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United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 96-10357.

In the Matter of NATIONAL GYPSUM COMPANY, Debtor.

DONALDSON LUFKIN & JENRETTE SECURITIES CORPORATION, Appellant,

v.

NATIONAL GYPSUM COMPANY, Appellee.

Oct. 8, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern

District of Texas.

Before REAVLEY, BARKSDALE and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

REAVLEY, Circuit Judge:

Donaldson Lufkin and Jenrette Securities Corp. (DLJ), retained

by National Gypsum Company in its Chapter 11 bankruptcy

reorganization, appeals the district court's affirmance of the

bankruptcy court's fee order reducing the final DLJ fee from

$2,400,000 to $2,000,000. Because we read the bankruptcy court's

initial order to approve an agreed fee for DLJ, the court was

required to follow § 328 instead of § 330 of the Bankruptcy Code.

(11 U.S.C.) The fee order is reversed.

Background

National Gypsum Company as the debtor-in-possession recorded

its agreement with DLJ for professional services in a detailed

letter dated April 16, 1991. The agreed compensation to DLJ was to

be $125,000 per month. Application was made to the bankruptcy

court for approval of this retention agreement, and the court's

order of June 20, 1991 granted that approval "upon the terms and
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conditions of that certain engagement letter dated April 16, 1991."

The order ended with these words: "The Court retains the right to

consider and approve the reasonableness and amount of DLJ's fees on

both an interim and final basis."

Three subsequent orders were entered by the bankruptcy court

during the 23 months of the Chapter 11 reorganization, all

approving extension of the retention agreement under the terms and

conditions set forth in the original order of June 20, 1991. In

three applications for interim payments by DLJ, it set forth the

full $125,000 per month obligation. When the final application was

made on June 7, 1993, DLJ claimed, by virtue of the agreed monthly

fee, $2,825,000 beyond the amount of the previous interim payments.

National Gypsum Company raised objections to that amount, and all

parties then agreed to a balance owing DLJ of $2,400,000. However,

after a hearing, the bankruptcy court reduced the amount allowed to

$2,000,000 as its judgment of reasonable compensation in the light

of hourly compensation that had been allowed in similar bankruptcy

cases in the same district. The district court affirmed the

bankruptcy court's order on the ground that the latter did not

abuse its discretion in analyzing the reasonableness of the fees

under § 330. The district court ruled that § 328 was inapplicable

because the order of the bankruptcy court was conditioned upon

final approval by that court of the reasonableness of the

compensation.

Discussion

Prior to 1978 the most able professionals were often unwilling
 

1See In re Benassi, 72 B.R. 44, 47 (Bankr.D.Minn.1987) citing

H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong. 1st Sess. 330 (1977), reprinted in

1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 5963, 6286; In re Confections

by Sandra, 83 B.R. 729, 732 (9th Cir. BAP 1987); Lief M. Clark,

Paying the Piper: Rethinking Professional Compensation in

Bankruptcy, 1 Am. Bankr.Inst. L.Rev. 231, 232 (1993). 

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to work for bankruptcy estates where their compensation would be

subject to the uncertainties of what a judge thought the work was

worth after it had been done.1 That uncertainty continues under

the present § 330 of the Bankruptcy Code, which provides that the

court award to professional consultants "reasonable compensation"

based on relevant factors of time and comparable costs, etc. Under

present § 328 the professional may avoid that uncertainty by

obtaining court approval of compensation agreed to with the trustee

(or debtor or committee). Thereafter, that approved compensation

may be changed only for the following reason: "Notwithstanding

such terms and conditions, the court may allow compensation

different from the compensation provided under such terms and

conditions after the conclusion of such employment, if such terms

and conditions prove to have been improvident in light of

developments not capable of being anticipated at the time of the

fixing of such terms and conditions."

The court must therefore set the compensation award either

according to § 328 or § 330. If prior approval is given to a

certain compensation, § 328 controls and the court starts with that

approved compensation, modifying it only for developments

unforeseen when originally approved. If the most competent

professionals are to be available for complicated capital
 

2In re Reimers, 972 F.2d 1127 (9th Cir.1992)(holding that the

bankruptcy court erroneously applied the law by altering the terms

of payment without finding those terms to have been "improvident"

in light of unforeseeable developments); In re Dividend

Development Corp., 145 B.R. 651 (Bankr.C.D.Cal.1992)(section 328

anticipates that the court make a determination as to the

reasonableness of a fee arrangement at the beginning of a case);

3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 328.03 (15th ed.1996)("a court may not

revisit the prior determination as to the "reasonableness' of an

agreement previously approved unless and until it determines that

the terms and conditions proved to be "improvident' "). 

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restructuring and the development of successful corporate

reorganization, they must know what they will receive for their

expertise and commitment. Courts must protect those agreements and

expectations, once found to be acceptable.

Decision

In June of 1991 the bankruptcy court could have refused to

approve the compensation to which National Gypsum Company and DLJ

had agreed. The court could have approved the retention of DLJ

and, if DLJ would accede, left the award of compensation to be set

by the court according to § 330. The court did not do this. It

expressly approved the terms of the agreement. The reasonableness

of those terms, in the event of anticipated circumstances and

performance, was decided.2 By retaining "the right to consider and

approve the reasonableness and amount of DLJ's fees on both an

interim and final basis," the court merely recited its control of

the compensation in the event of subsequent and unanticipated

circumstances affecting the reasonableness of that agreed fee.

While we do not reach the question, we assume the award of the

bankruptcy court would have been within its discretion when the

agreed compensation was disregarded.
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We reverse the order and remand the case for an award

complying with § 328.

REVERSED and REMANDED.