percent of 

supply. Emergency supply, connections with the towns of Framingham and 

Wellesley.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 4,600,000 gal.
246 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NATICK town--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC%) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Storage 

basin

1 9

.04

.01

25 

49

9

Q

1.7

0

70

91

1 a

.1

1.7

127

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Storage 

basin

on

o«»

10

7

0

onft

1.0

Mar ^

1QCO

NEEDHAM town 

(Population, 16,313)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 19,000.

Source: 2 gravel-packed wells (1 and 2) each 90 ft deep, reported to yield 1, 500

and 1,100 gpm; 2 dug wells (1 and 2) 24 and 28 ft deep, each reported to yeild

200 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2,300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

 Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

17

.10

.00

18

4.6

i ft

1.7

0

70

19

9

C

.1

1.6

110

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

K

7.1

164

1 9

Mar 4

1 QCO

a Composite, gravel-packed wells.

NEW BEDFORD 

(Population, 109,189)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Acushnet town and Dartmouth town.

population supplied, about 124,700. 

Source: Great Quittacas and Little Quittacas Ponds. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 5,145,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 67,000,000 gal.

Total
MASSACHUSETTS 247

NEW BEDFORD- -Contim»»*

ANALTSIS - 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitqate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2 7

. 41

4.3 

1.0

> "

0

1 9

6

/\

7.0

.1

 . *

35

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )....... ...

Finished 

water

J.U

6

C

cc o

JL«7^E 1

NEWTON

(Population, 81,994) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 dug wells and collecting gallery (1 to 4) 38, 42, 41, and 32 ft deep, and 

28, 33, 20, and 20 ft in diameter, respectively, 68 percent of supply; Boston 

Metropolitan District Commission, 32 percent of supply. The Metropolitan 

District Commission will furnish the entire supply at a future date (in 1954). 

Treatment: Well supply, chlorination, addition of soda ash, and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 10, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

12 

.20 

.00 

13 

3.2 

9.6 

1.6 

0 

45 

17 

11 

.1 

1.0 

94

Finished 

water

2.0 

.25

13 

3.0 

32 

2.4 

0 

111 

17 

11 

.2 

1.1 

148

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

46 

9

12 

6.4

147 

1.0 

55 

Oct. 8, 

1953

Finished 

water

45 

0

6.3

Jan. 29, 

1952

a Wells and collecting gallery. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

NORTH ADAMS 

(Population, 21,567)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Impounding reservoirs (James, Broad, and Notch Brooks): Mt. Kimball,

Broad Brook, and Notch. The city at the higher elevations draws water from

Notch Reservoir. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 300,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.
248 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NORTH ADAMS Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) . ..

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn)

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

4 ft

at

no

13

4

0

0

53

9

0

1.5

.1.4-

64

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

R4

9ft

7 1

105

^ ft

Mar. 6,

1QK4

aComposite, Mt. Kimball and Broad Brook Reservoirs.

NORTHAMPTON 

(Population, 29,063)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mountain St. Reservoir. Emergency supply, 2 wells (1 and 2) 85 and 88

ft deep, reported to yield 700 and 600 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 505,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (8103)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

0

19

.01

6.2 1 <i

2 1

.5

0

18

6.0

2 A

1 9

41

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

_- TT pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

ftafo frf Pttll of*"M f\n

Finished 

water

91

6

8

6

0

57.5

0.5

Mar. 2,

1QC4
MASSACHUSETTS 249

NORWOOD town 

(Population, 16,636)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Deep well (1), Westwood 60 ft deep and reported to yield 1,050 gpm, 36. 7 

percent of supply; Ellis Station wells: 2 gravel-packed wells each 50 ft deep 

and reported to yield 210 and 285 gpm; 4 gravel walled wells 35 to 40 ft deep 

and reported to yield a total of 400 gpm; 40 driven wells 20 ft deep (average) 

and reported to yield a total of 700 gpm. The Ellis Station wells furnish 63.3 

percent of supply. Emergency supply, Buckmaster Pond (used only when unable to pump from Buckmaster well).

Treatment: Ellis Station well water: iron removal by aeration, coke contact filtration and slow sand filtration. (Buckmaster deep well water: dry lime; 

Buckmaster Pond: slow sand filtration and chlorination).

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 62,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,600,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (S1O2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ....:.....

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

15

 no

.01

16

5

O

6

0

.7

0

90

9D

19

2

0

112

Hardness as CaCOu:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... .........................

Or) Gf* \f\f* f*miHiif*i'£}nf*£k

(micromhos at

25 C. )............'..........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

RQ

31

7.0

181

O

f!

Mar- ^

1QC4

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water b.......

Finished water b.

Alkalin 

asCaC 

(ppm

Av

33 

32

Max

__

ity 

°8

Min

__

PH

Av

6.9 

6.9

Max

__

Min

 

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

65 

62

Max Min

__

Turbidity

Av

1 

0

Max

__

Min

__

a Composite of wells. 

b Ellis Station.

PEABODY

(Population, 22,645)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Suntaug Lake supplemented by diversion from Ipswich River and Spring

Pond.

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Suntaug Lake, 450,000,000 gal (available by gravity); Spring

Pond, 275,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.
250 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PE ABODY- -C ontinued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5

C

00

fifi

8.5 

4 °,

5

O

1.4

0

17

16

14

.1

2

0

85

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

tj V

£i<J

ft\J

U» v

10C

1.5

Mar. 6,

 JQCO

PITTSFIELD 

(Population, 53,348)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Sackett, Hathaway, Brook, Ashley, Farnham, Millbrook, and Cleveland

Brook Reservoirs; Ashley Lake; Sand Wash Brook. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1 Q

10

2

c

0

49

10

2

0

.1

55

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..... .....

Finished 

water

7.1

07

Unit 1 O

1QKO

QUINCY 

(Population, 83,835)

Ownership. Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston. )
MASSACHUSETTS 251

REVERE 

(Population, 36,763)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

SALEM 

(Population, 41,880)

Ownership: Salem-Beverly Water Supply Board. High lift pumping and distribution is handled separately by each city.

Source: Wenham Lake,, Longham Reservoir (Miles River impounded), and Ipswich 

River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

corrosion correction (Calgon), chlorination, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,200,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Salem, 10,000,000 gal; Beverly, 7,500,000 gal.

Water from Longham Reservoir flows a distance of 1 mile through a 36 in. cast 

iron pipe to Wenham Lake, a natural pond. Water from Ipswich River is 

pumped to Wenham Lake. The Water Supply Board has authority to divert water from the river from June 1 to Nov. 30. An additional storage reservoir 

for flood flows of Ipswich River is under construction.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.8

. 10

. j. ft

16

. i

7.4

. &

0

to

i£i

1.0

m<*

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.). ...... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

Oft

47

10

6

1

1 c a

J.. &

SfLCLL . V,

JL.7OO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

16 

15

Max

24 

19

Min

12 

10

PH

Av

7.0 

6.9

Max

7.5

?.o

Min

6.6 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

41 

52

Max

50 

60

Min

32 

46

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

5

Min

SAUGUS town 

(Population, 17,162)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See Boston.)
252 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SOMERVILLE 

(Population, 102,351)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See Boston.)

SOUTHBRUXJE 

(Population, 16,748)

Ownership: Southbridge Water Supply Company.

Source: Hatchet Brook Reservoirs 3, 4, and 5.

Treatment: Slow sand filtration (for Reservoir 4 only) and chlorination of all supplies. Reservoir 4 is used only during months when there is no danger of 

freezing.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 560,000, OOQ gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal,

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

, water 

(city tap)

4.1 

.33 

.02 

2.0 

.8 

1.1 

.4 

0 

4 

5.2 

2.9 

.0 

.3 

25

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

8

5

16 

6.1

31.0 

1.3

Mar. 3, 

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

4

Max

8

Min

3

PH

Av

6.1

Max

6.6

Min

5.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8

Max

10

Min

6

Turbidity

Av

1

Max

2

Min

1

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 162,399)

'Ownership: Municipal; also supplies the towns of Agawam, East Longmeadow,

Longmeadow, Ludlow, and Southwick; other communities, and Westover Air

Base. Total population supplied, about 250,000. 

Source: Cobble Mountain Reservoir (Little River) 91 percent of supply; Ludlow

Reservoir (Jabish Brook) 9 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Cobble Mountain Reservoir water: aeration, slow sand filtration,

aeration, and marble contact filtration. Ludlow Reservoir water: slow sand

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Little River system, 45,000;000 gpd: Ludlow

Reservoir, 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Little Eiver system, 25,000,000,000 gal; Ludlow Reservoir,

1,500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Little River system, 29,000,000 gal; Ludlow Reservoir

basin, 11,000,000 gal.
MASSACHUSETTS 253

SPRING FIELD Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOz) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS> .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) .............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.7

' 1 Q

""""

4.2

.4

\ 3.3

0

7

8 n

3

0

.1

30

Hardness as CaCO2:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature {F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

19

6

17

QQ n

Feb. 25,

1QCQ

TAUNTON 

(Population, 40,109)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also North Dighton and Raynham Center. Total

population supplied, about 41,600. 

Source: Elders Pond and Assawompsett Pond. Auxiliary or emergency supply,

infiltration gallery adjacent to the river. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 8,900,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiC^)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.0 

.20

3.1 

1.2 

6.0 

.2 

0 

5 

12 

9.2 

.1 

.0 

42

Hardness as CaCO2: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

13 

9

6.3

58

Feb. 18, 

1952
254 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WAKE FIELD town 

(Population, 19,633)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Crystal Lake and wells. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Metropolitan

District Commission. (See Boston.) 

Treatment: Surface supply: aeration, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. Well

supply: none.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 350,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000-gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) '...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Finished 

water 

(composite)

R 4

AC

.00

13

0 >

7 9

2 n

0

94

on

1<J

.1

2

1

83

Hardness as CaCOg: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(composite)

49

99

10

6.8

132

1 9

Mar. 9,

1953

WALTHAM 

(Population, 47,187)

Ownership: Municipal. . Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

WATERTOWN town 

(Population, 37,329)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.)

WELLESLEY town 

(Population, 20,549)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Wells: 1 well 40 ft deep, 25 ft in diam., and reported to yield 1,000

gpm; 1 well 70 ft deep and reported to yield 1,000 gpm; 45 driven wells 30 to

60 ft deep, and reported to yield a total of 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 4 reservoirs: Maugus Hill (new) and Pierce Hill, 2, 500,000 gal; 2

Maugus Hill (old), 2,000,000 gal.
MASSACHUSETTS 255

WELLESLEY town--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids ....... i.

Wells 

(composite)

10

.07

.01

16

. «7 

6f\

1.1

0

4Q

17

 19

.1

Q 1

95

*

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(composite)

56

91

7

ft Q

154

0.6

50

Mar. 3,

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

G?pm)

Av

40

Max

52

Min

25

PH

Av

6.4

Max

7.1

Min

6.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

57

Max

66

Min

38

Turbidity

Av

1

Max

2

Min

 o

WEST FIELD 

(Population, 20,962)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Surface supplies: Montgomery Reservoir, 46,8 percent of supply (1952);

Granville Reservoir 53. 2 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination (on main lines into city). 

Raw-water storage: 823,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5

9

10

no

1.7 

.7

1.4

.1

0

6

4.4

2

1

.0

.4

26

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). ......... "

Finished 

water

7

19

6

f\

97 3

O c

IP » eif*

iQcq
256 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WEST SPRINGFIELD town 

(Population, 20,438)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Bear Hole Brook Reservpir and wells. In 1951 the wells furnished 47 percent of the supply.

Treatment: Surface supply: aeration, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Well supply: none.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 69, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Pept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Finished 

water

. o

. UO

--

17

* 3

3

0

.7

0

14 3/2

.1 

.1

83

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

CO

1°.

7 9

WEYMOUTH town 

(Population, 32,690) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Great Pond and 2 gravel-packed wells 66 and 52 ft deep, on Circuit Avenue and Main Street, respectively. The wells are used during the summer 

months and furnished 12 percent of the supply in 1952.

Treatment: Surface supply. Coagulation with alum and soda ash, aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH. Well 

supply: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 493,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 070, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1

Q

OC

1.4 

.4

9 7

1.1

0

i a

5

/5

6

/\

.1

.7

36

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

QY\ o, f» i f i p p r\n Hi l P i"5J ti P o

(micromhos at

95 C \

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

0

7

0
MASSACHUSETTS 257

WEYMOUTH town Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

16 

20

Max

24 

36

Min

10 

15

PH

Av

5.8 

7.2

Max

6.5 

7.6

Min

5.1 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

12

Max

16 

15

Min

8 

10

Turbidity

Av

2 

0

Max

285 

3

Min

0 

0

WINCHESTER town 

(Population, 15, 509)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: North, Middle, and South Reservoirs, and wells.

Treatment: Chlorination; softening of ground water supply.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO.,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved .solids .........

Finished 

water

0.7

.11

7.5 

1.1

0 Q

1.6

0

18

13

6.6

.1

.8

48

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ) 

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

23

8

6.4

_ 

__

__ _

Jan. 24,

1952

WINTHROP town 

(Population, 19,496)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See Boston.)

WOBURN 

(Population, 20,492)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (B, D, A-2, and E) 64, 57, 90, and 39 ft deep, reported to yield

568, 851, 1,580, and 789 gpm. Auxiliary or emergency supply, wells and

Horn Pond. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1,987,000 gal (clear wells).
258 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WOBURN- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Wells 

(composite)

8

0

1 c

.00

22

Q K

8

C

2

/J

0

C7

00

14

.0

1.0

116

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(composite)

an

00

7.0

1Qfi

n ^

cc

TT«iVi Or?

1QK'}

WORCESTER 

(Population, 203,486) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Holden Reservoirs 1 and 2, Kendal Reservoir, Pine Hill Reservoir, 

Quinapoxet Reservoir, Lynde Brook Reservoir, and Kettle Brook Reservoirs 

1, 2, 3, and 4. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 6,260, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.6

.07

_«.

2.8

o &

1.4

0 

4

1 . O

* o

.1

. 1

qo.

TTarHtlOGQ QQ C*SlC*{^L 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Qn Gkf* i f i r* n f\n Hi i r* 1*9 nf*&

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

6

17

01
MICHIGAN 259

ADRIAN 

(Population, 18,393)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21,400.

Source: Wolf Creek. Auxiliary supply from one well, 89 ft deep.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorinationRated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 300,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COa)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

10

.07 

.00

on

Ly

5 Q

4.6

0

OQK,

AQ

A 0

.1

5

9

364

Finished 

water

14

. Xtf

.00

99

. l

9

K

4.7

26

KA

9 n

1.0

153

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

9 an

44

ft O

7.4

coo

June 27,

1Q5.1

Finished 

water

Qfi

47

4

8 Q

OKX

June 27,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant Jan. 1 to May 24, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

162 

56

Max

239 

172

Min

71 

20

PH

Av

9.9

Max

L0.6

Min

9.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

210 

115

Max

333 

270

Min

109 

88

Turbidity

Av

64 

0

Max

319 

3

Min

12 

0

ANN ARBOR

(Population, 48,251)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 48,600.

Source: Huron River, 32 percent of supply; 10 wells, 30 to 170 ft deep, 68 percent of supply. Eight of the ten wells are flowing wells.

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, coagulation with lime, softening 

with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. The water 

is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 600,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.
260 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ANN ARBOR Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca). « ..............

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).................

Sulfate (SO^.... ........ ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Huron River 

(raw water)

6

Q

f\K

.00

C1

19

4.8

1.7

0

240

33

6.2

.2

.7

271

232

34

10

8.2

Ain

Nov. 2, 1951

Well a 

(raw water)

10

.05

.00

104

35

7.1

2.3

0

335

132

7.8

.2

.5

491

404

129

2

7.5

718

48

Nov. 2, 1951

Huron River 

and wells 

(finished water)

9.4

.11

.00 17 -

9.2

12

2.2

5

16

71

10

.2

.4

153

 80

59

2

9.4

246

Nov. 2, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

252 

36

Max

280 

48

Min

227 

23

PH

Av Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

356 

97

Max

404 

121

Min

335 

85

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

55

Max

63

Min

44

asteere Farm, flowing well.

BATTLE CREEK 

(Population, 48,666)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 18 wells (18 to 35), 110 to 151 ft deep. The yield of well 18 is reported

to be 500 gpm; of wells 19 tb 30, 300 gpm each; and of wells 31 to 35, 1,000

gpm each.

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 2,700,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.
MICHIGAN 261

BATTLE CREEK Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCy ..... . ...

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) .... .

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO2) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sutfate (SO4) :..............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 1<?

1C

no

70

10

5.1

1.7

0

5

0

1.1

2

316

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

 (micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

254

28

2

7.8

5D4

JulyS,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av

222

Max

242

Min

203

pH

Av

7.0

Max

7.1

Min

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

201

Max

207

Min

195

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

50

Max

50

Min

50

BAY CITY 

(Population, 52,523)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Essexville, and about 2,900 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 58,600. 

Source: Lake Huron (Saginaw Bay). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda

ash, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination,

and chlorine dioxide.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

3.1 

.06 

.00 

65 

15 

35 

6.5 

0 

158 

42 

94 

.1 

2.3 

396

Finished 

water

2.6 

.13 

.00 

16 

7.5 

50 

5.8 

11 

12 

43 

76 

.1 

.2 

224

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

226 

94

9 

7.9

623

June 28, 

1951

Finished 

water

71 

43

3 

9.6

414

June 28, 

1951
262 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BAY CITY Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm) ' Av

100 

36

Max

166 

59

Min

83 

2R

PH

Av

8.0 

9.2

Max

8.2

9,6

Min

7.3 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

159 

7S

Max

382 

100

Min

126 

68

Turbidity

Av

28 

0

Max

600 

0

Min

5 

0

BENTON HARBOR 

(Population^ 18,769)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 20,800. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply can be obtained from the city of St.

Joseph. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,600,000 gal.

Prior to March 5, 1951, wells were the source of supply.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .. . " Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Finished 

water

I P

.11

nn

39 

11

4.1

1.0

Q

10ft

00

7.0

.0

177

Hardness as CaCO2:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

149

01

8

1

299

Aug. 24,

4QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQs 

(ppm)

Av

114 

115

Max

120 

117

Min

103 

105

pH

Av

8.0 

8.4

Max

8.3 

8.6

Min

7.9 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

154 

156

Max

175 

180

Min

135 

140

Turbidity

Av

6 

.25

Max

100 

.25

Min

2.5 

0
MICHIGAN 263

BERKLEY 

(Population, 17,931)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 205, 214, and 205 ft deep; yield reported to be 1,100,

900, and 650 gpm. Auxiliary supply from the city of Detroit. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 150,000 gal.

.. ANALYSE 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe> ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1«

KA

45

97

\ > fi* DO

-'

040

5

0

cc

378

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9«% P \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

994

0

MsiT*r*Vi

1944

BIRMINGHAM 

(Population, 15,467)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Wells, 137 to 250 ft deep, in sand and gravel.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) ............. .......

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Date of collection ...................

Well 

(Lincoln and 

Westchester)

8

Q

1 O

oc

94

I 20

J

QQO

2

0

9fi

010

ORp

January, 1947

Welt 

'(Redding and 

Lakeside)

on

1 3

77

97

37

OQO

7

0

00

.4

AI o

one

January, 1947]

Well 

(Derby and 

Eaton)

11

1.1

tti

97

54

004

4

0

Cfi

.5

A9(\

OQO

January, 1947
264 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DEARBORN 

(Population, 94,994)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

DETROIT 

(Population, 1,849,568) .

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also cities of Dearborn, East Detroit, Ecorse, 

Ferndale, Garden City, Hamtramck, Huntington Woods, Lincoln Park, Melvindale, Livonia, Oak Park, Pleasant Ridge, River Rouge, Royal Oak (part); 

villages of Alien Park, Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Shores, Grosse 

Pointe Woods, Inkster, Riverview, Roseville, St. Clair Shores, Trenton, 

Wayne; townships of Browns town, Dearborn, Ecorse, Erin, Farmington, 

Gratiot, Grosse He, Nankin, Redford, Romulus, Royal Oak, Southfield, 

Lathrup Townsite, Taylor, Warren and Wayne; County General Hospital 

(Eloise); Detroit House of Correction; and Wayne County Training School. 

Total population supplied, about 2,508,000.

Source: Detroit River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Water Works Park Plant, 320,000,000 gpd; 

Springwells Plant, 272,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 136,000,000 «al (at both filter plants and in all elevated 

tanks).

ANALYSES

(Analyses,' in parts

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

per million, by Department of Water Supply, City of Detroit)

Raw 

water a

.4 

.05

27 

7

};

99 

13 

7

.2 

130

Finished 

water a

.2

.02

27 

7

3 

0 

93 

19 

7

.2 

132

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

98 

16

8.1

8

June, 

1951

Finished 

water a

98 

22

7.6

0.1

June, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 7-1-49 to 6-30-50

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

82 

76

Max

86 

80

Min

80 

64

pH

Av

8.1 

7.6

Max

8.3 

7.8

Min

7.9 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98 

98

Max

100 

100

Min

95 

95

Turbidity

Av

20 

.1

Max

130 

.8

Min

3 

0

1 Composite sample.
MICHIGAN 265

* EAST DETROIT

(Population, 21,461)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

EAST LANSING 

(Population, 20,325)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 22,300.

Source: 5 wells (1, and 3 to 6), 460, 407, 385, 380, and 385 ft deep; yield reported to be 750, 450, 750, 600, and 600 gpm. Auxiliary supply from Michigan 

State College. Well 1 furnishes 24 percent of supply; wells 3 and 4, 38 percent; and wells 5 and 6, 38 percent.

Treatment: Iron removal, softening by cation exchange, and addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,750,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 550,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological- Survey)

Silica .(SiOj)................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ...... .

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) .........;

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ..............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids ......... '

Depth (feet) ..................

Date drilled .......:..........

Percent of supply ...........

Well 4 

(finished 

water)

1 fi

.14

.00

18 

7,0

17Q

2 1

0

41<j

114

8

n

2

549

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection. .........

well 4 

(finished 

water)

73

0

8

7.5

857

45

Nov. 9,

1951

385U

14

May, 1942

ECORSE

(Population, 17,948) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

ESCANABA 

(Population, 15,170) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Michigan; 4 wells (1, 2, 3, 5), 753, 844, 775, and 813 ft deep;

yield reported to be 210, 320, 200, and 225 gpm. About 50 percent of the

supply was furnished by the wells during 1950. 

Treatment: Surface water: Prechlorination to breakpoint, coagulation with alum,

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination

when necessary. Ground water: Chlorination for hydrogen sulfide control, and

addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.
266 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ESC ANABA--Continued »

ANACYSEU

.(Analyses, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells 

(finished 

i water)

9.2

OR

40 

on

i 20

onn

97

16

.2

245

Finished 

water a

3.8

.10

.00

00

11

/ 3.6

\ 2.0

0

OQ

9.6

.1

.4

156

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total *...............

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at 

ok p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Wells 

(finished 

water)

185

18

..

April,

1941

Finished 

water a

132

29

3

7.2

ooo

Sept.29,

1952

Michigan. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

Ownership: Municipal.

FERNDALE 

(Population, 29,675) 

Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

FLINT 

(Population, 163,143)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 164,100. 

Source: Flint River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, chlorine dioxide, coagulation with

alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid

sand filtration, and postchlorinatidn. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 35,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 650,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 23,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) .:........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

(\A

.00

70

OR

1O

4

0

0 

OOfi

4.O

10

2 a

344

Finished 

water

8 Q

.17

.00

23

. o 

11

3

0

18 a o

47

ox

1

C

160

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

278

43

22

8 1

RRR

June 28,

1QR1

Finished 

water

86

55

0

m ?

070

June 28,

IQRI

1 Hydroxide (OH) 1 ppm.
MICHIGAN 267

_ GRAND RAPIDS 

(Population, 176,515)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 179,500. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Auxiliary supply, Grand River (less than 1 percent of

total supply). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sodium

fluoride, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. Auxiliary supply softened

with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 52,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 8,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 43,800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ........ 4 ... .......

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

2 1

1 c

.00

35 

10

5

9

1.0

0

1 *}C

1ft

6

n

1.0

.5

155

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )............... ........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date. of collection .........

Finished 

water a

ion

17

8

n

9RO

Aug. 27,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

116 

109

Max

168 

122

Min

105 

47

PH

Av

8.2 

7.8

Max

8.7 

8.5

Min

7.9 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

134 

136

Max

267 

163

Min

124 

124

Turbidity

Av

7.4 

.1

Max

61 

1.8

Min

.5 

0

a Lake Michigan

HAMTRAMCK 

(Population, 43,355)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

HAZEL PARK 

(Population, 17,770)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)
268 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HIGHLAND PARK 

(Population, 46,393)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake St. Clair. The intake is located at the termination of Seven Mile

Road. 

Treatment: Prec"hlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorination, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 45,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiQJ ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NC*,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

0 C

.07

.00

26 

So

4 O

 X. ft

0

no

on

8

n

.1

g

126

Hardness as CaCOu:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

no

22

0

7.6

215

Nov. 5,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

84

77

Max

99 

84

Min

77 

64

PH

Av

8.2 

7.3

Max

8.7 

7.5

Min

7.9 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

107 

105

Max

128 

114

Min

97 

98

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

Max

190 

0

Min

2 

0

HOLLAND 

(Population, 15,858)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,600. 

Source: 19 wells (1, 3, 4, 5, and group of 15), 131, 110, 160, 178, and 32 ft

deep; yield reported to be 1,800, 1,800, 1,400, 800, and 1,000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1,74 7,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.
MICHIGAN 269

HOLLAND Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

. water v (city tap)

9 7

.15

.00

72

99

7.0

3 

'A

0

ooc

CO

19

.1

11

334

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water (city tap)

270

78

2

7.5

535

Nov. 2,

1QS1

'Ownership: Municipal. 

 Source: Supplied by Detroit.

'INKSTER 

if Population, 16,728)

(See Detroit.) 

JACKSON 

(Population, 51,088)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 51,600. 

Source: 13 wells (1 to 10, Water Street, Hamburg Street, and Goodyear), 380 to

451 ft deep; yield reported to be 1,400 to 1,800 gpm for each well. All of the

wells are under 400 ft in depth except Goodyear. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None,

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiQj,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ......... ..

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

10

. At)

.00

90

OR

50

3

0

0

uOrt 

QO

4R

2

498

Hardness as CaCO.,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micrornhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

331

58

2

7.3

Aug. 21,

1951
270 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KALAMAZOO

(Population, 57,704)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 13,022 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 70,700. 

Source: 33 wells, 127 to 189 ft deep; yield reported to be from 180 to 1,044 gpm,

and to average 401 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8,600,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)................. ..........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ................

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Finished 

water a

14

. 01

.11

01 

Qf\

8

7

1 9

0

QOC

C o

10

.1

970

QOC

58

7

7.4

607

51

Nov. 20,- 1951

Finished 

water b

14

1.4

. \Ja

y i

Q4

11

2

n

0

944

OC

1 Q

3

D

460

100

7 e

711

51

Nov. 20, 1951

Finished 

water c

Id

. ty

.05 

on

no

6.4 i n

0

O91

50

10

.0

4.0

QC7

114

52

0

7.7

581

51

Nov. 20, 1951

a No. 7 pumping station.

b Central pumping station.

c Balch Street pumping station.
MICHIGAN 271

LANSING 

(Population, 92,129)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 92 wells, 189 to 572 ft deep; yield reported to be 50 to 800 gpm. The 

average depth of the wells is 425 ft, and the average yield 225 gpm.

Treatment: Pfechlorination, coagulation, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, and postchlorination. 

The water is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 60,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 17,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Water Conditioning Plant, Lansing, Michigan)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..:...........

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 Q

19

9

0

\ 24 / Z4 

15

4

7C

99

177

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. ).........-.............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.).. ........

fVif-p f\f pnllppHnn

Finished 

water

86

57

10.3

0

May,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished-water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

315 

83

Max

320 

106

Min

312

75

pH

Av

7.0 

10.4

Max

7.1 

10.5

Min

6.9 

10.2

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

387 

85

Max

406 

91

Min

367 

81

Turbidity

Av

0.69 

0

Max

1.50 

0

Min

0.23 

0

LINCOLN PARK 

(Population, 29,310)

| Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 29,400. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) Emergency supply from Wyandotte.

LIVONIA 

(Population, 17,534)

Ownership: Municipal.

'Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)
272 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MARQUETTE 

(Population, 17,202)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Superior.

Treatment: Chlorination, and chlorine dioxide.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis', in parts per million, iby U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .....

Carbonate (CGj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ........

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3 A

1 *

.00

13

3 A

1.1

0

en

2

0

3

0

.0

51

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

46

6

2

7.6

94.4

July 2,

1951

MONROE 

(Population, 21,467)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Erie.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchtorination, and final adjustment of pH to about 

8.0 by addition of lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

 Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ........

Potassium (K) ....

Carbonate (COa) .:........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.1

.11

.00

40

8 7

1 5

1 R

0

119

00

O G.

.1

g

192

Hardness as CaCOji

Total .....%.................

Noncarbonate ........'....

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

44

7 Q

OKI

Nov. 2,

1 OKI
MICHIGAN 273

MONROE Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.. .......

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

102 

97

Max

150 

123

Min

81 

76

PH

Av

7.8 

7.8

Max

8.5 

8.5

Min

7.2 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

156 

169

Max

226 

220

Min

112 

126

Turbidity

Av

120

Max

1,250

Min

10

MOUNT CLEMENS 

(Population, 17,027)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4,500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,500. 

Source: Lake St. Clair. Auxiliary supply, wells. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, chlorine dioxide, activated

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 'None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO,) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

2.3 

.17 

.00 

28 

7.8 

6.9 

1.0 

0 

99 

16 

13 

1.3 

.3 

135

Finished 

water

3.9 

.13

31

7.9 }- «

0 

90 

28 

13 

1.3 

1.3 

a !38

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

102 

21

3

7.6

248

Aug. 27, 

1951

Finished 

water

110 

36

7.2 

253

Mar. 19, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant-, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

92 

81

Max

116 

95

Min

75 

63

PH

Av

8.0 

7.2

Max

8.9

7.7

Min

7.7 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

121 

121

Max

152 

160

Min

100 

94

Turbidity

Av

28 

0

Max

400 

1

Min

1 

0

a Sum of determined constituents.

MUSKEGON 

(Population, 48,429)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also North Muskegon and about 2,000 people out-I 

side the city limits. Total population supplied, about 52,900.

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply from Muskegon Heights.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination at times, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 5,300,000 gal.
274 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MUSKEGON Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOj) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) .........;....

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2.6

19

AA

19

3

0

2.3

0

100

OK

7.0

.0

.7

153

Hardness as CaCCy.

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T^TYin^TJiHifp (V \

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

25

0

7.9

270

55

June 28,

1QK1

MUSKEGON HEIGHTS 

(Population, 18,828)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20,800.

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply from Muskegon.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,750,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3,385,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan' Department of Health)

Silica (SiQjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2 Q

no

35

19

} 2.6

J

i<i<j

94

6 ft

.0

156

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

90

October,

1Q41

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

119 

104

Max

130 

110

Min

114 

97

PH

Av

8.2 

7.1

Max

8.4 

7.4

Min

7.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(PPm)

Av

134 

132

Max

150 

138

Min

126 

123

Turbidity

Av

8 

0

Max

45 

0

Min

1 

0
MICHIGAN 275

OWOSSO

(Population, 15,948)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,000. 

Source: 16 wells, 40 to 200 ft deep; yield reported to be 200 to 720 gpm, and to

average 311 gpm.

Treatment: Iron removal by aeration and rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluor ide (F) ..... . .

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

19

0

OK

| 27

19

367

11

.4

526

Hardness as CaCCv,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

A(\K

88

1944

PONTIAC 

(Population, 73,681)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 20 wells, 173 to 234 ft deep; yield reported to be from 548 to 1,330 gpm,

and to average 855 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

There are 9 low-service wells and 11 high-service wells. The low-service wells 

pump directly into a reservoir and furnish about 67 percent of the supply. The 

high-service wells pump against a head varying from 30 to 75 pounds and furnish about 33 percent of the supply.
276 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PONTIAC - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe).. .......;.................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: : 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ...............;......

Date drilled .....................

Percent of sunolv ...............

Mechanic 

. well 

(raw water)

13 

1.3 

.00 

98 

32 

15 

2.8 

0 

347 

92 

17 

.4 

1.0 

472

374 

92

3

7.4

714

June 26, 

1951

200 

12 

1925 

3

Featherstone 

well 2 

(raw water)

20 

1.4 

.00 

80 

30 

25 

3.0 

0 

390 

32 

22 

.5 

2.5 

408

324 

3

3

7.4

676

June 26, 

1951

195 

12 

1929 

4.3

Orchard Lake 

well 3 

(raw water)

21 

.56 

.00 

62 

25 

30 

3.8 

0 

330 

7.8 

31 

.6 

1.0 

345

260 

0

2

7.6

596

June 26, 

1951

232 

12 

1949 

3

Finished 

water

20 

1.2 

.00 

71 

28 

26 

3.7 

0 

340 

28 

28 

.6 

1.0 

375

292 

14

i 

0 

7.7

635

June 26, 

1951

PORT HURON

(Population, 35,725)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 36,400. 

Source: St. Clair River. Emergency supply from Port Huron Sulphite and Paper

Co. water system. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water' storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.
MICHIGAN 277

PORT HUROff Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn)

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.9

.11

.00

£iO

5.8

2.9

.7

0

92

12

7.0

.1

.4

110

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

94

18

5

7.3

206

__

__ .

Sept. '24,

1952

RIVER ROUGE 

(Population, 20,549)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) Emergency supply from industrial 

storage tanks.

ROSEVILLE 

(Population, 15,816)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.)

ROYAL OAK 

(Population, 46,898)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Swells, (Baptist Home, Buckingham, North wood), 186.5, 180, 157.5 

ft deep; yield reported to be 150, 800, 350 gpm (about 55 per cent of supply); 

about 45 per cent of supply from Detroit.. Auxiliary supply one well, (Cooper), 

200 ft deep; yield reported to be 800 gpm; used during summer months.

Treatment: Addition of Calgon, and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.
278 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROYAL OAK~Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ........ ............

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...............

Sulfate (SO^... ........ ....... ........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity .............. ....... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of SUDD!V ...................

Baptist Home 

Well 

(raw water)

14

 O «J

.00

34

£t\J

lUo

O » £t

UO «/

. O

01

1.0

440

 1 VI if

0

9

789

Aug. 23, 1951

1 QC R

1C O

May, 1950 

in

Buckingham 

Well 

(finished water)

17

 TiO

.00

52

£U 

CC

. U

0

O^rU

CO

4OQ

014

0

1

698

Aug. 23, 1951

OU la

July, 1950

95

Finished 

water a

11

. ao

.00

ob 

17

150

2

c

la

artO

.4

1 QO

1.0

UO I 

1 CO

0

9

7.7

1,000

Aug. 23, 1951

a Mixed sample: Northwood well 30 percent; supply of City of Detroit 70 

percent.

SAGINAW 

(Population, 92,918)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 94, 900.

Source: Lake Huron. The intake is located at Whitestone Point, about 60 miles 

north-northeast of Saginaw. Emergency supply, Lake Linton and Saginaw 

River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, and 

final adjustment of pH to about 9. 4 by addition of soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 9, 250, 000 gal.
MIC fflG AN 279

SAGINAW Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

'Raw 

water

5.7 

.07 

.00 

33 

8.6 

6.1 

3.1 

0 

109 

17 

16 

.1 

.5 

164

Finished 

water

2.9 

.14 

.00 

19 

5.3 

9.0 

2.2 

8 

40 

20 

16 

.9 

.6 

111

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity.. ............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

117 

28

3

8.1

259

June 27, 

1951

Finished 

water

70 

23

3 

9.1

194

June 27, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

77 

33

Max

80 

35

Min

73 

29

PH

Av

8.0 

9.4

Max

8.3 

9.8

Min

7.8 

8.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

G?pm)

Av

93

49

Max

108 

55

Min

86 

46

Turbidity

Av

3 

0

Max

40 

0

Min

1 

0

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit.

ST. CLAIR SHORES

(Population, 19,823)

(See Detroit.)

SAULT STE. MARIE 

(Population, 17,912)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Superior. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 400,000 gal.
280 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SAULT STE. MARIE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) [ 

Silica (SiOj,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2

e

.07

.00

13

2

0

}, ' « /* 

0

40

2 1

2

e

.1

52

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water (city tap)

40

4

7

0

QO 7

Nov. 28,

1QR1

TRAVERSE CITY 

(Population, 16,974)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17,200. 

Source: Lake Michigan (West Arm of Grand Traverse Bay). 

Treatment: Chlorination, and sodium chlorite. 

Raw-water storage: None 

Finished-ureter storage: 1,300, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (SiOj,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) .............;

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.4

.0

o4 

11

1 64 / 6 ' 4

149

14

5.0

.1

152

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

130

8

__

__

__

__

1040
MICHIGAN 281

WYANDOTTE 

((Population, 36,846)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Detroit River. Emergency supply from Detroit.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, chlorine dioxide, andfluoridation (silicofluoride). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,800,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

2.9 

.02 

.00 

27 

7.3 

6.7 

2.2 

6 

88 

14 

9.0 

.1 

.6 

120

Finished 

water

2.4 

.10 

.00 

27 

6.8 

4.9 

1.1 

0 

88 

17 

10 

1.4:4

126

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

»*VT pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ........ ......

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

98 

15

3 

8.3

218 

12

Aug. 17, 

1951

Finished 

 water

96 

23

2 

7.5

225

Aug. 17, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

86 

77

Max

93 

84

Min

82 

72

PH

Av

7.9 

7.2

Max

8.2 

7.4

Min

7.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

115 

118

Max

137 

142

Min

102 

105

Turbidity

Av

29 

0

Max

68 

0

Min

14 

0
282 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

YPSILANTI 

(Population, 18,302)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 3 wells, 102, 87, and 94.ft deep.

Treatment: Coagulation and softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health)

Silica (8103) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7 9

.0

14

8

n

> 40

J 17

m9

19

212

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). ....... ..

*

Finished 

water

71

36

_

_

1943

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

280 

31

Max

286 

45

Min

272 

24

PH

Av

7.3 

9.4

Max

7.3 

9.4

Min

7.3 

9.3

- Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

378 

79

Max

396 

92

Min

359 

71

T<

Av

52 

52

jmperature °F.)

Max

52 

52

Min

52 

52
MISSISSIPPI 283

BILOXI 

(Population, 37,425)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells. North well, Main St. Station; Main St. Station well; Porter St. 

well, each 1, 200 ft deep; and 3 wells in First St. well field. The yield of 

North well, Main St. Station weU and Porter St. well is reported to be 1, 200, 

1,100, and 900 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 920, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

North 

well a

90

OQ

.0

1 5

i to

6 A

251

5

0

ce

1 ft

 i&A

7

0

18

8.4

583 

1

83

1951

1,200

LotfL

Main St. 

Station 

well a

f 0

M

.0

e c

1.0

QQ1

14

0

335

.4

490

Q

1 2

1,030

on

0

40

8.0

1,850 

0

87

1951

1,200

Ltj*tu

Porter St. 

well a

91

nQ

.0

2

0

1.0

919

6

f7

0

294

1

C

170

Q

2 0

CCQ

11

0

15

7.2

958 

1

85

June 14,

1951

1,200

lot*}

3 wells b 

1st St. 

well field

10

04

.0

2

c

.7

990

1 Q

0

309 

.5

166

.3

1.3

573

10

0

17

7.9

968 

1

86

June 14,

1951

Wells c

17

.06

.0

5,4

1.5

330

13

0

306 

3.7

345

.3

1.3

880

20

0

80

7.7

1,540 

2

85

June 14,

1951

a Raw water. b Raw water (composite). c Finished water (composite).
284 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BROOKHAVEN 

(Population, 7,801)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1, 3, 4, and 5) 160, 165, 154, and 160 ft deep; yield reported to

be 418, 600, 500, and 510 gpm. Well 1 is used only in emergencies. 

Treatment: Aeration (spray), lime, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 891,000 gal.

Equal volumes of water are reported to be pumped from wells 3, 4, and 5.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ................. ....

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... .......

Sulfate (SO4) " ....... ........

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) ............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Wells a

15 

.04 

.0 

13 

2.9 

30 

1.7 

0 

40 

11 

39 

.1 

13 

155

44 

12

4 

6.8

256 

1 

71 

June 15, 

1951

~

Well 3

15 

.09 

.0 

6.8 

2.9 

31 

1.8 

0 

21 

12 

39 

.0 

14 

140

29 

12

4 

6.4

223 

0 

68 

June 15, 

1951

165 

10 

1941 

33i

Well 4

12 

1.2 

.0 

1.9 

.9 

6.0 

..8 

0 

15 

.5 

6.5 

.1 

.6 

41

8 

0

12 

5.8

54.2 

2 

68 

June 15, 

1951

154 

10 

1947 

33T

Well 5

15 

.16 

.0 

2.2 

.7 

5.1 

.6 

0 

15 

.2 

5.5 

.0 

.3 

40

8 

0

6 

5.7

43.9 

2 

68 

June 15, 

1951

160 

10 

1951

23i

>a Finished water, composite.
MISSISSIPPI 285

CANTON 

(Population, 7,048)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9, 500. 

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2) 980 and 965 ft deep; yield reported to be 600 and 810

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 225,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 210,000 gal.

The water from the wells is pumped to the reservoir, then to the tank and the 

distribution system.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells a

CO

.55

~

5.9

i. V

OQ

2 A

0 

101

J.O

6

r\

.0

3

185

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Wells a

£4

0

17

7.0

1 OQ

O

78

May 22,

1QR1

a Composite, finished water.

CLARKSDALE 

(Population, 16,539)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 766, 760, and 758 ft deep. Depth of well 4, not reported.

The yield of the wells is reported to be 600, 1,000, 1,000, and 1,000 gpm.

The water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution mains. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: None.
286 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C LARKSDALE - -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

27 

.14 

.0 

.6 

.7 

165 

1.8 

0 

-350 

1.2 

55 

.4 

1.7 

446

Hardness as CaCOg: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

nV

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection ......;..

Wells 

(composite)

4 

0

22

7.7

683 

2 

71 

May 23, 

1951

CLEVELAND 

(Population, 6,747)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 6,800. 

Source: 3 wells (1, 2, and 3) 1,437, 847, and 840 ft deep; yield reported to 385,

675, and 1,100 gpm. Well 1-is fof emergency use; wells 2 and 3 are pumped

alternately.

Treatment: Chlorinated as water enters reservoirs. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 600, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids ..........

Wells 

(reservoir)

19 

.10

1.1 

.7 

139 

1.8 

0 

340 

.8 

21 

.4 

.8 

373

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..... '.....

Wells 

(reservoir)

6 

0

18

7.7

564 

4 

72 

May 23, 

1951
MISSISSIPPI 287

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 17,172)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 3, 000.

Total population supplied, about 20, 200. 

Source: Luxapalila Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and ammoniation. (Fluoridation to begin July 1, 1951.) 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 to 6,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulf ate (SOJ ........ ..

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.3

<JH

.0

2.1 

1.0

1.6

1.8

0 

11

1.4

2.0

.1

4.0

38

Finished 

water

8.0

l\Q

.0

14 

1 9

1.4

1.4

a 24

19

7 5

.0

3 a

77

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

0

45

. 0

7

May 21,

loUl

Finished 

water

40

&V

 i.

&t). £t

May 21,

l«7ul

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (COj).

CORINTH 

(Population, 9,785)

Ownership: Peoples Water Service Co., Baltimore, Md. Population supplied 

outside of the city limits, about 3, 000. Total population supplied, about 

12,800.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 320, 320, 320, and 200 ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 750, 750, 400, and 200 gpm. Wells 1 and 2 are pumped alternately.

Treatment: Aeration (overflow trays), lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 200, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 400, 000 gal.
288 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CORINTH- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) ............ .......

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na)......... ..................

Pntassinrn (K) ......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..............

Sulf ate (804).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

Diameter (inches) .................

Date drilled .........................

Percent of supply .................

Wells 

(finished water)

13

.09

.0

on

4.9

22

3.4

0

79

7.2

34

.4

.2

146

70

5

4

8.0

244

2

65

May 21, 1951

»

Well 1 

(raw water)

19

.15

.14

9 4

2.5

3.1

2.2

0

41

5.8

2.5

.2

.3

66

34

0

12

6.2

87.0

5

63

May 21, 1951

son

12

1Q4Q

Well 4 

(raw water)

8.3

.11

.0

no

9.6

77

8.5

0

141

15

125

.3

358

130

14

5

7.6

637

1

May 21, 1951

200

10

1 Q99

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 29,936)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 5,000. 

Total population supplied, about 34,900.

Source: 4 wells (Toombs Alley, 1 to 3)500+, 526, 519, and 5001-ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 500, 1,350, 1,050, and 1, 500 gpm. The 

water from the wells is pumped to storage reservoirs where it is chlorinated.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

The water from all the wells is reported to be about the same chemical composition.
MISSISSIPPI 289

GREENVILLE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells a

19 

.02 

.0 

.9 

.9 

145 

9.5 

0 

274 

3.3 

70 

.2 

.8 

387

Well 2

17 

.03 

.02 

1.2 

.5 

156 

9.9 

5 

293 

2.3 

68 

.2 

.8 

406

« * ». A*,-,-A\

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncar Donate......

Color ...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC |-l \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Wells a

6 

0

35

7.9

590 

2

May 24, 

1951

Diameter -(inches) . ......................................

Date drilled ................ .. . . v ......"...." 

Percent of supply .... ' ......... 

Well 2

5 

0

55 

8.5

654 

2 

70 

May 24, 

1951

519 

12 

1931

a Finished water.

GREENWOOD 

(Population 18, 061)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 wells (1 to 9, and Old Ice Plant well) each 800 ft deep, except wells 5

and 6 which are 1, 919 and 640 ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorinated as pumped from the wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,100,000 gal.

Wells 8 and 9 are pumped continuously into the mains. The yield is reported to 

be 500 and 1,000 gpm, respectively. The other 8 wells are reported as 

flowing and the combined flow is reported to be 1,400 gpm, but the wells are 

connected together and are pumped into a 1,000,000 gal storage reservoir.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

91

.17

.0

2.0 

.6

83

6.1

0

910

5.4

7 5

.2

1 9

243

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK fl \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(composite)

7

0

15

7 Q

047

74

May 23,

1951
290 INDUSTRIAL filTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GRENADA 

(Population, 7,388)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 7, 500. 

Source: 3 wells (1, 2, and 3) each 170 ft deep; yield reported to be 650, 600, and

800 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 85,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 650,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ............

Sulfate (S04) .............. ........

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Color...............................

PH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ......

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 1 

(raw water)

28 

.24 

.01 

10 

4.3 

64 

7.0 

0 

204 

7.4 

11 

.0 

1.8 

252

43 

0

8 

7.4

361 

2 

67 

May 23, 

1951

170 

12 

1933

Well 2 

(raw water)

26 

.09 

.01 

11 

4.0 

71 

4.0 

0 

210 

4.9 

17 

.1 

1.8 

266

44 

0

8 7'.5

383 

2 

67 

May 23, 

1951

170 

12 

1931

Well 3 

(raw water)

20 

.14 

.0 

9.2 

4.0 

72 

2.2 

0 

216 

7.4 

12 

.0 

1.8 

245

39 

0

5 

7.5

366 

3 

67 

May 23, 

1951

170 

12 

1944

Wells 

(finished 

water)

25 

.20 

.01 

12 

5.4 

68 

2.9 

0 

206 

6.9 

14 

.2 

.5 

255

52 

0

7 

7.6

371 

2 

71 

May 23, 

1951

__
MISSISSIPPI 291

GULFPORT 

(Population, 22,659)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 9 wells. Three wells (1, 2, and 3) located on U. S. Naval Base, 854, 

1,196, and 761 ft deep. Three wells (2W, 3W, and 4W) located on Gulfport 

Airfield Base, 600 and 645 ft deep (depth not reported for well 4W). Three wells 

(West 2nd St., Gravelene, and Schoolyard) located in the city, 1,360, 900, 

and 1,200 ft deep.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: (Capacity not available).

The water from the wells is pumped into storage reservoirs and tanks before distribution in the city mains.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca). ....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) .................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. .)...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 1 

U.S. Navy

20 

.07 

.0 

.5 

.4 

135 

5.8 

18 

300 

7.7 

6.0 

.5 

1.7 

349

2 

0

30 

8.8

539 

2 

84 

June 14, 

1951

854 

12 

1942

Well 2W 

Airfield

42 

.30 

.05 

.4 

.5 

51 

3.0 

0 

120 

10 

7.2 

.0 

2.4 

177

3 

0

5 

7.9

214 

2 

78 

June 14, 

1951

600

Well 

West 2nd 

Street

34 

.08 

.0 

.2 

.7 

64 

5.6 

0 

154 

8.8 

5.5 

.1 

.6 

197

3 

0

7 

8.2

265 

2 

85 

June 14, 

1951

1,360

Wells 

Finished water 

(composite)

21 

.12 

.0 

.6 

.1 

93 

6.2 

16 

193 

9.0 

5.0 

.3 

3.1 

251

2 

0

15 

8.8

382 

2 

88 

June 14, 

. 1951

--
292 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 12 wells (data available for only 9 wells, namely, 2, 3, 4, and 9 to 14) 

622, 610, 621, 353, 456, 635, 422, 400, and 610 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be as follows: (2, not reported), 619, 137, 320 (flowing) 

and 950 (pumping), 306, 155 (flowing), 328 (flowing) and 950 (pumping), 240, 

and 135 (flowing) gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (contact trays), rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ...,.;....

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells a

90

ft£t

.0

6.6

2

0

16

1 9

0

64

8 0

3

C

.0

.4

103

Wells b

91

10

.0

8.0

. A 

17

2 7

0

AT

Q 9

3 A

.1

.4

102

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

'Nnn/tQi^Vwinsii'^

Color............... .

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9*» <" \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Wells a

OQ

0

10

6

. e

i

70

June 13,

1QC1

Wells b

9Q

0

7 1

71

June 13,

1QR1

a Raw water.

b Finished water.

JACKSON 

(Population, 98,271)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5,000 people outside of city limits.

Total population supplied, about 103,300. 

Source: Pearl River. 

Treatment: Coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,000,000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: 8,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year, but the dissolved solids is usually low.
MISSISSIPPI 293

JACKSON Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

1 9

.06

7.5

1 Q

A Q

0

01

4.0

6.2

75

Finished 

water

19

.01

.07

15

. o

4.4

a QQ

16

6.5

.1

85 '

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate..... .

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

1C

1

oU

7.0

01 1

May 22,

1QR1

Finished 

water

47 

16

8

0

199

May 22,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

25

Max

24 

40

Min

8 

15

PH

Av

6.6 

9.0

Max

7.9 

9.2

Min

6.0 

8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

50

Max

48 

60

Min

6 

30

Turbidity

Av

60

Max

1000

Min

8

a Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (COS ).

KOSCIUSKO 

(Population, 6,753)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 6,900. 

Source: 3 wells (East, West, and No. 3) 470, 470, and 750 ft deep; yield reported

to be 400 gpm. Water from the wells is pumped directly into the mains and to

storage.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 225,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

 14

40

.01

12 

4.6

K 1

5

O

0

64

8 0

0 C

.0

131

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(composite)

4Q

0

7

6

0

1

70

May 22,

1QK1
294 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAUREL 

(Population, 25,038)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (1, 2, 3A, and 4 to 7), each 400 ft deep (depth of well 2 not reported).

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,120, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,)...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCfc) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... . 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Wells a

41 

.09 

.0 

2.9 

3.8 

44 

5.2 

0 

133 

12 

4.2 

.2 

2.7 

187

23 

0

8

7.7

235 

2

June 13, 

1951

Well 1

35 

.07 

.0 

1.8 

1.1 

66 

3.2 

0 

164 

9.4 

4.0 

.3 

2.5 

207

9 

0

8 

7.6

280 

2 

73 

June 13, 

1951

400 

12 

1926

Well 3A

60 

.09 

.0 

4.4 

2.2 

30 

2.6 

0 

92 

11 

3.5 

.0 

.5 

165

20 

0

12 

6.9

171 

3 

80 

June 13, 

1951

400 

12 

1948

Well 4

49 

.09 

.0 

4.1 

1.2 

26 

1.0 

0 

73 

9.6 

3.8 

.0 

.6 

147

15 

0

6 

7.1

144 

2 

83 

June 13, 

1951

400 

12 

1950

Well 7

29 

.10 

.0 

3.4 

2.1 

79 

5.3 

0 

212 

8.2 

3.8 

.5 

1.0 

243

17 

0

10 

7.9

337 

2 

79 

June 13, 

1951

400 

12 

1950

a Finished water (composite).
MISSISSIPPI 295

MCCOMB 

(Population, 10,401)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source; 3 wells (1 to 3) 100, 500-600, and 600-700 ft deep.

is reported to be 500, 1, 000, and 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 350, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

The yield of the wellr

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. .Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ............ ..............

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOg) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

r^iQ tYiftt'tfiT* /^tl/*lltfiQ^

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Finished 

water 

[composite)

on

1 9

0,9

2

0

1.1

94.

1 ^

0

KO

11

7.0

.1

1

0

1 9

0

7

6.6

135

1

72

1951

Well 1

11

.10

.04

9

0

A 0

10

1 Q

0

7

O 1 

1 £

.1

11

111

49

36

3

5.3

168 

0

69

1951

100

--

Well 2

cc

KA

.0

1.4

.4

97

I

B

0

crt

O, 1

4.0

.1

147

5

0

7

6.7

127 

0

72

1951

500-600

1 9

--

Well 3

71

1 &

.0

2

0

.6

97

2

c

0

CT

U. O

4.8

.1

.5

150

8

0

6

6.8

X27 

0

72

June 15,

1951

600-700

1 9

--

MERIDIAN 

(Population, 41,893)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about

10, 000. Total population supplied, about 51, 900. 

Source: 3 lakes, fed by springs. Equal distribution of water from each lake to

city. Emergency supply: one lake. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water stroage: 6, 500, 000 gal.
296 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MERIDIAN--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Lake 3 

(raw 

water)

5.2 

.06 

.0 

1.8 

1.1 

1.8 

.6 

0 

9 

1.9 

2.8 

.0 

.8 

27

Finished 

watfr

4.5 

.06 

.07 

5.4 

1.2 

1-.8 

.5 

0 

13 

8.4 

3.2 

.0 

.4 

38

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

None arbonate ......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Lake 3 

(raw 

water)

8 

1

25 

6.2

25.8 

3

June 12, 

1951

Finished 

water

18 

8

10 

6.8

49.5 

2

June 12,. 

1951

NATCHEZ 

(Population, 22,740)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, 100. Total

population supplied, 22,840. 

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6) 457, 612, 449, 612, 425, and 660 ft deep. The yield

from each well is reported to be 500 gpm. 

Treatment: Split treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, recarbonation, rapid

(anthrafilt) filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal.

The entire supply is not softened; only a part. Then the softened water and 

the raw water are mixed in such proportions as to give a water of the desired 

hardness prior to filtration.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (RCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

4 wells a

AK

' .74

.02

56

ft JL 

«JC

4

O

0

QQO

14

5 9

.0

1

Q

350

Wells b

QQ

nft

.0

7.4

J, & 

OJ.

4.1

19

QQ

90

6

C

.0

1.1

187

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncar bonate ......

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

4 wells a

QQ£

0

4

7.0

CQ1

1

71

June 15,

1QS1

Wells b

CQ

0

4 

91

97fl

0

 7Q

June 14,

1 QC1

a Raw water (composite). ' 

b Finished water (composite).
MISSISSIPPI 297

PASCAGOULA 

(Population, 10,805)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of city limits, about. 200. Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: 5 wells (1 and 2, Common St.; 1, 2, and 3, Beach St.), each 800 ft deep. 

The yield of each well is reported to be 2, 300 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(composite^

34

.05

.0

. i 

.7

244

11

0

330

.6

196

.3

1.2

654

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished^ 

water 

(composite)

10

0

09

8

/\

1,120

0

87

June 14,

"IQFJI

STARKVILLE 

(Population, 7,107)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 7,600.

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2) each 1,450 ft deep, and reported to yield 635 and 840 

gpm, respectively. Emergency supply, 300,000 gallon surface reservoir. 

The Borden Company can also supply water (ground water). 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 3 50,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) .

Carbonate (CO2) ..........

Ri r* Q t* V\rtn o f o f^Jf~^/~\ \

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ..:............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(composite)

24

1C

.0

6.6 

2n

«»«»

2.4

0

106

' 1.6

9.8

.1

.8

124

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(composite)

OK

0

7.6

80

May 21,

1951
298 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TUPELO 

(Population, 11,527)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, 50. Total

population supplied, 11, 577. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 6, and East Tupelo) 460, 460, 460, 468, 470, 501, and 380

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 300, 310, 310, 450, 300,

780, and 80 gpm. Emergency supply: a surface reservoir of 262, 000 gal

supplied by these 7 wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. A chlorine residual of 0. 2 to 0. 3 ppm is maintained in

the reservoir.

Storage: For emergency, 262,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 332, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCCg

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) .

Date drilled ........

Percent of supply

Well 2

17

.03

.01

&a

5.6

46

4.6

0 

122

8.1

65

.0

1.2

238

Wells a

16

.66

.01

33

C 0

45

7.0

0 

104

16

71

.0

.5

246

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR /I \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 2

OK

0

7

0

A(\K

1

66

Mav 91

1951

460

12

1,931

Wells a

104

19

5

7.7

AOO

1

Mav 91

1QS1

a Finished water (composite).

VICKSBURG 

(Population, 27,948)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 10, 000* 

Total population supplied, about 37, 900.

Source: Mississippi River.

Treatment: Copper sulfate, coagulation with lime and ferric sulfate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gal.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 630, 000 gal.

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year.
MISSISSIPPI 299

VICKSBURG- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.3

09

.0

46 

14

9,9

2.7

0 

154

67

94

9

3.6

304

Finished 

water

7 9

.04

.0

58 

14

QI

4.6

0 

14Q

qo

oc

.1

2

E356

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color..................

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC (- \

Turbidity. . ............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

179

46

1R

7 *i

409

76

June 16,

1951

Finished 

water

9f>9

on

7.8

C94

i

77

June 16,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

100 

90

Max

120 

120

Min

85 

90

PH

Av

7.8 

8 T 4

Max

8.0 

8,4

Min

7.7 

8,4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

110 .

Max

120 

120

Min

80 

100

Turbidity

Av

1000 

0

Max

1500 

0

Min

800 

0

a Fiscal year.

YAZOO CITY 

(Population, 9,746)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, 100. Total

population supplied, 9,846. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), each 900 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to

be 1,100, 1,000, and 2, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 300, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

22

.09

.0

JL. O

.5

77

.9

0

194

8.2

3.5

.2

.9

212

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................'

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

5

0

7

8

0

9,17

82

May 22,

1951
300 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BERLIN, NEW HAMPSHIRE 

(Population, 16,615)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Brooks. Auxiliary supply, 1 well 49 ft deep.

Treatment: Filtration and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 45,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ................

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ..........

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Brooks a

8 fi

91

.00

Q n

.7

1 3

.4

0

6.5

.6

29

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

TlpnfmPi*atpiii*P (1? \

Date of collection .........

Brooks a

10

4

97

6

£

OQ Q

0

0

47

May 25,

1QC1

a Sample collected at filter plant before chlorination.

CLAREMONT 

(Population, 12,811)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13, 800. 

Source: Spring-fed brooks.

Treatment: Chlorination. Copper sulfate for control of algae in summer months. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 205,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 41,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

'Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

. 'J.

. uo 

no

6.6 

1.1

1.0

0

1 a

8

n

1

0

.1

32

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Nnn/* a i*hrma t"P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ).....!....

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

91

6 Q

48.7

1

0

50

1951
NEW HAMPSHIRE 301

CLAREMONT1 - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as GaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

6.8

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

26

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

0

Max Min

CONCORD 

(Population, 27,988)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Penacook Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, driven wells.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1,520,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.)

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ..........'.....

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3 1

AC

.00

3.3 

.8

2 n

0

8

6.5

2.8

a. 2

.3

25

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color .............*............

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

19

5

6

6.4

38.1

0.4

May 15,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av Max

r»-

Min

pH

Av

6.8

Max

7.0

Min

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

21

Max

24

Min

18

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

\ a Fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride to a concentration of 1 ppm of fluoride 

'in the finished water was begun May 12, 1952.
302 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DOVER

(Population, 15,874)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,900. 

Source: Barbadoes well 66 ft deep, 40 percent of supply; Smith well 65 ft deep,

60 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Willand Pond. The

yield of the wells is reported to be 350 and 630 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Barbadoes well: soda ash for adjustment of pH and corrosion control.

Smith well and Willand Pond: aeration, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

The Barbadoes well pumps directly into the distribution system.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

i«»

i«»

.00

17

0 1

5

C

2

1

0

13

47

6.9

.1

. .2

107

Hardness as CaCOj"

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(mieromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ...... .........r....

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

55

44

6.7

162

94

Jan. 11,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water-..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

7.1

Max

7.5

Min

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

52

Min

30

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

KEENE 

(Population, 15,638)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lakes.

Treatment: Slow sand filtration. Chlorination in an emergency.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 760,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 303

KEENE--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)^

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate ^COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4 o

M

.00

1.8

1.0

0

3

6.0

1.2

.1

.5

20

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ..................;.

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

7

4

7

6 1

94 Q'

0.3

CO

Mav 99

lORI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

6.8 

7.2

Max Min

6.7 

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

<ppm)

Av

21 

19

Max Min

Temperature ("F)

Av

48

Max

67

Min

32

LACONIA 

(Population, 14,745)

Ownership: Laconia Water Company. Population supplied, about 15,000.

Source: Lake Paugus (fed by springs and brooks).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,600,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 3,250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.7

no

.00

3.4 

.7

1 Q

5

"

0

Q

5 9

2 4

9

23

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

11

4

7

6.8

94 <»

0.1

45

May 15,

1951
304 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LACONIA--iContinued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished wateiu..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

 ~

Max

~

Min

~

PH

Av

.7.0 

7.0

Max

7.2 

7.2

Min

6.9 

6.9

Hardnes 

as CaC 

(ppm]

Av

17 

17

Max

20 

20

3S

os

Min

15 

15

Turbidity

Av

1 

1

Max

2 

2

Min

1 

1

MANCHESTER 

(Population, 82,732)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 85,700. 

Source: Lake Massabesic. Water is pumped at two points from the West Pond of

(the lake to the high and low pressure systems. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 33,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

A. O

.10 

.01

3.4

2 7

.4

0

4

7 9

5

0

36

Hardness as CaCOg*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

19

5.8

44.2

n Q

May 24,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av Max

~

Min

~

PH

Av

6.5

Max

7.0

Min

6.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15

Max

~

Min

~

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

~

Min

NASHUA

(Population, 34,669) 

Ownership: Pennichuck Water Works.

Source: Springs; 42 flowing wells ranging in depth from 16 to 50 ft with an average of 

30ft. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Pennichuck Brook. The combined yield 

of the springs and wells is reported to be a little over 4,000,000 gpd. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Spring water, 56,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 
NEW HAMPSHIRE 305

NASHUA- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

7 c*

nc

no

8.1 

1.1

2

0

0

00

6

0

4 Q

.0

.7

45

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........\

Finished 

water

.(city tap)

OK

7

6

17

68.4

0

<j

Cn

Vfav 1^

1QR1

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 18,830)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 24,300. 

Source: Wells: Well 1 70 ft deep, and reported to yield 350 gpm; Wells (1 to 8) 

Sherborne Station 45 to 52 ft deep, and reported to yield 332 gpm; Haven Well 

60 ft deep, and reported to yield 350 gpm; Gosling well 50 ft deep, and reported to yield 300 gpm; Greenland Well 55 ft deep, and reported to yield 360 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,250,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Finished 

water a

13

.01

 JO

10

7.7

2.2

0

110

52

9.0

.0

3.6

191

139

49

4

7.4

 I'M

June 5, 1951

Finished 

water b

13

.01

oc

11

5.2

1.5

0

72

54

6.0

.0

1.2

153

110

51

 i

 7 ?

OfM

June 5. 1951

Finished 

water c

13

.01

oft

12

5.2

1.7

0

73

54

7.0

.0

1.4

156

114

54

3

7.1

206

June 5. 1951

a Sherborne Station. b Haven Station. c Gosling Station.
306 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROCHESTER 

(Population, 13,776)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 13,900.

Source: Berry Brook, 75 percent of supply; Round Pond, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 250, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

3 1

oc

O4

1.9

2 7

.4

0

4

4

0

5 n

.0

24

Hardness as CaCC%:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity .....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

7

4

1 5

5 Q

33.3

0.7

l/fo\r 1 4

1951

SOMERSWORTH 

(Population, 6,927) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 7,400.

oource: 2 wells (1 and 2) 69 and 65 ft deep: yield reported to be 612 and 700 gpm. 

Treatment: Adjustment of pH with lime. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

Well 

(raw 

water)

\.£t

 Of

. 1/7

6.2

1. £t

o o

0

14

s 5

.1

47

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total ....... ...............

Color ..........................

PH..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Well 

(raw 

water)

14

1

6

-«

on n

O 9

May 14,

1Q51

oy

oc

lilO'X
NEW JERSEY 307

ASBURY PARK 

(Population, 17,094)

Ownership: Municipal about 50 percent of supply; Monmouth Consolidated Water 

Co. about 50 percent. (See Long Branch.) Population supplied during summer 

months, about 50, 000.

Source: 3 wells (Layne 1, American 1 and 2) 630, 1,130, and 1,130 ft deep; yield 

reported to be 200, 750, and 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand (pressure) filtration, and addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 210,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4X... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ....... ..................

Nitrate (NOj,) .........................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ...........................

Layne well 1 

(raw water)

1

C

. b

24

4

*>

\ 9.3

0

«7U

i. y

no

0

on

7.4

100

Mar. 24, 1953

bou

lu-b

1939

,.

American well 2 

(raw water)

10

11

1.0

4.6

0

O A

10

00

4

0

7 9

DQ 9

Mar. 24, 1953

1,130

12-b

1943

--

Finished 

water a

8.4

en

. Do

11

1.4 / 1.7

V, o . u

0

Ort

1O 

1 9

.1

CO

 ) )

5

1

6

£J

DQ C

3

C

Mar. 24, 1953

~~

a Composite sample. Collected at pumping station.

ATLANTIC CITY 

(Population, 61,657)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 12 wells (1 to 4, 6 to 13) 675, 102, 213, 105, 91, 200, 97, 200, 199, 199, 

200, and 95 ft deep, 54 percent of supply; 2 ponds (Absecon Creek impounded) 

46 percent of supply. The wells are reported to yield from 695 to 1,390 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 7,000,000 gaK

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.
308 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ATLANTIC CITY--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ....................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

9 0

.47

M

2.2 

1.0

4.8

0

4

7 5

8

0

41

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

TVifo f\f r»ri11 ApHnn

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

OE

5 Q

52.0

0.8

54

Feb. 5,

1QEO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

2.4 

2.4

Max

2.5 

2.6

Min

2.3 

2.3

PH

Av

5.0 

5.0

Max

5.2 

5.2

Min

5.0 

5.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

5.3 

5.3

Max

5.4 

5.4

Min

4.9 

4.9

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

1 

1

Min

0 

0

BAYONNE 

(Population, 77,203)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by North Jersey District Water Supply Commis 

sion. (See Newark, Wanaque supply.)

BELLEVILLE 

(Population 32,019)

'Ownership: Supplied by Newark, Pequannock supply. (See Newark.)

BERGENFIELD 

(Population, 17,647)

Ownership: Private water utility supplied by Hackensack Water Company. (See 

Hackensack.)

BLOOMFIELD 

(Population, 49,307)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Newark, Pequannock supply, Cedar Grove 

Reservoir. (See Newark.)
NEW JERSEY 309

BRIDGETON 

(Population, 18,378)

Ownership: Municipal. lotal population supplied, about 19,500.

Source: 10 wells (1 to 10> 75, 97, 110, 95, 87, 105, 84, 93, 104, and 103 ft deep;

yield reported to be 260, 620, 400, 250, 370, 460, 500, 460, 500, and 450 gpm.

Emergency supply, Sunset Lake. 

Treatment: Jfone. 

Storage: 2,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .;............ 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (003) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOj) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(city tap)

8 0

.07

no

3.9 

1.0

4 R

1.5

0

5

4.4

8.0

.0

9.5

53

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Nnn/*a i*lvknfl fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. ).........:............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(city tap)

14

10

0

5 7

74.0

2

0

Mar. 23,

IQ co

CAMDEN 

(Population, 124,555)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 100,000 people; New Jersey Water Company 

supplies the llth and 12th wards; Merchantville-Pennsauken Water Commission 

supplies a small part.

Source: Municipal wells as follows: Camden, 12 wells (1 to 12) at different points 

in the city, about 116 to 195 ft deep; Morris field, 9 wells about 115 to 182 ft 

deep located between the Pennsylvania railroad tracks on the east, Pennsauken 

Creek on the north, and Delaware River on the west; Puchack field, 5 wells (1 

to 5) 162 to 186 ft deep at School Lane and River Road Delair; Delair field, 3 

wells (1 to 3) 135 to 144 ft deep, just west of Delair station on Pennsylvania 

railroad. New Jersey Water Company, Stockton field, 6 wells.

Treatment: Morris station wells, aeration; other wells, none.

Raw-water storage: Morris station reservoir, 500,000 gal.

The city wells are equipped with high-duty turbine pumps that pump directly into 

the distribution mains. The Morris wells are equipped with individual low-duty 

turbine pumps which pump into a concrete reservoir, from which the water is 

pumped into the city by centrifugal pumps. The Delair wells pump directly 

into the mains. The Puchack wells are equipped with individual high-duty 

turbine pumps which force the water into a large main leading to the city. The 

New Jersey Water Company wells are tied into a common line for distribution 

into the llth and 12th wards.

The water from the wells in the different well fields differs considerably in chemical composition. The water from some of the wells contains objectionable 

quantities of iron and manganese. The analyses selected show the approximate 

range in dissolved solids and hardness of the water furnished by the wells in the 

different well fields.
310 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C AMDEN - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ...............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2 : 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

,Silica (SiOy) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Ma gnesi urn (Mg) .......

 Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO2 : 

Total......................

Camden 

well 1

10

1 9

OR

94

9 4

1 ft 

3

c

0

CO

07

36

o

1.0

181

QQ

47

O

6

n

306

Nov. 28, 

1949

1 ^7C

OX

--

Morris 

well 9N

0 Q

b21

5

C

17

10

5

0

o o

0

110 

19

7.0

.0

118

Q4

o

Camden 

well 6

7.0

7K

.77

on

OK

A O

1 0

0

48

.1

KO

460

941

146

6

f\

735

Nov. 28,

1949

--

Puchack 

well 1

4.0

.00

.14

14

7

0

10

o n

0

39 

40

10

.0

7 R

67

O O

Camden 

well 7

6

1

n9

no

7.0

4.7

9 7

3

0

0

1

41

10

.0

4.0

Ino

07

oc

o

4.6

166

-pi 1_ 1 n

1951

1R4

oc

-_

Puchack 

well 4

7 Q

.00

.41

5

0

1 R

3

c

2

1

0

4 

10

7 9

.0

1 9

62

on

17

Morris 

well 2

7 ^

07

.05

6

0

3

0

4.4

1.5

0

14

10

6.0

.1

9 4

RQ

01

On

5

c

99.1

Nov. 7, 

1949

oc

--

Delair 

well 3

4.7

b 17

8 1

17

9 a

6.1

2 n

0

102

1 R

8.6

.0

124

Q4

10

Morris 

well 3

6

n

5

C

2 7

10

6

0

4.4

1 R

0

R4

15

5

0

.1

4.6

86

63

1Q

4

6.4

158

Nov. 7, 

1949

117

oc

--

Well 44 a

10

no

on

1 9

4.7

CQ

9 7

0

2 

140

18

.0

11

9QO

49

48

a New Jersey Water Company. b Total iron. Sample turbid when collected.
NEW JERSEY 311

CAMDEN, Analyses Continued

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........ 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Morris 

well 9N

3

6.8

219

July 3,

1953

148

OQ <>C

1009

Puchack 

well 1

3

6.5

198

July 3,

1953

1 CO

OC

1QOX

Puchack 

well 4

3

5.8

79.7

JulyS,

1953

1 OC

oc OC

1Q94

Delair 

well 3

12

6.9

218

July 3,

1953

10C

O O OC

1 Crtfl

Well 44 a

4

5.4

444

56 

Feb. 16,

1951

1RQ

a New Jersey Water Company.

CLIFFSIDE PARK 

(Population, 17,116)

Ownership: Supplied by Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

CLIFTON

(Population, 64,511)

Ownership: The distribution system is owned by the city and the Passaic Valley 

Water Commission. Supplied by the Passaic Valley Water Commission, 

Wanaque supply. (See Passaic.)

COLLINGSWOOD

(Population, 15,800)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 305, 298, 326, and 305 ft deep; reported to yield 1,000,

750, 600, and 760 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, and sedimentation. 

Raw-water storage: 330,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

10

01

.04

20

4 5

3 7

3 Q

0

cc

01

3 A

.4

9R

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

CO

14

5

7 ?

162

O R

Feb. 7,

1952
312 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EAST ORANGE 

(Population, 79,340)

Ownership: East Orange Water Department.

Source: 12 wells: North, Middle, South Braidburn wells 123, 126, and 122 ft 

deep, and reported to yield 1,220, 1,050, and 800 gpm; North, Middle, South 

Canoe Brook wells 108, 111, and 121 ft deep, and reported to yield 1,400, 

1,400, and 450 gpm; North, Middle, South Dickinson wells 133, 129, and 126 

ft deep, and reported to yield 1,000, 1,000, and 500 gpm; North, Middle, South 

Slough Brook wells each 280 ft deep, and each reported to yield 225 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 10,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na.) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

oo

.00

.00

36

19

10

.4

0

1 9R

40

6.4

.0

5.0

194

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Nranf* 9 Thona tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tao)

10Q

17

4

7.8

304

1.2

Feb. 21,

1952

EAST PATERSON 

(Population, 15,386)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Garfield Water Company. (See Garfield.) 

Emergency tie-in connection with the Passaic Valley Water Commission.

ELIZABETH 

(Population, 112,817)

Ownership: Elizabethtown Water Company; North Jersey District Water Supply 

Commission (see Newark, Wanaque supply). The Elizabethtown Water Company supplies about 1/3 of the population of Elizabeth, also Dunellen, Linden, 

Middlesex, and South Plainfield (part); and Clark, Hillside, and Union (90 percent) townships. Total population supplied, about 148,000.

Source: Raritan River, Millstone River, Delaware Canal, and 141 wells in the 

following well fields: Conant Field, 5 wells 400 to 600 ft deep, total yield 

1, 500,000 gpd; Hummock Field, 46 wells 70 to 600 ft deep, total yield 

3, 500,000 gpd; Springfield Field, 50 wells 70 to 600 ft deep, total yield 

3,500,000 gpd; Greenbrook Field, 20 wells 20 to 30 ft deep, total yield 775,000 

gpd; and Piscataway Field, 20 wells 20 to 30 ft deep, total yield 2,000,000 gpd.

Treatment: Surface water: Aeration, coagulation with alum, lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration and chlorination. Well water: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage:' Hancock reservoir, 1,000,000 gal; Springfield reservoir, 

1,000,000 gal; clear well, 1,000,000 gal.
NEW JERSEY

ELIZABETH Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

313

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe)......... ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) .....................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Raw 

water a

___

[X 4.4

' 0

32

Qf)

5

5.1

59

33

19

7.0

156

Feb. 1,

1952

Finished 

water a

14

.03

.00

19

6.1

(

C 'A 6.4 J-1 C6

29

49

10

.0

5.4

117

72

49

5

7 ?

188 

21

Feb. 1, 

1952

Finished 

water b

8.5

.14

.00

15

3.1

3.3

.8

0

38

1 Q

4.8

.1

1.5

80

50

19

7

0

125 

4.0

Feb. 1,

1952

Well water 

(composite)

22

.06

.00

85

9.5

12

.9

0

216

71

15

.0

10

338

251

74

5

8

1

511 

2. i

_______________I moa i itfaa i______i»az i 1952 i»a^

a Surface supplies, composite (60 percent Raritan and Millstone rivers, 40 percent Delaware Canal).

b Mixed surface supplies, City Hall tap.

ENGLEWOOD 

(Population, 23,145)

Ownership: Supplied by the Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7 1

.10

09

OK

3

0

19

1.4

0

40

41

1 n

.1

2 q

131

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7fi

4.C

7.4

09 K

5.1

Jan. 29,

1952
314 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FAIR LAWN 

(Population, 23,885)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 13 wells (1 to 12, 14) 300 to 500 ft deep.- The yield of the wells is reported to range from 100 to 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Collecting basin, 200,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,300,000 gal.

Wells (1 to 7) are located in one field (Cadmus Place) and pump into a collecting 

basin; well 8 is on Willow Street; well 9, on George Street; and wells 10, 11, 

12, and 14, areinonefield(Westmoreland). Wells 8, 9, and those in West - 

moreland field pump directly into the distribution system being automatically 

chlorinated.

Cadmus Place wells furnish about 40 percent of the supply; Westmoreland wells, 

about 30 percent; and the other two, about 15 percent each.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO9) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

1 D

 >n

.00

50 

17

10

 1.0

0

118

01

11

.0

26

282

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

1QC

QQ

4

7 ^

428

0.6

53

Feb. 6,

1QRO

Composited according to percentage furnished from each source.

GARFIELD

(Population, 27,550)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies East Pater son and Saddle River township.

Total population supplied, about 54,000. 

Source: 5 wells. Auxiliary or emergency supply, tie-in with the Passaic Valley

Water Commission. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Copper sulfate is used in the receiving basin for

control of algae.

Raw-water storage: Receiving basin, 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3 standpipes, 814, 000 gal.
NEW JERSEY 315

GARFIE LD Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO ^

Dissolved solids.....

Well 4 (raw water)

OQ

--

--

X

} 15

0

OQ Q

74

1 et

19

Finished 

water a

on

QQ

.02

58

A2

\ V 1 5 * ° 

0

1 fiQ

CO

19

.0

11

277

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OK (1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Well 4 

(raw water)

272

77

4

7.4

558

 

Jan. 29,

1952

Finished 

water a

206

69

10

7.5

434

0.6

Jan. 29,

1952

a Wells, composite sample.

HACKENSACK 

(Population, 29,219)

Ownership: Hackensack Water Company. Also supplies Bergenfield, Cliffside 

Park, Dumont, Englewood, Fort Lee, Lyndhurst township (part), North Bergen 

township, Ridgefield Park township, Rutherford, Teaneck township (part), 

Union City, Weehawken township, West New York, and numerous boroughs, 

towns, and townships in whole or in part. Total population supplied, about 

500,000.

Source: Hackensack River and tributaries impounded in Oradell Lake and Woodcliff Lake.

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, addition of 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH, 

ammoniation, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: (At New Milford) 72,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Oradell Lake, 2,850,000,000 gal; Woodcliff Lake, 

889,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Weehawken reservoirs 1 and 2, 16,000,000 and

69,200,000 gal, respectively; Fairview reservoir, 18,900, 000 gal; Western 

reservoir (Woodcliff), 5,000,000 gal; Carlstadt tank, i; 300,000 gal; clear 

wells and suction wells (New Milford Plant-Oradell), 2,100, 000 gal.
316 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HACKENSACK Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (SOa)............. ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Raw 

water

9.0

> 10

0

38

28

16

3.6

64

33

11

6

0

1QO

Jan. 28, 1952

Finished 

water

8.3

.00

.04

91

4.0

/ f 12 l&

\ V 1 1 °. - J

0

38

36

17

.0

2.3

125

69

38

7 5

O Q

Jan. 28, 1952

Finished 

water a

5.9

.03

.04

QI

5.9

> 10

64

43

26

.8

176

102

48

7 9

0

CO

1951

a Average of monthly analyses for year 1951. 

Water Company.

Analyses by the Hackensack

HILLSIDE township 

(Population, 21.007)

Ownership: Supplied by Elizabethtown Water Company. (See Elizabeth.)

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

EC

} "

0

1 OQ

"70

10

9

0

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

._ TT pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

94.fi

84

7.7

Cfil

Jan. 29,

1952

a Tap, Hillside, N. J.
NEW JERSEY 317

HOBOKEN

(Population, 50,676)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Jersey City. (See Jersey City.)

mVINGTON 

(Population, 59,201)

Ownership: Supplied by the Commonwealth Water Company. (See Summit.)

JERSEY CITY 

(Population, 299,017)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Hoboken, part of Lyndhurst township, and 

North Arlington. Total population supplied, about 391,000.

Source: Rockaway River impounded in Boonton Reservoir. The supply system is 

interconnected with 7 other major water supply systems in metropolitan area 

of New Jersey.

Treatment: Plain sedimentation (in storage reservoir) and.chloririation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 100,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Boonton Reservoir, 7,500,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 distribution system reservoirs, 100,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

9.8 

.18 

.00 

9.0 

3.3 

3.1 

.8 

0 

21 

17 

6.5 

.1 

1.0 

65

Finished 

water a

7.4 

.50 

.00 

11 

5.2

J 6.3

0 

42 

16

7.7

.8 

92

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH... ....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection.-

Finished 

water

36 

19

10 

7.3

98.0 

2.0

Jan. 30, 

1952

Finished 

water a

49 

14

15 

7.7

3

Sept. 19, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

26 

24

Max

39 

35

Min

15 

15

PH

Av

7.1 

6.8

Max

7.6 

7.2

Min

6.7 

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

44 

44

Max

64 

.62

Min

30 

30

Turbidity

Av

4 

4

Max

20 

10

Min

3 

3

a Analysis by Jersey City Water Department.
318 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KEARNEY 

(Population, 39,952)

Ownership: Supplied by North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, Wanaque supply.)

LINDEN 

(Population, 30,644)

Ownership: Supplied by Elizabethtown Water Company. (See Elizabeth.)

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) "...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

1 9

\ R R

f 5. o

0

97

41

7

5 n

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

AC

44

7.1

178

Feb. 1,

1QK9

a City tap, Linden.

LODI 

(Population, 15,392)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 18,000.

Source: 7 wells (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, Columbia Ave., and Lawrence Ave.) 300, 319, 

302, 308, 332, 409, and 373 ft deep; yield reported to be 160, 295, 130, 110, 

150, 475, and 500 gpm. Well 1 furnishes 1 percent of supply; wells 4, 5, 6, 

and 7, 60 percent; Columbia Ave. well, 14 percent; Lawrence Ave. well, 25 

percent.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Underground tank, 475,000 gal; steel standpipe, 55,000 

gal.
NEW JERSEY 319

LODI--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

i ft

.00

.00

59 

17

10

1 *>

0

C.A

15.

.0

1 Q

9.8 Q

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

&L 1 

00

7 70

4.RC

O p

Jan. 29,

1QKO

a Pumping station No. 2, wells 4, 5, 6, and 7.

LONG BRANCH 

(Population, 23,090)

Ownership: Monmouth Consolidated Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Co., Inc.); also supplies Asbury Park (part), Bradley Beach, Fair 

Haven, Middletown township (part), Neptune township, Oceanport, Ocean township, Rumson, Shrewsbury township, and a number of other boroughs. Total 

population supplied, about 111,000: in summer about 229,000.

Source: Swimming River impounded,Whalepond Brook impounded, Jumping Brook, 

and Shark River (97 percent of supply); 2 wells, Whitesville Station, 610 and 981 

ft deep, 5 wells, Ocean Grove Station, 450 to 605 ft deep, and 1 well, Jumping 

Brook Station, 1, 065 ft deep (3 percent of supply).

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, fluoridation with sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride, and 

postc hlor ination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21, 700,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 175,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2,090,000 gal; 3 standpipes, 2,220,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.4

17

. o

\ 4.9 

0

oc

o-j

10

.0

4.8

84

Finished 

water

10

no

.00

on

. 0

(4.8 

\ 1.8

0 

04.

0 1

11

.0

4.6

102

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color............... .

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p 1

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

52

31

Of)

7.4

141

22

36

Feb. 18,

1952

Finished 

water

59

40

4

7.2

163

0.7

__

Feb. 18,

1952
320 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LONG BRANCH--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34 

36

Max

97 

46

Min

20 

22

PH

Av

6.8 

7.8

Max

7.1 

8.2

Min

6.5 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

65 

70

Max

70 

80

Min

55 

54

Turbidity

Av

47

1

Max

190 

5

Min

48 

0

LYNDHURST township 

(Population, 19,980)

Ownership: Distribution system, Lyndhurst township. Supplied by Jersey City 

and Hackensack Water Company. (See Jersey City and Hackensack.)

MAPLEWOOD township 

(Population, 25,201)

Ownership: Commonwealth Water Company. (See Summit, Canoe Brook and 

Short Hills Stations.)

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(tap sample)

.04

> «"

0 

108 

43 

9

4.2

Hardness as CaCCy. 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(tap sample)

136 

48

1 

7.8

303

Feb. 1, 

1952

MILLVILLE 

(Population, 16,041)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Union Lake 75 percent of supply; 5 wells (7, 9, 10, 11, 12) each 110 ft

deep, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Union Lake water: coagulation with alum and soda ash, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Well water: aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 50,000 gal.
NEW JERSEY 321

MILLVILLE --Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SO4)............. ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color....................;..............

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Union Lake 

(raw water)

. «o

3.9

~\ 0 1

V> 6. 0

0 

1

10

3

O

 3

*-&

11

EC

5.1

4Q 4

Mar. 23, 1953

Union Lake 

finished water)

 o

 Ut7

.00

3.0

1.1

f 1fi \ 16 \ p

V 0

0

10

OR

5

0

.0

. J.

71

*-£t

4

6.4

110

3

C

Mar. 23, 1953

Wells 

(finished water)

. o

OQ

.01

3.5

. i

1.5 

0

1

i p

4.0 

.0

.7

48

L£t 

11

1

4.6

Ftf\ C

2 n

Mar. 23. 1953

MONTCLAIR 

(Population, 43,927)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits, 

Glen Ridge, and the township of Cedar Grove. Total population supplied, about 

65, 000. Supplied by North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, Wanaque supply.)

Finished-water storage: 4,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na)'....... ........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

na

--

\ 3.0

0

17

19

4

.5

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water a

oc

.L£

7.1

79 Q.

Jan. 30,

1QCO

a City tap, Monte lair.
322 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MORRISTOWN 

(Population, 17,124)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 12,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 30,000. 

Source: 5 wells 60 to 136 ft deep, 55 percent of supply; impounding reservoir,

Brookside, N. J., 45 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination, ammoniation, lime for pH correction, and fluoridation

with sodium fluoride.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 400,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

 ft 1

.00

11

3

c

.5

0

 57

11

o o

1

C

67

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Qr» Q/» i f \ r* f* f\T\ Hi 1 f* 1" 5) n f* P

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F )

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

O 1

7

7.4

QA A

4.1

Mar. 24,

1QRO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

9

21

Max

10

23

Min

7

20

PH

Av

6 5

9.1

Max

6 9

9.3

Min

6 1

8.9

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

?A

28

Max

__

--

Min

__

--

Turbidity

Av

5

5

Max

20

20

Min

5

5
NEW JERSEY 323

NEWARK 

(Population, 438,776)

Ownership: (Distribution system owned by the city) Municipal (Pequannock supply); also supplies Belleville, Bloomfield, Nutley, and Wayne township. Total 

population supplied, about 400,000. North Jersey District Water Supply Commission (Wanaque supply); Participants are allotted daily quantities of water 

as follows: Bloomfield, 4,000,000 gal; Clifton, 6, 750,000 gal; Glen Ridge, 

750, 000 gal; Kearney, 12,000,000 gal; Montclair, 5,000,000 gal; Newark, 

40, 500, 000 gal; Paterson, 20,000,000 gal; Passaic, 11,000,000 gal. Total 

population supplied, about 640,000.

Source: Municipal: Pequannock River and tributaries impounded in four main 

reservoirs, Oak Ridge, Clinton, Canistear, and Echo Lake, the flow from 

which in natural stream beds is controlled through the Macopin Intake Reservoir. North Jersey District Water Supply Commission: Wanaque River impounded, northeast of and adjoining the Pequannock watershed.

Treatment: Pequannock supply: Ammoniation, chlorination at intake into aqueducts at Macopin, aeration and sedimentation in Cedar Grove Reservoir, and 

rechlorination at distribution outlet of this reservoir. Copper sulfate or chlorine is used to control algae in the reservoirs. Wanaque supply: Ammoniation 

and chlorination as water leaves Wanaque Reservoir, and addition of lime for 

pH control. Copper sulfate is used in reservoir when necessary for control of 

algae.

Raw-water storage: Pequannock supply: Oak Ridge Reservoir, 3,895,000,000 

gal; Clinton Reservoir, 3,518,000,000 gal; Canistear Reservoir, 

2,407,000,000 gal; Echo Lake Reservoir, 1,678,000,000 gal; and Macopin 

Intake Reservoir, 32,000,000 gal. Total, 11, 530,000,000 gal. Wanaque supply: Wanaque Reservoir, 27,600,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Pequannock supply: Cedar Grove Reservoir, (main distribution reservoir), on mountain above Montclair, 679,000,000 gal; South 

Orange Avenue Reservoir (equalizing reservoir), 9,000,000 gal; Belleville 

Reservoir (equalizing reservoir), which also may receive Wanaque water, 

14,000,000 gal; Wanaque supply: Balancing reservoir (in Clifton), 15,000,000 

gal.

Pequannock water, which is delivered from Cedar Grove Reservoir, can be supplied to all sections of Newark. However it is used principally in the higher 

sections of the city; Wanaque Aqueduct conveys water from Wanaque Reservoir 

to Belleville Reservoir from which point the supply is connected with the 

Newark distribution system. The Wanaque supply is also interconnected with 

the Pequannock supply at several points. Wanaque water is distributed to the 

lower lying sections of Newark.
324 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWARK--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,)......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NC^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Pequannock Supply i

Finished 

water a

6.7 

.07

9.0 

2.9 > ' _

16 

12 

6.0

1.2 

55

35 

21

19 

6.9

2.8 

1951

Finished 

water b

2.6 

.30 

.00 

6.6 

2.1

( L4 \ .4

0 

14 

10 

4.1 

.1 

.6 

39

25 

14

15 

6.8

64.9 

1.6

Jan. 28, 

1952

Wanaque Supply ,

Finished 

water c

3.5 

.09 

.04 

8.7 

2.2

> -

18 

13 

8.3

.2

57

31 

16

18 

7.7

2 

50 

1951

Finished 

water d

4.5 

.34 

.00 

7.4 

1.6 

/ 2.0 

V -7 

0 

14 

12 

4.2 

.1 

.3 

43

25 

14

8 

8.0

70.6 

5.1

Jan. 28, 

1952

Mixed Supply 

Finished 

water

5.2 

.27 

.00 

7.6 

1.7 

1.6 

.4 

0 

13 

12 

4.5 

.1 

.4 

44

26 

15

5 

.7.2

65.9 

0.6

Jan. 30, 

 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water e. 

Finished water f .

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

13 

15

Max

17 

20

Min

9.6 

11

pH

Av

6.9

7.7

Max

7,0 

8.2

Min

6.8 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

31

Max

38 

38

Min

31 

28

Turbidity

Av

19 

2

Max

25 

3

Min

15 

1

, a Aver age of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples. Analyses by

Newark Water Department. 

b City tap, Bloomfield, N. J. 

c Average of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples. Analyses by

Passaic Valley Water Commission, at Little Falls treatment plant. 

d City tap, Bayonne, N. J. 

e Pequannock supply. 

^ Wanaque supply.
NEW JERSEY 325

NEW BRUNSWICK 

(Population, 38,811)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Franklin (part), Highland Park, Milltown, 

and North Brunswick township. Total population supplied, about 59,000.

Source: Lawrence Brook impounded.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 800,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) .................;.

Manganese (Mn)

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7 H

OQ

.00

12 

3.4

4.8

1.8

3

12

26

7.5

.4

3.2

84

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

44

29

10

9.0

131

11

Jan. 28,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished waters. .

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

15 

16

Max

12 

24

Min

7 

9

PH

Av

5.7 

7.9

Max

6.4 

8.4

Min

5.0 

7; 5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

30 

51

Max

35 

53

Min

25 

48

Turbidity

Av

65 

6

Max

90 

10

Min

40 

3

NORTH ARLINGTON 

(Population, 15,970)

Ownership: Supplied by Jersey City. (See Jersey City.)

NORTH BERGEN township 

(Population, 41,560)

Ownership: Supplied by Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

NUTLEY 

(Population, 26,992)

Ownership: Municipal. Purchases water wholesale from the Passaic Valley 

Water Commission. (See Passaic.)
326 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ORANGE 

(population, 38,037)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 42, 132, 76, and 100 ft deep, 63 percent of supply; West 

Branch of Rahway River, 37 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 740, 1,400, 1,400, and 1,395 gpm. Auxiliary or emergency supply, interconnection with the supply systems of East Orange and the Commonwealth Water Company.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 275,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) .'..............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water, 

(city tap)

1 Q

M

.00

22 

7.0

7 9

.7

0

56

^4

10

.1

1.8

129

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

84

to

0

7 a

 too

0.4

January,

1952

PASSAIC 

(Population, 57,702)

Ownership: Passaic Valley Water Commission. The Water Commission owns and 

operates the distribution systems in Passaic, Paterson, part of Clifton and 

Prospect Park; it sells water wholesale to the Clifton Water Department, East 

Paterson, Garfield, Haledon, Harrison, Little Falls, Nutley, Totowa, West 

Paterson, and Hackensack Water Company. Total population supplied, about 

360,000.

Source: Passaic River; Wanaque Reservoir. (About 50 percent from each source 

was used for the supply of Passaic in 1951.)

Treatment: Passaic River supply: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon when necessary, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. Wanaque Reservoir supply: Ammoniation, chlorination, and addition of lime at outlet of Wanaque Reservoir, rechlorination, and pressure filtration at Little Falls plant of the Passaic Valley 

Water Commission.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Little Falls: gravity, 55, 000, 000 gpd; pressure, 40,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs: Great Notch, 178, 500,000 gal; New Street, 

63,900,000 gal; Grand Street, 20,460,000 gal. 2 clear wells, 3,250,000 gal.

The Passaic Valley Water Commission has water rights to 75 mgd from the 

Passaic River and 37. 75 mgd from the Wanaque Reservoir. Mixed finished 

water supplied to the various places consists of about 10 percent more Wanaque 

Reservoir water than Passaic River water. The low pressure system is supplied with water from the Passaic River.
NEW JERSEY 

PASSAIC - -Continued

327

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Passaic Valley Water Commission, Clifton)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCCV 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Date of collection ........

Passaic River

Raw 

water a

11 

.58 

.06 

14 

4.5

\ 8.6

41 

25 

8.9

1.6 

112

55 

22

48 

7.0

8 

54 

1951

Finished 

water a

7.3 

.04 

.02 

20

4.5

9.0

42 

33 

14

1.6 

130

69 

35

4 

7.1

0 

54 

1951

Wanaque Supply

Raw 

water a

3.5 

.09 

.04 

8.7 

2.2

4.5

18 

13 

8.3

.2

57

31 

16

18

7.7

2 

50 

1951

Finished 

water a

3.3 

.05 

.02 

8.8 

2.2

5.1

19 

14 

8.7

.2 

56

31 

16

9 

7.6

0.4 

50 

1951

Mixed Supply 

Finished 

water ab

4.7 

.05 

.02 

13 

3.0

6.6

28 

21 

10

.7 

86

45 

22

7 

7.3

0.4 

52 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water c.......

Finished water c.

Raw waterd. ......

Finished water d.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34 

34

15 

15

Max

53 

50

20 

21

Min

19 

22

11 

12

PH

Ay

7.0 

7.1

7.7 

7.6

Max

7.4 

7.4

8.2 

8.1

Min

6.8 

7.1

7.2 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

55 

70.

31 

31

Max

70 

90

38 

37

Min

37 

49

28 

28

Turbidity

Av

8 

0

2

.4

Max

11 

0

3

1

Min

4 

0

1 

0

a Average of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples.

b Approximately equal parts of each supply.

c Passaic River supply.

d Wanaque Reservoir supply.

PATERSON 

(Population, 139,336)

Ownership: Supplied by Passaic Valley Water Commision. (See Passaic.)
328 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PENNSAUKEN township 

(Population, 22,767)

Ownership: Merchantville-Pennsauken Water Commission. Supplies Merchantvine, a.large part of the townships of Pennsauken and Delaware, and a small 

part of Camden. Total population supplied, about 35,000.

Source: Park Avenue Well Field: 5 wells (1, 5, 6, 7, 12)285, 288, 260, 185, 

256, ft deep; yield reported to be 1,005, 1,000, 500, 600, and 1,000 gpm. 

Emergency connection, Delaware Gardens well and pumping station.

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, and pressure filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 85,000 gal; facilities under construction, 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,200,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) <.. .......

Nitrate (NO,).........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 7 

(raw 

water)

9

«

.17

.02

4.5

. o 

4.7

1 ft

0

10

6 Q

.1

4

f»

50

Wells 

finished 

water)

1^

. n9\J£t

.00

6.2

. f> 30

1

Q '

0

19

15

5

.0

2 7

57

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 7 

(raw 

water )

91

16

5 7

78.2

55

Nov. 28,

1949

Wells 

(finished 

water)

24

15

5

7.0

80.7

1.0

Mar. 20,

1952

PERTH AMBOY 

(Population, 41,330)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Sayreville, Spots wood, and part of the townships of East Brunswick, Raritan, and Woodbridge. Total population supplied, 

about 66,300.

Source: 3 Layne wells (1 to 3) 291, 265, and 68 ft deep; 58 suction wells, ranging 

in depth from 40 to 94 ft. The yield of the Layne wells is reported to be 1,500, 

1, 529, and 800 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Addition of lime for iron removal and adjustment of pH, sedimentation, 

and. pressure filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 40,000,000 gal.
NEW JERSEY 329

PERTH AMBOY Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium .(Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

4

0

OQ

.01

21 

31

3

0

1.1

0

40

oo

6

e

.0

93

Hardness as CaCOgi

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

CC

O1

5

8

n

156

n Q

Mar 19

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Dotir TOafot*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

44

Min

30

PH

Av

7.6

Max

8.0

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

50

Min

28

Temperature (°F)

Av

54

Max

56

Min

52

PHILLIPSBURG 

(Population, 18,919)

Ownership: The Peoples Water Company; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 20,000.

Source: Infiltration chamber 8 ft high, 8 ft wide and 225 ft long, about 30 ft below 

ground. The yield is reported to be 10,000,000 gpd. Auxiliary or emergency 

supply, Delaware River.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 7

t\a

.00

27

10

o n

1.0

0

ino

00

5 7

.0

4

0

140

Hardness as CaCQg*

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

117

oo

o

8

1

234

O Q

Mar. 12,

1QCO
330 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

PLAINFIELD 

(Population, 42,366)

Ownership: Plainfield-Union Water Company; also supplies Fanwood, Garwood, 

Kenilworth, Linden (small part), Mountainside, North Plainfield, Roselle, 

Roselle Park, South Plainfield, Watchung (part), and Westfield; and the townships of Clark, Cranford, Scotch Plains, Union (part), Winfield, and other 

consumers. Total population supplied, about 160,000.

Source: 39 wells (32 in use, 5 in reserve, 2 applications filed for use) in several 

well fields and individual wells: Netherwood Field, Plainfield, 19 wells 78 to 

500 ft deep, average yield of 255 gpm; Jerusalem Rd. Field, Scotch Plains, 3 

wells (1 to 3) 650, 665, and 708 ft deep, average yield 283 gpm; Greenbrook 

Field, Greenbrook township, 8 wells (1 to 8) 44 to 550 ft deep, average yield 

431 gpm; Clinton Avenue Field, South Plainfield, 3 wells (1 to 3) 300,300, and 

400 ft deep, average yield 317 gpm; Kenilworth, 3 wells (Newark Ave., Richfield Ave., and Quinton Ave.) 275, 401, and 550 ft deep, average yield 228 

gpm; Westfield well 523 ft deep,, yield 500 gpm; Mountainside, Charles St. well 

454 ft deep, yield 500 gpm. Emergency connections with Elizabethtown Water 

Company.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Finished-water storage: 12,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Plainfield-Union Water Co., Westfield, N. J.)

Silica (SiQs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) .... .. ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Wells

0

106

16

.3

.8

1,080

650

KCO

7

Q

650-7081

12

1948-

1950

Wells

.10

110

18

.2

2.0

579

250

A.QQ

7 5

AA-ttCl

19:

1Q4.C_

1950

Wells

.10

122

10

2.0

205

164

"i4

7

c

'97C EGA

8

1 1

1906,

1943-44

Well

.10

222

11

.0

4.0

409

240

58

7

c

7ft

28-16

1946

Wells 

Netherwood 

Station a

21

.00

.00

74

8.9

12

.7

0

198 

58

10

.0

16

304

221

KQ

0

8

1

465 

n 9

Jan. 31, 

1952

rj Q C AA

10-12

1910*

1948

a Analyzed by U. S. Geological Survey.
NEW JERSEY 331

RAHWAY 

(Population, 21,290)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Rahway River. Auxiliary or emergency connection with Elizabethtown 

Water Company and Middlesex Water Company.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, copper sulfate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, sodium chlorite, and soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,250,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 400,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)....: 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

17

\ 9.6

0 

58 

48 

18

5.0

Finished 

water

11 

.0 

.01 

30 

5.5 

/22 

\ 1.8 

0 

39 

63 

33 

.3 

4.2 

197

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

fSL. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

106 

58

7 

7.2

282

Feb. 1, 

1952

Finished 

water

97 

66

2

7.0

320 

0.3

Feb. 1, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

46 

34

Max

__

Min

PH

Av

7.2 

6.9

Max

7.7 

7.4

Min

6.7 

5.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98

Max

105

Min

94

Turbidity

Av

18 

.6

Max

135 

1.8

Min

1.0 

0

RIDGEWOOD

(Population, 17,481)

Ownership: Municipal: also supplies Glen Rock, Hohokus, Midland Park, and

Wyckoff township. Total population supplied, about 42,000. 

Source: 29 wells as follows: Ames (3, 5, 6 , 7) 350 to 455 ft deep; Wortendyke

(2, 6, 7) 1,137, 337, and 360 ft deep; Cedar Hill (1 to 6) 315 to 500 ft deep;

Ridgewood Avenue 201 ft deep; Lynwood 261 ft deep; Grove St. 298 ft deep;

Farview 402 ft deep; East Saddle River 400 ft deep; and 11 suction wells (very

old), reported to yield a total of 800 gpm. The average yield from the other

wells is reported to be 206 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of pumping plants: 4, 500 gpm. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 4 steel tanks and 1 standpipe. Total, 1,300,000 gal.
332 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RIDGE WOOD- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-s) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet)...................

Diameter (inches)...........

Date drilled. ..................

Percent of supply............

Well 4 a 

Cedar Hill

15

n«>

nn

25 

10

A Q

0

101

on

4.8

.1

9

0

1 sn

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

TcHiDGreiturG (F )

TVifA /vf t*f\\]&t*tir*n

Well 4 a 

Cedar Hill

104

91

0

7

Q

944

2

Q

Mar 9R

1QC4

315

12

1932

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

78

Max

89

Min

69

PH

Av

7.4

Max

7.8

Min

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

105.

Max

116

Min

84

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a The water from well 4 represents about the average of the supply.

ROSELLE 

(Population, 17,681)

Ownership: Supplied by Plainfield-Union Water Company. (See Plainfield.)

Elizabethtown Water Company supplies a small part of Rose lie. (See Elizabeth.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (CQJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

AC

~-

\ / 15 15

0

1 CC

19

11

Hardness as CaCOu*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

 Finished 

water 

(city tap)

O9Q

ino

7 Q

515

«_l- *

1QCO
NEW JERSEY 333

RUTHERFORD 

(Population, 17,411) 

Ownership: Supplied by Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

SOUTH ORANGE village 

(Population, 15,230)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 10 wells (1 to 3, 5, 7, 8, 11 to 14) 274, 276, 275, 300, 290, 300, 301, 

382, 349, and 355 ft deep; yield reported to be 87, 170, 297, 222, 250, 220, 

520, 200, 490, and 235 gpm. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, connection 

with Commonwealth Water Company and East Orange Water Department.

Treatment: Softening with zeolite.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 750,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 3, 700, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

.01

\ 83

0 

143 

59 

26

12

Finished 

water a

16 

.1

12 

2.2

84

0 

140 

60 

28 

.05 

15 

^286

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

PH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

44 

0

2 

6.8

464

Jan. 30, 

1952

Finished 

water a

40 

0

3 

7.0

3

Jan. 7, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

198 

45

Max

214 

48

Min

186 

41

Turbidity

,Av

__

Max

__

Min

a Analysis by Permutit Company, New York, N. Y. 

b Sum of determined constituents.
334 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SUMMIT 

(Population, 17,929)

Ownership: Commonwealth Water Company (controlled by American Water Works 

Company, Inc.) owns and operates the supply works, the transmission and distribution systems, and serves Irvington, New Providence, Summit, and West 

Orange; Chatham, Maplewood, Millburn, New Providence, Passaic; and Springfield townships; also a small part of Hillside and Union townships. It sells 

water for the entire supply to Livingston township. Total population supplied, 

about 160,000.

Source: Canoe Brook Station (in Millburn township): 9 wells of 18 (9 wells held in 

reserve) 105 to 309 ft deep, and Canoe Brook pumped into 2 reservoirs (1 and 

2); Baltusrol Station (in Summit): 8 wells 200 to 462 ft deep and infiltration 

galleries; Short Hills Station (in Springfield): 3 wells 77 to 85 ft deep. The 

aggregate diversion from the Canoe Brook Station is limited to 10,375,000 gpd; 

from the Baltusrol Station, to 1, 570,000 gpd; and from the Short Hills Station, 

to 3,000, 000 gpd. The wells pump directly into the distribution system or into 

suction basins and storage.

Treatment: Surface Supply: coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, pH adjustment, and chlorination. Well supply: none.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Canoe Brook Station: Reservoir 1, 735,000,000 gal and 

Reservoir 2 (filled by transfer from Reservoir 1) 620, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Druid Hill standpipe (in Summit), 610,000 gal; West 

Orange standpipes, 1,131,000 gal; Short Hills standpipe (in Millburn), 317,200 

gal; Day elevated tank (in Millburn), 100,000 gal; West Orange reservoir (concrete covered), 1,000,000 gal; Wyoming Reservoirs (in Millburn township), 

1, 000,000 and 1, 700, 000 gal; Baltusrol Reservoir, 160, 000 gal; standpipe 

(Chatham township), 1,420,000 gal; suction basins, 439,000 gal.

There are 6 services on the supply system, 4 of which are supplied by booster 

pumps. The greater part of the area served is on the Canoe Brook Station low 

service. A higher section of Millburn is supplied by the Short Hills Pumping 

Station high service. Practically all of Summit and all the area north and west 

of Summit is supplied by the Summit high service from the Baltusrol Pumping 

Station with an auxiliary supply from the Canoe Brook low service.
NEW JERSEY 335

SUMMIT - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

M^ngaripsp (Ml) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ... .......

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO.) .............. V ^f

Dissolved solids ........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........ 

Date of collection ........

Wells a

28

\ 3.8

0 

150 

24 

8

1.4

152 

29

3

7.7

345

Jan. 31, 

1952

Canoe 

Brook b

17

7.5

0 

26 

39 

10

3.0

62 

41

28 

7.0

171

Jan. 31, 

1952

Finished 

water c

15 

.02 

.00 

34 

4.3

( " 

\ 1.1

0 

69 

55 

8.0 

.1 

1.6 

171

103 

46

0 

7.9

258 

0.2

Jan. 31, 

1952

a Canoe Brook Station. b Prior to being pumped into I 

c Canoe Brook Station; mixture of water from wells and 

d Baltusrol Station. e Short Hills Station.

Finished 

water d

23 

.01 

.01 

28 

3.8 

9.0 

1.0 

0 

70 

36 

8.0 

.1 

1.5 

145

85 

28

0 

7.1

219 

0.4

Jan. 31, 

1952

Finished 

water e

25 

.01 

.00 

50 

11 

7.7 

.6 

0 

150 

44 

8.5 

.0 

7.8 

243

170 

47

0 

7.9

355 

0. 3

 Jan. 31, 

1952

Reservoir 1. 

Canoe Brook.

TEANECK township 

(Population, 33,772)

Ownership: Supplied by Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

TRENTON 

(Population, 128,009)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies parts of Ewing, Hamilton, and Lawrence

townships. Total population supplied, about 175,000. 

Source: Delaware River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 120, 000,000 gal.
336 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TRENTON- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.6

"

X 3.2

^ 0 

28

21

5

3.7

Finished 

water

5.7

.01

.00

17

2

yj

( 3.0

{ o- 9

24

27

5.1

.1

3.1

80

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color......... .........

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

48

25

11

6.9

119

__

Feb. 1,

1952

Finished 

water

53

33

0

7.5

128

0.5

Feb. 1,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

31 

33

Max

61 

70

Min

9 

2

PH

Av

7.3 

7.2

Max

8.3 

9.8

Min

6.7 

4.4

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

59

Max

72

Min

40

Turbidity

Av

30 

0

Max

500 

0

Min

3 

0

UNIONfCITY 

(Population, 55,537)

Ownership: Supplied by Hackensack Water Company.

UNION township 

(Population, 38,004)

(See Hackensack.)

Ownership: Elizabethtown Water Company (see Elizabeth) supplies about 90 percent of population; Plainfield Union Water Company (see Plainfield) and 

Commonwealth Water Company (see Summit) supply the remainder of the 

population.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NCg ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

. U«J

--

\ 7.8

0

1 CO

C1

1 *>

8

C

TToT*Hnoaa do f**flf~*(*\ 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

ono

70

1

7.7

AQC

44

Jan. 31,

1 QCO

a Tap sample, Mones Avenue and Brunell St., Union township.
NEW JERSEY 337

WEST FIELD 

(Population, 21,243)

Ownership: Supplied by the Plainfield-Union Water Company. (See Plainfield.)

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids ..........

Finished . 

water a

nti

--

} »

0

1QO

74

10

14

Total ...... .... ... .

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

94 n

Q9

1

7 Q

500

48

Jan. 31,

1Q CO

a City tap, Westfield.

WEST NEW YORK 

(Population, 37,683)

Ownership: Suppled by Hackensack Water Company. (See Hackensack.)

WEST ORANGE 

(Population, 28, 605)

Ownership: Supplied by the Commonwealth Water Company. 

(See Summit, Canoe Brook Station.)

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

\fagripsiiim (Mg)

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

.01

\ 8.9

0 

100 

47 

7

3.4

Hardness as CaCC^: 

Total ................:......

Color ..........................

PH..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water a

124 

42

1

7.5

288

Jan. 30, 

1952

aCity tap, 5 Northfield Avenue, West Orange.
338 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WOODBRIDGE township 

(Population, 35,758)

Ownership: Middlesex Water Company; also supplies boroughs of Carteret, Metuchen, and South Plainfield; and Raritan township. Total population supplied, 

about 93,500.

Source: Wells (70 percent of supply) as follows: 17 wells 300 ft deep, each reported to yield 300 gpm; 4 wells 100 ft deep, reported to yield a total of 1,000 

gpm; 2 wells 400 and 450 ft deep, reported to yield a total of 350 gpm. Reservoir (surface water) 30 percent of supply.

Treatment: Well supply: chlorination. Surface supply: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, filtration, aeration, postchlorination, and 

adjustment of pH with lime. Copper sulfate is used to control algae in the 

reservoir.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir (surface water supply only).

Finished-water storage: -- (surface water supply only).

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

Q n «7. U

.15

. <u«7

19

3

Q

5

O

. U

0

11

CO

8

(\

.1

2 7

112

Hardness as CaCCX*

Total .......................

Nnn/1 9 fhrina t *»

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ) 

Finished 

water a

CO

u*±

U

6

Q

184

0

0

t*rtl-» 1

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

32 

33

Max

49 

45

Min

9 

14

PH

Av

6.9 

7.6

Max

8.0 

8.0

Min

5.8 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

110

Max

170

Min

80

Turbidity

Av

13 

.66

Max

65 

3.6

Min

3 

0

a Mixed sample, well water and surface water supply.
NEW YORK 339

ALBANY 

(Population, 134,995)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Alcove Creek impounded in Alcove Reservoir, about 92 percent of supply; 

Basic Creek impounded in Basic Reservoir, about 8 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Hudson River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 32,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Alcove Reservoir, 12,000,000,000 gal; Basic Reservoir, 

1,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 202,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per millionj by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1 ft

.00

f\f\

18

2

0

1.7

0

41

21

2 A

.0

70

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

54

on

8

1

199

A. 9

41

Jan. 16,

IQCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(PPm)

Av

30

Max

43

Min

20

PH

Av

8.5

Max

8.9

Min

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

47 .

Max

59

Min

39

Turbidity

Av

0.1

Max

0.3

Min

0.0

AMSTERDAM 

(Population, 32,240)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Glen Wild Reservoir (impounded supply).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 2,600,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: - 
340 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AMSTERDAM- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

J7

.01

2.8 

1.0

O

0

2

7

0

2 n

.1

.7

36

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.. ............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Tpmnp'pJiHiT'P f T*1 ^

Finished 

water

11

q

Q Q

C C

36.6

 > Q

46

1QCO

AUBURN 

(Population, 36,722)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 38,700. 

Source: Owasco Lake.

Treatment: Slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Owasco Lake. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) .....:.........

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

A 0

.r»9

.00

38

7

0

1.7

1.0

0

17

2 a

.1

2 A

144

Hardness as CaCOji

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

127

20

4

8.0

252

1.1

42

Jan. 31,

1952
NEW YORK 341

BATAVIA 

(Population, 17,799)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Tonawanda Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, and softening with lime,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 2,150,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.1

f\Q

.00

28 

 » n

4.0

1.4

5

1 Q

CO

9

n

.1

1 Q

126

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

82

59

5

9.1

210

0.9

Feb. 3,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 - 51

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

195 

185

Max

220 

205

Min

70 

60

PH

Av

7.6 

8.4

Max

8.0 

8.4

Min

7.4 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

210 

225

Max

300 

315

Min

150 

165

Turbidity

Av

10 

0

Max

610 

0

Min

5 

0

BINGHAMTON 

(Population, 80,674)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 12,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 93,000. 

Source: Susquehanna River. Auxiliary or emergency supply, wells (2,000,000

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, carbon when needed,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination (chlorine dioxide). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: ~ 

Finished-water storage: 5,750,000 gal.
342 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BINGHAMTON Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..........:...

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

3

0

nc

03

24

2

C

2 9

q

0

cc

1C

3 9

.1

1

0

91

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

. (city tap)

70

1 C

0

7 °.

1 50!

0.4

Feb. 19,

 JQCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

. (PPm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

7.3 

7.2

Max

7.7 

7.4

Min

6.8 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

62

57

Max

93 

87

Min

30 

26

Turbidity

Av

60 

0

Max

1400 

0

Min

10 

0

BUFFALO 

(Population, 580,132)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Erie. Emergency supply, Niagara River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 160,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 30,000,000 gal (clear well).

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

c

.10

.00

36

8

0

9

0

1 °.

0

ma

oc

on

.0

.5

164

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T6niDGrcitvir& (F )

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

35

1

7.4

285

O

a

Mar. 19,

1952
NEW YORK 343

CHEEKTOWAGA town 

(Population, 45,354)

Ownership: Supplied by Western New York Water Company. (See Lackawanna.)

COHOES 

(Population, 21,272)

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mohawk River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, incidental pH correction, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 250,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5

C

nc

.00

32

5 Q

4.0

1.1

0

8604

5.1

.0

1.4

132

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

104

34

4

7.1

222

6.5

39

Jan. 16,

1952

CORNING

(Population, 17,684)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies South Corning. Total population supplied,

about 18,600. 

Source: 3 drilled wells (1 to 3) 77, 64, and 70 ft deep (70 percent of supply); 1 dug

well (30 percent of supply). The yield of wells 1, 2, and 3 is reported to be

700, 700, and 750 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.
344 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CORNING Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ............:..

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells a

8 7

* UO

.00

67

19

i«»

1

C

0

919

50

14

.0

3

Q

9.7R

Hardness as CaCOg'

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells*

216

44

0

7.8

468

0.8

Cft

1QRO

aWells 1,2, and 3 (impounding basin).

CORTLAND 

(Population, 18,152)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,500. 

Source: 3 dug wells (1 to 3) 17, 15, and 76 ft deep; yield reported to be 3,000,

2,000, and 2, 500 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (feet) .............

Date dug .....................

Percent of supply ...........

Well 1

7

0

ni

.00

53

8

0

2

0

.4

0

IRQ

91

3

c

.1

11

1 QQ

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

....................................

Well 1

168

«»n

0

7.6

317

0.4

Jan. 31,

id so

17

on

1Q17
NEW YORK 345

DUNKIRK

(Population, 18,007)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,800.

Source: Lake Erie. Auxiliary supply connection with the city system of Fredonia. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2.6

.11

.00

38 

8.0

10

i ^

0

98

32

26

.0

.5

178

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

1 90

47

0

7.4

303

0.3

36

 Feb. 6,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

91 

86

Max

96 

92

Min

88 

80

PH

Av

7.9 

7.2

Max

8.3 

7.5

Min

7.5 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

121

Max

122

Min

120

Turbidity

Av

21

.04

Max

150 

.40

Min

.4 

.02

ELMIRA 

(Population, 49,716)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 20,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 70,000.

Source: Chemung River 58 percent of supply; Hoffman Creek impounded 42 percent of supply.

Treatment: Aeration (spray), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. Soda ash or lime is used when 

necessary. Fluoridation (begun Feb. 10, 1953) with sodium silicofluoride to 

a content of about 1. 0 ppm of fluoride in the finished water.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 150, 000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 10,500,000 gal.
346 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ELMIRA--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Bureau of Environmental Sanitation)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of analyses ........

Chemung River

Raw 

water

30 

.20 

.05 

42 

5.2

> "..

115 

31 

19

.1 

230

126 

32

8 

7.9

5.0

Sept. 10, 

1951

Finished 

water

0.8 

.05 

0 

41 

5.3

15

105 

37 

23

.3 

185

124 

38

0 

7.6

0

Sept. 10, 

1951

Hoffman Creek

Raw 

water

20 

1.8 

.01 

13 

3.0

4.1

32 

18 

5.0

2.2

105

45 

19

40 

7.1

50

Sept. 10, 

1951

Raw 

water a

5.7 

.03 

.00 

18 

3.8 

/ 3.5 

\ 1.3 

0 

32 

32 

6.2 

.0 2.4 ' 

92

60 

34

4

7.7

156 

1.0

Feb. 11, 

1952

Finished 

water

4.5 

.05

14 

3.4

} ,e_

28 

26 

5.5

1.6

85

49 

26

0 

7.2

0

Sept. 10, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm).

Av

53 

44

Max

95 

86

Min

10 

10

PH

Av

7.5 

7.4

Max

8.4 

8.4

Min

6.1 

6.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

103 

103

Max

144 

144

Min

42 

51

Turbidity

Av

116 

0

Max

0

Min

5 

0

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.

ENDICOTT

(Population, 20,050)

Ownership: Endicott Water Works Company; also supplies about 31,000 people 

in other places. Total population supplied, about 51,000.

Source: 5 wells 100, 160, 100, 150, and 150 ft deep; yield reported to be 4,000, 

3,000, 2,500, 1,500, and4,000gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 5, 500,000 gal.
NEW YORK 347

ENDICOTT - -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (feet) ...........

Date drilled .......:..........

Well 1»

10

n9

no

41

8

0

8.0

0

151

16

10

.1

1.5

176

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well l a

IOQ

1 C

8 (\

OQC

1 Q

KO

. Feb. 12,

1QCO

100

10

1Q47

aRanney collector.

FREEPORT 

(Population, 24,680)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2 wells (N68, N134) 552 and 557 ft deep; yield reported to be 1,570 and

1, 500 gpm.

Treatment: Addition of Calgon and lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: ~ 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in p"arts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

 Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7.1

1C

2.1

.5

3.1

.4

0

10

3.5

3.2

.0

25

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total ............'..,........

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7

0

o

6 A

01 O

0.4

Jan. 16,

1QCO
348 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GENEVA 

(Population, 17,144)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied,, about 17, 500. 

Source: Seneca Lake.

Treatment: Slow sand filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.9 

.01 

.00 

40 

10 

61 

2.4 

0 

118 

34 

102 

.1 

1.8 

323

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ).......,..

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

141 

44

1 

7.6

584 

0.3

Feb. 5, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

93

Max

96

Min

91

PH

Av

7.8

Max

8

Min

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

112

Max

115

Min

110

Turbidity

Av Max Min

GLEN COVE 

(Population 15,130)

Ownership: New York Water Service Corp. Total population supplied, about

20,000. 

Source: 21 wells 40 to 303 ft deep. Seven of the wells are 40 to 45 ft deep; two,

120 and 128 ft deep; eleven, 146 to 177 ft deep; and one (N835) 303 ft deep.

All are flowing wells. All are pumped by common suction except well N83 5

and the well 177 ft deep. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 530,000 gal.
NEW YORK

GLEN COVE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Suction 

wells

14

(\K

cm

7.2

2 Q

6

0

0

17

10

9 9

.1

7 R

74

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

"Wnn/* A T*hAnfl tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....:...............

Temperature (F. )..........

Suction 

wells

f>n

1 C

7.0

108

1.4

52

Jan. 17,

1952

GLEN FALLS 

(Population, 19,610)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21,100.

Source: Streams impounded in 3 reservoirs: Butler Reservoir 49 percent of supply; Keenan Reservoir 41 percent of supply; Wilkie Reservoir 10 percent of 

supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Halfway Brook impounded.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 878,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Ci) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

6.4

.14

.00

4.8 

1.0

1.0

0

12

5.0

1.8

.2

.4

29

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

16

6

3

6.7

41.4

4.8

50

Jan. 15,

1952
350 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GLOVERSVILLE 

(Population, 23,634)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 24,100.

Source: Small streams impounded in 3 reservoirs. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Mountain Lake by pumping from city of Johnstown.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, soda ash for pH control, and Actophos for iron suspension.

Rated capacity of .treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 560,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6

/\

fi?

.01

7.0

8.4

.4

0

29

14

1 9

.0

53

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

91

0

7 *\

ft 9 R

0

0

Feb. 14,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

23

Max

14 

25

Min

7 

21

PH

Av

6.7

7.5

Max

6.9 

7.5

Min

6.5 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

17 

23

Max

20 

25

Min

15 

21

Turbidity

Av

2 

.1

Max

4 

.1

Min

1 

.1

HEMPSTEAD 

(Population, 29,135)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells. The depths of wells 2, 5, and 6 are reported to be 426, 525, and

406 ft; and the yields, 1,200, 1,000, andl,000gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration (spray), chlorination, sedimentation, and addition of lime

and Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: Aeration basin, 2,225,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,'000,000 gal.
NEW YORK 351

HEMPSTEAD- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Ff>} ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

7 £»

.14

.00

2.2

1.1

4 Q

0

4 o

8

C

.0

1 ft

35

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

10

0

0

6.4

48.7

2.2

Apr. 8,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

5

C

7.5

Max

5

n

8.5

Min

5

0

7.5

Hardness

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

HORNELL 

(Population, 15,049)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies North Hornell. Total population supplied,

about 17,000. 

Source: Small streams impounded in 4 reservoirs. Auxiliary supply, 1 well 56

ft deep (not used in 1950). 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, pressure filtration,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 395,OOO, 000 gal-. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

H c

ni

no

24 

4.0

H o

1.5

0

40

41

7.0

.1

1 5

104

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

NVMi/»ai*hnnat'<i

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

rrc

44

7.0

1 7Q

1 1

Feb. 25,

1QCO
352 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HORNELL - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

70 

65

Max

136 

133

Min

37 

34

pH

Av

7.2 

7.1

Max

7.4 

7.4

Min

7.0 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

83

Max

99

Min

59

Turbidity

Av

10 

0

Max

100 

0

Min

5 

0

HUNTINGTON 

(Population, 9,324)

Ownership: New York Water Service Corporation; also supplies Centerport, Cold 

Spring Harbor, Huntington Bay Hills, Huntington Station, and Loyd Harbor. 

Total population supplied, about 30,000.

Source: Wells: 5 wells 45 ft deep; 2 wells 540 and 600 ft deep, each reported to 

yield 700 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,335,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

i«»

 i£ 

.00

9,2

3

C

7.1

1 D

0

36

9 0

7.4

.0

c o

80

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. ).....................,

Turbidity ....................

TpmnoTatiiTp (T? \

Finished 

water

(city tap)

97

8

1

7 1

115

0 9

Feb. 15,

1952

IRONDEQUOrr town 

(Population, 34,417)

Ownership: Supplied by Rochester. (See Rochester.)

ITHACA

(Population, 29,257)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 31,300. 

Source: Six Mile Creek impounded. Emergency supply, connection with Cornell

University supply. 

Treatment: Superchlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 316,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,924,000 gal.
NEW YORK 353

ITHACA - -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

3

C

no

.00

22

2

0

5

0

0

46

op,

5

0

1

O

9fi

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Nnnp a T*hnna tp

Color ..........................

pH ...............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity .....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

ttn

op,

1

7.4

163

n *\

Feb. 5,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water~..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

72 

66

Max

113 

98

Min

44 

40

PH

Av

7.5 

6.7

Max

7.7 

&.8

Min

7.3 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

93 

92

Max

129 

132

Min

63 

61

Turbidity

Av

80 

4

Max

261 

13

Min

11

JAMESTOWN 

(Population, 43,354)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 6,600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 50,000.

Source: 16 wells each about 130 ft deep 3 miles east of the city. Nine wells,

(total yield reported to be 3,500 gpm) during periods of high ground water level, 

are siphoned into a receiving well from which the water is pumped into the 

transmission and distribution system. Seven wells (total yield reported to be 

4,900 gpm) are equipped with deep well pumps, and during summer months 

and dry periods, pump into the receiving well.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: English Hill reservoir, 5,000,000 gal; Buffalo Street 

reservoir, 1,500,000 gal.
354 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JAMESTOWN--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches)...........

Date drilled...................

Percent of supply ...........

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

6

1

1Q

.01

32

5

*;

0 Q

.7 '0

100

*)A

2

c

.1

3

127

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Well 4 

(raw 

water)

ino

91

1

8.0

214

0.7

48

Feb. 5,

1952

195

19

iQAn

JOHNSON CITY 

(Population, 19,249)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 4,100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 23,300. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 100, 101, and 89 ft deep; yield reported to be 2,100,

2,180, and 2,200 gpm. Auxiliary supply, 2 wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

9 Q

no

.00

55 

17

7

0

1 9

0

197

40

19

.4

3

0

247

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

NVm/*a T*hnn£j fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

907

4

8 1

411

1 ^

SO

Jan. 15,

1QR9
NEW YORK 355

KENMORE 

(Population, 20,066)

Ownership: Supplied by the Western New York Water Company. (See Lackawanna.)

KINGSTON 

(Population, 28,817)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mountain stream impounded. Auxiliary supply, small spring reservoir.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, pressure filtration, addition

of lime for corrosion control, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,100,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 12,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..........:...

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2 A

97

.00

 O

.8

.1

0

13

9.0

1.6

.0

.5

30

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ............:.............

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

on

10

7

7.1

.48.5

1 9

Feb. 15,

1QRO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

5.2 

9.4

Max

6.3 

11

Min

4.5 

7.9

PH

Av

6.8 

9.0

Max

7.0 

9.2

Min

6.5 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20

Max

34

Min

14

Turbidity

Av

1

0

Max

2

0

Min

0 

0

LACKAWANNA 

(Population, 27,658)

Ownership: Supplied by the Western New York Water Company; also supplies

Alden town, Amherst town (part), Blasdell, Cheektowaga town, Clarence (part), 

Depew, Hamburg town (part), Kenmore, Lancaster, Lancaster town (part), 

Orchard Park (part), Sloan,Tonawanda town (part), West Seneca town (part), 

Williamsville, Woodlawn, and other water districts and places. Total population supplied, about 200,000.

Source: Lake Erie. Emergency supply, interconnection with Buffalo city system.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

addition of sodium chlorite, and chlorine.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 13,000,000 gal.
356 INDUSTRIAL UTJLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LACKAW ANNA Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Western New York Water Co. )

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.1 

0

44 

6.8 > r

110 

24 

22

.2 

a !61

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

138 

48

0 

8.1

0 

70 

June 12, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

89 

94

Max

92 

99

Min

83 

88

pH

Av

7.8 

8.1

Max

8.0 

8.3

Min

7.7 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

114 

122

Max

120 

128

Min

110 

118

Turbidity

Av

16

Max

200 

5

Min

0

aSum of determined constituents.

LEVITTOWN 

(Population, 45,000 approximate)

Ownership: Town of Hempstead Water Company.

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8) 211, 84, 358, 81, 320, depth not reported for well 6, 95,

and 307 ft deep; yield reported to be 800, 800, 800, 800, 1,000, not reported

for well 6, 800, and 800 gpm.

Treatment: Addition of lime, Calgon, and chlorine. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 1,000, 000 gal.

The analyses selected of the raw water show the range in hardness of the water 

from the wells, and of the finished water, the character of the water furnished 

in three different sections of the area served.
NEW YORK 357

LEVriTOWNi-Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... ... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... . 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

9 Q

\ 9.8

r o

10 

90

22

34

139

5

5.8

396

Jan. 21,

1952

84

 19

1Q47

Well 3 

(raw 

water)

7.1

.05

3.6

0

4 

1

4

2.3

4

1

2

5.6

29.0

Jan. 21,

1952

O RO

1 9

1QR1

Finished 

water 

(city tap) a

9

0

19

.01

97

4 c

/ U

\ Q V - a 

0

37 

30

14

.0

37

146

86

Cfi

0

7 1

234 

1.7

Jan. 23,

1952

Finished 

water 

(city tap) b

9

0

.26

.03

36

6.8

10

1.6

0

43 

54

18

.0

38

208

118

QO

0

7 Q

311 

1.1

Jan. 21,

1952

Finished 

water 

(city tap) c

7.1

.08

.01

2.8

.5

3.6

.3

0

10 

3.0

3.6

.0

3.1

36

9

1

0

6 0

38.2 

1.0

Jan. 21,

1952

a 107 Azala.

b 34 Center Land.

c 101 Shepherd Road.

LOCKPORT 

(Population, 25,133)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 25, 500. 

Source: Niagara River. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Barge Canal (emergency

pumping station). 

Treatment: Prechlorination at North Tonawanda pumping station, coagulation with

alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination (chlorine dioxide). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6,600,000 gal.
358 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LOCKPORT - -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ............ ...^...

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

19

.00

37 

80

9

0

j 4

0

107

97

99

.0

.5

169

Wn i*Hntf>cc n ci fa f*f\ 

Total .......................

Nnn/* a fhona frp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(mitromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T\st fo f\f /Till 0/*tinn

Finished 

water

1 OC

Op

1

7.4

9QD

0.4

1C

Feb. 6,

IQRO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950- 51

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

95

Max

110 

105

Min

90 

85

PH

Av

7.8 

7.3

Max

8.0

7.4

Min

7.6 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

115 

105

Max Min

__

Turbidity

Av

20 

0

Max

150 

0

Min

5 

0

LONG BEACH 

(Population, 15,586)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Lido Beach and a relatively large summer

population of about 150,000. 

Source: 2 wells (N41 and N3687) 1,135 and 1,266 ft deep. The yield of well N41

is reported to be 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Addition of lime, filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,775,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

10.

O f) ^. u

.00

9.5 1 R

6

t\

11

O f\

i Q

5

(\

. 1

.1

68

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

NrM"i/*a i*honji frp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

 in

0

9 7

101

1.4

Jan. 16,

1952

a Hydroxide (OH) 1 ppm.
NEW YORK 359

LYNBROOK 

(Population, 17,314)

Ownership: Long Island Water Corp., Lynbrook. (See Valley Stream.)

MAMQRONECK 

(Population, 15,016)

Ownership: Westchester Joint Water Works No. 1; also supplies parts of Harrison and Mamaroneck towns, and Pelham Manor. Total population supplied, 

about 45, 000.

Source: Mamaroneck River. Auxiliary or emergency supply, New York City, 

Catskill supply.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, chlorination, and addition of Calgon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 35,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,650,000 -gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Port Chester Chemical & Bacteriological Lab.)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 . j

. 3

.04

23

6

0

1 9

O . *7

0 

85

on

10

.1

.4

WnT*HnficQ a Q C*aC*f\ 

Total .......................

Mnn/*a T*hrmss fp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T'fltYinOY*Ql'llT*O (V \

Finished 

water

Bo

ID

<so

/ £t

a c

Aug. 6\J,

 L&tJi.

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm).

Av

42 

30

Max

73

72

Min

13 

3

PH

Av

8.1 

6.4

Max

9.3 

6.9

Min

6.5 

5.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

81 

79 .

Max

122 

126

Min

40 

34

Turbidity

Av

__

Max

__

Min

__
360 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MIDDLETOWN 

(Population, 22,586)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 23,400. 

Source: Lakes. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, postchlorination, pH adjustment, and carbon for taste control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.- 

Raw-water storage: 1,341,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 350,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) .;.............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2.5 

.03 

.00 

9.2 

1.7 

4.2 

.8 

0 

22 

18 

2.0 

.4 

.3 

sn

Hardness as CaCQ,: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

 water

30 

12

2

7.0

83.1 

0.8

Feb. 13, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

17 

22

Max

..

Min

PH

Av

7.0

Max

7.6

Min

..

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

45 

45

Min

""*"

Turbidity

Av

5.0 

0

Max

0

Min

0

MOUNT VERNON 

(Population, 71,899)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by New York City. (See New York, Croton 

supply.) -

NEWBURGH 

(Population, 31,956)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 35,000.

Source: Impounding Reservoir.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, chlorination, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,800,000 gal.
NEW YORK 361

NEWBURGH--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NC^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

O

c

(\K

.00

35

3

£*

5

/J

1 ^

0

01

36

8.6

1.1

137

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

1fi9

36

4

8.2

230

1.6

Feb. 3,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

57 

59

Max

60 

63

Min

52 

54

PH

Av

7.5 

8.1

Max

7.9 

8.4

Min

7.2 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

52 

90

Max

60 

100

Min

48 

70

Turbidity

Av

2 

.2

Max

5 

1.0

Min

 1

.05

NEW ROCHELLE 

(Population, ,9,725)

Ownership: New Rochelle Water Company (New Rochelle Division); also supplies 

Bronxville, Eastchester town (part), North Pelham, Pelham Manor, Pelham 

town (part), and Tuckahoe. Total population supplied, about 101,000.

Source: Purchased water, Croton Aqueduct of New York City supply. (See New 

York.)

Treatment: Purchased water: chlorination, addition of lime, and fluoridation 

(begun Oct. 8, 1951) with sodium fluoride to a content of between 1. 0 and 1. 2 

ppm of fluoride in the treated water.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 17,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,200,000 gal.

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

37 

40

Max

41 

45

Min

35 

30

pH

Av

7.2 

8.2

Max

7.3 

8.4

Min

7.0 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

50 

60

Max

52

74

Min

42 

53

Turbidity

Av Max

5 

5

Min

--
362 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW YORK 

(Population, 7,891,957)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies 7, 500,000 people in New York and in addition a 

population of about 300,000 in other communities and cities among which are 

Mount Kisco, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, Ossining, White Plains, and 

Yonkers. 

Jamaica Water Supply Company; supplies about 450,000 people in the borough

of Queens.

New York Water Service Corporation (Woodhaven Plant); supplies about 

50, 000 people in the Fourth Ward of Queens. Total population supplied, 

about 8,300,000.

Systems, Sources, and Storage of Supply

System

Croton

Catskill

Ridgewood

(Long Island

watershed)

Queens

Richmond

Jamaica Water

Supply Co.

N. Y. Water

Seryice Corp.

Sources

{

East Branch

Middle Branch

West Branch

/Esopus Creek

\Schoharie Creek

t f Bronx River

< Byram River

IWampus River

Rondout Creek a

f

("West watershed

<

' (Driven wells, 10 pumpl ing plants)

fEast watershed

]

j (Driven wells, five plants;

<«2 infiltration galleries)

Wells (7 well stations,

1 pumping station)

Wells (2 well plants, one

of which has five stations)

Drilled wells

Drilled wells

Impounding and 

Storage Reservoirs

12 reservoirs and six

controlled lakes

Ashokan

Schoharie

Kensico

Byram Lake

Wampus

Rondout

Hempstead Reservoir

Hempstead Pond

Pines Pond

f Smith's Pondb

\Valley Stream Pond b

East Meadow Pond

Wantagh Pond

Massapequa Pond

--

--

__

Available

Storage 

(mg), or

yield

103,075

130,478

19,583

30, 573

948

99

48,700

880

27

9

42

19

44

17

30-40 mgd

10 mgd

5 mgd

29. 1 mgd

9. 1 mgd

a Delaware System, 

k Emergency only.
NEW YORK 363

NEW YORK--Continued

Treatment: Surface waters: plain sedimentation in large storage reservoirs 

(Catskill supply, aeration, chlorination, coagulation with alum when necessary 

at Pleasantville plant, addition of lime near Kensico Reservoir, sedimentation 

in Kensico Reservoir, and rechlorination), chlorination, and rechlorination at 

points in the distribution system. Well waters: iron removal by rapid sand 

filtration at Springfield and Jameco Pumping Stations, and pressure filtration 

at Flushing Station. The private companies operate two gravity and three 

pressure filters for iron removal. Many of the wells are pumped directly into 

the distribution system.

Distribution Reservoirs and Standpipes

Source of 

Supply

Croton

Catskill 

Croton

Catskill and 

Long Island

Catskill

Catskill 

Catskill

Name

Central Park Reservoir

Hillview Reservoir 

Jerome Park Reservoir

Ridgewood Reservoir 

(3 basins)

Far Rockaway Standpipe

Silver Lake Reservoir 

Grimes Hill Standpipe

Storage (mg)

1,021

929\ 

773/

302

0.3

438 \ 

0.2/

Borough

Manhattan

Bronx

Brooklyn 

(municipal)

Queens 

(municipal)

Richmond

The water from the Catskill, Bronx and Byram, Rondout, and Croton West Branch 

sources intermingles in Kensico Reservoir. From this reservoir the water 

flows through the Catskill and Delaware Aqueducts to Hillview Reservoir from 

which it is delivered to the five boroughs by the two City Tunnels. The Catskill supply because of its greater pressure is usually used to the full capacity 

of the Catskill Aqueduct.

Croton water flows to the city by gravity and is delivered to the lower elevations 

in Manhattan and the Bronx to the extent of about 1/3 of the total from this 

source. The remainder of the supply has to be pumped.

Part of the water from sub-surface sources from the Ridgewood, Brooklyn, and 

Queens Borough systems is delivered directly into the Ridgewood Reservoir, 

which also receives water from the Catskill system. Ridgewood Reservoir is 

an equalizing reservoir for the Brooklyn low service.

The daily aggregate consumption of water within Greater New York during 1951 

averaged 1,042.1 mgd, including 38. 9 mgd furnished by the private water companies in Queens. In addition the city supplied to communities outside the city, 

28.1 mgd.

Partial analyses of samples of well supplies in 1952 of the Jamaica Water Service 

Co. show a range in hardness of 15 to 336 ppm with an average of 126 ppm; and 

show a range in dissolved solids of 44 to 373 ppm with an average of 181 ppm. 

Partial analyses of samples of well supplies in 1952 of the N. Y. Water Service 

Corp. show a range in hardness of 250 to 375 ppm with an average of 292 ppm; 

and show a range in dissolved solids of 290 to 488 ppm with an average of 393 

ppm.
364 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW YORK Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ... ....

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ...... .....

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific .conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C» ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Date of collection ........

Finished 

water a

4 Q

.03

.00

13

4.3

3.0

1.4

0

36 

20

5.8

.1

.4

75

50

21

0

7.1

121

1 o

55

1952

Finished 

water b

2.5

.33

.00

5.3

1.7

1.4

.6

0

10 

11

2.6

.1

.3

34

20

6

* 

1

6

0

53.4

1 Q

54

1952

Finished 

water cf

2

.05

__;

9

2.8

.1

43

20

6

n

44

46

1QRO

Well 13 df 

(raw water)

__

.00

_

__

_

__

_

49

11

9.0

202

118

6

0

260 

0

KA

1QRO

Station 12ef

17

.04

_

__

_

__

_

200

19

11

392

282

4

7.7

432 

0

1QRO

a Croton supply; Central Park Reservoir.

bCatskill supply; Shaft ISA, Brooklyn.

c Catskill-Long Island supply, Ridgewood Reservoir 3, pipe 23.

d Jamaica Water Supply Co.

e 76th St. & 86th Ave., N. Y. Water Service Corp.

f Analysis by Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricity, New York.

NIAGARA FALLS 

(Population, 90,872)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Niagara River (Tonawanda channel).

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorine dioxide for taste and odor control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.
NEW YORK 365

NIAGARA FALLS Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

.5 

.12 

.00 

37 

8.2 

9.3 

1.4 

0 

107 

27 

22 

.0 

.5 

169

Hardness as CaCC^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

TVifp ryf r*nllAf*Hnn

Finished 

water

126 

38

1 

7.4

290 

0.4 

36 

Feb. 6, 

1952

NORTH TONAWANDA 

(Population, 24,731)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Niagara River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and postchlorination (chlorine dioxide). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

.5

.11

.00

37 

8.0

9.6

1.3

0

108

28

21

.0

.5

167

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

 joe

07

1

7.3

290

0.4

Feb. 11,

1952
366 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OGDENSBURG 

(Population, 16,166)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies the St. Lawrence State Hospital. Total

population supplied, about 18,000.

Source: St. Lawrence River. Emergency supply, intake on Oswegatchie River. 

Treatment: Slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2

0

.00

.00

38

8

0

8 Q

1.1

0

115

97

Of)

.0

.7

169

Hardness as CaCOg*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

97

7.7

295

3.6

4 P.

Jan. 15,

1952

CLEAN 

(Population, 22,884) 

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Olean Creek.

Treatment: Superchlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, pH control with lime, and dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. Chlorination of distribution reservoirs for control of algae. Fluoridation (begun Nov. 13, 1951) with sodium silicofluoride to an average content 

of 1. 0 ppm of fluoride in the finished water.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 10, 500,000 gal.
NEW YORK 367

OLEAN--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ......;........

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3.8 

.17 

.00 

18 

1.4 

1.8 

.9 

0 

18 

30 

5.8 

1.3 

1.3 

77

Hardness as CaCO,,: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

51 

36

2 

6.4

129 

0.5

Feb. 6, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3

Av

62 

57

Max

118 

106

Min

8 

12

PH

JLv

7.4 

7.1

Max

8.5 

7.4

Min

6.9 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

66 

79

Max

102 

113

^Min

35 

53

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

1,20C

Min

3 

0

OSSINING 

(Population, 16,098)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,600. 

Source: 2 impounding reservoirs. Auxiliary supply, old Croton aqueduct of New

York City supply. 

Treatment: Superchlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, pH control with lime, alkalinity adjustment (calcite),

corrosion control (sodium silicate), and dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 101,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 11,500,000 gal.
368 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

OSSINING Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8

*5

on

no

22 

3c

3 1

1 Q

Ofi

00

19

1

£»

103

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

70

AK

8 a

ICO

O c

QQ

Feb. 19,

1QR9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

29

Max

24 

35

Min

12 

26

PH

Av

6.6

8.4

Max

6.8 

8.4

Min

6.4 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

55

Max

40 

60

Min

30 

50

Turbidity

Av

1 

<1

Max

1 

<1

Min

1 

<1

OSWEGO

(Population, 22,647)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 24,100. 

Source: Lake Ontario. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 24,300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1 9

00

.00

42 80

101 °.

0

1 15

9Q

no

.1

1.0

179

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

KTnn/* £) fhfkna t~p

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )... .......

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

140

A G

1 Q

090

3 A

Feb. 4,

1952
NEW YORK 369

PEEKSKILL 

(Population, 17,731)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,700. 

Source: Peekskill and Hollow brooks impounded. Auxiliary supply, Cat skill

aqueduct, New York City. 

Treatment: Activated carbon, preammoniation, prechlorination, sedimentation,

slow sand filtration, postammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,200,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,900,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ............;......

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7

0

 Uo

.00

8.2

3

0

2

C

1.0

0

94

i a

4.7

1.4

fil

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. ).................,....

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

ta

i a

1«»

7

0

Q«J 7

1.6

Feb. 4,

1QKO

PLATTSBURG 

(Population, 17,738)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,200. 

Source: Impounding reservoirs (brook fed) about 5 or 6 miles west of the city.

Emergency supply, Saranac River. 

Treatment: Filtration and breakpoint chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 430,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.
370 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PL ATTSBURG --Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) .........:.....

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 q

f\O

(\f\

28

9

C

1.4

1.0

0

ion

8

n

 i 1

.1

19,4

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water .

inQ

11

0

7.4

91ft

4

c

OQ

Jan. 15,

1938

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

83 

79

Max

106 

100

Min

30 

28

PH

Av

7.5 

7.3

Max

7.6 

7.5

Min

6.9 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

100 

100

Max

120 

120

Min

70 

72

Turbidity

Av

1.6 

.89

Max

2.4 

1.3

Min

1.0 

.40

PORT CHESTER 

(Population, 23,970)

Ownership: Port Chester Water Works, Inc. (controlled by American Water 

Works, Inc.) which obtains its supply from Greenwich Water Works, Inc., 

Greenwich, Conn. ; also supplies the city and town of Rye. Total population 

supplied, about 40,000.

Source: Putnam Lake, Rockwood Lake, and Brush Dam, located in Greenwich, 

Connecticut, and Laurel Reservoir (Stamford Water Co., Stamford, Conn.).

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Brush Dam, 14,000,000 gal; Rockwood Lake, 500,000,000 

gal; Putnam Lake, 572,000,000 gal; and Laurel Reservoir, 2,250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal.

Water from both Rockwood Lake and Brush Dam go into Putnam Lake from which 

the water is taken for treatment. The treatment plant is located in Greenwich, 

Connecticut.
NEW YORK 371

PORT CHESTER Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

6

0

.00

14

2 7

3

0

1.4

0

ox

26

7.1

.0

.7

,79

Hardness as CaCO.*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

A C

tfi

8 (1

5 4

Jan. 22,

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

29

Max

25

41

Min

12 

19

PH

Av

6.9 

8.5

Max

7.1 

8.8

Min

6.7 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

32 

50

Max

36

58

Min

28

44

Turbidity

Av

<1 

<1

Max

1 

1

Min

0 

0

POUGHKEEPSIE 

(Population, 41,023)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Fairview and several outside water districts.

Total population supplied, about 56,000. 

Source: Hudson River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

aeration, slow sand filtration, corrosion control with lime, postchlorination,

or dechlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.
372 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

POUGHKEEPSIfi - -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 7

n't

nn

23

3 4

0 A

0

50

op

6

f\

.0

1

0

102

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

71

<m

7 a

170

0

0

jfoVt 10

IQCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

43 

50

Max

60 

60

Min

20 

25

PH

Av

7.3 

8.0

Max

7.6 

8.3

Min

7.1

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

50 

70

Max

70 

80

Min

40 

50

Turbidity

Av

28 

0

Max

400 

0

Min

8 

0

ROCHESTER 

(Population, 332,488)

Ownership: Municipal. Supplies about 312,000 people in Rochester. The New 

York Water Service Corp., Rochester Division, supplies about 20, 500 people.

Source: Municipal: Hemlock and Canadice Lakes. New York Water Service 

Corp., Rochester Division: Lake Ontario.

Treatment: Municipal: Chlorination, and ammoniation at the gatehouse at Hemlock Lake.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 42,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 234,000,000 gal.
NEW YORK 373

ROCHESTER Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO<) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

3.5 

.30 

.00 

22 

5.8 

3.0 

2.4 

0 

59 

26 

5.0 

.0 

1.0 

101

Finished 

water b

1.4 

.18 

.00 

38 

8.6 

9.6 

1.4 

0 

109 

30 

20 

.0 

.7 

176

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color....................

pH... ....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

79

5 

7.4

170

June 20, 

1951

Finished 

water b

130 

41

3 

7.4

295

0.9

Mar. 19, 

1952

a Hemlock Lake, 

b Lake Ontario.

ROCKVILLE CENTRE 

(Population, 22,362)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 6 wells (N48, N49, N50, N52, N72, N3745), 519, 330, 523, 534, 604,

and 589 ft deep: yield reported to be 1,200, 930, 1,350, 1, 500, 1,300, and

l,250gpm.

Treatment: Aeration and addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7.1

fiO

.01

4.8 

.4

3

0

'.4

0

18

3

K

1 9

.0

36

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ). .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14

0

0

7.4

46.3

Ton 1 S

1QRO
374 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROME 

(Population, 41,682)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: East Branch of Fish Creek impounded.

Treatment: Ammoniation and chlorination before water enters storage reservoirs

for sedimentation, and rechlorination at time of distribution. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 66,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U; S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CQ^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

2.6

oc

11

2

0

\ ? 2 A. S 3

0 

33

7.2

5 1

.0

.7

63

Finished 

water

5

C

.00

nn

8.0

3 A

(

c .6

o .4

0 

26

8.5

1 q

.1

1.0

45

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color... ................

pH. ......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Finished 

water

9.7

10

O O

7.0

O1 fi

CO

Aug. 28,

1QK1

Finished 

water

94

11

1ft

7 9

fifi A

4

K

A*)

Jan. 15,

1QCQ

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

PH

Av

7 

7

Max

7.5

Min

6.6 

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

2 

2

Max

10 

5

Min

<2 

< 2

SARATOGA SPRINGS 

(Population, 15,473) 

'Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Loughberry Lake (impounded and springfed supply). 

'Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, carbon, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, addition of lime, postchlorination, and ammonia- 

 tion.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 240,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,250,000 gal.
NEW YORK 375

SARATOGA SPRINGS--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ........:..........

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. X

.00 

.01

32

Ti. V 

0 1

0

04

00

4.1

.0

1.0

i?.n

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

100

OQ

7 9

9fU

C 1

40

Jan. 16,

1QKO

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

79 

70

Max

 

Min

 

PH

Av

7.7 

7.5

Max

--

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

88 

90

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

2.6 

.0

Max Min

SCHENECTADY 

(Population, 91,785)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 93,200. 

Source: 10 wells (1 to 10) 68, 66, 70, 70, 63, 58, 69, 70, 68, and 71 ft deep;

yield reported to be 2,100, 3,600, 3,555, 3,570, 3,515, 3,540, 3,540, 3,570,

3,555, and 3,880 gpm. 

Treatment: Occasional chlorination. 

Storage: 20,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca). ........ 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 2

7.0 

.00 

.00 

43 

8.3 

4.7 

1.0 

0 

147 

24 

4.9 

.0 

1.4 

170

Wells 

(city tap)

7.0 

.09

49 

«.!. 

J 9.6

0 

165 

31 

9.0 

.1 

.2 

197

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color.. ........ .........

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Well 2

141 

21

2 

7.8

290 

9.5 

51 

Jan. 16, 

1952

Wells 

(city tap)

160 

24

2 

7.7

342

Oct. 7, 

1948
376 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SYRACUSE 

(Population, 220,583)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 11, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 232, 000. 

Source: Lake Skaneateles. Emergency connection to New York Water Service

Company to the extent of a few million gallons per day. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Lake. 

Finished-water storage: 249,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2

0

.03

.01

34

5

0

1 C

0

114

14

2 9

.0

I

B

128

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

ino

15

7

Q

222

1.4

Mar. 24,

1 QCO

TROY 

(Population, 72,311)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 73,300.

Source: Tomhannock Reservoir 6 miles northeast of Troy, 70 percent of supply; 

Grafton Reservoir on Quacken Kill Creek 7 miles east of Troy, 30 percent of 

supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Frear Park Lake (used once in 1951).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 14,000,000,000 gal.

The distribution of the water is completely by gravity with the Grafton supply split 

between upper high and high service by Vanderhyden Reservoir and pressure 

reduction.
NEW YORK 377

TROY--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO«)

Sulfate (SO*) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

3

C

no

.00

12

2

C

2

0

1 9

0

33

14

3.1

.1

1.3

61

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .. ..

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

40

10

4

6 Q

no c

6

-1

4R

Jan. 23,

1QK9

a Tomhannock Reservoir.

UTICA 

(Population, 101,531)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 25, 000 people in other communities.

Total population supplied, about 126,000. 

Source: West Canada Creek-Hinckley Reservoir, 97 percent of supply; Springs,

3 percent of supply.

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 656,989,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.7

.17

.01

4.8 

1.0

R

0

6

f\

2 A

' .1

.7

35

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

1 C

10

QO

6

c

An o

5.8

QQ

1952
378 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

VALLEY STREAM 

(Population, 26,854)

Ownership: Long Island Water Corp., Lynbrook, N. Y.; also supplies Cedarhurst, 

East Rockaway, Hewlett, Inwood, Lake View, Lawrence, Lynbrook, Malverne, 

Woodmere, and a number of other communities. Total population supplied, 

about 164,000.

Source: Wells in several well fields: Valley Stream, main pumping station 51 

wells 150 ft deep and 40 wells 20 to 40 ft deep connected to a common suction 

line; well N3327 (W. Valley Stream) 451 ft deep, reported to yield 1, 400 gpm; 

well N1603 (Lake View) 551 ft deep, reported to yield l,215gpm. At any one 

time about 40 wells are in use.

Treatment: Water from main station (Valley Stream): aeration, addition of lime, 

filtration, and chlorination. Water from other wells: addition of lime, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 6, 700,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ........".......

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............ ...

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

PH.... ........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Suction wells

Raw 

water

8.5 

2.2

X 6.0

^ 0 

11 

7 

6

.3

12 

3

5 

5.9

56.2

Jan. 18, 

1952

Finished 

water

13 

.20 

.01 

16 

1.4 

/ 4.9 

X .8 

4 

44 

7.5 

5.8 

.1 

.6 

75

46 

3

0 

8.7

114 

1.6

Jan. 18, 

1952

Well N3327

Raw 

water

10 

.13

\ 3.9

0 

12 

4 

3

.2

10 

0

5 

6.1

41.0

Jan. 18, 

1952

Finished 

water

14 

.18 

.00 

13 

1.3 

/ 3.7 

\ .5 

3 

38 

3.5 

4.1 

.0 

.1 

61

38 

2

0 

8.6

84.3 

1.7

Jan. 18, 

1952

Well N1603

(finished 

water)

11 

.17 

.00 

18 

1.7 

4.3 

.6 . 

0 

62 

6.0 

4.5 

.0 

.1 

74

52 

1

0 

8.2

115 

1.1

Jan. 18, 

1952 .,
NEW YORK 379

WATERTOWN 

population, 34,350)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 250 people outside the city limits, and 

an Air Force installation. Total population supplied, about 35,000.

Source: Black River impounded.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, chlorine dioxide, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 60,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 8,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ...............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS). ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.0

.00

.01

27

2

C

8

0

1.0

0

71

32

4.4

.1

2

C

124

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ...........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

7ft

1Q

7 9

201

0 Q

47

Jan. 15,

I.QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

40 

36

Max

65 

60

Min

16 

14

PH

Av

7.0 

7.1

Max

7.4 

7.3

Min

6.7 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

54 

52

Max

96 

96

Min

41 

38

Turbidity

Av

3 

0

Max

45 

0

Min

1 

0
380 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WATERVLIET

(Population, 15,197)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Menands and other consumers outside the

city limits. Total population supplied, about 18,500. 

Source: Normanskill, Black, and Bozenkill Creeks impounded. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, carbon,

sedimentation, pressure filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,800,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6 1

.01

 vv

36 8t>

4.0 

1.4

0

Q1

K(\

5

K

.0

1R5

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

IQC

ul

1 a

OCQ

on

Jan. 16, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av

90

Max

--

Min

PH

Av

7.7

Max

--

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

100

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
NEW YORK 381

WHITE PLAINS 

(Population, 43,466)

Ownership: Municipal; also purchases water wholesale from the New York Water 

Service Corp.

Source: Municipal supply: 4 dug wells (1 to 4, on Orchard St.) 20, 23, 15, and 

23 ft deep, 8.6 percent of supply; 2 Orchard St. reservoirs (small streams 

impounded) 15.7 percent of supply; New York Water Service Corp. supply: 

17 wells (4 to 20) 58 to 118 ft deep on common suction and reported to yield 

545 gpm, 21.6 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, Catskill supply of New 

York City. (See New York.) New York City furnished 54.1 percent of supply 

in 1951.

Treatment: -Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Upper Orchard St. reservoir, 90,000,000 gal; lower Orchard 

St. reservoir, 120,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Standpipe at Orchard St., 9,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per miliion, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...............

Sulfate (SO^........... ...............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .. . ....................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (feet) ...:...............

Date dug ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Dug well 2 

(raw water)

* >

m

.00

on

19

3.7

1.9

0

I-IO

29

6.2

.1

1.4

158

124

32

2

7.6

258

5.1

58

Jan. 28, 1952

OQ

on

1 QQfi

Raw 

water a

8.0

.03

.00

6

c

1.9

2.9

1.5

0

9

15

5.0

.2

.5

49

24

17

2

6.4

77.3

5.4

Jan. 28, 1952

16 wells b 

(raw water)

15

.06

.00

A Q

23

7.4

2.7

0

200

50

10

..1

4.2

268

214

50

2

7.5

425

5.1

52

Jan. 28, 1952

a Lower Orchard Street reservoir. 

bNew York Water Service Corp.
382 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

YONKERS 

(Population, 152,798)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Saw Mill River and Grassy Sprain Reservoir 65 percent of supply; Catskill

supply, New York City (Hillview Reservoir) 35 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Saw Mill River: slow sand filtration, and chlorination; Grassy Sprain

Reservoir: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd (Saw Mill River plant). 

Raw.-water storage: 1,000,000,000 gal (Grassy Sprain Reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: 61,000,000 pal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)........... ................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ................

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ....... ............................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Saw Mill River 

 (finished 

water)

10

.04

no

£t *

8

C

11

4.0

0

on

«j«j

on

.0

3.6

164

102

37

1

7.4

272

0.6

Feb. 19, 1952

Grassy Sprain 

Reservoir 

(finished water)

8.1

.10

04

15

6.4

19

2

<j

0

on

28

97

.1

1 c

 joo

64

40

1

6.8

206

0.8

Feb. 19, 1952

Hillview 

Reservoir1 

(finished water)

3.2

.20

.02

c n

1.8

1.3

.6

0

11

11

2.5

.1

.6

oc

20

11

2

6.8

53.3

2.3

Feb. 19, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw waterb.......

Finished waterb.

Finished water c

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

120

60

Max

126 

126

Min

64 

64

--

PH

Av

7.4 

7.4

7.2

Max

8.5 

8.5

7.3

Min

7.2 

7.2

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3' 

(ppm)

Av

120 

120

75

Max

180 

180

80

Min

90 

90

70

Turbidity

Av Max

>100 

5

10

Min

--

a Catskill supply, N. Y. City.

b Sawmill River.

c Grassy Sprain Reservoir.
NORTH CAROLINA 383

ALBEMARLE 

(Population, 11,798)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 12,300.

Source: Yadkin River. The intake is about 7 miles northwest of Badin. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, soda ash, chlorination, Calgon, aeration,

sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1 reservoir, 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 concrete reseryoirs, each 1,000,000 gal; elevated

tank, 100,000 gal; standpipe, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11 

.09 

.00

4.4 

1.7

\ 5.8

0 

25 

4.4 

3.2 

.2 

.7 

46

Finished 

water

9.7 

.05 

.00 

4.9 

1.7

16

0 

32 

20 

4.8 

.1 

.4 

78

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate...... .

Color...................

_TT pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

18 

0

3 

7.0

63.8

May 6, 

1951

Finished 

water

19 

0

4 

,6.9

118

May 6, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

22

Max

22 

24

Min

18 

20

PH

Av

7.0 

6.8

Max

7.1 

6.9

Min

6.9 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

20

Max

22 

22

Min

18 

18

Turbidity

Av

20 

0

Max

400 

0

Min

5 

0
384 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ASHEBORO 

(Populatiori, 7,701)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied,

- about 12,000, 

Source: 3 lakes (1,3, and 4). Lake 1 furnishes 5 percent of supply; Lake 3, 55

percent; and Lake 4 (Back Creek), 40 percent. The raw water intake is about

4| miles northwest of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, prechlorination, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, Calgon, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1; 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoirs, (Lakes) 1,500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 500,000 gal; clear well, 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) ...;.....

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10 

.31 

.03 

6.0 

2.3

\ 5.0

0 

31 

4.0 

3.6 

.1 

.4 

53

Finished 

water

9.0 

.09 

.00 

16 

2.4

5.7

0 

30 

26 

7.2 

.1 

.1 

86

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). . ............ .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

24 

0

13 

6.8

72.0

July 10, 

1951

Finished 

water

50 

25

3 

7.0

137

July 10, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

28

Max

26 

26

Min

16 

24

PH

Av

7.1 

8.8

Max

7.3 

9.0

Min

6.7 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

50

Max

25 

60

Min

15 

40

Turbidity

Av

8 

0

Max

30 

0

Min

4 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 385

ASHEVILLE 

(Population, 53,000)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a number of communities in the Buncombe

County Water System. Total population supplied, about 73,000. 

Source: Beetree Creek (impounded) and Right and Left Forks of the North Fork

of the Swannanoa River (impounded). The intakes are about 12 miles east of

the city.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Beetree Reservoir, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Beaucatcher Reservoir,. 5,000,000 gal; White Fawn

Reservoir, 11,300,000 gal; Standpipe, 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Pe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. .............. ....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection. ..............

Beetree 

Reservoira

8.3

M

.00

1.8

.7

X 2.3

0

7

. y

2

K

.0

.1

99

7

0

3

5.8

24.0

Apr. 12,

1950

Beetree 

Reservoir"

7.4

no

nn

1.6

.8

1.1

0

2

0

1 o

.0

.4

90

7

3

6.2

24.6

Apr. 12,

1950 .

North' Fork 

Swannanoa 

Rivera

5.6

.03

.00

1.0

.4

ft, Ti

0

4

2

Q

1.9

.0

.6

17

4

1

0

5.9

15.2

__

Mar. 28,

1950

North Fork 

Swannanoa 

Riverb

6.2

.04

.00

1.6

.3

1.7

0

7

1 ^

1.1

.0

.2

16

5

0

4

6.7

14.0

_ _

Mar. 28,

1950

Finished water. 

"Raw water.
386 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BURLINGTON 

(Population, 24,560)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 25, 000. 

Source: Stony Creek impounded. The raw water intake is located 3 miles north

of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand, filtration, break-point chlorination, and final adjustment of pH with

lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 500,000,000 gal; reservoir at

treatment plant, 1, 750,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 465, 000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 1,500,000,

100,000, and 100,000 gal.

The treatment plant is in the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 £t

1 a

.00

7.8

3

O

\ 5 1 

/ 0

AK

 i A

3

1

.1

.4

67

Finished 

water

15

.04

.00

18

 t)

4.9 

0

en

1 fi

Q 0

.1

95

Hardness as CaCOs:

Tntal ...

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. ... ..........

Turbidity. ....... ......

Raw 

water

34

0

6.8

93.8

^ _

Sept. 23,

1950

Finished 

water

59

12

7.3

147

^ _

Sept. 23,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

40

Max

57 

55

Min

16 

13

pH

Av

7.0 

8.2

Max

7.4 

8.8

Min

6.6 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

39 

58

Max

56 

78

Min

20 

38

Turbidity

Av

91 

0

Max

850 

0

Min

30 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 387

CHAPEL HILL 

(Population, 9,177)

Ownership: University of North Carolina; supplies Carrboro and other suburban

districts. Total population supplied, about 16,000. 

Source: University Lake, impounding reservoir fed by Neville, Morgan, and Price

Creeks. The intake at University Lake is 3 miles southwest of treatment plant

which is located on the edge of town. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: University Lake, 600,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 1, 500,000 gal; elevated tank, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 K

. \)fi 

.00

5.0

J.« «7

\ 6.5

0 

31

2

0

4.0

.1

1.0

54

Finished 

water

J.O

 \)£i

.00

11

. 0

6.9

0 

31

11 

11

.1

.1

77

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color*..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. ............. 

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

on

0

7 

6.4

72.5 

0.1

Aug. 23,

1QC-I

Finished 

water

OQ

1 O

1 Q

6

0

103 

1.4

Aug. 23,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

25 

27

Max

30

34

Min

21 

21

PH

Av

6.9 

8.3

Max

7.1 

8.6

Min

6.8 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

27 

44

Max

30 

46

Min

24 

42

Turbidity

Av

37 

0.99

Max

98 

1.3

Min

15 

0.53
388 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHARLOTTE 

(Population, 134,042)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 167,000. 

Source: Catawba River. The intake is about 8 miles northwest of treatment

plant. . 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, carbon, primary chlorination,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, final pH adjustment with hydrated lime,

secondary chlorination, ammoniation, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,600,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, estimated capacity 45,000,000 gal, each. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 2,875,000, 2,875,000, and 5,750,000 gal; 

4 elevated tanks, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 500,000, and 500,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 2 miles northwest of center of city. The water is 

pumped from the Catawba River to raw-water storage; then flows by gravity 

through the treatment plant to clear water wells; then is pumped to distribution 

system and elevated storage tanks.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO^ ..........

Chloride (Cl) :........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitr ate (NO,). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

. uo 

.00

3.6

i. £»

\ 3.6 

0

1 Q

2 7

2

0

.1

35

Finished 

water

11

. \J£t

.00

6.9

 L. &

4.9 

3

1 Q

C 1

. &

1 9

45

Hardness as CaCO,:

TVttal

Noncar bonate. .....

_*» pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

14 

0

Id

7 9

4fi 5

Mar. 2,

1950

Finished 

water

£t£t

2

8

C

75.4

Mar. 3, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

1?9W W9i*£>T*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

15 

19

Max

17 

23

Min

13 

16

PH

Av

7.1 

8.6

Max

7.8 

8.8

Min

6.9 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

20

Max

16 

24

Min

9 

17

Turbidity

Av

8.1 

.06

Max

38 

.03

Min

2 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 389

CONCORD 

(Population, 16,486)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 20,000. 

Source: Cold Water Creek impounded in Lake Fisher. Lake Concord, fed by a

number of springs, serves as auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, lime, postchlorination, and

final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Fisher and Lake Concord 1,100,000,000, and

450,000,000 gal, respectively. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 2,000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 and

1,000,000 gal; at old plant, 1,500,000 gal.

The raw water intake is about 5 miles north of the treatment plant which is north 

of the city in Wil-Mar Park section.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

6

e

AO

.00

8.0

3 A

} « ' 

0

41 .

5.1

3 1

.4

56

Finished 

water

4.7

.05

.00

11

. o

5.6 

0

Aft

iq

4

c

.1

.4

69

Hardness atf CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

«M

0

7

6.7

94.0

Aug. 15,

1950

Finished 

water

41

8

7

6.7

116

Aug. 15,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

32 

26

Max

36 

35

Min

18 

21

PH

Av

7.2

7.0

Max

7.5 

7.6

Min

6.9 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

35 

43

Max

41

47

Min

30 

38

Turbidity

Av

18

Max

40

Min

10
390 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DURHAM 

(Population 71,311)

Ownership: Municipal; total population supplied, about 73, 500.

Source: Flat River impounded in Lake Michie, about 15 miles northwest of the

city. 

Treatment: Slight aeration, breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum and

lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with

lime. Activated carbon used occasionally for taste and odor control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15, 560,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 4, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5 clear wells, 4,500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,500,000

gal; 1 elevated reservoir, 3,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is 3 miles northwest of the center of Durham. Treatment 

plant capacity can be increased satisfactorily to an additional 5, 530,000 gpd.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

IQ

04

.00

4.8

2 A

X 5 ,

? o» o

0

00

5 7

5 1

.1

.3

50

Finished 

water

14

AC

.00

13

2 A

5.7

3

91

on

7.0

.0

77

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. ........ .....

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

OA

2

IQ

7.2

65.2

Feb. 27,

1950

Finished 

water

41

18

4

8.7

114

Feb. 27,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

'

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

16

27

Max

?,0

33

Min

13

23

PH

Av

6 Q

9.0

Max

7.1

9.1

Min

6.7

9.0

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

17

44

Max

on

51

Min

14

38

Turbidity

Av

10

.30

Max

i 4R

.40

Min

7.0

.18
NORTH CAROLINA 391

ELIZABETH CITY 

(Population, 12, 685)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban district. Total population supplied,

about 15,000. 

Source: Well field of 200 wells, all 30 ft deep, 80 percent of supply; 3 wells,

(1 to 3) each 80 ft deep, 20 percent of supply. The yield of the shallow wells

is reported to be from 2 to 5 gpm, and of the deep wells, 200, 200, and 90

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Lime (softening), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1 reservoir, 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1,000,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

The shallow wells yield water that is high in iron and comparatively low in chloride, 

whereas the deep wells yield water that is low in iron and high in chloride 

(approximately 300 ppm).

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO.) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

41 

8.1 

.00 

45 

17

\ 63

0 

208 

29 

83 

.2 

.6 

405

Finished 

water a

33 

.77 

.00 

28. 

13

69

7 

93 

48 

95 

.2 

.3 

352

Hardness as CaCQ,: 

Total *...............

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. ...... .......

Temperature^F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

182 

12

23

6.7

638 

1.8 

68 

Aug. 31, 

1951

Finished 

water a

123 

35

8 

8.3

564 

2.0 

71 

Aug. 31, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.-..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115 

65

Max

180 

98

Min

98 

58

PH

Av

7.0 

9.4

Max

7.2 

9.6

Min

7.0 

9.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

140 

113

Max

186 

130

Min

110 

90

Turbidity

Av ';; Max

'--

Min

--

L Composite, mixed sample.
392 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FAYETTEVILLE 

(Population, 34,715)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies other suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 5,0,000. 

Source: Little Cross Creek impounded in Bonnie JDoone, Kornbow, and

Glenville Lakes. Intake on east bank of Glenville Lake about 200 ft west of

treatment plant. 

Treatment: Aeration at times, primary lime, prechlorination, coagulation with

alum, mechanical mixing, sedimentation, activated carbon at times, rapid

sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, adjustment of pH with lime,

ammoniation, and final chlorination. 

ftated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3 impounding reservoirs: Bonnie Doone, 90,000,000;

Kornbow, 125,000,000; Glenville, 100,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1,500,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, each

1,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 1 mile from center of city on Filter Plant Drive.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

3.4 

.08 

.00 

1.6 

.8

\ 2.3

0 

6 

2.2 

3.2 

.0 

.7 

22

per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey) .

Finished 

water

4.1 

.08 

.00 

11 

.9

2.2

0 

18 

10 

7.5 

.0 

.1 

53

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

_ TT pH. ............ ..........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC l-i \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

7 

2

8 

5.6

32.6

June 20, 

1950

Finished 

water

31 

16

3 

6.5

79.7

June 20, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

4 

12

Max

5 

15

Min

3

8

PH

Av

6.0 

7.1

Max

6.1 

7.2

Min

5.9 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

6 

30

Max

6 

32

Min

6 

28

Turbidity

Av

20 

0

Max

40 

0

Min

10 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 393

GASTONIA 

(Population, 23,069)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Lowell, Dallas, and suburban districts.

Total population supplied, about 48,200. 

Source: Long Creek impounded in Rankin Lake. The raw-water intakeis about 3

miles north of city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon (Nuchar),

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, and lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,800, 000 gpd. . Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, about 250,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well 3,200,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks 1,000,000

and 300,000 gal.

The treatment plant is almost in the center of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (S10J ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

17

!oo

5.4 

2.1

0

1.9 

.2.2 

.1 

.2 

50

Finished 

water

15 

.09 

.00 

7.4 

2.2

4.3

0 

26 

8.4 

4.5 

.2 

.0 

59

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate ......

Color .............. .....

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

22 

0

7 

7.0

66.2

July 4, 

1951

Finished 

water

28 

6

5 

7.0

81.6

July 4, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water . .,

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

26 

27

Max

28 

29

Min

24 

22

PH

Av

7.2 

7.2

Max

7.4 

7.5

Min

7.0 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

. (ppm)

Av

28

28

Max

32 

32

Min

24 

24

Turbidity

Av

20 

.5

Max

75 

1.5

Min

10 

0
394 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GOLDSBORO

(Population, 21,454)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 25, 000.

Source: Little River. The intake is about 300 yd northeast of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatmenc plant: 2,250, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500, 000 gal; elevated tank, 1, 000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 2 miles northwest of Goldsboro on the south bank of Little 

River.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^. ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1*

AC

.00

2.8

1 0

} -

0 

16

^ *\

A 0

.0

.5

50

Finished 

water

14

AC

.00

14 

1 1

5.8

0

OC

'71

7 ?

.0

.4

86

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tr»tal . .

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

10

0

17

6

c

Cl 0

Aug. 12,

1QSO

Finished 

water

40

20

6

Q

1OA

Aug. 12,

1950
NORTH CAROLINA 395

GREENSBORO 

(Population, 74,389)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 90, 000. 

Source: Reedy Fork Creek (50 percent of supply), Horsepen Creek (30 percent of

supply), Brush Creek (20 percent of supply) impounded in Lake Brandt. The

intake is 65 miles from the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination (at intermediate point on supply line to inhibit algae

growth), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, pH

adjustment with lime, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 20,000,000 gal, Lake Brandt, 800,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 3, 000,000 and 18, 000, 000 gal; 3 elevated

tanks, 200, 000, 500,000, and 1, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is in the north-central section of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe)' ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 C

.07

.00

6

1

2 A

\ / 51>1

0 

04

9 K

2

0

*)

.2

54

Finished 

water

1 a

nc

.00

19

3* D

' 4.3

2

QK

9

C

A Q

O

70

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color-.....*...........

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

? > c \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

OK

0

7.2

70.4

_

Mar. 7,

1950

Finished 

water

"

40

8

o

8.4

104

Mar. 7

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

on

36

Max

OC

43

Min

1C

30

pH

Av

7.0

8.6

Max

1 . O

9.2

Min

6

n

7.3

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

tt"

33

Max

A C

64

Min

17 

23

Turbidity

Av

CO

0

Max

1 Cf\

0

Min

ou 

0
396 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 16,724)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: Tar River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw.waterstorager None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 300, 000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks,

300,000 gal each.

The treatment plant is in the city near Tar River.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12 

.11 

.00 

5.9 

2.0

\ 6.5

0 

28 

5.4 

5.4 

.2 

.4 

58

Finished 

water

12 

.03 

.00 

13 

2.1

7.0

0 

31 

20 

6.4 

.2 

.6 

79

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ............ .......

-»u pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

23 

0

13

6.7

8U.7

Aug. 24, 

1950

Finished 

water

41 

16

4 

7.3

124

Aug. 24, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

27

Max

16 

36

Min

13 

16

pH

Av

6.8 

8.0

Max

7.0 

8.6

Min

6.3 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

34 

47

Max

46 

57

Min

29 

37

Turbidity

Av Max

460

Min

16
NORTH CAROLINA 397

HENDERSON 

(Population, 10,996).

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 14, 500. 

Source: Fox Pond impounding reservoir for East Sandy Creek. Intake is about

15 miles south of the city. Rowland Lake, auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, chlorination, Calgon, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 40,000,000 gal (estimated). 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 750,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 172,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO*) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

12

no

.00

2.8>

\ f 59*) 9

0 

13

3.9

5.1

.2

1.4

43

Finished 

water

12

no.

.00

9.8 

1.0

6.0

0 

14

16

8.6

.2

.9

66

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

11

0

6.4

52.5

Jan. 18,

1951

Finished 

water

OQ

17

7.2

98.0

Jan. 18,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

12 

27

Max

14 

30

Min

8 

2.5

PH

Av

6.7 

7.5

Max

7.0 

7.8

Min

6.3 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

13

Max

13 

14

Min

6 

12

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

Max

100

1

Min

10 

0
398 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HICKORY

(Population, 14,755)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Longview, Brookford, Windy City area, and 

suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20,000.

Source: Catawba River impounded in Lake Hickory. The intake is 1, 500 ft west 

of the treatment plant.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH to about 8. 5 by addition of lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake Hickory, 32,440,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,000,000 gal; 

2 standpipes, 250,000 gal each.

The treatment plant is 2 miles northwest of center of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

11

.07

.12

3.5 

1.4

\ 3.6

0 

on

i q

2

0

.1

34

Finished 

water

9

0

.07 

.08

8.2

1.4

3.3

0 

oo

5

C

3

n

.1

 >

48

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH...... .................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK /" \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

14

0

 >

6.4

44.9

Aug. 15,

1950

Finished 

water

 1C

3

6.9

7fl 9

Aug. 15,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

10 

27

Max

12 

30

Min

9 

24

PH

Av

6.7 

8.6

Max

6.8 

8.8

Min

6.6 

8.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

12 

23

Max

15 

29

Min

11 

21

Turbidity

Av

30 

0

Max

60 

0

Min

25 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 399

HIGH POINT 

(Population, 39,973)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 42,500. 

Source: Deep River impounded. The intake on Deep River is 4| miles northeast

of treatment plant, which is 1 mile east of the city. 

Treatment: Breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and final adjustment of

pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1,500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 3,000,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,000,000

gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19 

.13 

.00 

6.1 

2.8

V 7.3

0 

38 

5.6 

3.6 

.1 

.3 

64

Finished 

water

18 

.04 

.00 

12 

3.0

5.6

0 

39 

15 

4.8 

.1 

.0 

 79

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color..................

PH...... .................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity. . ............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

27 

0

5 

7.1

82.3

Mar. 17, 

1950

Finished 

water

42 

10

4 

7.3

115

Mar. 17, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

29 

34

Max

38 

48

Min

22 

26

PH

Av

6.9 

7.5

Max

7.3 

8.8

Min

6.7 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

30 

48

Max

32 

52

Min

28 

42

Turbidity

Av

88

Max

350

Min

40
400 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KANNAPOLIS 

(Population, 28,448)

Ownership: Cannon Mills; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 33,000. 

Source: Buffalo Creels: impounded for the regular supply. Coddle Creek serves as

an auxiliary supply. The intake at the dam is about l£ miles west of

Kannapolis. 

Treatment: Domestic: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

carbon, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, postchlorination, and soda ash.

Industrial: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, carbon,

rapid sand filtration, and soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1,250,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Drinking water system: 2 elevated tanks, 250,000 gal

each; 2 clear wells, 100,000 and 75,.000 gal. Industrial and sprinkler

system: 1 open reservoir, 9,800,000; 2 standpipes, 250,000 gal each;

4 elevated tanks, 250,000, 100,000, 100,000, and 75,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Bin) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

.01

4.8

1

C

\ 7.2 

0

OQ

A Q

3

1

.4

49

Finished 

water

19

M

4.8 

1.5

18 

0

A*

11

6 a

.1

76

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate ......

«*TZ pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

1Q

0

6

0

£Q 1

1 ^

Cant 1 1

1Qf>1

Finished 

water

in

0

6

0

0.0

Sept. 11,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Oonr TOO t AT*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

23 

30

Max

28 

40

Min

20 

18

pH

Av

7.0 

7.1

Max

7.3 

7.9

Min

6.6 

6.3

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

16 

21

Max

19 

60

Min

14 

14

Turbidity

Av

6.7 

.07

Max

26 

.30

Min

2.0 

.05
NORTH CAROLINA 401

KINGS MOUNTAIN 

(Population, 7,206)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied,

about 7,300. 

Source: Kings Creek impounded in City Lake. The intake on the lake is about 3.3

miles from city. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake reservoir, 50,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 300,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 . y

.17 

.00

6.8

. «j

\ 4. 1

OD

O.I

. U

.1

46

Finished 

water

. o

!oo

11

2.3

3.4

0

oy

t y

2

0

.1

58

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total *..... ..........

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ......... ..

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

Oft

0

0

6.7

7f) ^

July 10,

1951

Finished 

water

07

5

10

7 9

93.9

July 10,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

2(1

26

Max

23

31

Min

1

2

PH

Av

7,1

7.2

Max

7.4

8.0

Min

6,7

7.1

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

34

32

Max

4?

37

Min

31

29

Turbidity

Av

SO

0

Max

1500

Min

10
402 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNIT£D STATES, 1952

KINSTON 

(Population, 18,336)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, 22,000. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 361, 369, 365, and 552 ft deep; 3 artesian wells (Hillcrest

group) 350 to 390 ft deep. The yield of the four wells is reported to be 900,

690, 460, 900 gpm. The flow of the artesian group is 150 gpm. 

Treatments The water from wells 1 to 4 is chlorinated before entering the

distribution system. Water from the Hillcrest wells flows into a reservoir

and is then pumped into the distribution system. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 1,000,000 and 250,000 gal; 1 elevated

tank, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Sips) ................

Iron <Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 )...... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ............"..

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

13 

.05 

.00 

7.6 

2.7

\ 40

0 

127 

3.1 

6.0 

.2 

.3 

138

30 

0

3

7.7

227

Feb. 19, 

1951

361 

38-24-18 

1926

Well 2

11

.05 

.00 

5.6 

2.7

40

0 

123 

2.6 

5.8 

.1 

.1 

132

25 

0

2 

7.9

220

Feb. 19, 

1951

369 

26-18-8 

1937

Well 3

11 

.07 

.00 

1.6 

1.6

48

0 

120 

3.2 

8.0 

.3 

.4 

136

11

0

7 

7.7

225

Feb. 19, 

1951

365 

18-8 

1945

Well 4

9.8 

.04 

.00 

6.4 

2.9

47

0 

145 

1.4 

6.0 

.3 

.1 

151

28 

0

12

7.7

252

Feb. 19, 

1951

552 

20-10 

1949

Hillcrest 

Group 

3 Wells

15 

.08 

.00 

15 

7.2

24

0 

136 

2.9 

3.5 

.1 

.5 

139

67 

0

2

7.5

236

Feb. 19, 

1951

350-390 

3
NORTH CAROLINA 403

LENOIR 

(Population, 7,888)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, 

about 10,298.

Source: Lake (65 percent of supply); Zacks Fork Creek impounded (35 percent of 

supply). The intake on lake is about 6 miles north of the city; intake on creek 

is about 0. 9 mile from treatment plant.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Lake, 25,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 150,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 500,000 and 

1,100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca). ........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

on

.14

.04

3.4

1 *>

\ 4.9

0 

 23

1.5

1.9

.2

.7

50

Finished 

water

on

.17

.00

6.8

1.4

5.1

0 

27

6.3

Q 4

.1

0

58

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water *

Id

0

10

6.4

AQ Q

July 12,

1QS1

Finished 

water

ao

1

0

7 9

71 ^

July 12,

1 QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

18 

25

Max

32

48

Min

12 

12

pH

Av

6.6 

7.6

Max

6.8 

8.4

Min

6.4 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22 

32

Max

46 

40

Min

10 

24

Temperature (°F)

Av

57

Max

72

Min

37

a Lake and Zacks Fork Creek, 50 percent of each.
404 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LEXINGTON 

(Population, 13,571)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 16,062. 

Source: Abbotts Creek. The intake is about 4 miles northeast of the city. Leonard

Creek impounded in Leonard Lake is used as an auxiliary or emergency

supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, alum, air-mix flocculation, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, postchlorination (if required), final adjustment of pH with

lime.

Rated .capacity of treatment plant: 3,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Leonard Lake, 365/000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: At plant, 1,000,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,000,000 gal;

1 standpipe, 350,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located 4.1 miles northeast of Lexington on the Greensboro 

Road.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

94

3d

.00

7.8

3 9

\ 8.2

0

4,c

3

4

7.0

.1

.1

76

Finished 

water

00

04

.00

12

9.2

0

47

11

8 9

.1

.1

92

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

 »» pH. ....... ...............

Specific conductance

(micromhos1 at

oc p- \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

33

0

4

6.8

102

_

Nov. 22,

1950

Finished 

water

42

3

6.9

131

__

Nov. 22,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

90

36

Max

0,0

42

Min

oc

24

PH

Av

7,1

8.4

Max

7.5

8.6

Min

6.8

8.4

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

28

36

Max

30

40

Min

25

32

Turbidity

Av

50

Max

3000

Min

18
NORTH CAROLINA 405

LUMBER-TON 

(Population, 9,186)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 6,000..

Source: Lumber River. The intake is 2 miles west of the city. Auxiliary or 

emergency supply, 1 well 545 ft deep and reported to yield 600 gpm.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,250,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 750,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Me).....................

Sodium (Na)......... ..................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).......... .......

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Well 1

21 

.87 

.00 

37 

2.6

> 16 ' 0 

155 

3.2 

4.0 

.3 

.2 

160

103 

0

6 

7.3

264

68 

June 14, 1950

Lumber River

(raw water)

6.7 

.02

2.2

.5

3.4

0

5 

4.0 

4.4 

.1 

.4 

32

8 

3

30 

5.8

30.9 

Jan. 10, 1951

(finished water)

7.2 

.04

15 

.6

4.7

6 

8 

25 

5.0 

.1 

.3 

72

40 

23

5 

9.5

109 

Jan. 10, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max

27

Min

8

PH

Av

--

Max

9.8

Min

5.4

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
406 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MONROE 

(Population, 10,140)

Ownership: j Municipal; also supplies Wingate, Marshville, and suburban

districts. Total population supplied, about 12, 600. 

Source: Richardson Creek impounded in Lake Lee. The intake at Lake is 2 miles

east of treatment plant, which is in the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime, activated carbon

(Nuchar), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 450,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 420, 000 and 540, 000 gal; 4 elevated tanks,

165,000, 500,000, 135,000, and 50,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

Q C

AC

.00

5.4

2

0

\ 5.7

0

10,

6.8

8.0

.1

1.3

50

Finished 

water

3 9

AC

.00

12

2 4

6.0

0 90

1ft

10

0

70

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

PH.......................

(micromhos at

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

90

7

19

6.8

80.3

Jan. 8,

1951

Finished 

water

40

21

0

7.4

122

Jan. 8,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

24 

30

Max

32 

38

Min

20 

24

PH

Av

6.7 

7.1

Max

7.0 

7.2

Min

6.3 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

28 

47

Max

31 

53

Min

25 

42

Turbidity

Av

150 

0

Max

961 

0

Min

34 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 407

MORGANTON 

(Population, 8,311)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10,500.

Source: Henry Fork impounded and Warrior Creek. The intake on Henry Fork is 

about 15 miles south of the city; the intake on Warrior Creek, about 3 miles 

north of city.

Treatment: Water from Henry Fork: chlorination; water from Warrior Creek: 

prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, Henry Fork, 5,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 gal each; standpipe, 1,500,000 

gal.

Henry Fork originates in a protected watershed. The water is chlorinated and 

flows into distribution system by gravity. A separate system obtains water 

from Warrior Creek which receives extensive treatment before storage and 

distribution. This creek contributes about 10 percent of the total supply.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)............. ..............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ................

Sulfate (SO4)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.).. .........

Turbidity............... ..............

TO w\ not* d titi* a /TP \

Date of collection ...................

Warrior Creek

Raw water

11 

.04 

.00 

2.8 

.9 

\ 2.5

0 

15 

1.7 

1.2 

.1 

.2 

30

11 

0

3

7.4

30.6 

2

Jan. 22, 1952

Finished water

13 

.03 

.00 

3.0

.7 

5.8

0 

18 

4.2 

2.5 

.1 

.1 

37

10 

0

1 

8.1

62.7 

1

Jan. 22, 1952

Henry Fork

(finished water)

6.9 

.04 

.00 

1.6 

.6 

2.5

0 

7 

3.4 

1.6 

.1 

.0 

21

6 

1

2 

7.6

19.4 

1

Jan. 22, 1952
408 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MOUNT AIRY 

(Population, 7,192)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 7,500.

Source: Lovills Creek. The intake on Lovills Creek is about 5 miles northeast of 

the treatment plant, which is on Orchard Street in the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 and 160,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

150,000 and 500,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 200,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11 

.15 

.00 

3.9

.8

\ 3.7

0 

18 

2.5 

2.2 

.1 

.4 

33

Finishec 

water

a.8

.02 

.00 

7.9 

.8

3.5

0 

26 

5.1 

2.8 

.0 

.2 

42

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.).;. 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

13 

0

9 

6.4

36.0 

5

Aug. 17, 

1951

Finished 

water

23 

2

3 

6.8

62.5 

5

Aug. 17, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

11 

16

Max

12 

18

Min

8 

14

PH

Av

6.8 

8.7

Max

7.1 

9.0

Min

6.3 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

10 

23

Max

14 

28

Min

7 

18

Turbidity

Av

46 

0

Max

6000 

0

Min

7 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 409

NEW BERN 

(Population 15,812)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 17,380. 

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8) 90 to 115 ft deep. The total yield of the wells is reported

to be 2,100 gpm.

Treatment: Zeolite softening, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, *300,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

watera

16

1 5

nn

75

I

d

> 4. 5

0 

213

10

7.0

.0

.1

233

Finished 

water a

17

1 Q

.00

25

67

0

910

15

19

.0

.1

.244

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

*

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

195

20

10

7.0

418

1

60

Aug. 30,

1951

Finished 

water a

66

0

7.4

411

0

60

Aug. 30,

1951

a Mixed sample from 8 wells.
410 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RALEIGH 

(Population, 65,679)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 70, 000. 

Source: Walnut Creek impounded in Lakes Raleigh and Johnson. Swift Creek

impounded by mill- dam, auxiliary supply (used extensively during periods of

drought). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), prechlorination, sedimentation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of

pH with lime, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Raleigh, 150, 000, 000 gal; Lake Johnson, 500, 000, 000

gal; Swift Creek impounded, 20, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 2, 000, 000 and 2,400, 000 gal; 3 elevated

tanks, 100,000; 600,000; 750,000 gal.

The treatment plant is .on the old Fayetteville Road 1 mile south of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

8.9 

.16 

.00 

2.8 

1.3

\ 5.0

0 

19 

2.5 

3.4 

.1 

.1 

35

Finished 

water a

13 

.04 

.00 

9.8 

1.4

5.1

6 

19 

8.7 

4.8 

.0 

.0 

61

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

12

0

7 

7.1

47.6

Apr. 20, 

1950

Finished 

water a

30 

5

5 

9.1

99.5

Apr. 20, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water ....

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

27

Max

34 

39

Min

8.8 

0.9

PH

Av

7.0 

9.2

Max

8.3 

9.5

Min

6.3 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

--

Min

__

Turbidity

Av

11 

.18

Max

115 

.75

Min

4.0 

.0

Walnut Creek.
NORTH CAROLINA 411

REIDSVILLE 

(Population, 11,708)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies other suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 16, 000. 

Source: Troublesome Creek. The intake is about 3 miles southwest of treatment

plant. 

Treatment: Aeration (air-mix), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1,000,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 790,000 gal;

2 elevated tanks, 500, 000 and 75, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 3 miles west of the center of the city. The capacity of

treatment plant is to be increased to 3,000, 000 gpd.by 1953. Prechlorination 

and fluoridation will begin in 1953.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO I

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

nc

.00

4.4

1 Q

\ 2.8

' 0 

23

1 0

2.5

.2

.1

48

Finished 

water

10

94

.07

2 n

11

0 

32

19

3

c

.1

74

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color ....... ............

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

19

0

7.3

57.2

Nov. 30,

1950

Finished 

water

20

0

4

7.4

108

Nov. 30,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

25 

36

Max

32

48

Min

18 

22

PH

Av

6.8 

8.1

Max

7.1 

8.6

Min

6.5 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

18

Max

19 

19

Min

17 

17

Turbidity

Av

33 

^\

Max

400 

<C1

Min

5 

<1
412 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROANOKE RAPIDS 

(Population, 8,156)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9,200.

Source: Roanoke River. The intake on Roanoke River is a quarter of a mile north 

of treatment plant, which is -1 mile north of the center of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, prechlorination, soda-ash, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination at times, adjustment of 

pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1,250,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 

gal each.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

15 

.27 

.00 

7.6 

3.1

\ 9.8

0 

46 

6.9 

5.5 

.1 

.2 

70

Finished 

water

13 

.06 

.00 

8.2 

3.2

24

0 

59 

25 

8.1 

.1 

.1 

111

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Color- .................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

32 

0

5 

7.2

108

Nov. 22, 

1950

Finished 

water

34 

0

3 

7.1

182

Nov. ,22, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

42 

53

Max

45 

55

Min

40 

48

PH

Av

7.8 

7.5

Max

8.1 

7.6

Min

7.5 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

31 

30

Max

34 

33

Min

27 

28

Turbidity

Av

29

Max

45

Min

22
NORTH CAROLINA 413

ROCKY MOUNT 

(Population, 27,697)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied,

about 36,000. 

Source: Tar River. The intake is about400 ft west of treatment plant, which is

at the edge of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, chlorination.Calgon, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with

lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,750, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs 500,000 and 1,500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank,

1,000,000 gal.

The river was at high stage and more turbid than usual at the time of the collection 

of the samples, and the samples ar" not typical of average conditions.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

 r\c

.00

 4.2

. o

\ 3.2 

0

1R

5.1

3 1

.0

.5

51

Finished 

water

1 &

.04 

.00

15

 u

5.4 

0

OQ

OC

4.8

.1

.5

86

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

1 D

3

 > >

6 A

C7 o

1O en

Finished 

water

46

23

7.4

1 9Q

lORft
414 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SALISBURY 

(Population, 20,102)

i 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Spencer and East Spencer and

suburban districts.. Total population supplied, about 26,600. 

Source: Yadkin River. Grant Creek is used in extreme emergency. The intake is

at the junction of Tadkin and South Yadkin Rivers about 8 miles from the

treatment plant which is on Kerr Street in the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination at raw water reservoir and at plant (breakpoint),

coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of

pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir (near river), 8, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 750, 000 and 1,000, 000 gal; 2 elevated

tanks, 1,000. 000 and 250, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

.05 

.00

3.2

1. O

y s.?

0

IB

2 7

2

0

.1

.5

35

Finished 

water

19

 uo 

.00

12

J.. O

3.4

1

97

19

A 0

.1

.4

61

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal . ....

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1Q

0

4

7.1

55.8

1950

Finished 

water

QK

12

8.4

Q1 R

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

15 

23

Max

16 

26

Min

14 

19

PH

Av

7.0 

8.4

Max

7.2 

8.9

Min

6.9

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

30

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

133 

0

Max

291

0

Min

36 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 415

SANFORD 

(Population, 10,013)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 10,400. 

Source: Partridge Creek impounded in 2 lake reservoirs near treatment plant;

Lick Creek impounded in Lake William. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, and final adjustment of pH

with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3 lake reservoirs about 18,000,000, 75,000,000, and

35,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 350,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 250,000 gal;

1 elevated tank, 75,000 gal.

Lake William is about 8 miles southeast of the center ot town. Water is pumped 

from Lake William into Partridge Creek, which is impounded in reservoirs 

at the treatment plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

07

.00

3.0 

1 'l

>"

0 

17

2

0

3.9

.1

.5

41

Finished 

water

19

00

.03

8.6 

1 i

4.9

0

00

9

C

5.8

.4

.2

59

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

13

.0

K

6.7

44.9

_

Jan. 11,

1951

Finished 

water

27

9

4

7.5

85.2

_

Jan. 11,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

19

Max

18 

26

Min

7 

9

PH

Av

6.4

7.7

Max

6.9 

9.0

Min

5.9 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

11 

34

Max

14

52

Min

8 

24

Turbidity

Av

30 

0

Max

1500 

0

Min

8 

0
416 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SHELEY

(Population, 15,508)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 16,000.- 

Source: First Broad River. The intake is on the River about 0.2 mile northwest

of treatment plant, which is about 1| miles northwest of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate, pre.chlorination, coagulation with alum and lime,

ammoniation, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination,

and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 8,500,000 and 5,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 2,000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, each

.500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

. (Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

22 

.04 

.00 

3.8 

1.3

> "

0 

28 

3.1 

3.0 

.1 

.4 

60

Finished 

water

11 

.04 

.00 

8.1 

1.1

8.5

3 

24 

12 

4.0 

.1 

.1 

61

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncar bonate......

Color*...............'..

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

15 

0

4 

7.4

63.5

Aug. 14, 

1950

Finished 

water

25 

0

3

8.5

92.9

Aug. 14, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

20 

25

Min

11 

16

PH

Av

8.8

Max

7.* 

9.1

Min

6.9 

8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

330 

0

Min

15 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 417

STATESV1LLE 

(Population, 16,901)

Ownership: Municipal: also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 18,600. 

Source: Fourth Creek. Morrison Creek, emergency supply. The intake is about

1,600 ft north of the treatment plant, which is approximately 2 miles north of

the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon

(if needed), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination (if needed),

Calgon, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank 1,000, 000 gal; clear well, 1,100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

 "& *** * * » * ^*M^I ..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

on

.07

.00

5.2

2

C

> 4.6

0

1 Q

2 1

.1

.2

53

Finished 

water

10

.07

.00

10

2 a

5.0

0

14

3 A

70

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

OQ

0

4

7.1

66.8

Mar. 27

1951

Finished 

water

na

9

7 9

99.9

.

Mar 97

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

28 

28

Max

29 

29

Min

27 

27

PH

Av

7.1 

7.1

Max

7.2

7.2

Min

6.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

42

Min

39

Turbidity

Av

37 

.1

Max

2000 

2.0

Min

20 

0
418 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TARBORO

(Population, 8,120)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,700.

Source: Tar River. The intake on the river is 1 mile east of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, ammoniation, carbon, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,440,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 75,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 250,000 and 

1,000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, each 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

.07

.00

5.0

1. O

\ 4.4 

0

1 C

7

/3

4 9

.1

1 ^

56

Finished 

water

10

no

.00

12

1

/3

6.0 

0

00

1 Q

7 S

76

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OR C \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 Q

6

AK

6.1

KQ 7

July 31,

1 Q51

Finished 

water

07

18

10

6

rr

110

July 31,

1 Q51

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

18 

29

Max

21 

32

Min

13 

28

PH

Av

6.6 

7.6

Max

6.9

7.7

Min

6.3

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

42

Max

50

Min

40

Turbidity

Av

80 

0

Max

200 

0

Min

30 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 419

THOMAS VILLE 

(Population, 11,154)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 14,500. 

Source: Abbotts Creek. The intake is 4? miles northwest of the treatment plant,

which is l£ miles west of the center of the city on U. S. Highway 70. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, postchlorination at times, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 480,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

24 . 

.09 

.00 

7.6 

3.5

\ 8.6

0 

45 

3.3 

7.8 

.2 

.2 

77

Finished 

water

23 

.12 

.00 

17 

2.9

8.0

0 

48 

17 

10 

.2 

.1 

107

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color.. .................

pH........... ............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p' \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

33 

0

4 

6.8

105

Nov. 22, 

1950

Finished 

water

54 

15

4 

7.0

155

Nov. 22, 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

34 

38

Max

39 

45

Min

26 

28

pH

Av

7.1 

8.1

Max

7.3 

8.9

Min

6.9 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

210

Max

1093

Min

138
420 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WASHINGTON 

(Population, 9,698)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9,800.

Source: Tranters Creek. Wells: Group of 20 shallow wells 50 to 170 ft deep; 

wells 2, 3, and 4. Wells 3 and 4 are 105 and 250 ft deep, respectively.

Treatment: Wells: chlorination and addition of Calgon. Tranters Creek: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and 

addition of Calgon and lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 600,000 gal; elevated tank, 300,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geoloi

Silica (SiO») ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .....,,..,...

Magnesium (Me) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) . . .

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH.... ........................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Tranters 

Creek a

8.3 

.59 

.00 

10 

10

\ 88

0 

27 

22

151 

.0 

.5 

346

66 

44

34 

6.4

609

June 27, 

1951

. Well 2 a

14 

.63 

.00 

28 

14

262

0 

447 

29 

210 

1.3 

1.6 

793

127 

0

4 

6.6

1,390

June 27, 

1951

8

Well 4 a

27 

2.2

.07 

65 

4.2

7.4

0 

216 

11 

5.0 

.0 

.1 

233

179 

2

4 

7.1

382

June 26, 

1951

250 

8-12 

1948

gical Survey)

20 shallow 

wells

13 

.61 

.00 

77 

3.7

25

0 

204 

39 

36. 

.0 

3.2 

311

207 

40

2

7.1

528

June 27, 

1951

50-170 

3-8

Finished 

water b

7.7 

.05 

.00 

24 

8.7

68

0 

40 

38 

120 

.2 

.6 

316

96 

63

2

7.5

560

June 27, 

1951

~

a Raw water.

t> Tranters Creek, 95 percent; Wells 2 and 3, 5 percent.
NORTH CAROLINA 421

WILMINGTON . 

(Population, 45,043)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 48,500. 

Source: Cape Fear River. Northeast Cape Fear River and Toomers Creek auxiliary

or emergency supplies (neither used in last five years). The intake is

approximately 30 miles north of Wilmington at Kings Bluff. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 4,000,000 and 1,000,000 gal; 2 elevated

tanks, 500,000 and 146,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.4

no

.00

4.2

1 R

y 9.2

0 

25

6.2

6.6

.1

.3

48

Finished 

water

6.1

.05

.00

11 

1.7

9.1

0 

31

17

7.6

.1

.2

68

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color................ .

*<kTJ pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

17

0

Q

7.1

rjA o

Mar 9ft

1950

Finished 

water

04

9

7

0

1 1C

Mar. 20,

IQKri

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

19 

28

Max

28 

34

Min

10 

21

PH

Av

6.9 

8.0

Max

7.3 

8.9

Min

6.3 

6.9

Hardnet 

asCaC 

(PPm)

Av

23 

42

Max

28 

50

JS

o,

Min

16 

30

Turbidity

Av

60 

0

Max

140 

0

Min

20 

0
422 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WILSON 

(Population, 23,010)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population

supplied, about 24, 000. 

Source: Contentnea Creek, 75 percent of supply; Toisnot Swamp (Creek), 25

percent. The intake on Contentnea Creek is about 4 miles southwest of

treatment plant and the intake on Toisnot Swamp is about 0. 5 mile east. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime (if necessary),

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, Calgon, postchlorination,

and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000, 000

gal.

During dry periods, Toisnot Swamp (Creek) may furnish about 35 percent of the 

total raw-water supply. Plans are under way for increasing the treatment 

plant capacity to 6, 000,000 gpd.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ........'..

Nitrate (NO,).........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7

B

91

.00

2.3 

1.1

X > * fi 5). 0 

0

1 R

2 Q

4.9

.0

.3

40

Finished 

water

8

0

no

.00

14 

1.4

13

0 

04

on

6.5

.1

.8

92

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OR r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

10

0

9ft

6.7

48.1

June 14,

1950

Finished 

water

41

13

4

7.9

155

June 14,

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

16 

26

Max

24 

30

Min

12 

16

PH

Av

6.8 

8.2

Max

7.2 

9.2

Min

6.4 

7.2

Hardness 

as.CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

20 

36

Max

38 

54

Min

10 

20

Turbidity

Av

5 

0

Max

300 

0

Min

0 

0
NORTH CAROLINA 423

W1NSTON-SALEM 

(Population, 87,811)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 100,000.

Source: Salem and Walker Creeks impounded in Salem Lake. The Yadkin River 

serves as an auxiliary or emergency supply, furnishing an additional 

25,000,000 gpd. The intake on Salem Lake is 2 miles east of the treatment 

plant which is about 2£ miles northeast of the center of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, fluoridation, Calgon for corrosion control, and 

adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Salem Lake, 1,250,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 2,000,000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks, 

1,000,000, 200,000, and 50,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ...............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).. ...............

Sulfate (SO4).... . .... .. .........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. )...................

Date of collection ...................

Salem and Walker Creeks

Raw water

12 

.02 

.00 

4.3 

1.6

\ 3.9

0 

21 

4.1 

2.8 

.1 

.3 

39

17 

0

9 

7.5

54.2 

Feb. 24, 1950

Finished water

12 

.03 

.00 

11 

1.7

3.3

7 

16 

9.5 

4.6 

a.O 

.7 

58

34 

10

2 

9.0

87.2 

Feb. 24, 1950

Yadkin River 

(raw water)

10 

.06 

.00 

3.4 

.9

3.3

0 

15 

3.0 

2.2 

.2 

.4 

32

12 

0

12 

6.4

40.1 

Feb. 1, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

25

Max

39 

41

Min

8 

15

PH

Av

7.5 

9.2

Max

9.0 

9.9

Min

6.8 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20

42

Max

34 

68

Min

10 

23

Turbidity

Av

17 '.09

Max

475 

1.7

Min

3 

.05

a The supply was not being fluoridated at the time of the collection of the sample. 

Fluoridation was begun later.
424 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AKRON, OHIO 

(Population, 274,605)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also part of Mogadore. Total population supplied, 

about 275,900.

Source: Cuyahoga River impounded, 2. 5 miles north of Kent. Emergency supply, 

wells in Kenmore.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and ferrous sulfate, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH by 

addition of lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 50,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 4,200,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 34, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 ft

.01

.00

25 

60

2.7

1.4

0 

64

00

3

C

.0

116

Finished 

water

1.5

.47

.00

33

5

0

2

0

1.4

0

79

4.0

6

c

.0

3

136

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total . .

Noncarbonate ......

Color ...................

Iffl .......................

(micromhos at

OC (i \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

QA

38

1 ft

7.2

190

May 2,

1951

Finished 

water

1 t\£t

47

.5

7.8

225

May 2,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

66 

69

Max

106 

109

Min

17 

23

PH

Av

8.0 

8.3

Max

9.0 

9.0

Min

7.2 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98 

119

Max

138 

158

Min

48 

70

Turbidity

Av

8

Max

50

Min

1

ALLIANCE 

(Population, 26,16lt)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,300 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 28, 500.

Source: Mahoning River impounded. Auxiliary supply, 3'wells (1 to 3), 100, 82, 

and 102 feet deep; yield reported to be 1,400, 560, and 600 gpm.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, zeolite softening, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 350,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.
OHIO 425

ALLIANCE Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .:...

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

2.9 

.42 

.00 

44 

11 

8.5 

1.9 

0 

94 

77 

10 

.2 

1.0 

219

Finished 

water

4.7 

.21 

.00 

26 

4.1 

22

16 

6 

84 

13 

.2 

.5 

184

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color*..................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)... ........... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

156 

78

18 

7.0

343

May3, 

1951

Finished 

water

83 

50

0 

9.7

303

May3, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

90 

43

Max

180 

109

Min

20 

24

PH

Av

7.2 

10.0

Max

7.5 

10.5

Min

6.9

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

88

Max

280 

160

Min

66 

30

Turbidity

Av

36

Max

700

Min

8

ASHTABULA 

(Population, 23,696)

Ownership: Ashtabula Water Works Company (controlled by American Water 

Works & Electric Co.); supplies also Geneva-on-the-Lake, Madison, and 

5,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 30,200. 

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is located at a submerged crib in Lake

Erie, 1,500 feet off the breakwater, and 3,000 feet from the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon at times, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 4,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 225,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

1.0 

.02

38 

8.3 

9.3 

1.0 

0 

112 

24 

23 

.1 

.5 

172

Finished 

water

.4 

.30 

.00 

39 

7.8 

10 

1.6 

0 

106 

32 

23 

.1 

.4 

182

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ................... .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

128 

37

5 

7.9

301

Mayl, 

1951

Finished 

water

130 

42

2 

7.2

301

May3, 

1951
426 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BARBERTON 

(Population, 27,820)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 28,600. 

Source: Wolfe Creek impounded. Emergency supply can be obtained from Akron

through 2 six-inch connections. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum and lime,

activated carbon; sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 760,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mo) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.1 

.05 

.00 

38 

5.3 

4.1 

1.7 

0 

79 

47 

6.0 

.2 

3.0 

151

Finished 

water

3.7 

.11 

.00 

36 

8.0 

4.7 

1.0 

0 

79 

59 

6.5 

.1 

2.4

166

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ........ ...........

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

118 

52

9

7.5

252

May 1, 

1951

Finished 

water

124 

58

3

7.7

277

Mayl, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

73

74

Max

114 

117

Min

29 

23

PH

Av

7.7 

7.6

Max

8.5 

8.4

Min

7.2 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

123 

135

Max

183 

191

Min

71 

91

Turbidity

Av

28

Max

280

Min

8

CANTON 

(Population, 116,912)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also MeyersLake and suburban districts. Total 

population supplied, about 130,900.

Source: 5 wells (9 to 13) at Northeast Station, 172, 161, 195, 184, and 151 ft deep, 

yield reported to be 1,000, 3, 500, 3, 500, 3, 500, and 1,050 gpm (51 percent 

of supply). Ranney collector (with 2 recharge units) at Northwest Station, 

129. 5 ft deep, capacity reported to be 15, 000, 000 gpd (42 per cent of supply). 

Auxiliary supply, 2 wells (1 and 2) in the Grovemiller area, 176 and 188 ft 

deep, yield reported to be 700 and 1,390 gpm, and 1 well at Southwest Station, 

140 ft deep, yield reported to be 3, 500 gpm. The auxiliary wells are used during the summer months and provide 7'per cent of the total supply.

Treatment: Aeration over coke at times, and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 15, 000,000 gal.
OHIO 427

CANTON- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

1 9

c.73

.23

134

on

5

c

1.5

0

ocri

1 CO

10

.0

.5

550.

Finished 

water'3

11 fit

.15

111

£t\. 

50

1 O

0

OR4

147

9

0

.1

.5 450"

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a

454

167

7.3

826

_

April 9,

1951

Finished 

water b

364

147

4

7.4

682

April 9,

1951

E. Sta. b N. W. Sta. c Sample slightly turbid when collected.

CfflLLICOTHE 

(Population, 20,133)

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 20,600. 

Source: 3 wells (9 to 11), all 105 ft. deep; yield of wells 9 and 11 reported to be

1,200 and 1, 500 gpm. The wells are located at the treatment plant on Park

Street. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, recarbonation, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and

stabilization by addition of phosphates. The water is softened to a hardness

of about 85 ppm.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 4,000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8

116

04

0 

365

10

0

--

Finished 

water

8

OC

19

23 

ao

10

0

.7

249

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK P ^

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

401

132

0

7.3

40

Mar. 11,

1949

Finished 

water

103

56

0

10.2

0

Mar. 11,

1949

a Hydroxide (OH), 3 ppm.
428 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C fflLLICOTHE - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQs 

(ppm)

Av

297 

41

Max

380 

80

Min

270 

2?

pH

Av

9.5

Max

10.2

Min

9.0

Ha 

as

i

Av

107

rdness 

CaCO, 

ppm)

Max

149

Min

62

Turbidity

Av Max Min

CINCINNATI

(Population, 503,998)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Cheviot, Cleves, Deer Park, Elmwood Place, 

Greenhills, Indian Hill, Madeira, Mariemont, Montgomery, Mt. Healthy, 

Newtown, North Bend, North College Hill, St. Bernard, Sharonville, Silverton, 

Terrace Park, Woodlawn, and suburban districts. Total population supplied, 

about 634,000.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with iron salts and lime, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 200,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 400,000,000 gal.

Finisned-water storage: 151,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. 3. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.0 

.04 

.00 

31 

8.0 

12 

3.5 

0 

46 

81 

14 

.2 

2.4 

185

Finished 

water

6.1 

. .13 

.00 

34 

7.5 

14 

3.3 

0 

55 

78 

20 

.2 

1.5 

195

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color....-.......".....

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

110 

73

2

7.0

304

May 19, 

1951

Finished 

water

115 

71

1 

8.2

324

May 19, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity

as CaCO,

(ppm

Av

Ofi

39

Max

K(\

58

l

Min

1 A

24

PH

Av

7 9

8.5

Max

8

0

8.7

Min

6

17

8.1

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

Oft

111

Max

1 R9

155

Min

46

75

Turbidity

Av

167

Max

1,50(1

Min

4
OHIO 429

CLEVELAND 

(Population, 914,808)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bay, Beachwood, Bedford, Bratenahl, 

Brecksville, Broadview Heights, Brooklyn, Brooklyn Heights, Brook Park, 

Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Dover, East Cleveland, Euclid, Fairview, 

Garfield Heights, Gates Mills, Highland Heights, Hunting Valley, Independence, 

Lakewood, Linndale, Lyndhurst, Maple Heights, Mayfield, Mayfield Heights, 

Middleburgh Heights, Moreland Hills, Newburgh Heights, North Olmsted, 

North Randall, North Royal ton, Olmsted Falls, Orange, Parkview, Parma, 

Parma Heights, Richmond Heights, Rocky Rfver, Seven Hills, Shaker Heights, 

Solon, South Euclid, Strongsville, University Heights, WarrensviUe Heights, 

Westview, Wickliffe, Willowwick, and suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 1,370,000.

Source: Lake Erie.

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, andpostchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 300,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 80,600,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 270,300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ... ..

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mp) ^....^^

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) .. .

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

2 A

19

.00

39

7 ^

8 7

1

0

0

IfkO

on

Ofk

.1

1.5

169

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micrombos at

OK C \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

19R

40

6

0

ooc

\pril 30,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, .195$;

Ram water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

. as CaGOj

(ppm)

Av

01

82

Max

no

91

Min

OA

60

PH

Av

8

9

7,5

Max

8 A

7,9

Min

7.0

fi.fi

Hardness

as CaCO,

(ppm)

Av

1 OK

125

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

10

Max

110

Min

1

CLEVELAND HEIGHTS 

(Population, 59,141)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)
430 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 375,901)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bexley, Gahanna, Grandview Heights, Upper 

Arlington, Whitehall, and about 17,000'people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 450,000.

Source: Scioto River, impounded in Griggs Reservoir and O'Shaughnessy Reservoir (96 percent of supply); 4 wells (1 to 4), about 100 ft deep, total yield reported to be 10,000,000 gpd. Emergency supply, White Sulfur Quarry (seepage water) and Olentangy River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, activated 

carbon at times, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, 

chlorination, and chlorine dioxide when necessary. The water is softened to 

a hardness of about 70 ppm. The supply from wells is treated at the Nelson 

Road Plant, which operates for about 4 months each year. All other supplies 

are treated at the Dublin Road Plant.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Dublin Road Plant, 54,000,000 gpd; Nelson 

Road Plant, 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 8,000, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal.

An additional system of supply is under construction. The source of this supply 

will be Big Walnut Creek impounded by a dam just north of Central College 

creating a reservoir of about 20 billions gal. The supply will be softened and 

filtered in a treatment plant of a capacity 48 million gpd. The new construction will provide for storage of 16 millions gallons of finished water. The 

system will serve primarily the north and east end boosters districts, but will 

be integrated with the present distribution system so that the central section of 

the city can also be served. It is estimated that the system will be in operation 

late in 1955 or early in 1956.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, inp

Silica (SiO,)

Iron (Fe) ....

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg). .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ...... 

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........ 

Date of collection ........

arts per m

S

Raw 

water

4.7

(Y>

nn

cc

1Q

6

0

2

C

7

168

QC

8

C

.1

6.2

oqe

OAn

Q1

 >n

7 Q

495

77 

June 23,

1953

illion, by I)

Scioto Rivei

Finished 

water

A <i

.07 .00*

QK

8

(\

6

rj

2

K

14

0

QA

a c

.1

6.0

19(1

97

4

9

K

309

81 

June 23,

1953

. S. Geolo

Finished 

water

2

0

.10

1Q

3.1 Q 1

V 49

1 Q

4 

115

<j

2.2

997

60

97

Q

109

391

Sept. 26,

1949

gical Surve

Wells

Raw 

water

17

3 0

.00

199

cc

J f 1Q9

\ -99

0

459

19

.7

.0

614

530

1 54

10

7.1

945

55 

June 23,

1953

y)

3 1 tO 4

Finished 

water

11

.07

.00

1Q

10

62

2

0

97

ao

1 57

11

.4

.0

289

97

CO

0

9

0

512

57 

June 23,

1953

a Hydroxide (OH) 2ppm.
OHIO 431

COLUMBUS--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

130 

34

Max

195 

76

Min

50 

17

PH

Av

8.0 

10.2

Max

8.4 

11.0

Min

7.3 

9.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

217 

81

Max

307 

157

Min

58 

21

Turbidity

Av

102

Max

953

Min

10

CUYAHOGA FALLS 

(Population, 29,195)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies aiso Silver Lake. Total population supplied,

about 30,000. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), 120, 130, 129, 130, and 120 ft deep; yield of wells 1,

2, 5, and 6 reported to be 1,000, 1, 500, 1, 500, and 850 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, part zeolite softening, adjustment of

pH with soda ash, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 270,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,600,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,).........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

7.8 

:82 

.05 

63 

11 

7.3 

1.3 

0 

172 

67 

9.8 

.1 

.1 

266

Finished 

water

9.4 

.18 

.00 

26 

7.8 

69 

5.6 

0 

197 

72 

18 

.0 

.3 

303

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ...........

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )..... ..........

Turbidity........;.....

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Well 2 

(raw 

water)

204 

62

2

7.4

431

May 2, 

1951

Finished 

water

97 

0

1

7.8

504

May 2, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

184 

188

Max

196 

201

Min

167 

167

PH

Av

7.4 

7.9

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

263

Max

282

Min

240

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

~

Min

--
432 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNTIED STATES, 1952

DAYTON 

(Population, 243,872)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Oakwood and about 100,000 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 353,000. 

Source: 23 wells (11 to 16 and 19 to 35), 20 of which are 54 to 85 ft deep, and 3

of which are 154, 157, and 161 ft deep. Auxiliary supply, 145 wells in groups

of 6, 94, 6, 28, and 11 wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 35,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,400,000 gal.

A softening and filtration plant is under construction (1951).

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (S1O2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Me) .

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ..... ..

Carbonate (CO^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOa) ..............

Finished 

water

10

00

91

\ ;*75 - 7

0

Q/ift

KK

10

4.4

391

Hardness as CaCO2:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

OCQ

74

8

0

OCX

Oct. 18,

iqsn

EAST CLEVELAND 

(Population, 40,047)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.;

EAST LIVERPOOL 

(Population, 24,217)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7,200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 31,400. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.
OHIO 433

EAST LIVERPOOL Continued 

.ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.5' 

.02 

.30 

22 

5.8 

6.9 

.5 

0 

14 

' 73 

6.2 

.2 

1.8 

133

per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Finished 

water

4.3 

.16 

.00 

33 

5.8 

7.0 

1.5 

5 

18 

85 

8.0 

.2 

1.5 

170

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ...............

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color..................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

78 

67

3

6.1

220

May3, 

1951

Finished 

water

106 

83

2 

8.9

262

May3, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished watet^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

13 

25

Max

30 

37

Min

3

14

PH

Av

6.7 

8.6

Max

7.9 

L0.2

Min

6.1 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

95 

120

Max

150 

160

Min

60 

80

Turbidity

Av

48

Max

200

Min

13

ELYRIA 

(Population, 30,307)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Amherst, Penfield Junction, Vincent, other 

small communities, and suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 

42,000. '

Source: Lake Erie. The treatment plant is located at Lorain. The raw water 

intake is at two submerged cribs in Lake Erie 1,500 ft offshore, west northwest from the treatment plant, and 2. 5 miles west of the mouth of the Black 

River.

Treatment: Ammoniation, activated carbon, chlorination, coagulation with alum, 

adjustment of pH to about 7.3 by addition of lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.
434 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

E L YRIA - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

2 1

.01

.00

. G 

8n

o n

0 

117

Oft

1 ft

.1

1 ft

167

Finished 

water

1.1

.14

.00

00

. 1

8 A

2

0

0 

1 no

OC

99

.1

1 O

180

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal . .

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK P ^

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 on

Ofl

8 n

300

1QK.1

Finished 

water

49

1

7 K.

sin

June 19,

1 OKI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

91 

82

Max

100 

92

Min

71 

64

PH

Av

7.9 

7.3

Max

8.5 

7.5

Min

7.6 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

85

Max

800

Min

5

EUCLID 

(Population, 41,396)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)

FINDLAY 

(Population, 23,845)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 250 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 24,100 people.

Source: Blanchard River, impounded, 4 miles east of Findlay; 3 springs and 21 

wells (2 to 13, 15 to 19, 22 to 25), 9. 5 miles east of Findlay. The wells are 

187, 191, 138, 189, 195, 55, 181, 187, 183, 225, 190, 160, 189, 104, 78, 

120, 109, 180, 78, 167, and 181 ft deep, with yields reported to be from 37 

to 286 gpm. Emergency supply, Blanchard River, intake in Findlay.

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

alum and lime, activated caroon, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,356,000,000 gpd.

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.
OHIO 435

FINDLAY- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

o 7

.07

.00

69 

oe

11

4

0

0

OOO

TC

91

1 9

362

Finished 

water

3

0

 UO

.00

25

o. &

OQ

4 °i

4

00

7c

in

9 q

193

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate ......

Color'.'................

pH.......................

Srsppi'fip prtnHnpt'SJTip^

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

oo.n

84

o 

7 S

c,77

June 5,

1QK1

Finished 

water

70

44

0

8

C

^99

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

189 

36

Max

240 

185

Min

90 

16

PH

Av

7.2 

8.9

Max

7.7 

10.2

Min

6.9 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

304 

82

Max

398 

377

Min

179 

30

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

54

Max

70

Min

37

FEE MONT 

(Population, 16,537)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,700. 

Source: Sandusky River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with ferric sulfate, softening with lime and soda ash,

activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.__

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

4.5

r\f*

67

1 Q

7.4

2.5

0 

184

OQ

11

.2

3.4

321

Finished 

water

5.0

1 5

.00

20

7.0

OQ

6.2

7

115

16

.3

9.0

228

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity. .... .........

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

244

90

9

20

8.1

486

May 1-10,

1951

Finished 

water

78

62

1

9.3

374

June 19,

1951

a Composite of daily samples May 1-10, 1951.
436 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FREMONT- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished wateiu..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

141 

31

Max

258 

67

Min

46 

17

PH

Av Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

239

Max

396

Min

82

Turbidity

Av

171

Max

984

Min

5

GARFIELD HEIGHTS 

(Population, 21,662)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)

HAMILTON 

(Population, 57,951)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 59, 500. 

Source: 6 wells (2 to 6, and 8), 155, 142, 115, 180, 138, and 168 ft deep;

yield reported to be 2,000, 2,500, 2,000, 2,000, 2,000, and 1,950 gprh.

Well 2 provides 5 percent of the supply, well 4, 20 percent, and wells 3, 5,

and 6, 25 percent each. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, and soda ash,

recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

12

.66 

.38 

84 

30 

8.4 

5.1 

0 

342 

74 

11 

.2 

.7 

379

Finished 

water

8.0 

.18 

.00 

21 

9.0 

10 

5.2 

5 

15 

76 

12 

.1 

.4 

156

Hardness as CaCO,:

Trttal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

PH... ........... .........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

334 

53

3 

7.3

631

May 23, 

1951

Finished 

water

89 

69

0 

8.8

255

May 23, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished watei^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

280 

42

Max

295 

57

Min

260 

27

PH

Av

7.3 

9.1

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

344 

83

Max

370 

119

Min

322 

70

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

- 
OHIO 437

IRONTON 

(Population, 16,333)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Coal Grove. Total population supplied,

about 18,600. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, chlorination, and

chlorine dioxide.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

35 

2

0 

27

12 

.2

Finished 

water

3 

.15

46 

2

6 

20

12 

.2 

.6 

202

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color......".-..-. .

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC fi \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

95 

73

10 

7.4

30

Jan. 25, 

1951

Finished 

water

122 

96

2

8.7

0

Jan. -25, 

1951

Regular,determinations at treatment plant, 1950

.Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

33 

20

Max

130 

36

Min

18 

15

pH

Av

7.0 

7.8

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

121 

130

Max Min

"" ""

Turbidity

Av

118

Max

600

Min

10

LAKEWOOD

(Population, 68,071) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)

LANCASTER 

(Population, 24,180)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 450 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 24,600. 

Source: 7 wells (4, 5, 7 to 11), each 95 ft deep. The specific capacity (after 8

hours pumping) of wells 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 was reported to be 243, 931,

501, 491, 648, and 567 gpm. The yield of well His reported to be 1,200 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, zeolite softening, chlorination, and

final adjustment of pH to 7.3-8.0 with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,300,000 gal.
438 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LANCASTER- -Continued

ANALYSES

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

'Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

15

.25 

114 

35

0 

405

14 

.1

Finished 

water

15 

.1 

.03 

16 

8

0 

415

14 

.1 

.2 

569

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity. ......... .35

.Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

430 

98

5 

7.2

35

Jan. 10, 

1951

Finished 

water

72 

0

5 

7.6

0

Jan. 10, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

309 

359

Max

~~

Min

PH

Av

7.3 

7.9

Max

8.0

Min

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

413 

94

Max

428

Min

55

Temperature 

<°F.)

Av

54 

55

Max

~~

Min

LIMA 

(Population, 50,246)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 15,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 65,000.

Source: Ottawa River, stored in upland reservoirs. Auxiliary supply, 6 wells 

(1 to 6), 410, 400, 245, 400, 400, and 400 ft deep. The yield from each of 

wells 1 to 4 is reported to be 250 gpm. The total yield from wells 5 and 6 is 

reported to be 750 gpm.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, addition of polyphosphate, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2, 700,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear-water wells, 2,750,000 gal; elevated tank, 

1,000,000 gal.
OHIO 439

LIMA--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dis solved solids .....

Raw 

water

3 A

ni

.00

47

J.O

K n

5.0

0

1«>K

64

6

f\

C A

229

Finished 

water

4.7

 U*J

.00

18

. 3

19

4 q

8 

99

££

7 R

K 1

153

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

173

60

17

7 Q

Q GO

1QK1

Finished 

water

80

48

1

9

n

944

IQCf

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

106 

34

Max

138 

60

Min

84 

20

pH

Av

8.1 

9.6

Max

8.3 

10.5

Min

7.5 

9.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

190 

90

Max

218 

U5

Min

164

74

Turbidity

Av

28

Max

45

Min

5

LORAIN

(Population, 51,202) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Sheffield Lake and suburban districts. Total

population supplied, about 56,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a submerged crib in Lake Erie,

north northwest of the treatment plant, and 2, 800 ft offshore. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, ,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of

pH to about 7. 5 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitratp fNO )

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1.1

.04

32 

11

8

O

0 

111

97

ip

.1

1 9

164

Finished 

water

1.0

.07

.00

39

8

0

8 |T

2

0

0

111

07

oo

.1

1 1

179

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

__«T pH. ......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

125

32

10

7.7

293

May 1,

1951

Finished 

water

132

40

1

7.5

319

June 19,

1951
440 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LORAIN--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

87 

77

Max

96 

88

Min

69 

51

PH

Av

7.9 

7.3

Max

8.6 

7.6

Min

7.6 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

123 

131

Max

138 

144

Min

100 

111

Turbidity

Av

49

Max

340

Min

3

MANSFIELD 

(Population, 43,564)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 50,600.

Source: 11 wells (1 to 11), average depth reported to be 150 ft; total yield reported to be 7,500,000 gpd. Auxiliary supply, Clear Fork Reservoir located 

about 5 miles southwest of Mansfield. This reservoir will be used as a source 

of supply after January, 1952.

Treatment: Surface supply: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Well supply: i 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 4,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa)

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOa) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

12 

.48 

.11 

61 

19 

6.8 

1.0 

0 

240 

48 

4.2 

.1 

.7 

277

Hardness as CaCCv 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Wells 

(finished 

water)

229 

34

0 

7.4

471

Mayl, 

1951

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland.

MAPLE HEIGHTS 

(Population, 15,586)

(See Cleveland.)
OHIO 441

MARIETTA 

(Population, 16,006)

Ownership:, Municipal; supplies also about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), each 59 ft deep; yield for each well reported to be 1,000

gpm. The wells are one-half mile west of the treatment plant. Emergency

supply, Muskingum River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, recarbonation, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment

of pH to about 8. 6.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,880,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,900,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

" " "O ^ *** \***O/ *

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

14

.4

.02

95

1 C

0

9n°.

Oft

.1

--

Finished 

water

10

.4

.02

23

 f fi

16

91

07

.1

.7

347

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color*............'.....

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

ono

136

0 

7.7

0

*»**^« ** 9

1Q4Q

Finished 

water

1 91

78

0

9 (\

0

Aug. 3,

1Q4Q

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

34

Max

188

Min

18

PH

Av

9.3

Max

10.2

Min

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

304 

116

Max

480 

267

Min

225

54

Turbidity

Av Max Min

MARION 

(Population, 33,817)

Ownership: The Marion Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works and

Electric Co.); supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 35,800. 

Source: 13 wells (13, 15, 17, 18, 20 to 28), 142, 142, 142, 145, 141, 140, 140,

140, 224, 225, 212, 184, and 202 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported

to be 210, 127, 232, 210, 127, 210, 175, 150, 410, 235, 202, 650, and 500

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash,

sedimentation, recarbonation, and chlorination. The water is softened to a

hardness of about 137 ppm.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal.
442 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MARION- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

15 

.08 

.07 

176 

52 

15 

4.9 

0 

375 

370 

5.8 

1.3 

.1 

882

Finished 

water a

4.8 

.14 

.00 

32 

11 

125 

6.0 

7 

30 

348 

6.5 

.6 

.1 

556

Hardness as CaCO,:

Trttal

^Jnnf* Q T*Vwbn£lt A

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

653 

346

3 

7.6

1,140

June 19, 

1951

Finished 

water a

126 

89

2 

9.0

840

June 19, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,' 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

318 

31

Max

328 

73

Min

292 

21

PH

Av Max Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

677 

149

Max

742 

239

Min

611 

105

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

56

Max

66

Min

46

aWells 15 and 21 to 28.

MASSILLON 

(Population, 29,594)

Ownership: Ohio Water Service Co., (controlled by Federal Water Service Corp.);

supplies also Genoa Sewer District and about 700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 37,000. 

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2), 175 and 165 ft deep; yield reported to be 2,100 and

1,400 gpm, (65 percent of supply); Newman Creek. Auxiliary supply, well

(North), 175 ft deep. Newman Creek and North well provide 35 percent of the

supply. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash,

sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. The

water is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal.
OHIO 443

-MASSILLON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)......... ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mcr) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Wells land 2 

(raw water)

14

.10

.00

90

24

8.4

1.4

0

974

J.UO

9

n

.1

OQC

000

QQ

7 5

615

Apr. 9,

1951

North well 

(raw water)

14

1.1

.08

91

23

12

2

0

0

004

OS 

Of)

,1

.1

406

000

on

7 R

651

Arvr Q

1951

Newman 

. Creek 

(raw water)

8.5

.08

52

14

6.8

o n

0

104

77 

8 n

5

0

940

1 QR

7R

25

7 f\

397

Apr. 9,

1951

Finished 

water

8.9

.11

.05

11

7.3

36

i R

OA

0

oU 

1 9

.1

1

Q

1 on

58

17

4

9.6

304

Apr. 9,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.....

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

183 

32

Max

263

Min

52

PH

Av

7.3 

9.4

Max

--

Min

__

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

304 

102

Max

412 

172

Min

140 

62

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

50

Max

64

Min

34

, MIDDLETbWN 

(Population, 33,695)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 12,000 people through LemonTownshipi 

Sanitary District. Total population supplied, about 45,700.

Source: 18 wells. Three of the wells, 40, 183, and 186 ft deep, individually 

pumped, are reported to yield 2,000 gpm each. The remaining wells, 32 to 

40 ft deep, are grouped, and are reported to yield 3,000,000 gpd.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 6,200,000 gal.
444 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MIDDLETOWN- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) .......:.......

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

. £t*±

.00

78 

oc

6

1

2 Q

0

01 C

4ft

7 n

3

0

337

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micrbmhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..-........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

on?

A 1*

1

7.4

con

May 23,

1951

NEWARK 

(Population, 34,275)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36,800.

Source: North Fork Licking River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, ammoniation, activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. The water is softened to a hardness of about 70 ppm.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carboftate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7

.04

57 

14

0 

187

3

.1

Finished 

water

7

0

.04

21

12 

15

3

.1

.3

121

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color .................. .

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

199

46

12

7.8

10

Apr. 10,

1950

Finished 

water

61

29

0

9.6

0

Apr. 10,

1950
OHIO 445

NEWARK- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water... .....

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

175 

33

Max

237

57

Min

62 

23

PH

Av

«

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

215 

70

Max

290 

104

Min

84 

46

Turbidity

Av

159

Max

3000

Min

25

NILES 

(Population, 16,773)

Ownership: Mahoning Valley Sanitary District. (See Youngstown.)

NORWOOD

(Population, 35,001)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people in Cincinnati. Total population supplied, about 35,100.

Source: 8 wells, 240 to 280 ft deep (50 percent of supply); finished water purchased from Cincinnati (50 percent of supply).

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 830,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO9) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Wells (finished 

water)

15

2 n

AC

119 

07

0

A.KA

97

nc

Hardness as CaCO,,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

, Wells (finished 

water)

410

op

7 1

Sept. 6,

1950

PARMA 

(Population, 28,897)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)
446 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

(Population, 17,447)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17, 700. 

Source: Swiftrun Lake; Miami River. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash,

sedimentation-, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage : 70 , 000 , 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage : 1 , 500 , 000 gal.

Raw water is pumped from the Miami River into Swiftrun Lake during an average 

of 6 months each year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SQJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

3.1 

.05 

.00 

46 

23 

3.8 

3.7 

0 

219 

36 

6.0 

.3 

3.2 

241

Finished 

water a

5.8 

.05 

.00 

10 

6.6 

12 

4.4 

17 

8 

38 

5.5 

.2 

.9 

100

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

210 

30

17 

7.7

413

June 5, 

1951

Finished 

water a

52 

17

1

9.7

179

June 5, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

155 

32

Max

222

5E

Min

54 

20

PH

Av

7.3 

9.7

Max

7.6 

ID. 2

Min

7.0 

9.4

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

175 

46

Max

263 

67

Min

51 

27

Turbidity

Av

114

Max

1,800

Min

25

1 Swiftrun Lake.

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 36,798)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also New Boston, West Portsmouth, Wheelersburg, and about 3,200 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 48,000.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

sodium chlorite, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH to 8.0-8.2 by addition of lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 22, 500,000 gal.
OHIO 447

PORTSMOUTH- -Continued

ANALYSES" 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

7

.5 

33 

2

0 

27

15 

.2

223

Finished 

water

5 

.05 

.5 

35 

2

0 

29

15 

.2 

.6

170

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

90 

68

8 

7.3

Jan. 2, 

1951

Finished 

water

96 

72

0 

7.5

Jan. 2, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

28 

30

Max

46 

48

Min

15 

18

pH

Av

6.7 

7.5

Max

7.1 

8.5

Min

6.4 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

105 

115

Max

159 

169

Min

66 

92

Turbidity

Av

164

Max

800

Min

10

SANDUSKY

(Population, 29,375)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 34,000.

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a submerged crib in Lake Erie, 

1,900 ft northeast of Cedar Point beach. Emergency supply through a separate intake in Lake Erie-Sandusky Bay. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon at times,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

2.2

.03

42

9 7

8.6

1.3

6 

119

31

16

.1

2.2

186

Finished 

water

1.6

.04

.00

ob 

8n

8.0

2.4

0 

109

29

20

.1

1.4

166

T?QT*rfnAC!C! oe f^^f^f\ 

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw

water

144

37

4

8.1

322

 _

June 1,

1951

Finished 

water

124

33

1

7.5

297

Tune 19,

1951
448 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SANDUSKY- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

92 

84

Max

98 

89

Min

88 

tl

PH

Av

7.9 

7.2

Max

--

Min

Hardnes 

as CaC 

(ppm)

Av Max

3S

os

Min

Turbidity

Av

41

Max

450

Min

10

SHAKER HEIGHTS 

(Population, 28,222)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)

SOUTH EUCLID 

(Population, 15,432)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.)

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 78,508)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about"3,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 81, 500.

Source: Buck Creek diverted to natural filter beds, 80 percent of supply; Conduit in underground gravel, 20 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, Beaver 

Creek diverted to natural filter beds.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: None.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

10 10

.00

Oi »1

3.2

2 7

0

317

66

5.0

.2

6.0

363

Hardness as CaCQj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

ooo

70

0

7.7

605

May 23,

1951
OHIO 449

STEUBENVILLE 

(Population, 35,872)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people o"tside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36,300.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, chlorine dioxide, and stabilization 

by addition of phosphates.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 6,300,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3, 700, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5 fi

.04

.44

23

7 5

7.1

0

1 a

nc

5

0

.1

1.4

143

Finished 

water

8

n

oc

09

34

6

Q

7.4

1 ^

0 

1 Q

100

8

e

.1

1 ^

187

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC (-1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

CQ

7K

6.4

229

May 4,

1951

Finished 

water

111

7.5

287

Mav 4

1951-

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15 

23

Max

28 

42

Min

5 

9

pH

Av

6.3 

8.0

Max

7.3 

9.9

Min

4.7 

5.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

114 

130

Max

184 

186

Min

70 

90

Turbidity

Av

88

Max

650

Min

3

TIFFIN 

(Population, 18,952)

Ownership: The Ohio Cities Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works &

Electric Co.).

Source: Sandusky River, 98. 5 percent of supply; well, 1. 5 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and activated carbon at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 200,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1,500,000 gal.
450 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

TIFFIN--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CQJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.7 

.01 

.00 

87 

29 

13 

5.5 

0 

246 

147 

15 

.4 

1.5 

446

Finished 

water

2.9 

.07 

.05 

87 

29 

13 

5.2 

0 

232 

155 

16 

.2 

.5 

446

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .............

Noncarbonate. .....

Color....... ."...".

V*. IT pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

338 

135

15 

7.9

676

June 5, 

1951

Finished 

water

338 

146

7 

7.5

678

June 5, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

148 

126

Max

246 

234

Min

38 

12

pH

Av

7.8 

7.1

Max

8.4 

7.7

Min

6.2 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

230

Max

384

Min

48

Turbidity

Av

154

Max

900

Min

25

TOLEDO

(Population, 303,616)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Maumee, Ottawa Hills, Rossford, and suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 369,000.

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a crib in Lake Erie, about 9 

miles east of Toledo, near Reno Beach, and 2 miles offshore.

Treatment: P-rechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon at 

times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 80,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 35,000,000 gal.

The crib is a circular concrete structure 100 ft in diameter with walls 16 ft thick 

having 16 intake ports 10 ft square that are 22 ft under the surface of the water. 

There is a large cabin superstructure.

The water from the crib is conveyed by gravity flow through 108 in. concrete 

pipe to the shore to the low service pumping station near Reno Beach. The 

water is pumped from this station through a 78 in. steel pipeline, 9 miles to 

the easterly edge of the city (Collins Park) to the treatment plant. The finished water is pumped into the distribution system and into elevated storage by a 

high service pumping station.
OHIO 451

TOLEDO -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

3

0

no

40

10

7.7

1.4

0

on

in

4.4

192

Finished 

water

2 4,

. £O

.00

Cl

10

7 R

1 C

0

CO

1 c

2

fi

228

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal

Noncarbonate. .....

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

«>C p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

146

42

5

7.6

314

..

Mayl,

1951

Finished 

water

170

56

3

7.6

378

__

May 15,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

92 

89

Max

129 

128

Min

53 

51

PH

Av

oo -a oo

Max

8.8 

8.1

Min

7.5 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

136 

146

Max

224 

260

Min

1 >

oo H* to i->

Turbidity

Av

111

Max

1,360

Min

10

WARREN 

(Population, 49,856)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 52,400. 

Source: Mahoning River. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime,

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and

final adjustment of pH to about 8.0 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,100,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

T«* MM / 1? *»\

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.4

no

.00

26

i . O

5 1

2

0

0

AQ

C1

6.5

1 Q

150

Finished 

water

5 0

I 4.O

.16

38

I..O 

50

2

0

0

CO

O K.

9

t\

.1

2

1

189

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate......

pH. ........ ..............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidit.y. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

Qfi

56

oo

7.6

O9O

Apr.10,

1951

Finished 

water

1 oo

84

7.9

299

Apr.10,

1951
452 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WARREN- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

58 

58

Max

110 

108

Min

14 

16

PH

Av

7.6 

8.1

Max

8.7 

9.0

Min

6.6 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

137 

161

Max

227

Min

50 

83

Turbidity

Av

45

Max

525

Min

3

YOUNGSTOWN 

(Population, 168,330)

Ownership: Mahoning Valley Sanitary.District (controlled by cities of Youngstown 

and Niles); supplies also Boardman, Canfield, McDonald, Niles, and about 

6,100 people outside of the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

204,000.

Source: Meander Creek impounded in Meander Creek Reservoir.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, activated carbon,'rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, 

chlorination, and stabilization oy addition of phosphates.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 10,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 35,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.7

.04

.00

At

7.5

4.0

2.3

0 

40

61

K c

.1

2

e

139

Finished 

water

7.6

.07

.00

33

.7

11

2.2

10

a o

67

5.8

.1

2

(\

156

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color..................

_TT pH. ........ ..............

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw

water

92

58

12

7.7

223

_ _

Apr. 10,

1951

Finished 

water

86

69

4

10.3

275

_ _

Apr.10,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

47 

38

Max

62

45

Min

34 

33

PH

Av

7.7 

10.6

Max

8.6 

10.7

Min

7.3 

10.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

120 

84

Max

150 

92

Min

98

77

Turbidity

Av

13

.4

Max

55

.7

Min

4 

.2

aHydroxide (OH), 7 ppm.
OHIO 453

ZANESVILLE 

(Population, 40,517)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 42,000. 

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8) each 65 ft deep; yield of wells 1 and 2 reported to be

800 gpm each, and of wells 3 to 8, 1,000 gpm each. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: '15, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,700,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

.51

.07

83

10

Q7

2

Q

0

1 CO

QO

OK

0

2

424

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.).......... ............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

OKQ

10Q

O

7 ^

701

May 4,

1 QC1
454 INDUSTIUAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ABINGTON township, PENNSYLVANIA 

(Population, 28,988)

Ownership: Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. (See Upper Darby.) Also 

supplies Cheltenham township and adjacent communities. Total population 

supplied, about 52,000.

Source: Neshaminy Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum (and lime when necessary), 

taste and odor control with activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH withhydrated lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 13,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 650,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --

The water supplied to Abington and Cheltenham townships is treated at the 

Neshaminy Creek plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SO4).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOg) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Neshaminy 

Creek a 

(raw water)

Q 1

nc

17

6

0

\ 9.0

'

07

Q£

19

3

0

 114

CO

38

7.0

O oc

June 13, 19.51

Finished 

water b

5

n

r\a

i.«j

4

K

17

0

48

on

10

.0

5 1

110

Cfi

17

7 a

one

77

Aug. 29. 1951

Finished 

water c

5

C

nc

ID

2

C

19

0

48

OA

10

.0

4 q

117

cry

11

O

7

0

oni%

"7D

Aug. 29, 1951

a Analysis by Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. 

b Tap sample, Abington township. 

c Tap sample, Cheltenham township.
PENNSYLVANIA 455

ALIQUIPPA 

(Population, 26,132)

Ownership: Woodlawn Water Company.

Source: 5 wells (6, 7, 8, 14, and 16) 85, 88, 88, 90, and 91 ft deep.

Treatment: Prechlorination (chlorine dioxide). Split treatment: about i of supply, coagulation with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration; 

about 1 of supply, softening with zeolite. The mixed treated waters are postchlorinated.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,775,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

\ 39

0 1 10

OOC

04

3 9

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

14

.14

32

 £»

127

0

1 OC

91Q

41

.0

5

0

525

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

9QQ

909

8.0

733

76

Aug. 30,

1QR1

Finished 

water 

|city tap)

. 14

8.0

ftfWl

76

Aug. 30,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

106 

116

Max

110 

120

Min

102 

106

pH

Av

7.3 

7.6

Max

7.4 

7.8

Min

7.2 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

270 

72

Max

280 

78

Min

248 

68

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

ALLENTOWN 

(Population, 106,756)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 900 people outside the city limits.

.Total population supplied, about 107,700. 

Source: Little Lehigh River (about 30 percent of supply), Shantz and Crystal

Springs (about 69 percent of supply), and wells (about 1 percent of supply). 

Treatment: Spring water: chlorination; Little Lehigh River: coagulation with

alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5,000,000 gal (spring basins). 

Finished-water storage: 40,000,000 gal.

A treatment-plant of 20 million gpd capacity is under construction; to be completed during 1952.
456 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ALLENTOWN--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

IronfFe).........;.................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) ..:..................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCCy 

' Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Wells

(raw water)

_ 

__

\ 8-5

> o. a

7

214

OQ

11

14

236

49

3

8.1

479

59

June 28,

1951

Shantz 

Spring 

(raw water)

10

.06

44

14

(

1 9

1 1.61 

6

152

00

5.1

.1

14

205

167

33

2

8.2

348

55

June 28,

1951

Raw 

water a

4.1

.59

34

17

2.0

1.8

3

152

18

5.1

.0

11

184

155

25

4

8.1

317

70

June 28,

1951

Finished 

water

11

.08

35

17

2.6

1.8

3

140

26

6.5

.1

10

196

157

38

3

8.0

324

67,

June 28,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

1

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

120

116

Max

140

138

Min

65

60

PH

Av

7.6

7.7

Max

8,0

7.9

Min

7,4

7.4

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

170

170

Max

188

188

Min

160

160

Turbidity

Av

25

0

Max

500

4

Min

7

0

a Little Lehigh River.

ALTOONA 

(Population, 77,177)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 79, 700. 

Source: Mountain streams impounded. 

^Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant; 6,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,238,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 9,485,000 gal.
PENNSYLVANIA 457

ALTOONA- -Continued

ANALYSES 

^Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Bin) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

SulfatefSOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

11

.70

5.9

22

99

>M

bo 

0

260

14

.2

.1

*457

Finished 

water 

(city tad

10

Op

3.6

20

in

(

9 R

9 <S. 1 1

CO 

0

170

2.6

.2

.0

6306

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

 (micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

260

260

4

3.45

615

59

July 28,

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

228

228

6

3.90

398

__

July 28,

1951

a Glen White Stream.

b Total acidity as H.jSO4 , 136 ppm.

c Total acidity as H2SO4 , 74 ppm.

d Includes 18 ppm of Aluminum (Al). 

e Includes 11 ppm of Aluminum (Al).

AMBRIDGE 

(Population, 16,429)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Baden, and Economy and Harmony townships.

Total population supplied, about 27,600. 

Source: 8 wells (21 to 28) along the east bank of the Ohio River, 43, 51, 44, 45,

44, 52, 56, and 58 ft deep; yield reported to be 518, 465, 440, 440, 400, 400,

585, and 565 gpm. 

Treatment: Sixty percent of supply: softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination; forty percent of supply: zeolite softening.

Finished water from the two plants is mixed before entering the distribution

system.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7,650,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (804) ........ ..

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

\ 36

0 

94 

212 

23

4.7

Finished 

water

14 

.12

24

4.7

109

0 

74 

205 

26 

.0 

7.6 

432

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

-_TT pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

256 

179

8 

7.6

647

75 

Aug. 30, 

1951

Finished 

water

79 

19

3

7.9

673

76 

Aug. 30, 

1951
458 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PU3LIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BEAVER/FALLS 

(Population, 17,375)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies East Rochester, Eastvale, Fallston, Freedom, New Brighton, Patterson Heights, Rochester, West Bridge water, West 

Mayfieldj and Chippewa, Daugherty, Patterson, Pulaski, Rochester, and 

White townships. Total population supplied, about 60,000.

Source: Beaver River.

Treatment: (At plants at Eastvale and New Brighton) prechlorination (chlorine 

dioxide), coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination (chlorine dioxide).

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Eastvale Plant, 6,000,000 gpd; New Brighton 

Plant, 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 11,3 00,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)..................... ......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SQJ........ ...................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) .................

Date of collection ...................

Raw 

water a

X 24 ' !

0

10

161

oc

6

c

168

157

19

7.0

AQt

81

Aug. 30, 1951

Raw 

water b

23

0

04

1 "ifi

OK

7.7

1Q A

156

1 5

7 9

AQQ

81

Aug. 30, 1951

Finished 

water b

4

K

no

DU 

19

20

0

40

1 5,7

OQ

.1

8

1

OCQ

1QQ

166

7 5

KKQ

OH

Aug. 30, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

60 

65

Max

100 

110

Min

15 

15

pH

Av

7,0 

7.3

Max

8.0 

8.2

Min

6.3 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

165

Max

250 

260

Min

75 

80

Turbidity

Av

60 

0

Max

3000 

3

Min

15 

0

a At New Brighton plant. 

b At Eastvale plant.
PENNSYLVANIA 459

BETHLEHEM 

(Population, 66,340)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Fountainhill, Freemansburg, Miller Heights, 

and Salisbury township. Total population supplied, about 78,300.

Source: Wild Creek impounded in Wild Creek Reservoir about 27 mi north of 

Bethlehem. The water is pumped to niicks Mill Reservoir and from there 

direct to consumers. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, Lehigh River; 1 deep 

well in Freemansburg; and 2 deep wells in Miller Heights.

Treatment: Chlorination when needed, and Calgon for corrosion control.

Raw-water storage: 4,100,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 21,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

.51

3.0 

1.4

\ 8.9

0 

12

on

2.4

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

5 1

1Q

1.6

f 2.0

V

6

3.5

1.6

.0

.5

22

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water a

15

5

5

6.0

3.6

53

May 23,

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

6

2

4

7.1

22.1

59

June 28,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

5.4 

5,5

Max Min

::

PH

Av

6.0 

6.1

Max

::

Min

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

6.0 

6.1

Max Min

_ »

Turbidity

Av

3.6 

2,7

Max

...

Min

::

aWild Creek; analysis by City Chemist, Bethlehem.

BRADDOCK 

(Population, 16, H8) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Monongahela River. 

Treatment: Addition of lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum or iron salts

when necessary, sedimentation, rapid anthrafilt filtration, chlorination, and

ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 15,000,000 gal.
460 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BRADDOC K - -C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ...... ....I...

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

--

--

0 

0

19

4 **

Finished 

water

C A

. ou

83

LO

\43 / 43

0

1 Q

^n1!

19

.1

6

f\

495

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . .. . .

Color- .................

pH .......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

a ID?

 } 7

711

89

Sept. 6,

1QK1

Finished 

water

261

246

7 Q

748

76

Aug. 31,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

2 

16

Max

9 

21

Min

&5 

10

PH

Av

5.1 

8.9

Max

6.4 

9.2

Min

4.2 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

88 

103

Max

168 

168

Min

50 

72

Turbidity

Av

46 

0

Max

1280 

0

Min

15 

0

aVersenate hardness. b Acidity.

BRADFORD 

(Population, 17,354)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 19,400. 

Source: Gilbert Run impounded in No. 2 Reservoir; Marilla Brook impounded in No. 3

Reservoir. Auxiliary supply, four Layne wells, yield rated at 500 gpm each. The

wells are used only during dry periods when the surface supplies are inadequate. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: No. 2Reservoir, 206,000,000gal; No. 3 Reservoir,

120,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. _

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

5

f\

.10

14

6

e*

} »

0

26

91

65

.0

.4

179

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.')....... ....... ........

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

62

41

8

7.4

720

60

Aug. 28,

1951
PENNSYLVANIA 461

BUTLER 

(Population, 23,482)

Ownership: Butler Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Co., 

Inc.); supplies also parts of Butler, Center, and Summit townships; borough of 

East Butler, and village of Lyndora. Total population supplied, about 31,400.

Source: Connoquenessing Creek, 80 percent of supply; Thorn Run Creek, 20 percent of supply.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, ammoniation, and pH control with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 855,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2,230,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOg) ....... .

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.07

""""

\ 18 7 18

0 

31

91

01

1.7

Finished 

water

4.6

.11

27

7 5

31

0 

35

1C

TO

.1

.7

243

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color*..................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity. . ............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

KA

29

7

7.0

210

67

Aug. 27,

1QR1

Finished 

water

QO

70

 )

7.7

398

70

Aug. 27,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

20 

25

Max

31 

46

Min

9 

13

PH

Av

6.7 

7.9

Max

7.2 

8.4

Min

6.3 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

54

Max

84

Min

40

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

Max

60 

0

Min

3 

0

CARBONDALE 

(Population, 16,296)

Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. (See Scranton.)

Source: Fall Brook and Brownell Reservoirs, and Reynshanhurst Well.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --
462 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C ARBONDALE- - Continued

ANALYSES 

in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

2.1 

.24

7.6 

1.6

16 

11 

3.0 

.0 

.5 

38

Finished 

water b 

(city tap]

1.9

.20

2.3 

1.3

1.5

o3 

8.5 

1.9 

.0 

.5 

24

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

26 

12

5 

7.4

65.9

70 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Finished 

water b 

city tap)

11

9

3 

6.6

30.9

70 

Sept. 12, 

1951

a Fall Brook Reservoir.

b Brownell Reservoir and Reynshanhurst We'll.

^CARLISLE 

(Population, 16,812)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 750 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 17,600. 

Source: Conodoguinet Creek. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 0.00,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gaL_

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

. o

.10

~~

50

11

\ >2 £ 5U

1 C 1

&L

4.0 

.0

I O

189

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ................. ...... ..f

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

170

on

5

8 1

99C

71

Sept. 19,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

109 

97

Max

180 

176

Min

40 

26

PH

Av

7.5 

7.2

Max

8.2 

7.8

Min

7.1 

6.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

__

Min

Turbidity

Av

35 

0

Max

600 

2

Min

15 

0
PENNSYLVANIA 463

CHAMBERSBURG 

(Population, 17,212)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 18,600. 

Source: Conococheague Creek (head waters). 

Treatment: Chlorination, and adjustment of pH with caustic soda. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 387,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,200,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium. (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,).........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

0

0 C

1.1

.0

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

5 7

.10

1.4

}

O 7 2.7

0

o o

o c

.0

.4

22

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ............

Noncarbonate...... .

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ............. .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...*

Raw 

water

5

5

6

Q

ICC

CO

Sprit 1 Q

1 QR1

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7

0

7 o

oo c

fiQ

Spnt 1 Q

1 OKI

CHARLEROI 

(Population, 9,872)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Donora, Monessen, N. Charleroi, Speers,

' and parts of adjacent townships. Total population supplied, about 44,000. 

Source: Monongahela River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, Chlorination, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 10 reservoirs and 3 standpipes, 13,000,000 gal,

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

 -

~~

0 

0

285

8.4

.6

Finished 

water

2.9

H9

71

10

\ 33

0 

8.0

276

5.4

.1

1.2

450

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... . ..........

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

a 175

175

3.5

704

Aug. 23,

1951

Finished 

water

231

224

7.0

630

75

Aug. 23,

1951

ayersenate.
464 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHARLEROI Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water...... ..v

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

b-13 

18

Max

b-23 

29

Min

b-1 

11

PH

Av

4.4 

8.8

Max

6.0 

9.5

Min

3.4 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

133 

140

Max

192 

219,

Min

82

. 85

Turbidity

Av

20 

00

Max

2000 

0

Min

5 

0

b Acidity. Methyl orange indicator.

CHELTENHAM township 

(Population, 22,854)

Ownership: Supplied by Philadelphia Suburban Water Company, 

township and Upper Darby.)

(See Abington

CHESTER 

(Population, 66,039)

Ownership: Chester Municipal Authority.

Source: Octoraro Creek impounded in Chester-Octoraro Lake about 38 miles 

from the city.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, addition of activated carbon (Nuchar), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, 

and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Chester-Octoraro Lake, 2,500,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 15,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

12 

.04

16 

3.4

> "

0 

25 

17 

7.5 

.2 

9.3 

86

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ......................;...

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

54 

33

3 

7.3

136

60 

Jan. 8, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 b

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCQ,

(ppm)

Av

29

41

Max

42

61

Min

18

26

PH

Av

6,5

8.2

Max

6.6

8.3

Min

6.4

8.1

Hardness

as CaCO3

(PPm)

Av

an

106

Max

128

147

Min

49

66

Turbidity

Av '140

0

Max

168

0

Min

108

0

a New supply. b Old supply.
PENNSYLVANIA 465

CLAIRTON 

(Population, 19,652) 

Ownership: Monongahela Valley Water Corporation (controlled by American Water:

Works, Inc.); also supplies Dravosburg, Elizabeth, Glassport, and West

Elizabeth, and portions of surrounding townships. Total population supplied,

about 36,100.

Source: Monongahela River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and occasionally alum, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 510,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located at Elizabeth.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

0 

0

onA

9 a

Finished 

water

3

n

10

76

1.0

Xr42z

0 

1Q

OQQ

10

.0

6

«

474

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal ..........

Noncarbonate ......

Color*..................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

a !84

184

3.5

724

7Q

Aug. 31,

1QR1

Finished 

water

OC1

236

7 Q

RQfl

Qf\

Aug. 31,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

b-1 

18

Max

10 

28

Min

b-24 

8

PH

Av

8.9

Max

9.6

Min

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

108 

120

Max

214 

234

Min

60 

58

Turbidity

Av

55 

0

Max

400 

10

Min

5 

0

a Versenate. 

b Acidity.

DUNMORE 

(Population, 20,305)

Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. (See Scranton.)

Source: Dunmore No. 1 Reservoir, NayAu Well, and Williams Bridge Reservoir.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 412,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --
466 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DUNMORE --Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

1.0

.03

1.0 

1.7

y 7.8

0

10

11

.4.4

.0

.6

40

Hardness as CaCOu*

Total .......................

Nfww* 9 fhnna tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

<3npf»i'fif» f*fiTirfnf*i*an<*p

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T1 pmnpT*at'ii7*p ( I*1 ^

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

10

1

7.0

57.2

72

Sept. 12,

1QC1

DUQUESNE 

(Population, 17,620)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (A, B, C, E, F, G, H) 130, 139, 117, 74A 87, 105, and 75 ft

deep; yield reported to be 250, 300, 200, 200, 400, 200, and 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Addition of lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination (in emergencies).

Rated-capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: reservoir, 2,070,000 gal; standpipe, 450,000 gal.

The wells are located in the immediate vicinity of the waterworks plant. It is reported that there is considerable variation in the chemical composition of the 

water from the individual wells.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Wells 

(raw 

water)

--

\ 

> 00

0 

44

OQ7

22

6.6

Finishes 

water

10

.14

73 

1ft

35

4

97n

94

.1

3 Q

493

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tfttal . .... ....

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

oc r> \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Wells 

(raw 

water)

314

278

5

6.3

719

80

Aug. 21,

1951

Finished 

water

256

242

4

8.9

693

80

Aug. 21,

1951
PENNSYLVANIA 467

DUQUESNEi-Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

43 

20

Max

4b 

24

Min

40 

15

PH

Av

6. b 

9.0

Max

7.2 

9.2

Min

6.2 

8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

EASTON 

(Population, 35,632)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 24,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 59,600. 

Source: Delaware River about 81 percent of supply; 4 wells (2, 3, 5, 6) 70, 347,

92, and 92 ft deep, about 18 percent of supply; springs about 1 percent of suppiy.

Treatment: Coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 15,500,000 gal.

One half of the southern part of E as ton is supplied by wells and springs. The well 

water is chlorinated at the source and pumped into the distribution system. 

Should the consumer use be less than the output of the wells, the excess well 

water is pumped to a reservoir, which is also fed by springs. Water from this 

reservoir is used if the consumer demand exceeds the output of the wells.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).................

Sulfate (SO4X... ........ ...............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH..................... ..................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Wells, 

composite a 

(raw water)

1 K

OC

o c

oo

\ 26

0

907

41

1 R

.1

oqc

1 7B

8

7 ^

0.1

58

July, 1951

Delaware 

River a 

(raw water)

2

0

.07

1 fi

3

K

2.7

1

41

11

9

C

OR

IfW

CA

16

3

8.6

0.2

73

July, 1951

Delaware 

River 

(finished water)

4

0

.06

tui

3

f\

(

A. 4. n «

1.0

0

40

Qf)

8

O

0

.7

QQ

65

32

3

7.9

161

77

July 28, 1951

a Analysis by Easton Water Department.
468 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

E ASTON- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished watex^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

27 

32

Max

39 

42

Min

15 

20

PH

Av

7.0 

8.6

Max

7.6 

9.0

Min

6.5

8,0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

67

Max

78

Min

48

Turbidity

Av

18 

.6

Max

450 

1.3

Min

4.0 

.2

ERIE 

(Population, 130,803)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 20,000 outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 150,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. 

Treatment: (Both plants) coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, 'and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: West Side Plant, 28,000,000 gpd; Chestnut

St. Plant, 32,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 43,400,485 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water a

1.2 

.03

36 

8.5 

8.0 

1.2

111 

24 

19 

.0

172

Finished 

water b

1.5 

.11

37 

8.9 

9.4 

.6 

0 

108 

24 

20 

.0 

.4 

177

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Trrfal . ....

Noncarbonate. .....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

125 

34

2

7.5

0 

70 

July 15, 

1951

Finished 

water b

129 

40

2

7.8

300

73 

July 26, 

1951

a Analysis by Erie Bureau of Water, 

b At Chestnut Street treatment plant.

GREENSBURG 

(Population, 16,923)

Ownership: Municipal Authority of Westmoreland County; also supplies Apollo, 

Irwin, Jeannette, Leechburg, Mt. Pleasant, Scottsdale, Vandergrift, and a 

number of other places. Total population supplied, about 68,000.

Source: Beaver Run impounded in Beaver Run Reservoir, 50 percent of supply; 

collected surface runoff into interconnected Immel and Unity Reservoirs, 50 

percent of supply; Greenlick and Bridgeport Reservoirs.

Treatment: Beaver Run supply: coagulation with alum, aeration, addition of lime 

and carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Unity Reservoir supply: Copper sulfate for control of algae, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Beaver Run supply, 10,000, OOO.gpd.
PENNSYLVANIA 469

- -Continued

Raw-water storage: Beaver Run Reservoir, 9,180,000,000 gal; Immel and .Unity 

Reservoirs, 180,000,000 and 365,000,000 gal, respectively.

Finished-water storage: Irwin reservoir, 45,000,000 gal; Jeanette reservoir, 

1,500,000 gal.

Ruffsdale, Mt. Pleasant, and Scottsdale are supplied from Greenlick and Bridgeport Reservoirs.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Municipal Authority of Westmoreland County)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... ............. ..........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs).. ...............

Sulfate (S04).... ........ ....... ........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH..... ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Beaver Run 

(raw water)

.10

1.4

1C

8 a

X 3.2

0

17

on

8.4

146

IfM

89

7 9

2

c

1953

Beaver Run 

(finished water)

.00

.00

Ore

7.7

7.0

a 90

QC

14

 1 CO

94

0

8 a

0

1953

Unity 

Reservoir

.10

.05

. u 60

0

i«»

1 P.

8.4

at

45

35

7.0

6.5

Feb. 24. 1953

aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3).

HARRISBURG 

(Population, 89,544)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 17,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 106,500. 

Source: Clark Creek impounded in DeHart Reservoir. Auxiliary or emergency

supply, Susquehanna River (with 20,000,000 gpd treatment plant). 

Treatment: Natural sedimentation, pH control with lime, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5,260,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 51,000,000 gal.
470 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HARMSBURG Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by I?. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl). ........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

 

x

V 2.7

0 

10

5 9

.0

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2.6

no

3.6

1.7 

0

4 9

3 A

.0

.0

24

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

__« pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

$1 r \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection . . .

Raw

water

19

4

7.0

38.2

71

Sept. 19,

1951

Finished 

water 

[city tap)

1Q

5

7.1

oo e

72

Sept. 19,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

6 

11

Max

8 

17

Min

5 

6

PH

Av

6.4 

8.1

Max

6.6 

9.0

Min

6.0 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

33

Max

33 

42

Min

16 

26

Turbidity

Av

3.4 

3.0

Max

7.0 

3.0

Min

3.0 

3.0

HAVERFORD township 

(Population, 39,641)

Ownership: Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. (See Upper Darby.)

Source: Pickering Creek. Emergency supply, Perkiomen Creek.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum (also lime when necessary), 

taste and odor control with activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 350,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

11

.10

18

. ^t

8.8

R1

on

8

n

.1

2 n

133

Finished 

water b

c 9

21

6

c

\ 5.8

0

cc

 JO

8

O

.0

2

0

122

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.). . ............ .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

Kt

25

7.0

0 95

May 28,

1QR1

Finished 

water b

70

34

5

7.7

9nn

an

Aug. 30,

1QR1

a Pickering Creek. Analysis by Philadelphia Suburban Water Company, 

bTap sample, South Ardmore, Pa.
PENNSYLVANIA 471

HAVERFORD township Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

33 

. 32

Max Min

--

PH

Av

7.3

7.0

Max

8.8

Min

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

24 

.34

Max

800

Min

2

HAZLETON 

(Population, 35,491)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies West Hazleton and other communities.

Total population supplied, about 47,500. 

Source: Reservoirs (Drek Creek, Wolf Run, and other streams impounded) 97

percent of supply; wells, 3 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 572,412,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOs) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Mamfisiuiri (Mff) .., ..., r

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^) ..............

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Raw 

watera

> -

0

9 

2.6

1.2

.4

5

6

0

24.7

68

Sept. 11,

1951

Raw

. water b

__

< .- 

4

1.0

.4

4

5

6.5

22.6

68

Sept. 11,

1951

Raw 

water c

_ _

9 __

 _

_ '

0

2

1.0

.4

4

5

6.0

14.5

71

Sept. 11,

1951

Finished 

water d

2.1

.06

1.6

1.0

/ >*' 12 2

0

3 

5.8

1.6

.0

.0

19

8

5

6.3

23.2

67

Sept. 11,

1951

Finished 

water e

2.1

' .13

1.2

.6

1.6

0

5 

2.1

1.9

.0

.0

16

5

1

8

6.9

18.1

68

Sept. 11,

1951

a Mt. Pleasant Reservoir; supply for part of Hazleton and West Hazleton.

*> Composite: well water, Wolf Run, and Barnes Run.

c Barnes Reservoir.

d West Hazleton, city tap.

e Hazleton, city tap.
472 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JEANNETTE 

(Population, 16,172)

Ownership: Supplied by Municipal Authority of Westmoreland County. (See 

Greensburg.)

JOHNSTOWN 

(Population, 63,232)

Ownership: Johnstown Water Company; also supplies about 35,000 people outside

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 98,000. 

Source: Mountain streams impounded in 5 reservoirs (Salt Lick, North Fork, Mill

Creek, Laurel Run, and Dalton Run).

Treatment: Chlorination on supply line from each reservoir. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium ($) ............

Carbonate (CQg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Raw 

water a

X * d

/ 3 ' 4

0

6 

11

2 n

4.1

1 c

10

10

6.8

46.0

48

Aug. 22,

1951

Raw

water b

2.4

0

6 

11

1 9

1.4

14

9

7.1

42.2

60

Aug. 22,

1951

Raw

water c

_ _

_

_

1.1

0

11

OQ

1 0

2

0

35

oc

8

7.1

90.6

63

Aug. 22,

1951

Raw 

water d

_ _

_

_ _

_ _

5.4

0

11 

11

4 ">

1

0

16

7

8

6.9

45.5

66

Aug. 22,

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

3.8

.10

4.1

1.7

2.3

0

7

8 A

2

1

.0

5.8

37

171 *>

3

6.9

46.9

61

Aug. 22,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

6.3

Max

10

Min

3.5

PH

Av

6.1

Max

6.4

Min

5.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

21

Max

33

Min

17

Turbidity

Av

' 5

Max

13

Min

5

a North Fork Reservoir, 

c Salt Lick Reservoir.

bDalton Run Reservoir. 

Creek Reservoir.
PENNSYLVANIA 473

KINGSTON

(Population, 21,096)

Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. (See Scranton.) 

Source: Hillside and Spring Brook Reservoirs (creeks impounded). 

Treatment: 50 percent of supply: coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

filtration, and chlorination. 50 percent of supply: chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

 

^

\ 3.2

\ °

19

17

 » A

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

a 26

1 R

6 a

IJK 1

&n

Oan+ 1 O

1QR1

a Versenate.

LANCASTER

(Population, 63,774)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 20,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 84,000. 

Source: Conestoga River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, chlorination, and aeration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 13,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

>""

8 

166 

21 

6.5

12

Finished 

water

4.5 

.05

43 

17

3.4

0 

141 

45 

6.6 

.0 

16 

232

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )............... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

180 

31

8 

8.1

364

71 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Finished 

water

177 

62

5 

7.9

358

71 

Aug. 7, 

1951
474 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LANCASTER- -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant,' 1961

Raw water.........

Finished water _.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

115 

106

Max

160 

148

Min

30 

38

pH

Av

7.6 

7.1

Max

8.1 

7.4

Min

6.3 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

155

Max

205

Min

85

Turbidity

Av

57 

.0

Max

650 

1.0

Min

8 

.0

LEBANON 

(Population, 28,156)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 30,200. 

Source: Fishing Creek and Gold Mine Run impounded in High Bridge Reservoir,

20 miles north of Lebanon.

Treatment: Chlorination, Calgon and lime for pH and corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 370,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

--

V

0 

«>

8

0

1.0

Finished 

water

5

0

1 C

6.1 10

1.4

0 

10

8

0

5

1

.1

.0

 42

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal .... .........

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

_ TT pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK /-I \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

10

8

6.3

Ofl E

fiQ

Augl 7,

1951

Finished 

water

00

14

5

7 5

CO Q

68

Ano* 7

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

3 

6

Max Min

--

PH

Av

6.0 

6.8

Max

--

Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

16

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

2 

2

Max

--

Min

LOWER MERION township 

(Population, 48,745)

Ownership: Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. (See Upper Darby.
PENNSYLVANIA 475

LOWER MERION township--Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ................

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

7 ^

.01

22 

60

\ 8.5

0

K7

37

8

C

.0

2

1

130

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

80

34

5

7.8

211

81

Aug. 30,

1951

a Tap sample, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

McKEESPORT 

(Population, 51,502)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Eden Park, Liberty, Port Vue, Versailles, 

and White Oak; and part of North Versailles township. Total population supplied, about 68,300.

Source: Youghiogheny River about 75 percent of supply (1950); Monongahela River 

about 25 percent of supply (1950).

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 7,725,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .... . . .. ....

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... ............... ........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

.Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO^ .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Raw 

water a

OK

__

0

0

070

9

0

2

-J

C 184

184

Raw 

water b

__

__

0

0

 JCQ

19

2 Q

C 233

233

Finished 

water

7 °.

on

70

91

y 28

6

14

97C

10.1

1.0

460

261

240

a Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers at treatment plant, 

k Monongahela River at McKeesport. 

c Versenate.
476 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

McKEESPORT, Analyses--Continued

Color...................................

PH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Raw 

water a

3

0

665

75

Aug. 24, 1951

Raw 

water b

3 7

753

70

Aug. 24, .1951

Finished 

water

4

9

0

653

75

Aug. 24, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

F inished water . . .

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

2 

19

Max

11 

29

Mm

^19 

11

PH

Av

4.6 

9.2

Max

7.0 

9.9

Min

3.4 

8.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

103 

108

Max

224 

176

Min

48 

63

Turbidity

Av

55 

0

Max

1500 

0

Min

5 

0

aMonongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers at treatment plant, 

b Monongahela River at McKeesport. d Acidity.

McKEES ROCKS 

(Population, 16,241)

Ownership: Municipal Authority of the Borough of West View; also supplies Avalon, 

Bellevue, Ben Avon, Ben Avon Heights, Emsworth, and West View; Kennedy, 

Kilbuck, McCandless, Neville, Reserve, Ross, and Stowe townships, and 1,500 

people in the 28th ward of Pittsburgh. Total population supplied, about 93,300.

Source: 30 wells about 38 ft deep in the main channel of the Ohio River, near 

Neville Island, yield reported to be about 1, 500,000 gpd; 19 wells about 35 ft 

deep in the back channel of the Ohio River near Neville Island, yield reported 

to be about 2, 800,000 gpd; 3 gravel packed wells (1 to 3) on Neville Island, 65, 

60, and 72 ft deep, reported to yield 500,000, 400, 000, and 1, 000,000 gpd, 

respectively; 3 gravel packed wells 54 to 58 ft deep on Davis Island, yield reported to be 1,200,000, 1,000,000, and 700,000 gpd, respectively; and 1 

Ranney well 60 ft deep on Neville Island, yield reported to be 2, 500,000 gpd. 

The 30 main channel wells are pumped through a common suction line by a 

centrifugal pump; the 19 back channel wells are connected to one common suction header and are pumped by centrifugal pumps; wells 1, 2, 3, and the Ranney 

well are each equipped with deep well turbine pumps; wells 4, 5, and 6 are 

pumped with submersible type well pumps.

Treatment: Prechlorination, and zeolite softening (four pressure type and four 

gravity type softeners).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 

Regular determinations at treatment plant a

Raw water.........

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

104 

102

Max

112

Min

90

PH

Av

7.2 

7.2

Max

7.4

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

230 

90

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

--

Max Min

a Manganese: average, raw water, 1. 50 ppm; average, finished water, 0. 25 ppm
PENNSYLVANIA 477

McKEES ROCKS Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC-a) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

A

> 33

0 

1 nft

1 CO

9ft

 > c

Finished 

water

11

no

46

10

73

0

Qft

1 G O

00

.0

7.7

422

Tntal

ftrnnr* 9 T°Vmn fit A

Color-... .............. .

PH.. .....................

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Raw 

water

9Q.4

146

R

7.7

R19

65

Aug. 30,

1951

Finished 

water

156

76

9

7.6

569

68

Aug. 30,

1951

MEADVILLE 

(Population, 18,972)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7) 80, 78, 81, 81, 95, 79, and 60 ft deep; yield reported to

be 700, 700, 1,100, 1,100, 1,800, 2,200, andl,450gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Meadville Water Bureau)

Silica (SiQg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO9: 

Total......................

Well 1

.1

.1

185

4

.0

.0

280

244

Well 5

 >

.0

170

7

.0

.0

290

220

Well 6

.1

190

13

.0

.0

445

320

Well 7

.1

190

9

.0

.0

285

240

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

.1

.0

160

11

.0

.0

360

245
478 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MEADVILLE, Analyses Continued

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 1

0

7 *\

Oct. 27,

1952

on

19

1 QOC

Well 5

7 ^

Ont 97

1952

OK

1 K

 

Well 6

0

7 *\

0

Oct. 27,

1952

70

 1 c

--

Well 7

0

8

n

0

(\rt 97

1952

 en

1C

1Q47

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

0

8

n

0

rw>t 97

1952

MONESSEN 

(Population, 17,896)

Ownership: Supplied by Charleroi. (See Charleroi.)

MOUNT LEBANON township 

(Population, 26,604)

Ownership: -Supplied by South Pittsburgh Water Company. (See Pittsburgh.)

MDNHALL 

(Population, 16,437)

Ownership: Supplied by South Pittsburgh Water Company. (See Pittsburgh.)

NANTICOKE 

(Population, 20,160)

Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. (See Scranton.)

Source: Pike's Creek, Harveys Creek, and Plymouth Relief Creek impounded.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 3,012,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

\ 3.2

0 

11 

9.8 

3.0

.6

Hardness as CaCCv 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

(city tap)

17 

8

5 

6.9

77.2

68 

Sept. 12, 

1951
PENNSYLVANIA 479

NEW CASTLE 

(Population, 48,834)

Ownership: City of New Castle Water Company (controlled by American Water 

Works Co., IncO; also supplies about 18,400 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 67,200.

Source: Shenango River.

Treatment: Preammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postammoniation, postchlorination, chlorine dioxide, 

and activated carbon.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 7,200,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million.t by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) ... ,..,,

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2

K

19

35

K Q

\ 7.3

0

A*>

on

15

.0

6

ry

171

Hardness as Ca.CO2 '

Total .. ..... . ......

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Ftafo nf f*nll Pf*Hnn

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

76

5

7.8

274

69

Sept. 3,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished watexu..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

33 

32

Max

54 

56

Min

10 

14

PH

Av

7.0 

7.5

Max

8.4 

7.7

Min

6.5 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

85

Max

107

Min

58

Turbidity

Av

25 

0

Max

330 

1.5

Min

6 

0

NEW KENSINGTON 

(Population, 25,146)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Arnold, and Lower Burrell township. Total

population supplied, about 42,000. 

Source: Allegheny River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime, alum, and sodium silicate,

activated carbon for taste control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

postchlorination (chlorine dioxide). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: -- 

Finished-water storage: 10,000,000 gal.
480 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES D4 THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEW KENSINGTON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by IT. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) ...... ..

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

** . DO

a 1.5

C 0 

0

1 OC

on

2

1

Finished 

water

5

n

b.13

58

it)

19

0

1 C

ion

<3A

.1

A . £t

376

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OR P \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 RR

166

4

A R

na

Aug. 27,

1 QC1

Finished 

water

£il.o

206

4

7 Q

Ort*7

na

Aug. 61,

1 l7Ui.

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

5 

18

Max

14 

22

Min

d-9 

14

PH

Av

5.5 

8.2

Max

6.8 

8.8

Min

3.7 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98 

120

Max

185 

200

Min

68 

86

. Turbidity

Av

40 

0

Max

600 

0

Min

3 

0

a Average for the year 1951 from analyses by the New Kensington Water Dept. 

b Averages for the year 1951 from analyses by the New Kensington Water Dept.

Iron, 0.1 ppm; manganese, 0.15 ppm. 

c Total acidity as HjSO^, 23 ppm. d Acidity.

NORRISTOWN 

(Population, 38,126)

Ownership: Norristown Water Company; also supplies Bridgeport, Lower Providence, and West Norristown. Total population supplied, about 54,700.

Source: Schuylkill River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH 

with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal.
PENNSYLVANIA 481

NORRISTOWN- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

\ 9.6

0 

24 

145 

7.5

3.3

Finished 

water

6.4 

.12

40 

20

6.0

0 

24 

151 

11 

.0 

3.3 

276

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

9K p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

163 

143

5 

7.4

382

75 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Finished 

water

182 

162

3 

7.6

419

75 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj, 

(ppm)

Av

36 

38

Max

57 

64

Min

9 

12

PH

Av

7.2 

7.8

Max

8.1 

9.3

Min

6.1 

6.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

140 

133

Max

165 

165

Min

116 

128

Turbidity

Av

44 

.5

Max

1500 

8

Min

10 

0

OIL CITY 

(Population, 19,581)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 24,600. 

Source: 2 dug wells (1, 2) 40 and 44 ft deep and 13 drilled wells. Nine of the

drilled wells are 50 ft deep and are pumped by suction; the remaining four

wells are deeper and are pumped with electric pumps. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

K K

f\C

£O

4 5

15

1.0

0

74

12

28

.0

.0

140

Hardness as CaCCy

Total .......................

Color ..........................

PH.... ..........................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

T'PTYITlPT'SlHlT'A (T? \

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

00

O9

9

7.6

949

62

July 27,

1QR1
482 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PHILADELPHIA 

(Population, 2,071,605)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 2,092,000.

Source: Schuylkill River about 52 percent of supply; Delaware River about 48 percent of supply.

Treatment: Schuylkill River water is treated at all of the plants except the Torresdale Plant, which treats Delaware River water. Belmont Plant: \ of water, 

coagulation with alum (when necessary), sedimentation, slow sand filtration, 

chlorination,and addition of metaphosphates; | of water, ozonation, coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

postchlorination, and addition of metaphosphates,, Upper and Lower Roxborough Plants: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, slow sand filtration, 

chlorination, and addition of metaphosphates. Queen Lane Plant: i of water, 

prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, slow sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of metaphosphates; i of water, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, chlorination, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of metaphosphates. Torresdale Plant: prechlorination, coagulation with alum and 

lime, rapid sand filtration, slow sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition 

of metaphosphates.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Belmont Plant, 70,000,000 gpd; Upper and 

Lower Roxborough Plants, 30,000,000 gpd; Queen Lane Plant, 100,000,000 

gpd; Torresdale Plant, 200,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water .storage: From each of the treatment plants: Belmont Plant, 

17,000,000 gal; Upper and Lower Roxborough Plants, 11,000,000 gal; Queen 

Lane Plant, 40,000,000gal; Torresdale Plant, 50,000,000 gal. The city has 

two reservoirs: East Park and Oak Lane, 688,000,000 gal and 70,000,000 gal, 

respectively. East Park reservoir stores water from the Queen Lane Plant 

and Oak Lane stores water from Torresdale Plant. However, on occasion East 

Park reservoir may receive water from the Torresdale Plant, and Oak Lane, 

water from Queen Lane Plant.

Finished water from the treatment plants is distributed in different sections of the 

city. Water from the Belmont Plant is supplied to the area west of the 

Schuylkill River, called West Philadelphia; water from the Roxborough Plants, 

to the area above Erie Avenue and west of Broad Street extending to the 

Schuylkill River and north, and in conjunction with the Queen Lane Plant, to the 

area between Erie and Allegheny Avenues; water from the Queen Lane Plant in 

addition to that named above, to the area west of Broad Street above Market to 

the Schuylkill River; water from the Torresdale Plant, to the area east of 

Broad Street to Market Street and all of South Philadelphia between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers.

The central part of the city is furnished high pressure fire service with water 

pumped directly from the Delaware River at the foot of Race Street.
PENNSYLVANIA 

PHILADELPHIA Continued

483

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOb) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ............. .

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total......................

Color ........................

PH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. } 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Schuylkill River

at Be

:aw watera

6.6 

.01

45 

22

} »

0 

57 

163 

17 

.1 

5.2 

331

203 

156

5 

7.8

510

Sept. 21- 

30, 1951

mont Filters

raw waterb

7.7 

.06

17 

7.6

6.9

0 

21 

58 

5.1 

.1 

4.6 

130

74 

56

5 

6.9

203

Nov. 26- 

30, 1951

raw water c

8.3 

.05

31 

14

9.0

0 

46 

95 

9.8 

.1 

6.2 

213

135 

98

4 

7.2

332 

1951

Finished water

city tap d

8.6 

.24

23

9.2

2.7

0 

25 

64 

6.6 

.0 

5.9 

147

95 

75

5 

8.1

228

50 

Feb. 6, 

1952

city tap e

8.9 

.29

24 

8.8

3.4

0 

31 

57 

11 

.0 

4.0 

151

96 

71

5 

8.0

238

50 

Feb. 6, 

1952

Regular determinations at" treatment plant, 1951 Belmont Plant.

Raw water.........

Finished water f .

Finished water g

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

40 

32

31

Max

60 

60

56

Min

18 

5

13

PH

Av

7.2 

6.7

6.6

Max

7.8 

7.1

7.3

Min

6.5 

6.0

6.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

153 

153

151

Max

247 

233

226

Min

84 

94

97

Turbidity

Av

33 

0.2

.1

Max

1000 

0.5

1

Min

3 

.0

.0

aComposite of daily samples with maximum dissolved solids for the year 1951. 

b Composite of daily samples with minimum dissolved solids for the year 1951. 

c Average-of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for the year 1951. 

' d Represents water from the Belmont Plant. 

e Represents water from the Queen Lane Plant. 

f Rapid sand filters. 

S Slow sand ,f liters.
484 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

PfflLADE LPHIA- -Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

I*H ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Delaware River

at Morrisville, Pa.

(raw water)a

5.9 

.02

19 

5.9

\ 6.4

0 

54 

28 

6.6 

.2 

2.8 

119

72 

27

8 

7.3

184

Oct. 11 -20, 

1951

(raw water) b

5.8 

.10

8.8 

2.8

1.0

0 

20 

14 

2.1 

.1 

1.9 

53

33

17

9

7.2

81.4

Apr. 1-10, 

1951

(raw water)c

4.7 

.06

14 

4.7

4.4

0 

38 

21 

4.6 

.1 

2.8 

84

54 

23

7 

7.1

137 

1951

Finished 

water d

3.1 

.10

14 

4.2

2.2

0 

12 

33 

7 

.1 

3.2 

84

52 

42

3

7.2

145

Mar. 27, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 Torresdale Plant

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

33 

22

Max

59

44

Min

11 

6

PH

Av

6.9 

6.2

Max

7. a 

6.6

Min

6.5 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

59 

52 .

Max

94 

88

Min

37 

32

Turbidity

Av

23 

0.0

Max

330 

0.0

Min

6 

0.0

a Composite of daily samples with maximum dissolved solids for the year 1951. 

b Composite of daily samples with minimum dissolved solids for the year 1951. 

c Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for the year 1951. 

d City tap; represents water from the Torresdale Plant.
PENNSYLVANIA 485

PITTSBURGH 

(Population, 676,806)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Blawnox, Homestead, and parts of the townships of O'Hara and Reserve. Total population supplied, about 692,000. 

South Pittsburgh Water Co. (controlledby American Water Works Co., inc.) supplies a population of about 100,000 in Pittsburgh, and in addition the boroughs 

of Bethel, Brentwood, Bridgeville, Carnegie, Castle Shannon, Crafton, Dormont, Dravosburg, Green Tree, Heidelberg, Ingram, Mt. Oliver, Munhall, 

Pleasant Hills, Rosslyn Farms, Thornburg, West Mifflin, Whitaker, and 

Whitehall; and the townships of Baldwin, Collier, Jefferson, Mt. Lebanon, 

Robinson, Scott, Snowden, South Fayette, and Upper St. Clair. Total population supplied, about 315,000.

Wilkinsburg Penn Joint Water Authority; supplies a population of about 14,000 

in Pittsburgh. (See Wilkinsburg.)

Municipal Authority of the Borough of West View; supplies a population of 

about 1,500 in Pittsburgh. (See West View.)

Source: Municipal, Allegheny River; South Pittsburgh Water Co., Monongahela River. 

Treatment: Municipal: plain sedimentation, slow sand filtration, chlorination, 

and adjustment_of pH with soda ash when necessary; South Pittsburgh Water 

Company: lime at raw water intake when necessary, aeration, softening with 

lime and soda ash, recarbonation when necessary, coagulation with alum, 

activated carbon and chlorine dioxide at times for taste and odor control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 

7.4 with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Municipal, 140,000,000 gpd; South Pittsburgh

Water Company, 51,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Municipal, 100,000,000 gal; South Pittsburgh Water Company, none.

Finished-water storage: Municipal, 500,000,000 gal; South Pittsburgh Water Company: tank (West Mifflin) 7,250,000 gal; tank (Greentree) 2,500,000 gal; tank 

(Bethel) 2,500,000 gal; reservoir (Crafton) 3,000,000 gal; tank (Mt. Lebanon) 

2,000,000 gal; tank (Lincoln Place) 767,000 gal; tank (West Pittsburgh) 

735,000 gal; tank (West Homestead) 634,000 gal; tank (Rosslyn Farms) 100,000 

gal; tank (Mt. Oliver) 550,000 gal; tank (Hillcrest) 100,000 gal; clear water 

basins at Filter plant, 1,170,000 gal. Total, 21,101,000 gal. 

Fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride of the municipal supply was begun Dec. 22, 

1952; a fluoride content of 0.8 to 1.2 ppm is maintained in the finished water.
486 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PITTSBURGH^ Analyses Continued

- ._ .

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium tUta\

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO.) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Allegheny River

Raw 

water

0 

0 

199 

32

2.4

d !80 

180

5 

4.0

562

79 

Aug. 30, 

1951

Finished water ac

1.0 

.10 

.0 

11 

4.0

\ 5.0

0 

2.1 

37 

8

.4 

80

44 

42

61951

Finished 

water DC

6.6 

.3 

1.3 

60 

18

49

0 

17 

248 

58

2.7 

507

227 

213

1951

Finished 

water

5.4 

.14

46 

1.9

58

0 

2 

190 

32 

.0 

6.3 

373

123 

121

5 

6.1

569

80 

Aug. 30, 

1951

Monongahela River 

Finished 

water

8.4 

.15

40 

16

94

0 

46 

298 

14 

.1 

3.6 

554

166 

128

6 

7.6

822

86 

Aug. 24, 

1951

,r determinations at nt, 1950*

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

9

7

Max

43 

26

Min

f-21 

0

PH

Av

6.5 

6.3

Max

6.8 

6.8

Min

5.3 

5.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

<PPm)

Av

76

75

Max

208 

172

Min

30 

33

Turbidity

Av

29 

0

Max

500 

5

Min

3 

0

a Weekly composite of daily samples with minimum dissolved solids.

b Weekly composite of daily samples with maximum dissolved solids.

c Analyses by Pittsburgh Water Works laboratory. dyersenate method.

ein!951, 13 composite samples were acid (Aug. 19-Nov. 11, 1951). f Acidity.

PITTSTON 

(Population, 15,012) 

Ownership: Supplied by Scranton. (See Scranton.)

POTTSTOWN 

(Population, 22,589)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 29,600. 

Source: Schuylkill River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, addition of activated carbon, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 12,000,000 gal.
PENNSYLVANIA 487

POTTSTOWN- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

7.6 

.03 

.03 

34 

14

\ 9.8

36 

115 

6.9 

.1 

5.5 

223

Finished 

water 

[city tap)

6.5 

.20

41 

17

( 9 

\ -2.5

0 

48 

137 

11 

.2 

5.2 

280

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate ......

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water a

142 

113

5

337

55 

1945-1946

Finished 

water 

|city tap)

172 

133

5 

/.5

413

78 

Tune 28, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

40 

35

Max

50 

45

Min

30 

25

PH

Av

7.1 

6.9

Max

7.2 

6.8

Min

7.0 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

180 

175

Max

250

Min

100

Turbidity

Av

100

Max Min

a Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples of Schuylkill River 

at Pottstown for the year Oct. 1, 1945 to Sept. 30, 1946.

POTTSVILLE 

(Population, 23,640)

Ownership: Pottsville Water Company; supplies also Port Carbon, St. Clair, 

Schuylkill Haven, and E. Norwegian and North Manheim townships. Total 

population supplied, about 42,800.

Source: Eisenhuth Run impounded in Eisenhuth Reservoir near Frackville; Kaufman Run, Tar Run, and Wolf Creek impounded in reservoirs of the same name 

near St. Clair; Indian Run impounded in Indian Run Reservoir, near Pottsville. 

Auxiliary or emergency supply, Mud Run (tributary to Stoney Creek) impounded.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,475,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 
488 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

POTTSVILLE - -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ................

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2

0

no

1.0

X 1 8 ' i

0

o

4.0

1.4

.0

19

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water 

(citv tap)

5

2

5

6.1

21.4

66

Sept. 11,

1951

READING 

(Population, 109,320)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 15,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 124,300.

Source: Maiden Creek impounded in Lake Ontelaunee about 93 percent of the supply; Antietam Creek impounded in Antietam Lake about 7 percent of supply.

Treatment: The Maiden Creek Plant: coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, aeration, and chlorination. The Antietam Creek Plant: Slow sand 

filtration and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Maiden Creek Plant, 20,000,000 gpd; Antietam 

Creek Plant, 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 3,980,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 38,000,000 gal (elevated).
PENNSYLVANIA 489

READING- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (C(\) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8)......

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride-(F) ...............

Nitrate (NOg) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOgi 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )....... .

Date of collection ........

Maiden 

Creek 

raw water)

} «"

0 

73 

16 

4.8

4.0

77 

17

5 

7.5

173

72 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Antietam 

Creek 

(raw water)

3.9

0 

34 

14 

2.5

1.8

34 

6

10 

7.8

99.4

67 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Maiden Cr. 

(finished 

water)

5.0 

.06

25 

6.2

1.9

0 

70 

24 

5.4

2.6 

115

88 

31

5 

8.0

204

71 

Aug. 7, 

1951

Maiden Cr. 

(finished 

water) a

4.7 

.07

20 

4.8

1.2

0 

48 

22 

3.0

7 

102

70 

30

1 

8.1

0.1 

39 

January, 

1949

Maiden Cr. 

(finished 

water) a

6.9 

.04

35 

6.5

5.8

0 

93 

33 

4.6

12 

152

114 

38

1 

8.1

0.1 

48 

November, 

1949

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949 Maiden Creek

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

60

Max

76

Min

39

PH

Av

8.0

Max

8.2

Min

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

87

Max

114

Min

70

Turbidity

Av

. 0.1

Max Min

a Monthly-composite of daily samples. Analyses (by Reading Water Department) 

showing minimum and maximum dissolved solids.

SCRANTON 

(Population, 125,536)

.Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. The company serves 

57 civil divisions extending roughly from Forest City on the north through Newport township on the south, a distance of about 70 miles, including Carbondale, 

Dunmore, Kingston, Nanticoke, Pittston, Plains township, Scranton, and 

Wilkes-Barre. Total population supplied, about 600,000.

Sources: Reservoirs: No. 5, No. 7, Lake Scranton, Williams Bridge, and Chinchilla.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 3,000, 000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: --

The company has 76 reservoirs of a total capacity of about 19, 500,000,000 gal. 

The reservoirs supply water from 35 points of distribution.
490 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SCRANTON- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

'Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

3.7 

.02

7.8 

1.5

> ."

6 

15 

5.0 

.0 

1.0 

55

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 c.)....... ....:..........

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

26 

21

5 

6.3

69.5

45 

Nov. 25, 

1951

SHAMOKIN 

(Population, 16,879)

Ownership: The Roaring Creek Water Company; supplies also the boroughs Centralia and Girardville, the townships of Conyngham, Mt. Carmel, Ralphp, and 

Shamokin, and furnishes water to Kulmont Water Company, Marion Heights 

Water Company, Mt. Carmel Water Company, and Trevorton Water Company. 

Total population supplied, about 67,000.

Source: Streams and lakes.

Treatment: Chlorination and the addition of soda ash. Caigon is added to 60 percent of the supply.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 2,007,700 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Qiilfsito l^tCl \

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3.4 

.03

2.0 

.6

\ 2.9

0 

7 

5.5 

1.2 

.0 

.6 

27

Hardness as CaCOg: 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

7 

2

5 

6.1

33.2

70 

Sept. 12, 

1951
PENNSYLVANIA 491

SHARON 

(Population, 26,454)

Ownership: Shenango Valley Water Company; supplies also Farrel, Wheatland, 

and Hickory township. Total population supplied, about 48,000.

Source: Shenango River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, sedimentation, coagulation with lime and alum, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium ($fg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (RCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

* Raw

water

\ 6.6

0 

47 

31 

3.6

5.7

Finished 

water

1.9 

.05

26 

4.7

13

0 

60 

47 

9.9

.0 

145

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

pH....................... .

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK (1 \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Dale of collection...

Raw

water

66 

28

10 

' 7.1

289

81 

July 27, 

1951

Finished 

water

84 

35

8 

7.8

247

July 27, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

39 

43

Max

52 

60

Min

28 

32

pH

Av

7.3 

7.6

Max

7.7 

8.2

Min

6.8 

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

65 

82

Max

77 

92

Min

58 

64

Turbidity

Av

29 

.2

Max

42 

.4

Min

17 

.1

SHENANDOAH 

(Population, 15, 704)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 23,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 38,700. 

Source: Springs and streams. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1,112,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 270,000 gal.
492 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SHENANDOAH- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (M") .... .

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ....;.....

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

 u

. Uo

1.4

 V

\ 1 fi J 1 ' 6

0 .

6

£

1 . O

.0

.0 

18

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

7

6

o

6

0

OC O

co

Sept. 11,

1QC-I

STATE COLLEGE

(Population, 17,227)

Ownership: The Pennsylvania State College. Population supplied, about 12,000.

The borough of State College has a separate system of supply. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 2, 3, 16, 17)365, 333, 305, 230, and 336 ft deep; yield reported to be 700, 350, 350, 350, and 600 gpm, 83 percent of supply. Streams, 

17 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ...................

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs)... ..............

Sulfate (S04)........ ........ ...........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color ...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Musser's 

Gap 

stream

> ."

8 

1.7 

1.4

.1

8

1

5 

7.1

25.5

61 

Aug. 28, 1951

Well 17 

(raw water)

1.0

0 

138 

4.2 

1.4

1.0

118 

5

3 

7.7

230

51 

Aug. 28, 1951

Finished 

water 

Tap samplea

6.4 

.06

22 

13 

/ .5 

\ .6 

6 

108 

3.4 

1.5 

.0 

2.0 

112

108 

10

4 

8.0

205

51 

Aug. 28, 1951

a 88 percent well water; 12 percent stream water.
PENNSYLVANIA 493

SUNB*URY 

(Population, 15,570)

Ownership: The Sunbury Water Company; also supplies about 1,000 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 16,600.

Source: Little Shamokin Creek.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 47,450,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o . rx

. ilo

 

9.8

. o

\ 3.3

0

OR

19

4 o

.0

1.7

fin

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

01

7.4

09 7

7K

Sept. 26,

1 Q^l

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw watAi*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

24 

25

Max

46 

52

Min

5

9

PH

Av

7.2

Max Min

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

38

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

Max

30 

0

Min

6 

0

SWISSVALE 

(Population, 16,488) 

Ownership: Supplied by Wilkinsburg. (See Wilkinsburg.)

UNIONTOWN 

(Population, 20,471)

Ownership: Uniontown Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Co.', 

Inc.); also supplies about 10,100 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 30,600.

Source: Reservoirs, 8 5 per cent of supply; Youghiogheny River, 15 percent of supply.

Treatment: Impounded supply: chlorination, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride and addition of Calgon. Youghiogheny River water: coagulation with alum 

and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, and chlorination. Calgon is also applied at the outlet of the distribution reservoir.

Rated capacity of treatment plant (River Station): 1,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounded sources, 169,900,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Distribution reservoir, 6,000,000 gal; clear water basin, 

40,000 gal.
494 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

UNIONTOWN- -Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) .......... 

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 n

97

9.9 

1.7

\ 5

/ 0

10

10

2 9

.0

1.7

48

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at 

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

19

17

7 Q

7fl 9

AK

T7i_l_ -1 n

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, &50

Raw water a . ......

Finished water a.

T99w wzitot* fo

Finished water b.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

2

5

19 

19

Max

7 

10

39 

39

Min

0 

2

7 

7

PH

Av

6.2 

7.1

7.0 

7.0

Max

6.9 

8.0

7.3 

7.3

Min

4.8 

6.7

6.8 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

44

36 

36

Max

72

50 

50

Min

30

26 

26

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

--

Max

300 

0

~~

Min

0 

0

~~

a Youghiogheny River. 

b Cool Springs Reservoir.

UPPER DARBY township 

(Population, 84,951)

Ownership: Philadelphia Suburban Water Company, 762 Lancaster Avenue, Bryn 

Mawr, Pa. This company supplies a number of places and townships in 

Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties, a suburban area of approximately 300 square miles, adjacent to the city of Philadelphia. Total population 

supplied, about 475,000.

Source: Crum Creek; Pickering Creek, supplemented with water from Perkiomen 

Creek; Neshaminy Creek, supplemented with water from Iron Works Creek. 

Reservoirs on these creeks store about 5,000,000,000 gal of water. About 80 

percent of the supply of Upper Darby township is taken from Crum Creek, and 

about 20 percent from Pickering Creek.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum (and lime when necessary), activated carbon 

for taste and odor control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with hydrated lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Crum Creek Plant, 20,000,000 gpd; Pickering 

Creek Plant, 16,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Crum Creek, 3, 500,000,000 gal; Pickering Creek, 

350,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 
PENNSYLVANIA 495

UPPER DARBY'township Continued

The Philadelphia Suburban Water Company supplies Aldan, Bryn Athyn, Clifton 

Heights, Collingdale, Colwyn, Conshohocken, Darby, East Lansdowne, 

Eddystone, Folcroft, Glenolden, Jenkintown, Lansdowne, Millbourne, Morton, 

Narbeth, Norwood, Prospect Park, Rockledge, Rutledge, Sharon Hill, 

Swarthmore, West Conshohocken, Yeadon, and the following townships: 

Abington, Cheltenham, Darby, Easttown, East Wniteland, Haverford, Lower 

Merion, Lower Moreland, Marple, Newtown, Plymouth, Radnor, Ridley, 

Schuylkill, Springfield (Delaware Co.), Springfield (Montgomery Co.), 

Tinicum, Tredyffrin, Upper Darby, Upper Merion, Upper Moreland, Whitemarsh, and Willistown.

Finished water from the Neshaminy Creek plant is supplied to Abington and 

Cheltenham township; finished water from the Pickering Creek plant, to 

Haverford township on the main line; a mixture of water from Crum Creek and 

Pickering plants, to Lower Merion and Upper Darby townships. Certain parts 

of each township may receive water from either plant or various percentage 

mixtures of water from both plants.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). .......... ..........

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO^.. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ.... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity.............................

Date of collection ......;............

Crum Creek 

(raw water) a

8

ft

.07

A*

4

0

> ,s

oq

99

5

0

.1

2 4

07

KA

23

7.4

O

OC

June 4, 1951

Pickering Creek 

(raw water) a

11

.10

J.o

5 A

8.8

KI

 >n

8 0

.1

2

r\

100

tin

25

7.0

O oc

May 28, 1951

Finished 

water b

6

0

AO

10

3

C

7.5

0

qo

OA

5

0

.0

1

C

n&

OQ

13

7.0 /*>

199

70

Aug. 30, 1951

Analysis by Philadelphia'Suburban Water Company. 

Tap sample, Darby, Pa.
496 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WASHINGTON 

(Population, 26,280)

Ownership: The Citizens Water Company of Washington, Pa. (controlled by American Water Works Co., Inc.); also supplies E?jst Washington, and parts of the townships of Amwell, Canton, Chartiers, North Franklin, and South Strabane. 

Total population supplied, about 39,500.

Source: 2 impounding reservoirs and Chartiers Creek.

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, coagulation with alum, prechlorination, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,300,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,182,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 13,350,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

""

.

\ 8.3

J 0 

86

34

9 n

.6

Finished 

water

2

0

ni

17 d *>

14

0 

24

KQ

11

.1

.4

124

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

NAnf*3i*hrtTiatA

Color...................

PH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

101

31

5

7.5

233

Aug. 23,

1951

Finished 

water

e*r\

40

K

7.4

201

74

Aug. 23,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

87 

26

Max

124 

69

Min

69 

21

PH

Av

7.7 

9.6

Max

8.3 

9.8

Min

7.3 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

127 

67

Max

170 

86

Min

98 

51

Turbidity

Av

12 

0

Max

55 

0

Min

9 

0

a Reservoir 344.

WEST CHESTER 

(Population, 15,168)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,400. 

Source: Chester Creek impounded. Emergency supply, reservoir fed by springs

and runoff water. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon (Nuchar), coagulation with alum

and lime, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 238,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal.
PENNSYLVANIA 497

WEST CHESTER--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

-- 

16 

\ 7.7 

0

QQ

1O

5 A

4

0

Finished 

water

10

~~

16

5.1

3.4

0 

50

1C 

8c

.0

1. «7

109

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

oq

5 

7 Q

111

7ft

Aug. 7,

1QR1

Finished 

water

C 1

Of)

5 

7 Q

1 51

74

Aug. 8,

1 QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

26 

43

Max Min

PH

Av

7.4 

8.2

Max Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

33 

26

Max Min

Turbidity

Av

15 

0

Max

--

Min

WEST MIFFLIN 

(Population, 17,985)

Ownership: Supplied by South Pittsburgh Water Company. (See Pittsburgh. x

WILKES-BARRE 

(Population, 76,826)

Ownership: Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Company. (See Scranton.) 

Source: Laurel Run, Plymouth Relief Creek, Pine Run, Gardners Creek, Mill

Creek, Spring Brook, and Hillside. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 2,700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na.) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQ^ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

2

0

.0

4.0

1

0

\ 2.3

0

10

8.5

0 rt

.0

.5

38

Total .......................

Noncarbonate .............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

OK P \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

' (city tap)

17

8

7. J

53.3

68

Sept. 12,

1951
498 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WILKINSBURG 

(Population, 31,418)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Braddock (4th ward), Braddock Hills, 

Chalfant, Churchill, East Pittsburgh, Edgewood, Forest Hills, North Braddock, Pitcairn, Pittsburgh (part of 13th ward), Swissvale, Trafford, Turtle 

Creek, and Wilmerding; the townships of North Versailles (part), Patton (part), 

Penn, and Wilkins; and redistributed in the boroughs of East McKeesport, 

Rankin, and Wall. Total population supplied, about 206,000.

Source: Allegheny River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, potassium permanganate, chlorine 

dioxide, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3 open reservoirs; 1 covered reservoir; and 7 standpipes. Total, 44,730,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) .:........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

.Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.39

>-~

' a o

0 

250 

23

1.8

Finished 

water

7.6 

.12

78 

18

16

0 

19 

238 

28 

.1 

1.4 

463

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color»..».............

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK /-i \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

206 

206

6 

4.15

643

84 

Aug. 21, 

1951

Finished 

water

269 

253

3 

7.3

656

83 

Aug. 21, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water....

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

15 

30

Max

35 

50

Min

0 

18

PH

Av

6.2

7.4

Max

6.8 

8.8

Min

4.5 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

98 

125

Max

150 

175

Min

60 

85

Turbidity

Av

89 

0.5

Max

1200 

3

Min

20 

0

a Total acidity as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 42 ppm
PENNSYLVANIA 499

WILLIAMSPORT 

(Population, 45,047)

Ownership: Williamsport Municipal Water Authority; also supplies Duboistown, 

South Williamsport, and parts of Armstrong, Loyalsock,* and Old Lycoming 

townships. Total population supplied, about 57,000.

Source: Mosquito Creek 61 percent of supply; Hagerman Run 26 percent of supply; and 8 wells (used during dry seasons) 13 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 25,200,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by South Pittsburgh Water Company)

Silica {SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Nitrate (NO,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Mosquito 

Creek 

(raw water)

4.3 

2.0

12 '

4.0 

.05

25 

14

6.8 

1949

Hagerman 

Run 

(raw water)

5.0 

2.1

5

4.0 

.05

20

6.8 

1949

Wells 

(raw 

water)

.2

17 

3.5

24

12 

.10

56 

100

6.2 

1949

Finished 

water a 

(city tap)

2.1 

.14

4.1 

1.5

> 0 

10 

5.7 

2.5 

0 

.5 

24

16 

8

5 

6.7

36.8

42 

Feb. 19, 

1952

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.
500 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

YORK

(Population, 59,953)

Ownership: The York Water Company; also supplies Manchester, Mt. Wolf, North 

York, Spring Garden township and other communities. Total population supplied, about 88,000.

Source: East and south branches of Codorus Creek impounded.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 953,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 33,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ................

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

4 0

no

14

3 4.

\ 6.0

0

36

1 0

9 A

.1

6

0

88

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

4Q

1Q

R

7.2

139

72

Sept. 19,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

21 

22

Max

20 

25

Min

20 

20

PH

Av

6.4 

8.0

Max

6.6 

8.5

Min

6.3 

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

60 

60

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

40 

0

Max

2000 

0

Min

5 

0
RHODE ISLAND 501

BRISTOL 

(Population, 10,335)

Ownership: Bristol County Water Company; also supplies Warren and Barrington 

towns. Total population supplied, about 26,000.

Source: Impounding Reservoirs on Kickemuit and Palmer Rivers. Barrington supply, 2 wells each 83 ft deep, and each reported to yield 1,000, 000 gpd.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 6.8 with hydrated lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 460,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3,290,000 gal.

Fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride to a content of 1. 0 ppm of fluoride in the 

supply from the Warren station was begun May 21, 1952, and in the supply 

from the Barrington station Mar. 1, 1953.

»

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

.01

n&

16

 1 Q

6

r\

.7

0

91

OQ

9

0

9

84

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ........ .......

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

48

on

7

7.0

140

0.7

July 11,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

12 

17

Max

16 

21

Min

8

14

PH

Av

6.6 

7.0

Max

6.7 

7.2

Min

6.5 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34 

53

Max

44 

58

Min

26 

48

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0

Min

0

CENTRAL FALLS 

(Population, 23,550)

Ownership: Purchases water from Pawtucket. (See Pawtucket.)

CRANSTON 

(Population, 55,060)

Ownership: Purchases water from Providence and West Warwick town. (See 

Providence and West Warwick town.)
502 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CUMBERLAND town 

(Population, 12,842)

Ownership: Municipal; Pawtucket Water Company. (See Pawtucket.) Total population supplied, 7, 873.

Source: Municipal: Sneech Pond 13 percent of supply; 1 well 18 ft deep, on the 

Lippitt estate, 2 percent. Pawtucket Water Company, 85 percent of supply.

Treatment: Municipal: chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 175,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 360,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CQj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Sneech Pond 

(raw 

water)

2

n

1 Q

nn

5.1

1

0

4 9

1.4

0

1 O

10

5.8

1.4'

46

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

oc p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Sneech Pond 

(raw 

water)

£i\J

10

99

6

TJ

on Q

O Q

77

July 16,

1 QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

12

Max

16

Min

8

PH

Av

6.6

Max

6.8

Min

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

24

Max

26

Min

21

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

EAST PROVIDENCE town 

(Population, 35,871)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Watchemoket section of East Providence which 

was formerly supplied by Pawtucket Water Company.

Source: Ten Mile River impounded in East Providence Reservoir, 80 percent of 

supply; 3 wells (supply for Watchemoket section) 20 percent. The wells (Epr. 

76, 77, and 78) 56, 74, and 58 ft deep yield 754, 759, and 1,280 gpm, respectively.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and soda ash, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 

6. 9 with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,100,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 420,000,000 gal. (East Providence Reservoir).

Finished-water storage: 1,000, 000 gal.
RHODE ISLAND 503

EAST PROVIDENCE town Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) ...... ... ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOs)...... ...........

Sulf ate (SO*).... ............. ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C,). ..........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

rf*AmnoT*Q4iiT*o /IT \

Finished water a

6 q

00

CO

. O

I

f!

OQ

2 A

0

00

40

00

4.7

me

Q1

13

6.4

ooc

4.0

74 

July 11. 1951

WellEpr. 76

9

0

no

.01

. u 

Ifi

4.6

0

10

on

5.5

.1

2

c

ft9

OA

19

0

6

0

QQ 4

1 ft

C£J

Julv 11. 1951

WellEpr. 77

10

.00

.00

. o 10

5.0

.4

0

15

1Q 10

5

Q

.0

2 7

fi4

00

20

6

0

103

0.7

51 

June 23. 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

26 

24

Max

41 

30

Min

13 

18

PH

Av

6.8 

6.7

Max

7.0 

6.7

Min

6.7 

6.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

42 

42

Max

54 . 

47

Min

29 

39

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a Surface supply.

JOHNSTON town 

(Population, 12,725) 

Ownership: Purchases water from Providence. (See Providence.)

LINCOLN town 

(Population, 11,270)

Ownership: Purchases water from Pawtucket. (See Pawtucket.)
504 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWPORT 

(Population, 37,564)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 4, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 42,000.

Source: Reservoirs: Eastons North and Eastons South Ponds, Nelsons Pond, 

Gardners Pond, St. Marys Pond, Sissons Pond, and Lawton Valley Reservoir. 

Auxiliary or emergency supply, Nonquit Pond.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,900,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,310,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 8, 000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.9 

.01 

.00 

21 

4.5 

12 

1.8 

0 

23 

30 

33 

.0 

.3 

119

Finished 

water

.1 

.08 

.00 

23 

4.4 

13 

3.2 

0 

26 

42 

31 

.1 

.2 

1130

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

None arbonate ......

Color..................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

71 

52

2

7.2

224 

0.6 

72 

July 11, 

1951

Finished 

water

76 

54

1 

6.6

248 

1.0 

72 

July 10, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 b

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

29 

24

Max

34 

32

Min

25 

20

PH

Av

7.9 

7.6

Max

9.3 

8.2

Min

7.1 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

68 

83

Max

92 

94

Min

52 

73

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0 

0

a Sum of determined constituents.

b Combined Newport and Lawton Valley supplies.

NORTH KINGSTON town 

(Population, 14,810)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied, 8,000.

Source: 1 well (Nok. 26) 50 ft deep and reported to yield 1,000 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination and adjustment of pH to 7. 0 with soda ash.

Ratqd capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 625,000 gal.
RHODE ISLAND 505

NORTH KINGSTON town--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Diameter (inches)...........

Date drilled ..................

Percent of supply ...........

Well Nok. 26 

(raw water)

j. &

.01 

.02

5.0

1. £t

7.4

0

j. &

 o

J.O

1.0

61

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK /-« \

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Well Nok. '26 

(raw water)

17

8

1

6

-\

89 1

O q

CA

July 9,

1QC1

Cfl

l£t

mo

NORTH PROVIDENCE town 

(Population, 13,927)

Ownership: Purchases water from Providence. (See Providence.)

PAWTUCKET 

(Population, 81,436)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Central Falls, and parts of Cumberland town, 

Lincoln town, and a small part of North Providence town. Total population supplied, about 125,000.

Source: Abbott Run impounded in-Diamond Hill and Arnold Mill Reservoirs. Emergency supply, 4 wells (Cum. 339, 340; Lin. 335, 342).

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 7. 0.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,764,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal.
506 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PAWTUCKET - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg),....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (RCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

3 A

.10

.00

8.3

1 c

4.6

.8 

0 

17

19

6.1

1.0

54

Well 

(Lin. 

342)

10

no

.00

17

. &

10

2.3 

0 

56

24

1 Q

.0

1.4

128

Hardness as CaCO,:

TYrfal . .

Noncarbonate. .....

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Finished 

water

97

19

6.8

R4 7

1.1

78

July * *** j 17 *. ,

1QC1

Well 

(Lin. 

342)

cc

10

7

6

0

919

1.0

54

July 23,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

11 

12

Max

12 

14

Min

10 

8

pH

Av

6.6 

7.1

Max

6! 9 

8.4

Min

6.3 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

29

34

Max

34 

40

Min

26

28

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

PROVIDENCE

(Population, 248,674)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies most of Cranston and Warwick and parts of

Johnston town, Smithfield town, and North Providence town. Total population

supplied, about 372,000. 

Source: Scituate Reservoir and five smaller reservoirs on North Branch of Pawtuxet River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with ferric sulfate (Ferrifloc) and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 61,600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 39,746,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 54,000,000 gal.
RHODE ISLAND 507

PROVIDENCE Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

8

0

a. 02

.00

9.0 

.5

3 9

.7

is

10

4.0

b.l

52

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

f)A

10

7

9 1

74.6

a 0.6

on

July 17,

1QM

Regular determination* at treatment plant, 1949-50 c

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

5 

15

Max

5 

16

Min

4 

13

PH

Av

6.2 

9.4

Max

6.4 

9.5

Min

6.0 

9.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

27.

Max

11 

30

Min

9 

24

 Turbidity

'Av

.2

.0

Max

.9 

.0

Min

.1 

.0

a Analysis October 9, 1953.

t» Fluoridation of the supply was begun in September 1952. A fluoride content 

of 1. 0 is maintained in the supply for the months of June, July, August, arid 

September, and 1.2 ppm for the remainder of the year.

c Water year.

WARWICK 

(Population, 43,028)

Ownership: Municipal. Purchases 87 percent of supply from Providence and 13 

percent from Kent County Water Authority. (See Providence and West Warwick 

town.)
508 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WESTERLY 

(Population, 8,415)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 500 people in Bradford and about 1,000 in 

Pawcatuck, Connecticut. Total population supplied, about 9,900.

Source: 166 wells (Wes. 1 to 166) at Westerly; 25 wells (Wes. 167 to 191) at Bradford. Pumping station 1 (Varietyville)^02 wells (Wes.l to 102) 45 to 80 ft deep, 

reported to yield a total of 1,389 gpm; pumping station 2 (Whiterock) 64 wells 

(Wes. 103 to 166) 35 to 60 ft deep, reported to yield a total 1, 215 gpm; pumping station 3 (Bradford) 25 wells (167 to 191) 35 to 55 ft deep, reported to yield 

a total of 62. 5 gpm.

Treatment: None.

Storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

The water is pumped directly to the distribution mains.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Tap sample a

la

. Ua

. UO

5.4

1 O

o ^

1 £i

0

IJy

. c*

. U

.0

4.0

RA

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Tap sample a

oU

4

7

6

n

Q4 ft

1.1

Cfi

July 25,

1 QM

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water*5 . ......

Raw water 0 .......

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

19 

13

Max

21 

15

Min

16 

10

PH

Av

5.9 

5.8

Max

6.0 

5.8

Min

5.8 

5.8

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

33

Max

27 

36

Min

24 

27

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

a Town Hall, Westerly. b Westerly. c Bradford.
RHODE ISLAND 509

WEST WARWICK town 

(Population, 19,096)

Ownership: Kent County Water Authority; also supplies about 1,000 people in 

Cranston, part of Warwick, and parts of Coventry town and North Scituate 

town. Total population supplied, about 27,000.

Source: Wells: 4 wells (Cov. 1 to 4) 40 to 49 ft deep; 20 wells (Cov. 5 to 13, 18 to 

28) 29 to 37 ft deep; well. (Egr. 3) 107 ft deep and reported to yield 1, 500 gpm; 

well (War. 33) 118 ft deep, and reported to yield 2,700 gpm. Carr Pond, 

(upper and lower reservoirs). The wells furnish 60 percent of the supply and 

Carr Pond 40 percent. ^The systems are interconnected and consumers receive 

water from both sources.

Treatment: Chlorination; stabilization (Carr Pond) u Raw-water storage: 400,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 475, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mil) . . ..

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ...... ........

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (SOJ.... ....... ................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Wells a

7.4

.07

04

4.7

. ^ 

1 9

0

q

7

Q

6

c

.1

2

0

46

IK

8

7

6 A

CD Q

O Q

July 17, 1951

Well 

(War. 33)

la

.01

.00

. 5

!. *J

I 9

1* ft

0

10

10

8 9

4.6

CO

94

13

U. O

July 9, 1951

Tap sample b

.0

.0

. 4

1. £t

} n

0

17

\.£t

Id

.0

 v

P D \

£t 1

7

O« «7

0

bl) 

May8, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,-1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

21

Min

10

PH

Av

5.5

Max

5.8

Min

5.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

18

Max

29

Min

9

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

a Cov. 1 to 13, 18 to 28.

b Wells Cov. 1 to 13, 18 to 28; Carr Pond.

cSum of determined constituents.

Analysis by R. I. Dept. of Health.
510 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WOONSOCKET 

(Population, 50,211)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies parts of Lincoln town and North Smithfield 

town, and part of Blackstone town, Mass. Total population supplied, about 

59,900.

Source: Crookfall Brook impounded in Woonsocket Reservoir.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 910,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 5,500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Woonsocket 

Reservoir

4

0

99

nn

3.9

3 9

0

6

6

e

4.4

.1

1.1

34

Hardness as CaCOi:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

QnarHfi/* fonHiii^fanPo

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Woonsocket 

Reservoir

19

7

1C

6

Q '

AR n

O Q

78

July 16,

1QK.1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water*...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

6

Max

7

Min

5

PH

Av

6.4

Max

6.8

Min

6.1

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

20

Max

21

Min

18

Turbidity

Av

0

Max Min

0
SOUTH CAROLINA 511

ABBEVILLE 

(Population, 5,395)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied,

about 5,420.

Source: Long Cane Creek. The intake is about 4. 5 miles southeast of Abbeville. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation.rapid

sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gal (designed for 2 5 percent overload). 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 750,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

91

.00

5.0

 £t

\ 7.5

0 

04

. i 

4.0

.1

63

Finished 

water

1 o

.00

7.1

. j.

5.6

0 

90

J.O

6

/\

.0

62

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

 *TX pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ....... .

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

99

0

6

Q

68.3

 to

Mar 9R

1QRO

Finished 

water

oc

10

7 9

85.8

0

59

Mar. 26,

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max Min

PH

Av

6.8 

7.2

Max

6.9 

7.4

Min

6.7 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

200 

5

Max

2000 

15

Min

125 

5

AKEN 

(Population, 7,083)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,500.

Source: Springs about 6. 5 miles north of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination and lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Two standpipes, 200,000 and 600,000 gal.
512 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

AIKEN - -C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO*) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5 Q

n?

.00

.8 

.4

> 2.8 

J 0

.7

2 a

.0

3

C

23

Finished 

water

5 A

no

.00

4.0

3.3 

0

10

I

n

2 a

.0

3

n

30

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ...... ........

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

4

1

7

5.2

29.6

66

Mar ^

1QK1

Finished 

water

11

1

0.

6.0

38.3

R4

Mar ^

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

0 

20

Max Min

PH

Av

4.8 

7.0

Max

5.2

Min

4.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

2.0 

20

Max Min

--.

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max Min

ANDERSON 

(Population, 19,770)

Ownership: Duke Power Company; also supplies suburban districts and Equinox -

Appleton Mills. Total population, supplied, about 25,000.

Source: Rocky River, 75 percent of supply; Bailey Creek, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw^water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 40,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 198,000 gal; 2

elevated tanks, 500, 000 gal each; 2 reservoirs, 1,327,000 and 155,000 gal.
SOUTH CAROLINA 513

ANDERSON - -C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na)......... ..................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (ECO^... ..............

Sulfate (SOJ.... ....... ...... ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Rocky River 

Raw water

17

.11

.00

2

0

.8

\ 8.0

' 0

22

3.0

2.8

.1

1.0

48

9

0

27

7.0

53.6

51

Feb. 13, 1951

Bailey Creek 

Raw water

16

.06

.00

2 9

.8

8.5

0

21

5.0

2.5

.1

1.4

46

9

0

6

6.6

52.8

KO

Feb. 13, 1951

Finished water 

(city tap)

16

(\K

.06

5

0

1.5

8.5

0

27

12

2.4

.1

1.0

62

21

0

7

6.6

84.2

45

Feb. 13, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQg 

(ppm)

Av

19 

23

Max

19 

23

Min

19 

23

PH

Av

6.8 

7.6

Max

6.9

7.7

Min

6.7 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

22

Max

22

Min

22

Turbidity

Av

77 

0

Max

1,500 

0

Min

25 

0

BEAUFORT 

(Population, 5,081)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9,350.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 120, 87, 65, 65, and 65 ft deep; yield reported to be 350, 

350, 250, 250, and 400 gpm.

Treatment: Zeolite softening, chlorination at times.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 126,000 gal.
514 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BEAUFORT Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO«) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 1 

water

Q 4

KA

.00

40 

1.7

) 16

' 0

98

31

20

.2

.3

171

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 1 

water

107

1C

4

7.0

904

1

fi4

DAP 19

1QC1

a From wells 2, 3, and 5.

BENNETTSVILLE 

(Population, 5,140)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 6,000.

Source: 2 deep wells 300 and 350 ft deep; 1 well field of 8 wells each 60 ft deep; 

and 1 well field of 5 wells each 60 ft deep.

Treatment: Adjustment of pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 756,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water, storage: 1 clear well, 300,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10 

.06 

.00 

1.3 

1.4

}"

* 0 

6 

2.8 

14 

.1 

15 

64

Finished 

water

10 

.06 

.02 

1.6 

1.3

28

0 

46 

1.8 

14 

.0 

14 

93

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

9 

4

3 

5.3

96.9 

1 

65 

Dec. 17, 

1951

Finished 

water

9 

0

3 

6.6

150 

1 

55 

Dec. 17, 

1951
SOUTH CAROLINA 515

CAMDEN 

(Population, 6,986)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,000.

Source: Little Pine Tree Creek. The intake is about 3 miles east of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, addition of Calgon, and adjustment of pH with 

soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: one clear well 65,000 gal; 1 reservoir, 450,000 gal; 1 

standpipe, 235,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 250,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO^ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

5.3

.06

.00

I 2.6

J 0 

3

2.1

2.2

.1

.4

27

Finished 

water

4.8

09

.00

1.0

14

0 

20

8.9

5.2

.1

.3

45

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate ......

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Raw 

water

0

AC

5 A

21.2

Mar. 8,

1951

Finished 

water

4

0

7

6.2

70 1

Mar. 8,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

4 

19

Max

5 

22

Min

4 

16

PH

Av

6.2 

7

Max

6 

7

Min

5.5 

7

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

4 

5

Max

4

5

Min

4

t

\

Turbidity

Av

65 

5

Max

70 

5

Min

5
516 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHARLESTON 

(Population, 70,174)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 120,000.

Source: Edisto River 99 percent of supply; Goose Creek impounded in Goose 

Creek Reservoir 1 percent of supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, addition of copper sulfate and activated carbon (Nuchar) occasionally, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of caustic soda.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Goose Creek storage reservoir, 2,780,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 2,000,000 and 350,000 gal; 4 elevated tanks, 2,000,000, 250,000, 200,000, 75,000 gal.

Water from the Edisto River flows by gravity through a tunnel aqueduct direct to 

pumping station or to Goose Creek as desired.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COa)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.1

.22

.00

. 8

1 J "0 

23

1.8

5.6

.0

.6

46

Finished 

water

3.3

.02

.00

. 0

15 

0 

23

21

8.0

.1

.1

68

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal . . ..........

Color...................

pH.......... ....... ......

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). .... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

on

1

KA

6.1

60.1

Apr. 26,

1QC-I

Finished 

water

21

o

I o

6.4

119

Apr. 26,

1QC-I

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

17

Max

17 

27

Min

5 

12

PH

Av

6.6 

8.4

Max

7.1 

9.2

Min

6.0 

7.6

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

81 

6

Max

180 

30

Min

50 

2
SOUTH CAROLINA 517

CHERAW 

(Population, 4,836)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 5,000.

Source: Pee Dee River. The intake is on Pee Dee River about 0. 5 mile northeast of C her aw.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 50,000 and 250,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

200,000 and 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..;.. 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

8.6

ric

.00

4.0

1

C

\ 7.7

' 0 

25

4.8

4.8

.2

.7

46

Finished 

water

9.1

nc

.00

4.5

1.7

23

0 

33

31

6.4

.1

.3

92

Hardness as CaCO,:

TVttal

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F )

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

17

0

4

7.1

69.9

16

43

Dec. 18,

1951

Finished 

water

18

0

2

7.4

152

1

49

Dec. 18,

1951

CHESTER 

(Population, 6,893)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,000.

Source: Sandy River impounded. The intake is about 2. 5 miles west of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and adjustment of pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 534,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 500,000, 267,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

250,000 and 150,000 gal.
518 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

C HESTER C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (S0«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

on

.07

.00

5.4

7 7

t

> 7.6 

* 0

oc

3 4

5

0

.1

1.4

65

Finished 

water

1 Q

f|R

.00

5.8

2 Q

( 05

 < o"

/SE

on

8

0

.1

.0

112

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

__u pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

91 P 1

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Raw 

water

OR

0

6.4

91.3

Mar. 9,

1951

Finished 

water

Oft

0

4

6

g

176

Mar. 8,

1 QR1'

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Haw water.........

Finished water ^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

24 

46

Max

32 

42

Min

17 

40

PH

Av

6.8 

8.4

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

6.0 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

12

Max

16

Min

10

Turbidity

Av

150 

0

Max

4,000 

0

Min

100 

0

CLINTON 

(Population, 7,168)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 4,580. Private systems supply the remaining population of the 

city.

Source: Dune an Creek. The intake is about 5 miles northeast of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 600,000 and 625,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 250,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 250,000 and 

100,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

* * &" ***** * ** \»*»^/*« 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

90

.05

.00

4.1 

1.5

I 6.0 

 » 0

OK

3 ft

3 4

.5

57

Finished 

water

o«

|»O

.00

5.6 1c

14

0 

0.7

1 K

3 Q

.1

84

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color.."............. 

_y> pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OR fl \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1 a

0

7.1

61.2

74

40

Dec. 20,

1QR1

Finished 

water

01

0

4

7.4

114

1

40

Dec. 20,

1QR1
SOUTH CAROLINA 519

COLUMBIA 

(Population, 86,914)

Ownership: .Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 102,000.

Source: Cohgaree River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, prechlorination (breakpoint),sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 40,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear water reservoirs, 2,800,000 and 3,000,000 gal; 

1 standpipe, 375,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1,500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

14

no

.00

6.0 

1 e 1.0

y 7.7 

J o

QA

4.0

4.0

.1

.5

55

Finished 

water

1 o

no

.00

8.5

1. a

6.9 

0

00

10

4 Q

.1

63

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate..... .

vtTT pH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

22

0

6.5

71.5

mmmm

Mar. 9,

1951

Finished 

water

29

3

6.6

97.1

Mar. 9,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm)

Av

23 

24

Max

28 

29

Min

16 

18

PH

Av

7.0 

8.4

Max

7.3 

8.9

Min

6.8 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

33

Max

42

Min

24

Turbidity

Av

75

Max

370

Min

25

CONWAY

(Population, 6,073)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,000.

Source: 10 wells: Park Well and Hill Well, 438 and 406 ft deep; 3 artesian wells 

at plant 400 ft deep; 3 artesian wells in cemetery, 210 ft deep; 2 artesian wells 

on 1st Avenue, 290 and£86 ft deep. The wells are flowing except the first 

two named.

Treatment: None.

Rated capacity of plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Storage: Reservoirs, 400,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal.
520 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CONW AY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ........ ........

Sulfate (804)...........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity.............................

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of suoolv ...................

Park Well

15

f\c

.00

. o

\ 264

99

KA(\

an

3

K

R47

10

0

10

8

0

1,070 

1

Dec. 19, 1951

J.OQ

1Q1R

Hill Well

19

i a

.00

. o 

1 ^

245

14

eco

1 9

01

4 9

.4

cm

19

0

19

8

1

Q74

1

CO

Dec. 19, 1951

406

o

1946

3 wells 

at plant

15

(14

.00

0 O

1.1

254

94

549

1.0

47

3

0

.4

fiOA

10

0

14

8

«>

1,010

1

en

Dec. 19, 1951

400

10

1918

DARLINGTON 

(Population, 6,619)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 7, 600.

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 315, 317, 570, and 450 ft deep; yield reported to be 300, 

400, 100, 530 gpm. Well 4 is for emergency use.

Treatment: Adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 800,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 300,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 90,000 gal.
SOUTH CAROLINA 521

DARLINGTON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

11 

.84 

.00 

1.0 

.7

\ 4.4

' 0 - 

3 

9.8 

1.2 

.2 

.0 

30

Finished 

water a

11 

.66 

.00 

12 

1.7

2.0

0 

36 

9.1 

1.5 

.1 

.1 

56

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................

Color...................

«TT pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK 0 \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Well 1 

(raw 

water)

5 

3

1 

5.1

31.6 

0 

66 

Dec. 18, 

1951

Finished 

water a

37

7

4 

7.2

83.5 

2 

59 

Dec. 18, 

1951

a Wells 1 and 2.

DILLON 

(Population, 5,171)

Ownership: Municipal; total population supplied, about 3,000. Private systems

supply the remaining population of the city. 

Source: 9 wells: 2 deep wells 284 and 280 ft deep; 7 shallow wells at plant 37 to

40 ft deep. The yield of the 2 deep wells is reported to be 600 and 870 gpm;

of the 7 shallow wells, total of 155 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 250, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 75,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesiipn (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

12 

.10 

.00 

2.4 

1.,

L 9.0

J o

6 

3.3 

11 

.2 

9.0 

59

Finished 

water b

20 

.54 

.00 

2.9 

2.2

20

0 

57

3.0 

5.8

.2 

2.2 

84

Hardness as CaCO,:

Trttal ....

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

Iffl .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

OK r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

12

7

3 

5.4

82.6 

0 

65 

Dec. 17, 

1951

Finished 

water ^

16 

0

15 

7.1

118 

0 

58 

Dec. 17, 

1951

From 7 shallow wells. 

b From 2 deep wells and 7 shallow wells.
522 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EASHEY 

(Population, 6,316)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,400.

Source: Burdine Creek (70 percent of supply):Maddog Branch (30 percent of supply). The intake on Burdine Creek is 3 miles northeast of the city; on Maddog 

Branch, about 1 mile northeast of the city.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with soda ash, (sodium metaphosphate 

and ammonia occasionally).

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 900,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 500,000, 

200,000, and 60,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11 t\K

.00

2.8 1 - 7

\ 2.3

' 0 

10

2 n

2 1

1 R

28

Finished 

water

10

.04

.00

4.4

.7

7.3 

0

1 ft

8 1

3

c

1 3

45

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. . ....

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

10

2

5

6.8

qi o

on

44

Her 9fl

1 Q5.1

Finished 

water

14

0

7 9

CC Q

1

46

rtor> 9n

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

14 

22

Max

17 

27

Min

10

pH

Av

6.3 

7.3

Max

6.9 

7.4

Min

5.7 

7

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

16

Max

20

Min

14

Turbidity

Av

30

5

Max

1,000 

5

Min

25 

5

EAU CLAIRE * 

(Population, 9,238)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 13,500.

Source: Broad River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, addition 

of soda ash, chlorination, and ammoniation. '

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,350,000 gal.
SOUTH CAROLINA 523

EAU CLAIRE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

13. 

.04 

.00 

3.8 

1.1

0 

34 

4.1 

4.0 

.2 

1.0 

63

Finished 

water

14 

.03 

.00 

4.2 

1.7

15

0 

40 

11 

3.6 

.1 

.4 

68

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

14 

0

12

7.1

82.5

64 

Apr. 6, 

1953

Finished 

water

18 

0

4 

7.5.

103 

1 

66 

Apr. 6, 

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Raw water . .

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

13 

22

Max

14 

24

Min

12 

19

PH

Av

7.1 

7.8

Max

7.2 

8.2

Min

7.0 

7.8

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

17

Max

18

Min

16

Turbidity

Av

200

Max

3000

Min

150

FLORENCE 

(Population, 22,513)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 25,000. 

Source: 5 wells (6, 9 to 12) 735, 728, 768, 740, and 758 ft deep; yield reported

to be 860, 300, 740, 820, and 920 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, filtration (iron and carbon dioxide removal), pH adjustment,

and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,896,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 1,400,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks,

100,000, 500,000, and 300,000 gal.
524 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FLORENC E C ontinued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg).. ....... ...... ......

Sodium (Na).... ....... ...... ..........

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa).................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 6 

(raw water)

O 1

3

4

.00

. O 

2 a

\ / 12 l

0

± V

9 a

£i\J

» O

.0

O\J

14

q

5

Q

0

o7 

Dec. 18, 1951

7<>K

1 Q

November 1930

Well 12 

(raw water

1 O

1 * « ,.

.00

2.1 

1.5

17

0

97

8

e

l&

.1

.0

71

11 

0

4

6

0

1 AC

0

Dec. 18, 1951

nc o

on

July 1950

Wells 6, 9, 

10, 11 

(finished water)

£i L

.14 

.00

12

. i

31

0

85

10

&\j

.1

140

41 

0

7 9

0

Dec. 18, 1951

GAFFNEY 

(Population, 8,123)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: Cherokee Creek.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, Calgon, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 450,000 and 100,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 

500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal,

The treatment plant is on the creek 3. 5 miles from the cit>.
SOUTH CAROLINA 525

GAFFNEY Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by l>. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11 

.07 

.0 

2.4 

1.2

0 

15 

2.4 

3.0 

.0 

1.0 

33

Finished 

water

10 

.04 

.07 

4.0 

1.2

3.4

0 

14 

5.8 

3.1 

.0 

.7 

37

Hardness as'CaCO,:

None arbonate ......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. ).............. .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

11 

0

7 

6.0

41.7

54 

Feb. 14, 

1951

Finished 

water

15 

4

6 

6.3

52.4

46 

Feb. 14, 

1951 .

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

9 

12

Max

10 

14

Min

7 

10

PH

Av

6.7 

7.3

Max

7.1 

7.5

Min

6.5 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

21

Max

26

Min

18

Turbidity

Av

 75

Max

375

Min

30

GEORGETOWN 

(Population, 6,004)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,500.

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 650, 850, 850, 925, and 800 ft deep; yield reported to be 

190, 210, 150, 200, and 400 gpm.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: A reservoir, 230,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 standpipe, 146,000 gal.

Water from well 1 and 2 is pumped into a reservoir and is chlorinated when pumped from this to the distribution system.
526 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GEORGETOWN Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

f

Silica (SiOjJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ........... ........

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOJ.. ........ .......

Sulf ate (S0<).... .......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................... .....

Noncarbonate .....................

Color..................................*

PH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) .....:.............

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Wells 1 and 2 

(raw water)

10

10

.00

. i

\ 215

«>e

467

1.4

00

1.1

coo

0

5

8

C

OKC

0

Dec. 19. 1951

650, 850 

8 a

IflQQ 1Q79

Well 3 

(raw water)

19

.17

.00

. u

0

219

9n

AO*

3 n

A G

1.1

KQO

0

4

8

9

Q7D

1

ntt

Dec. 19. 1951

oRn

1QQO

Well 4 

(raw water)

14

19

t\t\

. t

.7

246

17

coo

9 1

RA

1.1

RQQ

0

8 A

QP.9

1

Dec. 19. 1951

QQR

1QA7

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 58,161)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts and several industrial

areas. Total population supplied, about 135,000. 

Source: Mountain streams, impounded. 

Treatment: Chlorination,ammoniation, and soda-ash at Plant 1. Additional

chlorination and ammoniation at Plants 2 and 3. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 40,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir about 9, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 22,000,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 1,220,000

and 460,000 gal.

Table Rock Reservoir is about 22.8 miles from the city limits. Plant 1 is about 

1,000 ft from the reservoir. Water from Table Rock Reservoir is treated at 

Plant 1,. flows to two equalizing reservoirs, No. 3, 19.3 miles east of Table 

Rock Reservoir and No. 6, 16.7 miles southeast of Table Rock Reservoir. 

From these reservoirs, water flows through two separate lines to chemical 

plants 2 and 3 for additional treatment with ammonia and chlorine before entering the distribution system and standpipes.
SOUTH CAROLINA 527

GREENVILLE Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Flubride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw

water

7 ft

(W

.00

.9 

.4

\ 2.9 

0

1

0

1.0

.1

17

Finished 

water

9

0

09

.00

1.1

7.0

0 

m

1

Q

1.5

.1

.4

30

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..

Date of collection...

* Raw 

water

4

0

6.2

18.0

43

Feb. 16,

1951

Finished 

water

4

0

6.6

45.0

54

Feb. 16,

1951

1950

Raw water

Finished water ...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

5 

15

Max

6 

17

Min

4 

13

PH

Av

6.9 

8.4

Max

7.2 

8.5

Min

6.6 

8.3

Hardnei 

as CaC 

(ppm]

Av

1 

1

Max

1 

1

3S

oa

Min

1 

1

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

GREENWOOD 

(Population, 13,806)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 18,300.

Source: Coronoco;Creek impounded in two lakes (1 percent of supply); Saluda 

River impounded in Lake Greenwood (99 percent of supply). The intake for 

Coronoco Creek water is 5 miles east of the city, and the intake in Lake 

Greenwood is about 10 miles east-northeast of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, addition 

of lime, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding lakes for Coronoco Creek 75,000,000 gal; reservoir 10,000, OOOj Lake Greenwood exceeds 1,000,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 1,125,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 300,000 

gal. (Additional facilities under construction).
528 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GREENWOOD C ontinued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

1 ^

.00

2.0

\ 9. 1.

99

3 A

3 a

.1

47

Finished 

water

1 ^

» £t&

.00

6.0

1.0

7.9

0

97

7 t

4 9

.1

.5

53

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color

«*T1 pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C )

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

8

0

45

6.8

72.1

46

Feb. 16,

1951

Finished 

water

19

0

7

6.8

76.4

66

F*.16,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

F inished wate r . . .

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

20 

22

Max

24 

26

Min

18 

18

PH

Av

7.2 

7.9

Max

7.3 

8.4

Min

6.9

7.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av

17 

20

Max

22

Min

Turbidity

Av

45

Max

55

Min

25

a Lake Greenwood.

GREER 

(Population, 5,050)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10,100.

Source: South Tyger River, 90 percent of supply; enclosed springs, 10 percent 

of supply. The intake on South Tyger River is about 2. 5 miles northeast of 

the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, Calgon and lime for adjustment of pH. Water from springs: 

chlorination only.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 2, 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 625,000 gal; elevated tank, 500,000 gal.
SOUTH CAROLINA 529

GREEK--Continued

' ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulf ate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

11

AC

.00

2.3

/ * *

0 

14

2

C

2

K

.1

32

Finished 

water

1 9

.04

.00

7.5

3.6

0 

17

10

3 0

.4

51

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection . . .

Raw 

water

0

5

6

0

35.0

28

Dec. 20,

1951

Finished 

water

99

8

1

7.0

70.3

1

Dec. 20,

1951

HARTSVILLE 

(Population, 5,658)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: 12 wells: 2 Layne wells (old well at plant, new well at center of town) 

240 and 375 ft deep; 2 wells at plant about 180 ft deep; 4 wells at plant, 160 to 

180 ft deep; 4 wells drilled inside of the four last named wells to a depth of 

220 ft. The yield of the Layne wells is reported to be 814 and 800 gpm. The 

Layne well at the plant is used all of the time. The other wells of low yield, 

pump into a reservoir and are used for an auxiliary or emergency supply.

Treatment: Calgon, caustic soda for adjustment of pH.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 500,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 300,000 and 75,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) .......... 

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

8.7 

.14 

.00 

.7 

.3

} ^

J 0 

3 

1.6 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

17

Finished 

water a

8.9 

.18 

.00 

.8 

.3

11

0 

25 

1.9 

2.0 

.3 

.0 

37

Depth (feet)

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Diameter (inches)..........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply ..........................................................

Raw 

water a

3 

1

1 

5.1

16.8 

0 

65 

Jan. 10, 

1952

240 

20 

1941

Finished 

water a

3 

0

2

6.7

49.9 

0 

64 

Jan. 10, 

1952

240 

20 

1941

a Layne well at plant.
530 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAKE CITY 

(Population, 5,112)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (Swimming Pool, Plant, Fairview) 500, 480, 500 ft deep.

Treatment: None.

Storage: Reservoir, 150,000 gal; elevated tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) .

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Difi inofroT* /inr*hact\

Piatp drill Art

Percent of suoolv. ..........

.Plant 

well

is

.06

.00

1.0 

.2

\ 30

0 ^66

8.2

3.2

.4

.1

94

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Plant 

well

0

1

7.4

135

0

69

Dec. 19,

1951

AQ{\

6

101ft
SOUTH CAROLINA 531

LANCASTER 

(Population, 7,159)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9,000.

Source: Turkey Creek (impounded). The intake is about 3,000 ft south of the city limits.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, soda ash, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 100,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 200,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 125,000 and 

200,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,} .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

.06 

.00 

2.4 

.9

0 

24 

5.0 

5.1 

.0 

.3 

61

Finished 

water

12 

.03 

.00 

3.6 

1.2

44

4 

74

12 

.1 

.1 

138

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC fl \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

10 

0

40

O« O

67.2 

15 

64 

Apr. 3, 

1953

Finished 

water

14 

0

15 

8.5

222 

0 

61 

Apr. 3, 

1953

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

22

45

Max

23 

50

Min

20 

40

PH

Av

7.4

Max

8.4

Min

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min
532 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LAUHENS 

(Population, 8,658)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000.

Source: Little River 50 percent of supply; Rabon Creek 50 percent of supply.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2 impounding reservoirs, 5,100,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks,' 375,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Me).....................

Sodium (Na)............ ...............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ...............

Sulfate (804)......... ..................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity A............. ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Little River 

(raw water)

19

.04

.00

3

0

1.5

\ \5 a. 8 o

0

25

2.7

3.0

.1

.5

52

16

0

6

7.1

62.7

60

Mar. 9, 1951

Rabon Creek 

(raw water)

18

.08

.00

A 0

1.4

6.1

0

*J7

2.3

3.1

.1

.8

52

16

0

7

7.2

60.4

61

Mar. 9, 19,51

Little River 

(finished water)

19

.03

.00

11

1.6

6.3

0

30

15

4.9

.1

.6

74

34

9

3

6.8

104

62

Mar. 9, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

24 

24

Max

30 

32

Min

20 

22

PH

Av

6.6 

7.6

Max

7.0 

7.8

Min

6.2 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

38 

<3

Max

159

Min

14
SOUTH CAROLINA 533

MARION 

(Population, 6,834)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 5 wells (1, 3 to 6) 200, 81, 150, 378, and 190 ft deep; yield reported to

be 100, 80, 180, 300, and 200 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 240,000 gal; elevated tank, 150,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa)... ..............

Sulfate (SO^.... ............... .......

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH............ ...........................

Specific conductance

Turbidity............... ..............

Date of collection...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter finches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Wells (composite 

sample)

OC

94.

.00

. 1

.7

\ 44

0

1 1 K

7 *\

6

Q

.5

.1

1 CO

17

0

7.4

ft*. I

1

Dec. 18, 1951

~~

Well 3

40

po

.00

. £t

43

0

lie

1 ^

3 q

K

.1

14Q

q

0

4

i . u

1

00

Dec. 18, 1951

01

Well 5

OQ

no

.00

. u

43

0

1flQ

3

0 -

6

/\

.7

.0

147

0

1°, i.O

7 9

193

70 

Feb. 1, 1950

070

10

1 QAO
534 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MULLINS 

(Population, 4,916)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 2 deep wells (3, 5) 345 and 370 ft deep; yield reported to be 300 and 500

gpm.

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1 reservoir, 100,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mh) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ...........

Diameter (inches) ...

Date drilled ...........

Percent of supply ...

Well 3

41

na

.00

.8

|\ 48 > :

116

2

0

6.4

.1

161

Well 5

41

.00

1.2

50 

0

1 5>fl

2

0

6

Q

2

163

Hardness as CaCOs:

Noncarbonate......

MVV, pH..... ..................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at OK r* \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Well 3

4

0

7.4

214

1

69

Dec. 17,

1951

GAR

1 9

__

Well 5

5

0

7.3

221

1

Dec, 17,

1951

sin

19

1QC1
SOUTH CAROLINA 535

NEWBERRY 

(Population, 7,546)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8,500.

Source: Bush River. The intake on Bush River is about 2.8 miles southwest of 

the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, ammoniation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 1,000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 150,000 

gal each.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

26 

.02 

.00 

7.5 

3.3

\ 8.9

' 0 

47 

3.8 

6.0 

.1 

.5 

80

Finished 

water

25 

.03 

.00 

16 

3.4

9.2

0 

57 

16 

6.9 

.1 

.6 

109

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncar bonate.. ... .

pH .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity;.............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Raw

water

32

0

43 

6.8

108

Feb. 21, 

1951

Finished 

water

54 

7

7 

7.7

156

Feb. 21, 

19«U

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

45 

45

Max

5C 

5C

Min

40 

40

PH

Av

7.2 

8.2

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

7.0 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

80 

80

Max

100 

100

Min

60 

60

Turbidity

Av

20 

5

Max

200 

8

Min

10 

3
536 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ORANGEBURG 

(Population, 15,322)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 16,000.

Source: North Fork Edisto River. The intake on North Fork Edisto River is 

within the city limits.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 750,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 150,000, 

250,000, and 50,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Sicg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.7

19

.00

2.4 

.7

\ 3.3

0 

10

2 1

3 a

.1

.4

27

Finished 

water

1.4

no

.00

10

3.1 

0

10

8 7

7 9

.0

.1

50

Hardness as CaCOs:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

1

oo

5

0

Qn 7

Mar. 6,

1QK1

Finished 

water

97

13

6.4

77 R

Mar. 6,

irtRI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

5 

13

Max Min

PH

Av

5

0

8.7

Max Min

--

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

40

Max

55

Min

28

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

48

Max

59

Min

35
SOUTH CAROLINA 537

ROCK BILL 

(Population, 24,502)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 27,000.

Source: Catawba River. The intake in the river is about 5 miles north of the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 1,500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per .million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Pe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

C arbor ate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa). ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

19

.02

.00

Q A

1.4

\ 5.9 

0

9fi

A Q

o 9

.1

42

Finished 

water

9

e

M

.05

o 9

! O

12

0 

90

9.5

o c

.1

54

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate ......

Color...................

pH. ................ I.....

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity. ....... ....'..

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

14

0

0

6.7

58.2

46

Feb. 14,

1951

Finished 

water

 10

0

6.7

83.8

44

Feb. 14,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

18 

28

Max

22 

32

Min

16 

26

PH

Av

6.8 s:3

Max

7.0 

8.5

Min

6.5 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

14

Max

16 

16

Min

12 

12

Turbidity

Av

25 

1

Max

500 

1

Min

20 

1
538 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SPARTANBURG 

(Population, 36,795)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 60,000.

Source: South Pacolet River impounded. The intake is about 13 miles north of 

the city.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, adjustment of pH with soda-ash, and addition of phosphate for 

corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 879,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,000,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 6,000*000 gal; 

elevated tank, 1,500,000 gal. Additional facilities: at Camp Croft 1 standpipe, 2,300,000 gal; at Camp Wadsworth 1 reservoir, 216,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (804) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1 9

;04

.00

5.7

> ' ®

J o

1 R

2

0

2

0

.1

.7

34

Finished 

water

11

.04

.00

5.6 

1.0

4.9

0 

16

10

3 1

.1

46

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color..........'*'."*..

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... ...........

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

18

6

6.5

35.1

41

Feb. 16,

1951 ,

Finished 

water

1ft

5

7

6.3

64.6

43

Feb.- 16,

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

16

Max

14 

14

Min

8 

18

PH

Av

6.6 

7.2

Max

7.0 

7.3

Min

6.1 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

100 

2.5

Max

500 

1.0

Min

20 

5.0
SOUTH CAROLINA 539

SUMTER 

(Population, 20,185)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Shannontown. Total population supplied,

about 26,000. 

Source: 7 wells: 4 deep wells (1 to 4) 625,.625, 625, and 615 ft deep; 1 battery

of 3 shallow wells. The yield of the deep wells is reported to be 1,400, 1,580,

1,000 and 1,650 gpm, and of the battery of 3 shallow wells, 550 gpm. 

Treatment: Water from wells 2 and 3 treated with Calgon; water from shallow

wells, not treated. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Standpipe, 335,000 gal; elevated tank, 100,000 gal;

reservoir, 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) ....... 

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO,) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

13

2.1

-.00

1.0

K

\ 4.4

0 

3

7.5

2.6

.1

.0

30

Finished 

water a

11

.62

.00

1.4

6.5

0 

6

6.3

4.5

.1

4.1

37

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color ...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

c

2

1

5.2

33.1

1

Dec. 19,

1 OKI

Finished 

water a

7

2

1

5.6

47 5

1

Dec. 19,

1QC1

a Mixed water from wells 2, 3, and 3 shallow wells.
540 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED' STATES, 1952

UNION 

(Population, 9,730)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied,

about 11,000. 

Source: Broad River 50 percent of supply; Big Browns Creek and Unnamed Creek

50 percent of supply. The intake on Broad River is about 9 miles north of the

city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, soda-ash, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid

sand filtration, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoirs, 65,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 and 275,000 gal; standpipe,

250,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 400,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COg) .................

Bicarbonate (HCOg).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,,) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Broad River 

(raw water)

15 

.04 

.00 

4.6 

1.5

\ 5.3

0 

25 

3.1 

3.2 

.1 

.9 

46

18 

0

16 

6.7

60.8

59 

Mar. 8, 

1951

Big. Browns 

Creek 

(raw water)

20 

.25 

.00 

3.8 

1.5

6.3

0 

27 

1.6 

3.2 

.2 

.6 

51

16 

0

27 

6.4

58.6

68 

Mar. 8, 

1951

Unnamed Creek 

(raw water)

19 

.08 

.00 

3.6

1.4

5.6

0 

24 

2.1 

3.0 

.2 

.4 

47

15 

0

7 

6.6

56.0

70 

Mar. 8, 

1951

Broad River (finished 

water)

15 

.05 

.00 

4.0 

1.5

16

0 

39 

12 

3.9 

.1 

.4 

72

16 

0

3 

7.3

lOf

58 

Mar. 8, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

22 

30

Max

20 

32

Min

22 

30

PH

Av

7.2

7

Max

7.4

7.4

Min

6.8 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

14

Max

14

Min

14

Turbidity

Av

80

Max

300

Min

80
TENNESSEE 541

BRISTOL 

(Population, 16,771)

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside the city limits, about 3,300.

Total population supplied, about 20,100. 

Source: South Fork Holston River. The intake is about three-quarters of a mile

east of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 700,000 gal.

The treatment plant is on Rural Route 421, 6. 5 miles northeast of Bristol. 

There is some variation in the character of the water throughout the year.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Ra.jf 

water

4.4

no

.0

17

 <3 

29

0

74

6.4

9 9

.0

1

/3

^82

Finished 

water

4 5

.07

.0

1 Q

J. O 

9 K

1.1

0 

64

10

5.0

.0

1

/3

83

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Color...................

pH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

64

4

7 °.

1°.7

Q

48

Mar. 28,

1951

Finished 

water

67

14

7 9

14^

i

48

Mar. 28,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

79 

70

Max

128 

117

Min

40 

16

pH

Av

7.9 

6.9

Max

8.9 

7.6

Min

7.2 

5.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

74 

80

Max

160 

166

Min

24 

34

Turbidity

Av

30 

0

Max

500 

0

Min

2 

0

CHATTANOOGA

(Population, 131,041)

Ownership: City Water Co. Supplies also, outside of city limits, a population of about 

61, 000, and the communities of East Brainer, East Ridge, Lookout Mountain, 

Lookout Valley, and Red Bank. Total population supplied, about 230, 700.

Source: Tennessee River. The intake is about half a mile east of the treatment plant.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, chlorination, and adjustment of pH.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 32,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 6, 500,000 gal.

The treatment pl'ant is in the eastern part of the city. There is some variation in the 

chemical character of the raw water throughout the year, but the amount of 

dissolved solids is usually low. The raw-water analysis represents water from 

the river at flood stage.
542 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHATTANOOdA--Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SO*) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.5 

.09 

.0 

10 

2.1 

3.3 

.7 

0 

35 

5.8 

2.0 

.2 

2.7 

72

Finished 

water

3.8 

.09 

.0. 

19 

2.8 

2.1 

1.1 

0 

36 

28 

4.0 

.0 

1.1 

88

Hardness as CaCOa:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color............"."..

__W1f pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

34 

5

20 

6.9

85.8

Mar. 30, 

1951

Finished 

water

59 

29

5 

7.6

138 

3- 

56 

Mar. 30, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant }/l95Q

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

57 

58

Max

74 

73

Min

36 

35

pH

Av

7.5 

7.6

Max

7.5 

8.1

Min

7.1 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

62.

Max

66

75

Min

42 

45

Turbidity

Av

38 

0

Max

433 

0

Min

14 

0

CLARKSVILLE 

(Population, 16,246) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 800.

Total population supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: Cumberland River. The intake is located near the treatment plant,

which is on the bank of the river in the southwestern part of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 650,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.4

nq

.0

24 

4.0

2.7

1.4

0 

80

13

1.2

.2

1 q

103

Finished 

water

4.0

no

.0

33

4.1

3 9

1.4

0 

90

26

4.0

.0

1.4

141

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color .. .................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

76

11

10

7 1

161

48

Mar. 26,

1951

Finished 

water

qq

25

7

C

218

en

Mar. 26,

1951
TENNESSEE 543

CL ARKSVILLE - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

84 

74

Max

130 

117

Min

41 

20

PH

Av

7.5 

7.3

Max

8.4 

8.4

Min

7.0 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

94 

101

Max

130 

144

Min

64 

64

Turbidity

Av

70 

.8

Max

900 

1.0

Min

4 

.3

CLEVELAND 

(Population, 12,605)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about

6,600. Total population supplied, about 19,200. 

Source: Payne Spring and Waterville Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorination, 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,100,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Springs 

(finished 

water)

6.8

.07

.0

24

19

} 2.9

0

2 0

3 0

.0

2.4

117

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Springs 

(finished 

water)

ino

7

e

Of)Q

58

Mar. 30,

1951

COLUMBIA 

(Population, 10,911)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about

5,100. Total population supplied, about 16,000.

Source: Duck River. The intake is located at the treatment plant which is on the 

; bank of the river in the eastern part of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid anthrafilt filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Eaw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 940,000 gal.

The river was at high stage at the time of the collection of the samples.
544 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

COLUMBIA Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4 K

f\£i

.0

30

2

O

1 9

1.4

0 

92

7.6

2 n

0

2 n

134

Finished 

water

1.1

M

.0

40

2

C

2 0

0

79

4"}

K r\

.0

2

1

150

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .........

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

__TT pH. ......................

(micromhos at

OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )..,

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

86

10

40

7.4

166

9

55

Mar. 31,

1.951

Finished 

water

110

51

4

6.9

227

o

56

Mar. 31,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

119 

134

Max

126 

148

Min

116 

130

PH

Av

8.0 

7.6

Max

8.4 

7.8

Min

7.4 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

111 

137

Max

120 

144

Min

100 

128

Turbidity

Av

121

Max

1200

Min

45

DYERSBURG 

(Population, 10,885)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3,100 people outside of the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 14,000.

Source: 5 wells (1, 3, and 4 to 6), only 2 of which (5 and 6) are in operation. 

The depth of the wells is reported to be as follows: 600-700, 600-700, 610, 690,

and 635 ft. Well 5, with a reported yield of 2, 000 gpm, furnishes 90 percent

of the supply. 

Treatment: Aeration (limestone trays), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 834,000 gal.

The treatment plant is near the Municipal Building.
TENNESSEE 545

DYERSBURG Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOg).. ...............

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) .........................:

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. )...................

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ..........................

rvio mot ot* ^it"lfi hoc^

Date drilled .........................

Well 5 

(raw water)

8

0

4.0

.0

Lft 

6f\

5 A

1 9

0

74

4.1

2

C

.0

.4

TC

KK

0

0

6

n

197

0

*jC

Mar. 25, 1951

690

94.

1 04.^

Qfi

Well 6 

(raw water)

9 A

3 A

11

6

c

4 Q

.7

0

74

2

0

O

0

74

CA*

0

7

6

0

£R

July 5, 1951

635

1ft

1 Q^1

10

Well 5 

(finished water)

9 n

f\Q

.0

11

6

rj

5 0

0

7<i

4.0

<> c '

.0

77

cc

0

4

6

0

128

0

CQ

Mar. 25, 1951

EAST RIDGE 

(Population, 9,645)

Ownership: Supplied by Chattanooga. (See Chattanooga.)

ELIZABETHTON 

(Population, 10,754)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about

1, 300. Total population supplied, 12,100. 

Source: Hampton Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal.
546 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ELIZABETHTON Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganesp (Mn) ,,.,...,..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

.07

.0

13

7.4

1.4

.6

0

79

6.0

1

0

1.4

73

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oe p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

63

4

3

7.9

128

2

. 53

Mar. 29,

1951

FAYETTEVILLE 

(Population, 5,447)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 560 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 8,000. 

Source: Elk River, Kelso Springs, and Wells Hill Springs. 

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,

and chlorination of Elk River water. Chlorination only of spring water. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,338,000 gal.

The river was at flood stage at the time of the collection of the samples.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

4

C

.01

.03

17

. *± 

9 4

0

KO

3 Q

1

0

1.7

80

Finished 

water a

4.7

no

.0

18

. i 

1.1

1.0

0

49

1 O

3

0

.0

1 Q

79

Hardness as CaCO,:

Tntal ...

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

MU

pH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9R f \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

CO

4

1C

7.4

105

. 11

57

Mar. 30,

1QC1

Finished 

water a

CO

22

6

0

1OQ

ec

frtar.30,

1QK1

a Elk River.
TENNESSEE 547

FAYETTEVILLE - -Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant b

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

98 

70

Max

116 

91

Min

72 

40

PH

Av

7.5 

6.9

Max

7.6 

7.6

Min

7.0 

6.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

87 

78

Max

110 

98

Min

60 

44

Turbidity

Av

93 

0

Max

2000 

0

Min

25

o

b Elk River water; May 10-Dec. J31, 1950.

JACKSON 

(Population, 30,207)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 4, 900.

Total population supplied, about 35,100. 

Source: 6 wells located on South Royal Street, 140 to 165 ft deep. The average

yield is reported to be 782 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration (coke trays) and sedimentation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Manganese (Mn) ............ .....

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO,)... ..............

Bicarbonate (HCO,).. ...........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,) ..............;......

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity...........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 10

xo

.05

.0

. o

. o

1 O

1.1

0

<5O

ID

8

c

.0

8

C

QC

*}Q

1Q

6 A

124 

1

CO

June 28,

1951

144

\.£t

lOTtU

Well 14

. U<4

.0

1 Q

1 . £t

14

 i/

0

£t£t

v£t 

1C

.1

\.£t

1 CC

74

Cfi

10

6

/\

245

CO

1951

148

10

la** I

Wells 

(composite) 

Raw water

1 £

 TXA

. l/Ti

\.£t

Tt. U

. t7

1.0

0

io

£ta 

11

.0

\.£t

iwTC

48

OTX

4

6

c

158 

0

CO

1951

Wells (composite) Finished water

1 C

.10

.0

ifi 

4.7

11

X. £t

0

ft\j

£ta 

10

.1

8

0

Xl/t7

4Q

00

6

0

169

C1

June 28, 

1951
548 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JOHNSON CITY 

(Population, 27,864)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 7, 200.

Total population supplied, about 35,100. 

Source: 3 springs and Indian Creek. The springs furnish about 90 percent of the

supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 925, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 5 miles southeast of Johnson City near Unicoi, Tenn.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) ............ .

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj). ................

Sulfate (SOJ..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection ...................

Indian Creek 

(raw water)

4 R

n*>

.0

4 o

*> 0

1.6

.6

0

19

3.2

1.0

.2

1.4

38

19

3

22

7.0

42.9

7

C1

Mar. 29, 1951

Springs 

(composite) 

Raw water

8.8

.04

.0

10

7.6

.9

.5

0

70

3.3

1.2

.1

1.5

71

61

4

4

. 7.8

117

2

KA

Mar. 29, 1951

- Springs 

(composite) 

Finished water

7.2

.07

.0

1<*

6.9

1.2

.9

0

70

3.3

1.8

.0

1.4

70

61

3

3

. 7.8

122

1

60

Mar. 29, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, iSSO

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

28 

46

Max

37 

54

Min

10 

35

PH

Av

7.0 

8.5

Max

7.0 

8.1

Min

6.9 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av Max

_ 

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

5.1 

0

Max

48 

0

Min

2.8 

0
TENNESSEE 549

KINGSPORT 

(Population, 19,571)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of city limits, about 2,400.

Total population supplied, about 22, 000. 

Source: South Fork Holston River, regular supply; a mountain reservoir ( an

impounded supply), auxiliary or emergency supply. 

 Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is 1 mile southwest of Kingsport.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.5 . 

.10 

.0 

36 

10 

16 

4..0 

0 

124 

41 

7.5 

.1 

15 

199

Finished 

water

4.4 

.08 

.0 

32 

7.1 

14 

2.3 

0 

102 

49 

5.5 

.1 

5.6 

171

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color .............'..

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK (-< \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

131 

29

20 

7.0

312 

1 

55 

Mar. 28, 

1951

Finished 

water

109 

25

12 

7.7

292 

1 

54 

Mar. 28,. 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

74 

80

Max

115 

121

Min

38 

41

PH

Av

7.5 

8.1

Max

8.2 

9.0

Min

6.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

89 

102

Max

128 

144

Min

46 

52

Turbidity

Av

53 

0

Max

650 

0

Min

8 

0

KNOXVILLE 

(Population, 124,769)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about

40,800. Total population supplied, about 165, 600. 

Source: Tennessee River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 900,000 gal.
550 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

KNOXVILLE - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

4.4

no

.0

26

4

gt

5.6

0

QC

10

9

K

.1

1.0

127

Finished 

water

4 9

.17 

.0'

38

. &

7.7

9 4

0

QC

97

94

.0

1.7

188

Hardness as CaCO,:

TW-al

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity..............

1*OT¥%nAir*slin'ff*o tTT \

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

O A

14

ZD

l» 3

1017

.it?

Mar. 29,

1QE1

Finished 

water

46

4

7

/5

QI7C

33

Mar 9Q

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant,1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

71 

71

Max

94 

92

Min

51 

53

PH

Av

7.8 

7.8

Max

8.0 

8.0

Min

7.6 

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

98 

112

Max

137 

154

Min

56 

71

Turbidity

Av

24 

.59

Max

350 

.89

Min

7 

.16

MEMPHIS 

(Population, 396,000)

Ownership: Municipal Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division.

Source: 86 wells, .51 in Parkway Well Field and 35 in Sheahan Well Field 

(another well field is being developed). Fifty-four of the eighty-six wells 

range in depth from 400 to 600 ft and 19 from 1,300 to 1,400 ft. Of the 

remaining wells 10 are between 300 and 400 ft deep. The yield of most of 

the wells, all depths, is reported to be from 400 to 500 gpm.

Treatment: Aeration (limestone trays) and rapid sand filtration,! for the removal 

of iron and hydrogen sulfide.

Rated capacity of treatment plant; 55,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 43,000,000 gal.
TENNESSEE 551

MEMPHIS -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ................

Iron (Fe) ......:............

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mpf) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQj) ... . . .....

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........ 

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Silica (SiOj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mi?) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..... ....

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ... ..........

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Well 2A 

Parkway 

Field

J.O

.44

.0

10

. o

. a

1. 3

0

16

 &

. U

.0

.4 

fti

A Q

0

7.0

123

62 

Apr. 2,

1951

OO 1

10

JLoTlO

Well 65 Sheahan 

Field

16

fin

.0

2 7

X. O

O tJ

2

K

0

101 

51

2

n

.1 

.5

1 19

19

0

Well 23 

Parkway 

Field

J.O

.41

.0

11

5 A

 &

0

IO

. i

 u

.1

OE

50

0

10

6 0

128

62 

Apr. 2,

1951

TZ0O

106*1

Wells Parkway 

Field a

J.O

. . ^to 

.0

8 9

4

fi

17

1.7

0

85

3 7

2

c

.1

.4

94

OQ

0

Well 38 

Parkway 

Field

10

. Do

.0

3

0

.7

40

o. u

0

J.16

. O

1

0

.1

q

19

0

7

c

173

71

Apr. A «« O2,

1951

I

tIR , O 10

lot I

Wells Sheahan 

Field a

14

. OTZ

.0

8 9

3

Q

IO

.7

0

65

4 A

4 9

.1

ft1

no

0

Well 4.7 

Parkway 

Field

Xa

 Of

.0

Id

6

C

8

0

0

oc

3

0

3 9

-.1

on

CQ

0

7

6

C

144

63

Apr. A**«* O2,

1951

RIO

lato

Wells 

Parkway 

Field b

14 

.07

.0

9 A

4

n

 f A

2 A

0

84 

4.0

4

0

.0

no

49

0

Well 59 

Sheahan 

Field

AO

. &*.

.0

6.7

3 A

Xa

6

'

0

51

5

0

6

f\

.1 1.1

tR

f>9

0

6

0

108

61 

Apr. 2,

1951

Qfifi

10

i0ou

Wells Sheahan 

Field b

14

no

«0

7 Q

3 1

1C

1

0

0

65

4

C

4

C

.0

04

99

0 .

a Raw water (composite). k Finished water (composite).
552 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MEMPHIS, Analyses--Continued

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Well 65 

Sheahan 

Field

17

7.7

160

70

Apr. 2,

1951

1,305

± w"± ±

Wells 

Parkway 

Field a

7

fi Q

137

A TIT 9

1951

Wells 

Sheahan 

Field a

4

6

n

120

63

Apr. 2,

1951

Wells 

Parkway 

Field b

3

7.4

145 

1

70

Apr. 2,

1951

Wells 

Sheahan 

Field b

3

7.4

119 

1

71

Apr. 2,

1951

a Raw water (composite). 3 Finished water (composite).

MORRISTOWN 

(Population, 13,019)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Havely Spring furnishes 65 percent of supply; Cherokee Lake 20 percent; and 1 well, 214 ft deep, 15 per cent.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2, 083, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 2 miles northwest of Morristown.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC-a) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SO*) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

7 R

.01

.0

35 

17

1 9

1.0

0

1 QC

2 K

0 fl

.1

6

f»

165

Finished 

water a

7 9

.07

.0

38

1 C

1.1

1 Q

0

1 Ort

4.4

4.0

.0

5

/j

168

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

_ TT pH.............. .........

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

1 R7

5

7.6

287

58

Mar. 29,

1 QR1

Finished 

water a

161

13

7.6

9Q1

o

59

IWa-r ?Q

1 QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

145 

135

Max

173 

168

Min

106 

98

PH

Av

7.3 

7.1

Max

7.6 

7.5

Min

7.1 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

161 

152

Max

202 

194

Min

84 

82

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

J- Havely Spring.
TENNESSEE 553

MURFREESBORO 

(Population, 13,052)

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about

3,000. Total population supplied, about 16,100. 

Source: Springs furnish 80 percent of the supply and Stone River 20 percent. One

well 346 ft deep and with a reported yield of 1,120 gpm, auxiliary supply.

The Stone River supply is used only during the dry season. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

The treatment plant is about 1 mile southwest of Murfreesboro.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

6.4

no

.0

48

o 7

2

n

0

0

154

6.7

3.0

.1

6.0

156

Finished 

water a

4.6

.05

.0

9 4 & ^

9 0

1.5

0

IRQ

11

5.2

.0

6.0

166

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total .. .

Noncarbonate ......

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK /- \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

10K

9

lo

7

C

957

4

57

Mar. 27,

1951

Finished 

water a

140

14

7

0

OQO

1

56

Mar. 27,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

152 

157

Max

195 

205

Min

82 

88

PH

Av

7.3 

7.6

Max

7.7 

8.1

Min

7.0 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160

177

Max

220 

244

Min

92 

112

Turbidity

Av

11 

0

Max

125 

0

Min

2.4 

0

a Springs only.

NASHVILLE 

(Population, 174,307)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a large population in the suburban areas 

and a number of other places. Total population supplied, about 259,000.

Source: Cumberland River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 42, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 58, 000,000 gal.
554 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NASHVILLE Continued 

'ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg)...... ...............

Sodium (Na)..................... ......

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)........... ......"

Sulfate (SOJ..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH .......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Finished 

water

4.7

15

.0

39

4 9

2

c

.7

0

on

9A

3

c

.1

2

1-

an

24

7

C

184

2

53

Mar. 27, 1951

Raw water a

10

h 1 8

nc

5

n

\ f 55U. W

^

ft1 '

in

2 n

110

84

18

7.5

76

Finished 

water a

8 9

b

QC

25

4

9

6.0

70

98

3

e

f on

on

21

*

7.1

--

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

72 

64

Max

124 

120

Min

34 

29

PH

Av

7.5 

7.1

Max

8.3 

7.3

Min

7.2

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCOj 

(ppm)

Av

76 

80

Max

122 

124

Min

41 

49

Turbidity

Av

77 

0

Max

722

0

Min

6 

0

a Average of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples Aug. 1949-July 

1950. Analyzed by the Nashville Waterworks Department.

and aluminum oxides.

OAK RIDGE 

(Population, 30,229)

Ownership: Municipal U. S. Government. (Remaining data confidential; available for consultation in the offices of the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, 

D. C.)
TENNESSEE 555

SHELBYVILLE 

(Population, 9,456)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 550 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,000. 

Sour ce: Duck Rive r. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 860,000 gal.

The treatment plant is located one block south of City square.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg. ........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.0

04

.0

20 20

1 3

1.0

0 

62

4.8

3.0

.2

1.8

91

Finished 

water

A ti

f)4

.0

17 

2c

o n

1.1

0 09

26

4 9

.1

! 1.9

84

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

PH.. .....................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9C p \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

at

11

oft

7.1

199

6

53

Mar. 31,

1951

Finished 

water

CO

27

7

6.5

126

2

54

flar.31,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ, 

(ppm)

Av

75 

61

Max

103

95

Min

30 

10

PH

Av

7.5 

6.8

Max

7.6 

7.3

Min

7.2 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(Ppm)

Av

--

Max

""~

Min

-~

Turbidity

Av

79 

0

Max

1150 

0

Min

10 

0
556 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

UNION CITY 

(Population, 7,665)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 4,400 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 12,100. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 554, 550, and 568 ft deep; yield reported to be 1,100,

750-800, and 1,000 gpm, respectively. The wells are about 200 ft apart and

are pumped one at a time to storage. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 275,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Depth (feet) ...................

Date drilled .......:..........

Percent of supply ...........

Well 1

14

1.7

.0

14 

7.4

7.7

1 Q

0

Q1

 3 K

9 *!

.1

K

Q7

Hardness as Ca.COg:

Total.......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

OK r> \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. ).... ......

Well 1

65

0

19

6 Q

14Q

1

64

Aug. 15,

1QC1

~ (JUTE

1950
VERMONT 557

BARRE 

(Population, 10,922)

Ownership: Municipal 90 percent; private company 10 percent. Also supplies 

about 1,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

11,900.

Source: Spring-fed brooks 80 percent of supply; Springs 20 percent.

Treatment: Chlorination (double).

Raw-water storage: 350,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 44,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO8) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

4.4

.50

.00

22

1.5

i . tt

1.1

0

/so

6

f\

3

0

.0

.7 

83

Total ...... . ......... .

Won/* a fhnna tp

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

C1

5

tt\j

i . tt

1Q1

n u. Qy

C7

Aug. 20,

1QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water ...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

PH

Av

7.0

Max

7.2

Min

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av Max

1

Min

0

a Orange system, representing 75 to 80 percent of total service.

BENNINGTON 

(Population, 8,002)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 11,300.

Source: Springs. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Morgan Spring, reported to

yield 500 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 7,000,000 gal.
558 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BENNINGTON Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiC^) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...... ...

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Mountain 

Springs a

5

0

. uo

.00

3.4 1 ft

.7 

.7

0

1 £t

3

9

.0

1.0

27

Hardness as CaCOu:

Total .......................

N/VW* 9 T*I"W"H1S4 1" P

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Date of collection .........

Mountain 

Springs a

1 £t

7 *>

on 7

1 Q

Aue. *»**& 13. Aw > 

1QC1

a Sample collected from village reservoir.

BRATTLEBORO 

(Population, 9,606)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 14,000. 

Source: Sunset Lake, surface water and spring (North Pond). 

Treatment: Copper sulfate and chlorination ("HTH"). 

Raw-water storage: 165,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,500,000 gal.

A gravity system of supply.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO8 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

North Pond 

(finished 

water)

4.4 

.10 

.06 

6.3 

.6 

1.1 

.6 

0 

21 

7.2 

.2 

.1 

.2 

38

Hardness as CaCO^: 

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

T<\Q|-A s\f f»o!1 Af*i*irm

North Pond 

(finished 

water)

20 

3

13 

6.8

48.5 

1.4 

62 

Sept. 29, 

1953
VERMONT 559

BURLINGTON 

(Population, 33,155)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Champlain. The 24 in. -intake pipe extends 11,300 ft into the lake

toward Appletree Point, northwest of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjs) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COJ ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

. water v 

(city tap)

.4

. \}£t

.00

15

4.4

. o

1.0

0

TEA

AV

. TE

.0

70

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. ).............'.........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

T"toi0 nf /*fill o/*tifiTi

Finished 

. water v (city tap)

OO

&L

7.1

Lm 0

Aug. 17,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm) *

Av

40

Max Min

. PH

Av

7.0

Max

7.2

Min

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

54

Max

56

Min

52

Turbidity

Av

1.5

Max

3

Min

0

MONTPELIER 

(Population, 8,599)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 100 people outside the city limits. Total

population supplied, about 8,700. 

Source: Lake. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 8,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None.
560 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MONTPELIER Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

o 7

no

nn

23 

4.0

1.1

0

0

7Q

6.5

1 9

.0Q

83

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

74

7 R

144

2 A

Aug. 11,

1QR1

NEWPORT 

(Population, 5,217)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Derby Pond about 84 percent of supply; 1 well 50 ft deep, 16 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination; copper sulfate to pond for the control of microorganisms. 

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 1,000,000 pal.

'ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3 ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

^z. 3

 UA

. VJVJ

39

T . a

4.6

 * £t

0

1 QQ

6

f\

 y

.0

140

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water a

(city tap)

J. 1O

1

. b

£r± i

. o

Aug. 10,

j.y o i

a Mixed sample (pond and well).

RUTLAND 

(Population, 17,659)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Mendon Brook.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 5,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 
VERMONT 561

RUTLAND Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

. water (city tap)

4.9

 L£i

.00

9.8

^t. ft

1.5

0 

40

. 0

O« ft

.1

K9

TT9 T*Hn0CQ Q Q C*& C^C\_ 

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )..... .................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

T\rt 4- A j-v-f /is-\11 Af»i"i on

Finished 

, water 

(city tap)

49

K

7 3

oo c

O Q

Aug. 17,

1QR1

ST. ALBANS 

(Population, 8,552) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9, 550. 

Source: 3 reservoirs fed by brooks and springs approximately 7 miles from the

city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Copper sulfate and calcium hypochlorite ("HTH") in

reservoirs for the control of microorganisms. 

Raw-water storage: 355,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 

Gravity flow system of supply.

ANALYSIS

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SQ.) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO^ ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1.1

.34

.00

.11

Oo 1

. o

.7

0

O u

*/. ^

. o

.0

KQ

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

rVl f1 ^ fyf pr\ll Opfl f\n

Finished 

water

40

1 9

Q1 R

1 Q

CJ i 4 n

1QC1

ST. JOHNSBURY 

(Population, 7,370)

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 10, 000. 

Source: Stiles Pond. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Oak Street Well (has not

been used).

Treatment: Slow sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: -- 

Raw-water storage: 700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 
562 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ST. JOHNSBURY Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (M") ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

. i

. Uo

. uu

12

 3

. V

0

00

 v .

TEA

.0

.4 

48

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). .........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

ta

7

7.1

Qt 1

0 0

Aug. 11,

1QK1

WINOOSKI 

(Population, 6,734)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 6,850. 

Sourqe: Wells (2, 3, and 4) 453, 374, and 600 ft deep, and reported to yield 70,

45, and 40 gpm. Auxiliary or emergency supply, water purchased from Fort

Ethan Alien. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, some carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 16,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 36,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (M") ... .

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) :.............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

5 7

.01

.00

27

8

e

1 C.

1.4

0

84

49

1 Q

.1

1

C

168

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

J. \J£t

oo

1 . £t

OQO

1.4

Aug. 14,

l«7t}J.

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

pH

Av

7.2

Max

7.4

Min

7.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

128

Min

114

Turbidity

Av Max

1

Min

~~
VIRGINIA 563

ALEXANDRIA 

(Population, 61,787)

Ownership: Alexandria Water Co. and Virginia Water Co., which distributes water in Fairfax County (both controlled by the American Water Works Co. Inc., 

Philadelphia, Pa.). Supplies also suburban districts and communities in 

Fairfax County. Total population supplied, about 76,000.

Source: Occoquan Creek impounded. Auxiliary supply, 3 wells of total capacity 

of 1,000,000 gpd. The well supply is used during summer months.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon as 

required, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination as required, 

and adjustment of pH.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,800,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1,750,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 400,000 gal; underground reservoir, 700,000 

gal; open reservoir, 16,000,000 gal; other facilities, 3,300,000 gal.

The intake dam on Occoquan Creek and the treatment plant are about 20 miles 

south of the city. This dam which is about 1,800 ft upstream from tidewater 

impounds about 55,000,000 gal. Another impounding dam about 7 miles.above 

tidewater impounds an estimated 1. 5 to 2.0 billion gal. The raw water is 

pumped through a 30 in. main to the treatment plant about i mile distant on a 

hill at an elevation of about 245 ft. Finished water is pumped through high 

service pumps to Alexandria, the intervening area, distribution, and storage.

The water of Occoquan Creek is subject to rather sudden changes in quality. At 

times of heavy rains, turbidity changes are rapid and large. Color removal 

is always a problem.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO-j) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

9.5

flQ

1Q

14 

2.4

4.0

.9

0

34

19

4.2

.0

.6

74

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

PH..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

43

17

2

7.9

121

0.6

May 18,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, Jan. 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

24 

29

Max

26 

32

Min

22 

22

PH

Av

7.1 

8.4

Max

7.3 

8.7

Min

7.0 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

-

Turbidity

Av

29

Max

50

Min

16
564 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ARLINGTON COUNTY 

(Population, 135,449)

Ownership: The distribution system is owned and operated by Arlington County. 

Finished water is purchased from Washington, D. C. Supplies also the city of 

Falls Church, and areas in Fairfax County through Falls Church. Total population supplied, about 158,000.

Source: Potomac River. Finished water from the Dalecarlia treatment plant. 

(See Washington, D. C.)

Finished-water storage: 3 ground reservoirs, 4 elevated tanks; total, 10,500,000 

gal.

BRISTOL 

(Population, 15,954)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban population of about 500. Total population supplied, about 16, 500.

Source: Clear Creek (50 percent of supply); Preston Spring (35 percent of supply); 

and Mumpower Springs (15 percent of supply).

Treatment: Partial softening with lime, coagulation with copperas (and alum at 

times of high turbidity), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Spring supplies: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 5,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

The city of Bristol is served by two supply systems. Clear Creek and Preston 

Spring supply one system (low service) and Mumpower Springs the other (high 

service). Preston Spring is about 6. 5 miles northwest of the city. Water from 

Preston Spring is diverted to the treatment plant for the creek supply which is 

located near the spring. Chlorinated water from the spring and finished water 

from the treatment plant flow by gravity in a single pipeline to the city to low 

service lines. Mumpower Springs (several springs) are about 4 miles north of 

the city. Water from the springs is collected in an open reservoir about i mile 

below the springs, from which it flows by gravity to the city to high service 

lines. Chlorine is applied in the gravity line a short distance below the reservoir.

There is an 8 in. pipeline connecting the water supply system of Bristol, Tennessee with the supply system of Bristol, Virginia which can be used in emergencies.
VIRGINIA 

BRISTOL Continued

ANALYSES

565

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Sicg ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Carbonate (CO,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

PH.... ...............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Clear 

, Creek (raw water)

3.6 

.06

50 

21 

.7 

1.2 

0 

233 

21 

1.0 

.2 

2.9 

235

211 

20

0 

8.3

384 

10 

65 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Preston 

Spring 

(raw water)

1.8 

.02

.57 

22 

.8 

1.5 

0 

245 

30 

1.4 

.2 

6.6 

271

233 

32

0 

8.0

430 

0 

63 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Finished 

water a

4.0 .02'

33 

21 

.7 

1.4 

0 

166 

26 

2.4 

.2 

4.5 

198

169 

33

0 

8.0

310 

0.5 

65 

Sept. 12; 

1951

Finished 

water b

2.0 

.02

40 

19 

.6 

1.3 

0 

208 

6.5 

2.8 

.2 

.8 

194

178 

7

0 

8.2

321 

0 

61 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

15C 

41

Max

196 

58

Min

44 

15

pH

Av

8.2 

9.2

Max

8.4 

9.6

Min

8.0 

8.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

230 

120

Max

244 

170

Min

218 

82

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

55

Max

68

Min

32

a Clear Creek and Preston Spring. 

bMumpower Springs.
566 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

CHARLOTTESVILLE 

(Population, 25,969)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2,600 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 28,600. 

Source: Moormans River 90 percent of supply; Ragged Mt. reservoir 10 percent

of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation .with alum and lime, sedimentation, slow

sand filtration, postchlorination, addition of sodium phosphate, and fluoridation with sodiumisilicofluoride. Copper sulfate for the control of algae. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000 gal.

The filter plant is located in Charlottesville, on Reservoir Mt., western edge of 

town. Water is piped from Moormans River Dam to the filter plant. The pipeline passes Ragged Mt. Reservoir and excess water from Moormans River is 

diverted, and stored in the Ragged Mt. Reservoir which also receives water 

from Ragged Mt. watershed. Water from Ragged Mt. Reservoir is used to 

balance the water needs.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe).... .......................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na)............. ..........

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ...... ......

Sulfate (S04) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO,). ....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH..... ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature. (F. ) ..............

Date of collection...............

Ragged Mt. 

Reservoir 

(raw water)

7.8 

.02

3.4 

1.1

} !

[ 0 

18 

1.9 

1.8 

.1 

.1 

29

13

0

5 

6.4

52.8

Aug. 27, 

1948

Moormans 

River 

(raw water)

10 

.05

3.5 

1.5

1.8 

0 

19 

2.2 

.5 

.1 

.1 

34

15 

0

5 

6.5

55.2

Aug. 27, 

1948

Moormans 

River 

(raw water)

8.3 

.28

2.1 

1.0

2.9

0 

12 

2.7 

1.9 

.1 

.1 

24

9 

0

n

7.2 

25.7

Mar. 22, 

1951

Finished 

water

7.8 

.20

2.6 

.9

3.0 

0 

11 

3.0 

3.0

a i.o

.1 

22

10 

1

4 

6,9

27.3

Mar. 22, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity" 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

10 

14

Max

18 

16

Min

4 

12

PH

Av

6.3 

6.6

Max

6.3 

7.0

Min

6.2 

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

8 

15

Max

10 

16

Min

6 14-

Turbidity

Av

18 

3

Max

20

,5

Min

10 

1

a Average of several determinations, 1952.
VIRGINIA 567

COVINGTON

(Population, 5,860)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a suburban population of about 6,800. Total

population supplied, about 12,700. 

Source: Horse Mountain Spring 50 percent of supply; Jackson River 50 percent of

supply. 

Treatment: Water from Horse Mt. Spring: chlorination. Water from Jackson

River: coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, slow sand

filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

.Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5,580,000 gal.

One section of the city is supplied with water from Horse Mt. Spring; another section with water from Jackson River; and the third section with mixed water 

from both sources.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). .......... ..........

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K)"....... ................

Carbonate (COJ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa)... ..............

Sulfate (804).......................,...

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection...................

Horse Mt. 

Spring 

(raw water)

7.4 

.01

19 

3.2 

.5 

.4 

0 

72 

2.8 

1.0 

.1 

.1 

70

61 

2

5 

7.7

116 

2.0 

55 

Sept. 10, 1951

Jackson 

, River 

(raw water)

4.8 

.02

40 

6.8 

1.6 

1.6 

0 

112 

36 

1.8 

.1 

.2 

171

128 

36

6 

7.7

250 

8.0 

73 

Sept. 10. 1951

Finished 

, water % (city tap)

8.8 

.01

19 

3.3 

.6 

.4 

0 

70 

3.1 

1.8 

.0 

.1 

74

61

4

5 

7.5

117 

1.0 

69 

Sect. 10. 1951
568 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

DANVILLE 

(Population, 35,066)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban population of about 800. Total

population supplied, about 35,900. 

Source: Dan River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, aeration (spray),

chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 9,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is on the north edge of the city near the cotton mills. The intake is in the reservoir about 100 yards above the impounding dam of the Riverside and Dan River Cotton Mills.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg)........... ..........

Sodium (Na)... ........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCO,). ................

Sulfate (SO4)..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity............... ..............

Date of collection ...................

Raw 

water

19

.01

4.0

1

C

"\ 45 } ^

^ 0

O9

4.0

2 n

.1

.4

47

17

0

4

7.0

July 21, 1947

Raw 

water

19

(

6. o 7 I

1 3 S01

3

2

1

.1

.6

09

0

25

7 3

60.3

4.0

75

Sept. 11, 1951

Finished 

water

19

fi9

11

2 n

A O

1.4

0

97

8.6

K 0

.1

69

36

5

0

7.7

97.0

0.5

7O

Sept. 11, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

RQUT wot AT

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

00

30

Max

9ft

40

Min

1 9

21

1

PH

Av

7.0

8.7

Max

7 s.

9.4

Min

6

c

8.3

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

1 9

.3

Max

4.0

1.8

Min

.?,

.1
VIRGINIA 569

FALLS CHURCH 

(Population, 7,535)

Ownership: Distribution system, municipal. The city purchases its water from 

Arlington County. Supplies about 15,000 people in Fairfax County. Total 

population supplied, about 22, 500.

Source: Potomac River. Finished water from Dalecarlia treatment plant, Washington, D. C. through Arlington County. Emergency supply: 2 wells (4, 6) 

430 and 748 ft deep; yield reported to be 40 and 3 5 gpm respectively; two standby 

6 in. connections to Arlington County distribution system in case of interruption of service in main line. (See Washington, D. C.)

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks; 2 standpipes. Total, 2,000,000 gal.

FREDRICKSBURG 

(Population, 12,158)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a suburban population of about 2,000. Total 

population supplied, about 14,200.

Source: Rappahannock River.

Treatment: Primary sedimentation with alum, breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration, and adjustment of 

pH with soda ash.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 24,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal.

Raw water is obtained from a canal that runs by the treatment plant. This canal, 

and the dam that partially impounds the Rappahannock River, is owned by the 

Va. Electric & Power Co. Water from the canal is run into the storage basin 

and from there is pumped to the treatment plant.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 

Su^fate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

7.8 

.12

5.0 

1.8 

3.4 

1.1 

0 

27 

2.4 

2.5 

.1 

.3 

40

Finished 

water

8.2 

.05

5.1 

1.7 

17 

1.1 

0 

53 

7.7 

4.9 

.1 

.1 

75

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. .....

Color ...................

pH. .............. ........

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OK P \

Turbidity ..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

20 

0

6 

6.8

56.9 

25 

76 

Sept. 13, 

1951

Finished 

water

20 

0

1 

7.6

116 

1.0 

75 

Sept. 13, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

25 

36

Max

28 

50

Min

12 

29

PH

Av

7.0 

6.7

Max

7.3 

8.9

Min

6.4 

6.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

. Turbidity

Av

64 

.7

Max

300 

1.5

Min

15 

.5
570 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

FRONT ROYAL 

(Population, 8,115)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Happy Creek 50 percent of supply; Harmony Hollow Creek 50 percent of

supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, South ForkShenandoah River. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate around edge of raw water storage basin, coagulation

with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration, and

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 12,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal.

Water from Happy Creek and Harmony Hollow Creek in about equal quantities is 

piped to and stored in a reservoir just above the filter plant, prior to any 

treatment. Water from South Fork Shenandoah River is used only when the 

supply from the two creeks is inadequate. It is then pumped from the river at 

a point 1.6 miles west of the treatment plant to the raw water reservoir. The 

treatment plant is on a hill 1 mile southeast of town. Distribution of the finished water is by gravity.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe)... ........................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). .............. ........

Carbonate (CO,,) .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total............................

Color...............................

PH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Sappy Creek 

(raw water)

21

.06

10 

4.2 

4.9 

.4 

0 

56 

1.8 

3.2 

.1 

1.4 

78

42 

0

10 

7.1

104 

15 

85 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Raw 

water a

16 

.08

6.6 

3.0 

3.6 

.7 

0 

39 

1.9 

2.0 

.1 

.6 

58

29 

0

9 

7.1

71.4 

40 

79 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Raw 

water D

1.8 

.08

32 

13 

5.8 

1.3 . 

6.0 

143 

14 

6.0 

.0 

.3 

160

133

6

13 

8.6

267 

5.0 

76 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Finished 

water

3.1 

.06

23 

8.6 

5.0 

.9 

0 

108 

11 

5.2 

.0 

.3 

114

93 

4

7 

7.8

202 

1.0 

72 

Sept. 12, 

1951

a Harmony Hollow Creek.

b South Fork Shenandoah River.
VIRGINIA 571

HARRISONBURG 

(Population, 10,810)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 11,800.

Source: Riven Rock Spring (natural flow of Dry River and underflow of Dry River). 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 21,000,000 gal.

The basin of Dry River is in the George Washington National Forest. The intake 

works are about 13 miles west of the city. The underflow in the valley of the 

river is trapped in a gallery by extending the intake dam underground across 

the valley floor for a distance of 900 ft to a rock cliff on one side of the valley. 

The underground dam rests on bedrock. Water from the intake works is conducted through a 14 in. pipeline to the chlorinating plant about \ mile below 

the intake dam, The chlorinated water is piped to the distribution system and 

concrete storage reservoirs in the city through two interconnected parallel 

pipe lines. The supply is by gravity throughout.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO^ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO^

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

K 0

.07

1.4

 *J

1.0

0

3

D

1.0

.0

.1

18

Finished 

water

6 n

. uo

1.4

1.0 

1.0

.7

0

7

Q 7

1

Q

.0

.1

18

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color...................

pH.............. .........

(micromhos at

oc pi \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

7

1

10

 6.5

23; 6

0

61

Sept. 12,

1951

Finished 

water

8

2

5

6.4

25.0

0

61

Sept. 12,

1951

HOPEWELL 

(Population, 10,219)

Ownership: Old Dominion Water Corp; also supplies about 5,000 people outside 

the city limits, and the population in Camp Lee, Prison Camp, and Bland sanitary Dist. Total known population supplied, about 15,200.

Source: Appomattox River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000,000 gal.
572 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

HOPEWELL--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,,)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.5

OO

16

4.0

91

1 Q

0

4ft

47

8

C

.1

1 R

138

Finished 

water

c 7

nc

20

O.i

17

1 Q

0 

44

CO

9.4

.1

1.1

140

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntul . .

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity. .............

Temperature (F )

Raw 

water

56

17

25

7.1

213

25

Sept. 7,

1951

Finished 

water

65

29

0

7.4

217

1.0

Sept. 7,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

35 

35

Min

18 

24

PH

Av

--

Max

7.4

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

60

Min

30

Turbidity

Av Max

350

-r

Min

30

LYNCHBURG 

(Population, 47,727)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 7,000 people outside the

city limits, including Madison Heights Sanitary District in Amherst County.

Total population supplied, about 55,000. 

Source: Pedlar River impounded in Pedlar Lake about 23 miles northwest of the

city. Auxiliary or emergency supply, James River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, sand filtration, chlorination,

and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 600,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 9,000,000 gal.

Water from Pedlar Lake flows by gravity through a 36 in. cast iron pipe to the 

treatment plant in the southwest section of the city. Finished water is stored 

in College Hill reservoir, Clay Street reservoir, and Fort Hill standpipe. 

Distribution is by gravity flow.
VIRGINIA 573

LYNCHBURG Continued

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological.Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) ......*..

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10

.04

3.1 

1.5

2 9

0 

1Q

1.4

1 9

.1

36

Finished 

water

iq

01

2.9

i.. 0

o 9

0

1 C

K 9

I P

39

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

'N'nn f* 9 T*V\rvn o t**

Color...................

pH.............. .........

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

9C p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw

water

14

0

6

7.0

36.7

7.0

66

Sept. 11,

1951

Finished 

water

15

2

3

7.4

43.4

0

66

Sept. U,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

11 

9

Max

14 

10

Min

9 

8

PH

Av

6.5 

6.3

Max

6.9 

6.6

Min

6.2 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

~

Max

--

Min

Turbidity

Av

9 

0

Max

32 

0

Min

5 

0

MARION 

(Population, 6,982)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 7,600. 

Source: Springs. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 75,000 gal. Emergency use only (Hospital), 500,000 gal.

The chlorinating plant is a few miles east of the city. Four springs empty into an 

underground channel that surfaces under the chlorinating plant.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO«) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

9.4

.01

13 70

.6

.4

0 

78

2.8

.4

.1

.2

67

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

8

0

.05

13 

70

.7

1 ^

0 

80

1.1

1.1

.0

.1

67

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH .......................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).... .......... .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

64

0

1

7.9

117

0

54

Oct. 20,

1951

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

64

0

1

7.8

123

0

62

Sept. 12,

1951
574 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MARTINSVILLE 

(Population, 17,251)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people in suburban areas. Total

population supplied, about 18,300.

Source: Beaver Creek 60 percent of supply; Jones Creek 40 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH

with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Sodium (Na)......... ..................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ....... ........

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NO,) .........................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Color...................................

pH... ....................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Beaver 

Creek 

(raw water)

20 

.82

5.5 

2.5 

3.5 

1.3 

0 

34 

1.4 

2.9 

.2 

.3 

66

24 

0.

35 

6.9

65.7 

5.0 

65 

Sept. 11, 1951

Jones 

. Creek . 

(raw water)

19 

.46

6.0 

1.7 

3.2 

1.0 

0 

28 

3.5 

1.4 

.1 

.3 

55

22 

0

30 

7.3

49.8 

15 

64 

Sept. 11, 1951

Finished 

water

18 

.13

12 

2.5 

3.5 

1.1 

0 

42 

9.7 

3.0 

.1 

.1 

76

40 

6

0 

8.2

98.4 

0.5 

68 

Sept. 11, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

21

19

Max

29 

27

Min

11 

11

PH

Av

6.9 

6.7

Max

7.1 

6.9

Min

6.6 

6.0

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

--

Min

--

Turbidity

Av

70 

0.5

Max

2000 

0.5

Min

20 

0.5
VIRGINIA 575

NEWPORT NEWS 

(Ponulation, 42,358)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Hampton, Hilton, Phoebus, and other communities in Elizabeth City, Warwick and York Counties. Total population supplied, about 150,000.

Source: Chickahominy River 42 percent of supply; Lee Hall and Harwood Mill 

reservoirs 58 percent of supply. Skiffs Creek can be used in emergencies.

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum, addition of carbon, 

chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Hated'capacity of treatment plants: 2 Lee Hall Reservoir plants: 8,000,000 gpd, 

and 6,000,000 mgd. Harwood Mill Reservoir plant: 6,000,000 mgd.

Raw-water storage: 1,7 54,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Lee Hall underground reservoir, 3, 500,000 gal; concrete reservoir (in Newport News), 3,500,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 

and 100,000 gal.

Lee Hall and Harwood Mill reservoirs store the headwaters of Warwick and 

Poquoson rivers, respectively. Water from the Chickahominy River is discharged from a 32 mile 18 in. pipeline into Harwood Mill reservoir. Combined waters from the Harwood Mill Reservoir are discharged into the Lee 

Hall Reservoir.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million,'by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOj) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F. ) .. .........

Date of collection................

Raw 

water a

2.1

__

3.8

1.1

0

21

11

4.6

.2

.8

23

6

15

6 Q

66.9 

3n

74

Sept. 5,

1951

Raw 

water b

6.1

_

3.7

1.1

0

54

5.4

.2

.6

53

9

10

7.1

173 

2.5

77

Sept. 5,

1951

.Lee Hall 

Reservoir 

(raw water)

12

.04

33

1.3

4.7

.9

0

104

2 1

8.0

.1

1.3

129

88

2

10

7 *>

191

2

C

70

Spnt 4

1951

Finished 

water c

4.7

.02

25

1.4

4.3

1.0

0

59

1 5

12

.1

.1

110

68

20

5

7.5

164 

0.5

78

Sept. 4,

1951

a Chickahominy River, 

b Harwood Mill Reservoir, 

c Supply System.
576 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEWPORT NEWS Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

fepm)

Av

57 

53

Max

63 

59

Min

52 

49

PH

Av

7.6 

8.0

Max

7.7 

8.0

Min

7.5 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

93

Max

113

Min

73

Turbidity

Av

2.2 

.5

Max

2.3 

.5

Min

2.0 

.5

NORFOLK 

(Population, 213,513)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Portlock, South Norfolk, Virginia Beach, 

other communities, suburban areas, and an unknown number of Army and Navy 

personnel. Total population supplied, about 300,000.

Source: Two systems of impounding reservoirs (lakes): Lake Smith system comprised of a chain of reservoirs known as Lake Wright, Lake Taylor, Little 

Creek, Lake Lawson, Lake Smith and North Landing Lake about 5 miles northeast of the city, and for the most part in Princess Anne County; and Lake 

Prifice system comprised of Lake Prince on Exchange Creek and Lake Burnt 

Mills, a subsidiary reservoir, in Nansemond County about 18 miles from the 

city. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Nottoway and Blackwater Rivers.

Treatment: (Both plants) prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, addition of activated carbon, bleaching clay when needed, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Moores Bridges plant, 24,000,000 gpd; 37th 

Street plant, 24,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 9,700,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal.

Water from the Lake Smith supply system is treated at the Moores Bridges treatment plant located at the southern end of Lake Wright. Water from Lake 

Prince and Lake Burnt Mills is conducted in two parallel mains, interconnected 

at intervals, to the 37th Street treatment plant in Norfolk, where it is treated. 

The two parallel mains are also connected by a 48 in. concrete main to the 

Moores Bridges treatment plant, so that with this arrangement each of the 

three mains can deliver water to either plant.
VIRGINIA 

NORFQLK - -Continued

577

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Raw 

water a

Raw 

water b

Raw 

water c

Raw 

water d

Raw 

water e

Silica

Iron (Fe)

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg)..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NQ,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCOji

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

6.0

10

1.8

0

41

26

13

.1

3.2

49

15

4.4 

.02

13

5.3

18

2.6

0

54

15

25

.2

2.5

129

54

10

4.5

3.9 

1.3 

0

40

4.0

6.5

.1

.6

38

5

T75"

3.2 

1.2 

0 

13 

6.0 

6.9 

.0 

.4

16

5

~3TT" 

.04

11

1.4

4.1

1.3

0

35

4.7

6.4

.2

.8

60

33

4

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F.)........

Date of collection ........

40

7.1

143

Sept. 6, 

1951

7 

6.8

208

15

Sept. 5, 

1951

10

7.4

96.0

Sept. 6, 

1951

7.0 

52.5

Sept. 6, 

1951

8 

6.7

91.0 

5.0

Sept. 5, 

1951

Finished 

water f

Finished 

water S

Finished 

water *

Finished 

water S

Silica 

Iron (Fe) 

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca).........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,).....

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl).........

Fluoride (F)..........

Nitrate (NOJ .........

Dissolved solids.....

3.7 

.03

26

2.6

7.7

1.7

0

49

22

23

3.9 

.02

26

1.6

4.1

1.2

0

54

19

14

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

71

27

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)...............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

5 

7.7

205

0.5

72

Sept. 5, 

1951

3 

8.1

169

0.5

70

Sept. 5, 

1951

134 111

a North Landing Lake. 

b Smith Lake System. 

c Lake Prince, 

d Lake Burnt Mills.

e Lake Prince and Lake Burnt Mills. 

* From Moores Bridges treatment plant, 

g From 37th Street treatment plant.
578 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NORFOLK Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, jj$£

Raw water a......

Finished water a

Raw water 13 ...... 

Finished water b

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

33 

37

' 27 

35

Max

38 

44

39 

54

Min

22 

29

18 

25

PH

Av

7.4 

8.0

6.8 

8.3

Max

8.2 

8.4

7.2 

8.5

Min

7.1 

6.9

6.6 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

78

33 

61

Max

94

46 

90

Min

66

20 

46

Turbidity

Av

15 

.73

6.2

.5

Max

30 

.98

7.9 

1.0

Min

11 

.43

4.7 

.4

a Moores Bridges Plant. 

b 3 7th Street Plant.

PETERSBURG 

(Population, 35,054) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas, other communities, and

Fort Lee part of the time. Total population supplied, about 70,000. 

Source: Appomattox River (through power canal owned by the Va. Electric &

Power Co). Emergency supply, Wilcox Lake (Lieutenant Run impounded). 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime,

sedimentation, addition of carbon, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and

adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water, storage: 5,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3,240,000 gal. 

The intake on the power canal is about 3 miles from the treatment plant, located

within the city limits. Under normal operating conditions the flow of the water

from the canal to the treatment plant is by gravity, but when the consumption

exceeds a specified volume pumping becomes necessary. The city has prior

right to 10,000,000 gpd.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) ......... 

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

1Q

" OK

.00

4.9

2 A

3.7

1.7

0 

27

4 9

0 1

.1

.2

66

Finished 

water

i ^

nc

.00

14

2

C

3

0

1.6

0 

oc

1Q

5

c

.1

.1

85

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc rt \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

22

0

7.0

62.7

5.0

Sept. 7,

1951

Finished 

water

46

17

8.0

115

1.0

Sept. 7,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

26

27

Max

00

37

Min

00

26

PH

Av

7.1

8.8

Max

7 °i

9.0

Min

7.1

8.7

Hardness

as CaCOs

(ppm)

Av

44

Max

48

Min

42

Turbidity

Av

90

2

Max

oe

3

Min

6

'

1
VIRGINIA 579

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 80,039)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 50,000 in Norfolk Co.,

and 20,000 in the city of Suffolk and Nansemond Co. Total population supplied,

about 150,000. 

Source: Lake Kilby 66 percent of supply; Lake Gaboon 34 percent of supply.

Emergency supply, Nottoway River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation,

activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, and addition of polyphosphate (Calgon)

for corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw -water storage: 2,4 50,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 11,000,000 gal.

Lake Kilby is located just west of the corporate limits of Suffolk; Lake Gaboon is 

about 2 miles north of Lake Kilby in Nansemond County. Water is piped from 

Lake Gaboon to the treatment plant at the eastern end of Lake Kilby where the 

water from both sources is treated.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) ..............4......

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)..... ................

Sodium (Na)........ ...................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COa) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa). ................

Sulfate (SO^..........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Lake Kilby 

(raw water)

4.0

.14

u. y 

1.7

6.1

1 o

0

17

7.0

10 "

Q

.7

60

oo

8

33

6.3

77.7

10

69

Sept. 6, 1951

Lake Gaboon 

(raw water)

3.7

.04

5

0

1.7

4.7

i.o

0

1 R

c o

7

C

.3

.4

49

on

5

15

6.7

64.5

15

71

Sept. 6, 1951

Finished 

water

3.4

no

14

1.4

5.3

1.1

0

22

15

14

.0

.1

80

41

23

3

7.1

118

1.0

71

Sept. 6, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant,

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

9 

. 16

Max

13 

24

Min

6 

10

PH

Av

6.1 

7.1

Max

6.4 

8.4

Min

6.0 

6.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

28

Max

32

Min

25

Turbidity

Av

9 

0

Max

29 

0

Min

3 

0
580 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PULASKI 

(Population, 9,202)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 10,200. 

Source: Lake (impounded mountain stream) 97 percent of supply; Wardens Spring

3 percent of supply.

Treatment: Filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 304,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal.

The Lake is about 5 miles west of town; Wardens Spring is about li miles east of 

town.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Lake 

(raw 

water)

4.8 

.02

3.3 

1.6 

1.3 

.9 

0 

15 

4.2 

1.5 

.0 

1.3 

30

Finished 

water 

(city tap]

5.8 

.27

3.4 

1.8 

1.4 

.7 

0 

15 

3.9 

2.5 

.0 

.1 

30

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntfll ......

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )....:..........

Turbidity. . .......... ..

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Lake 

(raw

water)

15 

3

2

6.9

39.4 

10 

68 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Finished . water 

(city tap)

16 

4

18 

6.8

37.5 

1.0 

65 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

15

Max

9 

15

Min

7 

15

PH

Av

6.3 

8.6

Max

6.7 

8.8

Min

6.3 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

12 

22

Max

12 

22

Min

11 

22

Turbidity

Av

2

0

Max

2 

0

Min

1

0
VIRGINIA 581

RADFORD 

(Population, 9,026)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9,500. 

Source: New River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,600,000 gal.

The treatment plant is at the south edge of Radford, east of the river.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

Q 8

1 ^

8

Q

3

/»

2.4

0 

41

5.0

1.4

1 *>

55

Finished 

water

7.7

AC

1 9

4.6

2 n

1 *\

0

4K

11

2

0

.7

74

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at .

OK p \

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

37

3

8

7.3

81.0

_ _

Sept. 11-20,

1950

Finished 

water

49

12

0

7.6

109

0.5

Sept. 12,

1951

a Composite of 10 daily samples from the New River at Radford from Sept. 

11 through 20, 1950,

RICHMOND 

(Population, 230,310)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 20,000 outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 250,000. 

Source: James River. Gravity flow. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum (in summer) or ferrous Sttlfate (in winter), sedimentation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, adjustment of pH with lime, and addition of copper

sulfate.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 66,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 170,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 58,000,000 gal.

The treatment plant is on Douglasdale Road on the southwest edge of the city.
582 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

RICHMOND- -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOfe) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ....... ..

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) . ...........

Carbonate (CO^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) ......

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total......................

Noncarbonate ...........

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

James River at Richmond

Raw 

water a

7.1 

.10

20 

4.9

\ 9.2

0 

56 

30 

8.4 

.1 

.8 

127

70 

24

15 

7.1

189

Sept. 1- 

10, 1950

Raw 

water t>

10 

.06

10 

2.7

4.4

0 

36 

11 

2.5 

.1 

1.1 

63

36

7

23

7.5

93.0

May 21- 

31, 1950

. Raw _ Average c

10 

.17

15 

3.8

5.7

0 

49 

18 

4.6 

.1 

.6 

87

54 

14

132 

1950

Raw 

water d

7.5 

.03

21 

5.1 

/ 12 

\ 1.8 

0 

58 

37 

10 

.1 

.6 

133

73 

26

20 

7.2

202

Avg. 73 

Sept. 1- 

30, 1951

Finished 

water

8.5 

.02

23 

4.6 

9.9 

1.6 

0 

36 

48 

14 

.1 

.1 

137

76 

47

3

8.1

215 

0.5 

77 

Sept. 3, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

39 

30

Max

60 

48

Min

15 

12

PH

Av

7.5 

8.8

Max

8.2 

9.3

Min

6.7 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

65

Max

80

Min

50

Turbidity

Av

30 

.1

Max

250 

.2

Min

5 

.1

a Analysis of 10-day composite of daily samples with the maximum dissolved 

solids for the water year 1950.

bAnalysis of 11-day composite of daily samples with the minimum dissolved 

solids for the water year 1950.

c Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples for the water 

year 1950.

d Analysis of monthly composite of daily samples.
VIRGINIA 583

ROANOKE

(Population, 91,921)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 92,200.

Source: Impounding reservoirs (Carvin's Cove 40 percent, Beaver Creek and 

Falling Creek 15 percent), 55 percent of supply; Crystal Springs, 45 percent 

of supply.

Treatment: Carvin's Cove plant: Coagulation with ferric sulfate, aeration, lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. Falling 

Creek plant: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, pressure filtration, addition of lime and polyphosphate (Calgon). Crystal Springs water: chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Carvin's Cove plant, 6,000,000 gpd; Falling 

Creek plant, 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: Carvin's Cove reservoir, 6,470,000,000 gal; Beaver Creek 

and Falling Creek reservoirs, 550,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: Carvin's Cove clear wells, 2,000,000 gal; Mill Mt. reservoir, 2,000,000 gal; City Farm reservoir, 2,000,000 gal; Carroll Avenue 

standpipe, 2,000,000 gal; smaller elevated tanks and reservoirs, 3,000,000 

gal.

Crystal Springs is within the city limits on the western slope of Mill Mountain, 

about If miles from the center of the city. Carvin's Cove Reservoir is about 

8 miles north of the city; Beaver Creek and Falling Creek reservoirs are 

about 7 miles northeast of the city.

Carvin's Cove treatment plant is about 3,000 ft south of the impounding dam and 

the water flows to the treatment plant by gravity. Falling Creek treatment 

plant which treats water from both Beaver Creek and Falling Creek reservoirs 

is a short distance below Falling Creek dam.

The four principal finished-water storage reservoirs are strategically located in 

four sections of the city to aid in correcting unequal pressures due to over 200 

ft differences in elevations in different sections of the city. Finished water 

from Carvin's Cove plant is conducted to both Mill Mt. reservoir which floats 

on the system and to other storage reservoirs in the city. Finished water from 

Falling Creek plant is. served principally in the southeastern part of the city.
584 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ROANOKE - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SO^............ ..............

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Hardness as CaCO3: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Crystal 

Springs 

(raw water)

11

09

£t 1 

1 C

1 9

.5

0

1 ci

9 5

1.0

.0

1 ^

19Q

5

1

7.7

228

CO

Sept. 13, 1951

Carvin's Cove

and Falling Cr. 

(raw water)

c 4.

.04

O . I

1 Q

1.0

0

1 Q

Q n

1 R

.1

9ft

17

2

0

6 q

39.4

57

Sept. 13, 1951

Finished 

water (composite)

10

.04

JL D

7

0

1 Q

.4

0

09

o n

9 9

.1

pc

fiQ

2

o

7.7

139

Sept. 13, 1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water a ..... . 

Finished water a .

Raw waterb...... 

Finished water b

Raw water 0 ...... 

Finished water 0

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

130 

130

16 

12

14 

14

Max

133 

133

18 

15

16 

17

Min

125 

125

10 

9

13 

13

PH

Av

7.5 

7.5

6.3 

9.5

7.2 

7.0

Max

7.6 

7.6

6.7 

9.6

7.3

7.1

Min

7.4 

7.4

5.9 

9.1

7.1 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

133 

133

15 

42

17 

18

Max

137 

137

20 

45

18 

20

Min

128 

128

13 

35

16 

17

Turbidity

Av

.3 

.3

2.2 

.2

2.2

.7

Max

.4 

.4

6.0 

.5

6.0 

1.2

Min

.2 

.2

1.0 

.1

1.0

.6

aCrystal Springs. 

b Carvin's Cove. 

c Falling Creek.
VIRGINIA 585

SALEM 

(Population, 6,823)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies South Salem. Total population supplied, 

about 7,800.

Source: Roanoke River 91 percent of supply; City well 784 ft deep, 5.7 percent of 

supply; South Salem spring 3.3 percent of supply. Emergency supply, small 

lake (spring-fed) near treatment plant.

Treatment: Roanoke River water: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of 

phosphate. City well water: Chlorination and addition of phosphate. South 

Salem spring water: Chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

The city of Salem, north of the Roanoke River, is supplied by water from the Roanoke River and the City well in one system. South Salem, that section on the 

south side of the Roanoke River, is supplied by water from a spring in a separate system. The City well is on the treatment plant grounds. Water from 

the river is pumped to the treatment plant on West Main St. on the western 

edge of the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe)......... ..................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COJ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO,)... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl).. ...................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Roanoke 

River 

(raw water)

5.5 

.02

42 

22 

2.4 

.6 

0 

201 

20 

3.4 

.-1 

1.0 

209

195 

31

4 

8.2

347 

10

Sept. 13, 

1951

City well 

(raw water)

8.0 

.02

31 

13 

1.8 

.3 

0 

138 

12 

2.0 

.1 

2.5 

138

131 

18

1 

7.9

235 

0 

63 

Sept. 13, 

1951

Finished 

water (city tap)

6.5 

.02

40 

21 

2.7 

.6 

0 

75 

30 

4.6 

.1 

1.0 

200

186 

43

2 

7.9

329 

1.0

Sept. 18, 

1951

Finished 

water a

15 

.02

26 

15 

1.3 

.8 

0 

147 

4.5 

1.2 

.1 

.3 

131

127 

6

2 

8.1

222 

0 

62 

Sept. 13, 

1951

Scur.b Salem.
586 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SALEM Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, July, 1950 July, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water*..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

121 

106

Max

162 

166

Min

59 

33

pH

Av

8.0 

7.5

Max

8.4 

7.9

Min

7.3 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

136 

129

Max

180 

176

Min

46 

78

Turbidity

Av

27 

1.6

Max

1600 

4.0

Min

1.0 

.2

SOUTH BOSTON 

(Population, 6,057)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Dan River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with soda ash and alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of lime for corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO^ .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

12

.07

6.3

O A

1 ^

1.5

0 

52

R Q

fi Q

.2

.8

77

Finished 

water

7 ?

.01

16

3

0

on

1.8

0 

62

QQ

4

0

.1

.1

123

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color..................

_TT pH...... .................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. ............ .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

26

0

q

7.2

119

Sept. 11-

20, 1951

Finished 

water

53

3

0

7 Q

196

0.5

78

Sept. 11,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

26 

56

Max

33 

61

Min

26 

51

PH

Av

6.9 

8.6

Max

7.0 

8.7

Min

6.7 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

140

Max

422

Min

29

a Composite of daily samples taken from the Dan River Sept. 11 through 20, 1951.
VIRGINIA 587

SOUTH NORFOLK 

(Population, 10,434)

Ownership: Supplied by Norfolk. (See Norfolk.)

STAUNTON 

(Population, 19,927)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside, the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 20,200. 

Source: North River impounded. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Gardner's

Spring about 3 miles west of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination and addition of lime at N. River intake; coagulation

with alum and silica (silicate + sulfuric acid),lime, sedimentation, rapid sand

filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 125,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7,000,000 gal.

The North River, is impounded near Stokesville, about 35 miles northwest of 

Staunton. The water from the reservoir flows through a cast-iron pipe to the 

treatment plant, on Two-mile Hill about 2 miles west of the city. Finished 

water flows into the distribution system and to storage in the city.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. 8. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Magnesium (Mg). ....................

Sodium (Na)..... ......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (GO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj).. ................

Sulfate (804)...........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color ...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Date of collection .....*.. ...........

Gardner's 

Spring 

(raw water)

 

_

_

 

,0

294

4

_

2.8

270

29

7.4

428

65

Sept. 11, 1951

North River 

(raw water)

4'.1

.04

I

fi

.9

.8

.6

0

8.0

2.8

.8

.0

.2

20

8

1

7

6.5

21.1

4

72

Sept. 11, 1951

Finished 

water

5.4

.02

10

.9

1.7

.7

0

25

12

1.2

.0

.1

52

29

8

3

7.4

71.3

0.5

69

Sept. 11, 1951
588 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

STAUNTON Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, Feb. to July, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

14

22

Max

00

28

Min

0

10

PH

Av

7.8

8.4

Max

8

0

9.0

Min

7.4

7.6

Hardness

as CaCO3

(PPm)

Av

16

28

Max

?,0

32

Min

10

22

Turbidity

Av

3.2

.6

Max

6.9

1.1

Min

1.1

.2

SUFFOLK 

(Population, 12,339)

Ownership: Supplied by Portsmouth. (See Portsmouth.)

WAYNESBORO 

(Population, 12,357)

Ownerships Municipal; also supplies a small number of people outside the city

limits. Total population supplied, about 12,400. 

Source: Coyners Spring about 3 miles west of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the spring. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,000,000 gal.

The chlorinated water is pumped from the pump house adjacent to the spring basin 

to a 2,000,000 gal underground concrete reservoir, about 3/4 mile southwest 

of the city, from which distribution to the city mains is by gravity.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K). .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj)... .....

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

10 

.04

19 

9.5 

.7 

1.2 

0 

96 

9^5 

.6 

.1 

.7 

96

Finished 

water

10 

.04

19 

9.5 

.7 

1.2 

0 

96 

9.4 

1.0 

.1 

.9 

96

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Tntal

Noncarbonate......

Color .................. .

pH. ......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

OC f-l \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

86 

8

5 

7.6

170 

0 

57 

Sept. 11, 

1951

Finished 

water

86 

8

2 

7.6

170 

0 

57 

Sept. 11, 

1951
VIRGINIA 589

WILLIAMSBURG 

(Population, 6,735)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 600 people outside the

city limits. Total population supplied, about 7,300. 

Source: Waller Pond (impounded supply). Emergency supply (formerly used as

regular supply) 2 wells 442 ft deep (William and Mary College well) and 417 ft

deep (Eastern State Hospital well). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime, coagulation with ferrous sulfate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2,650,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOg)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOs) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

5.5

09

27 

1 ^

q A

0

88

?

n

5

n

.0

0

94

Finished 

water

4.7

.40

14 

1 9

3 4

.7

0

qo

3.6

8

0

.1

.1

65

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Noncarbonate. .....

Color........ ...........

PH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Raw 

water

73

1

6

7.6

155

1.0

82

Sept. 4,

1951

Finished 

water

40

9

1.0

7.3

95.1

0.5

84

Sept. 4,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

97 

48

Max Min

PH

Av

8.0 

8,9

Max

8.2 

8,9

Min

7.8 

8,9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

87

40

Max Min

--

Turbidity

Av

.33 

.01

Max

.88 

.5

Min

0 

0
590 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WINCHESTER 

(Population, 13,841)

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,800.

Source: Four limestone springs: Shawnee, Rouss, Fay's, and Old Town. Shawnee Spring is in the southeast part of the city; Rouss Spring, the main source 

of supply, about 1 mile southeast of the center of the city; Fay's Spring, 3 

miles northeast of the city; and Old Town Spring, at the northwest side of the 

city.

Treatment: Superchlorination and dechlorination. Shawnee Spring water: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: (Shawnee Spring plant only) 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 3,200,00 gal.

Finished water from the spring basins is pumped into the distribution system and 

to storage.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOjj) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS )...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Date of collection ........

Shawnee 

Spring 

[raw wateij

0 

387 

34

8.8

424 

107

7.3 

770

58 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Rouss 

Spring 

[raw water]

0 

368 

15

8.6

332

30

7.5 

534

58 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Fay's 

Spring 

|raw water'

0 

322 

18

8.6

328 

62

7.5 

534

61 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Old Town 

Spring 

[raw watei)

0 

272 

14

6.3

316 

93

7.3 

501

57 

Sept. 12, 

1951

Finished 

water 

(city hall tap)

11

.04

87 

19 

3.4 

1.9 

6 

310 

22 

6.5 

.1 

9.8 

358

295 

31

4 

7.3

541 

1.0 

66 

Sept. 12, 

1951
WEST VIRGINIA 591

BECKLEY 

(Population, 19,397)

Ownership:^ Municipal; supplies also Mabscott, Sophia, and about 11,800 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 34,300

Source: Glade Creek, impounded.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, addition of 

Calgon for corrosion control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,300, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 565,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 3,835,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) , .

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 >

.11

ftn

8.6 

21

1 1

1.6

0

10

1Q

5

0

.4

9.

52

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OK p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

9ft

00

6

0

09 C

Nov. 28,

1QS1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

12

Max

14 

20

Min

. 3 

5

pH

Av

6.3 

7.4

Max

7.1 

9.6

Min

6.1 

5.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16 

34

Max

22

48

Min

8 

14

Turbidity

Av Max

60 

0

Min

0.1 

0

BLUEFIELD 

(Population, 21, 506)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 2, 000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 23, 500.

Source: 22 springs and surface run-off feeding 2 reservoirs impounded by Ada

Dam and Horton Dam. Auxiliary supply from Beaver Pond and Bailey Springs.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 200,000, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal.
592 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

BL UE FIELD- -Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

6.6

49

.00

31 

8.2

1.7

.7

0

129

7.2

2.5

o

1.4

124

Hardness as CaCQ,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F.). .........

Finished 

water a

5

o

7.6

217

Nov. 30,

1QK1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

105 

95

Max

114 

110

Min

14 

76

pH

Av

7.4 

7.1

Max

7.5 

7.3

Min

7.2 

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

102 

97

Max

130

124

Min

80

74

Turbidity

Av

<1 

0

Max

50'o

Min

0 

0

All sources.

CHARLESTON 

(Population, 73,501)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also South Charleston, 

and about 13,900 people outside the city limits. The system is interconnected 

with Belle, Nitro, and St. Albans. Total population supplied, about 104, 000.

Source: Elk River.

Treatment: Anhydrous ammonia, carbon, coagulation with alum and at times lime, 

aeration at times by air diffusion, chlorination beyond break-point, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 8t 850, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NC^) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.4

.10

.00

. U

2.0

2.3

1.7

0

19

15

6.2

.0

1.8

52

Total ..... ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F )

Finished 

water

32

17

0

7.4

89.4

Dec. 27,

1951
WEST VIRGINIA 593

CHARLESTON Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

14 

21

Max

25 

36

Min

8 

13

PH

Av

6.5 

9.0

Max

6.9 

9.6

Min

6.1 

8.4

Eardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

23 

37

Max

42 

60

Min

14 

22

Turbidity

Av

56 

>0

Max

1000 

0

Min

1 

>0

CLARKSBURG 

(Population, 32,014)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Nutter Fort, Stonewood, Summit Park, and

about 1,490 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about

38,400.

Source: West Fork River impounded by a series of low dams. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, adjustment of pH

to about 8. 3 with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination

at times, softening by cation exchange at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 440,000, 000 gal 

Finished-water storage: 3,064,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fiuoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.1

90

.00

44 

7 5

4.0

3 n

0

<*o

1 1Q

3 9

.0

9 4

210

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

140

7

fi

316

T\op Q1

1QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

21 

31

Max

41 

48

Min

5 

28

PH

Av

6.7 

8.2

Max

7.2 

9.1

Min

6.5 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

87 

98

Max

265 

208

Min

47 

38

Turbidity

Av

71 

0

Max

1900 

0

Min

5 

0

DUNBAR 

(Population, 8,032)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company. (See Nitro and St. Albans.)
594 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

ELKINS 

(Population, 9,121)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 9, 600.

Source: Tygart River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon at 

times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1,350, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO.,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (S04 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

 > o

M

.00

14

2

0

1 >

1 *>

0

Qf)

OO

2

Q

.1

Q

64

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

*±o

A. &

1

7.1

1 no

Nov. 23,

1 OKI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

T>4««« uratoT*

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOg 

(ppm)

Av

20 

29

Max

24 

30

Min

14 

26

PH

Av

7.1 

8.2

Max

7.3 

8.3

Min

6.8 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av Max Min

FAIRMONT 

(Population, 29,346)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Barrackville, Rivesville, and about 2,000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 33, 700.

Source: Tygart River.

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, prechlorination, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of Calgon for corrosion 

control.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 17,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage:, 3,500,000 gal.
WEST VIRGINIA 595

FAIRMONT Cont inued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mri) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3 Q

on

.14

7.2

1 O

7 Q

O A

0

13

27

1 ^

.0

1 Q

58

Hardness as CaCOg:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

00

1 O

O

7 3

C\C G

TV»r« 97

1 QC1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQj 

(ppm)

Av

1.7 

9.9

Max

3.0 

24

Min

iis

6.0

pH

Av

6.0 

7.1

Max

6.6 

8.5

Min

4.9 

6.9

Hardness 

as CaCO, 

(PPm)

Av

30 

30

Max

80 

78

Min

18 

18

Turbidity

Av

27 

0

Max

160 

0

Min

4 

0

Acidic.

GRAFTON 

(Population, 7,365)

'Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 9,400. 

Source: Tygart Lake. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, prechlorination, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration; adjustment of pH with lime at filters, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,500,000 gal. -

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Ge'ological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS ) .....

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

3

0

.11

.05

12

1.7

1

C

1

C

0

1 ^

04.

2

C

.0

1.5

58

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

9C

25

1

7

0

qo Q

T\of 1 °.

1QC1
596 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

GRAFTON Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

V 

14

Max

8 

16

Min

(: 

12

PH

Av

6.2 

9.0

Max

6.4 

8.8

Min

5.6 

8.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

24 

36

Max

28 

50

Min

18 

30

Turbidity

Av

50 

0

Max

100 

0

Min

30 

0

HUNTINGTON 

(Population, 86,353)

Ownership: Huntington Water Corporation; supplies also Barboursville, Chesapeake (Ohio), and about 30,000 people outside the city limits. Total population 

supplied, about 120,000.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 2,250,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mgj.....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water a

4.9

10

.91

56

10

QQ

3

/j

0

45

160

CO

.4

Q A

362

Finished 

water

5 0

10

.00

22 

o q

5

0

1 <?

5 

1R.

CO

10

.1

2

0

116

Hardness as CaCO,:

Noncarbonate......

pH...... .................

flnof>if 4f> f*/vnsfiir*t!inf*f*

(micromhos at 

25 C.). . ............ .

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Finished 

water a

1 QQ

152

1

7.5

cco

Nov. 27,

i oci

Finished 

water

70

50

0

9.2

200

Mar 97

1 QS9

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

25 

30

Max

53 

50

Min

13 

20

PH

Av

7. 1 

8.4

Max

7.4 

8.4

Min

6.5 

7.9

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

70

Max

134

Min

28

Turbidity

Av

--

Max

600 

0

Min

15 

0

a River at low stage at time of collection of sample.
WEST VIRGINIA 597

MARTINSBURG 

(Population, 15,621)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 15,700.

Source: Limestone spring. Auxiliary supply from spring-fed limestone quarry. 

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 200,000, 000 gal (auxiliary supply). 

Finished-water storage: 3, 750, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

1Q

.00

80

1 a

1

a

1 fl

0

oo a

10

 > c

.1

14

279

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

9 fid

91

0

7 R

468

l?oVi 9T

1952
598 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MORGANTOWN 

(Population, 25,525)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Star City, Westover, and about 8,000 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 39,000.

Source: Monongahela River, 75 percent of supply; Tibbs Run, impounded, 25 percent of supply.

Treatment: Monongahela River supply: coagulation with alum and liine, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, zeolite softening, and chlorinatipn. Tibbs Run supply: addition of lime, and chlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,800,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 35,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 2,600,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts pej: million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)... ..................

Sodium (Na).... .......................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO^ .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOa)... ..............

Sulfate (804)...........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOa) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection...................

Finished water 

(Monongahela 

River)

3.7

.12

.00

on

4.9

33

2.0

0

19

140

7.5

.1

2.4

237

94

79

0

8.5

371

Jan. 1, 1952

Finished water 

(Tibbs Run. 

impounded)

4.1

.13

.00

7.0

1.2

1.2

1.7

0

13

13

2.5

.1

.4

39

22

12

5

7.2

60.1

Jan. 1, 1952

Filter effluent 

(Monongahela 

River)

3.7

.12

.04

41

7.1

10

2.2

0

17

135

3.2

.1

2.4

222

132

118

1

8.1

339

__

Jan. 1, 1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

.Raw water.........

Finished water a. 

Finished water b.

Alkalinity

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

__

12 

13

Max

6

16 

20

Min

_io,

10 

9

PH

Av

9.0 

9.0

Max

9.4 

9.4

Min

8.8 

8.8

Hardness

as CaCO3

(ppm)

Av

QO

64 

28

Max

Of|R

166 

34

Min

49

42 24'

Turbidity

Av

40

0 

0

Max

400

5 

0

Min

0 

0

Monongahela River. 

Tibbs Run.
WEST VIRGINIA 599

MOUNDSVILLE 

(Population, 14, 772)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 wells (4 to 6), 69, 69, and 70 ft deep, yield reported to be 400, 400, and

725 gpm. Emergency supply from Well 3. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Emergency supply treated with polyphosphate

(Calgon) for manganese control. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) i.. ........... 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) ..... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

11 

.12 

.02 

87 

14 

23 

2.6 

0 

95 

213 

21 

.1 

2.2 

445

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .....................;.

pH ..............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

274 

197

0 

7.3

611

Dec. 11, 

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

82

Max

100

Min

66

pH

Av

7.2

Max

7.3

Min

7.0

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

227

Max

276

Min

168

Turbidity

Av Max Min

- 

Composite, wells 5 and 6.
600 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NITRO 

(Population, 3,314)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also Dunbar, and 

about 11,500 people outside the city limits. The system is interconnected 

with Belle, Charleston, and St. Albans. Total population supplied, about 

22,800.

Source: K diawha Rive*.

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, and postchlorination.

Ratea capacity of treatment plant: 36, 000,000 gpd

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 800, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .......'.

Finished 

water

5

r>

.04

.00

16 

o 7

Q 7

1.7

0

94

OF:

Q 0

.0

2

0

an

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

50

O 1

0

I O

 L/GC. & ( y

LuDJL

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

-

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

34 

30

Max

66 

55

Min

15 

14

PH

Av

7.2 

9.0

Max

7.6 

9.2

Min

6.3 

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

55 

68

Max

112 

128

Min

24 

36

Turbidity

Av

27

Max

180

Min

5
WEST VIRGINIA 601

PARKERSBURG 

(Population, 40,492)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5,000 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 45, 500. 

Source: 3 wells (Ranney collectors 1 to 3), 57, 56, and 54 ft deep, yield reported

to be 2, 500, 2,000, and 2, 500 gpm. Emergency supply from Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with lime, sedimentation,

rapid sand filtration, addition of polyphosphate (Calgon), and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant:. 8,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO8) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

13

.04

.12

64 

14

29

1.3

7

78

145

39

.2

2.4

366

Hardness as CaCOj*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water a

01 c

149

0

3.1

554

Jan. 7,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water,..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

71 

82

Max

75 

86

Min

69 

81

PH

Av.

6.6 

8.4

Max

6.7 

8.6

Min

6.5 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

159 

167

Max

173 

178

Min

151 

157

Turbidity

Av

~

Max Min

Composite, collectors 1 and 3.
602 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

PRINCE TON 

(Population, 8,279)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 3,000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 11,300.

Source: 3 wells (2, 3, and 8), 446, 445, and 247 ft deep; yield reported to be 300, 

325, and 300 gpm (80 percent of supply); Brush Creek (20 percent of supply).

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, softening with hydrated lime and suspension 

catalyzer, and rapid sand filtration.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,008,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 50,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 318,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj)

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water a

14

Q7

.00

36

6

n

OC

1.5

0 

167

99

10

.1

I

/;

200

Finished 

water a

1^

.40

.00

12

6

0

oc

1

C

0

Q1

1 0

1 K

.1

9

140

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total ................

Noncarbonate. . ....

Color..................

pH. ............. .........

(micromhos at 

25 C.). .... ..........

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water a

1 1 B

0

O

7.4

ooi

Nov. 30,

1QC1

Finished 

water a

58

0

1

7.7

99Q

Nov. 20,

1 Q^1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water.

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

214 

60

Max

240 

80

Min

160 

52

PH

Av

6.9 

8.3

Max

6.9 

8.6

Min

6.8 

8.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)'

Av

204 

76

Max

230 

86

Min

160 

62

Turbidity

Av

0 

0

Max

0 

0

Min

0 

0

aWells 3 and 8, 80 percent; Brush Creek 20 percent.
WEST VIRGINIA 603

ST. ALBANS 

(Population, 9,870)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 8, 500 

people outside St. Albans. The system is interconnected-with Belle, Charleston, andNitro. Total population supplied, about 18,400.

Source: Coal River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, postchlorination. Aeration 

and activated carbon at times.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,600,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

6.6

flK

.00

14 

 ) a

4.5

2.6

0

17

40

4.8

.0

i q

86

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

K1

07

0

7.4

147

Don 97

I'QCI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

20 

25

Max

58 

62

Min

10 

15

PH

Av

6.8 

9.0

Max

7.3 

9.4

Min

6.3 

8.2

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

50 

62

Max

100 

110

Min

24 

32

Turbidit>

Av

61 

0

Max

1200 

0

Min

.8 

0

SOUTH CHARLESTON 

(Population, 16,686)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company. 

Source: From Nitro and Charleston. 

Treatment: (See Nitro and Charleston.)
604 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES EN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WEIRTON 

.(Population, 24,005)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with lime and ferrous sulfate at times, superchlorination, activated carbon at times, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 720, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Potassium (K) ....;.......

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4 ) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.4

01

.00

33

4.4

14

2

0

0

94

77

00

1

C

O n

180

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

.25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

100

Q 1

0

8 a

OQQ

Den 1 *)

1 QR1

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

8 

26

Max

22 

32

Min

0 

12

PH

Av

6.7 

9.5

Max

7.2 

9.6

Min

5.3 

9.2

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

112 

125

Max

205 

1-88

Min

60 

68

Turbidity

Av

120 

0

Max

1100 

0

Min

30 

0
WEST VIRGINIA 605

WESTON 

(Population 8,945)

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 100 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 9,000.

Source: West Fork River, impounded.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and Mme, activated carbon at 

times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, postchlorination, and ammonir'.ion.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 100,000,000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO3) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

Q 7

A9

.00

18 

1.5

1.7

1.1

0

01

oo

6

<>

.0

2 4

71

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

OK P \

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

50

 tA

 }

7

O

1 OQ

1QCO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

18 

23

Max

36 

40

Min

6 

14

PH

Av

6.5 

8.5

May.

7.6 

9.2

Min

6.4 

8.3

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

31

54

Max

54 

74

Min

16 

41

Turbidity

Av

43 

0

Max

320 

0

Min

25 

0
606 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WHEELING 

(Population, 58,891)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bethlehem, Triadelphia, and about 3, 600 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 64,400.

Source: Ohio River.

Treatment: Aeration, superchlorination, coagulation with alum and ferrous sulfate, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, chlorine dioxide, adjustment 

of pH with caustic soda, and fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 11,500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiCg ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CC^) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SOJ ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

*J £t 

f\f*

.00

40

7.0 

14

2 A

0

9Q

104

99

£»

Jt . y

994

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

128

105

1

7.8

345

Dec. 11,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

10 

22

Max

24 

43

Min

4 

14

pH

Av

6.6 

9.0

Max

7.5 

9.8

Min

5.5 

8.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(PPm)

Av

111 

141

Max

192 

228

Min

52 

84

Turbidity

Av

80 

0

Max

800 

0

Min

20 

0
WEST VIRGINIA 607

WILLIAMSON 

(Population, 8,624)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the towns of Aflex and New Camp in Kentucky, 

and about 2, 500 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

11,500.

Source: Tug Fork River.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage.: None.

Finished-water storage: 650,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey).

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

^t . 37 .11

.00

28

7 ^

1 9

0 A

0

en

nc

6

n

o

q o

170

Hardness as CaCC^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water 

(city tap)

100

US7

0

1 57

9R4

Nov. 28,

1 OKI

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

145 

175

Max

185 

225

Min

45 

75

pH

Av

8.2 

8.4

Max

8.7- 

8.4

Min

7.8 

8.4

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

145 

175

Max

185 

225

Min

45 

75

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

5000 

0

Min

25 

0
608 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

APPLE TON, WISCONSIN 

(Population, 34,010)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 800 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 34, 800. 

Source: Fox River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, aeration

during summer months, activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation,

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,250, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOj) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

2.5 

.10 

.00 

38 

18 

4.5 

1.7 

0 

180 

20 

7.0 

.1 

.5 

200

Finished 

water

2.7 

.22 

.03 

20 

7. 5 

5.2 

2.0 

6 

51 

30 

8.0 

1.2 

.4 

112

Hardness as CaCO3 : 

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

' OC p \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

169 

21

10 

7.9

319

Jan. 16, 

1952

Finished 

water

81 

29

5 

9.0

190

Jan. 16, 

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

144 

37

Max

168 

57

Min

110 

20

pH

Av

8.0 

9.2

Max

8.7 

10.2

Min

7.4 

8.6

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

16£ 

72

Max

196 

98

Min

144 

60

Turbidity

Av

4.2 

.8

Max

57 

6.6

Min

1.5 

.2

PELOIT 

(Population, 29, 590)

Ownership: Wisconsin Power and Light Company; supplies also South Beloit, 

and about 100 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

32 900

Source: 4 drilled wells (3, 4, 5, 8), 1,160, 967, 1,225, and 140 ft deep, respectively. Well 3 furnishes 12 percent of supply; well 4, 15 percent; 

well 5, 13 percent; well 8, 59 percent. Auxiliary supply, wells 1, 6, and 2 

(1 percent of supply).

Treatment: Fluoridation and chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal.
vVISCONSIK 609

BELOIT Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiCg ......................

Iron (Fe)....... ....................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCOa)..... ........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chlor'ide (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOJ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches-) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of suoolv ...............

Well 3

8.9

.1

on

56

36

1.8

o n

0

1AA.

8

c

3

n

.0

.0

288

288

6

5

7.7

May 27,

1952

1,160

12

1937

12

Well 4

9.5

.00

.00

*SQ

37

1.0

1

C

0

OCJ.

10

O fl

.0

.4

9flO

000

O

7.4

Mav 97

1952

967

12

1926

15

Well 5

9

9

.00

.00

51

9K

1 Q

1

C

0

917

10

O R

.0

3

262

971

11

o

7.6

May 27,

1952

1,225

12

1927

13

Well 8

18

.00

.00

71

91

9 9

.0

0

90R

ou

R R

Q

9 n

9on

9nc

38

0

7.7

Mav 97

1952

140

30

1947

59

SAU CLAIRE 

(Population, 36,058)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 11 drilled wells, from 75 to 105 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be from 1,420 to 2,120 gpm, and to average 1, 786 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal.
610 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

EAU CLAIREi Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COg) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

1Q

nQ

.00

12

5

0

4.0

.7

0

57

6.7

3.2

1.0

2.2

86

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

»t TT pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished, 

water

54

7

5

7.4

122

__

__

Nov. 20,

1951

FOND DU LAC 

(Population, 29,936)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 90 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 30, 000. 

Source: 11 drilled wells (2 to 6, 8 to 13) 480 to 885 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-^water storage: 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) .....:.............

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO,) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO,,) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

17

.1

,0

103

oc

op

4.4

0

OKI

1 OK

CC

1 9

.0

628

Total .......................

ftTfMTT* J4T*l"U"inSl tf*

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Qnof*ifi f* r*miHiir*i"£)nr*^

25 C.)...... ................

Turbidity ....................

T'pimnf^TJiHiT'f* fl*1 \

Finished 

water

401

196

3

7.4

__

__

__

Feb. 13,

1952
WISCONSIN 611

GREEN BAY 

(Population, 52,735)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 9 drilled wells (1 to 9) 804 to 956 ft deep, located, respectively, within the city limits as follows: Cass Street, Farlin Avenue, Shawano Avenue, 

Boland Road, James Church, 9th Street, Mason Street, Gray Street, and 

Military.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 4, 000, 000 gal.

The analyses selected show the approximate range of dissolved solids and hardness in the water furnished by the wells. Complete analyses of samples from 

the other wells indicate that the water furnished by them is very similar in 

chemical character to that from the wells for which analyses are given.

ANALYSES .

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOg) ................

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COs) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS)...... 

Sulfate (S04) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F). ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total......................

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Date of collection ........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Cass St. 

well 

raw water)

6

e

.44

.00

50

on

OQ

6

f\

0

210 

CK

17

2.4

2

296

208

oc

3

7.8

492

53

Jan. 10,

1952

918

15

1936

11

Farlin A ve. 

well 

[raw water)

7 ?,

7Q

.00

 i?

oo

40

6

f\

0

194 

110

49

9 4

.0

395

094

74

2

7.8

615

53

Jan. 10,

1952

956

15

1930

11

James 

Church , well a

7 c

4Q

.00

O A

9Q

QK

4 %

0

265

K-l

58

1.6

.0

385

272

KO

3

7.7

645

_

Jan. 10,

1952

860

1 c

1Q41

9

Gray St. 

well 

(raw water)

7.4

CO

.00

cc

oo

15

4 Q

6

246 

40

10

1.3

.2

282

232

OQ

3

8.1

473

53

Feb. 26,

1952

804

15

1913

7

Military 

well 

(raw- water)

7 e\

09

.00

CO

04

10

4 °

0

274 

40

9.5

1.1

2

288

245

1Q

0

7.7

484

53

Feb. 26,

1952

816

19

1951

15

aRaw water.
612 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

JANESVILLE 

(Population, 24,899)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 25,100. 

Source: 2 drilled wells (1, 3). Well 1 furnishes 74 percent of supply; well 3,

25 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, well 2 (1 percent of supply). 

Treatment: Fluoridation. 

Storage: 9, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiQJ ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COJ ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NCg .........

Dissolved solids.....

Main 

pumping 

station

22

.00

.00

71

OR

.0

.0

0 

340

18

A K

.1

3.8

334

Pumping 

station 

No. 3

18

.00

.00

70

Q4

2.2

.0

0 

344

ori

4.0

1.8

3.6

330

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total . ....

Noncarbonate......

Color...................

pH.......................

(micromhos at

oc p \

Turbidity. ....... ......

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Main 

pumping 

station

321

42

2

7.5

__

__

May 27,

1952

Pumping 

station 

No. 3

314

33

2

7.5

__

__

May 27,

1952

KENOSHA 

(Population, 54,368)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 55, 400.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14, 000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium -(Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o . o

.07

.00

34

10

1.0

0

1 ^9

OQ

6

(\

.0 1.1

15R

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )....................«

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

132

26

2

7.7

274

A nr* *^n

1 QRO
WISCONSIN 613

KENOSHA--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water^..

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

118 

113

Max

122 

115

Min

117 

110

PH

Av

8.0 

7.6

Max

8.2 

7.7

Min

7.9 

7.5

Hardness 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

128

Max

132 

132

Min

127 

127

Turbidity

Av

80 

0

Max

300 

0

Min

5 

0

LA CROSSfi 

(Population, 47, 535)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 47, 600.

Source: Drilled wells in several groups: group 1 (16. 4 percent of supply); 

group 3 (14. 7 percent of supply); group 4 (9. 4 percent of supply); group 6 

(2. 8 percent of supply); Hood St. well (10. 4 percent of supply); Sill St. well 

(2. 6 percent of supply); Myrick Park well 7 (15. 2 percent of supply); Myrick 

Park well 8 (7. 8 percent of supply); Myrick Park well 9 (19. 8 percent of 

supply); Losey Boulevard well 2 (0. 9 percent of supply). ' Auxiliary supply, 

well groups 2 and 5, and Losey Boulevard well 1.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOJ ......................

Iron (Fe). ..........................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (COj) .................

Bicarbonate (KCOJ. ...... ......

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl)... ..................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C, )...... 

Turbidity.. ......... ...............

Temperature (F. ) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Wells, 

Group la

1 Q

3

Q

1.1

<!1

OK

O R

0 O

0

OftQ

oc

3 fl

:1

OQA

OCA

35

7 ^

465

1951

1 1 K 1OR

10

1Q19

16.4

Wells, 

Group 4 a

1Q

1 p

.00

74

ta

2 a

1.4

0

<}R4

O jL 

A C

.1

g

362

QQQ

51

 j

7 R

576

"Hop 9fl

1951

IOA i qi

10

1Q1O

9.4

Wells, 

Group 6 a

91

4.7

.00

/Jrt

28

 } C

1

0

0

OQfi

«»7

<t n

.1

.2

9Q4

268

34

0

7.4

474

TVir> 91

1951

1 1fi 1 9Q

10

1 QQA

2.8

Hood 

Street 

well a

.07

.00

66

24

14

9 R

0

O«J1

"in

15

.1

49

358

264

.74

0

7

0

554

T\f^ n O1

1951

19

1 Q^fi

10.4

a Finished water.
614 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

LA CROSSE--Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ......................

Iron (Fe). ........ ..................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^. ............

Sulfate (S04),-. ..................

Chloride (Cl). ......... .I.........

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NO^ .....................

Dissolved solids ................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

PH............ .......................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ....>.......... 

Date of collection...............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches)..............

Date drilled......................

Percent of supply ..............

Sill St. 

well a

11 

.51 

.00 

50 

27 

4.8 

2.4 

0 

265 

21 

7.8 

.0 

.1 

253

236 

19

2 

7.6

433

Dec. 21, 

1951

484 

12 

1943 

2.6

Vlyrick Park, 

well 7 a

18 

.12 

.02 

65 

30 

5.8 

1.7 

0 

273 

48 

8.8 

.1 

23 

330

285 

62

3

7.8

525

Dec. 21, 

1951

137 

20 

1948 

15.2

MyrickPark, 

well 8 a

19 

.02 

.02 

61 

27 

3.5 

2.5 

0 

251 

43 

6.8 

.1 

17 

303

262 

58

2

7.5

479

Dec. 21, 

1951

150 

14 

1948 

7.8

Myrick Park, 

well 9 a

20 

.13 

.00 

60 

27 

3.1 

1.6 

0 

273 

37 

3.0 

.1 

8.9 

292

260 

37

1 

7.6

476

Dec. 20, 

1951

155 

14 

1948 

19.8

a Finished water.

MADISON 

(Population, 96,056)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Maple Bluff, Monona, Shorewood Hills,

and about 1, 975 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied,

about 103, 500. 

Source: 11 drilled wells (1 to 8, Dayton Street, East, and Main Station) 615

to 840 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 960 to

2, 540 gpm, and to average 1, 552 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 000, 000 gal.
WISCONSIN 615

MADISON Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geolo

Silica (SiOJ ................

Iron (Fe) ..................?

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Magnesium (Mg) ..........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (CO.) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ...... 

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOj) ......;.......

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total...... ...............

Color ........................

pH ............................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...................

Temperature (F. )........

Depth (feet) ...............

Diameter (inches)........

Date drilled ...............

Percent of supply ........

Unit well 4 

. (raw 

water)

20 

.53 

.00 

94 

52 

10 

1.4 

0 

422 

88 

20 

.0 

14 

516

450 

103

1 

7.6

810

Apr. 30, 

1952

737 

16 

1930

Unit well 1 

(finished 

water)

55 

33

0 

335 

4.0 

1.4

272 

0

2 

7.6

495

Apr. 30, 

1952

840 

12 

"1923

Unit well 2 

(finished 

water)

13 

.14 

.00 

63 

42 

5.7 

1.3 

0 

374 

30 

7.5 

1.0 

.8 

350

331 

23

3 

7.2

612

Apr. 3.0, 

1952

615 

16 

1924

Bfical Survey)

Unit well 5 

(finished 

water)

16 

.14 

.00 

61 

44 

3.6 

1.6 

0 

401 

9.7 

2.5 

.1 

1.4 

320

332

4

1 

7.4

584

May 6, 

1952

828 

12 

1926

Unit well 8 

(finished 

water)

15 

.15 

.00 

66 

43 

6.4 

1.6 

0 

372 

23 

10 

.6 

1.5 

350

340 

37

2

7.4

605

Apr. 30, 

1952

774 

16 

1945

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

__

Max

__

Min

PH

Av

7.5

Max

7.7

Min

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av

300

Max

320

Min

280

Turbidity

Av

0

Max

0

Min

0

MANITOWOC

(Population, 27,598)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 70 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 27,700. 

Source: Wells (Ranney collectors), infiltration from Lake Michigan. Auxiliary

supply, Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4,500,000 gal.
616 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

MANITOWOC - -Continued 

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOj) 

Sulfate (SOJ ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Ranney 

collector "A"

6.2 

.06 

.00 

41 

16 

5.6 

1.2 

0 

165 

31 

8.0 

.1 

1.0 

194

Ranney 

collector "B"

4 

187 

34 

6.0

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total .................

Noncarbonate......

Color ...................

-_TT pH. ......... .............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.). ..............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )... 

Date of collection...

Depth (feet) .................................................................

Diameter, (feet) .........................................................

Date drilled ................................................................

Percent of supply .........................................................

Ranney 

collector "A"

166 

33

0 

7.9

330

Nov. 2, 

1951

66 

13 

June,1945

Ranney 

collector 

"B"

208 

45

5 

8.3

402

Nov. 2, 

1951

86 

13 

Mar., 1945

MARINETTE 

(Population, 14,178)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Green Bay-Lake Michigan. The intake is located 1 mile northeast of the 

treatment plant.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw water storage: None.

Finished water storage: 800,000 gal.

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, 4n parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiOj,) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn).....

Calcium (Ca) ......... 

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

6.5

.3

d £t

10

2.5

1.8

0 

129

21

4.0

.3

.2

166

Finished 

water

6.5

.0

31 

10

3.4

1.6

0 

98

40

8.0

.9

.1

174

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .................

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

_ TT pH. ......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at 

25 C.)..... ..........

Turbidity..............

Raw

water

199

16

40

7.6

1QCO

Finished 

water

1 10

38

10

7.1

Jan. 4,

1QCO
WISCONSIN 617

MARINETTE Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO, 

(ppm)

Av

112 

94

Max

120 

138

Min

85 

64

PH

Av

7.2

7.0

Max

7.3 

7.1

Min

7.1 

6.8

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(Ppm)

Av Max Min

Turbidity

Av

35 

10

Max

64 

30

Min

18

7

MILWAUKEE 

(Population, 637,392)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Fox Point, Shorewood, West Allis, West

Milwaukee, Whitefish Bay, and about 84,700 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 804,000. 

Source: Lake Michigan. The intake is located about 5 miles north of Milwaukee

Harbor. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbo'n, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 200,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage': None. 

Finishednvater storage: 70,000,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........

Iron(Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) ..... 

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg)..... 

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (CO,) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Finished 

water

3.0 

.03

32 

11 

4.& 

.9 

0 

130 

21 

6.8 

.1 

.6 

145

Finished 

water a

3.5 

.01 

.0 

34 

11

I 5. 3

' 0 

126 

23 

5.8 

.1 

.6 

152

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total

Noncarbonate. .....

Color...................

»>u pH. .......... ............

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at

9K r> \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)... 

Date of collection...

Finished 

water

126 

19

2

7.5

265

May 2, 

1952

Finished 

water a

131 

28

0 

7.4

0 

1950

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

111 

104

Max

113 

106

Min

106 

98

PH

Av

8.1 

7.5

Max

8.5 

7.8

Min

7.8 

7.1

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

128 

12E

Max

132 

130

Min

124 

125

Turbidity

Av

1.5

0

Max

26 

0

Min

0.1 

0

a Analyses by Milwaukee Water Department of samples collected during the 

months March, May, and November, 1950.
618 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

NEENAH 

(Population, 12,437)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12,600.

Source: Lake Winnebago.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation, 

and postchlorination.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3,000,000 gpd.

Raw water storage: 50,000 gal.

Finished water storage: 1,600,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Manganese (Mn) .....

Calcium (Ca) .........

Magnesium (Mg).....

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COj) ..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOa)

Sulfate (S04) ..........

Chloride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NO,) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Raw 

water

2.0

.04

.00

32

1R

3.6

1.6

0 

177

14

3.5

.1

1.0

177

Finished 

water

2.8

.06

.00

11

7 3

3.8

1.3

3 

36

oo

5.5

1.0

.5

81

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Total ................

Noncarbonate......

Color............... .

pH. ...... ................

(micromhos at 

25 C.).. .............

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F. )...

Date of collection...

Raw 

water

156

9

17

8.0

296

 

Nov. 5,

1951

Finished 

water

57

23

 }

9.0

145

_

Nov. 5,

1951

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCQ3 

(ppm)

Av

142 

44

Max

167 

52

Min

128 

If

pH

Av

8.4 

9.1

Max

9.0 

9.4

Min

8.1 

9.0

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

169 

66

Max

206

76

Min

151 

59

I

Turbidity

Av

6 

.1

Max

25 

.2

Min

4 

0

OSHKOSH 

(Population, 41,084)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 160 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 41,200. 

Source: Lake Winnebago. 

Treatment: Preammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, granular carbon filtration, postammoniation, postchlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2,300,000 gal.
WISCONSIN 619

OSHKOSH Continued

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

7.6

.0

.0

41 

20

2 n

0

188

33

8.0

1.1

 7

226

Hardness as CaCOgi

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ........,.,,

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

1 O £

qo

10

7 *>

Feb. 13,

1QKO

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

160 

136

Max

192

165

Min

145 

122

PH

Av

8.0 

7.3

Max

8.2

7.5

Min

7.9 

7.2

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

176 

176

Max

192 

192

Min

155 

155

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

53

Max

77

Min

39

RACINE 

(Population, 71,193)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 73, 700.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 6,350,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (Si02) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Calcium (Ca) ..............

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NOS) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

q A

.14

.00

35 

10

q A

1.1

0

127

on

6.5

1.0

1.2

152

Hardness as CaCO^:

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Finished 

water

 )A

2

7.6

267

Apr. 30,

1952
620 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

SHEBOYGAN 

(Population, 42,365)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Sheboygan Falls, and about 200 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 46,300.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation, and postchlorination at times.

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000, 000 gpd.

Raw-water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 2, 750,000 gal; elevated, 4,000,000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COS ) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCOS) .....

Suifate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

o 7

.0

.0

OD

10

o 4

1.2

0

134

24

8.5

1.1

.4

154

Hardness as CaCOj:

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Finished 

water

132

22

1

7.8

..

__

_-.

Feb. 11,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950

Raw water.........

Finished water....

Alkalinity 

as CaCOs 

(ppm)

Av

115 

109

Max

126 

119

Min

109 

102

PH

Av

8.1 

7.6.

Max

8.4 

7o9

Min

7.9

7.4

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

--

Max

135

Min

125

Turbidity

Av

4.7 

0

Max

42 

0

Min

2 

0

SHOREWOOD 

(Population, 16,199)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Milwaukee. (See Milwaukee.)

SOUTH MILWAUKEE 

(Population, 12,855)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Lake Michigan.

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon,

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 500,000 gpd. 

Raw water storage: 1, 200,000 gal. 

Finished water storage: 586,000 gal.
WISCONSIN 621

SOUTH MILWAUKEE--Continued 

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in. parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiOa) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COa) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

9 %

.0

.0

34 

11

5

n

.6

0

127

26

10

.0

.2

174

Hardness as CaCO2 :

Total .......................

Noncarbonate ............

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C.)....... ....... ........

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

130

26

3

7.7

__

__

__

May 23,

1952

STEVENS POINT 

(Population, 16,564)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 16,800. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 30, 52, and 52 ft deep, 1 mile east of the city limits.

In 1950 well 1 supplied 79 percent of the supply; well 2, 10 percent; well 3,

11 percent.

Treatment: Chlorination (emergency only). 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 340,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO-j) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg)...... ...............

Sodium (Na). .............. ............

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (COj) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOj)... ..............

Sulfate (SQJ... ........................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOj) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaGO,: 

Total................................ 1

Noncarbonate .....................

Well 1

12

.10

19

oo

Q 4

2 0

1.1

0

1(\K

13

4.0

o

1.0

1 99

96

10

Well 2

10

.10

1 9

 JO

i fi

2.0

1.1

0

159

10

3 n

.2

1.1

a !53

142

12

Well 3

11

.30

.56

00

15

.0

1.2

0

173

8.5

2.5

.2

.1

154

142

0

a Sum of determined constituents.
622 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952 

STEVENS POINT, Analyses Continued

Color...................................

pH.......................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Temperature (F. ) ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well 1

10

7.4

__

Dec. 19, 1951

in

360

1Q99

Well 2

10

7.6

 -

Dec. 19, 1951

52

20

1930

Well 3

10

7.5

_ 

Dec. 19, 1951

52

24

1938

SUPERIOR 

(Population, 35,325)

Ownership: Superior Water, Light and Power Company; supplies also about 250

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 3 5,600. 

Source: Infiltration wells both vertical and horizontal (Lake Superior). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, slow sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,300,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...!.. .............

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COij) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

4.0

.7

.0

16

2

yj

1 9

.0

0

CQ

3 n

4

C

6R

Hardness as CaCCv

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C.)....... ...............

Turbidity ....................

Date of collection .........

Finished 

water

50

2

15

7.2

38

Mar. 19,

1952

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water.........

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max

_.

Min

__

PH

Av

6.4 

6.8

Max

6.8 

7.1

Min

6.4 

6.7

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av Max Min

Temperature 

(°F.)

Av

47

Max

61

Min

37
WISCONSIN 623

WATERTOWN 

(Population, 12,417)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 3 drilled wells (1, 3, 4), 1,145, 725, and 725 ft deep; yield reported to

be 1,100, 1,000, and 1,600 gpm. 

Treatment: Fluoridation, 

Raw water storage: None. 

Finished water storage: 750,000 gal.

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene)

Silica (SiO2) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water

11

.50

.00

69 

36

4.0

2 n

0

373

16

6.0

1.1

.0

330

Hardness as CaCO,:

Total .......................

"Nnn/* 9 i*hnna t#*

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water

320

15

10

7.5

_ ,

__

__

May 25,

1952
624 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WAUKESHA 

(Population, 21,233)

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits.

Total population supplied, about 21,500. 

Source: 4 drilled wells. North Street well 1,907 ft deep (14 percent of supply);

Moreland Avenue well 1,918 ft deep (28 percent of supply); Baxter Street well

1,785 ft deep (28 percent of supply); Newhall Avenue well 1,995 ft deep (30

percent of supply). 

Treatment: Aeration. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1,891,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj) ..........................

Iron (Fe) ..............................

Manganese (Mn) .....................

Calcium (Ca) .........................

Magnesium (Mg). ...... ..............

Sodium (Na). ..........................

Potassium (K) .......................

Carbonate (CO,) .....................

Bicarbonate (HCOs). ...... ..........

Sulfate (SCO..... ......................

Chloride (Cl) .........................

Fluoride (F) ..........................

Nitrate (NOs) .........................

Dissolved solids ....................

Hardness as CaCCy 

Total ................................

Noncarbonate .....................

Color...................................

PH.... ...................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )...........

Turbidity ............... ...... ........

Date of collection ...................

Depth (feet) ...........................

Diameter (inches) ...................

Date drilled ..........................

Percent of supply ...................

Well, 

North St. 

(finished water)

8.7 

.37 

.05 

30 

31 

12 

4.0 

0 

285 

111 

12 

.5 

.8 

a 440

d 337 

104

3 

7.6

658 

Mav 2, 1952

1,907 

12 

1935 

14

Well, 

Baxter St. 

(finished water)

8.5 

.45 

.04 

53 

25 

8.2 

3.2 

0 

261 

68 

5.2 

.5 

.4 b 336

d 273 

59

1

7.8

539

May 2, 1952

1,785 

12 

1928 

28

Well, 

Newhall Ave. 

(finished water)

8.8 

1.8 

.03 

88 

29 

8.4 

3.4 

0 

290 

163 

5.2 

.5 

.3 

C 506

d 387 

150

2

7.7

728 

May 2, 1952

1,995 

12 

1945 

30

a includes 52 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

bIncludes 33 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

cIncludes 40 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

dIncludes CaCO3 equivalent to strontium (Sr).
WISCONSIN 625

WAUSAU 

(Population, 30,414)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 8 drilled wells (1 to 8) 96, 93, 96, 96, 78, 100, 100, and 97 ft deep;

yield reported to be 1,750, 2,200, 800, 1,750, 500, 3,600, 3,180, and 1,500

gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3,070,000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiO^ ......................

Iron (Fe). ...... ....................

Manganese (Mn) .................

Calcium (Ca) .....................

Magnesium (Mg) ................

Sodium (Na). ......................

Potassium (K) ...................

Carbonate (CO^ .................

Bicarbonate (HCO^... ..........

Sulfate (SO4) ......................

Chloride (Cl). ....................

Fluoride (F) .....................

Nitrate (NOs) .....................

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ............................

Noncarbonate .................

Color...............................

pH. ..................................

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 G. )...... 

Turbidity..........................

Temperature (F.) ..............

Depth (feet) ......................

Diameter (inches) ..............

Date drilled .....................

Percent of supply ...............

Well 3 

(raw water)

25 

9.2

0 

97 

16 

9.0

101 

21

6 

7.2

217

Nov. 7, 

1951

96 

24 

1940

Well 4 

(raw water)

23 

12

0 

104 

9.7 

8.5

105 

22

5 

7.5

212

Nov. 7, 

1951

96 

24 

1943

Well 5 

(raw water)

24 

.14 

.00 

18 

7.3 

5.0 

.9 

0 

34 

20 

12 

.0 

25 

134

74 

47

0 

7.3

190

Nov. 7, 

1951

78 

24 

1945

Finished 

water

25 

.23 

.00 

33 

11 

4.3 

.6 

0 

126 

17 

10 

.0 

1.5 

182

129 

24

5 

8.0

260

Nov. 11, 

1951
626 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1952

WAUWATOSA 

(Population, 33,324)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 7 drilled wells (2 to 8) 1,600, 1,703, 1,804, 1,714, 1,660, 1,675, and 

1,750 ft deep; yield reported to be 400, 900, 1,250, 1,000, 1,400, 1,400 and 

1,450 gpm. Wells 2 and 6 furnish 26 percent of supply; well 3, 3 percent; 

well 4,.22 percent; well 5, 18 percent; well 7, 29 percent; well 8, 2 percent.

Treatment: Chlorination.

Raw-water storage: 4,450, 000 gal.

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal.

ANALYSES

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOa) ..........

Iron (Fe) ..............

Calcium (Ca) .........

Sodium (Na) ..........

Potassium (K) .......

Carbonate (COa)..... 

Bicarbonate (HCOs)

Sulfate (SO4) ..........

Chl6ride (Cl) .........

Fluoride (F) ..........

Nitrate (NOa) .........

Dissolved solids.....

Depth (feet) ..........

Diameter (inches) ..

Date drilled .........

Percent of supplv ...

Well 2 (finished 

water)

8

7

1

0

.00

161 «>1

14

3 7

0 

206

367

10

.4

.1

742

, Well 6 (finished 

water)

8

E

KO

ni

150

OQ

1 9

3 1

0 

or»p

«>«>4

10 }

.0

699

Hardness as CaCO3 :

Noncarbonate. . . . . .

Color...................

pH.......................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

OC /i \

Turbidity..............

Temperature (F.)...

Date of collection...

Well 2 

(finished 

water)

530

360

«>

7.5

954

_

May 6,

1952

1,600

1 ftQ7

Well 6 

(finished 

water)

495

323

1

7.4

903

_

May 6,

1952

1

CCf\

1 *>

1 Q^n

WEST ALLIS 

(Population, 42,959)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Milwaukee. (See Milwaukee.)
WISCONSIN 627

WHTTEFISH BAY 

(Population, 14,665)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: Supplied by Milwaukee. (See Milwaukee.)

WISCONSIN RAPIDS 

(Population, 13,496)

Ownership: Municipal.

Source: 1 collector well, 180 inches diameter, 27 ft deep, located at 16th and 

Peach Streets (15 percent of supply); 7 drilled wells (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), 

57 to 70 ft deep, l£ miles south of Wisconsin Rapids (85 percent of supply).

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, and silicate, sedimentation, rapid coal 

filtration, fluoridation, and chlorination.

-Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5,000,000 gpd.

Raw water storage: None.

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal.

ANALYSIS

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey)

Silica (SiOj,) ...............

Iron (Fe) ...................

Manganese (Mn) ..........

Calcium (Ca) .............. 

Magnesium (Mg) .........

Sodium (Na) ...............

Potassium (K) ............

Carbonate (COj) ..........

Bicarbonate (HCO3) .....

Sulfate (SO4) ...............

Chloride (Cl) ..............

Fluoride (F) ...............

Nitrate (NO3 ) ..............

Dissolved solids .........

Finished 

water a

11

no

00

26

3

f*

Q C

1.0

0

79

91

3

0

1 1

2

0

110

Hardness as CaCO^*

Total .......................

Color ..........................

pH ..............................

Specific conductance

(micromhos at

25 C. )......................

Turbidity ....................

Temperature (F. )..........

Finished 

water a

7Q

91

10

7.7

178

Pph 9?

1 Q59

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951

Raw water......... 

Finished water...

Alkalinity 

as CaCO3 

<ppm)

Av

66

Max

71

Min

63

pH

Av

8.6

Max

9.1

Min

8.5

Hardness 

as CaCO3 

(ppm)

Av

92

Max

96

Min

89

Turbidity

Av

,26

Max

,37

Min

,21

a Mixed water from collector well and five of the drilled wells.
INDEX

	Page 

Abbeville, S. C. ................. 511

Abington township, Pa. ............ 454

Acidity, causes ................... 11

relation to pH ................... 11

Acids, corrosion.................. 12, 41

mine-drainage .................. 8, 10, 37

organic......................... 37

water .......................... 8,9,11

Acushnet town, Mass. ............. 246

Adrian, Mich. ................... 259

Aeration, dissolved gases .......... 42

iron and manganese ............. 37

tastes and odors ................ 37

Agawam, Mass. .................. '252

Aiken, S. C. ..................... 511-512

Akron, Ohio ...................... 424

Alabama ......................... 50-68

Albany, Ga. ..................... 120

Albany, Ga., Turner Air Force Base 120

Albany, N. Y. ................... 339

Albemarle, N. C. ................ 383

Aldan, Pa. ...................... 495

Alden town, N. Y. ................ 355

Alexandria, Va. .................. 563

Algae, control .................... 37

reservoirs ..................... 30, 33,36

Aliquippa, Pa. ................... 455

Alkalinity^- and coagulation ......... 35

carbonate and bicarbonate ........ 10

corrosion .................... 11,12, 35, 38

hardness ....................... 13

pH.......... .................. 11

Allendale, Ind. ................... 193

Alien Park, Mich. ................ 264

Allentown, Pa. ................... 455-456

Alliance, Ohio .................... 424-425

Alton, 111. ....................... 146

Altoona, Pa. ..................... 456-457

Alum ............................ 34

Ambridge, Pa. ................... 457

Americus, Ga. ................... 120-121

Amherst, Ohio ................... 433

Amherst town, N. Y. ............. 355

Ammonia......................... 36, 37

Amsterdam, N. Y. ............... 339-340

Amwell township, Pa. ............ 496

Anchorage, Ky. .................. 203

Andalusia, Ala. .................. 50

Anderson, Ind. ................... 173

Anderson, S. C. .................. 512-513

Annapolis, Md. .................. 222

Ann Arbor, Mich. ................ 259-260

Anniston, Ala. ................... 50-51

Ansonia, Conn. .................. 69

Apollo, Pa. ...................... 468

Appleton, Wis. ................... 608

Arlington County, Va. ............. 564

Arlington, Mass. ................. 231

Arlington town, Mass. ............ 231

Armstrong township, Pa. .......... 499

Arnold, Pa. ..................... 479

Asbury Park, N. J. ............... 307

Asheboro, N. C. .................. 384

Asheville, N. C. .................. 385

Aehlana, Ky. .......... .-i«........ 197

Ashtabula, Ohio................... 425

Atco, Ga. ........................ 126

Athens, Ga. ...................... 121-122

Atlanta, Ga. ..................... 122-123

Atlantic City, N. J. ............... 307-308

Page 

Attalla, Ala. ........................ 56

Attleboro, Mass ....................... 231

Auburn, Ala. ........................ 51

Auburn, Maine ....................... 213

Auburn, N. Y. ...................... 340

Augusta, Ga. ........................ 123-124

Augusta, Maine ...................... 213-214

Augusta, Maine, Veterans Administration Hospital..................... 213

Aurora, 111. ......................... 146-147

Austinville, Ala. .................... 53

Avalon, Pa. ......................... 476

Avondale, Ga. ....................... 130

B

Bacteria, drinking water ............. 33, 35, 40

foods and beverages ................ 44

stored water ....................... 33

Bainbridge, Ga. ..................... 124

Baldwin township, Pa. ................ 485

Baltimore, Md. ...................... 223

Baltimore, Md., Met. Dist. of Baltimore

County .......................... 223

Bangor, Maine....................... 214

Barberton, Ohio ..................... 426

Barboursville, W. Va. ............... 596

Barrackville, W. Va. ................. 594

Barre, Vt. .......................... 557

Barrington town, R. I. ............... 501

Batavia, N. Y. ...................... 341

Bath, Maine ......................... 215

Battle Creels, Mich. .................. 260-261

Bay City, Mich. ..................... 261-262

Bay Ohio ............................ 429

Bayonne, N. J. ...................... 308

Bayyiew, Ala. ....................... 52

Beachwood, Ohio..................... 429

Bealwood, Ga. ....................... 127

Beaufort, S. C. ...................... 513-514

Beaver Falls, Pa. ................... 458

Beckley, W. Va. .................... 591

Bedford, Ind. ....................... 173-174

Bedford, Ohio ........................ 429

Beech Grove, Ind. ................... 182

Bellefont, Del. ...................... 84

Bellefonte, Ky. ...................... 197

Belleville, 111. ....................... 147

Belleville, N. J. .................... 308

Bellevue, Del. ....................... 84

Bellevue, Ky. ....................... 197

Bellevue, Pa. ....................... 476

Belle, W. Va. ....................... 592

Belmont, Mass. ..................... 231

Belmont town, Mass. ................ 231

Beloit, Wis, ........................ 608-609

Ben Avon Heights, Pa. ............... 476

Ben Avon, Pa. ....................... 476

Ben Davis, Ind. ...................... 182

Benham, Ky. ........................ 205

Bennettsville, S. C. ................. 514

Bennington, Vt. ...................... 557-558

Benton Harbor, Mich. 

Benton, Maine .....

BergenfJ.ek), N. J. 

Berkley, Mich. ...

Berlin, N. H. ....

Berwyn, 111. .....

Bessemer, Ala. .. 

Bethel, Pa. ......

262

221

308

263

300

147

52

485

629
630 INDEX

Bethesda, Md. .......

Bethlehem, Pa. 

Bethlehem, W. Va. ., 

Beverly, Mass. 

Bexley, Ohio.........

Bibb City, Ga.

	Page 

.......... 228

.......... 459

.......... 606

.......... 231

.......... 430

.......... 127

Biddeford, Maine..................... 215-216

Biloxi, Miss. ....................... 263

Binghamton, N. Y. .................. 341-342

Birmingham, Ala. .................. 52-53

Birmingham, Mich. ................. 263

Blackstone town, Mass. ............. 510

Bladensburg, Md. ................... 228

Blasdell, N. Y. .................... 355

Blawnox, Pa. ...................... 485

Bloomfield, Conn. .................. 73

Bloomfield, N. J. .................. 308

Bloomington, 111. .................... 147-148

Bloomington, Ind. ................... 174-175

Bluefield, W. Va. ................... 591-592

Blue Island, 111. .................... 148

Blue Mountain, Ala. ................. 50

Boardman, Ohio..................... 452

Boiler compounds ................... 42

Boston, Mass. ...................... 231-232

Bowling Green, Ky. ................. 197-198

Braddock (4th ward), Pa. ............ 498

Braddock Hills, Pa. ................. 498

Braddock, Pa. ...................... 459-460

Bradenton, Fla. .................... 94

Bradford, Pa........................ -460

Bradley Beach, N. J. ............... 319

Bradley, Maine...................... 216

Braintree town, Mass. .............. 233

Branford town, Conn. ............... 77

Bratenahl, Ohio .................... 429

Brattleboro, Vt. .................... 558

Brecksville, Ohio ................... 429

Brentwood, Md. .................... 228

Brentwood, Pa. ..................... 485

Bridgeport, Conn. .................. 69-70

Bridgeport, Pa. ..................... 480

Bridgeton, N. J. .................... 309

Bridgeville, Pa. .................... 485

Bristol, Conn. ..................... 70

Bristol, R.I. ...................... 501

Bristol, Tenn. ...................... 541

Bristol, Va. ....................... 564-565

Broadview Heights, Ohio ............. 429

Brockton, Mass. .................... 233-234

Bronxville, N. Y. .................. 361

Brooklield, 111. ..................... 148

Brookford, N. C. ................... 398

Brookhaven, Miss. .................. 284

Brookline, Mass. .........:......... 231

Brookline town, Mass. .............. 234

Brooklyn Heights, Ohio............... 429

Brooklyn, Ohio...................... 429

Brook Park, Ohio.................... 429

Brownstown, Mich. .................. 264

Brunswick, Ga. ..................... 125

Brunswick, Maine ................... 216

Bryn Athyn, Pa. .................... 495

Buffalo, N. Y. ..................... 342

Burlington, N. C. .................. 386

Burlington, Vt. ..................... 559

Butler, Pa. ........................ 461

Calumet City, 111. ................... 148

Cambridge, Md. .................... 224

Cambridge, Mass. .................. 234-235

Camden, Maine ..................... 218

Camden, N. J. ..................... 309-311

Camden, S. C. ..................... 515

Canfield, Ohio ...................... 452

Canton, Miss. ...................... 285

Canton, Ohio........................ 426-427

Canton township, Pa. ................ 496

	Page 

Cape Elizabeth town, Maine .......... 217

Capitol Heights, Md. ................ 228

Carbon, activated.................... 37

Carbondale, Pa...................... 461-462

Carbon dioxide, corrosion............ 11,12

pH ............................... 11

solution of carbonates .............. 9

Carlisle, Pa. ....................... 462

Carnegie, Pa. ...................... 485

Carrollton, Ga. .................... i 125-126

Cartersville, Ga. ................... 126-127

Castle Shannon, Pa. ................. 485

Cation exchange, iron and manganese

removal ........................ 37

softening.......................... 38, 45

Cedarhurst, N. Y. .................. 378

Cedartown, Ga. ..................... 127

Centerport, N. Y. .................. 352

Center township, Pa. ................ 461

Central Falls, R.I.................. 501

Chalfant, Pa. ....................... 498

Chambersburg, Pa: ................. 463

Chamblee, Ga. ...................... 130

Champaign, 111. ..................... 148-149

Chapel Hill, N. C. .................. 387

Charleroi, Pa. ..................... 463-464

Charleston, S. C. .................. 516

Charleston, W. Va. ................. 592-593

Charlotte, N. C. ................... 388

Charlottesville, Va. ................. 566

Chartiers township, Pa. ............. 496

Chatham township, N. J. ............ 334

Chattanooga, Tenn. ................. 541-542

Cheektowaga town, N. Y. ............ 343

Chelsea, Mass. ..................... 235

Cheltenham township, Pa. ........... 464

Cheraw, S. C. ..................... 517

Chesapeake, Ohio.................... 596

Cheshire town, Conn. ................ 77

Chester, Pa. ....................... 464

Chester, S. C. ..................... 517-518

Cheviot, Ohio ...................... 428

Chevy Chase, Md. .................. 228

Chicago Heights, 111. ................ 151

Chicago, 111. ....................... 149-150

Chickasaw, Ala. .................... 63

Chicopee, Mass. .................... . 235

Chillicothe, Ohio ..................... 427-428

Chippewa township, Pa. ............. 458

Chlorine dioxide ..................... 37

Chlorine, disinfection................ 36

tastes and odor control............. 37

Churchill, Pa. ...................... 498

Cicero, 111. ........................ 151

Cincinnati, Ohio ..................... 428

Clairton, Pa. ....................... 465

Claremont, N. H. .................. 300-301

Clarence, N. Y. .................... 355

Clarksburg, W. Va. ................. 593

Clarksdale, Miss. .................. 285-286

Clarksville, Ind. ................... 183

Clarksville, Tenn. .................. 542-543

Clark township, N. J. ............... 312,330

Claymont, Del. ..................... 84

Clearwater, Fla. ................... 94-95

Cleveland Heights, Ohio .............. 429

Cleveland, Miss. ................... 286

Cleveland, Ohio ..................... 429

Cleveland, Tenn. ................... 543

Cleves, Ohio........................ 428

Cliffside Park, N. J. ................ 311

Clifton Heights, Pa. ................. 495

Clifton, N. J. ...................... 311

Clinton, S. C. ....................... 518

Coagulants.......................... 34

Coal Grove, Ohio .................... 437

Cohoes, N. Y. ...................... 343

Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. ........... 352

College Park, Ga. .................. 127

College Park, Md. .................. 225
INDEX 631

Collier township, Pa. 

Collingdale, Pa. 

Collingswood, N. J. . 

Colmar Manor, Md. . 

Columbia, S. C.

	Page 

........... 485

........... 495

........... 311

........... 228

........... 519

Columbia, Tenn. .................... 543-544

Columbus, Ga. ...................... 127-128

Columbus, Ind. ..................... 175

Columbus, Miss. ................... 287

Columbus, Ohio...................... 430-431

Colwyn, Pa. ........................ 495

Concord, N. H. ..................... 301

Concord, N. C. ..................... 389

Connecticut.......................... 69-83

Connersville, Ind. ................... 175-176

Conshohocken, Pa. .................. 495

Conway, S. C. ...................... 519-520

Coral Gables, Fla. .................. 95,105

Cordele, Ga. ....................... 128-129

Cordova, Ala. ...................... 58

Corinth, Miss. ...................... 287-288

Corning, N. Y. ..................... 343-344

Corrosion, anodic inhibitors .......... 12

boiler............................. 12, 41

cathodic protection................. 12

causes............................ 12

natural waters..................... 8

pH ............................... 11

prevention ........................ 12

treated water...................... 36

Cortland, N. Y. ..................... 344

Coventry town, R. I. ................. 509

Covington, Ky. ..................... 198-199

Covington, Va. ...................... 567

Crafton, Pa. ....................... 485

Cranford township, N. J. ............ 330

Cranston, R.I. ..................... 501

Crawfordsville, Ind. ................ 176

Cresaptown, Md. .................... 225

Cumberland, Md. .................... 225

Cumberland town, Maine ............. 217

Cumberland town, R.I. ............. 502

Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio................. 431

Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio............... 429

Dallas, N. C. ...................... 393

Dalton, Ga. ........................ 129

Danbury, Conn. ..................... 71

Danvers town, Mass. ................ 235-236

Danville, 111. ....................... 151-152

Danville, Ky. ....................... 199-200

Danville, Va. ....................... 568

Darby, Pa. ......................... 495

Darby township, Pa. ................ 495

Darlington, S. C. ................... 520-521

Dartmouth town, Mass. .............. 246

Daugherty township, Pa. ............. 458

Daytona Beach, Fla. ................. 95-96

Dayton, Ky. ........................ 200

Dayton, Ohio ........................ 432

Dearborn, Mich. .................... 264

Decatur, Ala. ....................... 53-54

Decatur, Ga. ....................... 130

Decatur, 111. ....................... 152-153

Dedham town, Mass. ................ 236

Deer Park, Ohio..................... 428

Delaware............................ 84-91

Delaware township, N. J. ............ 328

Dental caries ....................... 39

Depew, N. Y. ...................... 355

Detergents .......................... 45

Detroit, Mich. ...................... 264

Dillon, S. C. ....................... 521

District of Columbia.................. 92-93

Donora, Pa. ........................ 463

Doraville, Ga. ...................... 130

Dormont, Pa. ...................... 485

Dothan, Ala. ....................... 54-55

	Page 

Dover, Del. ...................... 84-85

Dover, N. H. ...................... 302

Dover, Ohio ....................... 429

Dravosburg, Pa. ................... 465,485

Dreams Landing, Md. .............. 222

Dublin, Ga. ....................... 130-131

Dublin, Ga., Veteran's Administration Hospital................... 130

Duboistown, Pa. ................... 499

Dumont, N. J. .................... 315

Dunbar, W. Va. ................... 593

Dunellen, N. J. ................... 312

Dunkirk, N. Y. .................... 345

Dunmore, Pa. ..................... 465-466

Duquesne, Pa. ..................... 466-467

Durham, N. C. .................... 390

Dyersburg, Tenn. .................. 544-545

E

Easley, S. C. ..................... 522

East Brainer, Tenn. ............... 541

East Bridgewater, Mass. ........... 233

East Brunswick, Maine.............. 215

East Brunswick township, N. J. ..... 328

East Butler, Pa. ................... 461

Eastchester town, N. Y. ........... 361

East Chicago, Ind. ................. 177

East Cleveland, Ohio................ 432

East Detroit, Mich. ................ 265

East Hartford, Conn. ............... 73

East Hartford town, Conn. .......... 71

East Haven town, Conn. ............ 77

East Lansdowne, Pa. .............. 495

East Lansing, Mich. ............... 265

East Liverpool, Ohio ............... 432-433

East Longmeadow, Mass. ........... 252

East McKeesport, Pa. .............. 498

E. Norwegian township, Pa. ......... 487

Easton, Pa. ....................... 467-468

Easton town, Conn. ................ 69

East Orange, N. J. ................ 312

East Paterson, N. J. ............... 312,326

East Pittsburgh, Pa. ............... 498

East Point, Ga. ................... 131-132

Eastport, Md. ..................... 222

East Providence town, R.I. ........ 502-503

East Ridge, Tenn. ................. 545

East Rochester, Pa. ............... 458

East Rockaway, N. Y. .............. 378

East St. Louis, 111. ................ 153

East Spencer, N. C. ............... 414

Easttown township, Pa. ............. 495

Eastvale, Pa. ..................... 458

East Washington, Pa. ............... 496

East Whiteland township, Pa. ....... 495

Eau Claire, S. C. .................. 522-523

Eau Claire, Wis. .................. 609-610

Ecorse, Mich. .................... 265

Eddystone, Pa. .................... 495

Eden Park, Pa. ................... 475

Edgewater, Ala. .................. 52

Edgewood, Ky. .................... 198

Edgewood, Pa. .................... 498

Elgin, 111. ......................... 154

Elizabeth City, N. C. .............. 391

Elizabeth City County, Va............ 575

Elizabeth, N. J. ................... 312-313

Elizabeth, Pa. .................... 465

Elizabethton, Tenn. ................ 545-546

Elkhart, Ind. ...................... 177-178

Elkins, W. Va. .................... 594

Elmhurst, 111. ..................... 155

Elmira, N. Y. .................... 345-346

Elmwood Park, 111. ................ 155

Elmwood Place, Ohio ............... 428

El Portal, Fla. .... .............. 105

Elsmere, Ky. ..................... 198

Elyria, Ohio ....................... 433-434

Emsworth, Pa. ................... 476
632 INDEX

Endicott, N. Y. .....

Englewood, N. J. ....

Equivalent per million 

Erie, Pa-. ...........

Erin, Mich. .........

Erlanger, Ky.

	Page 

......... 346-347

......... 313

......... 7

......... 468

......... 264

......... 198

Escanaba, Mich. ................... 265-266

Essexville, Mich. ................. 261

Euclid, Ohio ....................... 434

Evanston, 111. ..................... 155-156

Evansville, Ind. ................... 178

Everett, Mass. ................... 236

Ewing township, N. J. ............. 335

Fairfield, Ala. .................... 55

Fair-field, Maine ................... 221

Fairfield town, Conn. .............. 69, 71

Fair Haven, N. J. ................. 319

Fair Lawn, N. J. .................. 314

Fairmont, W. Va.. ................. 594-595

Fairmount Heights, Md. ............ 228

Fairview, N. Y. .................. 371

Fairview, Ohio .................... 429

Fall River, Mass. ................. 237

Falls Church, Va. ................. 569

Fallston, Pa. ...................... 458

Falmouth town, Maine .............. 217

Fanwood, N. J. ................... . 330

Farmington, Mich. ................ 264

Farrel, Pa. ....................... 491

Fayetteville, N. C. ................ 392

Fayetteville, Tenn. ................ 546-547

Ferndale, Mich. ................... 266

Findlay, Ohio ...................... 434-435

Fitchburg, Mass. .................. 237-238

Fitzgerald, Ga. ................... 132

Flatwoods, Ky. ................... 197

Flint, Mich. ...................... 266

Flocculation ....................... 35

Florence, Ala. .................... 55-56

Florence, Ky. ..................... 198

Florence, S. C. ................... 523-524

Florida ........................... 94-119

Folcroft, Pa. ..................... 495

Fond Du Lac, Wis. ................ 610

Forest Hills, Md. ................. 222

Forest Hills, Pa. .................. 498

Forest Park, Ga. .................. 122

Fort Lauderdale, Fla. ............. 96-97

Fort Lee, N. J. ................... 315

Fort Lee, Va. ..................... 578

Fort Myers, Fla. .................. 97-98

Fort Pierce, Fla. .................. 98-99

Fort Thomas, Ky. ....:............ 200

Fort Wayne, Ind. .................. 179-180

Fountainhill, Pa. .................. 459

Fox Point, Wis. ................... 617

Framingham, Mass. ............... 231

Framingham town, Mass. ........... 238

Frankfort, Ind. ................... 179

Frankfort, Ky. .................... 200-201

Franklin, N. J. ................... 325

Frederick, Md. ................... 226

Fredricksburg, Va. ................ 569

Freedom, Pa. ..................... 458

Freemansburg, Pa. ................ 459

Freeport, 111. ..................... 156-157

Freeport, N. Y. .................. 347

Fremont, Ohio ..................... 435-436

Front Royal, Va. .................. 570

Fultondale, Ala. ................... 52

Funkstown, Md. ................... ' 227

Gadsden, Ala. ..................... 56-57

Gaffney, S. C. .................... 524-525

Gahanna, Ohio ..................... 430

	Page 

Gainesville, Fla. ................... 99-100

Gainesville, Fla., University of Florida 99

Gainesville, Ga. .................... 132-133

Gaithersburg, Md. .................. 228

Galesburg, 111. ..................... 157-158

Garden City, Mich. .................. 264

Gardner, Mass. ..................... 238

Garfield Heights, Ohio................ 436

Garfield, N. J. ..................... 314-315

Garwood, N. J. ..................... 330

Gary, Ind. .......................... 180

Gastonia, N. C. ..................... 393

Gates Mills, Ohio .................... 429

Geneva, N. Y. ...................... 348

Georgetown, S. C. .................. 525-526

Georgia............................. 120-145

Germantown, Md. ................... 222

Glassport, Pa. ................... '.. 465

Glastonbury, Conn. .................. 73

Glen Cove, N. Y. ................... 348-349

Glen Falls, N. Y. ................... 349

Glenolden, Pa. ...................... 495

Glen Ridge, N. J. ................... 323

Glen Rock, N. J. .................... 331

Gloucester, Mass. .................. 239

Gloversville, N. Y. .................' 350

Goldsboro, N. C. ................... 394

Gorham town, Maine ................. 217

Goshen, Ind. ....................... 181

Grafton, W. Va. .................... 595-596

Grand Rapids, Mich. ................ 267

Grandview Heights, Ohio ............. 430

Granite City, 111. .................... 158

Gratiot, Mich. ...................... 264

Graysville, Ala. .................... 52

Green Bay, Wis. .................... 611

Greenfield, Mass. ................... 239-240

Greenhills, Ohio ..................... 428

Greensboro, N. C. .................. 395

Greensburg, Pa. .................... 468-469

Green Tree, Pa. .................... 485

Greenville, Miss. ................... 288-289

Greenville, N. C. ................... 396

Greenville, S. C. ................... 526-527

Greenwich town, Conn. .............. 72

Greenwood, Miss. ................... 289

Greenwood, S. C. ................... 527-528

Greer, S. C. ....'................... 528-529

Grenada, Miss. ..................... 290

Griffin, Ga. ........................ 133-134

Grosse He, Mich. ................... 264

Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. ........... 264

Grosse Pointe Shores, Mich. ......... 264

Grosse Pointe Woods, Mich. ......... 264

Groveland, Mass. ................... 240

Gulfport, Miss. ..................... 291

Gulport, Fla. ....................... 113

Gwinhurst, Del. ..................... 84

H

Hackensack, N. J. .................. 315-316

Hagerstown, Md. ................... 227-228

........ 326

........ 355

........ 72

........ 436

........ 335

........ 181

........ 575

........ 267

........ 233

Hapeville, Ga. ..................... 134-135

Hardness, carbonate, noncarbonate .... 9,12

causes............................ 12

classification of waters ............. 21

Great Lakes ....................... 16

industrial use of water ............. 13, 41

soap consumption .................. 38, 45

Harrisburg, Pa. .................... 469-470

Haledon, N. J. 

Hamburg town, N. Y. 

Hamden town, Conn. 

Hamilton, Ohio .........

Hamilton township, N. J. 

Hammond, Ind. ........

Hampten, Va. .........

Hamtramck, Mich. 

Hanson town, Mass!
INDEX 633

Harrisonburg, Va. 

Harrison, N. J. 

Hartford, Conn. .. 

Hartsville, S. C. , Harvey, 111. ......

Hattiesburg, Miss.

Page 

571 

326 

73 

529 

158 

292

Haverford township, Pa. .............. 470-471

Haverhill, Mass. ..................... 240

Hazel Park, Mich. ................... 267

Hazelton, Pa. ....................... 471

Heidelberg, Pa. ..................... 485

Hempstead, N. Y. ................... 350-351

Henderson, Ky. :..................... 201-202

Henderson, N. C. ................... 397

Hewlett, N. Y. ...................... 378

Hialeah, Fla. ........................ 100,105

Hickory, N. C. ...................... 398

Hickory, N. C., Windy City area ...... 398

Hickory township, Pa. ................ 491

Highland Heights, Ky. ................ 198

Highland Heights, Ohio ................ 429

Highland, Ind. ....................... 181

Highland Park, 111. ................... 158

Highland Park, Mich. ................. 268

Highland Park, N. J. ................ 325

High Point, N. C. .................... 399

Hillside township, N. J. .............. 316, 334

Hilton, Va. .......................... 575

Hoboken, N. J. ...................... 317

Hohokus, N. J. ...................... 331

Holland, Mich. ...................... 268-269

Holly Oak, Del. ...................... 84

Hollywood, Fla. ..................... 100-101

Holyoke, Mass. ..................... 240-241

Homestead, Pa. ..................... 485

Homewood, Ala. ..................... 57

Homewood, Md. ..................... 222

Hopewell, Va. ....................... 571-572

Hopewell, Va., Camp Lee ............. 571

Hopkinsville, Ky. .................... 202

Hornell, N. Y. ...................... 351-352

Huntington Bay Hills, N. Y. ........... 352

Huntington, Ind. ..................... 182

Huntington, N. Y. ................... 352

Huntington Station, N. Y. ............. 352

Huntington, W. Va. .................. 596

Huntington Woods, Mich. ............. 264

Hunting Valley, Ohio .................. 429

Huntsville, Ala. ..................... 57-58

Hustonville, Ky. ..................... 199

Hyattsville, Md. ..................... 228-229

I

Illinois .............................. 146-172

Independence, Ohio ................... 429

Indiana .............................. 173-196

Indianapolis, Ind. .................... 182-183

Indian Hill, Ohio ..................... 428

Ingram, Pa. ......................... 485

Inkster, Mich. ...................... 269

Inwood, N. Y. ..'..................... 378

Irondequoit town, N. Y. ............... 352

Ironton, Ohio. ........................ 437

Irvington, N. J. ..................... 317

Irwin, Pa. .......................... 468

Ithaca, N. Y. ........................ 352-353

Jackson, Mich. ...................... 269

Jackson, Miss. ...................... 292-293

Jackson, Tenn. ...................... 547

Jacksonville, Fla. ................... 101-102

Jacksonville, 111. .................... 159

Jamestown, N. Y. ................... 353-354

Janesville, Wis. ..................... 612

Jasper, Ala. ........................ 58-59

Jeannette, Pa. ....................... 472

Jefferson County, Ky. ................ 203

	Page 

Jeffersontown, Ky. .................. 203

Jefferson township, Pa. .............. 485

Jeffersonville, Ind. .................. 183-184

Jenkintown, Pa. ..................... 495

Jersey City, N. J. .................. 317

Johnson City, N. Y. ................. 354

Johnson City, Tenn. ................. 548

Johnston town, R.I. ................. 503

Johnstown, Pa. ..................... 472

Joliet, 111. .......................... 159-160

Junction City, Ky. ................... 199

K

Kalamazoo, Mich. .................. 270

Kankakee, 111. ...................... 160-161

Kannapolis, N. C. ................... 400

Kearney, N. J. ..................... 318

Keene, N. H. ....................... 302-303

Kenilworth, N. J. ................... 330

Kenmore, N. Y. .................... 355

Kennedy township, Pa. ............... 476

Kenosha, Wis. ...................... 612-613

Kentucky ............................ 197-212

Kewanee, 111. ....................... 161-162

Key West, Fla. ..................... 102-103

Kilbuck township, Pa. ............... 476

Kings Mountain, N. C. ............... 401

Kingsport, Tenn. ................... 549

Kingston, N. Y. .................... 355

Kingston, Pa. ...................... 473

Kinston, N. C. ...................... 402

Knoxville, Tenn. .................... 549-550

Kokomo, Ind. ....................... 184

Kosciusko, Miss. ................... 293

Lackawanna, N. Y. .................. 355-356

Laconia, N. H. ..................... 303-304

La Crosse, Wis. .................... 613-614

Lafayette, Ind. ...................... 185

Lagrange, Ga. ...................... 135

Lake City, S. C. .................... 530

Lakeland, Fla. ...................... 103-104

Lake View, N. Y. ................... 378

Lakewood, Ohio...................... 437

Lake Worth, Fla. ................... 104-105

Lancaster, N. Y. ................... 355

Lancaster, Ohio ..................... 437-438

Lancaster, Pa. ..................... 473-474

Lancaster, S. C. .................... 531

Lancaster town, N. Y. ............... 355

Lansdowne, Pa. .................... 495

Lansing, 111. ....................... 181

Lansing, Mich. ..................... 271

La Porte, Ind. ...................... 185-186.

Lathrup Townsite, Mich. ............. 264

Laurel, Miss. ...................... 294

Laurens, S. C. ..................... 532

La Vale, Md. ....................... 225

Lawrence, Mass. ...........'........ 241-242

Lawrence, N. Y. ................... 378

Lawrence township, N. J. ........... 335

Lebanon, Pa. ....................... 474

Leechburg, Pa.. ..................... 468

Lenoir.N. C. ....................... 403

Leominster, Mass. .................. 242

Leavittown, N. Y. .................. 356-357

Lewes, Del. ....................... 85-86

Lewiston, Maine ..................... 216

Lexington, Ky. ...................... 203

Lexington, Mass. ................... 231

Lexington, N. C. .................... 404

Lexington town, Mass. ............... 242

Liberty, Pa. ....................... 475

Lido Beach, N. Y. .................. 358

Lima, Ohio ......................... 438-439

Lime, adjustment of pH .............. 36

softening ......................... 38, 42
634 INDEX

Limestone ..............

Lincoln Park, Mien. .....

Lincoln town, R.I. ......

Linden, N. J. ...........

Linndale, Ohio ...........

Little Falls, N. J. .......

Livingston township, N. J. 

Livonia, Mien.

Page 

...... 9

...... 271

...... 503

...... 318

...... 429

...... 326

...... 334

...... 271

Lockport, N. Y. .................... 357-358

Lodi, N. J. ........................ 318-319

Logansport, Ind. .................... 186-187

Long Beach, Ind. .................... 188

Long Beach, N. Y. .................. 358

Long Branch, N. J. ................. 319-320

Longmeadow, Mass. ................ '252

Longview, N. C. .................... 398

Lookout Mountain, Tenn. ............ 541

Lookout Valley, Tenn. ......'......... 541

Lorain, Ohio ....................... 439-440

Louisville, Ky. ..................... 203-204

Lowell, Mass. ...................... 242-243

Lowell, N. C. ...................... 393

Lower Burrell township, Pa. ......... 479

Lower Merlon township, Pa. ......... 474-475

Lower Moreland township, Pa. ....... 495

Lower Providence, Pa. .............. 480

Loyalsock township, Pa. ............. 499

Loyd Harbor, N. Y. ................. 352

Ludlow, Ky. ....................... 198

Ludlow, Mass. ..................... 252

Lumberton, N. C. .................. 405

Lynbrook, N. Y. .................... 359

Lynchburg, Va. ..................... 572-573

Lynch, Ky. ........................ 204

Lyndhurst, Ohio .................... 429

Lyndhurst township, N. J. ........... 320

Lyndora village, Pa. ................ 461

Lynn, Mass. ....................... 243

M

Mabscott, W. Va. .................. 591

McCandless township, Pa. ........... 476

McComb, Miss. ..................... 295

McDonald, Ohio .................... 452

McKeesport, Pa. ................... 475-476

McKees Rocks, Pa. ................. 476-477

Macon, Ga. ........................ 136

Madeira, Ohio ...................... 428

Madisonville, Ky. ................... 206

Madison, Wis. ...................... 614-615

Maine ............................. 213-221

Maiden, Mass. ..................... 243

Malverne, N. Y. .................... 378

Mamoroneck, N. Y. ................. 359

Manchester, Maine ................. 213

Manchester, N. H. .................. 304

Manchester, Pa. .................... 500

Manitowac, Wis. .................... 615-616

Mansfield, Mass. ................... 231

Mansfield, Ohio .................... 440

Maple Bluff, Wis. .................. 614

Maple Heights, Ohio ................ 440

Maplewood township, N. J. ........... 320

Mariemont, Ohio ................... 428

Marietta, Ga. ...................... 137

Marietta, Ohio ..................... 441

Marinette, Wis. ..................... 616-617

Marion, Ind. ....................... 187

Marion, Ohio ...................... 441-442

Marion, S. C. ...................... 533

Marion, Va. ....................... 573

Marlborough, Mass. ................ 244

Marple township, Pa. ................. 495

Marquette, Mich. ................... 272

Mars Hill, Ind. ..................... 182

MarshviUe, N. C. .................. 406

Martinsburg, W. Va. ................ 597

Martinsville, Va. ................... 574

Maryland .......................... 222-230

Page 

Massachusetts ........................ 231-258

Massillon, Ohio ...................... 442-443

Mattoon, 111. .......................... 162

Maumee, Ohio ........................ 450

Mayfield Heights, Ohio ................ 429

Mayfield, Ky. ......................... 206-207

Mayfield, Ohio ........................ 429

Maysville, Ky. ........................ 207-208

Maywood, 111. ......................... 163

Meadville, Pa. ........................ 477-478

Medford, Mass. ....................... 244

Melrose, Mass. ....................... 244

Melvindale, Mich. ..................... 264

Memphis, Tenn. ...................... 550-552

Merchantville, N. J. .................... 328

Meriden, Conn. ....................... 73-74

Meridian Hills, Ind. ................... 182

Meridian, Miss. ....................... 295-296

Methemoglobinemia ................... 10

Methuen town, Mass. .................; 244

Meyers Lake, Ohio .................... 426

Miami Beach, Fla. .................... 106

Miami, Fla. .......................... 105-106

Miami Shores, Fla. ................... 105

Miami Springs, Fla. ................... 105

Michigan ...........................'.. 259-282

Michigan City, Ind. .................... 188

Michigan City, Ind., Indiana State Prison. 188 

Middleburgh Heights, Ohio ............. 429

Middlesboro, Ky. ...................... 208

Middlesex, N. J. ...................... 312

Middletown, Conn. ..................... 74

Middletown, Ky. ...................... 203

Middletown, N. Y. .................... "360

Middletown, Ohio ..................... 443-444

Middletown township, N. J. ............ 319

Midland Park, N. J. ................... 331

Milford, Del. ......................... 86-87

Milford, Maine ....................... 216

Milford, Mass. ....................... 244-245

Milford town, Conn. ................... 74

Millbourne, Pa. ....................... 495

Millburn township, N. J. .............. 334

Milledgeville, Ga. ..................... 138

Miller Heights, Pa. ................... 459

Milltown, N. J. ....................... 325

Millville, N. J. . ^..................... 320-321

Milton, Mass. ......................... 231

Milton town, Mass. .................... 245

Milwaukee, Wis. ...................... 617

Mishawaka, Ind. ...................... 188-189

Mississippi ........................... 283-299

Mobile, Ala. .......................... 59-60

Mogadore, Ohio ....................... 424

Moline, 111. ........................... 163

Monessen, Pa. ......................... 478

Monona, Wis. ......................... 614

Monroe, Mich. ........................ 272-273

Monroe, N. C. ........................ 406

Montclair, N. J. ...................... 321

Montgomery, Ala. ..................... 60-61

Montgomery, Ohio .................... 428

Montpelier, Vt. ....................... 559-560

Montville town, Conn. ................. 78

Moreland Hills, Ohio .................. 429

Moreland, Ky. ........................ 199

Morganton, N. C. ..................... 407

Morgantown, W. Va. .................. 598

Morristown, N. J. .................... 322

Morristown, Tenn. .................... 552

Morton, Pa. .......................... 495

Mottled enamel ........................ 10, 39

Moultrie, Ga. ......................... 138-139

Moundsville, W. Va. .................. 599

Mountain Brook, Ala. .................. 1

Mountainside, N. J. ................... 330

Mount Airy, N. C. .................... 408

Mount Clemens, Mich. ................. 273

Mt. Healthy, Ohio ..................... 428

Mount Kisco, N. Y. ................... 362
INDEX 635

	Page 

Mount Lebanon township, Pa. ........ 478

Mt. Oliver, Pa. .................... 485

Mt. Pleasant, Pa. .................. 468

Mount Ranier, Md. .................. 229

Mount Vernon, 111. .................. 163-164

Mount Vernon, N. Y. ................ 360

Mt. Wolf, Pa. ..................... 500

Mullins, S. C. ..................... 534

Muncie, Ind. ....................... 189

Munhall, Pa. ....................... 478

Munster, Ind. ...................... 181

Murfreesboro, Tenn. ............... 553

Muskegon Heights, Mich. ............ 274

Muskegon, Mich. ................... 273-274

N

Nankin, Mich. ...................... 264

Nanticoke, Pa. ..................... 478

Narbeth, Pa. ....................... 495

Nashua, N. H. ..................... 304-305

Nashville, Tenn. ................... 553-554

Natchez, Miss. ...................... 296

Natick town, Mass. ................. 245-246

Naugatuck, Conn. ................... 75

Needham town, Mass. ............... 246

Neenah, Wis. ....................... 618

Neptune township, N. J. ............. 319

Neville township, Pa. ............... 476

New Albany, Ind. .................... 189-190

Newark, Del. ....................... 87-88

Newark, N. J. ...................... 323-324

Newark, dhio ....................... 444-445

New Bedford, Mass. ................ 246-247

New Bern, N. C. ................... 409

NewberrV, S. C. ................... 535

New Boston, Ohio ................... 446

New Brighton, Pa. .................. 458

New Britain, Conn. ................. 75-76

New Brunswick, N. J. ............... 325

Newburgh Heights, Ohio .............. 429

Newburgh, N.Y. .................... 360-361

New Castle, Del. ................... 88-89

New Castle, Ind. ................... 190

New Castle, Pa. ................... 479

New Hampshire ..................... 300-306

New Haven, Conn. .................. 77-78

Newington, Conn. ................... 73

New Jersey ......................... 307-338

New Kensington, Pa. ................ 479-480

New London, Conn. ................. 78-79

Newnan, Ga. ....................... 139-140

Newport, Ky. ....................... 209

Newport News, Va. ................. 575-576

Newport, R.I. ..................... 504

Newport, Vt. ....................... 560

New Providence, N. J. .............. 334

New Providence township, N. J. ...... 334

New Rochelle, N. Y. ................ 361

Newton, Mass. ..................... 247

Newton township, Pa. ............... 495

Newtown, Ohio ...................... 428

New York........................... 339-382

New York, N. Y. ................... 362-364

Niagara Falls, N. Y. ............... 364-365

Niles, Ohio ......................... 445

Nitro, W. Va. ...................... 600

Norfolk, Va. ........................ 576-578

Norristown, Pa. .................... 480-481

North Adams, Mass. ................ 247-248

Northampton, Mass. ................ 248

North Arlington, N. J. .............. 325

North Attleboro, Mass. ............. 231

North Bend, Ohio .................... 428

North Bergen township, N. J. ........ 325

North Braddock, Pa. ................ 498

North Branford town, Conn. .......... 77

North Brunswick township, N. J. ..... 325

North Carolina ...................... 383-423

N. Charleroi, Pa. .................. 463

North College Hill, Ohio 

North Dighton, Mass. .......

North Franklin township, Pa. 

North Haven town, Conn. ...

North Hornell, N. Y.

Page

.... 428

.... 253

.... 496

.... 77

.... 351

North Kinston town, R. I. ........... 504-505

North Manheim township, Pa. ........ 487

North Miami, Fla. .................. 107

North Muskegon, Mich. .............. 273

North Olmsted,' Ohio ................. 429

North Pelham, N. Y. ................ 361

North Plainfield, N. J. .............. 330

Northport, Ala. ..................... 67

North Providence town, R. I. ........ 505

North Randall, Ohio .................. 429

North Royalton, Ohio ................. 429

North Scituate town, R. I. ............ 509

North Smithfield town, R. I. .......... 510

North Tonawanda, N. Y. ............. 365

North Versailles township, Pa. ........ 475,498

North Windham town, Maine........... 217

North York, Pa. .................... 500

Norwalk, Conn. ..................... 79

Norwich, Conn. ..................... 80

Norwood, Ohio ...................... 445

Norwood, Pa. ....................... 495

Norwood town, Mass. ................ 249

Nutley, N. J. ....................... 325

Nutter Fort, W. Va. ................. 593

Oak Park, 111. .......

Oak Park, Mich. .....

Oak Ridge, Tenn. ....

Oakwood, Ohio........

Ocala, Fla. .........

Oceanport, N. J. .....

Ocean township, N. J. 

Ogdensburg, N. Y. ...

O'Hara township, Pa.

.......... 164

.......... 264

.......... 554

.......... 432

.......... 108

.......... 319

.......... 319

.......... 366

.......... 485

Ohio.........."."..................... 424-453

Oil City, Pa. ....................... 481

Old Lycoming township, Pa. .......... 499

Old Orchard, Maine .................. 215

Old Town, Maine..................... 216-217

Clean, N. Y. ....................... 366-367

Olmsted Falls, Ohio.................. 429

Oolitic, Ind. ........................ 173

Opelika, Ala. ....................... 61-62

Orangeburg, S. C. ................... 536

Orange, N. J. ...................... 326

Orange, Ohio........................ 429

Orange town, Conn. ................. 77

Orchard Park, N. Y. ................ 355

Orlando, Fla. ....................... 109

Oshkosh, Wis. ...................... 618-619

Ossining, N. Y. .................... 367

Oswego, N. Y. ..................... 368

Ottawa Hills, Ohio ................... 450

Ottawa, 111. ........................ 164-165

Owensboro, Ky. ..................... 209-210

Owls Head town, Maine ............... 218

Owosso, Mich. ..................... 275

Oxford, Ala. ....................... 50

Paducah, Ky. ....................... 210-211

Palm Beach, Fla. ................... 119

Panama City, Fla. .................. 110

Parkersburg, W. Va. ................ 601

Park Hills, Ky. ..................... 198

Park Ridge, 111. ..................... 165

Parkview, Ohio...................... 429

Parma Heights, Ohio ................. 429

Parma, Ohio ........................ 445

Parrish, Ala. ....................... 58

Pascagoula, Miss. .................. 297

Passaic, N. J. ...................... 326-327
636 INDEX

	Page 

Paterson, N. J. ................... 327

Patter son Heights, Pa. ............. 458

Patterson township, Pa. ............ 458

Patton township, Pa. .............. 498

Pawtucket,- R.I. .................. 505-506

Peabody, Mass..................... 249-250

Peekskill, N. Y. .................. 369

Pekin, 111. ........................ 165

Pelham Manor, N. Y. .............. 361

Pelham town, N. Y. ............... 361

Pembroke town, Mass. ............. 233

Penfield Junction, Ohio ............. 433

Pennsauken township, N. J. ........ 328

Pennsylvania ...................... 454-500

Penn township, Pa. ................ 498

Pensacola, Fla. ................... Ill

Peoria, 111. ....................... 166

Perth Amboy, N. J. ............... 328-329

Peru, Ind. ........................ 191

Petersburg, Va. ................... 578

Phenix City, Ala. .................. 62-63

Philadelphia, Pa. .................. 482-484

Phillipsburg, N. J. ................ 329

Phoebus, Va. ..................... 575

Pinellas Park, Fla. ................ 113

Piqua, Ohio ....................... 446

Pitcairn, Pa. ..................... 498

Pittsburgh, Pa. ................... 485-486

Pittsfield, Mass. .................. 250

Pittston, Pa. ..................... 486

Plainfield, N. J. .................. 330

Plains township, Pa. ............... 489

Plattsburg, N. Y. ................. 369-370

Pleasant Hills, Pa. ................ 485

Pleasant Ridge, Mich. ............. 264

Plymouth township, Pa. ............ 495

Pontiac, Mich. .................... 275-276

Port Carbon, Pa. .................. 487

Port Chester, N. Y. ............... 370-371

Port Huron, Mich. ................. 276-277

Portland, Maine ................... 217

Portlock, Va. ..................... 576

Portsmouth, N. H. ................ 305

Portsmouth, Ohio .................. 446-447

Portsmouth, Va. .................. 579

Port Vue, Pa. .................... 475

Pottstown, Pa. .................... 486-487

Pottsville, Pa. .................... 487-488

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ............... 371-372

Presque Isle, Maine ................ 218

Prichard, Ala. .................... 63

Princeton, W. Va. ................. 602

Prospect Park, N. J. .............. 326

Prospect Park, Pa. ............... 495

Providence, R.I. ................. 506-507

Pulaski township, Pa. .............. 458

Pulaski, Va. ...................... 580

Q

Quincy, 111. ....................... 166-167

Quincy, Mass. .................... 250

Raceland, Ky. ........

Racine, Wis. ..........

Radford, Va. .........

Radnor township, Pa. ., 

Rahway, N. J. ........

Rainbow City, Ala. .....

Raleigh, N. C. ........

Rankin, Pa. ...........

Raritan township, N. J. 

Raynham Center, Mass

....... 197

....... 619

....... 581

....... 495

....... 331

....... 56

....... 410

....... 498

....... 328

....... 253

Reading, Pa. ..................... 488-489

Red Bank, Tenn. .................. 541

Redford, Mich. ................... 264

Reidsville, N. C. ................. 411

Reserve township, Pa. ............. 476

	Page 

Reservoirs, cleaning ................ 34

water quality ..................... 33

Revere, Mass. ..................... 251

Rhode Island ....................... 501-510

Richmond Heights, Ohio ............. 429

Richmond, Ind. .................... 191-192

Richmond, Ky. .................... 211-212

Richmond, Va. ..................... 581-582

Ridgefield Park township, N. J. ..... 315

Ridgeley, W. Va. ................... 225

Ridgewood, N. J. .................. 331-332

Ridley township, Pa. ............... 495

Riverdale, Md. .................... 228

River Rouge, Mich. ................ 277

Riverview, Mich. ................... 264

Rivesville, W. Va. ................. 594

Roanoke Rapids, N. C. ............. 412

Roanoke, Va. ...................... 583-584

Robinson township, Pa. ............. 485

Rochester, N. H. .................. 306

Rochester, N. Y. .........'......... 372-373

Rochester, Pa. .................... 458

Rochester township, Pa. ............ 458

Rockford, 111. ..................... 167-168

Rock Hill, S. C. ................... 537

Rock Island, 111. ................... 168-169

Rockland, Maine.................... 218-219

Rockledge, Pa. .................... 495

Rockport town, Maine ............... 218

Rockville Centre, N. Y. ............ 373

Rocky Hill, Conn. ..........'....... 73

Rocky Mount, N. C. ................ 413

Rocky River, Ohio .................. 429

Rome, Ga. ........................ 140-141

Rome, N. Y. ...................... 374

Romulus, Mich. .................... 264

Roselle, N. J. ..................... 332

Roselle Park, N. J. ................ 330

Roseville, Mich. ................... 277

Rossford, Ohio ..................... 450

Rosslyn Farms, Pa. ................ 485

Ross township, Pa. ................. 476

Royal Oak, Mich. .................. 277-278

Rumford, Maine .................... 219

Rumson, N. J. .................... 319

Russell, Ky. ...................... 197

Rutherford, N. J. .................. 333

Rutland, Vt. ..... ;................ 560-561

Rutledge, Pa. ....................... 495

Rye, N. Y. ....................... 370

Saco, Maine ........................ 219

Saddle River township, N. J. ........ 314

Saginaw, Mich. .................... 278-279

St. Albans, Vt. .................... 561

St. Albans, W. Va. ................. 603

St. Augustine, Fla. ................ 112

St. Bernard, Ohio .................. 428

St. Clair, Pa. ..................... 487

St. Clair Shores, Mich. ............. 279

St. Johnsbury, Vt. ................. 561-562

St. Matthews, Ky. ................. 203

St. Petersburg, Fla. ............... 113-114

St. Petersburg, Fla,, Bay Pines

Hospital ....................... 113

Salem, Mass. ..................... 251

Salem, Va. ........................ 585-586

Salisbury, Md. .................... 230

Salisbury, N. C. ................... 414

Salisbury township, Pa. ............. 459

Sandusky, Ohio ......... ........... 447-448

Sanford, Fla. ...................... 114

Sanford, Maine ..................... 220

Sanford, N. C. ..................... 415

Sarasota, Fla. ..................... 115-116

Saratoga Springs, N. Y. ............ 374-375

Saugus, Mass. ..................... 231

Saugus town, Mass. ................ 251
INDEX 637

	Page 

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. ............ 279-280

Savannah, Ga. .................... 141-142

Sayreville, N. JT. .................. 328

Scale, boiler....................... 13, 41

calcium and magnesium ........... 9, 41

prevention....................... 42

silica ........................... 8,41

sulf ate .......................... 10

Scarborough town, Maine ........... 215, 217

Schenectady, N. Y. ................ 375

Schuylkill Haven, Pa. .............. 487

Schuylkill township, Pa. ............ 495

Scotch Plains township, N. J. ....... 330

Scottsdale, Pa. .................... 468

Scott township, Pa. ................ 485

Scranton, Pa. ..................... 489-490

Seaford, Del. ..................... 89-90

Seelyville, Ind. .................... 193

Selma, Ala. ....................... 64

Seven Hills, Ohio................... 429

Shaker Heights, Ohio ............... 448

Shamokin, Pa. .................... 490

Sharon Hill, Pa. ................... 495

Sharon-, Pa. ....................... 491

Sharonville, Ohio .................. 428

Sheboygan Falls, Wis. ............. 620

Sheboygan, Wis. ................... 620

Sheffield, Ala. .................... 64-65

Sheffield Lake, Ohio ............... 439

Shelby, N. C. ..................... 416

Shelbyville, Term. ................. 555

Shelton town, Conn. ............... 69

Shenandoah, Pa. ................... 491-492

Shively, Ky. ....................... 203

Shorewood Hills, Wis. ............. 614

Shorewood, Wis. .................. 620

Shewsbury township, N. JT. ......... 319

Silica, activated ................... 8, 34

removal......................... 8, 41

Silver Lake, Ohio .................. 431

Silverside, Del. .................. 84

Silver Spring, Md. ................. 228

Silverton, Ohio..................... 428

Sloan, N. Y. ...................... 355

Sludge............................. 38

Smithburg, Md. ................... 227

Smithfield town, R.I. ........:.... 506

Smyrna, Ga. ...................... 122

Snowden township, Pa. ............. 485

Solon, Ohio ........................ 429

Somersworth, N. H. ............... 306

Somerville, Mass. ................. 252

Sophia, W. Va. ................... 591

South Beloit, Wis. ................. 608

South Bend, Ind. ................... 192-193

South Boston, Va. .................. 586

Southbridge, Mass. ................ 252

South Carolina ..................... 511-540

South Charleston, W. Va. .......... 603

South Corning, N. Y. .............. 343

South Euclid, Ohio ................. 448

South Fayette township, Pa. ........ 485

Southfield, Mich. .................. 264

South Fort Mitchell, Ky. ............ 198

South Milwaukee, Wis. ............. 620-621

South Norfolk, Va. ................ 587

South Orange village, N. J. ......... 333

South Plainfield, N. J. ............. 312,330

Southport, Ind. ................... 182

South Portland, Maine .............. 220

South Strabane township, Pa. ....... 496

Southwick, Mass. ................. 252

South Williamsport, Pa. ............ 499

South Windham town, Maine ......... 217

Spartanburg, S. C. ................ 538

Speers, Pa. ...................... 463

Spencer, N. C. .................... 414

Spotswood, N. J. .................. 328

Springfield, (Delaware County)

township, Pa. ................. 495

Page 

Springfield, 111. ...................... 169-170

Springfield, Mass. ................... 252-253

Springfield (Montgomery County)

township, Pa. ................... 495

Springfield, Ohio .................... 448

Springfield township, N. J. ........... 334

Spring Garden township, Pa. .......... 500

Spring Grove, Ind. ................... 191

Stamford, Conn. ..................... 80

Standish town, Maine ................. 217

Star City, W. Va. .................... 598

Starkville, Miss. .................... 297

State College, Pa. .................... 492

Statesville, N. C. ................... 417

Staunton, Va. ....................... 587-588

Steubenville, Ohio ................... 449

Stevens Point, Wis. .................. 621-622

Stonewood, W. Va. ................... 593

Stowe township, Pa. .................. 476

Stratford town, Conn. ................ 81

Streator, 111. ........................ 170

Strongsville, Ohio ................... 429

Suffolk, Va. ........................ 588

Summit, N. J. ....................... 334-335

Summit Park, W. Va. ................ 593

Summit township, Pa. ................ 461

Sumter, S. C. ....................... 539

Sunbury, Pa. ....................... 493

Superior, Wis. ...................... 622

Surfside, Fla. ....................... 105

Suspended matter, coagulation ........ 34

process water ..................... 44

reservoirs ........................ 30,33

sedimentation ..................... 34

turbidity ......................... 11

Swarthmore, Pa. .................... 495

Swissvale, Pa. ...................... 493

Sylacauga, Ala. ...................... 65-66

Syracuse, N. Y. ..................... 376

Takoma Park, Md. 

Talladega, Ala. ...

Tallahassee, Fla. . 

Tampa, Fla. .....

Tarboro, N. C. ...

Tarrant City, Ala. 

Taunton, Mass. ...

Taylor, Mich. ....

Teaneck township, N. J.

230

66

116

117

418

52

253

264

335

Tennessee ......................... 541-556

Terrace Park, Ohio .................. 428

Terre Haute, Ind. .................... 193-194

Thomaston town, Maine .............. 218

Thomasville, Ga. .................... 142-143

Thomasville, N. C. .................. 419

Thornburg, Pa. ..................... 485

Tiffin, Ohio ......................... 449-450

Tinicum township, Pa. ............... 495

Toledo, Ohio ......................... 450-451

Tonawanda town, N. Y. ............... 355

Torrington, Conn. ................... 81

Totowa, N. J. ...................... 326

Trafford, Pa. ....................... 498

Traverse City, Mich. ................ 280

Tredyffrin township, Pa. ............. 495

Trenton, Mich. ...................... 264

.Trenton, N. J. ...................... 335-336

Triadelphia, W. Va. ................. 606

Troy, Ala. .......................... 67

Troy, N. Y. ......................... 376-377

Trumbull town, Conn. ................ 69

Tuckahoe, N. Y. ..................... 361

Tupelo, Miss. ....................... 298

Turtle Creek, Pa. .................. v 498

Tuscaloosa, Ala. .................... 67-68
638 INDEX

Page 

Union City, N. J. ................... 336

Union City, Tenn. ................... 556

Union, S. C. ........................ 540

Uniontown, Pa. ...................... 493 -494

Union township, N. J. ....... 312,330,334,336

University Heights, Ohio .............. 429

Upper Arlington, Ohio ................ 430

Upper Darby township, Pa. ........... 494-495

Upper Mer ion township, Pa. .......... 495

Upper Moreland township, Pa. ........ 495

Upper St. Clair township, Pa. ........ 485

Urbana, 111. ........................ 170

Utica, N. Y. ........................ 377

Valdosta, Ga. ...................... 143-144

Valley Stream, N. Y. ................ 378

Valparaiso, Ind. .................... 194-195

Vandergrift, Pa. .................... 468

Vassalboro, Maine ................... 221

Vermont............................. 557-562

Versailles, Pa. ..................... 475

Vicksburg, Miss. .................... 298-299

Vincennes, Ind. ..................... 195-196

Vincent, Ohio........................ 433

Virginia............................. 563-590

Virginia Beach, Va. ................. 576

W

Wakefield town, Mass. 

Wallingford, Conn. .., 

Wall, Pa. ...........

Waltham, Mass. 

Wardour, Md. ........

Warner Robins, Ga. ., 

Warren, Mich.

.......... 254

.......... 82

.......... 498

.......... 254

.......... 222

.......... 144

.......... 264

Warren, Ohio ....................... 451-452

Warrensville Heights, Ohio ........... 429

Warren town, R. I. .................. 501

Warrington, Fla. ................... 118

Warwick County, Va. ................ 575

Warwick, R. I. I..................... 507

Washington, D. C. .................. 92-93

Washington, N. C. .................. 420

Washington, Pa. ..................... 496

Watchemoket, R.I. ................. 502

Watchung, N. J. .................... 330

Water analyses....................... 50-627

Waterbury, Conn. ................... 83

Waterford town, Conn. ............... 78

Watertown, Mass. ................... 231

Watertown, N. Y. ................... 379

Watertown town, Mass. .............. 254

Watertown, Wis. .................... 623

Waterville, Maine ................... 221

Watervliet, N. Y. ................... 380

Waukegan, 111. ...................... 171

Waukesha, Wis. ..................... 624

Wausau, Wis. ....................... 625

Wauwatosa, Wis. .................... 626

Waycross, Ga. ...................... 145

Wayne, Mich. ...................... 264

Waynesboro, Va. .................... 588

Wayne township, N. J. ............... 323

Weehawken township, N. J. .......... 315

Weirton, W. Va. .................... 604

Wellesley town, Mass. ............... 254-255

West Allis, Wis. .................... 626

West Annapolis, Md. ................. 222

West Bath, Maine .................... 215

West Bridgewater, Mass. ............ 233

West Bridgewater, Pa. ............... 458

Westbrook, Maine ................... 221

West Chester, Pa. .................. 496-497

West Conshohocken, Pa. ............. 495

West Elizabeth, Pa. ......

Westerly, R. I. ..........

Westfield, Mass. .........

Westfield, N. J. ..........

West Hartford, Conn. 

West Hartford town, Conn. 

West Haven town, Conn. .. 

West Hazelton, Pa. .......

West Huntsville, Ala. 

West Lafayette, Ind. ......

West Mayf ield, Pa. .......

West Mifflin, Pa. .........

West Milwaukee, Wis. 

West Newbury town, Mass. 

West New York, N. J. 

West Norristown, Pa. 

Weston, W. Va. ..........

West Orange, N. J.

	Page 

....... 465

....... 508

....... 255

....... 337

....... 73

....... 83

....... 83

....... 471

....... 68

....... 196

....... 458

....... 497

....... 617

....... 240

....... 337

....... 480

........ 605

....... 337

Westover Air Base, Springfield, Mass. . 252

Westover, W. Va. .................... 598

West Palm Beach, Fla. ............... 119

West Paterson, N. J. ................. 326

West Portsmouth, Ohio ............'... 446

Westport town, Conn. ................. 69

West Seneca town, N. Y. .............. 355

West Springfield town, Mass. .......... 256

Westview, Ohio ...................... 429

West View, Pa. ...................... 476

West Virginia ........................ 591-607

West Warwick town, R. I. ............. 509

Westwood, Ky. ...................... 197

Wethersfield, Conn. .................. 73

Weymouth town, Mass. ............... 256-257

Wheatland, Pa. ...................... 491

Wheaton, Md. ....................... 228

Wheelersburg, Ohio .................. 446

Wheeling, W. Va. .................... 606

Whistler, Ala. ....................... 63

Whitaker, Pa. ....................... 485

Whitefish Bay, Wis. .................. 627

. Whitehall, Ohio ...................... 430

Whitehall, Pa. ....................... 485

Whitemarsh township, Pa. ............ 495

White Oak, Pa. ....................... 475

White Plains, N. Y. ................... 381

White township, Pa. .................. 458

Whitman town, Mass. ................. 233

Wickliffe,' Ohio ...................... 429

Wiley Ford, W. Va. .................. 225

Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ................... 497

Wilkinsburg, Pa. ..................... 498

Wilkins township,! Pa. ................ 498

Williamsburg, Va. ................... 589

Williamson, W. Va. .................. 607

WiUiamsport, Md. ................... 227

Williamsport, Pa. .................... 499

Williamsville, N. Y. ................. 355

Willistown township, Pa. .............. 495

Willowwick, Ohio .................... 429

Wilmerding, Pa. ..................... 498

Wilmette, 111. ....................... 172

Wilmington, Del. ..................... 90-91

Wilmington, N. C. ................... 421

Wilson, N. C. ....................... 422

Winchester, Ky. ...................... 212

Winchester town, Mass. ............... 257

Winchester, Va. ..................... 590

Windham town, Maine ................ 217

Windsor, Conn. ...................... 73

Winfield township, N. J. .............. 330

Wingate, N. C. ...................... 406

Winooski, Vt. ....................... 562

Winslow, Maine ...................... 221

Winston-Salem, N. C. ................ 423

Winthrop, Maine ..................... 213

Winthrop, Mass. ..................... 231

Winthrop town, Mass. ................ 257
INDEX 639

Page 

Wisconsin ......................... 608-627

Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. ............

Woburn, Mass. .................... 257-258

Woodbridge town, Conn. ..........

Woodbridge township, N. J. .......

Woodlawn, N. Y. .................

Woodlawn, Ohio ...................

Woodmere, N. Y. .................

Woodruff Place, Ind. ....:.........

Woolwich, Maine ..................

Woonsocket, R.I. ................

Worcester, Mass. ................

Worthington, Ky. .................

Wyandotte, Mich. .................

Wyckoff township, N. J. ...........

627

258

77

338

355

A9Q

070

182 

215 

510

95R

197 

281 

331

Yonkers, N. Y. .....................

Z

299

495

382

575

500

193

452

282

453

 HV. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1954 O - 303740