110TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. CON. RES. 87 

CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 

Whereas on November 18, 1918, in the City of Riga, the 

members of the People’s Council proclaimed Latvia a 

free, democratic, and sovereign nation; 

Whereas on July 24, 1922, the United States formally recognized Latvia as an independent and sovereign nation; 

Whereas Latvia existed for 21 years as an independent and 

sovereign nation and a fully recognized member of the 

League of Nations; 

Whereas Latvia maintained friendly and stable relations with 

its neighbors, including the Soviet Union, during its independence, without any border disputes; 

Whereas Latvia concluded several peace treaties and protocols with the Soviet Union, including a peace treaty 

signed on August 11, 1920, under which the Soviet 

Union ‘‘unreservedly recognize[d] the independence and 

sovereignty of the Latvian State and forever renounce[d] 

all sovereign rights . . . over the Latvian people and territory’’; 

Whereas despite friendly and mutually productive relations 

between Latvia and the Soviet Union, on August 23, 

1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the 

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which contained a secret pro-
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tocol assigning Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania to the Soviet sphere of influence; 

Whereas under the cover of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, on 

June 17, 1940, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania were forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in violation of 

pre-existing peace treaties; 

Whereas the Soviet Union imposed upon the people of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania a communist political system 

that stifled civil dissent, free political expression, and 

basic human rights; 

Whereas the United States never recognized this illegal and 

forcible occupation, and successive United States presidents maintained continuous diplomatic relations with 

these countries throughout the Soviet occupation, never 

accepting them to be ‘‘Soviet Republics’’; 

Whereas during the 50 years of Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, Congress strongly, consistently, and on a bipartisan basis supported a United States policy of legal 

non-recognition; 

Whereas in 1953, the congressionally-established Kersten 

Commission investigated the incorporation of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union and determined that the Soviet Union had illegally and forcibly occupied and annexed the Baltic countries; 

Whereas in 1982, and for the next nine years until the Baltic 

countries regained their independence, Congress annually 

adopted a Baltic Freedom Day resolution denouncing the 

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and appealing for the freedom 

of the Baltic countries; 

Whereas in 1991, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania regained 

their de facto independence and were quickly recognized 
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•SCON 87 ES 

by the United States and by almost every other country 

in the world, including the Soviet Union; 

Whereas in 1998, the United States and the three Baltic nations signed the U.S.-Baltic Charter of Partnership, an 

expression of the importance of the Baltic Sea region to 

United States interests; 

Whereas the 109th Congress resolved (S. Con. Res. 35 and 

H. Res. 28) that ‘‘it is the sense of Congress that the 

Government of the Russian Federation should issue a 

clear and unambiguous statement of admission and condemnation of the illegal occupation and annexation by the 

Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 of the Baltic countries 

of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the consequences of 

which will be a significant increase in good will among 

the affected people’’; 

Whereas Latvia has successfully developed as a free and 

democratic country, ensured the rule of law, and developed a free market economy; 

Whereas the Government of Latvia has constantly pursued a 

course of integration of that country into the community 

of free and democratic nations, becoming a full and responsible member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; 

Whereas the people of Latvia cherish the principles of political freedom, human rights, and independence; and 

Whereas Latvia is a strong and loyal ally of the United 

States, and the people of Latvia share common values 

with the people of the United States: Now, therefore, be 

it 
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•SCON 87 ES 

1 Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives 

2 concurring), That Congress— 

3 (1) congratulates the people of Latvia on the 

4 occasion of the 90th anniversary of that country’s 

5 November 18, 1918, declaration of independence; 

6 (2) commends the Government of Latvia for its 

7 success in implementing political and economic re8 forms, for establishing political, religious and eco9 nomic freedom, and for its strong commitment to 

10 human and civil rights; 

11 (3) recognizes the common goals and shared 

12 values of the people of Estonia, Latvia, and Lith13 uania, the close and friendly relations and ties of the 

14 three Baltic countries with one other, and their trag15 ic history in the last century under the Nazi and So16 viet occupations; 

17 (4) calls on the President to issue a proclama18 tion congratulating the people of Latvia on the 90th 

19 anniversary of the declaration of Latvia’s independ20 ence on November 18, 1918; 

21 (5) respectfully requests the President to con22 gratulate the Government of Latvia for its commit23 ment to democracy, a free market economy, human 

24 rights, the rule of law, participation in a wide range 
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1 of international structures, and security cooperation 

2 with the United States Government; and 

3 (6) calls on the President and Secretary of 

4 State to urge the Government of the Russian Fed5 eration to acknowledge that the Soviet occupation of 

6 Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania under the Molotov7 Ribbentrop Pact and for the succeeding 51 years 

8 was illegal. 

Passed the Senate September 16, 2008. 

Attest: 

Secretary. 
110TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. CON. RES. 87 

CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 

Congratulating the Republic of Latvia on the 90th 

anniversary of its declaration of independence.