DATA ON HEALTH RESOURCES

Series 14

Number 5

Ophthalmology

Manpower

A General Profile

UnitedStates-1968

Statistics are presented on selected demographic and professional

characteristics of active and inactive ophthalmologists. The data

were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics in

cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census from ophthalmologists in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Ophthalmologists

are statistically described in terms of general characteristics (ages,

sex, geographic distribution, board certification, and whether

doctors of medicine or of osteopathy); and by selected features

of their professional activity, namely, number of States licensed in,

principal type of employment, volume of activity, and clinical

and nonclinical functions engaged in.

DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-1800

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Health Services and Mental Health Administration

National Center for Health Statistics

Rockville, Md. December 1972
Vital and Health Statistics-Series 14-No. 5

For solo by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $1.’25
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, Director

EDWARD B. PERRIN, Ph.D., Deputy Director

PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, SC.D., Associate Director

OSWALD K. SAGEN, Ph.D., Assistant Directo~ for Health Statistics Development

WALT R. SIMMONS, M.A., Assistant Director for Research and Scientific Development

JOHN J. HANLON, M.D., Medical Advisor

JAMES E. KELLY, D.D.S., Dental Aduzkor

EDWARD E. MINTY, Executive Officer

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

DIVISION OF HEALTH RESOURCES STATISTICS

SIEGFRIED A. HOERMANN, Director

PETER L. HURLEY, Deputy Director

G. GLORIA HOLLIS, Chief Health Facilitiess tatistics Branch

GRACE K. WHITE, Chief Hospital Discharge Survey Branch

HENRY S, MOUNT, Chief Health Manpower Statistics Branch

WILLIAM F. STEWART, Chiei Family Planning Statistics Branch

COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Under the legislation establishing the National Health Survey, the public

Health Service is authorized to use, insofar as possible, the services or

facilities of other Federal, State, or private agencies.

In accordance with specifications established by the National Center for

Health Statistics, the Bureau of the Census, under a contractual arrangement,

participated in planning the survey and collecting the data.

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 14-No. 5

DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-1800

Library of Congress tird Number 75-190015
CONTENTS

Page

.“

A

Introduction -------------------- -------------------- ------------------

Background --------- --------- --- . . --- ”----------------- ------------

Scope --------- --------------------------- ------------------ -------

Content --------------------------- --------------------------- ------

Major Characteristics of the Active Ophthalmologist -------------------

The Total Ophthalmologist Universe ---- . -- ”---------- -------------------

The Active Ophthalmologist ---------------------------- ----------------

Geographic Distribution and Ratio to Population ------------------------

Selected Personal and Professional Characteristics --------------------

Areal Scope of Activity --- . . - . ------- ”------------ ---------------------

Number of States Licensed In --------------------------- --------- --avocational Context of Activity ---------- ----- c---- -------------------- .-

Principal Type of Employment . . . . . . . ------------- . . . . . . . . . . *.. .. ----

Volume of Activity -“----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------- ----------

Weeks Worked Per Year and Hours Worked Per Week ------------------

Nature of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m-------- -----------------

Clinical and Nonclinical Activities Engaged In -------------------------

Selected Findings Among Active Ophthalmologists ------------------------

References -------- ------- ------- ------. ------- ------- ------- ------- --

List of Detailed Tables -------------------- -------------------- --------

Appendix I. Technical Notes and Qualifying Comments ------------------

Data Collection --------------------------- --------- --------- -------

Processing of Data -.----- --------------------- ------- ------- -------

Adjustments ------- ------- --------------- ------- -------------- ------

Qualifying Comments --------- --.------ --------- -------------------

Appendix II. Definitions of Certain Terms Used in This Report -----------

Appendix III. Survey Questionnaires ------- --------------------- -------

Questionnaire for Doctors of Medicine -“------- ------------------- -----

Questionnaire for Doctors of Osteopathy --------- --------- ------------

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

5

8

8

10

10

11

11

13

13

17

18

19

49

49

49

50

51

53

54

54

58

...

Ill
SYMBOLS

Data not available ------------------------

Category not applicable -------------------

Quantity zero -------- ------- ------- --.--

Quantity more than Obutless than O.$-----

Figure does notmeet standardsof

reliability or precision ------------------

Data suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirements-- ------------

---

. . .

0.0

*

#

A

iv
0PHTHALM0LOG% MANPOWER

A GENERAI- PROFILE

Hugo K, Koch, M. H.A., Division of Health Resouvces Statistics

INTRODUCTION

Background

This is a report on the national resource in

ophthalmologists as it existed in the United States

in 1968. Statistics reported here are chiefly the

product of one of three surveys on vision manpower conducted by the National Center for Health

Statistics between May 1968 and June 1969. These

surveys sought information on four groups —oph -

thalmologists, optometrists, opticianry establishments, and dispensing opticians. The long-range

goal of the surveys was to provide statistical information for use in planning for educational programs, manpower requirements, research proj -

ects, and delivery of eye-care services.

Scope

Reported here are statistics on an estimated

9,056 ophthalmologists, 8,616 of whom were active

in their profession at the time of the 1968 survey.

These totals reflect the application of a statistical

adjustment designed to compensate for various

types of nonresponse to the survey and are felt

to represent a good approximation of the actual

manpower resource in ophthalmologists in 1968.

Included within the population of active ophthalmologists are 8,434 doctors of medicine (M.D.

ophthalmologists) who had reported to the Ameri -

n can Medical Association (AMA) that ophthalmology

was their primary or secondary specialty and 181

doctors of osteopathy (D.O. ophthalmologists) who

had reported to the American Osteopathic Association that they devoted any time whatever to ophthalmological activities.

Excluded from the scope of this report are

233 “uniformed” ophthalmologists (that is, ophthalmologists who were active in the Army, Navy,

Air Force, and Commissioned Corps of the Public Health Service at the time of the survey), and

879 students of ophthalmology who were enrolled

in civilian and military residency programs at

the time of the survey. The chief interest of this

report is in the formally qualified civilian ophthalmologist.

In scope and content this report differs substantially from other sources of information on

ophthalmological manpower. The reader should

generally avoid a direct comparison of these data

with data from other sources, especially with data

from AMA directories for the period or with publications based on AMA data. 1-3This caution in

comparison is indicated for the following reasons.

The universe reported on here comprehends D.O.

ophthalmologists as well as M.D. ophthalmologists and includes practitioners who worked

part time as well as those who worked full time

in ophthalmological activities. Furthermore, the

population reported on is non-Federal only to the

extent that it excludes uniformed ophthalmolgists;

otherwise it includes Federal employees. Also

excluded are residents and interns. Therefore,

unless suitable adjustments are made, only rough

comparisons to the cited data sources can generally be made.

1
Content

This general profile of the ophthalmologist

is the first of three reports planned in the area

of. ophthalmological manpower. The subsequent

reports, based chiefly on the same survey data,

will focus in turn on characteristics of the clinical practice of ophthalmology and on the utilization of supplementary personnel by the ophthalmologist.

The report is composed of the following parts,

given in the sequence in which they are discussed.

1. A statistical overview of the total national resource in active and inactive ophthalmologists—

tables 1-2.

2. A statistical evaluation of active ophthalmologists in terms ofi

● Their geographic distribution and ratio to the

general population-tables 1,2,3,4,7,8,10, and

12.

● Such selected characteristics as their age, sex,

special~ board certification, and professional

identity (doctor of medicine or of osteopathy)–

tables 4-6.

● The areal scope of their actual and potential

activity as indicated by the number of States in

which they hold active licenses—tables 5,7, and

9.

● The vocational context of their professional activity as revealed in their principal form of employment—tables 5,8,9,11,13, and 14.

The volume of their activity as determined from

the number of weeks they worked per year and

the number of hours they worked per week——

tables 6,9-11, and 13-18.

Finally, the nature of their professional activity

as evidenced by the clinical and nonclinical

functions in which they engaged–tables 12-18.

The various compensatory adjustments used

in establishing the report data along with other

methodological considerations are discussed in

appendix I. Definitions of terms used in the report

appear in appendix H. Finally, the reader may

refer to appendix III for copies of the actual survey questionnaires used to elicit information from

M.D. and D.O. respondents.

2

Maior Characteristics of the Active

Ophthalmologist

A brief overview of the major characteristics

of the 8,616 active ophthalmologists who are the

chief subjects of this report reveals that:

● About 98 percent were doctors of medicine.

● About 97 percent were male.

● About 95 percent were self-employed.

● About 97 percent reported some activity in the

practice of clinical ophthalmology (direct diagnosis and treatment of eye patients).

● About 68 percent were active in solo practice,

s About 26 percent were engaged in some type

of multiple-physician practice.

● About 33 percent spent some time in teaching.

o About 11 percent spent some time in medical

research.

● Finally, there was a tendency in most regions

and in most forms of employment to work at

maximum volume (that is, in excess of 48 weeks

per year and 48 hours per week).

THE TOTAL OPHTHALMOLOGIST

UNIVERSE

Survey findings support an estimate of 9,056

for the total number of ophthalmologists—active

and inactive—in the United States in 1968. Of

these, 8,616, or 95.1 percent, reported that they

were active in their profession either in a fulltime or part-time capacity. The survey questionnaires did not define the terms “full-time” and

“part-time,” leaving their interpretation to the

subjective judgment of the respondents, 89.2

percent of whom reported full-time activity. (See

“Qualifying Comments” in appendix I.)

A total of 440 ophthalmologists, or 4.9 percent of all survey respondents reported that they

were inactive in their profession, 311 by reason

of retirement and 129 for other reasons. No ef -

fort was made to elicit the specific reasons for

the inactivity of those ophthalmologists who reported being inactive in their profession although

not retired.
Data in table A reveal the age characteristics

of inactive ophthalmologists. About 49 percent of

the inactive but not retired group were under 65

years of age, while only about 17 percent of the

retired group were in that younger category. Data

in table B reveal the distribution of ophthalmologists by geographic region. Except for a slightly

disproportionate concentration of retired ophthalmologists in the No~th Central Region, the distribution agrees with regional proportions for

active ophthalmologists.

THE ACTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGIST

Geographic Distribution and Ratio

to Population

The number of ophthalmologists active in their

profession at the time of the survey was approximately 8,616. Data in figure 1 reveal their distribution by geographic region and division. Table

C shows the number of active ophthalmologists

per 100,000 population in geographic regions and

divisions and the census estimates for July 1,

1968, while table D uses the same census estimates to show the ratio of the ophthalmologists

to the population by State.

From the findings of this survey, the national

ratio of active ophthalmologists to population in

1968 was estimated to be 4.4 ophthalmologists

per 100,000 population. The reader is reminded

that this population of active ophthalmologists included not only those M.D. ophthalmologists WhO

reported ophthalmology as their primary specialty

but also doctors of medicine who reported ophthalmology as their secondary specialty, as well

as doctors of osteopathy who reported that they

had spent time in ophthalmological activities.

Four of the nine geographic divisions exceeded the national ratio—New England, Middle

Atlantic, Mountain, and Pacific Divisions. The

five States exhibiting the highest ratios were, in

order of descending magnitude, the District of

Columbia, Colorado, Montana, California, and

New York. The five States exhibiting the lowest

a ratios were South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama,

Alaska, and Arkansas.

The South Region, although it has a larger

civilian population than the other regions, is relatively poorest in ophthalmologists—3.7 per

100,000 population. When the District of Columbia

Table A. Number and percent distribution

inactive ophthalmologists by age:

;~ited States, 1968

Age

All agea----

All ages----

Under 35 years----

35-44 years -------

45-54 years -------

55-64 years -------

65 years and over-

*

Number

129 I 311

Percent distribution

100.0

11.6

10.9

8.5

17.8

51.2

100.0

0.3

2.6

14.5

82.6

with its disproportionately high ratio of 10.3 is

excluded from the calculations for the South Atlantic Division, the southern ratio is even more

sharply reduced to 3.1.

Comparing the numeric growth inactive ophthalmologists to the growth of the population, a

slow but continuous increase in numbers of ophthalmologists per 100,000 population may be observed from 1950 to the time of this survey. This

becomes evident when the findings of this survey

for 1968 are added to the historical perspective

established in a recent study 3 as follows:

Ophthalmologists

per 100,000

population

1950 ------------ 2.2

1960 ------------ 3.0

1961 ------------ 3.2

1962 ------------ 3.3

1963 ------------ 3.5

1964 ------------ 3.6

1965 ------------ 3.6

1966 ------------ 3.6

1967 ------------ 3.7

1968 ------------ 3.8

3
Table B. Number and percent distribution of active and inactive ophthalmologists by

geographic region: United States, 1968

Geographic region

United States ---------------------------------------

Northeast --- - -- - - -- - - - - - - -- --- - -- - - - -- -- -- . - - -- -- - - -- -- - - - -

North Central ---------------------------------------------

South -- - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - ---- - - - --- - -- - - - - - --- - - - - -- -- -- --- - - -

West - - - - - --- - --- . - -- -- -- --- --- -- - - -- -- - ---- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - -

(See also figure 2.) In the cited study an ophthalmologist is defined as any M.D. physician in

practice who declared ophthalmology asa ’’fulltime or primary specialty.” Using this criterion,

in 1950 there were 2.2 ophthalmologists per

100,000 population (adjusted to include an estimate for eye, ear, nose, and throat (EENT)

specialists who saw themselves more as ophthalmologists than otolaryngologists). In 1967

there were 3.7 ophthalmologists perlOO,OOO. In

1950 there was one ophthalmologist for every

50,000 persons and 17 years later one for every

25,000.

The ratio for 1968 derived from the findings

of this survey (4.40phthalmologists per 100,000

Activity status

*

Numbers

2,458 39

2,117 28

2,258 40

1,782 22

311

Percent distribution

100.0

28.5

24.6

26.2

20.7

86

95

79

50

I

100.0 100.0

30.2 27.7

21.8 30.6

31.0 25.5

17.0 16.1

population) isnot directlycomparable totheratios

of the cited study since it d;es not limit itself

to M.D. ophthalmologists reporting a primary

specialty in ophthalmology. Rather, it has been

extended to include 181 osteopathic ophthalmologists as well as approximately 903 M.D. ophthalmologists who reported ophthalmology as a secondary specialty. When, however, the more comprehensive figure of4.4 per 100,000 is adjusted

downward to.exclude these 1,084 practitioners,

aratioof3.8 ophthalmologists per 100,000 isobtained, a figure which is directly comparableto

the ratios in the cited study and wbich appears

as the value for the 1968 ratio offered in figure

2. (See methodological discussion in appendix I.)

4
Number

o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1 I I I 1 I 1

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION

...................... Middle Atlantic ............ ...........

East Narth Central

Pocific

South Atlontic

West Sauth Central

West North Centrol

New England

Mountain

...................... East Sauth Central ..................

GEOGRAPHIC REGION

Figure 1. Number and percent distribution o-f active ophthalmologic sts by geographic region and division: United

States, 1968,

Selected Persona I and Professional

Characteristics

Figure 3 tabulates the numbers and percent

distribution of active ophthalmologists by 10-year

age intervals. The national median age was 51.4

years. Majority concentrations of ophthalmologists are seen to lie in the intervals directly above

and below the median interval of 45-54 years, a

bimodal tendency that may partly reflect the intervention of World War II with its attendant effects on formal training and licensure.

No respondents were reported as less than

25 years old and only about 9 percent fell in the

age group 25-34 years. About 3.6 percent were

still active in their profession after the age of

75 years.

The Northeast Region exhibited a relatively

greater proportion OF

older age group 55-74

ophthalmologists in the

years than the other regions. The West was highest in the pr~portion of

active ophthalmologists in the younger age group

35-54 years. Survey findings offer no directly

cogent reasons for these age effects.

In median age, the ophthalmologist tended to

be at least 2 years older than the typical member

of the active and formally qualified M.D. population. Whereas about 25 percent of the overall

M.D. population clustered in the age group under

34 years, only about 9 percent of ophthalmologists

surveyed fell in this younger category.2

The reason for this disparity probably lies

chiefly in the fact that the ophthalmologist population included 1,584 members who still engaged

part time in the practice of otolaryngology. As a

group, this residual from earlier days when

EENT was a unified specialty were most often

found in the age group over 60 years, an effect

which tended to elevate the overall age average

for all survey respondents.

5
Table C. Number of active ophthalmologistsper 100,000 population, by geographic region and division: United States, 1968

Geographic location

United States------------------------

Northeast Region-----------------------

New England......---------------------.....

Middle Atlantic............................

North Central Region-------------------

East North Central-------------------------

West North Central-------------------------

South Region-......--------------------

South Atlantic-----------------------------

East South Central-------------------------

West South Central-------------------------

West Region--------”-------------------

Mountain...................................

Pacific------------------------------------

I Number I Active ODhPopulation of thalmolog~sts

in active per

thousands oph- 100,000

thalmologists population

197,560 8,616 4.4

48,193 2,458 5.1

11,322 548 4.8

36,871 1,909 5.2

55.369 I 2,117 I 3.8

39,403

15,965

61,227

29,381

12,893

18,953

32,771

7,800

24,972

1,504 3.8

613 3.8

2,259 3.7

1,186 4.0

376 2.9

696 3.7

399 5.1

1,383 5.5

lCensus estimates for July 1, 1968, from U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates,” Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 436, January 7,1970.

About 97 percentofactiveophthalmologists

were male. Males reporteda median ageof51.4

years,femalesa slightlylower median age of

50.1years.Larger proportionsof femalesthsn

males were clusteredintheageintervals35-44

and45-54.

The proportionof femaleophthalmologists

intheactivesurveyuniverse(about3percent)is

lower than the nationalproportionof female

physicians(about7percent)reportedbyAMA as

ofDecember 31,1967,forallactiveandformally

qualifiedM.D. physicians.2

Geographically,female ophthalmologists

were distributedinroughlythesame proportions

as theirmale counterparts.As withthemales,

thelargestconcentrationswere inCaliforniaand

New York. A disproportionately large female

representationoccurred in Illinois,where this

surveyrevealeda clusterof 31—about 13percent—of allfemaleophthalmologistsbutonly5
Table D. Number of active ophthalmologistsper 100,000 population, by State: United

States, 1968

State

Arizona----------------

California-------------

Colorado---------------

Connecticut------------

District of Columbia---

Florida----------------

Idaho..................

Maryland---------------

Massachusetts----------

Montana----------------

New Jersey-------------

New Mexico.............

New York---------------

Oregon-----------------

Pennsylvania-----------

Utah-------------------

Vermont----------------

Washington-------------

Wyoming----------------

Alabama----------------

Alaska-----------------

Arkansas---------------

Delaware---------------

Georgia----------------

Ophthalmologicts

per 100,000

population

Same as U.S.

ratio (4.4) or

above

4.9

5.7

6.1

1:::

4.9

4.8

4.5

;:+

4.4

4;6

5.6

5.5

5.0

4.6

4.4

5.0

5.0

Below U.S.

ratio (4.4)

2.5

2.1

:::

3.2

State

Hawaii----------------

Illinois--------------

Indiana---------------

Iowa------------------

Kansas----------------

Kentucky--------------

Louisiana-------------

Maine-----------------

Michigan--------------

Minnesota-------------

Mississippi-----------

Missouri--------------

Nebraska--------------

Nevada----------------

New Hampshire---------

North Carolina--------

North Dakota----------

Ohio------------------

Oklahoma--------------

Rhode Island----------

South Carolina--------

South Dakota----------

Tennessee-------------

Texas-----------------

Virginia--------------

West Virginia---------

Wisconsin-------------

Ophthalmologists

per 100,000

population

Below U.S.

ratio (4.4)-Con.

4.2

3.9

3.5

3.7

3.4

:::

4.0

2::

2;

3.8

3.6

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.7

3.9

3.6

n

3*3

3.7

3.7

lBasedon census estimates for July 1, 1968, from U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates,” Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 436 Jan. 7, 1970.

percentof totalrespondents,male and female.

Surveyfindingsofferno explanationforthisconcentration.

All osteopathic ophthalmologists responding

were males. In terms of professional identity

(i.e., doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathy)

about 98 percent of active ophthalmologists were

doctors ofmedicine.

Geographically, D.O.opthalmologists showed

a stronger tendency to favor the North Central

Region than their M.D. counterparts. Fifty-four

percent of their number reported this regionto

be their area of primary activity as opposedto

about 24 percent of M.D. respondents. The

States of Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio were

5—

0 The estimate for 195G60 !ncl.desEENT

84 physlc,ans pr,marlly gwi.g eye care.

o“

g

~’ - ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,lil,lt’’’’’””

n. ,,,,,,,.! $,..,

~2

w

:1

z

o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

1950 !955 1960 1965

YEAR

igure 2. Number uf ophthalmlogi sts per IOO,W POPUI at ion: Un ited States, 1950-68.

especially favoredby D.O. opthalmologists, with Source: Data for 1950-67 fran articlecited inreference 3.

7
AGE

Pert en t Number

‘w ‘Fc

a

9.,2

26.2 .,

:229

26:0:

.. ....

;15:;8,:

Under 35 years

35-44 ya0rs

45-54 years

55-64 years

65 years

and over

Figure 3. Number and percent ,di stri but ion of active

ophthalmologists. by age: United States, 1968.

14.4 percent, 18.8 percent, and 12.2 percent of

total osteopaths, respectively.

Information on specialty board certification

of M.D. ophthalmologists was obtained from

AMA. 0fthe8,434 active M.D. ophthalmologists,

4,952, or about 59 percent, were board certified,

the majority with the American Board of Ophthalmology, a minority with the American Board

of Otolaryngology. The national figure reported

by AMA for all board certified physicians as of

December 31, 1967, was 31.4 percent.2 (See

“Qualifying Comment” in appendix I.)

AREAL SCOPE OF ACTIVITY

Number of States Licensed In

In order to approximate the geographic latitude of the ophthalmologist’s activity, respondents were asked to list the States in which they

currently held an active license to practice.

Statistics presented here tabulate only the mwnbev of States in which the respondent reported

active licensure; no report is attempted on the

geographic contiguity of the States involved when

a respondent reported licensure in more than

one State.

Of 8,616 active ophthalmologists (M.D. and

D.O.) 4,901, or about 57 percent, held an active

license in only one State. Slightly over 27 percent

held an active license in two States and nearly

12 percent held an active license in three States.

Only 402, or about 5 percent, were licensed in

four or more States. About 65 percent of D.O.

respondents reported I.icensure in more than one

State as opposed to about 43 percent of their

M.D. counterparts.

Figure.4 offers a graphic representation of

this areal scope of Iicensure according to the

geographic division in which the M.D. or D.O.

ophthalmologist was active. Noteworthy is the

fact that 65 percent of the M.D. ophthalmologists

active in the Mountain Division were licensed in

more than one State. This proportion is higher

than comparable proportions for the other eight

divisions and may partly reflect the fact that in

this area a relatively small percentage of the

Nation’s ophthalmologists (4.6 percent) must attempt to cover a population which is more widely

dispersed geographically than the population of the

other divisions.

Information on the type of license held by

D.O. ophthalmologists was supplied by the American Osteopathic Association. According to the

publication State LicenshzgofHealth Occupations J

41 States and the District of Columbia granted

unlimited practice rights to doctors of osteopathy. Nine. States issued limited licenses to

doctors of osteopathy which placed restrictions

on their right to use drugs or perform surgery.

According to the American Osteopathic Association, the osteopathic ophthalmologists included in the survey held at least one license in

a State which granted unlimited practice rights

to osteopaths. Fourteen of the osteopathic respondents held at least one license in a State

which restricted practice activities.

Areal scope of licensure showed a pronounced

relationship to the age of the respondent, varying

inversely with increasing age. This inverse relationship is shown in figure 5. Two factors probably account for it. One, the younger ophthalmologist has more energy to expend than his

elder colleague, and, two, the younger practitioner does not have the economic security enjoyed by his older colleague and may thus extend the areal scope of his activity in order to

achieve this security.

It was Of interest to explore whether practice in multiple-physician arrangements carried

with it a tendency toward extended areal scope of

licensure. Figure 6 reveals the percentages of

8
“. ““r..-., ,,

Licensed in I State only

100 80 60 40 20 6

I I I I I

United States

New England

Middle Atlontic

East Norfh Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

Eosl Soufh Central

West South Centrol

Mountoin

Pacific

Licensed in more Ihon I State

o

- Doctors of Medlcl”e _ Ooctors of Osteopathy

Figure k Distribut ion of M.D. and D .0. ophthalmologists by number of States 1icensed in, according to geographic

division: United States, 1968,

Figure 5. Percent of ophthalmologists Iitensed in more

than one State by age: Un ited States, 1968.

PERCENT LICENSEO IN MORE THAN I STATE

physician6

Figure 6. Percent of ophthalnwl q ists 1itensed in more

than one State by type of practice: Un ited States,

1968.

9
ophthalmologists licensed in two or more States

according to the type of practice. It can be seen

that practitioners in multiple-physician arrangements showed a greater tendency toward plural

Iicensure than did solo practitioners. The difference between the licensure status of solo

practitioners and those engaged in partnership

practice is too small to be of importance, but

the number of practitioners in group practice

who report plural licensure is sufficiently above

the number of plurally licensed solo practitioners

to warrant a more extended investigation.

VOCATIONAL CONTEXT OF ACTIVITY

Principal Type of Employment

One section of the survey questionnaire was

designed to investigate the ophthalmologist’s

principal type of employment.

The data in table E show the number and

percent distribution of active ophthalmologists

by their principal type of employment. It is

noteworthy that by far the largest proportion of

active ophthalmologists were self-employed and

engaged in solo practice and that, of the various

forms of multiple arrangements, the partnership

was favored over such other plural-physician

forms as group practice and various nongroup

arrangements with other physicians.

Geographically, the Northeast Region had

the highest percentage of self-employed ophthalmologists engaged in solo practice—79.l percent-and, conversely, the lowest proportion

engaged in plural-physician arrangements-14.8

percent. The North Central and West Regions,

with about 31 percent each, had the highest percentage of ophthalmologists engaged in pluralphysician practice.

For the Northeast and West Regions at least,

these practice preferences may be partly explained by the effect of~ge. It will be remembered

that ophthalmologists in the Northeast Region

were relatively older and those in the West Region

relatively younger than their colleagues in the

other regions. As may be seen in the discussion

that follows shortly, a definite relationship seems

to exist between age and type of practice.

Of two minority groups in the ophthalmoloTable E. Number and percent distribution

of active ophthalmologists by prkcipa 1

type of employment: United States, 1968

Principa 1 type of

employment

All types --------

Self -employ ed------

Solo practice ----------

Partnership ------------

Group practi.ce ---------

Nongroup arrangement

with other physiciansSalaried -----------

Hospi_tall --------------

Nonhospi_ta12 -----------

dumber

8,616

8,157

5,902

1,407

487

361

459

171

288

Percent

distribution

100.0

94.6

68.5

16.3

5.7

4.2

5.3

2.0

3.3

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and

city, county, State, and Federal government

hospitals.

~Includes ❑edical schools; city, county,

State, and Federal government agencies;

and all eypes of insurance carrier s,ph.ar -

❑aceutical companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, ❑edical societies,

associations, etc.

gist universe-females and doctors of osteopathy—females showed a slightly greater preference for plural-physician practice than males.

Osteopathic physicians, on the other hand, showed

a distinctive preference for solo practice; about

79 percent of D.O: ophthalmologists were in solo

practice as opposed to about 68percent of their

M.D. colleagues.

Figure 7 pictures the relationship between

principal type of employment and theage of the

ophthalmologist. It is noteworthy that participation inplural-physician practice varied inversely

with the age of the participant; the proportions

were about 40 percent inplural-physician prac10
ticeforophthalmologistsunder 35, andonlyahout

16 percent for those over 65yearsofage. This

tendency may partly reflect the fact that the forms

of plural-physician practice are relatively recent

in their application and are therefore more likely

to be favored by the younger practitioner.

As also imlicated by figure 7, salaried employment was notably more common in the age

group under 35 years, a fact which may be partly

due to the extension of hospital employment into

the immediate postresidency period.

Geographically, respondents in the Middle

Atiantic, West North Central, and South Atlantic

Divisions were the most disposed to salaried employment with proportions of 5.9 percent, 6.3 percent, and 7.4 percent, respectively, as opposed to

the national average of 5.3 percent. The lowest

proportion of salaried ophthalmologists-2.8 percent-was reported for respondents active in the

Mountain Division. Possibly because of the number of ophthalmologists employed by Federal installations in or near the Nation’s capitol, the

District of Columbia with 22.2 percent and Maryland with 12.1 percent were highest among all the

States in their proportions of salaried ophthalmologists.

Data in table F reveal the distribution of

salaried ophthalmologists by the two major categories of salaried employment which, for analytical purposes, were identified as hospital emPERCENT

Self emDlow?.d:

_ Salaried -

Figure 7. Percent di stri but ion of active ophthalmol

ogists, by age and principal type of &ploy merit:

United States, 1968.

Table F. Number and percent distribution

of salaried ophthamologis~s by type of

salaried empIoyment: Uni,ted States, 1968

Type of salaried

employment

All types ----

Hospi_tal -------

Nongovernment

hospitals ---------

City or county

government

hospitals ---------

State government

hospitals ---------

Federa 1 Government

hospitals ---------

Nonhospital----

Medical school -----

City or county

government --------

State government

Federal GovernmentOtherl -------------

Number

459

171

55

21

28

67

288

222

17

12

18

19

Percent

distribution

100.0

37.3

12.0

4.6

6.1

14.6

62.7

48.4

3.7

2.6

3.9

4.1

lIncludes all types ~&p&f&S~nc~O~~~:

riers, pharmaceutical

rations voluntary organizations, medical

societies, associations, etc.

ployees and nonhospital employees. The several

categories under other nonhospital employment

have not been tabulated separately since they were

infrequently reported.

VOLUME OF ACTIVITY

Weeks Worked Per Year and Hours

Worked Per Week

Of several indicators of thevolume of professional activity yielded bythe survey findings,

only one will be statistically explored at this

11
time, namely. the amount of time that the ophthalmologist spent in all his professional activities—clinical and nonclinical—as measured by

the weeks he “usually” worked per year and the

hours he “usually” worked per week. (“Usually”

is the wording used in the survey questionnaires.)

Figure 8 offers a representation of the national distribution of active ophthalmologists by

this index of volume of activity. The categories

“48-52 weeks per year” and ‘’49 hours or more

per week” are arbitrarily designated as the “maximum volume of activity” in the textual commentary that follows.

As the data in figure 8 reveal, the largest

proportion of active ophthalmologists —38.8 percent—reported working at the maximum volume

of activity. This tendency toward longer working

periods also appeared regionally throughout the

country. It was most pronounced in the South

Region, where 45 percent of the respondents reported working at the maximum volume of activity.

Since the South Region also showed the lowest

ratio of ophthalmologists to population (3.7 per

VOLUME OF ACTIVITY

Percent Number

I

per year I

4-,.s, ,h.n.,..ek,”+o

48-52 weeks per year

A

l!,!?I-34hoursperweek

:28.9: 35-4.9 hoursperweek

49 hours or more

:36..8! “ per week

HOURS AND WEEKS WORKED PER YEAR

Figure 8. Distribution of active ophthalmologicsts by

weeks worked per year and hours worked per week:

Un ited States, 1968,

100,000), it was of interest to explore statistically

the possible relationship between increased time

spent in ophthalmological activities and the numbers of ophthalmologists available to do the work.

This relationship is shown by geographic division

in the table on page 13. Ofthe five divisions which

fell below the national ratio of 4.4 ophthalmologists per 100,000 population, four are seen to

exceed the national average of 38.8 percent for

ophthalmologists working at the maximum volume

of activity. Of the four divisions which exceeded

the national ratio of ophthalmologists to population, only one is seen to exceed the national

average for respondents working at the maximum

volume of activity. A positive relationship therefore seems indicated.

The same tendency toward maximal work effort observed nationally and regionally is also

apparent throughout the principal types of employment in which ophthalmologists reported

themselves engaged. This may be seen in table G.

The largest percentage of ophthalmologists in

every employment category reported a volume of

activity level in excess of 48 weeks per year and

48 hours per week.

When certain personal characteristics such

as sex and age are considered, females reported

a more subdued volume of activity than did male

ophthalmologists. Of the female respondents, the

highest proportion—about 29 percent of the total

for their sex—reported an activity level of over

48 weeks per year and between 35 and 48 hours

per week, which, although relatively high, was

lower than the maximum level. Male ophthalmologists, on the other hand, were more strongly

represented in the maximum volume of activity

category, where 39 percent of their numbers are

found, as opposed to 19 percent of the female

ophthalmologists.

Finally, a definite relationship was observed

to exist between the age of the ophthalmologist

and his tendency to work at the maximum volume

of activity. This relationship is evident in figure

9, where the tendency toward maximum volume

of activity, greatest at ages under 35 years,

declines in an inverse proportion to the age of

respondents in the advancing age categories.

12
Geographic division

United States --------- --------- --------

Ratio of ophthalmologists to population

under the national ratio of 4.4/100,000

East North Central ------------------------ . . .

West North Central -------- -------- -------- ---

South Atlantic --------------------------- ----

East South Central -------- ---------------- ---

West South Central -------- -------------------

Ratio of ophthalmologists to population

over the national ratio of 4.4/100, 006

New England -------- -------- -------- -------- --

Middle Atlantic ------------------------------

Mountain -------------------------------------

Pacific ..-------, -------- -------- -------- ------

Ophthalmologists

per 100,000

population

4.4

3.8

3.8

4.0

2.9

3.7

4.8

5.2

5.1

5.5

ll.e., 48-52 weeks per year and 49 hours or more per week.

NATURE OF ACTIVITY

Clinical and Nonclinical Activities Engaged In

To complete this general profile of theophthalmologist active in his profession in the United

Statesin 1968, One final dimensionmust bestatistically evaluated, namely, the nature of the professional activities to which the ophthalmologist

devoted all or part of his time.

Survey respondents were asked to define the

degree of their participation in various clinical

and nonclinical activities by reporting the percent of time per week that they spent in eachof

seven selected activities. The clinical activities

reported were clinical ophthalmology (directophthalmological diagnosis and treatment ofeye patients), clinical otolaryngology, and other (unspecified) clinical, medical activity. The nonclinical

activities reported were teaching, medical rePercentage of

ophthalmologists

working at maximum

volume of activityl

38.8

36.4

41.1

44.7

41.8

47.1

41.8

33.0

38.6

37.0

search, administration, and other nonclinical activities. (Note qualifying discussion in appendix

Q

Except to note that about 5 percent of all

respondents reported participation in miscellaneous nonclinical activities not specifically

identified with teaching, research, or administration, no more detail will be supplied on this

“other” nonclinical category. Statistical information appearing liereislimitedto thenonclinical

activities of teaching, medical research, and administration and to the three clinical activities

already mentioned.

Figures 10 and 11 offer evidence of the degree of participation uncertain clinical and nonclinical activities. As may be seen in figure 10,

by far the largest proportion of active ophthalmologists—96.7 percent—reported spending

some or all of their working weekinclinicalophthalmology. Figure 11 reveals that the median

13
Table G. Percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by volume of activity according to principal type of employment: United States, 1968

Principal type

employment

of

All types-----------

Self-employed

Solo practice-------------

Partnership---------------

Group practice------------

Nongroup arrangement with

other physician(s)-------

Salaried

HospitalI-----------------

Nonhospita12--------------

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Volume of activity

Worked less than

i8 weeks per year

1-34

hours

>er week

5.2

6.2

2.8

3.3

3.3

2.3

5.2

35 hours

x more

per week

20.1

19.4

25.2

24.2

18.0

10.5

11.5

Worked 48-52 weeks per year

1-34

hours

per week

7.0

8.3

3.5

2.7

5.8

5.3

5.9

35-48

hours

per week

28.9

29.3

27.8

25.3

29.4

40.4

24.3

19 hours

m ❑ ore

]erweek

38.8

36.8

40.8

44.8

43.5

41.5

51.4

lIncludesnongovernment hospitals and City, county, State,

hospitals.

and Federal Government

KIncludesmedical schools; City, County, State, and Federal Government agencies;

and all types of insurance carriers~ ph?rmaceuti.calcompani.es~corporations vol~~ary

organizations,medical societies, associations, etc.

number ofrespondentsactiveinclinicalophthalmologydevotedahcnm83 percentoftheirworking

week tothisactivity.Inspiteofthegrowingseparationbetweenthespecialtiesofophthalmology

and otolaryngology,a substantialnumber ofrespondents—l,583,0r18.4percentof allrespondents—stillengaged in thepracticeof clinical

otolaryngology.However, themedian numberof

respondentsactivein clinicalotolaryngology

devotedonlyabout46 percentof theirworking

week to thisactivity,amoresubdued volumeof

activitythantheproportionoftheworkingweek

thattheaverageclinicalophthalmologistdevoted

PERCENT

o 10 20 30 40 50 60

—

tohisspecial~. Figure9, Percent of ophthalmologists !mrking at maxParticipationin thenonclinicalactivitiesof

imum volume of activity, according to age: United

States, 1968.

teaching,research,andadministrationwas sub14
Number

o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

I I I I I

Figure 10, Number and percent of active ophthalmologists participating in selected clinical and nonclinical activities~ United States, [968.

stantially manifested by respondents, although

generally at a much reduced level of participation—less than 20 percent of the working week.

Viewed regionally, the Northeast Region

showed the richest involvement in all the clinical

and nonclinical activities reported except clinical

otolaryngology; in this activity, respondents in the

South and North Central Regions were dominant.

The data in table H reflect the relationships

between certain personal and professional characteristics and the selected activities engaged in.

It is notable that the median age level is substantially elevated for respondents who devoted

some of their working effort to clinical otolaryngology, an effect wtich may be partly explained by

the fact that the older respondent gained his

training and experience in the days when EENT

was a unified specialty and still tends to spend

part of his clinical effort on disorders of the ear,

nose, and throat. Also noteworthy is the fact that

most of those respondents who devoted some part

of their working week to nonclinical activities

tended to cluster at the younger end of the age

spectrum. It is perhaps partly owing to this relative youthfulness that participants in teaching

and medical research also tended to work at

maximum volume of activity (over 48 weeks per

year and 48 hours per week). About 53 percent

Figure Il. Distribut ion of ophthalmologicsts by degree

of participating reported in selected cl inical and

noncl inical activities: United States, 1968.

of the respondents active in teaching and about

58 percent of those active in medical research

reported working at the maximum volume of activity, as compared to the national average of

38.8 percent for all ophthalmologists who reported working at the maximum level.

It is evident from the data in table H that

female ophthalmologists engaged in the selected

clinical and nonclinical activities in roughly the

same proportions as their male counterparts,

except that substantially fewer females reported

15
administrative activity and involvement in clinical

otolaryngology. Also noteworthy is the fact that

osteopathic respondents showed less involvement

in nonclinical activities than did their M.D. colleagues and a much stronger preference for certain clinical activities, namely clinical otolaryngology and other clinical medical activities.

Table J explores one final parameter of the

ophthalmologist’s professional activity by presenting data on the vocational framework in which

he practiced his clinical and nonclinical activities. The table reveals the expected finding that

most of the clinical activity reported was accomplished by self-employed ophthalmologists

engaged in solo or multiple-physician practice and the finding-also predictable-that salaried ophthalmologists do most of their teaching

and research in medical schools. It could not be

as readily predicted prior to the survey, however,

that self-employed, solo practitioners would account not only for the largest proportion of the

clinical activity reported in this survey but also

for the largest proportion of the nonclinical

functions of teaching, research, and administration.

Table H. Percent distribution of active ophthalmologists engaged in selected activities

by ❑edian age, sex, and professiona1 identity: United States, 1968

Activity

Clinical

Ophthalmology -------------------------

Otolaryngology ------------------------

Medical activity ----------------------

Nonclinical 1

Teaching ------- ------- ------- ------- -.

Medical research ----------------------

Administration ------------------------

Median age

in years

50.4

60.4

53.3

42.8

43.2

46.0

Male

96.7

18.7

8.0

32.9

10.8

34.5

Sex

Female

94.4

7.7

9.4

31.3

12.0

23.6

Professional

identity

M.D.

96.0

17.4

7.6

33.2

11.0

34.3

D.O.

89.0

62.4

27.6

18.2

0.5

31.5

16
Table J. Percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by principal type of employment, according to selected clinical and nonclinical activity: United States, 1968

Activity

Clinical

Ophthalmology -------------

Otolaryngology ------------

Other medical activity----

Nonclinical

Teaching ------------------

Medical rasearch ----------

Admini.stration ------------

All

types

100.O

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Principal type of employment

Self-employed

=

68.4

80.9

70.5

58.6

48.8

62.0

SELECTED FINDINGS AMONG ACTIVE

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS

1.

2,

30

4.

There were an estimated 8,6160phthalmologists active in their profession in the United

States in1968.

This figure reflects aslowbutprogressive increase over former years intheratioofactive

ophthalmologists to general population.

Regionally, the South and North Central Regions were lowest in numbers of ophthalmologists per 100,000 population; the Northeast and West Regions were highest.

D.O. ophthalmologists favored the North Central Region, especially the States ofMichigan,

Missouri, and Ohio.

5.

6.

7.

26.6

15.7

20.9

31.5

24.7

30.1

Salaried

Medics 1

school

2.5

0.2

3.9

6.9

19.3

4.9

Other than

❑edical

school

2..5

3.0

4.7

3.0

7.2

3.0

In median age, the ophthalmologist tendedto

be at least 2 years older than the typical

member of the active and formally qualified

M.D. population.

Substantially over one-half of all ophthalmologists held an active license in only one

State. Numberof States licensed in showedan

inverse relationship to the age of theophthalmologist.

Solo practice was predominantly the principal

type of employment among all ophthalmologists. Solo practitioners not only showed the

highest degree of participation in clinical activities; they also showed relatively more involvement in such nonclinical functions as

teaching and medical research.

17
8.

9.

10.

Of the types of multiple-physician practice, the

partnership wasthe most favored. Participationin multiple-physician arrangements varied

inversely with the age of the ophthalmologist.

Only 5.3 percent of all ophthalmologists were

salaried by other employers, the largest number of these—222—by medical schools. Only

about 2 percent of all ophthalmologists reported that they were salaried by hospitals

as their principal type of employment.

There was a national tendency to work at the

maximum volume of activity-that is, over

48 weeks per year and over 48 hours per

week. This tendency appeared strongest in

areas showing the lowest ratios of ophthalmologists to population. It was evident regardless of the ophthalmologist’s principal

type of employment, although it appeared

strongest among ophthalmologists who devoted a$ least a part of their working week

to teaching and medical research.

11. The overwhelming majority of ophthalmologists (about 97 percent) spent some or all of

their working week in the direct care of eye

patients.

12. As a possible legacy from earlier days when

EENT was a unified specialty, many older

ophthalmologists-with a median age of about

60 years-tended to devote some of their time

to clinical otolaryngology. Respondents who

were primarily active in the practice of

clinical ophthalmology tended to cluster in

the younger interval from 50 to 54 years.

13. Substantial numbers of ophthalmologists

tended to devote at least part of their time to

the nonclinical activities of teaching, research,

and administration. Ophthalmologists who were

not self-employed did most of their teaching

and research in medical schools. Most of the

ophthalmologists, however, who reported engaging in some teaching or medical research

tended to be self-employed and engaged in solo

practice.

REFERENCES

.

1Department of Survey Research, Center for Health Services Research and Development: Distribution of Physicians,

Hospitals, and Hospital Beds in the U.S., 1968, Rep”otial,

State, County and Metropolitan Areas. American Medical

Association. Chicago, 1970.

2Departm ent of Survey Research, Center for Health Services Research and Development: Selected Characteristics of

the Physician Population, 1963 and 1967, Special Statisticrd

Series. American Medlcd Association, Chicago, 1968.

3Fahs, Ivan J.: Vision Manpower in the United States.

Am, J. Pub. Health. 60(9):1760-1768, Sept., 1970. (by permission of Asnerican Public Health Association).

4National Center for Health Statistics: State Licensing of

Health Occupations. PHS Pub. No. 1758. Public Health Service. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. 1967.

ooo —

18
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES

Table 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17 ●

18.

Number and percent distribution of total ophthalmologists by activity status:

United States and each State, l968-----------------------------------------------

Number of ophthalmologists and number active and number per 100,000 civilian population: United States and each State, 1968--------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution ofactive ophthalmologistsby professional identit,y

and board certification: United States and each State, 1968----------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by age: United States

and each State, l968-------------------------------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by age, according to

selected characteristics: United States, 1968------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by age, according to

volume of activity, number of eye patients, services rendered, and whether or not

assisted by supplementary personnel: United States, 1968-------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by range of licensure

and professional identity: United States and each State, 1968--------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by princiPal tYPe of

employment: United States and each State, 1968-----------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by principal type of

employment, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1968-----------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by volume of activity:

United States and each State, l968-----------------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by volume of activity,

according to selected characteristics: United States, 1968-----------------------

Number of active ophthalmologists by participation in selected clinical and nonclinical activities: United States and each State, 1968--------------------------

Number of active ophthalmologists by participation in selected clinical and nonclinical activities, by selected characteristics: United States, 1968------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time

spent per week in clinical ophthalmology, according to selected characteristics:

United States, l968--------------------------------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time

spent per week in clinical otolaryngology, according to selected characteristics:

United States, l968--------------------------------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time

spent per week in teaching, according to selected characteristics:united states,

1968-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time

spent per week in medical research , according to selected characteristics: United

States, l968---------------------------------------------------------------------

Vumber and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time

spent per week in administration, according to selected characteristics: United

States, l968---------------------------------------------------------------------

(Owing to the effects of rounding, numbers will not always cumulate to the exact

totals expected and percent distributions based on these numbers will reflect

these rounding discrepancies.)

Page

20

21

22

23

25

27

29

30

32

33

35

37

38

39

41

43

45

47

19
Table 1. Number and percent distributionof total o~hthalmolo~ists bv activitv status: United

State

United States-----

Alabama-----------------

Alaska------------------

Arizona-----------------

Arkansas----------------

California--------------

Colorado----------------

Connecticut-------------

Delaware----------------

District of Columbia----

Florida-----------------

Georgia-----------------

Hawaii------------------

Idaho-------------------

Illinois----------------

Indiana-----------------

Kansas------------------

Kentucky----------------

Louisiana---------------

Maine-------------------

Maryland----------------

Massachusetts-----------

Michigan----------------

Minnesota---------------

Mississippi--------------

Missouri----------------

Montana-----------------

Nebraska----------------

Nevada------------------

New Hampshire-----------

New Jersey--------------

New Mexico--------------

New York----------------

North Carolina----------

North Dakota-r----------

Ohio--------------------

Oklahoma----------------

Oregon------------------

Pennsylvania------------

Rhode Island------------

South Carolina----------

South Dakota------------

Tennessee---------------

Texas-------------------

Vermont-----------------

Virginia----------------

Washington--------------

West Virginia-----------

Wisconsin---------------

Wyommg -----------------

States and each St&te, 1968 -

Activity status

II I I

Inactive

Total Active but not Retired

retired

9,056

89

5

●

3

324

147

31

4;;

182

113

1%

159

42

174

290

356

1;;

200

:;

16

31

321

1,0::

183

4:;

102

111

619

33

75

1:2

429

49

l%

169

1;:

16

8,616

87

5

:!

1,079

123

152

i:

302

142

%

429

175

102

76

1%

39

165

280

339

148

1~:

55

16

27

307

1,0::

174

3’$!

1:;

585

32

72

1::

405

47

1%

1::

168

16

129 311

Activity status

rotal I

Inactive

Active but not

retired

Retired

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100● o

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Percent distribution

95.1

97.5

1:;.:

95:0

;3.;

95:7

90.0

91.6

93.0

97.0

96.4

96.9

94.0

96.2

90.5

92.1

96.8

96.3

92.5

94.4

96.9

95*3

95.8

9501

94.7

94.9

93.9

100.0

86.7

95.8

100.0

95.2

95.2

100.0

94.7

94.6

98.1

94.4

96.8

97.0

95.5

94.4

94.5

95.7

95.0

98.0

94.8

92.1

93.6

100.0

1.4

#

;

1.;

2.2

#

2.8

2.1

#

#

#

2.0

#

3.2

i

i

2.1

1.$

2.:

#

i

1.4

1.;

1.8

l.i

#

1.;

#

#

#

3.2

1.3

#

#

#

2.6

#

#

#Data suppressedto comply with confidentialityrequirements.

20
Table 2. Number of ophthalmologists and number active and number per 100,000 civilian populatio~United

Statea and each State, 1968

State

United States--------------------------------

Alabama--------------------------------------------

Alaslca---------------------------------------------

Arizona--------------------------------------------

Arkansas-------------------------------------------

California----------------------------------------"

Colorado-------------------------------------------

Connecticut----------------------------------------

Delaware-------------------------------------------

District of Columbia-------------------------------

Florida--------------------------------------------

Georgia--------------------------------------------

Hawaii---------------------------------------------

Idaho----------------------------------------------

;;;~~a -------------------------------------------

., -------------------------------------------.

Iowa-----------------------------------------------

Kansaa---------------------------------------------

Kentucky-------------------------------------------

Louisiana------------------------------------------

Maine----------------------------------------------

Maryland-------------------------------------------

Massachusetts--------------------------------------

Michigan-------------------------------------------

Minnesota------------------------------------------

Mississippi----------------------------------------

Misaouri-------------------------------------------

Montana--------------------------------------------

Nebraaka-------------------------------------------

Nevada---------------------------------------------

New Hampshire--------------------------------------

New Jersey-----------------------------------------

New Mexico-----------------------------------------

New York-------------------------------------------

North Carolina-------------------------------------

North Dakota---------------------------------------

ohio-----------------------------------------------

Oklahoma-------------------------------------------

Oregon---------------------------------------------

Pennsylvania---------------------------------------

Rhode Island---------------------------------------

South Carolina-------------------------------------

South Dakota---------------------------------------

Tennessee------------------------------------------

Texas----------------------------------------------

Utah-----------------------------------------------

Vermont--------------------------------------------

Virginia-------------------------------------------

Washington-----------------------------------------

Weat Virginia--------------------------------------

Wisconsin------------------------------------------

Wyoming--------------------------------------------

Tota1

number of

ophthalmologists

9,056

89

8:

1,1;:

128

158

23

147

31

4%

182

113

l%

159

42

321

1,0::

183

4::

102

111

619

33

H

139

429

49

20

169

169

li:

16

Number of

active

lphthalmologists

8,616

87

5

:

1,079

12:

152

:;

302

142

3C

4;;

175

102

76

l;:

35

72

22

131

405

47

19

166

160

1::

16

Number per 100,000

population

Total

ophthalmologists

4.6

2.6

:::

2.2

6.0

6.4

5.4

1::!3

5.3

4.6

4.6

5.9

3.6

3.3

;:;

5:3

3.7

2.9

3.5

:::

4.8

4.7

2:!

i:;

5.0

Active

ophthalmologists

4.4

::;

4.8

3.9

3.5

3.7

3.4

:::

4.0

4.5

5.2

2:;

::;

:.;

3:6

3.9

4.4

4.6

5.6

3.5

3.3

3.7

3.9

5.5

5.0

3.6

2.8

~Census estimates for July 1, 1968, in U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimate,” Current

Population Reporta, Series P-25, No. 436, Jan. 7, 1970.

21
Table 3. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by professional identity and

board certification: United States and each State, 1968

State

United States---------------------

Alabam ---------------------------------

Alaska--------------------------------.-

Arizona ---------------------------------

Arkansas --------------------------------

California ------------------------------

Colorado--------------------------------

Connecticut -----------------------------

Delaware --------------------------------

District of Columbia--------------------

Florida ---------------------------------

Georgia---------------------------------

Hawaii----------------------------------

Idaho........-------------.------...----

Illinois--------------------------------

Indiana---------------------------------

Iowa................--------........----

Kansas..................................

Kentucky................................

Louisiana-------------------------------

Maine...................................

Maryland--------------------------------

Massachusetts...........................

Michigan--------------------------------

Minnesota-------------------------------

Mississippi-----------------------------

Missouri--------------------------------

Montana ---------------------------------

Nebraska ........-..................-----

Nevada ----------------------------------

New Hampshire ---------------------------

New Jersey ------------------------------

New Mexico ------------------------------

New York--------------------------------

North Carolina--------------------------

North Dakota ----------------------------

Ohio-....-..........................----

Oklahoma----------------........-.-..---

Oregon----------------------------------

Pennsylvania...........................-

Rhode Island----------------------------

South Carolina...................-------

South Dakota----------------------------

Tennessee-------------------------------

Texas-----------------------------------

Utah---------.---...............-.------

Vermont---------------------------------

Virginia..................---------.....

Washington------------------------------

West Virginia---------------------------

Wisconsin-------------------------------

Wyoming--------........--------........-

m

M.D.

Total Board b~a~d D.O.

cer-

“- cerf~d f:::

Number

8.616 -

87

5

::

1,079

123

152

21

3:;

142

::

429

175

102

;:

153

39

165

280

339

148

62

190

39

%

27

307

1,0$;

174

3;;

1:;

585

32

72

l%

405

47

1:2

160

64

168

16

llJ%--i

m

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

57.5

43.7

60.0

61.3

47.5

63.7

67.5

63.8

57.1

75.3

54.6

49.3

43.3

48.5

59.0

59.4

36.3

41.3

54.2

44.4

48.7

54.5

59.3

56.8

64.9

45.2

53.7

43.6

65.5

68.8

66.7

51.6

~:.;

45:4

45.0

59.7

44.3

66.1

51.8

46.9

43.8

59.1

58.0

58.5

66.0

47.4

49.4

58.8

41.5

63.1

56.3

40.4

56.3

40.0

33.8

52.5

36.2

27.6

35.5

42.9

24.7

42.1

50.7

56.7

51.5

40.8

40.0

55.9

54.7

44.8

55.6

48.7

45.5

:;.:

35:1

54.8

28.4

56.4

34.5

31.3

33.3

46.4

53.3

33.6

54.6

55.0

34.7

49.5

33.0

45.8

50.0

56.2

27.3

:;.:

34:0

52.6

50.6

40.6

55.4

36.3

37.5

22
Table 4. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby age: United States and

each State, 1968

State

United States-----------------

Alabama-----------------------------

Alaska------------------------------

Arizona-----------------------------

Arkansas----------------------------

California--------------------------

Colorado----------------------------

Connecticut-------------------------

Delaware----------------------------

District of Columbia----------------

Florida-----------------------------

Georgia-----------------------------

Hawaii------------------------------

Idaho-------------------------------

Illinois----------------------------

Indiana-----------------------------

Iowa--------------------------------

Kansas------------------------------

Kentucky----------------------------

Louisiana--------------..---”-------

Maine--------------------------- ----

Maryland----------------------------

Massachusetts-----------------------

Michigan----------------------------

Minnesota---------------------------

Mississippi-------------------------

Missouri----------------------------

Montana-----------------------------

~v~;ka ----------------------------

---------------------------- --

New Hampshire-----------------------

New Jersey--------------------------

~e: yo;po --------------------------

----------------------------

North Carolina----------------------

Nofo;hDakota------------------------

-------------------------------.

Oklahoma----------------------------

Oregon------------------------------

Pennsylvania------------------------

Rhode Island------------------------

South Carolina----------------------

South Dakota------------------------

Tennessee---------------------------

Texas-------------------------------

Utah--------------------------------

Vermont-----------------------------

Virginia----------------------------

Washington--------------------------

West Virginia-----------------------

Wisconsin ---------------------------

Wyoming-----------------------------

II Age

Total Under

35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 years

years

years years years and over

Number

8,616

87

5

:!

1,079

123

152

;$

302

142

30

4;:

175

102

76

1;!

39

165

280

339

148

1%

39

55

16

27

307

1,0:;

174

3;!

109

585

32

72

22

131

405

47

19

166

160

64

1::

789 2,255 1,974

23

#

15

7

62

19:

3;

87

18

32

128

#

8

6

2,238

23

1$

9

245

32

35

7

%

36

12

1;:

52

;;

:;

15

40

74

77

38

:;

15

~

7

;3

281

40

11:

33

1::

10

19

7

;!

10

10

46

33

q

1,360

12

li

#

123

16

22

#

15

26

17

#

#

38

19;

30

#

69

12

A

8

4

See footnoteat end of table.

23
Table 4. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby age: United States and

each State, 1968-Con.

State

United States-----------------

Alabama---------------------------

Alaska------------------------------

Arizona-----------------------------

Arkansas----------------------------

California--------------------------

Colorado----------------------------

Connecticut-------------------------

Delaware----------------------------

District of Columbia----------------

Flordia-----------------------------

Georgia-----------------------------

Hawaii------------------------------

Illinois----------------------------

Indiana-----------------------------

Iowa---------------------------.----

Kentucky----------------------------

Louisiana---------------------------

Maine-------------------------------

Maryland----------------------------

Massachusetts-----------------------

Michigan----------------------------

Minnesota---------------------------

Mississippi-------------------------

Missouri----------------------------

Montana--------------------------- --

Nebraska----------------------------

Nevada------------------------------

New Hampshire-----------------------

New Jersey --------------------------

New Mexico--------------------------

New York----------------------------

North Carolina----------------------

North Dalcota------------------------

Ohio--------------------------------

Oklahoma--------------------------

Oregon------------------------------

Pennsylvania------------------------

Rhode Island------------------------

South Carolina----------------------

South Dakota------------------------

Tennessee---------------------------

Texas-------------------------------

Utah------------------------------

Vermont-----------------------------

Virginia----------------------------

Washington--------------------------

West Virginia-----------------------

Wisconsin---------------------------

Wyoming---------------------------

Total

II Age

Under

35

years

35-44

years

45-54

years

55-64 .

years

65 years

and over

100.0 9.2

11.5

#

5.3

9.$

6.0

6.8

13.$

14.2

7.8

9.?

N’

7.0

1::?

12.2

8.1

14.0

1%;

9.5

1;:;

13.5

#

#

#

13.0

12.5

1%!

#

~::

6:5

#

14.1

10.$

8.3

#

#

1;:;

6.9

8.6

Percent distribution

26.2

20.5

#

36.0

21.1

30.1

34.2

29.3

16.7

29.2

37.1

28.9

14.8

25.8

22.8

21.7

23.3

22.9

20.9

24.4

16.2

27.9

21.1

27.7

25.5

19.0

21.2

21.6

21.7

40.0

23.1

24.5

27.5

24.8

31.0

26.3

25.6

26.1

30.7

19.7

23.3

26.6

19.0

32.8

29.0

33.3

#

32.6

25.9

2::;

#

22.9

26.9

18.?

g.;

21:4

26.3

22.2

15.4

19.9

25.8

29.6

22.6

23.3

26.3

16.3

25.7

23.1

27.5

18.9

18.4

26.8

20.5

27.0

17.2

21.8

16.2

30.4

20.0

34.6

20.2

17.5

19.3

19.0

31.6

22.2

18.2

29.7

21.8

#

10.9

28.6

23.5

26.2

24.4

#

18.1

30.6

31.0

24.1

40.0

26.0

26.9

22.$

21.1

22.7

25.6

23.3

33.3

23.1

20.2

25.0

40.7

29.0

26.5

29.6

32.6

25.7

25.3

22.9

37.8

24.3

26.4

22.8

25.5

39.7

25.1

37.8

20.t

26.9

30.0

35.0

27.6

22.8

15.8

28.1

34.1

17.8

33.8

30.0

26.6

33.3

21.0

19.9

22.2

52.6

27.8

20.4

32.8

24.7

33.3

15.8

14.1

17.;

11.$

12.8

14.3

1;.:

.

12.5

12.$

21.2

17.8

20i9

21.4

18.7

13.0

18.9

15.4

17.5

15.5

12.4

17.2

16.8

10.8

30.4

#

12.3

1;:;

17.1

17.$

12.5

15.8

18.2

26.7

21.9

11.:

16.6

#

21.1

14.6

10.2

20.7

16.0

#

#Data suppressedto comply with confidentialityrequirements.

24
Table 5. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby age, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1968

Selected characteristic

United States -----------------------------

Age at graduation

Under 25 years----------------------------------

25-29 years-------------------------------------

30 years and over-------------------------------

Sex —

Male--------------------------------------------

Female------------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine------------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy----------------------------

Board certification

Certified---------------------------------------

Not certified-----------------------------------

Number of Stateswhere licensed

1 State--------------------.........-------------

2 States----------------------------------------

3 States----------------------------------------

4 States Or more--------------------------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice---------------------------------

Partnership-----------------------------------

Group practice--------------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other physicians----

Salaried

Medical school--------------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital------------------------

City or county governmenthospital------------

City or county government---------------------

State governmenthospital---------------------

State government------------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital-------------------

Federal Government----------------------------

Otherl----------------------------------------

Clinical subspecialty

General ophthalmology,medical and surgical-----

Corneal surgery---------------------------------

Retinal surgery---------------------------------

Pediatricophthalmology-------------------------

Ophthalmicpathology.--.........................

Neuro-ophthalmology-----------------------------

Other-------------------------------------------

UnreportedZ-------------------------------------

Number

8,616

1,942

5,763

911

8,382

233

8,434

181

4,953

3,662

4,901

2,362

950

402

5,902

1,::;

361

222

55

i+

28

::

18

19

7,956

~:

14

1:;

288

789

111

670

8

769

19

779

10

212

577

326

277

132

54

376

1;:

87

;;

8

i

:

:

742

1:

12

3

;

8

2.255

422

1,585

248

2,191

64

2,227

28

1,549

707

1,095

710

315

136

1,355

443

175

132

108

17

5

i

:

1

7

2,069

::

33

3

:;

34

1.974

601

1,146

227

1,9;$

1,929

45

1,::;

1,118

568

206

82

1,356

361

1:$

32

9

3

2

3

1;

:

1,856

1:

12

1

3

%

2,238

468

1,546

224

2,192

46

2,lKJ

1,232

1,006

1,422

534

204

78

1,735

275

96

41

24

10

i

8

2?

7

3

2,088

9

6

?

3

;;

1,360

339

816

204

1,315

45

1,329

31

555

804

1,080

151

37

34

1,201

2

See footnotesat end of table.

.

25
Table 5. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby age, accordingto selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968-Ccm.

Selectedcharacteristic

United States-----------------------------

Age at graduation

Under 25 years----------------------------------

25-29 years-------------------------------------

30 years and over-------------------------------

—Sex

Male.......-------------........---------------

Female------------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine------------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy----------------------------

Board certification

Certified---------------------------------------

Not certified-----------------------------------

Number of Stateswhere licensed

1 State-----------------------------------------

2 States----------------------------------------

3 States----------------------------------------

4 States or more--------------------------------

PrincinaltVDe of emulovment

Self-employed

Solo practice--------------------------- ------

Partnership-----------------------------------

Group practice--------------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other physicians----

Salaried

Medical school--------------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital------------------------

City or county governmenthospital------------

City or county government--------------------

State governmenthospital---------------------

State government------------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital-------------------

Federal Government----------------------------

Otherl----------------------------------------

Clinical subspecialty

General ophthalmology,medical and surgical-----

Corneal surgery---------------------------------

Retinal surgery---------------------------------

Pediatricophthalmology-------------------------

Ophthalmicpathology----------------------------

Neuro-oDhthalmolom-----------------------------

Unreportedz--,------------------------ -----------

II Current age

Total U;;er 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 years

years

years years years and over

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.O

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

;;:.;

100:0

100.0

9.2

12:

0.8

9.2

8.3

;.;

.

1;:;

1::;

13.8

13.4

1;::

lL.5

24.1

22.9

22.4

37.0

1:.~

11:8

12,9

29.5

;.;

18:9

17.7

23.0

5.1

2.4

2.8

Percent distribution

26.2

21.7

27.5

27.2

26.1

27.3

26.4

15.3

31.3

19.3

22.3

30.0

33.2

33.8

23.0

31.5

35.9

36.5

48.6

30.7

21.3

-

15.8

1;:;

3;:;

26.0

35.8

58.5

46.8

23.2

59.8

26.7

11.6

22.9

30.9

19.9

24.9

22.8

25.4

22.9

24.8

;;.;

.

22.8

24.0

21.7

20.5

23.0

25.6

25.4

18.7

14.2

16.3

15.9

13.4

12.0

19.;

12.1

5.9

23.3

24.7

16.6

17.8

J:;

21.8

16.3

26.0

24.1

26.8

24.6

;;.:

.

25.7

37.6

24.9

27.5

29.0

22.6

21.5

19.3

29.4

19.6

19.6

11.4

10.6

18.2

10.3

12.9

28.2

73.0

39,7

:;.;

.

26.2

28.9

;::

1$:

28.3

29.3

15.8

17.5

14.2

22.4

15.7

19.3

15.8

16.9

19,2

1;,:

13:0

18.3

1;.;

9:3

12::

15.5

73.8

27.9

12::

31.0

11.6

15,1

7.1

*

‘Includesall types of insurancecarriera,pharmaceuticalcompanies,corporations,voluntary associations,

medical societies,associations,etc.

2These are ophthalmologistswho reported earlier in the survey questionnairethat they spentnOtime whatever in direct care of patients.

26
Table 6. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistaby age, accordingto volume of activity,

number of eye patienta, servicesrendered,

States, 1968

and whether or not assiated by supplementarypersonnel:United

Selected characteristic

United Statea----------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeka per year:

1-34 hours per week--------------------------

35 hours or more per week--------------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 houra per week--------------------------

35-48 hours per week-------------------------

/+9hours or more per week--------------------

Less than 50 patients--------------------------

50-99 patients---------------------------------

100-149 patients-------------------------------

150-199 patients-------------------------------

200 patients or more---------------------------

No patient care--------------------------------

Servicesrendered to patients

Diagnosticexamination

Yes------------------------------------------

.-------.----------------------.----------

Me%cal treatment

Yes------------------------------------------

No---------------------------------------.---

Ey;eurgery

---------------------------.------------

No-------------------------------------------

Visual field examinationand medics1

interpretation

Yea------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Fitting contact lensea

Yes--------------------------.--------------

No--------------------------------------------

Orthoptic training

yes------------------------------------------

No-------------------------------------------

Prescribinglow vision aids

Yea-------------------------------------------

No-------------------------------------------

Aniaeikonictesting

Yee------------------------------------------

No-------------------------------------------

Tono~aphy-

----.---------------------..----------------

No-------------------------------------------

Asaiated by supplementarypersonnel

Yes --------- --------- -------------- ------------

No-------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . -- ..-------- .-,

Age

Total Under

35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 yeara

years

years years years and over

Number

8,616

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

1,851

3,026

2,433

717

300

288

8,282

334

8,154

462

7,400

1,216

7,802

814

$;;:

>

2,710

5,906

4,571

4,044

786

7,830

4,148

4,468

7,882

733

789

7:

18

233

457

184

347

202

30

18

8

7;;

774

15

773

16

763

26

634

155

334

455

542

247

7:;

343

446

746

43

2,25:

3:

6;!

1,201

241

80$

828

251

94

34

2,214

41

2,193

62

2,176

79

2,166

89

1,694

561

931

1,324

1,457

798

261

1,994

1,129

1,127

2,193

63

1.974

4::

5;:

877

249

644

695

235

104

47

1,920

54

1>904

69

1,829

144

1>835

139

1,176

798

644

1>330

1,091

883

181

1,793

995

979

1,868

106

2,238

147

589

162

708

632

561

801

550

168

:;

2,140

98

2,104

134

1,839

399

1,965

273

1,003

1,235

546

1,692

1,015

1,223

169

2,069

1,066

1,172

2,009

229

1.360

230

239

305

411

174

618

424

159

32

11

115

1,229

131

1,178

182

782

577

1,074

286

326

1,033

255

1,105

466

893

1,2%

616

744

1,067

293

27
Table 6. Number and.percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby age, accordingto volume of activity,

H%E,0;9H%:ents ‘

servicesrendered,and whether or not assisted by aupplementarypersonnel:United

Selected characteristic

United States-----------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week---------------------------

35 hours or more per week---------------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-35 hours per week---------------------------

35-48 houra per week--------------------------

49 hours or more per week---------------------

Number of eye patienta per week

Leas than 50 patients---------------------------

50-99 patients----------------------------------

100-149 patients--------------------------------

150-199 patients--------------------------------

200 patients or more----------------------------

No patient care---------------------------------

Servicesrendered to patients

Diagnosticexamination

Yes-------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Medical treatment

Yes-------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Eye surgery

Yes------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Visual field examinationand medical

interpretation

Yea-------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Fitting contact lenses

Sea-------------------------------------------

No---------------------------------------------

Ort&ptic training

-----------------------.-------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Prescribinglow vision aida

Yes-----,------------- .------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Aniseikonictesting

Yea-----------.-------..-----------------------

No--------------------------------------------

T.onography

Yes-------------------------------------------

No--------------------------------------------

Asaisted by supplementarypersonnel

Yes---------------------------------- .--..---_---

No ----------------------------------------------

Age

Total Under

35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 years

yeara

years years years and over

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.O

100.0

Percent distribution

9.2

::2

3.0

1;:;

1?:;

:::

2:8

9.4

3.0

9.5

3.2

10.4

1.3

R

1:.;

.

12,3

7.7

11.9

6.1

10.2

9.1

1!;?)

R

26.2

2::2

2;:;

35.9

13.0

26.7

34.0

35.0

31.2

11.6

26.7

12.3

26.9

13.4

29.4

6.5

27.8

11.1

35.1

14.8

34.4

22.4

31.9

19.7

33.2

25.5

27.2

25.2

27.8

8.6

22.9

9.5

26.4

11.3

21.3

26.3

13.4

21.3

28.6

32.8

34.6

16.3

23.2

16.2

23.4

14.9

24.7

11.9

23*5

17.1

24.3

21.1

23.8

22.5

23.9

21.8

23.0

22.9

24.0

21.9

23.7

14.4

26.0

::.;

.

26.9

:;.;

.

30.3

26.5

22.6

23.4

24.5

29.3

25.8

29.3

25.8

29.0

24.9

32.8

25.2

33.5

20,8

32.7

20.1

28.7

22.2

30.2

21.5

26.4

25.7

26.2

25.5

31.2

15.8

51.1

13.8

50.6

16.5

5.2

33.4

14.0

$!

40:0

14.8

39.2

14.5

39.4

10.6

47.5

13.8

35.1

2;:;

1%$

10.2

22.1

12.2

16,1

14.9

16.6

13.5

39.9
Table 7. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby range of licensure and professional identity: United States and each State, 1968

State

United States------

Alabama------------------

Alaska-------------------

Arizona------------------

Arkansas-----------------

California---------------

Colorado-----------------

Connecticut--------------

Delaware-----------------

LYi#trt of Columbia-----

.........---------

Georgia------------------

Hawaii-------------------

Idaho--------------------

Illinois-----------------

Indiana------------------

Iowa---------------------

Kansas-------------------

Kentucky-----------------

Louisiana----------------

Maine--------------------

Maryland-----------------

Massachusetts------------

Michigan-----------------

Minnesota---------------

Mississippi--------------

Missouri-----------------

Montana------------------

Nebraska-----------------

Nevada-------------------

New Hampshire------------

New Jersey---------------

New Plexico--------------

New York-----------------

North Carolina-----------

North Dakota-------------

Ohio---------------------

Oklahoma-----------------

Oregon-------------------

Pennsylvania-------------

Rhode Island-------------

South Carolina-----------

South Dakota-------------

Tennessee----------------

T&e--------------------

---------------------

Vermont------------------

Virginia-----------------

Washington---------------

West Virginia------------

Wisconsin----------------

Wyoming------------------

Number of States where

licensed

Number

3,616

87

5

;:

1,079

123

152

;;

302

142

30

4X

175

102

;2

153

39

165

280

339

148

62

190

39

55

16

27

307

45

.,017

174

3;;

1:;

585

32

72

1;:

405

47

1:;

160

1%

16

4,901 95C 402

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Number of States where

licensed

3

Percent distribution

56.9

60.3

#

20.0

71.1

59.9

40.2

48.9

38.9

29.2

32.6

53.1

44.4

38.7

56.0

59.9

52.3

52.9

;;.:

64:9

52.9

63.8

61.7

56.2

63.8

48.0

40.5

47.8

40.0

34.6

43.7

27.5

68.0

62.7

21.1

54.2

69.3

37.6

72.1

53.3

68.8

28.6

57.1

63.3

44.4

57.9

68.1

36.7

55.2

48.1

#

27.4

30.8

60.0

40.0

13.2

25.8

33.3

35.3

38.9

32.3

40.1

34.4

33.3

32.3

31.4

23.0

26.7

24.3

28.6

16.8

21.6

25.0

24.8

24.8

28.5

24.1

29.1

24.3

32.6

42.!

36.5

;;.;

27;8

42.1

;;.;

31:7

17.8

26.7

21.9

29.;

21.5

35.6

36.8

21.5

37.4

29.3

38.3

46.7

11.0

5.1

32.;

#

10.6

16.2

10.5

#

24.6

17.2

10.2

22.2

16.1

8.3

1?::

15.7

8.8

#

#

14.0

1::?

11.7

#

16.8

24.3

#

33.3

23.1

11.9

12.5

8.4

3.2

8.!

20.!!

6.8

#

9.4

33.3

10.1

9.9

#

#

#

20.4

1::;

20.0

4.7

3.8

#

8.0

#

1::;

5.3

#

13.8

10.1

2.3

12.;

4.3

;::

2:;

#

#

8.1

2.4

3.0

3.7

#

1%*

#

#

1;:;

;:!

4.!

9.;

3.2

#

3.:

5.2

#

$

1:::

1.9

#

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirement.

29
Table 8. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby principal type of employment:United

States and each State, 1968

State

United States----------------

Alabau ----------------------------

Alaska-----------------------------

Arizona----------------------------

Arkansas---------------------------

California-------------------------

Colorado---------------------------

Connecticut------------------------

Delaware---------------------------

District of Columbia---------------

Florida----------------------------

Georgia----------------------------

Hawaii------------------......-----

Idaho------------------------------

Illinois---------------------------

Indiana----------------------------

Iowa-------------------------------

Kansas -----------------------------

Kentucky---------------------------

Louisiana--------------------------

Maine------------------------------

Maryland---------------------------

~ssachusetts----------------------

Michigan---------------------------

Minnesota--------------------------

Mississippi------------------------

Missouri---------------------------

Montana----------------------------

Nebraska---------------------------

Nevada-----------------------------

New Hampshire----------------------

New Jersey-------------------------

New Mexico-------------------------

New York---------------------------

North Carolina---------------------

North Dakota-----------------------

Ohio-------------------------------

Oklahoma---------------------------

Oregon-----------------------------

Pennsylvania-----------------------

Rhode Island-----------------------

South Carolina---------------------

South Dakota-----------------------

Tennessee--------------------------

Texas------------------------------

Utah---------------------------- ---

Vermont----------------------------

Virginia---------------------------

Washington-------------------------

West Virginia----------------------

Wisconsin--------------------------

Wyoming--------------------------- -

Principaltype of employment

Total

8,616

87

8;

1,0;;

123

152

21

3:;

142

30

4X

175

102

;:

153

39

165

280

339

148

1;;

55

;;

3;;

1,017

1;:

392

1:;

585

32

72

1%

405

;;

166

160

1%

16

Self-employed

Nongroup

Partner- Group arrangeship practice ment with

other physicians

so10

practice

Number

5,902

60

4

;2

697

11!

16

1%

99

;:

282

136

55

::

::

119

219

214

::

112

27

30

;?

255

7%

110

11

282

76

4%

30

44

;1

256

29

1::

:

12

361

Salaried

Hospitall Nonhospitalz

I

171 288

3

See footnotes at end of table.

3.0
Table 8. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby principal type of employment:United

State

United States ----------------

p~ --------- ------------------ .

. ------- ------- -------------- .

Arizona----------------------------

Arkmsas ---------------------------

California-------------------------

Colorado---------------------------

Connecticut------------------------

Dclawure---------------------------

District of Columbia---------------

)?I.orida----------------------------

Georgia----------------------------

Hawaii-----------------------------

Idaho------------------------------

Illinois---------------------------

Indiana----------------------------

Iowa-------------------------------

Kansas-----------------------------

Kentucky---------------------------

Louisiana--------------------------

Maine------------------------------

Maryland---------------------------

Massachusetts----------------------

Michigan ---------------------------

Minnesota--------------------------

Mississippi------------------------

Missouri---------------------------

Montana----------------------------

Nebraska---------------------------

Nevada ------- ----------------------

New Hampshire----------------------

New Jersey -------------------------

New Ffexico-------------------------

New York---------------------------

North Carolina---------------------

North Dakota-----------------------

Ohio-------------------------------

Oklahoma---------------------------

Oregon-----------------------------

Pennsylvania-----------------------

Rhode Island-----------------------

South Carolina---------------------

South Dakota-----------------------

Tennessee--------------------------

Texas------------------------------

Utah-------------------------------

Vermont----------------------------

Virginia---------------------------

Washington-------------------------

West Virginia----------------------

Wisconsin--------------------------

Wyoming----------------------------

States and each State, 1968-Con.

Principal type of employment

L

Total

solo

practice

100.c

100.C

100.C

100.0

100.a

100.0

100.C

100.0

100.0

100.c

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

LOO.0

LOO.0

100.0

LOO.0

LOO.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

LoO.0

LOO.0

LOO.0

100.0

100.0

LOO.O

LOO.O

LoO.0

68.5

69.2

80.0

68.0

63.2

64.6

57.3

77.4

77.8

:;.;

.

69.5

63.0

74.2

65.7

77.6

53.5

70.0

65.9

56.5

86.5

72.1

78.0

63.0

40.9

62.1

59.2

70.3

54.3

60.0

76.9

83.0

77.5

76.7

63.3

52.6

71.9

78.4

64.4

80.3

93.3

60.9

76.2

69.7

63.3

62.2

100.0

65.3

57.8

65.5

52.5

73.3

Self-employed

Nongroup

Partner- Group arrangeship practice ment with

other physicians

Percent distribution

16.3

14.1

24.0

21.1

17.3

26.5

14.3

4/

20.0

18.4

16.4

25.9

16.1

17.7

12.5

29.1

14.3

14.3

22.1

10.8

14.7

1;:;

27.0

25.9

23.5

18.9

39.1

26.7

8.3

#

10.0

20.3

31.6

14.7

12.5

15.8

10.6

#

25,0

#

19.3

21.5

17.8

21.;

24.5

13.8

24.7

20.0

5.7

11.5

#

4.0

#

::;

3.0

#

4.:

1!:?

6.7

5.9

7.0

7.1

11.0

6.9

1)

#

;::

15.3

5.2

5.0

8.1

6.5

15.4

2.9

#

2.0

1%;

5.0

5.7

R

4.7

#

2.5

1!:;

i::

10.3

12.3

#

4.2

7.:

5.5

7.7

#

#

4.:

2.3

7.i

6.!

5.0

6.!

2.5

4.7

#

2:!

6.7

6.;

5.4

#

5.6

Salaried

Hospitall

2.0

1.4

:

2.2

;:!

2.9

#

1.7

#

1.;#

#

1.7

:

1.9

#

2.:

#

5.2

#

Nonhospital~

3.3

3.8

13.;

4.5

5.5

3.8

#

:::

2.3

5.1

#

6.7

#

#

1.7

#

2.1

#

{i

#

#

lInclude~nOngovenment hospitals;and city, county, State, and Federal GOve~ent ‘Ospitals.

‘Includesmedical schools; city, county, State,

insurancecarriers,

and Federal Governmentagencies;and other (all types of

pharmaceuticalcompaniee,corporations, voluntary organizations,medical societies,association, etc.).

#Data suppressedto comply with confidentialityrequirements.

31
Table 9. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmolists by principal type of employment, according to sel.

lected characteristic: United States, 1968

Selected characteristic

United States--------------------------------------

—Sex

Male-----------------------------------------------------

Female---------------------------------------------------

Professional identity

Doctor of medicine---------------------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-------------------------------------

Number of States where licensed

1 State--------------------------------------------------

2 States-------------------------------------------------

3 States-------------------------------------------------

4 States for more----------------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week------------------------------------

35 hours cm more per week ------------------------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week------------------------------------

35-48 hours per week-----------------------------------

49 hours or more per week------------------------------

Board certification

Certified------------------------------------------------

Not certified--------------------------------------------

United States--------------------------------------

Sex

Male-----------------------------------------------------

Female---------------------------------------------------

Professional identity

Doctor of medicine---------------------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-------------------------------------

1

2

3

&

Number of States where licensed

State--------------------------------------------------

States-------------------------------------------------

States-------------------------------------------------

States or more-----------------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week------------------------------------

35 hours or more per week ------------------------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week ------------------------------------

35-48 hours per week -----------------------------------

49 hours or more per week --------------------------------

Board Certification,

Certified------------------------------------------------

Not certified--------------------------------------------

=

Total

Principal type of employment

Self-employed Salaried

I I 1 I

solo PartNongroup

‘roup arrangement HosNonprac- ner- pracwith other hostice ship tice pitall

physicians pitalz

8,616

8,~X?;

8,~:;

4,901

2,362

950

402

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

4,953

3,662

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

5,902

5,753

149

5,;:;

3,451

1,:;;

261

364

1,146

492

1,727

2,173

3,263

2,639

68.5

68.6

63.8

68.3

78.6

70.4

66.6

64.9

65.0

80.9

66.0

81.5

69.5

65.0

65.9

72.1

1,407

1,374

33

1,3;;

804

392

M:

3%

3;:

574

956

451

16.3

16.4

14.0

16.5

8.2

16.4

16.6

15.4

16.2

2::;

8.1

15.7

17.2

19,3

12.3

N.nnber

487

471

16

471

16

232

168

60

28

J:

13

123

218

297

190

361

344

17

355

6

188

102

55

15

12

65

1::

156

198

163

Percent distribution

5.7

5.6

6.7

5.6

8.8

4.7

:::

6.9

3.5

6.8

::$

.

;:!

4.2

4.1

7.2

4.2

3.3

3.8

4.3

5.8

3.8

2.7

3.8

3.5

M

171

167

5

17;

%

28

9

li

10

68

73

lZ

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.0

0.6

1.7

2.0

3.0

2.2

0.8

1.0

;:;

2.2

288

273

15

286

1

141

U

23

16

35

18

11$

171

116

3.3

3.2

6.3

3.5

3.2

lIncludes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State,and Federal Government hospitals.

~Includea medical schools; city, county, State,and Federal Government agencies; and other (all types of insurance

carries, pharmaceutical companies, corporation, voluntary organization, medical societies, associations, etc.)

32
Table 10. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby volume of activity:United

States and each State, 1968

State

United States---------------

Alabama---------------------------

Alaska--------------------..-------

Arizona---------------------------

Arkansas--------------------------

California------------------------

Colorado--------------------------

Connecticut-----------------------

Delaware--------------------------

District of Columbia--------------

Florida---------------------------

Georgia---------------------------

%h:i ----------------------------

-,----------------------------

IUIUln;s--------------------------

---------------------------

Iowa------------------------------

Kansas-------------------- ---------

Kentucky--.-----------------------

Louisiana-------------------------

Maine-----------------------------

Maryland--------------------------

Massachusetts---------------------

Michigan--------------------- ------

Minnesota-------------------------

Mississippi-----------------------

Missouri--------------------------

Montana---------------------------

Nebraska--------------------------

Nevada----------------------------

New Hampshire---------------------

New Jersey ------------------------

New Mexico ------------------------

New York--------------------------

North Carolina--------------------

North Dakota----------------------

Ohio---------------------------- ---

Oklahoma--------------------------

Oregon----------------------------

Pennsylvania----------------------

Rhode Island----------------------

South Carolina--------------------

South Dakota----------------------

Tennessee-------------------------

Texas-----------------------------

Vermont---------------------------

Virginia--.--.,--------------------

Washington------------------------

West Virginia---------------------

Wisconsin-------------------------

Wyoming---------------------------

IIWorked less than 48

weeks per year

Total

1-34 hours

per week

8,616

87

5

::

1,079

123

152

21

3%

142

30

4X

175

102

76

96

153

39

165

280

339

148

62

190

39

?2

27

307

45

1,017

174

3;:

1;;

585

32

E

131

405

:;

166

160

l%

16

450

10

#

#

15

$

#

22

13

6

3

:

#

5

11

#

#

7

5

Worked 48-52 weeks per year

35 hours I-34 ho’urs 35-48 49 hours

per week hours

per week per week

or more per week or more

Number

1,736

10

11

7

188

22

32

5

:+

17

6

12;

41

41

16

20

14

6

27

i:

43

::

li

#

8

68

2;:

13

8;

14

18

115

11

9

5

:;

i’

7

#

;:

#

603

35

15

4

4

:

#

31

8;

15

#

24

#

9

47

4

3

3

2,485

42

29

16

356

39

38

10

24

89

44

1:

121

46

27

16

25

?;

48

48

88

33

21

50

12

13

10

8

91

2::

47

4

106

41

1;?

4

20

3:

133

17

4:

48

;;

4

3,341

76

13

73

130

131

64

24

85

15

32

12

59

197

20

7

7

See footnoteat end of table.

33
Table 10. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by volume of activity:United

States and each State, 1968-Con.

State

United States---------------

Alabama ---------------------------

Alaska ----------------------------

Arizona ---------------------------

Arkansas --------------------------

California------------------------

Colorado--------------------------

Connecticut-----------------------

Delaware--------------------------

District of Columbia--------------

Florida ---------------------------

Georgia---------------------------

Hawaii ----------------------------

Idaho------------------- ----------

Illinois--------------------------

Indiana---------------------------

Iowa---------------- --------------

Kansas------------------------ ----

Kentucky --------------------------

Louisiana-------------------------

Maine ..----------------------------

Maryland --------------------------

Massachusetts ---------------------

Michigan --------------------------

Minnesota -------------------------

Mississippi -----------------------

Missouri --------------------------

Montana ---------------------------

Nebraska-------------------- ------

New Hampshire ---------------------

New Jersey ------------------------

New Mexico ------------------------

New York --------------------------

North Carolina--------------------

North Dakota----------------------

Ohio------------------------------

Oklahoma--------------------------

Oregon----------------------------

Pennsylvania ----------------------

Rhode Island----------------------

South Carolina--------------------

South Dakota----------------------

Tennessee -------------------------

Texas-----------------------------

Utah------------------------------

Vermont ---------------------------

Virginia --------------------------

Washington ------------------------

W~st Virginia ---------------------

Wisconsin -------------------------

Wyoming ---------------------------

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.O

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

LOO.O

LOO.O

100.0

100.0

100.0

Worked less than 48

weeks per year

5.2

2.8

#

5.:

M

3.9

3.1

#

#

12!

9.7

5.2

#

5.6

#

2.7

#

#

$;

10:9

3.0

#

Worked 48-52 weeks per year

Percent distribution

20.1

11.5

13.8

17.1

17.4

17.9

21.1

23.8

13.6

15.6

12.0

20.0

20.6

28.4

23.4

40.2

21.1

20.8

9.2

15.4

16.4

26.4

24.2

29.1

16.1

16.8

12.8

25.5

#

29.6

22.1

22.2

26.0

7*5

20.0

22.4

14.4

16.5

19.7

34.4

12.5

22.7

19.1

11.6

14.9

36.8

16.9

17.5

21.9

21,4

#

7.0

6.3

#

8.;

8.6

3.9

5.3

3.1

;

H

3.8

3.4

#

7.9

#

10.1

6.7

8.3

8.6

#

6.1

8.;

1!?!:

28.8

48.3

36.;

39.0

33.0

31.7

25.0

47.6

29.6

29.5

31.0

23.3

41.2

28.2

26.3

26.5

21.1

26,0

37,3

35.9

29.1

17.1

26.0

22.3

33.9

26,3

30.8

23.6

62.5

29.6

29.6

22.2

25.0

27.0

20.0

27.0

42.3

35.8

29.2

12.5

27.8

13.6

27.5

32.8

36.2

15.8

28.9

30.0

18.8

29.2

25.0

38.8

——

34.5

100.0

35.0

41.5

36.4

42.3

40.8

14.3

45.7

42.7

47.9

30.0

32,4

30.3

34.3

23.5

48.7

46.9

;;.;

.

44.2

$;.:

43:2

38.7

44.7

38.5

;:.:

33:3

32.5

37.8

31.1

51.7

55.0

39.0

g.;

36:6

31,3

44.4

54.5

45.0

48.6

42.6

36.8

44.6

41.3

39.1

44.6

43.8

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements.

34
Table 11, Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby volume of activity, according to

selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968

Selectedcharacteristic

United States-------------------

—Sex

Male . --------- --------- -----.--- -------

Female--------------------------------

Doctor

Doctor

Professionalidentity

. .

of medlcme --------------------

of osteopathy------------------

Board certification

Certified-----------------------------

Not certified-------------------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice-----------------------

Partnership-------------------------

Group practice----------------------

Nongrou arrangementwith other

physic!ads-------------------------

Salaried

Medical school----------------------

Nongovernmenthospital--------------

City or county governmenthospital--

City or county government-----------

State governmenthospital-----------

State government--------------------

Federal Governmenthospital------

Federal Government---------------

Otherl-,-----------------------------

Assisted by supplementarypersonnel

Yes-----------------------------------

No------------------------------------

See footnoteat end of table.

Worked less than 48 weeks

per year Worked 48-52 weeks per year

Total

8,616

8,3S2

233

B,434

1s1

$,953

3,662

5,902

L,407

4s7

361

222

55

21

17

28

12

67

18

19

7,882

733

All

activity

2,186

2,110

75

2,144

42

1,376

809

1,510

393

133

77

32

9

9

5

6

s

2

1

1,974

212

Houre worked

per week

I

1-34 35

hours hours

or more

1

450

416

34

439

11

20s

242

364

39

16

12

2

4

9

4

352

98

Hours worked per week

All

activity

1-34 35-4s 49

hours hours hours

or more

Number

1,736

1,694

41

1,705

31

1,168

568

1,146

354

118

65

30

5

5

2

8

2

1

1,622

114

6,430

63272

15s

6,290

139

3,577

2,853

4,392

1,014

354

2S3

190

46

21

8

23

6

59

16

1s

5,909

521

603

556

47

585

18

233

370

492

49

13

21

12

1

2

2

4

2

2

2

456

147

2,4S5

2,418

67

2,423

62

1,277

1,209

1,727

391

123

106

38

15

s

6

6

4

40

12

10

2,260

225

3,341

3,298

44

3,282

59

2,067

1,274

2>173

574

218

156

140

30

11

13

2

17

2

6

3,193

149

35
Table 11. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologistsby volume of activity, accordingto

selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968—Con.

Selected characteristic

United States------------------,

—sex

Male---------------------- --------------

Female--------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine--------------------

Doctor of osteopathy------------------

Board certification

Certified-----------------------------

Not certified-------------------------

Principal type of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice-----------------------

Partnership-------------------------

Group practice----------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians-------------------------

Salaried

Medical School----------------------

Nongovernmenthospital--------------

City or County governmenthospital-.

City or County government-----------

State governmenthospital-----------

State government--------------------

Federal Governmenthospital---------

Federal Movement ------------------

Otherl--------------------------- --.

Assisted by supplementarypersonnel

Yes----------. ------. --.--. -.--------l

No --------- --------------------------4

Total

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Worked less than 48 week!

per year

All

activity

25.4

25.2

32.2

25.4

23.2

27.8

22.1

25.6

27.9

27.3

21.3

14.4

16.4

52.9

17.9

50.0

11.9

11.1

5.3

25.0

28.9

Hours worked

per week

1-34

ours

35

hours

or more

5.2

5.0

14.6

5.2

6.1

4.2

6.6

6.2

2.8

3.3

3.3

0.9

7.3

52.9

33.3

4.5

13.4

Worked 48-52 weeks per year

IIHours worked per week

Percent distribution

20.1

20.2

17.6

20.2

17.1

23.6

15.5

19.4

25.2

24.2

18.0

13.5

9.1

17.9

16.7

11.9

11.1

5.3

20.6

15.6

74.6

74.8

67.8

74.6

76.8

72.2

77.9

74.4

72.1

72.7

78.4

85.6

83.6

100.0

47.1

82.1

50.0

88.1

88.9

94.7

75.0

71.1

7.0

6.6

20.2

6.9

9.9

4.7

10.1

8.3

3.5

2.7

5.8

5.4

1.8

9.5

11.8

14.3

3.0

11.1

10.5

5.8

20.1

28.8

28.8

28,8

28.7

34.3

25.8

33.0

29.3

27.8

25.3

29.4

17.1

27.3

38.1

35.3

21.4

33.3

59.7

66.7

52.6

28.7

30.7

38.8

39.3

18.9

38.9

32.6

41.7

34.8

36.8

40.8

44.8

43.2

63.1

54.5

52.4

46.4

16.7

25.4

11.1

31.6

40.5

20.3

lIncludesall types of insurancecarrier%pharmaceuticalCOnIpanieS,Corporations,VOIUIItaryassociations,

medical societies,associations,etc.

36
Table 12. Number of active ophthalmologistsby participationin selectedclinical and nonclinical

activities:United States and each State, 1968

State

United States------

;L&ly----------------”

-------------------

A~i~on~--..----.-.--....-

Arkansas-----------------

California---------------

Colorado-----------------

Connecticut--------------

Delaware-----------------

D’Lstrictof Columbia-----

Florida------------------

Georgia------------------

Hawaii -------------------

Idaho--------------------

Illinois-----------------

Indiana------------------

Kansas -------------------

Kentucky-----------------

Loui.si.ana----------------

Maine--------------------

Maryland-----------------

Massachusetts------------

Michigan-----------------

Minnesota----------------

Mississippi--------------

Missouri-----------------

Montana------------------

Nebraska-----------------

Nevada-------------------

New Hampshire------------

New Jersey---------------

New Me~ico-------------.-

New Yorlc-----------------

North Carolina-----------

North Dakota-------------

Ohio---------------------

Oklahoma-----------------

Oregon-------------------

Pennsylvania-------------

Rhode Island-------------

South Carolina-----------

South Dakota -------------

Tennessee ----------------

Texas --------------------

Vemont ------------------

Virginia-----------------

Washington---------------

West Virginia------------

Wisconsin----------------

Wyoming------------------

Cotal

8,616

87

5

::

1;079

123

152

;:

302

142

30

4;$

175

102

76

1;:

39

165

280

339

148

62

190

%’

16

27

307

1,0:;

174

3;!

1:;

585

32

72

1::

405

47

1%

160

1%

16

Clinical activities

ophthalmology

8,327

84

72

1,0::

118

150

17

2;;

138

30

4?2

1;:

72

1%

39

155

269

333

147

1%

;:

16

27

299

9%

167

3::

1%

548

32

70

1:;

396

47

1::

155

1::

16

tolaryngology

1,583

Other

medical

ctivities

694

99

1?

:

29

61

#

6

4

Nonclinicalactivities

‘caching

2,834

29

Ii

3~;

47

::

33

3

140

40

17

5

;?

4

1:;

113

70

8;

23

$

95

45:

33

#

125

30

lx

12

15

3

1::

18

4;

40

ledical

:esearch

932

dllliniSi

ration

2,945

lIncludes professional associations, hospital staffs,etc. Administrative duties related to the

medical care of respondent’s own patients are excluded. here and included under clinical activities.

#Data suppressedto comply with confidentialityrequirements.

37
Table 13. Number of active ophthalmologists by participation in selected clinical and nonclinical activities,

by selected characteristics: United States, 1968

Selected characteristic

Under

United States--------------------------

Age

35 veals-------------------------------

35-39 yia;s ----------------------------------

40-44 years----------------------------------

45-49 years ----------------------------------

50-54 years----------------------------------

55-59 years----------------------------------

60-64 years ----------------------------------

65-69 years----------------------------------

70 years and over ----------------------------

Sex

Male ------------------------ ---------------- -

Famale ---------------------------------------

Professional identity

Doctor of

Doctor of

medicine ---------------------------

osteopathy -------------------------

Board certification

Certified ------------------------------------

Not certified--------------------------------

Principal type of employment

Self-employed

S010 practice ------------------------------

Partnership -.--------- ------------- --------

Group practice -----------------------------

Nongroup arrangement with other physiciansSalaried

Medical school-----------------------------

Nongovernment hospital ---------------------

City or county government hospital ---------

City or county government ------------------

State government hospital ------------------

State government ---------------------------

Federal Government hospital ----------------

Federal Government-------------------------

0ther2-------------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week ------------------------

35 hours or more per week ------------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week ------------------------

35-48 hours per week-----------------------

49 hours or more per week ------------------

Total

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

624

736

8,;::

8,434

181

4,953

3,662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

%

H

12

67

18

19

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

Clinical activities

Ophthal.

mology

8.32;

781

1,22s

992

894

1,03:

1,136

l,OIE

594

65C

8,106

221

8,167

161

4,865

3,462

5,695

1,385

483

352

204

:8

13

21

6;

17

17

410

1,692

548

2>396

3,280

Otolaryn.

gology

1.582

17

;:

106

187

32C

34C

24C

314

1,565

18

1,470

113

330

1,252

1,281

166

62

21

4

8

1

1

7

2;

1

128

291

186

530

448

Other

nedical

activities

694

46

80

62

1::

104

105

47

77

6;;

644

50

310

384

489

x

26

27

9

1

i

1

13

1

1

1::

45

190

296

Nonclinical activities

Ceach

ing

2,834

388

671

469

325

348

315

179

83

56

2,7::

2,801

33

2,053

781.

L,660

578

160

153

197

30

9

1:

2;

1

7

5;:

6;:

.,513

Medical

research

932

—

125

210

158

108

107

91

:2

47

904

28

931

1

637

295

455

134

::

180

26

5

:

18

i

1;;

1%

537

Administration

2,945

305

577

448

362

429

412

243

106

64

2,889

55

2,888

57

1,965

980

1,826

557

197

131

144

25

6

Ii

3;

;

6;;

6%

1,541

lIncludes professional associations, hospital medical staffs, etc. Administrative duties related to the medical care of the respondentte own patients are excluded here and included under specific clinical activity engaged in.

%_mludes all types of insurance carriers

ical societies, association, etc.

, pharmaceutical companies,corporations, voluntary associations,reed-
Table 14, Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week in clinical ophthalmology,accordingto selected characteristics:United States, 1968

Selected characteristic

Under

35-39

40-44

United States----------------------

Age

35 years---------------------------

years------------------------------

vears------------------------------

45-49 $eara------------------------------

50-54 years-------------.----------------

55-59 years------------------------------

60-64 yeara------------------------------

65-69 years------------------------------

70 years and over------------------------

Sex

Male-------------------------------------,

Female---------------------------.-.--.-,

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-----------------------

Doctor of osteopathy---------------------,

Board certification

Certified---------------------------------

Not certified-----------------------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice---------------------------

Partnership-----------------------------

Group practice--------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians-----------------------------

Salaried

Medical school--------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital------------------

City or county governmenthospital------

City or county government---------------

State governmenthospital---------------

State government------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital-------------

Federal Government----------------------

Otherl----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week---------------------

35 hours or more per week---------------

48-52 weeka”per year:

1-34 hours per week---------------------

35-48 hours per week--------------------

49 hours or more per week---------------

Total

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

624

736

8,382

233

8,434

181

4,953

3,662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

55

21

H

12

67

H

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

Time spent per week in clinical

ophthalmology

No time

1-19 20-49 50-99 100

percent percent percent percent

1 I I I

Number

28f

1:

15

:;

42

43

29

86

276

12

268

21

2::

207

22

3

9

18

6

2

3

;

5

1

2

::

55

89

60

64;

51

::

52

1%

11:

51

6f

63C

1:

582

6C

203

439

384

;:

13

120

16

2

5

1:

5

1;;

45

171

291

4,93:

511

85(

65>

532

59$

662

504

30(

31:

4,831

105

4,863

73

3,024

1,912

3,348

884

315

228

66

24

;

12

3;

;

167

1,044

224

1,288

2,213

2,608

213

300

279

299

323

346

373

225

250

2,508

100

2,596

12

1,598

1,010

1,874

427

143

104

8

8

:

3

1;

2

206

515

263

899

725

See footnoteat end of table.

39
Table 14. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week in clinical ophthalmology,according to selectedcharacteristics:United States,1968-Con.

Selected characteristic

United States-----------------------

&e

Under

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

35 years--.-------------------------

years-------------------------------

years-------------------------------

years-------------------------------

years-------------------------------

vears-------------------------------

60-64 $ears-------------------------------

65-69 years-------------------------------

70 years and over-------------------------

Sex

Male------------------------------------

Female----------------------------------

Professionalidentitv

Doctor of medicine------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy----------------------

Board certification

Certified---------------------------------

Not certified-----------------------------

Princinal tvve of emDlovment

Self-employed

Solo practice--------------------------u

Partnership-----------------------------

Group practice--------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians-----------------------------

Salaried

Medical school--------------------------

Nongovernmentalhospital----------------

City or county governmenthospital------

City or county government---------------

State governmenthospital---------------

State government------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital-------------

Fe@fl Government----------------------

----------------------------------

Volume of activitv

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week---------------------

35 hours or more per week---------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34hours per week---------------------

35-48 hours per week--------------------

49 hours or more per week---------------

Time spent per week in clinical.

ophthalmologyy

Total I I I I

IINo time 1-19 20-49 50-99 100

percent percent percent percent

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100..0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Percent distribution

~

3.3

1.01

1.5

;.;”

2:5

:::

1?:;

3.3

5.3

1:::

1.8

5*5

3.5

1.6

0.7

2.5

1:::

10.2

19.4

24.3

27.5

:::

11.9

8.9

2.5

9.1

3.6

1.8

1.6

0.7

;:;

1.2

:::

2.4

2.0

2.2

1.6

1.4

1.5

8.5

0.8

2.8

1.5

0.9

0.9

1.9

4.5

4.0

1:::

4.0

::7

23.7

2.0

1.4

2.8

1.6

1.6

7.5

6.5

U

5.6

8.5

8.8

10.9

8.2

9.3

7.5

5.4

3%;

1;::

R

4.3

3.7

54.2

28.7

10.5

16.;

23.;

25.8

6.2

6.2

;::

8.7

57.3

64.8

68.1

65.2

58.2

56.4

56.2

47.5

49.1

42.9

57.6

44.8

57.7

40.1

61.0

52.2

56.7

62.8

64.8

63.1

29.6

42.7

42.5

13.2

43.5

18.4

46.9

37.0

41.0

37.2

60.1

37.1

51.8

66.2

30.3

27.0

24.0

27.7

32.8

30.5

29.4

35.2

36.1

33.9

29.9

43.0

30.8

6.7

32.3

27.6

31.8

30.4

29.3

28.8

1:::

31.4

53.9

11.9

54.1

15.0

;:.$

.

45.7

29.7

43.6

36.2

21,7

lIncludesall types of insurancecarriers, pharmaceuticalcompanies,corporations.,vOlutarY

associations,medical societies,associations,etc.

40
Table 15. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

weelcin clinical otolaryngology,according to selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968

Selectedcharacteristic

United States------------------------

Age

Under 35 years-----------------------------

35-39 years--------------------------------

40-44 years--------------------------------

45-49 years--------------------------------

50-54 years--------------------------------

55-59 years--------------------------------

60-64 years--------------------------------

65-69 years--------------------------------

70 years or more---------------------------

Sex

Male---------------------------------------

Female-------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified----------------------------------

Nut certified------------------------------

?

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice---------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians------------------------------

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City Or county governmenthospital-------

City or county government----------------

State governmenthospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Government-----------------------

Otherl-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

Time spent per week in clinical

otolaryngology

Total

t

II 1-19 20-49 50-99

NO time percent percent percent

II 1 I I I

Number

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

(55:

8,382

233

8,434

181

+,953

),662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

55

21

17

28

12

67

:;

450

L,736

603

2,485

3,341

7,033

772

1,227

968

808

873

858

721

383

422

6,818

215

6,9:;

4,623

2,410

4,621

1,240

425

340

217

48

20

15

21

&

12

18

322

1,445

417

1,956

2,893

218

:

10

20

::

40

28

30

216

1

200

17

76

141

158

35

9

3

1

1

6

i

13

38

17

69

81

637

4

7

H

92

147

133

91

111

625

11

592

45

153

484

5:;

32

7

;

1

6

i

5

1;?

64

207

193

727

7

10

‘H

64

123

167

121

173

722

6

678

50

101

627

613

;;

11

2

3

1

1

10

1

1!?

104

254

174

1

1

1

1

i

1

1

See footnoteat end of table.

41
Table 15. Number and percent distributionof active Ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week in clinical otolaryngology,accordingto selectedcharacteristics:unitedStates,1968-Con.

Selectedcharacteristic

United States------------------------

Under

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

Age

35 years-----------------------------

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

veals--------------------------------

65-69 bears--------------------------------

70 years or more---------------------------

Sex

Male-------------------------------------

Female-------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine -------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified----------------------------------

Not certified------------------------------

Principal type of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice---------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians-------------------------------

Salaried

Medical School---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City or county governmenthospital-------

City or county government----------------

Stat6 governmenthospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Government-----------------------

Otherl-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

I

Total

Time spent per week in clinical

otolaryngology

II 1-19 20-49 50-99 100

‘o ‘ime percent percent percent percent

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100*O

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Percent distribution

81.6

97.9

98.3

96.2

88.4

82.4

72.8

68.0

61.5

57.3

81.3

92.2

82.6

37.7

93.3

65.8

78.3

88.2

87.3

94.2

98.0

85.9

95.0

93.3

75.9

100.0

63.8

68.9

94.3

71.6

83.2

69.2

78.7

86.6

2.5

0.7

:::

2.2

;:!

::;

4.1

2.6

0.5

2.4

9.6

1.5

3.9

::;

1.8

0.9

0.5

2.0

13.;

5.;

2.9

2.2

2.8

;::

7.4

0.5

H

4.5

1!:;

12.5

14.6

15.1

;:;

2;:;

Ii:;

::;

6.5

1.8

0.5

6.0

2;:;

2;:;

10.2

7.3

10.6

8.3

5.8

8.4

0.9

!?::

4.9

1::;

15.7

19.5

23.5

H

2;::

1:::

10,4

4.5

4.3

3.1

1.0

6.0

5.0

3.;

14.;

6.3

15.3

7.3

17.2

10.2

5.2

0.0

.

0.;

0.0

.

0.;

0.6

0.0

-

.,

-

-

0.2

-

l~ncludes all types Of insurance carriers> pharmaceuticalcompanies, corporations,voluntarY

associations,medical societies,associations,etc.

42
Table 16. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week i.nteachtng,accordingto selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968

Selectedcharacteristic

United States------------------------

&g

Under 35 years-----------------------------

35-39 years--------------------------------

40-44 years--------------------------------

45-49 years--------------------------------

50-54 years--------------------------------

55-59 years --------------------------------

60-64 years--------------------------------

65-69 years--------------------------------

70 years and over--------------------------

Sex

Male---------------------------------------

Female-------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified----------------------------------

Not certified------------------- ------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice--------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians ------------------------------

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

‘Nongovernmenthospital----------=--------

City or county hospital------------------

City or county governmen~----------------

State governmenthospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Movement -----------------------

Otherl-------------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less then 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

Time spent per week in teaching

--l -

Total

1-19 20-49 50-99 100

‘0 ‘me percent percent percent percent

Number

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

624

736

8,382

233

8,434

181

$,953

3,662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

55

:$

28

%

18

19

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

5,782

401

577

538

589

712

862

882

541

680

5,621

160

5,;;;

2,901

2,881

4,242

829

326

207

25

25

12

14

18

4?

17

12

416

1,152

529

1,855

1,829

2,286

283

531

383

270

307

268

148

72

24

2,238

48

2,257

30

1,664

622

1,:;;

138

126

50

20

2

:

1:

;

4:i

5;?

1,205

452

1%

!:

2;

22

6

7

435

17

451

1

339

113

190

72

21

2.7

117

8

3

i

11

i

8;

7:

279

83

10

18

3

;

4

9

2;

76

7

81

2

45

38

37

6

1

28

2

3

i

2

1

1:

14

24

27

12

;

1

1

1

;

2

11

1

12

5

8

5

2

1

1

i

i

1

2

See footnoteat end of table.

43
Table 16. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week in teaching,accordingto selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968-Con.

Selectedcharacteristic

Under

United States------------------------

Age

35 veals . ----------------------------

35-39 years--------------------------------

40-44 years--------------------------------

45-49 years--------------------------------

50-54 years--------------------------------

55-59 years--------------------------------

60-64 years--------------------------- -----

65-69 years--------------------------------

70 years and over--------------------------

Sex

Male--------------”-----------------------

Female----------------------------- --------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

-Boardcertification

Certified----------------------------------

Not certified------------------------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice--------------------------”

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians------------------------------

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City or county governmenthcmpital-------

City or county movement ----------------

State governmenthospital----------------

State movement -------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Gove~ent -----------------------

Otherl-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

I-34 hours per week-.----.-.--------.ti---

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

.

~

percent percent percent percent

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100 ● o

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

67.1

50.9

46.2

53*4

64.4

67.2

73.2

83.1

86.7

92.4

67.1

68.7

66.8

81.8

58.6

78.7

71.9

58.9

67.0

57.5

11.2

44.9

57.5

86.8

64.1

72.5

66.3

93.7

64.4

92.5

66.4

87.8

74.6

54.7

Percent distribution

26.5

35.8

42.5

38.1

29.5

29.0

22.8

13.9

11.5

3.3

26.7

20.7

26.8

16.4

33.6

17.0

24.2

35.4

28.4

34.8

22.7

36.6

10.7

13.2

15.9

1:::

23:8

22:;

2;:;

36.1

5.2

12.0

9*7

8.0

5.2

:::

;:;

0.9

5.2

7.3

5.3

0.6

!::

;:?

4.3

7.4

52.9

14.2

16.0

3.;

16.;

5.;

::?

::?

8.4

l.O

1.3

M

0.7

%:

0.8

3.i

0.9

2.9

?::

0.9

1.0

0.6

0.4

0.2

12.7

1$:

1$;

.

k;

M

0.8

0.1

o,i

:::

0.1

-

0.;

0.3

;:;

0.1

.

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

7.i

5.;

%?

0.4

0.2

0.0

‘Includesall types of insurance carriers, pharmaceuticalcompanies, corporations,voluntarY

associations,medical societies,associations,etc.

44
Table 17; Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent Of time spent per

week in medical research, accordingto selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968

Selectedcharacteristic

Under

35-39

40-44

United States-----------------------”

Age

35 years----------------------------”

years--------------------------------

veals--------------------------------

45-49 Gears--------------------------------

50-54 years--------------------------------

55-59 years--------------------------------

60-64 years--------------------------------

65-69 years-------------------------------”

70 years and over--------------------------

Sex

Male--------------------------------------

Female-------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified----------------------------------

Not certified------------------------------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice---------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

T

ph simians------------------------------

Salar ed

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City or county governmenthospital-------

City or county government----------------

State governmenthospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

E%3e& Government-----------------------

-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

Total

Time spent per week in medical research

, 1 I

1-19 20-49 50-99

‘o ‘me percent percent percent

II I I I I

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

624

736

8,382

233

8,434

181

4,953

3,662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

R

17

28

12

::

19

450

1,736

603

1,485

3,341

7,684

664

1,038

848

806

953

1,086

1,008

591

689

7,479

205

7,503

180

4,317

3,367

5,447

1,272

434

317

:;

17

16

22

:

15

11

435

1,557

571

2,316

2,805

626

1;;

117

80

74

;;

21

24

608

18

625

1

443

183

350

106

48

32

55

9

1

i

12

;

13?

1:;

362

20C

37

61

28

17

::

8

10

5

194

6

200

146

54

66

19

4

9

92

;

:

i

1

1

3;

8

1?;

75

15

21

10

8

14

2

1

3

71

3

75

37

37

19

6

2

30

11

1

i

i

i

;

6

:;

3

1

3

3

i

16

30

1

31

H

20

3

3

2

i

i

3

3

1:

7

See footnoteat end of table.

45
Table 17. Number and percent distribution of active ophthalmologists by percent of time spent per

week in medical research, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1968-Con.

Selected characteristic

United States ------------------------

Age

Under

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

35 years-----------------------------

years--------------------------------

years --------------------------------

years--------------------------------

vears-----------------.---------..----

55-59 bears --------------------------------

60-64 years --------------------------------

65-69 years --------------------------------

70 years and over--------------------------

Sex

Male ---------------------------------------

Female -------------------------------------

Professional identity

Doctor of mdeicine -------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy -----------------------

Board certification

Certified ----------------------------------

Not certified ------------------------------

Principal type employment

Se~~f;mployed

----.--------------------------------

Partnership ------------------------------

Group practice ------------------------ ---

Nongroup arrangement with other

physicians --------------------------- ---

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernment hospital -------------------

City or county government hospital -------

City or county government ----------------

State government hospital ----------------

State government -------------------------

Federal Government hospital --------------

Federal Government -----------------------

Otherl-.---------------------- -----------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year;

1-34 hours per week ----------------------

35 hours or more per week ----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week ----------------------

35-48 hours per week ---------------------

49 hours or more per week ----------------

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Loo.o

Loo.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

II Time spent per week in medical research

1-19 20-49 50-99

‘o “-me percent percent percent

89.2

Percent distribution

84.2

83.2

84.3

88.1

89.9

92.2

95.0

94.8

93.6

89.2

87.9

89.0

99.4

87.1

91.9

92.3

90.5

89.2

87.9

18.7

52.8

78.4

93.6

80.0

100.0

72.6

81.4

58.6

96.7

89.7

94.6

93.2

84.0

7.3

1::;

11.6

8.8

R

4.0

3.4

3.2

7.3

7.8

;:;

8.9

5.0

5.9

;:;

8.9

24.7

16.5

5.4

11.6

23.;

12.3

17.7

1.0

7.9

;::

10,8

2.3

::;

N

1.8

1.3

0.7

1.6

0.6

2.3

2.4

2.4

3.0

1.5

M

0.9

2.5

41.3

1?.?

4.;

1.6

w

M

1.3

M

0.9

1.9

M

0.9

1.3

M

0.5

0.8

1.5

0.9

0.8

1.0

0.3

0.4

0.6

13.7

20.5

5.5

4.3

1.6

11.;

0.5

().2

0.9

0.5

1.5

100

percent

0.4

%:

:::

0.;

2.i

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.3

0.2

M

6.i

6.;

0.7

0.2

::;

0.2

l~ncludes all types of insUrance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, volwtarY

associations, medical societies, associations, etc.

4.6
Table I-8.Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week in administration,accordingto selected characteristics:United States, 1968

Selected characteristic

Under

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

United Stiates------------------------

Asze -

35 years--------------------------- -.

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

years--------------------------------

years---------------------=----------

years---------------------------- ----

years--------------------------------

veals--------------------------------

70 yea;s and over--------------------------

sex

Male--------------------------- ------------

Female..-----------------------------------

Professionalidentity

> Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified----------------------------------

Not certified------------------------------

Principal type of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice---------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians----------------------------..

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City or county governmenthospital-------

City or county government----------------

State governmenthospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Government-----------------------

Other~-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

Total

8,616

789

1,248

1,007

914

1,060

1,177

1,061

624

736

8,382

233

8,434

181

4,953

3,662

5,902

1,407

487

361

222

55

21

H

12

67

18

19

450

1,736

603

2,485

3,341

Time spent per week in administration

1-19 20-49 50-99

‘o ‘me percent percent percent

5,671

484

671

559

552

631

766

817

518

672

5,493

178

5,547

124

2,989

2,682

4,076

850

290

230

x

15

14

17

::

::

398

1,111

544

1,818

1,800

Number

2,679

279

539

416

:;:

372

214

%

2,631

49

2,629

51

1,;;;

1,696

535

189

124

84

15

2

5

2;

2

3

52;

6;!?

1,406

212

24

35

29

2C

::

16

13

7

206

6

212

148

64

104

21

6

7

54

;

i

:

4;

7

1::

40

2

3

3

7

6

1?

3

1

39

1

39

1

23

17

14

1

2

5

3

i

2

1

3

2

2

:

1:

16

100

percent

13

See footnotesat end of table.

47
Table 18. Number and percent distributionof active ophthalmologistsby percent of time spent per

week fn administration,accordingto selectedcharacteristics:United States, 1968-Con.

Selectedcharacteristic

Under

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

United States------------------------

&

35 Years-----------------------------

$ears ------------------ --------------

years--------------------------------

years ------------------ --------- -----

veals-------------------------------

65-69 $ears---------------------------- ----

70 years and over--------------------------

Sex

Male---------------------------------------

Professionalidentity

Doctor of medicine-------------------------

Doctor of osteopathy-----------------------

Board certification

Certified--------------------------------

Not certified---------------------=--------

Principaltype of employment

Self-employed

Solo practice----------------------------

Partnership------------------------------

Group practice---------------------------

Nongroup arrangementwith other

physicians------------------------------

Salaried

Medical school---------------------------

Nongovernmenthospital-------------------

City or county governmenthospital-------

City or county government----------------

State gwernment hospital----------------

State government-------------------------

Federal Governmenthospital--------------

Federal Government-----------------------

0ther2-----------------------------------

Volume of activity

Less than 48 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35 hours or more per week----------------

48-52 weeks per year:

1-34 hours per week----------------------

35-48 hours per week---------------------

49 hours or more per week----------------

II Time spent per week in administration

Total

1-19 20-49 50-99 100

‘o ‘me percent percent percent percent

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

65.8

Percent distribution

61.4

53.8

55.5

60.4

59*5

65.0

77.1

83.0

91.3

65.5

76.3

65.8

68.5

60.3

73.2

63.7

35.1

55.1

73.3

86.6

60;0

81.6

53.1

62.8

70.6

88.5

64.0

90.2

73.2

53.9

31.1

35.3

43.2

41.3

36.2

36.4

31.6

20.1

14.3

7.6

31.4

20.9

31.2

27.9

36.1

24.4

28.7

38.0

38.8

34.4

38.1

26.4

10.8

19.7

3;:;

12.4

17.6

.9,0

32.7

2::;

42.1

2.5

;.:

2:9

2.2

3.2

2.9

1.5

;:;

H

2.5

3.0

1.7

1.8

1.5

1.1

1.9

24.4

12.5

15.9

8.1

lo.i

6.2

2.0

2.7

::;

3.6

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

w

0.3

;:;

0.2

0.5

0.5

::2

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.5

2.5

6.o

1:.;

9:1

1;::

11.9

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.7

0.5

0.2

0.;

0.4

%;

0.2

0.1

3.0

0.1

0.2

0.2

-

4.;

6.;

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.0

lIncludesprofessionalassociations hospital medical staff~ etc. Administrativeduties related

to the medical care of the respondents own patients are excluded here and included under specific clinical activity engaged in.

s~cludes all types of insurancecarriers, pharmaceuticalcompanies, corporations,voluntary

associations,medical societies,associations,etc.
APPENDIX 1

TECHNICAL NOTES AND QUALIFYING COMMENTS

Data Collection

Most of the statistical information used in this

report is the product of a survey of ophthalmologists

conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics

between May and December 1968. This was a part of

a general survey of eye-care manpower which sought

information on four groups-ophthalmologists (both

doctors of medicine and doctors of osteopathy), optometrists, opticianry establishments, and dispensing

opticians.

In advance of the actual survey of the ophthalmologists, prominent ophthalmological associations received

copies of the proposed questionnaires and survey plan.

A number of government agencies—Federal, State, and

local—were also contacted. Recommendations received

from these advisory sources were used to modify the

survey plan and questionnaires.

An announcement of the survey was published by

the Eye,, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly, The Ophthalmolo~”st, and the newsletter of the American Osteopathic Association. The American Association of

Ophthalmology cooperated by sending a letter to each

of its members urging their participation.

A total of 10,302 ophthalmologists comprised the

survey universe, a figure which included both doctors

of medicine (M.D.’s) and doctors of osteopathy (D.O.’S).

M.D. ophthalmologists surveyed included all those who

had reported to the American Medical Association that

ophthalmology was their primary or secondary specialty, Of the 10,102 M.D. ophthalmologists surveyed,

9,020, or 89.2 percent, listed ophthalmology as their

primary specialty, while 1,082, or 10.7 percent, designated it as their secondary specialty.

D.O. ophthalmologists included in the survey universe were all those doctors of osteopathy who had

reported to the American Osteopathic Association that

they devoted any time whatever to ophthalmology. Of

the 200 D.O. ophthalmologists surveyed, 17, or 8.5

percent, had reported that they devoted 75 percent or

more of their work week to ophthalmology. An additional 21, or 10.5 percent, reported between 50 and 75

percent, while the remaining 145, or 72.5 percent, apparently devoted under 25 percent of their work week

to ophthalmological activities.

A pretest was conducted by the National Center

for Health Statistics during the l-month period from

May 31 to July 3, 1968. Questionnaires were mailed

to two M.D. ophthalmologists in each State and the

District of Columbia. Twenty-five D.O. ophthalmologists were selected at random and mailed questionnaires. A 90.5-percent response to the pretest was

achieved, and based on an analysis of this pretest

response, certain minor alterations were made in

the M.D. questionnaire and the D.O. questionnaire.

The revised questionnaires appear in appendix

III as they were used in final form.

In the remaining months of 1968 the main body of

the ophthalmologist universe was surveyed. The collection of data for the survey was accomplished under

contract with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. This

agency was responsible for the mailing of the questionnaires, receipt, and control of the responses, and followup whenever incomplete or inadequate questionnaires were returned or whenever a questionnaire was

not returned. Four mailings were used in an attempt

to elicit a response, the first three by first-class

mail, the last by certified mail. All four mailings were

made in every case where a return was not received.

In addition to the mailings, telephone contacts and

personal interviews were also used. They were employed in cases of nonresponse or refusal as well as

in cases of questionnaires which had been only partially. completed.

After all contact efforts a response rate of 92.7

percent was achieved.

In addition to the information obtained directly

from the survey respondents, this report also uses

supplementary information supplied by the American

Medical Association and the American Osteopathic

Association for such characteristics as sex, chronological age, age at graduation, and certification by specialty boards.

Processing of Data

A preliminary edit was undertaken at the time of

the return of the survey questionnaires. This was done

to insure completeness of the responses. The information from the questionnaires was then coded,

punched, and placed on computer tape.

49
During the cleanup and editing phases of the processing an elaborate series of checks and cross-checks

were made, chiefly to confirm accuracy of response

and to correct coding and punching errors that occurred,

but also to insure consistency between related items.

Table I shows the overall response to the survey.

Of the total 10,302 M.D. and D.O. ophthalmologists included in the original survey universe, 1,245, or 12.1

percent, were eliminated in processing as out of scope

for the purpose of reporting. These out-of-scopes included 133 respondents who were either practicing ophthalmology in foreign countries or not engaged at all in

the practice of ophthalmology; 233 uniformed ophthalmologists (in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Public

Health Service); and 879 students in ophthalmology residency programs (both civilian and military). Data reported, then, are for civilian ophthalmologists who have

completed their training requirements and are formally

qualified to practice. In number this group amounted

to 9,057 ophthalmologists, or 87.9 percent of the original universe.

A total of 8,136, or 90.0 percent of the 9,057,

responded to the survey with usable questionnaires. The

remainder was composed of 675 nonrespondents (i.e.,

no questionnaires returned, reason unspecified); 186

post office returns; and 60 deceased nonrespondents;

or 7.5 percent, 1,8 percent, and 0.6 percent, respectively.

Of the 8,136 usable’questionnaires (good responses),

7,741, or 95.1 percent, specified an active status while

395 reported that they were either retired or not currently engaged in ophthalmological activities although

not retired.

Adjustments

Two types of adjustment were applied to the survey

responses.

The first was an adjustment for partial nonresponse

within the questionnaire; for example, leaving one item

unanswered. In such cases omitted items were randomly

assigned the response obtained from respondents with

similar characteristics and the total figure for the item

adjusted to include this “imputation.” As may be seen

in table II, the need for this type of adjustment was

minimal; the item nonresponse rate was less than 4

percent for all items considered in this general report

except for the question on approximate number of patients seen per week, where the nonresponse rate was

7.8 percent. At least two factors may have contributed

to the high nonresponse rate for this item. First, the

question occurs relatively late in the questionnaire and

a certain amount of respondent fatigue may have set in.

The second factor, however, seems to carry more

weight. It concerns question content. Respondents

were asked to derive the approximate number of eye

patients seen in a typical week from the approximate

number of patient visits during a typical week. This

Table I. Number and percent distribution of survey population by- type of respondent or nonrespondent: United States, 1968

Type of respondent or

nonrespondent

Total questionnaires mailed --

out-of-scopes:

Not practicing in United

States or not engaged at all

in ophthalmology ------------

Uniformed ophthalmologists ---

In ophthalmology residency

programs--------------------

Civilian.,formally qualified

ophthalmologists ------------

Civilian, formally qualified

ophthalmologists ------------

Unusable questionnaires:

Nonrespondents (reason

unspecified)----------------

Post office returns ----------

Deceased nonrespondents ------

Good responses ---------------

Good responses ---------------

Active ophthalmologists------

Inactive ophthalmologists----

Number

10,302

133

233

879

9,057

9,057

675

186

8,1%

8,136

?ercent

of

total

100.0

1.3

2.3

8.5

87.9

100.0

7.5

i::

90.0

100.0

9;.;

.

involved a judgment as to typicality as well aethe

need to make a quantified estimate whfch is itselfa

second-order derivation from another quantified estimate. This rather difficult succession of requirements may have acted to inhibit freer response to the

item.

In addition tothis adjustmentforitem nonresponse,

an adjustment was also made for unit nonreeponse,

i.e., for nonavailability of the entire questionnaire.

TMS “inflation” factor was established from the ratio

of total ophthalmologists in a civilian formally qualified

status to the number of usable (good) responses obtained. The average inflation factor was, therefore,

9,057:8,136, or 1 + .1132. Appliedto the7,741 active

good respondents cited above, it produced aweighted

national estimate of 8,616 ophthalmologists who were

active, not uniformed, and formally qualified in the

United States in 1968, This figure of 8,616 supplies

the statistical base for most of the tables and textual

commentary in this report. Table 111shows the distributionof theseophthalmologistsby Statebeforesnd

50
Table IX. Percentages ofacttve ophthalmologists

responding to selected questions on survey

questf.onnaires: United States, 1968

Questionnaire i.teml

Activity status --------------

States where licensed --------

Principal type of employmentW:ee;e~ year usually

-.,-------------- ----.-

Hours per week usually

worked ----------------------

Clinical and nonclinical activiti.i?s --------------------

Ophthalmological subspecialyUselof supplementary perscm-

-W--b--- -------- ---------

Patf.ent services rendered----

Eye patients seen weeltly -----

Preadjustment

percentage of

active ophthalmologist’s

responding

100.0

97.4

98.1

96.6

96.4

97.1

96.9

97.1

97.2

92.2

‘Data presented in this table are not for

all items on the questionnaires, only for items

that fall within the scope of this particular

report,

after the application of the appropriate inflation factor

for each State,

Qualifying Comments

The survey questionnaires didnot define the terms

“full-time” and “Part-dine/’ Ieaving their interpretationtothe mtbjective judgment ofthe respondents ,89.2

percent of whom reported full-tfme activity. Theproportion of time that D.O. ophthalmologists devoted to

ophthalmological activities is discussed on page 49, of

this appendix. The number of osteopaths engaged full

time in the practice of ophthalmology was few. M.D.

ophthalmologists comprised 97.9 percent of the survey

respondents, and about 89 percent of these M.D. respondents had already reported to the AMA that

ophthalmology was their “primary” specialty. It seems

likely that the conditions “full~time” and “primary”

tended to be applied interchangeably byM.D. respondents,

In order to obtain from these survey findings a

ratio of active ophthalmologists to general population

which would be comparable to the ratios establishedin

the studyby IvsnJ. Fahs entitled “VisionManpower in

the United States, fTsit was necessary tO abstract from

the survey population to include only M.D. respondents

reporting a primary specialty in ophthalmology. This

meant deducting from the total active universe of

8,616 ophthalmologists a figure of 1,084 practitioners

(181 osteopathic ophthalmologists and approximately

903 M.D. ophthalmologists who had reported ophthalmology as a “secondary” specialty). This reduction

led to a figure of7,532which, when applied tothe estimated general population of 1,975,600, produced the

ratio of 3.8 per 100,OOOused in this report as directly

comparable totheratio of the Fahs study.

Data on specialty board status of M.D. ophthalmologists was obtained from AMA. Tabular data and

narrative are presented on “first’’and “second” diplomats of the American Board of Ophthalmology and

the American Board of Otolaryngology. Using preadjustment figures, of the 10,102 M.D. ophthalmologists

included in the original survey universe, 5,002, or 49.5

percent, designated the American Board of Ophthalmology as their first specialty kmrdwhile 609, or 6.0

percent, designated the American Board of Otolaryngoology to be their first specialty board. Sixteen, or

0.1 percent, designated ophthalmology as their second

board specialty, while 233, or 2.3 percent designated

otolaryngology as a second board special~.

By “clinical activity” is meant activity in direct

diagnosis and treatment of patients. “Teaching” was

intended to comprehend not only formal instruction

as afaculty member in a medical school, but all forms

of teaching, training orinstruction-formsl orinformal,

indifferent of locus—that an ophthalmologist might engage in, along with the preparation time involved. “Administration” was perhaps the least clearly defined of

the activities. The survey respondent was asked toreport as administrative activity his duties with “e.g.,

professional associations, hospital medical staff, etc.”

The survey instructions specified that administrative

duties related to themedical care of theophthalmologist’s own patients should be excluded from this nonclinical adminstrative category and included as time

spent in a specific clinical activity. It seems likely

that much activity which is essentially administrative

in character may beconcealed inthedatafor the clinical

activities or be otherwise unreported.

NOTE:The list ofreferencesfollowsthe text.

51
Table III. Distributionof active, civilian, formally qualifiedophthalmologistsby

State before and after applicationof adjustmentratios: United States, 1968

State

United States-----

Alabama-----------------

Alaska------------------

Arizona-----------------

Arkansas----------------

California--------------

Colorado----------------

Connecticut-------------

Delaware----------------

District of Columbia----

Florida-----------------

Georgia-----------------

Hawaii------------------

Idaho-------------------

Illinois----------------

Indiana-----------------

Iowa--------------------

Kansas------------------

Kentucky----------------

Louisiana---------------

~aine-------------------

Maryland----------------

Massachusetts-----------

Michigan----------------

Minnesota---------------

Mississippi-------------

Missouri----------------

Montana-----------------

Nebraska----------------

Nevada------------------

New Hampshire-----------

New Jersey--------------

New v$$o --------------

----------------

North Carolina----------

No&h Dakota------------

--------------------

Oklahoma----------------

Oregon------------------

Pennsylvania------------

Rhode Island------------

South Carolina----------

South Dakota------------

Tennessee---------------

Texas-------------------

Utah--------------------

Vermont-----------------

Virginia----------------

Washington--------------

West Virginia-----------

Wisconsin---------------

Wyoming-----------------

Responding

active

ophthalmologists

7,741

117

133

18

2%

128

27

3%

152

86

70

91

131

1:;

246

303

137

9%

158

19

360

1:!

527

30

64

21

119

362

45

1::

147

1%

15

adjustmentfactor

1.11

1.11

1.00

1.06

1.07

1.11

1.05

1.14

1.15

1.25

1.13

1.11

1.11

1.09

1.15

1.15

1.19

1.08

1.06

1.17

1.05

1.21

1.14

1.12

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.20

1.07

1.03

1.11

1.13

1.12

1.10

1.05

1.09

1.10

1.08

1.11

1.06

1.13

1.05

1.10

1.12

1.04

1.00

1.15

1.09

1.11

1.04

1.07

Weighted estimate

)f ophthalmologists

8,616

87

1,079

123

152

21

3:;

142

30

34

165

280

339

148

62

190

39

55

16

27

1%

16

—ooo—
APPENDIX II

DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS USED IN THIS REPORT

Age. -Refers to the respondent’s age in 1968. In

all cases, age is calculated as the difference between

1968 and respondent’s year of birth.

Clinical ophthalmology. —Signifies professional activity characterized by direct diagnosis and treatment

of eye patients.

Geog?’aphic area,=The United States (the 50 States

and the District of Columbia) isdividedinto regions and

divisions as follows:

Region and Division

Northeast

New England -------

Middle

Atlantic -----------

North Central

East North

Central -----------

West North

Central -----------

South

South Atlantic -----

States Included

Maine, New Hampshire,

Vermont, Massachusetts,

Rhode Island, Connecticut

New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,

Michigan, Wisconsin

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota,

Nebraska, Kansas

Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia,

West Virginia, North

Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia, Florida

000

East South

Central -----------

West South

Central -----------

West

Mountain ----------

Pacific ------------

Kentucky, Temessee,

abama, Mississippi

Arkansas, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Texas

AlMontana, Idaho, Wyoming,

Colorado, New Mexico,

Arizona, Utah, Nevada

Washington, Oregon,

fornia, Alaska, Hawaii

GYOUPpvactice. —The delivery of medical

Caliservices by three or more physicians formally organized

to provide medical care, consultation, diagnosis, snd/or

treatment through the joint use of equipment and personnel and with the income from medical practice distributed in accordance with methods previously determined by members of the group.

Salaried employment:

Hospitul employment. .—Salaried employment by

nongovernmental hospitals and by city, county,

State, and Federal hospitals.

Nonhospital em@oyment..-Salaried employment by

medical school (or parent university); city, county,

State, and Federal governments (other than hospitals); and by other employers (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, medical societies, associations, etc.).

53
APPENDIX Ill

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaire for Doctors of Medicine

PHS-T407-1

REV. s-68

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMEFICE

tiuR!SAU OF THE CENSUS

ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FoR THE

U.S. PUBLt C HEALTH SERVICE

CONFIDENTfAL: All information which permits the

identification of the individual will be held strictly

confidentird, will be used solely by pertwrd engsged

in, and only for the purposes of the survey end will

not be dicdosed or released 10 other’“persons Or

for any othet putpoae.

SURVEY OF.

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS

Form Approved

Budcm Bureau N.. 6S-%3028

m

1. is your name correct, and is the addrass aboke your PRIMARY PLACE OF PRACTICE?

I ~ Yes an+..

If no, please snter the carrect in fonnstiarr below

Name:

First Middle Last

Primaty place of prectice: Number Street

City Stale Zip Code

2. Where were you born?

(State or foreign courwy)

3. In which States do you currently hold an ACTIVE LICENSE to practice medicine?

4. Are YOU~TLY AC TIVE in medicine? (hrchxfe patient care, teaching, research, and administration.)

Yes, Full-time an No, Nat active in medicioe

Yes, Part-time 40 No, Retked

rim r~’REMAINDER DF QUESTIONNAIRE DOES NOT

I I APPLY. PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN

THE ENVELOPE PROVIDEO.
5., Which of the following categories best describes your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment? (Check W)

01

02

03

04

08

06

07

08

00

10

s!

17.

13

m S010 practice

o Partnership practice If you hove checksd 02, 03, or 04, what is

u Group practice

b the name of your GROUP, PARTNERSHIP

or NON. GROUP ARRANGEMENT?

nArrangement with other physician(s): non-group Name of gmuw

u Medical school (or parent university)

U Non-govemmentsl hospiml

L I

u City or county government hospital

D City or county government other than hospital

u State government hospital

❑ State government other than hospital

u Federal government hospiral (.$peci/yagmcy; ),

D Federsl government other than hospitaI (~peci/yagen.cy: )

m Other- Not Iisted above [aUtypes o/insurance cawiers, phannaceatica! companies, corporations, vohmtaworganizations, medical societies, associations, etc.),

6. lnyour PR lNCIPA~ form of practice or employment indicated hr Item 5, are you PRIMARILY:

(Check W.)

t u Self-employed

2 u Salaried employee(olherlfiun in training Orin militaw sewice)

a u In themilit.ary service (other than intern orresiden’t)

4 ~Intem - Civilian

n DIntem-Militsry

e u Resident or felIow . Civifian

7 0 Resident or fellow -Military

7. Howmany WEEKS peryear doyouusually pmctice medicine? (Include pot;ent care, fetching, research, and

admhistration. Donot count vacations as weeks wwked).

(Weeks per year)

8. Howmrmy HOURS perweek doyouusually practice medicine? (hrclude patient care, teachirrg, resetrrch, and

admin istrat~

(Hours Per week)

9. Approximately what PERCENT oftietotal number ofhours perweek, indicated inltem8, dayou usually spend

in each of the following activities?

a, % Clinical ophthalmology

b. % Clinical otoshinolaryngology

% Other clinical medical activi~

:—_ % Teaching (Include hours spent in preparation)

.— % Medi caI research

;. % Administration, e.g,, pmfe~sional associations, hospital medical staffs, etc. (Adminisfratiue du#fes

related to the medica[ care of your —OWN patients should be excluded in(and includedin a, b, or e.)

& % Other (Specilx )

100 % TOTAL

lfO%of your tlmels sptnt in CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (ltem9a above), ~P,and return questionnaire In the

envelope providsd; otherwise continue, 1

55
10. A. lnyour CLINICAL OPHTHALOMOLOGY practice, Approximately howmany~patient V~do you have

during atypical week? (Irrclurfe office orsdhospital outpatierrt visits)

(Approximate number of visilsj

B. APPROXIMATELY howmony EYE PATIENTS does this represent? (Potients witfrmultiple visits sfrouldbe

counted only once.)

(Approximate number of palzents)

11. In our CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of thesewices below are rendered to your patients by you or

un1●r yrxrr direction?

(Cfreck Al that apply)

01 ❑

02 0

03 0

04 ❑

05 n

06 n

07 Ig

08 a

09 c1

10 Q

Diagnostic exanrination (includesre/raciive procedures andtonometry)

Medical treatment

Eye wrsgery

Visual field examination and medical interpretation

Fitting contact lenses

Ort hoptic trnining (any p,ocedure to impmve acuity or binocularity)

Prescribing low vision aids (includes optical aids greater than +4.00 addition)

Aniseikonic testing

Tomography

Other (Specijy:

12. In YOUr CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY proctice, which af the following cotegaries best describes how you spend the

GREATEST amouht of your time?

(Check —one)

I O General ophthalmology, medical and surgical

z •l Corneal surgetyt

s 0 Retir2aI surgery

4 ❑ Pediatric ophthalmology

s ❑ Ophthalmic pathology

. 0 Neuro-ophthalmology

7 •l Other (.fpeci/y: )

13. What is the total number af office locations at which you currently practice CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY?

(Number al locations)

56
14. IIn your PRINCIPAL FORM OF PRACTICE OR EMPLOYMENT, indicated in Item 5 above, do you hrrvo supplemwrtory

p.rsonnel to assist you?

1

a,

b.

c.

d.

e.

L

%.

h,

i.

i.

k.

15A.

B.

c.

[:1 I

Yes 2 [.: 1NO

+

Please indicate the NUMBER in each category below for ALL offices combined which rrre related to your

principal form of proctice or employment. Include frospitol personnel ONLY if your principol form of

proctici or employment is hospitol-based.

( Persons who spend less than 75% of their rime in any one category below should be counted in categoty d,

ophthalmic medical assistant. g~ral.)

NIJMBER WIIO WORK FULL-TIME NUMBER WNO WORK PART-TIME

(35 hW,S ormore per week) (Less than 35 hours per week)

FOR YOU FOR YOU AND FOR YOU FOR YOU AND

AI.ONE ASSOCIATES ALONE ASSOCIATE5

Secretaries, receptionists, and

other administrative personnel . . . . . —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— . . ..—

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . ..— . . . . . . . . . .-. .—

Licensed prscticrd nurses (nr L. V. N.’s) —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— . . ..—

Ophthalmic medicnl assistants-genersl. —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— . . ..—

Ophthalmic medical assistants-refractive _ . . . . —. . . . . . . . —. . ..—

Optical fitters (including opticisns) . . . —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— . . ..—

Contact lens technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Optical technicians (laboratory -

OphCbalmlc or contact ICIIS=S) . . . . . . . — . . ..— . . . . . . ..— ....—

Orrhoptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— ....—

Other clinical assi.vtants. . . . . . . . . . . —. . ..— . . . . . . . .— . . ..—

Optometrists (performing refractions snd

prescribing lenses on —OWN authority). . . — . . . . —. . . . . . . . —. . ..—

If you havo mad. ●ntri.s rrnd.r FOR YOU AND ASSOCIATES in tho full-timo or part.timo columns in It-m 14 abovo,

how mony rrssociotos, COUNTING YOURSELF, share these porsonnal?

(Number 01 associates)

Of thase associates, how many are PHYSICIANS, COUNTING YOURSELF?

(Number oj physicians)

Of the.. physicians, how many arc OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, COUNTING YOURSELF?

(Number 01Opbthalmologr.s t.s)

COMMENTS - General comments are invited as WOII as comments on specific. itwns:

I

PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE STAMPED ENVELOPE PROVIDED. I

57
Questionnaire for Doctors of Osteopathy

PHS-T407-2

REV. 8-68

U.S. DEPARTM ENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE

U.S. PU8LIC HEALTH SERVICE

CONFIDENTIAL: AU inf ormztion which permits

the identification of rhe individual wilI be held

strictly confidential, will be used solely by persons

engaged i“, and onIy for rbe purposes of she survey

and wiH “or be disclosed or released to otbct

persons or for any other purpose.

SURVEY OF

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS

Foq l+qnrwed

Budget Bureau No. 158-S6fJ028

1. Is your name correct, and is the address abave your PRIMARY PLACE OF PRACTICE?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1 n Yes

+

ZCINO

If no, please enter th e carrect information below

Name F ‘,S1 Middle Last

Primary place of practice:

Number Streel

City Slate Zip Code

Where were you barn?

(State or foreign country)

Are you a citizen of the United States? (Please check appropriate bax)

I a Yes, Native Born 2 0 Yes, Naturalized 3UN0

What degrees have you earned OTHER THAN Doctor of Osteopathy or Doctor of Medicine? (Check ~ fhat app/y)

Docm-are f <pecify Major Field: )

Master’s ( Speci/ y Major Field: )

Bachelofs (SPeci/y Major Field: )

Other ( Speci/>: )

None

In which States do you currently hold ❑n ACTIVE LICENSEta practice osteopathic medicine?

Are yau CURRENTLY ACTIVE in osteopathic medicine? (Include patient care, teaching, research and administration).

“s’ ‘b

No, Nat active in osteopathic medicine

Remoinder of questionna Ire does not apply. Please

return questionnaire in the envelops provided.

—
7. Which of the following categories best describes your PRINCI PAL form of practice or employment?

8,

9.

100

11.

(Cfreck @

01

02

08

04

0s

oe

07

08

09

10

1!

12

13

0 S010 practice

n PI

If you have checked OZ, OS, m CM, what is

o Group practice, the name of your GROUP, PARTNERSHIP

o Arrangement with other physician(s): non-group

or NON-GROUP ARRANGEMENT?

u Osteopathic medical school (or parent urriverszty)

D Non-governmental hospital Nom of gro.y.

o City or county government hospital

u City or county government other than hospital

I

I

u State gw=muacrtt hospital

u State government other than hospital

n Federal government hospital ( Speci/y agency: )

u Federal government other than hospital (Speci/y agency: )

u Other-Not listed above (all types of insurance car;iers, pharmaceutical companies, corporat zons,

uolunt ary organizations, medzcal socz et ies, assoczatz ens, etc.).

In your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment indicated in Item 7, are you PRIMARILY:

(Check —onej

I m Self- employed

2 U Salaried employee (Other than in training OT in military service)

s U In the military setvice (Other than intern or resident)

.4 D Intern - Civilian

B o Intern - Military

o u Resident or fellow - Civilian

7 0 Resident or fellow - Military

How many WEEKS per year do you usually practice osteopathic medicine? (Include patient care, teaching,

research, or administration. Do not count vacations as weeks worked. )

(Weeks per year)

How many HOURS per week do you usually practice osteopathic medicine? (/nc/ude patient care, teaching,

research, or administration.)

(Hours per week)

APPROXIMATELY what PERCENT of the total number of hours per week, indicated in Item 10, do you usually

spend in each of the following activities?

a. ._ % Clinical ophthalmology

b. —% Clinical otorhinolaryngology

. % Orher clinical osteopathic medical activity

:. _ % Teaching (Include hours spent in preparation. )

e. % Osteopathic medical research

f. % Adm~nistratiOn, e.g., professional association, hospital medical staffs, etc. ( Adrrzznzstratzve

duties related to the medical care o/ your —O WN patzents should be excluded in f and included

in a, b, or c.)

&

% Other (Specify )

100 %TOTAL

If O% of your time is spent in CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (Item J Ja. above) ~, and return questionnaire

in the envelope provided; otherwise ccmtinue.

59
12.

13,

14.

15.

A.

B.

In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, APPROXIMATELY how many ~ patient VISITS do you havo

during a typical week? (/nc/ude office and hospital autprrtient visits.)

(Approximate number of visits)

APPROXIMATELY how many EYE PATIENTS does this represent? (Patients with multiple visits sfrauld be

counted only once. )

(Approximate number al patients)

in your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of the services below are rendered to your patients by yau

or under your direction?

(Check all that apply) —

o I m Diagnostic exanrinatian (Includes refractive jwocedures and fonomefry)

02 u Medical treatment

03 n Eye SUIgeIy

04 u Visual field examination and medical interpretation

05 n Fitting cantact lenses

00 0 Oithoptic training (Any pracedure to improve acuity or binocularity)

07 0 Prescribing low visian aids (Includes optical aids greater than +4.00 addition)

oa u Aniseikonic testing

09 0 Tonagraphy

I o u Other (Speci/y:

In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of the follawing categories best describes haw you spend

the GREAT EST amaunt of yaur time?

(Check me) —

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 Geaeral ophthalmology, medical and surgical

D Comeal surgery

o Retinal surgery

o Pediatric ophchalmalagy

o Ophthalmic pathology

o Neum-aphthalmolagy

o Other (Speci/y: )

What is the total number af office locations at which yau currently practice CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY?

(Number oj Iocations)

60
16. I In your PRINCIPAL FORM OF PRACTICE OR EMPLOYMENT, indicated in item 7 above, do you have supplementary

personnel to assist you?

!

a.

b,

c.

d.

e.

f.

8.

h.

i.

j.

k.

17A.

B.

D

I

Yes 2 UNO

Please indicate the NUMBER in each category below for ALL offices combined which are rekrted to your

principal form of practice or employment. Include hospital personnel ONLY if your principal form of

practice or employment is frospitdl-based.

( Persons who spend less tbs. 7s% of their time i. any one category below should be counted io category d,

ophthalmic medical assistant-g=ral.)

NUMBER WHO VK)RKFULL-TIME NUMB ER WHO WORK PART-TSME

(35hoursw moreper week) (Less than 35 hours per week)

FOR YOU FOR YOU AND FOR YOU FOR YOU AND

ALONE ASSOCIATES ALoNE ASSOCIATES

Secretaries, receptionists, and

other administrative perscmnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . ..— . . . . . . ..— ,. .._

Licensed practical nurses (or L. V.N.’s) —. . ..— . . . . . . . -— . . ..—

Opbthrdmic medical assiacints-general. —. ...— . . . . . . . .— ....—

Ophthalmic medicaf assistants-refractive — . . ..— . . . . . . ..— . . ..—

Optical fitters (including opticians) . . . — . . ..— . . . . . . ..— . . .._

Contact lcnstechnicisns . . . . . . . . . ..— . . .. — . . . . . . .. —... ._

Optical technicians (laborStory -

Ophthalmic or contact ~enses) . . . . . . . — .-. .— . . . . . . ..— ....—

Orthoptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . ..— . . . . . . ..— . . ..—

Other clinical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . —. .-. — . . . . . . . .— ....—

Optometrists (performing refractions and

prescribing lenses on ~ authority). . . _ . . . . — . . . . . . ..— . . ..—

If youhave made entries under FOR YOU AND Associates inthefull-time orpati.time columns inltem 16 above,

how many associates, COUNTING YOURSELF, share these personnel?

(Number of associates)

Of these ossociotes, how many ore PHYSICIANS, COUNTING YOURSELF?

(Number 01 physicians)

C, Of these physicians, how many are OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, COUNTING YOURSELF?

(Number of ophthalmologists)

COMMENTS - General comments are invited as well as comments on specific items:

I

PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE STAMPED ENVELOPE PROVIOEO. J

61
Series 1.

Series 2.

Series 3.

Series 4.

.%Wies 10.

Series 11.

Series 12.

Series 13.

Series 14.

Swies 20.

Series 21.

SWies 22.

For a list

VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATION SERIES

Formerly Public Health Service Publication No. 1000

Programs and collection procedures. — Reports which describe the general programs of the National

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions,

and other material necessary for under standing the data.

Data evaluation and methods research. — Studies of new statistical methodology including: experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical

tech~ques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical studies. —Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and committee reports. —Final reports of major committees concerned with v?al and

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised

birth and death certificates.

Data from the Health Inte~view Su?’vev. —Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disabili~, use

of hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data

collected in a continuing national household interview survey.

Data from the Health Examination Survey. —Data from direct examination, testing, md measurement of national samples of the civilian, noninstitutional population provide the basis for two types

of reports: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without

reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.

LMta porn the Institutional Popubtion Surveys — Statistics relating to the health characteristics of

per sons in institutions, and their medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on national

samples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients.

Data fvom the Hospital Discharge Survey. —Statistics relating to diaciit{rged patients in short-stay

hospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals.

Data on health vesou~ces: manpower and facilities. —Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health

occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Data on momkdity.— Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or

montnly reports—special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also

geographic and time series analyses.

Data on natality, mamiage, and divovce. —Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce

other than as included in regular annual or monthly reports +pecial analyses by demographic

variables, also geographic and time series analyses, stu~es of fertility.

Data from the National Natality and Movtality Suyveys. — Statistics on characteristics of births

and deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stemming from these

records, including such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, hospital experience in the

last year of life, medical care during pregnancy, health insurance coverage, etc.

of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Office of information

National Center for Health Statistics

Public Health Service, HSMHA

Rockville, Md. 20852