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The Conterminous United States Mineral 

Appraisal Program: Background Information 

to Accompany Folio of Geologic, 

Geochemical, Geophysical, and Mineral 

Resources Maps of the Tonopah 1 o by 2° 

Quadrangle, Nevada 

By DAVID A. JOHN, J. THOMAS NASH, DONALD PLOUFF, 

and DONALD H. WHITEBREAD 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1070 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names 

in this publication is for descriptive purposes only 

and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government 

Editor: jeffrey A. Troll 

Illustrator: Diane L. Mangan 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1991 

For sale by the 

Books and Open-File Reports Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

The Conterminous United States mineral appraisal program-background 

information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and 

mineral resources maps of the Tonopah 1 o by 2° quadrangle, Nevada I by 

David A. john ... [et al.]. 

p. em. - (U.S. Geological Survey circular ; 1 070) 

Includes bibliographical references. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.4/2: 1070 

1. Mines and mineral resources-Nevada. 2. Geology-Nevada. 

3. Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program. I. John, David 

A. II. Series. 

TN24.N3C66 1991 91-31180 

557.93-dc20 CIP 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Location and geography 1 

Previous work 3 

Present study 3 

Geologic map (MF-1877-A) 4 

Geochemical maps (MF-1877-B) 5 

Aeromagnetic map (MF-1877 -C) 5 

K-Ar isotopic dating map (MF-1877-1) 6 

Plutonic rocks map (MF-1877-J) 6 

Mineral resource assessment maps (OF-86-4 70) 7 

Selected bibliography 7 

FIGURE 

1. Map showing Tonopah I o by 2° quadrangle 2 

TABLE 

I. Contents of Tonopah 1 o by 2° CUSMAP folio 16 

Contents Ill 

The Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal 

Program: Background Information to Accompany Folio 

of Geologic, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Mineral 

Resources Maps of the Tonopah 1 o by 2° Quadrangle, 

Nevada 

By David· A. John, J. Thomas Nash, Donald Plouff, and Donald H. Whitebread 

ABSTRACT 

The Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle in south-central 

Nevada was studied by an interdisciplinary research team to 

appraise its mineral resources. The appraisal is based on 

geological, geochemical, and geophysical field and laboratory investigations, the results of which are published as a 

folio of maps, figures, and tables, with accompanying discussions. This circular provides background information on 

the investigations and integrates the information presented 

in the folio. The selected bibliography lists references to the 

geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral deposits of 

the Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle. 

INTRODUCTION 

This circular, as well as separately published maps 

and Open-File Reports, is part of a series of U.S. Geological Survey reports that present information about the 

mineral resource potential of the conterminous United 

States. These reports were compiled under the Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program 

(CUSMAP). CUSMAP is intended to provide mineral resource appraisal information to assist in the formulation 

of a long-range national minerals policy and to assist 

Federal, state, and local governments in their land-use 

planning. The products of CUSMAP also are intended to 

increase geological, geochemical, and geophysical 

knowledge of the conterminous United States. Consequently, CUSMAP provides a regional geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resource framework 

for mineral exploration and for more specific studies 

such as resource appraisals of U.S. Forest Service and 

U.S. Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study 

Areas. 

Manuscript approved for publication, July 25, 1991. 

Location and Geography 

The Tonopah 1 o by 2° quadrangle covers about 

19,300 km2 in south-central Nevada between latitudes 38° 

and 39° N. and longitudes 116° and 118° W. (fig. 1). The 

quadrangle is located in the Basin and Range physiographic province, an area of alternating north-northeasttrending mountain ranges and valleys formed by late 

Cenozoic faulting. The mountain ranges constitute about 

50 percent of the quadrangle. Elevations range from the 

11,949 ft summit of Mt Jefferson in the Toquima Range 

to about 4,500 ft on the floor of Columbus Salt Marsh 

near Coaldale. Internal drainage characterizes the Tonopah 

quadrangle; no perennial rivers flow through the quadrangle. Most drainage is parallel to length of the valleys 

and commonly ephemeral and partially subsurface. 

About 80 percent of the Tonopah quadrangle lies in 

Nye County; the southwest comer and the west-central 

edge of the quadrangle lie in Esmeralda and Mineral 

Counties, respectively (fig. 1). Tonopah, the county seat of 

Nye County, is the only sizeable city in the quadrangle 

with a 1990 population of about 4,300. Other small towns. 

include mining centers at Gabbs and Round Mountain and 

much smaller populations at Manhattan, lone, Coaldale, 

and Belmont. 

The Tonopah quadrangle is crossed by relatively 

few paved roads. Two major highways cross the quadrangle: U.S. Highway 6 runs east-west near the southern 

edge of the quadrnngle, and Nevada Highway 376 runs 

north-south through the center of the quadrnngle (fig. 1). 

Nevada Highway 361 crosses the northwestern comer of 

the quadrangle. Gravel roads traverse most valleys, and 

most ranges are crossed by dirt roads or jeep trails. 

Most of the mountain ranges in the western twothirds of the quadrangle (Paradise, Toiyabe, Toquima, and 

Monitor Ranges, and Shoshone Mountains) are part of 

Toiyabe National Forest, and the 1989 Nevada Wilderness 

Act established three wilderness areas in the quadrangleIntroduction 
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Figure 1. Index map showing major geographic and physiographic features in the Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle and locations of roads and major mines. 
Arc Dome, Alta Toquima, and Table Mountain. Much of 

the rest of the quadrangle is administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and parts of nine BLM wilderness study areas are located in its eastern part 

Previous Work 

Prior to the early 1900's only brief references were 

made to the geology of the Tonopah quadrangle. Most 

early geologic studies focussed on the major mining districts, especially the Tonopah, Manhattan, and Round 

Mountain districts, which were discovered in the early 

1900's. Important early studies of these districts include: 

Tonopah district-Spurr (1902, 1905, 1915), Locke 

(1912), Bastin and Laney (1918), and Nolan (1930, 1935); 

Manhattan district-Ferguson (1924); and Round Mountain district-Ferguson (1921) and Ferguson and Cathcart 

(1954). Other early summaries of mining districts in the 

Tonopah quadrangle include Knopf (1921a, b), Ferguson 

(1917, 1933), and Lincoln (1923). Production data for the 

late 1800's and frrst part of this century are summarized 

by Couch and Carpenter (1943). Kral (1951) summarized 

the mineral deposits in Nye County. 

The frrst detailed geologic studies of large parts of 

the quadrangle were made by H.G. Ferguson, S.W. Muller, 

and S.H. Cathcart in the 1920's to 1940's and led to publication of a series of maps and reports that described the 

geology of much of the west half of the quadrangle and 

the adjacent east half of the Walker Lake 1° by 2° quadrangle (Muller and Ferguson, 1936, 1939; Ferguson and 

Muller, 1949; Ferguson and others, 1953, 1954; Ferguson 

and Cathcart, 1954). 

County reports published by the Nevada Bureau of 

Mines and Geology for Mineral County (Ross, 1961), Esmeralda County (Albers and Stewart, 1972), and northern 

Nye County (Kleinhampl and Ziony, 1984, 1985) provide 

much of the geologic and mineral-deposit framework for 

the present study. Geologic maps in these reports were 

used to compile a preliminary geologic map of the quadrangle and to evaluate the need for new geologic mapping. 

During the 1960's and early 1970's much of the 

eastern part of the Tonopah quadrangle was mapped at a 

scale of 1:48,000 by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of 

a project supported by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to find a nuclear test site as an alternative to the 

Nevada Test Site. Geologic maps produced during this 

project include Dixon and others (1972), Ekren and others 

(1972, 1973a, b), Quinlivan and Rogers (1974), and 

Snyder and others (1972), and topical studies included 

Ekren and others (1974a, c, 1976). 

Results of many topical studies in the Tonopah 

quadrangle have been published during the past 35 years, 

and maps and reports from many of these studies are listed 

in the selected bibliography. Some of the more notable 

topical studies include studies by D.R. Shawe of the 

Round Mountain, Manhattan, and Belmont areas (Shawe, 

1977a, b, 1981a, b, 1988; Shawe and others, 1986), stratigraphic and structural studies of Mesozoic rocks in the Pilot Mountains (Oldow, 1981; Oldow and Bartel, 1987), 

stratigraphic studies in the Union district (Silberling, 

1959), Paleozoic stratigraphy in the Toquima Range (Kay 

and Crawford, 1964), studies of bedded barite in the Toquima Range (Shawe and others, 1967, 1969), studies of 

the Northumberland caldera (McKee, 1974), the Toquima 

caldera complex (Boden, 1986, 1989), and the Lunar Lake 

caldera (Ekren and others, 1974b), studies of the late Tertiary structure of Little Fish Lake Valley (Ekren and others, 

1974a), structural studies of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Toiyabe Range (Babaie, 1984, 1987), and regional structural 

studies (Oldow, 1984). 

Recent detailed studies of mineral deposits, prospects, 

and mining districts in the Tonopah quadrangle include the 

Round Mountain district (Fifarek and Gerike, 1991; Mills 

and others, 1988; Sander, 1988; Sander and Einaudi, 1990; 

Shawe, 1988; Shawe and others, 1986; Tingley and Berger, 

1985), Tonopah and Divide districts (Bonham and Garside, 

1974, 1979, 1982; Bonham and others, 1972; Silberman 

and others, 1979), Hall (Nevada Moly) deposit (Shaver, 1984, 

1986, 1991; Shaver and McWilliams, 1987), Hasbrouck 

Mountain prospect (Graney, 1987), Royston prospect 

(Seedorff, 1981, 1991), Northumberland mine (Ott, 1983), 

Gunmetal mine (Grabber, 1984), and the Paradise Peak de-. 

posit (Thomason, 1986; Dobak, 1988; John and others, 1989, 

1991). 

Present Study 

The maps and interpretations included in the 

CUSMAP folio of the Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle are 

the product of numerous multidisciplinary studies, mostly 

conducted during 1982-1986. The Tonopah project commenced in October 1981 as a cooperative project of the 

U.S. Geological Survey CUSMAP program and the 

Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Initial work consisted of an office compilation of 1:250,000-scale geologic 

and geophysical maps of the Tonopah quadrangle. Fieldwork commenced during the spring of 1982 and continued 

through 1985. In addition to geologic mapping, field studies included geophysical, geochemical, and remote-sensing 

studies and investigations of mines and prospects. Associated topical studies included investigations of plutonic 

rocks, isotopic dating of igneous and hydrothermal rocks 

and minerals, regional structural analysis, and detailed 

study of several mining districts. 

The Tonopah CUSMAP project was integrated with 

studies of proposed wilderness areas in the Toiyabe, Hot 

Introduction 3 
Creek, Antelope, Park, Pancake, and Reveille Ranges 

(Brem and others, 1991; John and others, 1987; Hardyman 

and others, 1987; Brooks and others, 1987; Diggles and 

others, 1986a, b). The project was also integrated with 

studies by D.R. Shawe in the Round Mountain-ManhattanBelmont area. 

The results of the Tonopah 1 o by 2° quadrangle 

CUSMAP project are presented in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps and 

Open-File Reports listed in table 1. Other maps and reports related to the project are indicated by asterisks in the 

selected bibliography at the end of this report. A symposium presenting results of the Tonopah CUSMAP program 

was held on September 26, 1986, in Reno, and abstracts of 

talks from this meeting are given in Whitebread (1986b). 

GEOLOGIC MAP (MF-1877-A) 

The geologic map of the Tonopah quadrangle is 

based on new mapping of about 30 percent of the quadrangle at scales of 1:62,500 or larger and compilation of 

existing maps for the rest of the quadrangle. Areas selected for geologic mapping were chosen after an assessment 

of existing geologic maps and consideration of mineral resource potential. Most of the new geologic mapping was 

performed in the western two-thirds of the quadrangle and 

included parts of the Paradise, Monte Cristo, Toiyabe, Toquima, and Monitor Ranges, the Cedar and Shoshone 

Mountains, and the Royston Hills. 

The geology of the Tonopah quadrangle is complex 

and varied. Although pre-Tertiary rocks are present in 

nearly every range and range in age from latest Precambrian to Late Cretaceous, about 85 percent of the exposed 

rocks are composed of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic 

and sedimentary rocks. About 50 percent of the quadrangle 

is covered by late Cenozoic surficial deposits. 

Pre-Tertiary stratified rocks represent a variety of 

continental-margin, ocean-floor, and island-arc depositional environments that record a complex history of tectonostratigraphic terrane accretion onto the North 

American craton during Paleozoic and Mesozoic time 

(Silberling, 1984, 1986). Latest Precambrian and early 

Paleozoic rocks are primarily distributed in the eastern 

two-thirds and the southwestern comer of the quadrangle. 

These rocks consist of autochthonous uppermost Precambrian and lower Paleozoic shelfal carbonate rocks and 

orthoquartzites and upper Paleozoic clastic-wedge deposits 

and shallow marine carbonate rocks formed in the margin 

of North America; deformed, allochthonous(?), lower 

Paleozoic continental-slope deposits of the Roberts terrane; 

and deformed, allochthonous, upper Paleozoic deep-marine 

pelagic and turbiditic sedimentary rocks of the Golconda 

terrane. These packages of rocks were juxtaposed during 

the Antler and Sonoma orogenies in Late Devonian to 

Early Mississippian and Late Permian to Early Triassic 

time, respectively. Most of these rocks crop out east or 

south of the initial 87SrJ86

Sr isopleth =0.706 (Kistler, 1991) 

and are inferred to overlie the North American craton. 

In the northwestern part of the quadrangle, islandarc-related Triassic and Lower Jurassic strata and related 

upper Paleozoic andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks 

of the Walker Lake terrane are exposed. Rocks of the 

Walker Lake terrane show no clear sediment-provenance 

relation to the North American craton until latest Triassic 

time. These rocks lie north and west of the initial 87Srt'6

Sr 

isopleth =0. 706 and are inferred to lie west of the edge of 

the North American craton. Rocks of the Walker Lake terrane show evidence for two prominent deformations during Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous time (Oldow, 1981, 1984; 

Silberling, 1984, 1986; Silberling and John, 1989). 

Plutonic rocks, ranging in age from Late Triassic to 

middle Tertiary, only cover about 2 percent of the quadrangle but are widely distributed across its western twothirds. Small bodies of mafic granodiorite and quartz 

monzodiorite of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age (approximately 221 to 198 Ma) are the oldest plutons exposed 

and crop out in the southwestern part of the quadrangle 

near the inferred edge of the North American craton. Late 

Cretaceous age, weakly peraluminous, coarsely porphyritic 

biotite granites form the largest plutons and are exposed 

extensively in the central part of the quadrangle. Small 

stocks of granite porphyry of Late Cretaceous age formed 

several low-fluorine porphyry molybdenum systems including the Hall (Nevada Moly) deposit in the San Antonio Mountains. Numerous tungsten skarn deposits are 

associated with small Late Cretaceous metaluminous granite or granodiorite plutons, mostly located in the western 

half of the quadrangle. 

Middle to late Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary 

rocks form about 85 percent of the exposed rocks in the 

quadrangle. Tertiary rocks are divided into four age 

groups, 40 to 33 Ma, 33 to 24 Ma, 24 to 21 Ma, and 21 to 

1.65 Ma, and the geologic map is divided into four areas 

that have different volcanic stratigraphies. The map shows 

the distributions of 21 regionally widespread, discrete, ashflow tuff units in addition to undivided ash-flow tuffs of 

the four age groups. 

The oldest Tertiary rocks, which primarily consist 

of continental sedimentary rocks and intermediate lava 

flows, are mostly limited to the eastern part of the quadrangle. Beginning about 33 Ma and continuing to about 

21 Ma, eruptions of Tertiary rocks were dominantly 

composed of silicic ash-flow tuffs erupted from numerous sources both within and outside of the Tonopah 

quadrangle. About 17 calderas that formed during eruptions of these units have been identified in the eastern 

two-thirds of the quadrangle. Beginning about 21 Ma 

4 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1 o by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
and continuing through the end of Tertiary time, volcanism changed and became dominantly represented by intermediate to mafic lava flows and volumetrically minor 

silicic intrusive rocks and lava flows. These rocks are 

extensively exposed in the western part of the quadrangle but are virtually absent east of the Toiyabe Range 

and San Antonio Mountains. Also, beginning about 15 

Ma, thick sections of continental sedimentary rocks were 

deposited in shallow basins formed by crustal extension 

across large parts of the western half of the quadrangle. 

Late Tertiary to Quaternary basalts are the youngest 

rocks and are exposed in the southeastern part of the quadrangle. Latest Tertiary and Quaternary surficial deposits 

fill late Cenozoic basins and cover about 50 percent of the 

quadrangle. 

GEOCHEMICAL MAPS (MF-1877-B) 

Regional geochemistry of the Tonopah quadrangle is 

described in 21 maps based on analyses of stream sediments (Nash and Siems, 1988). Geochemical results are 

plotted on a simplified geologic map base at a scale of 

1:500,000. Two sample media were used to characterize 

regional geochemical trends: the --60 mesh (<0.25 mm) 

fraction of I,2I7 stream-sediment samples and the nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate fraction produced by 

panning and further laboratory separations of I, 18I 

stream-sediment samples. All samples were analyzed for 

31 elements (Ag, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, 

Cu, Fe, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Th, 

Ti, V, W, Y, Zn, and Zr) by a six-step semiquantitative 

emission-spectrographic method (Grimes and Marranzino, 

I968). The stream sediments were also analyzed using a 

wet chemical procedure (Viets, 1978) for As, Bi, Cd, Sb, 

and Zn, which have high limits of determination by the 

emission spectrographic method. Details of the analytical 

methods and analytical results for the stream-sediment and 

heavy-mineral-concentrate samples can be found in reports 

by Fairfield and others (I985), Hill and others (I986), and 

Siems and others (I986). 

Nine geochemical maps were prepared from the results for stream-sediment samples for use in mineral exploration and resource assessment. Six of the maps are for 

single elements (Ag, As, Cu, Mo, Pb, and Sb), and three 

are multielement maps based on scores in factor analysis 

of the stream-sediment data. One of the multi-element 

maps shows the distribution of samples having high scores 

for an ore suite (Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Sb) that resembles the assemblage in silver-rich polymetallic base-metal ores such 

as found at Belmont. The other two multi-element maps 

show the distribution of samples having high scores in 

groups of elements that may be related to hydrothermal 

alteration rather than ore as such. 

Information from geochemical analyses of heavymineral-concentrate samples is presented in 12 maps, 

nine of which are for single elements (Ag, Ba, Bi, Cu, 

Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, and W). Experience with geochemical 

analyses of heavy-mineral concentrates in the Tonopah 

quadrangle and elsewhere in the western United States 

indicates that this medium emphasizes contributions 

from ore-associated minerals and alteration. A multielement map based on factor analysis sample scores for 

the suite W-Bi-Mo-Pb-Cu-Ag was useful for outlining 

the locations of samples characteristic of skarn-type mineralized rocks. Another plot shows the distribution of 

factor scores for the suite Sb-Zn-Ag-Pb-Mo, which appears to be characteristic of epithermal ores and altered 

rocks. A third multi-element map shows the distribution 

of sample scores for the suite Ni-Co-Fe-Cu (and, to a 

lesser extent, Mo-Pb-Zn), which appears to reflect the 

abundance of sulfidic alteration assemblages. 

The geochemistry of gold is not described in these 

maps because experience by U.S. Geological Survey geochemists over the past 20 years has shown that sampling 

problems in the field and laboratory, due largely to the 

well known "nugget effect," produce many false, 

nonreproducible anomalies unless special methods are 

used. For this regional study, these methods were deemed 

too costly, and instead we recommend an indirect approach utilizing pathfinder elements for gold deposits such 

as As and Sb. 

The geochemical maps are intended to be mostly descriptive to avoid possible bias introduced during interpretation. Interpretative maps and discussion are available in a 

companion report (Nash, I988) which utilizes the same regional stream-sediment database but relates it more specifically to geochemistry of altered and mineralized rock 

samples, local geology, and known mines and prospects. 

AEROMAGNETIC MAP (MF-1887-C) 

The aeromagnetic map was compiled as a mosaic of 

aeromagnetic maps from I1 aeromagnetic surveys that 

were corrected for the effect of the Earth's normal regional 

magnetic field and approximately adjusted to the magnetic 

datum of the adjacent Walker Lake quadrangle (Plouff, 

I987). One survey was part of a regional study (U.S. Geological Survey, I97I); six surveys were associated with activities of the U.S. Atomic Energy and Nuclear Regulatory 

Commissions (U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, I979a, b, c, 

d, and unpublished data, I974); one survey was associated 

with a wilderness area study (U.S. Geological Survey, 

I985b ); and three surveys were contracted for the Tonopah 

CUSMAP (U.S. Geological Survey, I984a, 1984b, I985a). 

Locations of the three CUSMAP surveys were selected for 

the following purposes: (I) to map the northern part of the 

Aeromagnetic Map (MF-1887 -C) 5 
Mt. Jefferson caldera, which was included in parts of three 

disparate surveys, and to map the Darrough Hot Springs 

geothermal area at 1 ,600 m closer to the ground than the 

existing survey, (2) to map an area that straddles three surveys and includes areas of low background magnetization 

and reversed magnetization near Thunder Mountain, and 

(3) to map a broad area of low magnetization near the 

southern edge of Cedar Mountain, where the effects of 

rock alteration might be discerned, and to obtain coverage 

with greater resolution near the Monte Cristo Range. 

Prominent magnetic anomalies generally are not 

associated with exposed pre-Cenozoic sedimentary and 

volcanic rocks in the Tonopah quadrangle primarily because the magnetizations of these rocks are presumed to 

be low. Secondarily, amplitudes of anom'alies are low if 

the exposures are not topographic highs. Prominent magnetic highs with lateral dimensions as much as 10 km 

are present over outcrops of Mesozoic plutons and inferred locations of concealed plutons, especially in the 

western part of the quadrangle (Grauch and others, 

1988). Magnetizations of the plutonic rocks probably are 

moderate but variable. Most Tertiary volcanic rocks have 

high magnetizations, as indicated by strong correlations 

of magnetic anomalies with topography and the occurrence of negative anomalies over volcanic rocks that 

crystallized during a time of reversed magnetic field. 

Comparison between the original aeromagnetic maps, 

from which this compilation was derived, and detailed 

geologic maps is needed to evaluate sources of local 

magnetic anomalies, especially for subtle sources such as 

areas of hydrothermal alteration. Previous interpretations 

of aeromagnetic maps in the Tonopah quadrangle were 

made by Davis and others (1971, 1979) in the San Antonio Mountains and the Paradise Range, respectively. 

K-AR ISOTOPIC DATING MAP (MF-1877-1) 

The K-Ar isotopic dating map shows the locations 

of 65 samples from the Tonopah quadrangle that were 

dated as part of this project by E.H. McKee using the 

K-Ar method. An accompanying table provides sample locations and descriptions and analytical data. The samples 

are scattered throughout the quadrangle, although many 

samples are concentrated in the Paradise Range, Royston 

Hills-south Cedar Mountain area, Toiyabe Range, and Toquima Range. Most of the new K-Ar age determinations 

are for Tertiary volcanic and hypabyssal intrusive rocks; a 

few samples of hydrothermal-alteration products are also 

dated. 

Newly determined ages of igneous rocks range from 

about 34 to 7 Ma and are generally compatible with previously published ages (for example, Kleinhampl and Ziony, 

1985). Many of these age determinations are used on the 

geologic map (Whitebread and John, 1991) to help separate the Tertiary volcanic rocks into the four major age 

groups. 

Ages of hydrothermal alteration are reported for the 

Round Mountain, Paradise Peak, and Golden King mines. 

Alunite ages from the Round Mountain area (10.2-9.5 Ma) 

probably represent the age of supergene oxidation, 

whereas alunite from the Paradise Peak mine (18.0 Ma) 

and adularia from the Golden King mine (20.9 Ma) probably approximate the ages of precious-metal mineralization 

in these deposits. 

PLUTONIC ROCKS MAP (MF-1877-J) 

The map of plutonic rocks shows the distribution of 

58 individually mapped granitoid plutons in the Tonopah 

quadrangle that collectively crop out over about 375 km2

• 

An accompanying table includes summaries of textural 

and compositional features, age, and associated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization for each pluton. 

Plutonic rocks in the Tonopah quadrangle are divided into seven broad groups on the basis of age, composition, and textural characteristics: (1) Late Triassic to 

Early Jurassic porphyritic granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite, (2) Late Cretaceous equigranular granodiorite and 

granite, (3) Late Cretaceous coarse-grained biotite granite, 

(4) Late Cretaceous granite porphyry, (5) Late Cretaceous 

granodiorite porphyry, (6) Tertiary granitoids, and (7) 

mafic plutonic rocks of unknown age. The Tertiary stocks 

and mafic plutonic rocks only form small exposures relative to the other groups of plutonic rocks. 

The oldest plutons are exposed as small, isolated 

bodies in an east-trending band across the southwestern 

part of the quadrangle from the Monte Cristo Range east 

to the vicinity of Tonopah. These rocks are coarsely porphyritic, hornblende-rich granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite that have K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic ages ranging 

from about 221 to 198 Ma. Small base-metal deposits of 

several types are associated with these plutons. 

Four groups of Late Cretaceous or inferred Late 

Cretaceous granitoids are separated on the basis of differing textures, compositions, and associated mineralization. 

Coarse-grained, locally coarsely porphyritic, weakly peraluminous biotite granites form the largest plutons and are 

exposed in the Toquima, Toiyabe and Paradise Ranges, at 

Lone Mountain, and in the Lodi Hills. Potassium feldspar 

megacrysts as much as 8 em long are common in these 

plutons. The margins of these plutons commonly have 

northwest-trending cataclastic foliations, possibly indicating a Late Cretaceous deformational event. Although tungsten skarns are locally present around them, these plutons 

have relatively little associated mineralization. Small 

stocks of Late Cretaceous granite porphyry crop out in 

6 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1 ° by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
several localities, notably in the northern San Antonio 

Mountains and at Rock Hill, and commonly are associated 

with low-fluorine porphyry molybdenum mineralization or 

alteration. The Hall (Nevada Moly) deposit in the San Antonio Mountains is the largest known metallic mineral deposit genetically related to granitic plutonism in the 

Tonopah quadrangle. Small bodies of granodiorite porphyry are scattered across the western half of the quadrangle, 

and tungsten, copper, and iron skarn deposits in adjacent 

carbonate wall rocks are commonly associated with these 

intrusions. Equigranular granodiorites also form small 

scattered plutons across the west half of the quadrangle but 

have little associated mineralization. 

MINERAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (OPENFILE REPORT 86-470) 

The mineral resource assessment of the Tonopah 

quadrangle is presented in preliminary form as two 

1:250,000-scale maps and an accompanying report. The 

assessment consists of descriptive models for 15 metallic 

mineral-deposit types, grade-tonnage models for 14 deposit types, tabulation by deposit type of known mineral 

occurrences, locations of tracts permissive for the occurrence of undiscovered metallic mineral deposits, and estimates of the numbers of undiscovered deposits for five of 

the deposit types. Metallic mineral deposits are divided 

into two groups on the maps and in the accompanying 

descriptions of permissive tracts: ( 1) epithermal, hot -spring, 

and sediment-hosted gold-silver deposits and simple antimony deposits, and (2) pluton-related deposits. Tracts permissive for undiscovered deposits are delineated for (1) 

the major deposit types known to be present in the Tonopah 

quadrangle, including gold-bearing deposits (epithermal 

gold-silver veins, hot-spring gold, and sediment-hosted 

disseminated gold-silver); low-fluorine porphyry molybdenum; copper, tungsten, and iron skarns; polymetallic 

replacement, polymetallic vein; and simple antimony deposits, and (2) two types of deposits not known to be 

present in the quadrangle (porphyry copper and zinc-lead 

skarns). The accompanying text describes the methodology used to assess the mineral resource potential of the 

Tonopah quadrangle, describes known mineral deposits 

and occurrences in the quadrangle, and summarizes geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence 

data for each of the permissive tracts outlined on the maps. 

Probabilistic, quantitative estimates of the numbers of undiscovered deposits within 1 km of the Earth's surface are 

given for sediment-hosted gold-silver, polymetallic replacement, polymetallic vein, epithermal gold-silver vein, and 

hot-spring gold deposits. 

The mineral resource assessment of the Tonopah 

quadrangle generally follows the methodology developed 

for the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program 

(AMRAP) (Singer, 1975; Singer and Ovenshine, 1979) 

and used in several other CUSMAP quadrangle studies 

(for example, Medford, Oregon, Singer and others, 1983; 

and Ajo and Lukeville, Arizona, Peterson and others, 

1983). Resulting in probabilistic, quantitative estimates of 

the numbers of undiscovered deposits in the area, the 

methodology involves three stages: (1) development or adaptation of descriptive and grade-tonnage models of deposit types that are present or are likely to be present in 

the study area, (2) delineation of areas (tracts) that are permissive for the occurrence of each deposit type, and (3) 

estimates by a team of experts of the numbers of deposits 

likely to be present within the permissive tracts. The team 

of experts for the Tonopah quadrangle estimated that there 

is a 90 percent probability that one or more undiscovered 

sediment-hosted gold-silver, polymetallic vein, and epithermal gold-silver vein deposits are in the quadrangle and 

that there is a 50 percent probability that there are one or 

more undiscovered polymetallic replacement and hotspring gold deposits in the quadrangle. 

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

[*,Publications resulting from the Tonopah CUSMAP project] 

Albers, J.P., and Kleinharnpl, F.J., 1970, Spatial relation of mineral deposits to Tertiary volcanic centers in Nevada, in Geological Survey research 1970: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 700-C, p. C1-Cl0. 

Albers, J.P., and Stewart, J.H., 1972, Geology and mineral deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines 

and Geology Bulletin 78, 70 p. 

Babaie, H.A., 1984, Structural and tectonic history of the Golconda 

allochthon, southern Toiyabe Range, Nevada: Evanston, lll., 

Northwestern University, Ph.D. dissertation, 236 p. 

--1987, Paleogeographic and tectonic implications of the 

Golconda allochthon, southern Toiyabe Range, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 231-243. 

Bastin, E.S., and Laney, F.B., 1918, The genesis of the ores at 

Tonopah, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

104,50 p. 

Boden, D.R., 1986, Eruptive history and structural development 

of the Toquima caldera complex, central Nevada: Geological 

Society of Artlerica Bulletin, v. 97, p. 61-74. 

--1989, Evidence for step-function zoning of magma and 

eruptive dynamics, Toquima caldera complex, Nevada: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 37, p. 39-

57. 

Bonham, H.F., Jr., and Garside, L.J., 1974, Tonopah mining district and vicinity, in Guidebook to the geology of four Tertiary volcanic centers in central Nevada: Nevada Bureau of 

Mines and Geology Report 19, p. 42-48. 

--1979, Geology of the Tonopah, Lone Mountain, Klondike, 

and northern Mud Lake quadrangles, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 92, 148 p. 

Selected Bibliography 7 
---1982, Geochemical reconnaissance of the Tonopah. Lone 

Mountain, Klondike, and northern Mud Lake quadrangles, 

Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 96, 

68 p. 

Bonham, H.F., Jr., Garside, L.J., and Silberman, M.L., 1972, KAr ages of ore deposition at Tonopah, Nevada: lsochron/ 

West, no. 4, p. 5-6. 

*Brem, G.F., John, D.A., Nash, J.T., Poole, F.G., and Snyder, 

D.B., (in press), Mineral resources of the Arc Dome Wilderness Recommendation Area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1961. 

*Brem, G.F., Purdy, T.L., and Snyder, D.B., 1985, Oligocene 

and Miocene volcanic-tectonic history of the southern Toiyabe and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada [abs.]: Geological 

Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 6, 

p.343. 

*Brem, G.F., and Snyder, D.B., 1983, Lithologic and gravity 

characteristics of the southern Peavine volcanic center, Toiyabe Range, Nevada [abs.]: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v. 15, no. 5, p. 280. 

Brooks, W.E., Tucker, R.E., Goodhue, Christopher, Day, G.W., 

Plouff, Donald, Duval, J.S., Johnson, F.L., and Benjamin, 

D.A., 1987, Mineral resources of the Park Range Wilderness Study Area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1731-F, 9 p. 

Burgess, J.A., 1909, The geology of the producing part of the. 

Tonopah mining district: Economic Geology, v. 4, p. 681-

712. 

Callaghan, Eugene, 1933, Brucite deposit, Paradise Range, 

Nevada--a preliminary report: University of Nevada Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, 34 p. 

Cook, H.E., III, 1966, Geology of the southern part of the Hot 

Creek Range, Nevada: Berkeley, University of California, 

Ph.D. dissertation, 116 p. 

---1968, Ignimbrite flows, plugs, and dikes in the southern 

part of the Hot Creek Range, Nye County, Nevada: Geological Society of America Memoir 116, p. 107-152. 

Couch, B.F., and Carpenter, J.A., 1943, Nevada's metal and 

mineral production (1859-1940): University of Nevada Bulletin, v. 37, no. 4, 159 p. 

Davis, W.E., Kleinhampl, F.J., and Ziony, J.E., 1971, Aeromagnetic and generalized geologic map of the San Antonio 

Mountains, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical 

Investigations Map GP-744, scale 1:125,000. 

---1979, Aeromagnetic and generalized geologic map of the 

Paradise Range area, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-926, scale 1:125,000. 

Diggles, M.P., Nash, J.T., Ponce, D.A., Plouff, Donald, and 

Kness, R.F., 1986a, Mineral resources of the Palisade Mesa 

and The Wall Wilderness Study Areas, Nye County, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1731-B, 12 p. 

Diggles, M.P., Saunders, J.A., Ponce, D.A., Rochette, E.A., and 

Neubert, J.T., 1986b, Mineral resources of the South Reveille Wilderness Study Area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1731-C, 11 p. 

Dixon, G.L., Hedlund, D.C., and Ekren, E.B., 1972, Geologic 

map of the Pritchards Station quadrangle, Nye County, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-728, scale 1:48,000. 

Dobak, P.J., 1988, Geology and Paragenesis of the Paradise Peak 

gold/silver deposit: Fort Collins, Colorado State University, 

M.S. thesis, 141 p. 

*Dohrenwend, J.C., Abrahams, A.D., and Turrin, B.D., 1987, 

Drainage development on basaltic lava flows, Cima volcanic field, southeast California: and Lunar Crater volcanic 

field, south-central Nevada: Geological Society of America 

Bulletin, v. 99, p. 405-413. 

*Dohrenwend, J.C., Turrin, B.D., and Diggles, M.P., 1985, Topographic distribution of dated basaltic lava flows in the Reveille Range, Nye County, Nevada; implications for late 

Cenozoic erosion of upland areas in the Great Basin [abs.]: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 

v. 17,no.6,p.352. 

Douchette, John, 1981, The geology of the Copper Chief prospect, Mineral County, Nevada: Corvallis, Oregon State University, M.S. thesis, 173 p. 

*Dwyer, J.L., and Nash, J.T., 1987, Spatial analysis of geochemical and geologic information from the Tonopah, 

Nevada, CUSMAP project [abs.], in Abstracts of Papers 

presented at the Geographic Information Systems Symposium, June 2-4, 1987, Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 87-314, p. 9-10. 

*---1991, Spatial analysis of geochemical and geologic information from the Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada: 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1878, 21 p. 

Ekren, E.B., Bath, G.D., Dixon, G.L., Healey, D.L., and 

Quinlivan, W.D., 1974a, Tertiary history of Little Fish Lake 

Valley, Nye County, Nevada, and implications as to the 

origin of the Great Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Journal 

of Research, v. 2, p. 105-118. 

Ekren, E.B., Buckham, R.C., Carr, W.J., Dixon, G.L., and 

Quinlivan, W.D., 1976, East-trending. structural lineaments 

in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

986, 16 p. 

Ekren, E.B., Hinrichs, E.N., and Dixon, G.L., 1972, Geologic 

map of The Wall quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations 

Map 1-719, scale 1:48,000. 

Ekren, E.B., Hinrichs, E.N., Quinlivan, W.D., and Hoover, D.L., 

1973a, Geologic map of the Moores Station quadrangle, Nye 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map 1-756, scale 1:48,000. 

Ekren, E.B., Quinlivan, W.D., and Marvin, R.F., 1974b, PreBasin and Range strike-slip faulting in the Reveille and Hot 

Creek Ranges, central Nevada [abs.]: Geological Society of 

America Abstracts with Programs, v. 6, no. 3, p. 172. 

Ekren, E.B., Quinlivan, W.D., Snyder, R.P., and Kleinhampl, 

F.J., 1974c, Stratigraphy, structure, and geologic history of 

the Lunar Lake caldera of northern Nye County, Nevada: 

U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, p. 599-

608. 

Ekren, E.B., Rogers, C.L., and Dixon, G.L., 1973b, Geologic 

and Bouguer gravity map of the Reveille quadrangle, Nye 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map 1-806, scale 1:48,000. 

Ervine, W.B., 1972, The geology and mineral zoning of the 

Spanish Belt mining district, Nye County, Nevada: Stanford, 

Calif., Stanford University, Ph.D. dissertation, 258 p. 

8 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1 o by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
Erwin, J.W., 1968, Gravity map of the Tonopah, Baxter Spring, 

Lone Mountain, and San Antonio Ranch quadrangles, 

Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 36, 

scale 1:125,000. 

*Fairfield, R.I., Jr., Siems, D.P., Zuker, J.S., Hill, R.H., Nash, 

J.T., and Budge, Suzanne, 1985, Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment samples from the Tonopah 

1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 85-376, 85 p. 

Ferguson, H.G., 1917, The Golden Arrow, Clifford, and Ellendale 

districts, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 64~F. p. 113-123. 

--1921, The Round Mountain district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 725-1, p. 383-406. 

---1924, Geology and ore deposits of the Manhattan district, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 723, 163 p. 

---1933, Geology of the Tybo district, Nevada: University of 

Nevada Bulletin, v. 27, no. 3, 61 p. 

Ferguson, H.G., and Cathcart, S.H., 1954, Geologic map of the 

Round Mountain quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-40, scale 1:125,000. 

Ferguson, H.G., and Muller, S.W., 1949, Structural geology of 

the Hawthorne and Tonopah quadrangles, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 216, 55 p. 

Ferguson, H.G., Muller, S.W., and Cathcart, S.H., 1953, Geological map of the Coaldale quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological 

Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-23, scale 1:125,000. 

---1954, Geologic map of Mina quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-45, scale 

1:125,000. 

Fifarek, R.H., and Gerike, GN., 1991, Oxidation of hydrothermal sulfides at Round Mountain, Nevada-Origin and relation to gold mineralization, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., 

Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Symposium on 

the geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin, symposium 

proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. 

Geological Survey, p. 1111-1122. 

Gardner, J.N., Eddy, A.C., Goff, F.E., and Grafft, K.S., 1980, 

Reconnaissance geologic maps of the northern Kawich and 

southern Reveille Ranges, Nye County, Nevada: Los Alamos, 

N.Mex., University of California Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Map LA-8390-Map. 

Geodata International, Inc., 1979, Aerial radiometric and magnetic survey, Tonopah National Topographic Map, Nevada: U.S. 

Department of Energy Open-File Report GIBX-104 (79), v. 2, 

79 sheets. 

Gianella, V.P., and Callaghan, Eugene, 1934, The earthquake of 

December 20, 1932, at Cedar Mountain, Nevada, and its bearing on the genesis of Basin Range structure: Journal of Geology,v.42,p. 1-22. 

Grabher, D.E., 1984, Union Carbide's Pilot Mountain project, 

geologic setting and field trip guide, in Johnson, J.L., ed., 

Exploration for ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Association of Exploration Geochemists, p. -FT5-FT24. 

Graney, J.R., 1987, Hasbrouck Mountain, Nevada, precious metal 

mineralization in a fossil hot springs environment: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, Bulk mineable precious-metal deposits of the western United States symposium, guidebook 

for field trips, p. 12~125. 

Grauch, J.S., Blakely, R.I., Blank, H.R., Jr., Oliver, H.W., Plouff, 

Donald, and Ponce, D.A., 1988, Geophysical delineation of 

granitic plutons in Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 88-11, 7 p., 2 sheets. 

Grimes, D.J., and Marranzino, A.P., 1968, Direct-current arc and 

alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 591, 6 p. 

Hambrick, D.A., 1984, Geochemistry and structure of Tertiary 

volcanic rocks in the southern Monte Cristo Range, Nevada: 

Tucson, University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 140 p. 

*Hardyman, R.F., and Oldow, J.S., 1991, Tectonic framework of 

the central Walker Lane region; Yerington to Tonopah, 

Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and 

Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Symposium on the geology and ore 

deposits of the Great Basin, symposium proceedings: Reno, 

Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological Survey, 

p. 279-302. 

*Hardyman, R.F., Poole, F.G., Kleinhampl, F.J., Turner, R.L., 

Plouff, Donald, Duval, J.S., Johnson, F.L., and Benjamin, 

D.A., 1987, Mineral resources of the Antelope Wilderness 

Study Area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1731-E, 19 p. 

Healey, D.L., Snyder, D.B., and Wahl, R.R., 1981, Bouguer gravity map of Nevada: Tonopah sheet: Nevada Bureau of Mines 

and Geology Map 73, scale 1:250,000. 

*Hill, R.H., Siems, D.P., and Nash, J.T., 1986, Analytical results 

and sample locality map for minus-60 mesh ( <0.25 mrn) 

stream-sediment samples from the eastern part of the Tonopah 

1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 86-445, 24 p. 

Humphrey, F.L., and Wyatt, Michael, 1958, Scheelite in 

feldspathized granodiorite at the Victory mine, Gabbs, Nevada: 

Economic Geology, v. 53, p. 38-64. 

*John, D.A., 1987a, Map showing the distribution and characteristics of plutonic rocks in the Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle, 

central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1877-J, scale 1:250,000. 

*---1987b, Geologic map of parts of the Morey and Fandango Wilderness Study areas, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF1847, scale 1:62,500. 

*---1988, Geologic map of Oligocene and Miocene volcanic 

rocks in the Paradise Peak and western part of the lone quadrangles, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2025, scale 1:24,000, 2 

sheets. 

*-(in press), Stratigraphy, regional distribution, and reconnaissance geochemistry of Oligocene and Miocene volcanic 

rocks in the Paradise Range and northern Pactolus Hills, Nye 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1974. 

*John, D.A., and Hudson, M.R., 1990, Paleomagnetic evidence 

for the geometry and chronology of Tertiary tectonic rotations, Paradise Range, western Nevada [abs.]: Eos, v. 71, 

p. 1295. 

*John, D.A., and Kelleher, P.L., 1987, Bedrock geologic map of 

the Goldyke quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1847, scale 

1:24,000. 

Selected Bibliography 9 
*John, D.A., and McKee, E.H., 1987, K-Ar ages of granitic plutonism and hydrothermal alteration in the western part of the 

Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle, Nevada: Isochron/W est, no. 48, 

p. 16--18. 

*John, D.A., Nash, J.T., Clark, C.W., and Wulftange, W.H., 

1990, Geology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization 

at the Paradise Peak gold-silver-mercury deposit, Nye 

County, Nevada [abs.]: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada 

and U.S. Geological Survey, Symposium on geology and 

ore deposits of the Great Basin, Abstracts with Programs, 

p. 81-82. 

*---1991, Geology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization at the Paradise Peak gold-silver-mercury deposit, Nye 

County, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., 

and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Symposium on the geology and 

ore deposits of the Great Basin, symposium proceedings: 

Reno, Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological 

Survey,p. 1020-1050. 

*John, D.A., Nash, J.T., Plouff, Donald, and McDonnell, J.R., Jr., 

1987, Mineral resources of the Morey and Fandango Wilderness Study Areas, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1731-A, 19 p. 

*John, D.A., and Robinson, A.C., 1989, Rb-Sr whole-rock isotopic ages of granitic plutons in the western part of the 

Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle, Nevada: Isochron/W est, no. 53, 

p. 20-27. 

*John, D.A., Thomason, R.E., Clark, C.W., and McKee, E.H., 

1989, Volcanic-tectonic setting and geology of the Paradise 

Peak gold-silver-mercury deposit, Nye County, Nevada [abs.], 

in Schindler, K.S., ed., USGS Research on mineral resources--1989 program with abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 1035, p. 37-38. 

*John, D.A., Thomason, R.E., and McKee, E.H., 1989, Geology 

and K-Ar geochronology of the Paradise Peak mine and the 

relationship of pre-Basin and Range extension to early Miocene precious-metal mineralization in west-central Nevada: 

Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 631-649. 

Kaufman, Harold, 1976, Telluric profiles across the Darrough 

Known Geothermal Resource Area, Nevada: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 76--286,4 p. 

Kay, Marshall, and Crawford, J.P., 1964, Paleozoic facies from 

the miogeosynclinal to the eugeosynclinal belt in thrust slices, 

central Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, 

p. 425-454. 

*Keith, W.J., 1987, Preliminary geologic map of the Big Ten 

Peak quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-7, scale 1:62,500. 

*---1987, Preliminary geologic map of the McCann 15' quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 87-425, scale 1:62,500. 

*---(in press), Big Ten Peak caldera, Nye County, Nevada: 

Economic Geology. 

Kirkemo, Harold, Anderson, C.A., and Creasey, S.C., 1965, Investigations of molybdenum deposits in the conterminous 

United States 1942-60: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1182-

E,90p. 

Kistler, R.W., 1991, Chemical and isotopic characteristics of plutons in the Great Basin, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, 

R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Symposium on the geology 

and ore deposits of the Great Basin, symposium proceedings: 

Reno, Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological 

Survey,p. 107-110. 

Kleinharnpl, F.J., and Ziony, J.I., 1984, Mineral resources of northern Nye Co\Dlty, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 99B, 243 p. 

---1985, Geology of northern Nye County, Nevada: Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 99A, 172 p. 

Knopf, Adolph, 1921a, The Divide silver district, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 715, p. 155-158. 

--1921b, Ore deposits of Cedar Mountain, Mineral Cmmty, 

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4000,6 p. 

---1951, Mineral resources ofNye County, Nevada: University of Nevada Bulletin, v. 45, no. 3, 233 p. 

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*McKee, E.H., and John, D.A., 1987, Sample locality map and 

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10 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1° by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
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Crock, J.G., 1986, Geochemistry of altered and mineralized rocks from the Morey and Fandango Wilderness 

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concentrate: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

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*Nash, J.T., Siems, D.P., and Budge, Suzanne, 1985a, Geochemical studies of the Belmont silver district, Nye 

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*---1985b, Geochemical signature of the Divide district, 

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*---1985d, Geochemical signatures of ore deposits and 

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*Nash, J.T., Siems, D.P., and Hill, R.H., 1985b, Geochemical 

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Selected Bibliography 11 
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*Siems, D.F., Marchitti, M.L., and Nash, J.T., 1986, Analytical 

results for samples of nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concen12 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1 o by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
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*---1986, Pre-Tertiary stratified rocks of the Tonopah 1° x 

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R.P., 1979, Timing of hydrothermal alteration-mineralization and igneous activity in the Tonopah mining district and 

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Singer, D.A. 1975, Mineral resource models and the Alaskan 

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Singer, D.A., and Ovenshine, A.T., 1979, Assessing metallic resources in Alaska: American Scientist, v. 67, no. 5, p. 582-

589. 

Singer, D.A., Page, N.J., Smith, J.G., Blakely, R.J., and Johnson, M.G., 1983, Mineral resource assessment maps of the 

Medford 1° by 2° quadrangle, Oregon-California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1383-

C, scale 1:250,000. 

*Snyder, D.B., 1983, Proposed calder.a structures in central 

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*Snyder, D.B., and Healey, D.L., 1983, Interpretation of the 

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Snyder, R.P., Ekren, E.B., and Dixon, G.L., 1972, Geologic map 

of the Lunar Crater quadrangle, Nye CoWlty, Nevada: U.S. 

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Map 1-700, scale 1:48,000. 

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Stevens, C.H., and Fritsche, A.A., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography of the western United States: Society of Economic 

Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Pacific 

Coast Paleogeography Symposium I, p. 315-324. 

Speed, R.C., and McKee, E.H., 1976, Age and origin of the 

Darrough Felsite, southern Toiyabe Range, Nevada: U.S. 

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Spurr, J.E., 1902, Ore deposits of Tonopah and neighboring districts, Nevada: U.S. Geological SUI'\'ey Bulletin 213, 449 p. 

--1905, Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 42,295 p. 

---1915, Ore deposition at Tonopah, Nevada: Economic 

Geology, v. 10, p. 713-769. 

*Stewart, J.H., 1985, East-trending dextral faults in the western 

Great Basin-An explanation for anomalous trends of preCenozoic strata and Cenozoic faults: Tectonics, v. 4, 

p. 547-564. 

*---1988, Tectonics of the Walker Lane Belt, western 

Great Basin-Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation in a 

zone of shear, in Ernst, W.O., ed., Metamorphism and 

crustal evolution of the Western United States, Rubey Volume VII, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, p. 683-

713. 

*---1989, Description, stratigraphic sections, and maps of 

middle and upper Miocene Esmeralda Formation and 

Alum, Blanco Mine, Coaldale areas, Esmeralda County, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-324, 

27 p. 

*Stewart, J.H., and Diamond, D.S., 1988, Changing late Cenozoic tectonic patterns in western Nevada: A middle and 

upper Miocene extensional basin unrelated to present-day 

basin- range structure [abs.]: Geological Society of 

America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, p. 235. 

*---1991, Changing patterns of extensional tectonics in 

western Nevada: Overprinting of the basin of the Miocene 

Esmeralda Formation by younger structural basins: Geological Society of America Memoir 176, p. 447-475. 

Taylor, D.O., Smith, P.L., Laws, R.A., and Guex, Jean, 1983, 

The stratigraphy and biofacies trends of the Lower Mesozoic Gabbs and Sunrise Formations, west-central Nevada: 

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 1598-1608. 

Thomason, R.E., 1986, Geology of the Paradise Peak gold/silver deposit, Nye County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of 

Mines and Geology Report 41, p. 90-92. 

Tingley, J.V., and Berger, B.R., 1985, Lode gold deposits of 

Round Mountain, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and 

Geology Bulletin 100, 62 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, Aeromagnetic map of the Hot 

Creek Range region, south-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey GeQphysical Investigations Map GP-637, scale 

1:250,000. 

---1971, Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Tonopah and 

Millet 1° by 2° quadrangles, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-752, scale 

1:250,000. 

---1979a, Aeromagnetic map of the Cedar Mountain area, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-

1453, scale 1:62,500. 

---1979b, Aeromagnetic map of the Lone Mountain area, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-

1456, scale 1:62,500. 

---1979c, Aeromagnetic map of the Manhattan area, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-

1454, scale 1:62,500. 

---1979d, Aeromagnetic map of the Paradise Peak area, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-

1455, scale 1:62,500. 

---1984a, Aeromagnetic map of the Mt. Jefferson area, 

Selected Bibliography 13 
CORRECTION FOR 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1070 

(GPO Jacket No. 585-048 (FY 91 ); program 1970-S; print order 

40004) 

-------------------------------------------- Page 14 is missing; insert this copy. 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-

0393, scale 1:62,500. 

--1984b, Aeromagnetic map of the Thunder Mountain 

area, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

84-0392, scale 1:62,500. 

--1985a, Aeromagnetic map of the Monte Cristo Range, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-0625, 

scale 1:62,500. 

--1985b, Aeromagnetic map of the Reveille Range and vicinity, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 85-0753, scale 1 :62,500. 

Viets, J.G., 1978, Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmimn, 

copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic 

absorption spectrometry with tricaprylmethylammonium 

chloride: Analytical Chemistry, v. 50, p. 1097-1101. 

Vitaliano, C.J., 1963, Cenozoic geology and sections of the lone 

quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey 

Mineral Investigations F.eld Studies Map MF-255, scale 1:62,500. 

Vitaliano, CJ., and Callaghan, Eugene, 1956, Geologic map of 

the Gabbs magnesite and brucite deposits, Nye County, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigations 

Map MF-35, scale 1:2,400. 

-· -1963, Geology of the Paradise Peak quadrangle, Nevada: 

U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-250, 

scale 1:62,500. 

Vitaliano, CJ., Callaghan. Eugene, and Silberling, NJ., 1957, 

Geology of Gabbs and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. 

Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Map MF-52, 

scale 1:24,000. 

Vitaliano, C.J. and Vitaliano, D.B., 1972, Cenozoic volcanic 

rocks in the southern Shoshone Mountains and Paradise 

Range, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin. v. 

83, p. 3269-3280. 

*Whitebread, D.H., 1986a, Generalized geologic map of the 

Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-462, scale 1:250,000. 

*Whitebread, D.H., ed., 1986b, Abstracts of the symposium on 

the geology and mineral deposits of the Tonopah 1° x 2° 

quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 86-467, 13 p. 

*Whitebread, D.H., and Hardyman, R.F., 1987, Preliminary geologic map of part of the Cedar Mountains and Royston 

Hills, Esmeralda and Nye Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 87-613, scale 1:62,500. 

*Whitebread, D.H., and John. D.A., (in press), Geologic map of 

the Tonopah 1° by 2° quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1877-A, scale 

1:250,000. 

*Whitebread, D.H., Silberling, N.J., Brem. G.F ., and Andrews, 

T .D., 1988, Preliminary geologic map of the eastern half of 

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Survey Open-File Report 88-48, scale 1:62,500. 

14 Contermino• United Stales Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1° by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
TABLE 1 
Table 1. Contents of the Tonopah 1 ° by 2° CUSMAP folio 

MF-1877-A 

MF-1877-B 

MF-1877-C 

MF-1877-1 

MF-1877-J 

Open-File Report 86470 

Geologic map, by Donald H. Whitebread and David A. John 

Geochemical maps, by J. Thomas Nash and David F. Siems 

Aeromagnetic map, by Donald Plouff 

K-Ar isotopic dating map, by Edwin H. McKee and David A. John 

Plutonic rocks map, by David A. John 

Mineral resource assessment, by Greta I. Orris and Frank J. Kleinhampl 

16 Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program: Tonopah 1° by 2° Quadrangle, Nevada 
SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS 

Periodicals 

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). 

Technical Books and Reports 

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports of 

wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of 

topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also include 

collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scientific topic. 

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or 

geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results 

of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well 

as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. 

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest 

to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers 

investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrogeology, 

availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. 

Cb'culars present administrative information or important scientific 

information of wide popular interest in a format designed for distribution 

at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term interest. 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers of an interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formal USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS 

publications, and they are also available for public inspection at 

depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. 

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, maps, 

and other material that are made available for public consultation at 

depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may be 

cited in other publications as sources of information. 

Maps 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on 

topographic bases in 7 1/2- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales mainly 1 :24,000 or 1 :62,500) showing bedrock, surficial, or engineering geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps include structure 

and columnar sections only. 

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric 

bases at various scales; they show results of surveys using geophysical 

techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which 

reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance. 

Many maps include correlations with the geology. 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on planimetric or 

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they 

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also includes 7 Ill-minute quadrangle photo geologic maps on planimetric bases 

which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. Series also 

includes maps of Mars and the Moon. 

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or 

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geology, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas. 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information 

for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-and-

~hite maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or irregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology 

in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 

maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as 

environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. 

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-andwhite maps on topographic orplanimetriL bases presenting a wide range 

of geohydrologic data of both regular and irregular areas; principal scale 

is 1:24,000 and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller. 

Catalogs 

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehensive listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under 

the conditions indicated below from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books 

and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, 

CO 80225. (See latest Price and Availability List) 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a 

set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962- 1970" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a 

set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two 

volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche. 

Supplements for 1982,1983, 1984, 1985,1986, and for subsequent 

years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail and 

over the counter in paperback book form. 

State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and 

Water-Supply Reports and Maps For (State}," may be purchased by mail 

and over the counter in paperback booklet form only. 

"Price and Avallabillty List of U.S. Geological Survey Publications," issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback booklet form only. 

Selected copies of a monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" available free of charge by mail or may be obtained 

over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing a free 

subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" should write to the U.S. Geological Survey, 582 

National Center, Reston, VA 22092. 

Note.--Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs, 

announcements, and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the 

prices charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, 

and publications.