GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 780

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program 

Fiscal Year 1978 Studies Supported by the 

U.S. Geological Survey
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAMFISCAL YEAR 1978 STUDIES SUPPORTED BY THE

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Fault scarp of the earthquake that took place in the region of Pleasant Valley, Nev., in

1915 as viewed in 1957. The slope of the scarps can be used to estimate their age.

Photograph by Robert E. Wallace.
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program 

Fiscal Year 1978 Studies Supported by the 

U.S. Geological Survey

By Robert M. Hamilton

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 780

A description of the expanded program 

including a list of projects, grants, and contracts

1978
United States Department of the Interior

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

Geological Survey

H. William Menard, Director

Library of Congress catalog card number 78-600041

Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey 

1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202
CONTENTS

The earthquake threat _____________ _

Earthquake programs of the Federal Government _____________________________________

Administration's program ________________

Highlights of the Newmark Report _ 

Congressional program _______________

Highlights of the Earthquake Hazards 

Reduction Act of 1977 ______________

The Implementation Plan ____________

Other earthquake-related Federal programs _ _____________________

The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program _ 

Funding in fiscal year 1978 _______________

Role of universities, private groups, and 

government agencies other than the USGS

Page

1

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

6

Page

The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program 

Continued

Research elements - 7 

Fundamental studies 7 

Prediction 9 

Induced seismicity 10 

Hazards assessment 10 

Engineering 11 

Research for utilization 12 

Projects, grants, and contracts funded by the

USGS _____________ 13 

Reports on research studies for earthquakehazards reduction _______ ,. 29 

References cited 30 

Appendix: Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act

of 1977 ______________________ 31

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

FRONTISPIECE Fault scarp of the earthquake that took place in the region of 

Pleasant Valley, Nev., in 1915 as viewed in 1957.

FIGURE 1. House severely damaged by faulting during the San Fernando,

Calif., earthquake in 1971 ______________________ 1

2. Highway interchange heavily damaged by the San Fernando

earthquake in 1971 ____s. ____________________________ 2

3. Map showing land uplift in southern California __ _ 4 

4-5. Charts showing allocation of funds:

4. to the six elements of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program during FY 1978 _____________ 7

5. among universities, private groups, and government 

agencies under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction 

Program during FY 1978 ________________ 7 

6. Map showing the locations of the Worldwide Standardized 

Seismograph Network stations and the Global Digital Seismograph Network _________________________ 8 

7-9. Charts showing allocation of funds:

7. to different types of prediction studies during FY 1978__ 9

8. to national, regional, and topical studies in hazards assessment forPY 1978 ____________________ 11

9. by geographic region for regional earthquake hazards 

studies being, supported by the USGS and the Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission (NRC) in FY 1978 _____ 11 

10. Lurching of the ground caused by liquefaction and lateral 

spreading in the Salinas Valley during the San Francisco 

earthquake in 1906 ________________________ 12

V
Page

FIGURE 11. Consequences of ground failure by liquefaction caused by shaking during the San Francisco earthquake in 1906 13

12. Total collapse of a reinforced concrete, multistory building from

an earthquake at Varto, Turkey, in 1966 i4

13. Apartment building destroyed by the earthquake that struck the

Philippine Islands in 1976 ____________ __ 15

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Three options proposed in the Newmark Report (U.S. Natl. 

Sci. Found., RANN, and U.S. Geol. Survey, 1976) and the 

amounts authorized in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction 

Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-124) for increased funding of earthquake research ___________________________ 5 

2. Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program FY 1978 funding as

enacted _______________________________ 6

VI
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Fiscal Year 1978 

Studies Supported by the U.S. Geological Survey

By Robert M. Hamilton

THE EARTHQUAKE THREAT

The great earthquake (magnitude 8.5 on 

the Richter scale) that struck southern Alaska 

on March 27, 1964, showed how vulnerable the 

works of man are to the Earth's trembling's and 

provided a reminder of the potential for disaster that earthquakes pose for the heavily 

settled parts of the United States. An inkling 

of the destruction earthquakes can cause was

given by the moderate-sized shock (magnitude 

6.5) in San Fernando, Calif., on February 9, 

1971, which caused more than 60 deaths and 

more than a half billion dollars in property 

damage. Figures 1 and 2 show examples of 

this damage.

More recently, on July 28, 1976, an earthquake of magnitude 8 struck northeastern 

China, resulting in enormous loss of life. Official

FIGURE 1. House severely damaged by faulting during the San Fernando, Calif., earthquake in 1971. Woodenframe structures, such as this house, rarely collapse during earthquakes. Thus, they are relatively safe 

places to be during a shock. Photo by Robert O. Castle.
FIGURE 2. Highway interchange heavily damaged by the San Fernando earthquake in 1971. Photo by Robert

E. Wallace.

counts of the casualties have never been announced, but one unconfirmed report puts the 

death toll at more than 600,000 people (Chinese 

Inf. Service, 1976). Other earthquake disasters 

in 1976 took place in Guatemala, causing 23,000 

deaths; in Italy, causing 1,000 deaths; in New 

Guinea, causing several hundred deaths; in 

Indonesia, causing 500 deaths; in the Philippine Islands, causing 5,000 to 8,000 deaths;

and in Turkey, causing 5,000 deaths. All together these losses make 1976 the second worst 

year for earthquake deaths in history. The 

worst year was 1556, when many more than 

800,000 died in China. The losses continued to 

mount in 1977 as the Romanian earthquake in 

February killed 1,500.

Vivid news reports of these tragedies reminded Americans again and again of the
threat of earthquake disasters in the United 

States. Thirty-nine of the States have experienced earthquake damage, and all States 

are threatened by the economic disruption that 

would result from a great earthquake. Past 

earthquake losses in the United States have 

been relatively light owing to fortuitous circumstances; fewer than 1,700 Americans have 

died. The potential exists though for great 

losses. A great earthquake in Los Angeles, for 

example, could result in more than 10,000 

deaths and $20 billion in damage. Earthquakes 

in southeastern Missouri, such as those that 

took place in 1811 and 1812, would cause damage as far as 600 km away.

EARTHQUAKE PROGRAMS OF THE 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Studies of earthquakes have been conducted 

in the United States since early in this century, 

largely in universities. The National Science 

Foundation (NSF) has supported earthquake 

research since it was established. Until the 

early 1960's, however, earthquake research in 

the United States was not conducted at a high 

level of effort despite noteworthy individual 

contributions.

In the early 1960's, the need to detect underground nuclear explosions and to distinguish 

them from earthquakes led to a rapid expansion in seismological studies under the sponsorship of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (DARPA). During this 

period, the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN) was established. 

Today DARPA continues to support seismology, including further important improvements in instruments to monitor global seismic 

activity.

Research on measures to mitigate the disastrous effects of earthquakes in the United 

States, however, has lagged. Some of the many 

reports that proposed programs to expand the 

research effort are listed on p. 29. An expanded earthquake research program based on 

the U.S. Task Force on Earthquake Hazard Reduction (Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President) report of 1970 

was implemented following the San Fernando 

earthquake of 1971. Supporters of earthquake 

research in Congress, however, did not believe

that the increased effort was adequate. Legislation to fund earthquake research was introduced in several sessions of Congress 

through the mid-1970's, but was not passed.

A sense of urgency in dealing with the 

United States earthquake threat was felt in 

early 1976 when it was discovered that the 

land surface over a large area northeast of 

Los Angeles had risen by as much as 45 cm between 1959 and 1974 (fig. 3). Such land uplift 

was viewed with concern because similar 

bulges formed before destructive quakes near 

Niigata, Japan, in 1964 and near San Fernando, 

Calif., in 1971. The meaning of the uplift was 

obscure, however, because in some places, the 

formation of some bulges has not been followed by large tremors. In response to this 

potential threat, the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

reallocated about $2 million to support monitoring of the uplifted region. Since 1976, new 

instruments have been installed, and additional 

surveys have been undertaken.

ADMINISTRATION'S PROGRAM

Also in 1976, recognizing that the complex 

nature of the earthquake problem requires a 

blend of mitigation measures, the President's 

Science Advisor initiated a process to formulate a balanced plan of research for the two 

agencies of the Federal Government responsible for earthquake research: the U.S. Geol6gical Survey and the National Science Foundation. This effort culminated in the submission of a report on September 15, 1976 the 

so-called Newmark Report (U.S. Natl. Sci. 

Found., RANN, and U.S. Geological Survey, 

1976) that proposed three options for increased studies and suggested balances among 

the various mitigation measures. Drawing upon 

the Newmark Report, the President sought 

funding in his FY (fiscal year) 78 budget at 

a level consistent with Option B of the report, 

the middle option.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NEWMARK REPORT

The Newmark Report:

» Established a balance among the six elements of research on earthquake-hazards 

mitigation: fundamental studies, prediction, hazards assessment, induced seis-
Southern 

California 

Uplift

I

 Uplifted area much larger than previously known

 East-west trend more clearly defined

 Shape and size of uplift changes with time

 Palmdale has dropped 18 cm between 1974 and 1^77

 Rapid movements warrant continued surveillance

FIGURE 3. Map showing land uplift in southern California. Such uplifts have sometimes preceded strong 

earthquakes. This one is of particular concern because it is in an area where a great earthquake last 

took place in 1857; therefore, the potential for another great earthquake is considered to be high.

micity, engineering, and research for 

utilization.

 Emphasized the importance of research 

studies spanning the range from the most 

basic studies to the most applied ones.

 Identified milestones for the research and 

anticipated public benefits.

 Specified three options for increased 

funding, which are summarized in table 

1.

CONGRESSIONAL PROGRAM

In parallel with the Administration's planning for an expanded earthquake program, the 

Congress took action on the legislation that had 

been pending for several years. It passed the 

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 

(appendix),,and the President signed it into law 

on October 7, 1977. The Act calls for a program very similar in scope and level of effort 

to the Administration's plan. Thus, both 

branches of the Federal Government agreed on 

similar plans for attacking the problem.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS 

REDUCTION ACT OF 1977

The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 

1977:

 Required the preparation of an Implementation Plan specifying mechanisms for 

carrying out the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program.

 Established the objectives and scope of 

studies to be conducted under the program.

» Required submission by the President to 

Congress of an annual report describing 

progress in reducing the risks of earthquake hazards.
TABLE 1. Three options proposed in the Newmark Report (US. Natl. Sci. Found., RANN, and U.S. Geol. 

Survey, 1976) and the amounts authorized in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (P.L. 95-124) for 

increased funding of earthquake research

[Figures are in millions of dollars]

U.S. Geol. 

Survey

Nat. Sci. 

Found.

Coordinating 

Office Total

FY 77 __._.._

FY 78

Option A ...

Option B ...

Option C .

P.L. 95-124 

FY 79

Option A _.

Option B ._.

Option C ...

P.L. 95-124 

FY 80

Option A ...

Option B ...

Option C ...

P.L. 95-124

11.2

18.5

27.9

44.8

27.5

27.8

37.8

53.2

35.0

39.8

46.1

59.5

40.0

10.2

19.2

25.8

40.0

27.5

22.2

32.4

42.9

35.0

35.1

38.9

45.7

40.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

21.4

37.7

53.7

84.8

56.0

50.0

70.2

96.1

72.0

74.9

85.0

105.2

82.0

 Specified authorizations for increased 

funding as summarized in table 1.

THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 

1977 mandates that an Implementation Plan be 

prepared to establish (1) a means for coordinating the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, (2) strategy, (3) targets, (4) roles of 

Federal, State, and local governments, and (5) 

responsibilities of the various Federal agencies. The Office of Science and Technology 

Policy was designated by the President, in accordance with the Act, to prepare the plan. 

The plan will be submitted to the Congress in 

May 1978. By August 1978, the President will 

decide what governmental entity will be responsible for the program, roles, goals, priorities, target dates, methods of cooperation and 

coordination with States, and staffing.

OTHER EARTHQUAKE-RELATED FEDERAL 

PROGRAMS

In addition to the research programs of the 

USGS and the NSF under the Earthquake 

Hazards Reduction Program, and to the 

DARPA program for detection and discrimination of underground nuclear explosions, several 

other earthquake-related programs contribute 

substantially to the mitigation of earthquake 

hazards. The Reactor Hazards Research Program of the USGS and the Site Safety Research Program of the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC) are of particular importance owing to their contributions to earthquake 

hazards assessment. The programs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

(NASA) for long baseline geodetic positioning 

and of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration/National Geodetic Survey 

(NOAA/NGS) for level and triangulation surveying contribute to studies of plate tectonics 

and prediction. Tsunami studies are conducted 

by NOAA and NSF. The various Federal construction agencies, such as the Army Corps of 

Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and Veterans Administration, conduct engineering 

design studies.

Coordination among these various programs 

is essential and has been accomplished effectively. A few specific examples will illustrate this 

point. All the agencies mentioned above have 

a liaison representative on the USGS Earthquake Studies Advisory Panel. NOAA and the 

USGS have a bilateral coordinating committee. 

USGS, NSF, and NRC grants and contracts 

managers participate in each others' evaluation 

meetings. Agencies transfer funds to other 

agencies to obtain needed expertise on mission 

programs. Overall, the level of cooperation is 

high.

THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS 

REDUCTION PROGRAM

The five basic strategies for mitigating 

earthquake losses are: (1) preparedness, (2)
land use, (3) building codes, standards, and 

design practices, (4) insurance and relief, and 

(5) information and education. The research 

activities necessary to establish a basis for 

these strategies are grouped for programmatic 

purposes into six main elements: (1) fundamental studies, (2) prediction, (3) induced 

seismicity, (4) hazards assessment, (5) engineering, and (6) research for utilization. This 

terminology is used in the Newmark Report, 

it is used in the President's justification of his 

proposed FY 78 budget, and it is consistent 

with the terminology used in the Earthquake 

Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (see appendix). 

The responsibility for research on earthquake hazards reduction is divided between 

the USGS and the NSF. The USGS is responsible for prediction, induced seismicity, and 

hazards assessment; the NFS is responsible 

for engineering and research for utilization. 

The USGS and the NSF are jointly responsible 

for fundamental studies. Within the USGS, the 

responsibility for management of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program is assigned 

to the Office of Earthquake Studies in the Geologic Division (see organization chart inside 

back cover).

FUNDING IN FISCAL YEAR 1978

The budget requests to Congress by the 

USGS and the NSF in FY 1978 for the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program were consistent with Option B of the Newmark Report. 

Congress modified the USGS requests for two 

of the elements: For prediction research, 

$1,500,000 was added to expedite earthquakeprediction studies in foreign countries, and for 

induced-seismicity research, $800,000 was

added to accelerate the definition of criteria for 

the safe siting of dams.

The NSF budget process is different from 

that of the USGS in that funds for NSF are 

not actually appropriated by the Congress to 

particular fields of study. The combination of 

Congressional appropriation and internal NSF 

allocation resulted in funding for fundamental 

earthquake studies and engineering studies being consistent with the Option B level and in 

funding for research for utilization being $2.5 

million below the Option B level. The funding 

of the elements of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program for fiscal year 1978 is summarized in table 2 and figure 4.

ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES, PRIVATE GROUPS,

AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES OTHER THAN

THE USGS

Non-USGS scientists participate extensively in all stages, including formulation, planning, and implementation, of the Earthquake 

Hazards Reduction Program. The reports 

that established the basis for the program were 

prepared mainly by university scientists. The 

Advisory Panel that submitted the Newmark 

Report was composed of university, private, 

and State and local government experts. Formulation of program options and review of 

proposals involve these same experts. Finally, 

many of the studies are carried out by members of the non-USGS earthquake-research 

community.

Only by involving people from all segments 

of the earthquake-research community could a 

truly national program be established and conducted. The extent of this involvement is shown 

in figure 5.

TABLE 2. Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program FY 1978 funding as enacted

[See fig. 4]

Engineering

Totals '

USGS

Thousands of dollars

2,650

15,764*

1,200

10,607

30,221

NSF

5,300

15,500

2,500

23,000

Percentage

of program

14.9

29.4

2.2

19.8

29.0

4.7

* Includes $1,500,000 specifically for prediction studies in foreign countries.
Induced

seismicity

(2%)

Hazards assessment (20%)

:' ':/: '/. ' '.Engineering (29%)'; '.' ' . : '

Research for 

utilization (5%)

EXPLANATION 

USGS

NSF

FIGURE 4. Allocation of funds to the six elements of 

the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program during FY 1978. See table 2.

RESEARCH ELEMENTS

In the following sections, the objectives, approach, and activities of the research elements 

of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program 

are described. For completeness, brief mention 

is made of the elements that are the responsibility of the NSF, but the focus is on the elements of USGS responsibility. The objectives 

are taken from the Newmark Report.

FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES 

OBJECTIVES

 Obtain a comprehensive understanding of 

the natural phenomena involved in the 

earthquake process.

 Improve global networks of seismograph 

stations to provide a sound data, base for 

studies in observational seismology and 

provide associated data services.

APPROACH

Much of the research to achieve the first objective is carried out in the universities and is 

funded by NSF. The USGS role in the fundamental-studies element is to achieve the second 

objective.

Progress in earthquake-hazards reduction 

must be founded on a sound understanding of 

the nature of earthquakes. Thus, the steady 

pursuit of knowledge is needed on a wide variety of subjects that may at first consideration appear to be esoteric, but that in fact 

establish the very basis for mitigation measures. These subjects include global seismicity, 

internal structure of the Earth, seismic-wave 

propagation, earthquake source mechanics, and 

plate tectonics.

MAJOR USGS ACTIVITIES

 Provide information on earthquakes to 

the public, to governmental agencies involved in disaster preparedness and reUniversities, 

private groups,, and 

other government 

agencies (22%)

Universities, private groups,.' : ' 

and other government agencies (42%)..

USGS

EXPLANATION

NSF

FIGURE 5. Allocation of funds among universities, 

private groups, and government agencies under the 

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program during FY 

1978.
V. _-^GRAHAU' T

WORLDWIDE SEISMIC NETWORK

Worldwide Standardized Seismograph 

Network Observatory

DIGITAL RECORDING OBSERVATORIES

 ^SEISMIC RESEARCH OBSERVATORY <SRO)

All except Bangui, Ankara at WWSSN Observatories

^HIGH-GAIN LONG-PERIOD (HGLP) OBSERVATORY 

MODIFIED HIGH-GAIN LONG-PERIOD (ASROJ OBSERVATORY 

U.& GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

MARCH 1977

FIGURE 6. Locations of the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network stations and the Global Digit
lief, and to researchers through the National Earthquake Information Service 

(NEIS).

 Operate and maintain the Worldwide 

Standardized Seismograph Network 

(WWSSN) and provide standard data to 

the Environmental Data Service, NOAA, 

for dissemination. The locations of the 

WWSSN stations are shown in figure 6.

 Provide data to the Tsunami Warning 

System operated by NOAA.

 With DARPA support, establish a global 

network of digital seismographs and associated data-collection and -analysis facilities. The locations of the digital stations are shown in figure 6.

 Conduct research on global seismicity, internal structure of the Earth, seismicwave propagation, earthquake source mechanics, and plate tectonics.

PREDICTION 

OBJECTIVES

 Predict moderate to large earthquakes in 

time and space and estimate limits of 

probabilities of their occurrence on the 

basis of detailed observation.

 Issue earthquake predictions, where possible, in a timely manner utilizing automated data-analysis systems.

 Reduce unreliable predictions of earthquakes by working toward a sound understanding of the physical basis for the 

precursory phenomena observed.

APPROACH

Instruments and surveys to detect earthquake precursors are being markedly expanded, 

to provide an observational basis for laboratory 

and theoretical studies. The areas of greatest 

seismicity, both foreign and domestic, are the 

targets for the field studies to increase the 

chances of instruments being near the sources 

of future earthquakes. A focused program is 

underway to determine the physical properties 

of fault zones. This determination is considered 

to be essential for establishing a sound physical 

basis for prediction. Surveillance of the southern California uplift is continuing.

Research studies are being carried out jointly with universities, where considerable expertise for prediction was gained during the program to discriminate between earthquakes and 

underground nuclear explosions, and with other 

research groups. The allocation of funds to different types of prediction studies during fiscal 

year 1978 is shown in figure 7.

MAJOR ACTIVITIES

 Operate instruments and conduct surveys 

to detect earthquake precursors, including anomalies in land deformation, seismicity, source characteristics, seismicwave propagation, electromagnetic field, 

geochemical phenomena, and animal behavior.

 Through drilling, geophysical surveys, 

and geologic studies, determine the physical properties of fault zones that affect 

the earthquake process.

 Analyze data, conduct laboratory experiments, and test theories to establish a 

physical basis for prediction.

 Conduct foreign studies to detect precursors and to benefit from foreign progress on prediction. Studies are planned 

or underway in the Caribbean, India,

Seismicity and 

seismic networks (21%)

Deformation (26%)

Physical properties of 

faults and the 

Precursors: seismic, crust (11%)

magnetic, geochemical, 

gravity, electrical, 

hydrologic, stressstrain, animal 

(23%)

Laboratory 

studies (10%)

processing 

and

computer

modeling

(9%)

FIGURE 7. Allocation of funds to different types of 

prediction studies during FY 1978.
Mexico, New Hebrides, Pakistan, Republic of China (Taiwan), Turkey, and the 

U.S.S.R.

 Maintain close contact with foreign countries that are conducting research on 

earthquake prediction, including Japan, 

the U.S.S.R., the Peoples Republic of 

China, and New Zealand.

INDUCED SEISMICITY 

OBJECTIVES

 Devise techniques for diagnosing in advance whether reservoir impoundment or 

fluid injection in wells at a particular site 

holds the potential for triggering earthquakes.

 Devise techniques to permit safe operation of large reservoirs and deep injection wells including a basis for remedial 

action should earthquakes be triggered.

 Determine to what extent theories and 

models that are successful in explaining 

induced or triggered earthquakes apply 

to natural earthquake processes.

 Determine the feasibility of artificially 

modifying natural seismicity by measuring the physical properties of fault-zone 

materials in drill holes. Select a site for 

a field experiment.

APPROACH

An intensive examination is underway of 

reservoirs that have caused earthquakes and of 

those that have not. Critical factors will be 

sought that may establish a basis for selection 

of reservoir sites. In addition, a field experiment is being planned to determine the hydrologic and stress regimes at a reservoir that has 

caused earthquakes.

MAJOR ACTIVITIES

 Study the historical record of reservoirinduced seismicity and determine geologic 

and hydrologic factors diagnostic of potential induced seismicity.

 Confirm the hypothesized role of fluid 

pressures in reservoir-induced seismicity 

by measuring relevant properties at 

depth near a reservoir that has caused 

earthquakes.

HAZARDS ASSESSMENT 

OBJECTIVES

 Determine the expected location, size, frequency, and characteristics of earthquakes and of associated surface faulting 

for various regions of the United States.

 Acquire a physical basis for predicting 

the character of damaging ground motion 

as a function of distance from a postulated earthquake and varying geologic site 

conditions.

 Acquire a physical basis for predicting 

the incidence, nature, and extent of earthquake-induced ground failure and flooding.

 Delineate geographical variations in the 

nature and likelihood of occurrence of 

earthquake hazards.

 Evaluate earthquake risk (that is, make 

a hazard assessment and a vulnerability 

analysis) on a nationwide and regional 

basis.

APPROACH

Comprehensive geological and geophysical 

studies are being conducted to determine the 

location of potential earthquake hazards and 

to acquire a basis for estimating their likelihood of occurrence and possible effects. Research studies are being carried out jointly 

with universities, State geological surveys, and 

private organizations. Allocation of funds to 

national, regional, and topical studies in the 

USGS hazards-assessment program for fiscal 

year 1978 is shown in figure 8. Major related 

studies are being conducted under the Reactor 

Hazards Research Program of the USGS and 

the Site Safety Research Program of the NRC. 

The USGS and NRC programs are complementary and closely coordinated. Allocation of 

funds by geographic region for regional earthquake-hazards studies being supported by the 

USGS and NRC is shown in figure 9. Research 

studies on tsunamis are funded primarily by 

NSF and NOAA.

MAJOR ACTIVITIES

 Produce seismic-risk maps for the 

United States.

10
California (29%)

^ Western United

REGIONAL / States excluding

/ California (17%)

STUDIES

NATIONAL

STUDIES

(7%)

Eastern United States 

(16%)

\ 

/ Ground motion!

[Earth 

quake 

potential 

(6%)

Postearthquak 

studies (2%)

FIGURE 8. Allocation of funds to national, regional, 

and topical studies in hazards assessment for FY 

1978.

San Francisco and 

northern California (9%)

Seattle and Pacific 

Northwest (5%)

Anchorage and 

Alaska (4%)

Reno and 

evada 

(2%)

Los Angeles and 

southern California (22%)

Salt Lake 

City and Utah 

(6%

Hawaii, New Mexico.etc 

Other (6%)

St. Louis-Memphis

and central

Mississippi Valley

(13%) Boston and 

Northeast (16%)

Charleston and 

Southeast (17%)

FIGURE 9. Allocations of funds by geographic region 

for regional earthquake hazards studies being supported by the USGS and the Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission (NEC) in FY 1978. In this figure, funds 

are combined from the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program of the USGS, the Reactor Hazards 

Research Program of the USGS, and the Site Safety 

Research Program of the NRC.

Operate regional seismograph networks 

and conduct geophysical surveys and 

geologic studies to understand the cause 

of earthquakes in urbanized regions 

throughout the United States, including 

the central Mississippi Valley and the 

East Coast.

Devise and demonstrate in the San Francisco Bay region improved methods for 

earthquake-hazards assessment on a scale 

useful to city and county agencies. 

Continue comprehensive assessments of 

earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles, 

San Diego, Seattle, Reno-Carson City, 

and Salt Lake City urban regions. 

Continue or initiate preliminary studies 

of earthquake hazards in the Anchorage, 

St. Louis, and Boston regions. 

Improve methods for determining earthquake recurrence intervals, modeling and 

predicting strong ground motion, estimating earthquake damage, and evaluating the potential for surface faulting and 

seismically induced ground failure. An 

example of ground failure is shown in 

figure 10, and the consequence of such 

failure is shown in figure 11.

ENGINEERING

OBJECTIVES

Devise methods to characterize the nature 

of the input motions and corresponding 

response of simple systems for use in 

engineering analysis, planning, and design.

Obtain comprehensive data on the nature 

of strong earthquake motions at typical 

sites and in representative structures. 

Devise in situ and laboratory methods to 

determine the dynamic properties of soils 

and analytical procedures to determine 

potential for failure of slopes, embankments, and foundations. 

Devise procedures based on both numerical and experimental studies for analyzing and characterizing the earthquake 

response ,of structures and structural 

elements.

Devise analytical methods to evaluate the 

earthquake response of extended structures such as dams and bridges and of in11
FIGURE 10. Lurching of the ground caused by liquefaction and lateral spreading in the Salinas Valley during 

the San Francisco earthquake in 1906. Photo from the J. C. Branner collection.

terconnected systems such as pipelines 

and transmission lines.

 Obtain information from observations of 

damage (or lack of damage) following 

earthquakes to support improvement of 

engineering analyses, design practices, 

and construction techniques. Some examples of serious damages are shown in 

figures 12 and 13.

APPROACH

The NSF has responsibility for managing 

the engineering research element. Workshops 

concerning various earthquake engineering 

topics are being sponsored to assess the current state of knowledge and to define research 

priorities. Research studies are being carried 

out by universities, private organizations, and 

Federal agencies. Under NSF support, the 

USGS operates the national program to collect, 

process, and disseminate strong-motion data 

recorded in structures and on the ground.

RESEARCH FOR UTILIZATION 

OBJECTIVES

Define options for the balance of measures to mitigate earthquake hazards by 

considering research, social, economic, 

legal, and political barriers and incentives to policy implementation.

Assess the effects of public and private 

regulation and propose alternative regulations where necessary.

Facilitate the beneficial utilization of 

earthquake-hazard mitigation measures 

by providing effective techniques for communicating information to the public and 

to decision makers.

Increase the capability of public officials 

to mitigate earthquake hazards through 

land-use planning, preparedness planning, building regulation, and disaster 

response.

12
FIGURE 11. Consequences of gound failure by liquefaction caused by shaking during the San Francisco earthquake in 1906. Photo from the J. C. Branner collection.

 Define alternatives the private sector 

could adopt for mitigating earthquake 

hazards.

APPROACH

The research for utilization element is the 

responsibility of NSF. The focus of this research is to prepare mechanisms and techniques for implementing the results of the research program. Each agency conducting research has responsibilities for facilitating research applications. To this end, the USGS 

has established a position of Deputy for Research Applications in the Office of Earthquake Studies; this official's specific task is to 

serve as a bridge between researchers and 

users.

PROJECTS, GRANTS, AND CONTRACTS 

FUNDED BY THE USGS

In this section, the studies that are being 

supported by FY 1978 USGS funds are listed. 

Both USGS projects and grants and contracts 

to non-USGS groups are included. The list includes fund commitments before March 1,1978. 

The name, address, and phone number of the 

principal investigator is included as a source 

for information about the study. The following 

outline shows the organization of the list of 

projects, grants, and contracts:

I. Earthquake hazards studies 

A. Earthquake potential

1. Tectonic framework, Quaternary 

geology, and active faults

13
FIGURE 12. Total collapse of a reinforced concrete, multistory building from an earthquake at Varto, Turkey,

in 1966. Photo by Robert E. Wallace.

B.

a. California

b. Western United States excluding California 

c. Eastern United States 

d. United States nationwide 

2. Earthquake recurrence and age

dating 

Earthquake effects

1. Ground motion

2. Ground failure

3. Surface faulting

4. Postearthquake 

C. Earthquake losses

II. Earthquake prediction studies

A. Location of areas where large earthquakes are most likely to take place

1. Syntheses of seismicity, tectonic, 

and similar data

2. Stress level

14
FIGURE 13. Apartment building destroyed by the earthquake that struck the Philippine Islands in 1976. This 

type of reinforced concrete structure is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. Photo by Robert E. Wallace.

B. Earthquake precursors

1. General

2. Seismological

3. Ground deformation, 

strain

4. Gravity

5. Magnetic

6. Electrical

7. Geochemical

8. Water level

9. Animal behavior 

C. Data processing 

D. Computer modeling 

III. Induced-seismicity studies

IV. Studies in common support of hazards, prediction, and induced-seismicity element 

A. Seismicity and seismic networks 

tilt, and B. Physical basis of earthquakes

1. Physical properties of the crust 

and upper mantle

2. Laboratory

3. Source mechanics

V. Global seismology studies 

A. Research 

B. Seismograph station operation and

design 

C. Data acquisition and dissemination

VI. General studies

15
I. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS STUDIES 

LA. EARTHQUAKE POTENTIAL

I.A.1. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK, QUATERNARY 

GEOLOGY, AND ACTIVE FAULTS

I.A.l.A. CALIFORNIA

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MAPPING OF THE 

SAN ANDREAS FAULT ZONE, LOS ANGELES, 

CALIFORNIA, A. G. Barrows, State of California, 

Division of Mines and Geology, Resources Building', 

1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, Calif. 95814, (916) 

445-1825.

TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE PALMDALE UPLIFT AREA, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, S. B. Bull, University of Arizona, College of Earth Sciences, Department of Geosciences, 

Tucson, Ariz. 85721, (602) 884-2219.

ACTIVE FAULTS AND REGIONAL DEFORMATION IN THE WESTERN MOJAVE DESERT, 

CALIFORNIA, D. B. Burke, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2048.

QUATERNARY FAULTING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, M. M. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2623.

GEOMORPHIC STUDIES OF POST-PLEISTOCENE 

DEFORMATION ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS 

FAULT, WEST - CENTRAL TRANSVERSE 

RANGES, CALIFORNIA, J. C. Crowell, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of 

Geological Sciences, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, 

(805) 961-3224.

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF THE RECENCY 

OF FAULT ACTIVITY BY SURFACE TRENCHING ON THE WHITTIER FAULT, D. L. Hannon, 

Leighton and Associates, 17975 Sky Park Circle, 

Irvine, Calif. 92714, (714) 556-1421.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH 

FAULTS IN THE GREATER LOS ANGELES 

METROPOLITAN AREA, LOS ANGELES 

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, R. L. Hill, State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, Resources 

Building, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, Calif. 

95814, (916) 445-1825.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD STUDY OF THE SIERRA 

MADRE FAULT SYSTEM, B. Kamb, California 

Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and 

and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, 

(213) 795-6811.

FAULTING AS A POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE 

HAZARD IN URBAN SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, M. P. Kennedy, State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, Resources Building, 

1416 Ninth Street, Room 1341, Sacramento, Calif. 

95814, (916) 445-1923.

STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE-DEFORMED STRATA 

IN HOLOCENE LAKE SEDIMENT IN AREA 

OF PALMDALE UPLIFT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, D. L. Lamar, California Earth Science 

Corporation, 1318 Second Street, Santa Monica, 

Calif. 90401, (213) 395-4528.

TECTONICS OF THE EASTERN TRANSVERSE 

RANGES, D. M. Morton, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 11341 

Lombardy Lane, Sunnymead, Calif. 92388, (714) 

787-3628.

INVESTIGATION OF THE HOSGRI FAULT OFFSHORE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA POINT 

SAL TO POINT CONCEPTION, C. M. Payne, 

Fugro, Inc., 3777 Long Beach Blvd., Long Beach, 

Calif. 90807, (213) 595-6611.

BASEMENT TECTONIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES 

OF THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM, D. 

C. Ross, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2341.

QUATERNARY TECTONICS OF THE SALTON 

TROUGH, R. V. Sharp, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2596.

STUDIES OF LATE HOLOCENE BEHAVIOR OF 

THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM SAN 

JUAN BAUTISTA TO THE SALTON SEA, K. 

E. Sieh, California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 2108.

CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING OF QUATERNARY SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS FOR PURPOSES OF SEISMIC ZONATION, SOUTH 

COASTAL LOS ANGELES BASIN, ORANGE 

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, E. C. Sprotte, State of 

California, Division of Mines and Geology, Resources Building, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, 

Calif. 95814, (916) 445-1825.

QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR 

EARTHQUAKE STUDIES IN THE LOS ANGELES REGION, J. C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2037.

PROGRESSIVE GROWTH OF SOUTH END OF 

THE DEATH VALLEY FAULT ZONE AND 

CHRONOLOGY OF FAULTING, VOLCANISM, 

AND FAN DEVELOPMENT, B. W. Troxel, 626 

Georgetown Place, Davis, Calif. 95616, (916) 

746-5191.

GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC INVESTIGATION 

OF THE SAN GABRIEL FAULT ZONE, LOS 

ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA, F. H. Weber, Jr., State of California, 

Division of Mines and Geology, Resources Building, 

Room 1341, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, Calif. 

95814, (916) 445-1923.

16
SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE SAN GABRIEL, 

HOLSER, AND SIMI-SANTA ROSA FAULTS, 

TRANSVERSE RANGES, CALIFORNIA, R. S. 

Yeats, Oregon State University, Department of 

Geology, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, (503) 754-2484.

TECTONICS OF THE WESTERN TRANSVERSE 

RANGES, R. F. Yerkes, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Memo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2350.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY TECTONIC 

FRAMEWORK OF THE SAN FRANCISCO 

BAY REGION, E. E. Brabb, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2203.

HOLOCENE BEHAVIOR OF THE SAN ANDREAS 

FAULT SAN JUAN BAUTISTA TO POINT 

ARENA, W. R. Cotton, Foothill-DeAnza Community College District, 12345 El Monte Road, 

Los Altos Hills, Calif. 94022, (415) 948-8590..

GRAVITY AND MAGNETICS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION, A. Griscom, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Regional Geophysics, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2268.

SHALLOW SEISMIC REFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS, R. M. Hazelwood, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2759.

NEOTECTONICS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY 

REGION, D. G. Herd, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2870.

GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK AND TECTONIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, W. P. Irwin, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2065.

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF RECURRENCE 

INTERVALS AND RECENCY OF FAULTING 

ALONG THE SAN GREGORIO FAULT ZONE, 

SAN MATEO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, G. E. 

Weber, William Cotton and Associates, 314 Tait 

Avenue, Los Gatos, Calif. 95030, (408) 354-5542.

CALIFORNIA STATEWIDE

VERTICAL TECTONICS IN CALIFORNIA AND 

THE WESTERN U.S., R. 0. Castle, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics 

and Risk, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2482.

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK FOR MARINE SEDIMENTS OF THE CONTIGUOUS 

WESTERN U.S., R. T. Kilbourne, State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, Resources 

Building, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, Calif. 

95814, (916) 445-1825.

QUATERNARY TECTONICS OF PACIFIC COAST, 

K. R. Lajoie, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2642.

I.A.L.B WESTERN UNITED STATES EXCLUDING CALIFORNIA

SEISMOTECTONICS OF SOUTHWESTERN UTAH, 

R. E. Anderson, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5109.

TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE RIO GRANDE 

RIFT, NEW MEXICO, E. H. Baltz, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Central Environmental Geology, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-2650.

SEISMOTECTONICS OF NORTHWESTERN UTAH, 

R. C. Bucknam, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5089.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE FAULTS IN THE 

GREAT BASIN, R. C. Bucknam, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-5089.

EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE INTERVALS ON 

THE WASATCH FAULT, L. C. Cluff, WoodwardClyde Consultants, 3 Embarcadero, Suite 700, San 

Francisco, Calif. 94111, (415) 956-7070.

INVESTIGATION OF TECTONIC DEFORMATION 

IN THE PUGET LOWLAND, WASHINGTON, 

P. Palmer, State of Washington, Department of 

Natural Resources, Olympia, Wash. 98504, (206) 

753-6183.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGIC MAPPING FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS EVALUATION IN THE 

UPPER COOK INLET-SUSITNA LOWLAND 

REGION, ALASKA, 0. J. Ferrians, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Alaskan Geology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2247.

SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE PUGET SOUND 

PROVINCE, H. D. Gower, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2352.

SEISMOTECTONIC AND GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE HOLOCENE BLACK ROCK 

FAULT, NORTHWESTERN NEVADA, L. T. 

Grose, Colorado School of Mines, Department of 

Geology, Golden, Colo. 80401, (303) 297-0300, ext. 

806.

PATTERNS OF RECURRENT MOVEMENT ALONG 

THE WASATCH-HURRICANE-SEVIER FAULT 

ZONE, UTAH, W. K. Hamblin, Brigham Young 

University, Department of Geology, Provo, Utah 

84602, (801) 374-1211, ext. 2469.

17
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE WASATCH FRONT, 

R. D. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Engineering Geology, Denver Federal Center, 

Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-2960.

ACTIVE FAULTS AND TECTONIC DEFORMATION IN ALASKA, G. Plafker, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Alaskan Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2201

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE WASATCH 

FRONT, W. E. Scott, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Central Environmental Geology, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

5215.

EARTHQUAKE-HAZARD MAPS: CARSON CITY, 

NEW EMPIRE AND SOUTH LAKE TAHOE 

QUANDRANGLES, D. Trexler, State of Nevada, 

Nevada Bureau of Mines, Mackay School of Mines, 

University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 89507, (702) 

784-6691.

I.A.l.c. EASTERN UNITED STATES

OFFSHORE AEROMAGNETIC STUDIES FOR 

CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE PROBLEM: 

FEASIBILITY STUDY, J. C. Behrendt, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Regional Geophysics, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-5917.

LATE TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY SHORELINE DATUM PLANES AND TECTONIC DEFORMATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN 

UNITED STATES, B. W. Blackwelder, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Room 501, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20244, (202) 343-5488.

SEISMOTECTONICS OF NORTHEASTERN U.S., 

W. H. Diment, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2731.

TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE EASTERN OZARK 

UPLIFT, E. E. Glick, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Central Environmental Geology, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

3353.

TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE NEW MADRID 

REGION, MISSOURI, FROM GEOPHYSICAL 

STUDIES, T. G. Hildenbrand, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Regional Geophysics, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5464.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF METROPOLITAN 

BOSTON, C. A. Kaye, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Engineering Geology, 150 Causeway St., 

Room 1304, Boston, Mass. 02114, (617) 223-7200.

SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, F. A. McKeown, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-5086.

SEISMIC-REFLECTION SURVEYS IN THE CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI VALLEY SEISMIC ZONE, 

F. A. McKeown, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Central, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5086.

GEOLOGIC STUDY OF THE RAMAPO FAULT 

ZONE, NEW YORK, N. M. Ratcliffe, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Eastern Environmental 

Geology, City College, New York, Department of 

Earth and Planetary Science, 138 and Convent 

Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10031, (212) 690-6984.

HIGH-RESOLUTION SEISMIC-REFLECTION MAPPING OF FAULT ZONES IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT, J. L. Sexton, Southern 

Illinois University, Department of Geology, Carbondale, 111. 62901, (618) 453-3351.

GEOPHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TECTONIC 

FEATURES IN NORTHEASTERN U.S., R. 

Simpson, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Regional Geophysics, Denver Federal Center, Denver, 

Colo. 80225, (303)234-2623.

GEOLOGIC STUDY OF THE NORUMBEGA FAULT 

ZONE, EASTERN MAINE, D. R. Wones, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Eastern Environmental Geology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and 

State Univ., 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, Va. 

24061, (703) 951-5980.

I.A.I.D. UNITED STATES NATIONWIDE

NEOTECTONIC SYNTHESIS OF THE U.S., C. M. 

Wentworth, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Western Environmental Geology, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2474.

SEISMOGENIC ZONES OF THE U.S., J. I. Ziony, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake 

Tectonics and Risk, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2944 or 

2214.

l.A.2. EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE AND 

AGE DATING

COLLABORATION ON C-14 AND K/Ar DATING, B. 

R. Doe, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Isotope 

Geology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 

80225, (303) 234-4003.

SOIL MORPHOLOGY AND FAULT MOVEMENT, 

L. A. Douglas, Rutgers University, Department of 

Soils and Crops, New Brunswick, N. J. 08903, 

(201) 932-9800.

PALEOMAGNETIC STUDIES OF HOLOCENE 

FAULT DISPLACEMENT, G. S. Fuis, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, California 

Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory 

252-21, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, 

ext. 2957.

18
CORRELATING AND DATING QUATERNARY 

SEDIMENTS BY USE OF AMINO ACIDS, K. 

Kvenvolden, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Pacific-Arctic Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2817.

CORRELATION AND SEMIQUANTITATIVE AGEDATING OF SOILS, D. Marchand, U.S. Geological Survey, , Branch of Western Environmental 

Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2009.

QUATERNARY DATING TECHNIQUES, K. L. 

Pierce, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Central 

Environmental Geology, Denver Federal Center, 

Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-2737.

URANIUM TREND DATING, J. N. Rosholt, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Isotope Geology, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

4201.

TEPHROCHRONOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, OREGON, AND WASHINGTON, A. M. 

Sarna-Wojcicki, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Western Environmental Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2745.

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED DEFORMATIONAL 

STRUCTURES IN SEDIMENTS, J. D. Sims, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2252.

TECTONIC ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE FAULTS, R. E. 

WALLACE, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of 

Earthquake Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2751.

I.B. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS 

I.B.I. GROUND MOTION

REVISION AND STUDIES OF MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE, S. T. Algermissen 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake 

Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-4014.

REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SEISMIC HAZARDS 

AND RISK ANALYSIS, S. T. Algermissen, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, 

Colo. 80225, (303) 234-4014.

PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON SOURCE OF 

GROUND MOTION, D. J. Andrews, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2752.

CORRELATION OF NEAR-FIELD AND FARFIELD GROUND MOTION FOR DAMAGING 

EARTHQUAKES, T. C. Bache, Systems, Science 

and Software/ P. O. Box 1620, La Jolla, Calif. 

92038, (714) 453-0060.

INTERACTIVE DATA-PROCESSING CENTER 

FOR USGS GROUND-MOTION STUDIES, R. D. 

Borcherdt, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of

Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2755.

COMPUTER SUPPORT FOR NUMERICAL MODELING OF GROUND MOTION WITHIN USGS, 

R. D. Borcherdt, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2755.

DYNAMIC SOIL BEHAVIOR, A. T. F. Chen, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Engineering Geology, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2605.

ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC WAVES IN THE 

U.S., A. F. Espinosa, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-5077.

SPECTRAL- AND TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF 

NEAR-FIELD RECORDING, J. P. Fletcher, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2962.

REGIONAL STUDIES OF SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITIES, J. F. Gibbs, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2030.

ANALYSES OF STRONG GROUND MOTION RECORDS, T. C. Hanks, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2184.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF GROUND MOTION, 

S. T. Harding, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Ground Motion and Faulting, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5090.

GROUND RESPONSE IN THE SALT LAKE REGION, W. W. Hays, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Office of Earthquake Studies, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-4029.

GROUND-MOTION MODELING AND PREDICTION, W. B. Joyner, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111* ext. 2754.

APPLICATION OF EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM 

STUDIES TO PREDICTION OF LONG-PERIOD 

GROUND MOTION AND RELATED PROBLEMS, H. Kanamori, California Institute of 

Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary 

Science, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, 

ext. 2909.

DATA ACQUISITION IN SUPPORT OF GROUNDMOTION PROJECTS WITHIN USGS, K. W. 

King, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground 

Motion and Faulting, 3060 South Highland Drive, 

Las Vegas, Nev. 89109, (702) 734-3416.

19
THE ROLE OF ANELASTICITY IN EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION, T. V. McEvilly, 

University of California, Department of Geology 

and Geophysics, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, (415) 

642-4494.

IMPROVED COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SEISMIC-HAZARD ANALYSIS AND STUDIES OF 

DURATION OF SHAKING, R. K. McGuire, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, 

Colo. 80225, (303) 234-2874.

EXPECTED EARTHQUAKE INTENSITIES IN 

THE LOS ANGELES REGION AND STUDIES 

OF EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE, R. D. 

Nason, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground 

Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2760. 

EXPANSION OF USGS COMPUTER FOR DIGITAL 

INPUT, R. B. Park, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

5070.

GROUND RESPONSE IN THE LOS ANGELES 

'REGION, A. M. Rogers, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

2869.

SEISMIC RESPONSE MAPPING OF SAINT LOUIS 

COUNTY, R. W. Stephenson, University of Missouri, Rolla, Department of Civil Engineering, 

Rolla, Mo. 65401, (314) 541-4470.

ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION DATA AND THE 

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS ON GROUND MOTION IN CALIFORNIA, M. N. Toksoz, Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary 

Sciences, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, (617) 253-6382. 

INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT FOR GROUNDMOTION INVESTIGATIONS AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES, R. E. Warrick, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Ground Motion and Faulting, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2757.

IMPROVED BAYESIAN SE.SMIC-INTENSITY 

MAPS OF CALIFORNIA AND LOSS ESTIMATION FROM EARTHQUAKE SHAKING ACTION, J. H. Wiggins, J. H. Wiggins Company, 

1650 S. Pacific Coast Highway, Redondo Beach, 

Calif. 90277, (213) 378-0257.

DIFFRACTION OF WAVES BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE TOPOGRAPHIES AND 

SUBSURFACE IRREGULARITIES, H. L. Wong, 

University of Southern California, Department of 

Civil Engineering, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 

741-7090.

I.B.2. GROUND FAILURE

A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CEMENTED 

SOILS UNDER SEISMIC LOADING, G. W. 

Clough, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. 

94305, (415) 497-4164.

A STUDY OF THE SOILS IN SAN FRANCISCO 

INVOLVED IN LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA DURING THE 1906 EARTHQUAKE, G. 

W. Clough, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. 

94305, (415) 497-4164.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING SEISMIC HAZARDS ASSOCIATED 

WITH EXISTING CREEPING LANDSLIDES 

AND OLD DAMS, R. E. Goodman, University of 

California, College of Engineering, Berkeley, 

Calif. 94720, (415) 642-5525.

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDES: INVESTIGATION OF PREDICTIVE CRITERIA, E. L. 

Harp, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Engineering Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2529.

GROUND FAILURES CAUSED BY HISTORIC 

EARTHQUAKES, D. K. Keefer, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Engineering Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2557.

SURFICIAL LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY SEISMIC SHAKING SAN FERNANDO EARTHQUAKE OF 1971, F. B. Leighton, Leighton and 

Associates, 17975 Sky Park Circle, Irvine, Calif. 

92714, (714) 556-1421.

GROUND FAILURE RELATED TO THE NEW 

MADRID, MISSOURI, EARTHQUAKE, S. F. 

Obermeier, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Engineering Geology, National Center Stop 926, 

Reston, Va. 22092, (703) 860-6469.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GROUND MOTION 

AND GROUND FAILURE, R. C. Wilson, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Engineering Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2967.

SEISMICALLY INDUCED SHALLOW HILLSIDE 

FAILURES, B. C. Yen, California State University, Department of Civil Engineering, Long Beach, 

Calif. 90804, (213) 498-4809.

EXPERIMENTAL MAPPING OF LIQUEFACTION 

POTENTIAL, L. T. Youd, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Engineering Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2529.

I.B.3. SURFACE FAULTING

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND GEOMETRY OF 

SURFACE FAULTING, M. G. Bonilla, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground Motion and 

Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2245.

I.B.4. POSTEARTHQUAKE

SEISMOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS, C. J. 

Langer, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, 

Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5091.

20
POSTEARTHQUAKE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS, 

R. A. Page, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of 

Earthquake Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2461.

I.C. EARTHQUAKE LOSSES

THE CONSEQUENCES OF AN EARTHQUAKE 

PREDICTION ON STATISTICAL ESTIMATES 

OF SEISMIC RISK, J. L. Anderson, University 

of Southern California, Department of Geological 

Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 741- 

2099.

RELATIONS BETWEEN GROUND MOTION, 

LOSSES, AND DAMAGE IN STRUCTURES, R. 

Husid, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, 

Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-2833.

SEISMIC-DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR HIGH 

RISE BUILDINGS, R. E. Scholl, John A. Blume 

and Associates, 130 Jessie Street, San Francisco, 

Calif. 94105, (415) 397-2525.

SALT LAKE CITY BUILDING INVENTORY, K. V. 

Steinbrugge, Insurance Services Office, 550 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104, (905) 

781-8828.

II. EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION STUDIES

II.A. LOCATION OF AREAS WHERE LARGE

EARTHQUAKES ARE MOST LIKELY TO

TAKE PLACE

II.A.l. SYNTHESES OF SEISMICITY, TECTONIC, 

AND SIMILAR DATA

HEAT-FLOW STUDIES, A. H. Lachenbruch, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Teotonophysics, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2646 or 2272.

II.A.2 STRESS LEVEL

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS DETERMINATIONS 

BASED ON TECTONIC STRESS MEASUREMENTS, C. B. Archambeau, University of Colorado, Coop. Inst. for Research in the Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colo. 80309, (303) 492- 

8028.

IN SITU STRESS MEASUREMENT, M. D. Zoback, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2034.

II.B. EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS

II.B.l. GENERAL

DEEP-WELL MONITORING OF STRAIN-SENSITIVE PARAMETERS OVER THE SOUTHERN 

CALIFORNIA UPLIFT, T. L. Henyey, University of Southern California, Department of Geological Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 

741-6123.

PREDICTION MONITORING AND EVALUATION, 

R. N. Hunter, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-4041.

INTERPRETATION OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA 

PREMONITORY OF EARTHQUAKES, D. Jackson, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, 3806 Geology Building, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, (213) 

825-6130.

CRUSTAL-STRUCTURE, EARTHQUAKE-PREDICTION AND INDUCED-SEISMICITY STUDIES 

IN SOUTH CAROLINA, P. Talwani, University 

of South Carolina, Department of Geology, Columbia, S.C. 29208, (803) 772-6449.

II.B.2. SEISMOLOGICAL

SEISMIC SLIP STUDIES IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, C. Bufe, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2567.

PREEARTHQUAKE AND POSTEARTHQUAKE 

SEISMIC PHENOMENA OF THE NOVEMBER 

29, 1975, HAWAII EARTHQUAKE, R. S. 

Crosson, University of Washington, Geophysics 

Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Seattle, 

Wash. 98195, (206) 543-6505.

TELESEISMIC SEARCH FOR SEISMIC PRECURSORS, J. W. Dewey, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-4041.

GARM, U.S.S.R., SOURCE MECHANISM STUDIES, 

F. G. Fischer, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2321.

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC-VELOCITY STUDIES 

AND CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN SOUTHERN 

CALIFORNIA, H. Kanamori, California Institute 

of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, 

Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 2914.

HAWAIIAN SEISMIC STUDIES, F. W. Klein, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Field Geochemistry 

and Petrology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2321.

MICROEARTHQUAKE DATA ANALYSIS, W. H. K. 

Lee, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2630.

PREMONITORY AMPLITUDE CHANGES, A. Lindh, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2042.

IN SITU SEISMIC-WAVE VELOCITY MONITORING, T. V. McEvilly, University of California, 

Department of Geology and Geophysics, Berkeley, 

Calif. 94720, (415) 642-4494.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FORESHOCKS, P. Molnar, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, 

Mass. 02139, (617) 253-5924.

21
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CRUSTAL VELOCITY CHANGES ON THE PALMDALE UPLIFT, R. A. Phinney, Princeton University, Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, 

Princeton, N. J. 08540, (609) 452-4118.

II.B.3. GROUND DEFORMATION, TILT, AND 

STRAIN

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND CREEP AND 

STRAIN STUDIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, C. R. Alien, California Institute of Technology, Division of Geology and Planetary Sciences, Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 

91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 2904.

OPERATION OF PINON FLAT OBSERVATORY,.J. 

Berger, University of California at San Diego, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, La 

Jolla, Calif. 92093, (714) 452-2889.

FAULT-ZONE TECTONICS, R. O. Burford, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2574

CONTINUED MONITORING OF STRESS CHANGES 

NEAR ACTIVE FAULTS, B. R. Clark, Leighton 

and Associates, 17975 Sky Park Circle, Irvine, Calif. 

92714, (714) 556-1421.

CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF A TRANSPORTABLE VERY LONG BASE LINE INTERFERO-, 

METRY ELECTRONICS SYSTEM TO MONITOR 

TRANSCONTINENTAL STRAIN ACCUMULATION AND THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH, 

C. C. Counselman III, Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology, Department of Earth and Planetai-y 

Sciences, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, (617) 253-7902.

THREE - DIMENSIONAL INTER-STATION COORDINATES TO ONE CENTIMETER, P. R. 

Escobal, Universal Data Systems, Inc., 1451 Quail 

Street, Newport Beach, Calif. 92660, (714) 752- 

7634.

IMPROVED STRESS-DETERMINATION PROCEDURES BY HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, C. 

Fairhurst, University of Minnesota, Department of 

Civil and Mineral Engineering, Minneapolis, Minn. 

55456, (612) 373-3135.

TILT MEASUREMENTS IN THE NEW HEBRIDES 

ISLAND ARC: SEARCH FOR PRECURSERS 

AND OTHER ASEISMIC DEFORMATIONS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE GENERATION IN 

A ZONE OF LITHOSPHERE SUBDUCTION, 

B. L. Isacks, Cornell University, Department of 

Geological Sciences, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, (607) 

256-2307.

TILT, STRAIN, MAGNETIC, AND TELLURIC 

MEASUREMENTS, M. Johnston, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2132.

RELEVELING OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, M. 

Kumar, NOAA, National Geodetic Survey, Vertical 

Networks Branch, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, Md. 20852, (301) 443-8100.

DIRECT DETERMINATION OF STRAIN ACCUMULATION NEAR ACTIVE FAULTS FROM MEASURED GEODETIC DATA, R. D. Lynch, Computer Sciences Corporation, 6565 Arlington Blvd., 

Falls Church, Va. 22046, (202) 533-8877, ext. 6249.

MEKOMETER MEASUREMENTS IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEY, R. G. Mason, Imperial College 

of Science and Technology, Geology Department, 

London SW7 2BP, England.

GEODETIC STRAIN MONITORING, A. McGarr, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2708.

TILT OPERATIONS, C. Mortensen, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Techonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2583.

RECENT VERTICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE 

CRUST IN THE WESTERN U.S.: REDUCTION 

AND ANALYSIS OF LEVELING DATA AND 

ITS INTERPRETATION IN LIGHT OF RELATED SEISMOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL 

INFORMATION, J. E. Oliver, Cornell University, 

Department of Geological Sciences, Ithaca, N.Y. 

14853, (607) 256-2377.

CRUSTAL-STRAIN MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS, J. C. Savage, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2633.

MULTI-WAVELENGTH DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF STRAIN IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, L. E. Slater, University of Washington, 

Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. 98105, 

(206) 543-1255.

TILTMETER RESEARCH IN NEW MADRID, 

MISSOURI, AND ADAK, ALASKA, W. Stauder, 

Saint Louis University, Department of Earth and 

Atmospheric Sciences, St. Louis, Mo. 63103, (314) 

535-3300, ext. 206.

DRY-TILT AND NEAR-FIELD GEODETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS, 

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, A. G. Sylvester, University of California, Santa Barbara, Marine 

Science Institute, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, 

(805) 961-3471.

DEPLOYMENT OF INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE 

TECTONIC STRESS CHANGES IN THE 

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA UPLIFT, H. S. 

Swolfs, Terra Tek, Inc., 420 Wakara Way, Salt 

Lake City, Utah 84108, (801) 582-2220.

PALEOGEODETICS, W. Thatcher, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2120.

POSTEARTHQUAKE DEFORMATION MONITORING, W. Thatcher, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2120.

22
SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT AND PREDICTION OF 

LOW-FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS, M. D. 

Wood, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2595.

II.B.4. GRAVITY

DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE ABSOLUTE 

GRAVIMETER WITH MICROGAL SENSITIVITY, J. E. Faller, University of Colorado, Joint 

Inst. for Lab. Astrophysics, Boulder, Colo. 80309, 

(303) 492-6793.

EVALUATION OF A GRAVIMETRIC TECHNIQUE 

AS AN EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR METHOD 

ALONG THE SAN JACINTO AND SAN ANDREAS FAULT ZONES IN CALIFORNIA, J. 

D. Fett, Earth Science and Engineering, 27595 

Santa Fe Street, Hemet, Calif. 92343, (714) 

658-7509.

CONTINUOUS GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS IN 

THE REGION OF THE PALMDALE UPLIFT, 

J. M. Goodkind, University of California, Department of Physics, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, (714) 

542-3666.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GRAVITY SURVEYS 

AND ANALYSIS, R. C. Jachens, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Regional Geophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2168.

WATER-MASS AND GRAVITY VARIATIONS IN 

THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY EARTHQUAKE 

BELT, L. D. McGinnis, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 111. 60115, (815) 753-1944.

II.B.5. MAGNETIC

NOISE-REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR TECTONOMAGNETIC STUDIES, P. L. Bender, University of Colorado, Joint Inst. for Lab. Astrophysics, Boulder, Colo. 80309, (303) 492-6793.

MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS, B. E. Smith, 

QUAKE PREDICTIONS, M. D. Fuller, University 

of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Geological Sciences, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, (805) 

961-3158.

MAGNETOMETER ARRAY IN PALMDALE BULGE 

REGION, D. Jackson, University of California, 

Los Angeles, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary 

Physics, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, (213) 825-1776.

MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS, B. E. Smith, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2533.

A PROPOSAL TO INVESTIGATE THE PALMDALE 

UPLIFT USING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETIC 

FIELD MONITORING OF TECTONIC STRESS, 

F. J. Williams, 'San Bernardino Valley College, 

Division of Mathematics and Physical Science, 701 

South Mount Vernon Avenue, San Bernardino, 

Calif. 92403, (714) 885-0231.

II.B.6. ELECTRICAL

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY SOUNDING EXPERIMENTS IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE 

AREAS, A. F. Kuckes, Cornell University, School 

of Applied Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, (607) 256-4949.

HIGH-SENSITIVITY MONITORING OF RESISTIVITY AND SELF-POTENTIAL VARIATION IN 

THE PALMDALE AND HOLLISTER AREAS 

FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION STUDIES, 

T. R. Madden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 

Cambridge, Mass. 02139, (617) 253-6384.

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND ELECTRIC FIELDS ON THE 

SAN ANDREAS FAULT, F. Morrison, University 

of California, Berkeley, Department of Engineering 

Sciences, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, (415) 642-3804.

II.B.7. GEOCHEMICAL

INVESTIGATION OF RADON AND HELIUM AS 

POSSIBLE FLUID-PHASE PRECURSORS TO 

EARTHQUAKES, H. Craig, University of California, San Diego, Geological Research Division, 

Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 

92093, (714) 452-3260.

ASSESSMENT OF THE U234/U238 ACTIVITY 

RATIO AS A POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR, R. C. Finkel, University of California, 

San Diego, Mt. Soledad Radioisotope Lab., S-002, 

La Jolla, Calif. 92037, (714) 452-2662.

LIGHT STABLE ISOTOPES, I. Friedman, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Isotope Geology, Box 

25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, 

(303) 234-3876.

DETERMINATION OF RADON FLUCTUATIONS 

AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTING 

FACTORS IN THE NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI 

EMBAYMENT, W. C. Hood, Southern Illinois 

University, Department of Geology, Carbondale, 

111. 62901, (618) 453-3351.

RADON AND WATER-WELL MONITORING, Chi-Yu 

King, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2706.

RADON ANALYSIS FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION, W. F. Libby, University of California, Los Angeles, Institute of 

Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Los Angeles, 

Calif. 90024, (213) 825-1881.

OXYGEN ISOTOPES, J. O'Neil, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Isotope Geology, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2598.

HELIUM MONITORING FOR EARTHQUAKE 

PREDICTION, G. M. Reimer, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Uranium and Thorium, Box 25046, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-5146.

23
GROUND WATER RADON CONTENT AS AN 

EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR CONTROLLED 

EXPERIMENTS AND FIELD STUDIES ALONG 

THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT FROM CAJON 

TO GORMAN, T. Teng, University of Southern 

California, Department of Geological Sciences, Los 

Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 741-6124.

II.B.8. WATER LEVEL

WATER-LEVEL MONITORING IN THE AREA OF 

THE PALMDALE UPLIFT AND SAN JACINTO 

FAULT ZONE, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 

D. L. Lamar, California Earth Science Corporation, 1318 Second Street, Santa Monica, Calif. 

90401, (213) 395-4528.

GROUND-WATER ANALYSIS, W. R. Moyle, Jr., 

U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 

24000 Avila Road, Laguna Niguel, Calif. 92677, 

(714) 831-4232.

STOCHASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER-LEVEL DATA, P. Westlake, 

Environmental Dynamics, Inc., 1609 Westwood 

Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, (213) 477-6277.

II.B.9. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

BIOLOGICAL PREMONITORS OF EARTHQUAKES 

 A VALIDATION STUDY, L. S. Otis, Stanford 

Research Institute, Psychobiology and Physiology 

Department, Life Sciences Division, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 326-6200.

CAN ANIMALS PREDICT EARTHQUAKES?, D. D. 

Skiles, University of California, Los Angeles, 

Institute of Geophysics and, Planetary Physics, 

Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, (213) 825-2803.

BASE-LINE STUDIES OF THE FEASIBILITY 

AND RELIABILITY OF USING ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A COMPONENT IN THE PREDICTION OF EARTHQUAKES, K. L. Verosub, 

University of California, Davis, Department of 

Geology, Davis, Calif. 95616, (916) 752-6911.

II.C. DATA PROCESSING

PROCESSING OF MICROEARTHQUAKE DATA 

FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION, K. Aki, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, 

Mass. 02139, (617) 253-6397.

ESTABLISHMENT OF A SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GEOPHYSICAL DATA ANALYSIS CENTER, D. G. Harkrider, California Institute of 

Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary 

Sciences, Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, 

Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 2908.

NUMERICAL METHODS IN SEISMOLOGY: RAYTRACING AND INVERSE PROBLEMS, H. B. 

Keller, California Institute of Technology, Division of Applied Science, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, 

(213) 795-6811.

DATA PROCESSING SERVICES, C. Lee, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Network Operations, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2080.

NETWORK SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS, J.H. Pfluke, U.S. Geological Survey, Office 

of Earthquake Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2034.

REDUCTION OF NOISE IN EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR MEASUREMENTS, J. A. Steppe, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophyiscs, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2570.

MINICOMPUTER SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, P. 

R. Stevenson, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Network Operations, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2572.

II.D. COMPUTER MODELING

THEORETICAL MECHANICS OF EARTHQUAKE 

PRECURSORS, W. D. Stuart, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2756.

III. INDUCED-SEISMICITY STUDIES

GEOLOGIC/HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS TO 

IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF RESERVOIR-INDUCED SEISMICITY, R. M. Barker, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Environmental 

Geology, National Center Stop 908, Reston, Va. 

22092, (703) 860-6413.

STUDY OF RESERVOIR-INDUCED SEISMICITY, 

L. C. Cluff, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 3 Embarcadero, San Francisco, Calif. 94111, (415) 956- 

7070.

STRESS AND HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SHALLOW HOLES IN SOUTH CAROLINA, R. M. 

Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake Studies, National Center Stop 905, Reston, 

Va. 22092, (703) 860-6471.

ACQUISITION OF DRILL RIG, C. B. Raleigh, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2893.

INDUCED SEISMICITY AT TOKTOGUL RESERVOIR, U.S.S.R., AND SEISMOTECTONICS OF 

THE TALAS-FERGANA FAULT, D. W. Simpson, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of 

Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 10964, 

(914) 359-2900.

A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO RESERVOIRINDUCED SEISMICITY, D. E. Stuart-Alexander, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Western Environmental Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2929.

24
IV. STUDIES IN COMMON SUPPORT 

OF HAZARDS, PREDICTION, AND 

INDUCED-SEISMICITY ELEMENTS

IV.A. SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC NETWORKS

LAMONT-DOHERTY NETWORK OF STATIONS IN 

NEW YORK STATE AND ADJACENT AREAS, 

Y. P. Aggarwal, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 

10964, (914) 359-2900.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SEISMIC ARRAYS, C. 

R. Alien, California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Seisin ological Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, 

(213) 795-6811, ext. 2904.

MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SEISMIC PROCESSING, R. V. Alien, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Network Operations, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2240.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD STUDIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, R. S. Crosson, University 

of Washington, Geophysics Program, College of 

Arts and Sciences, Seattle, Wash. 98195, (206) 

543-8020.

OPERATION OF A SEISMIC-DATA COLLECTION 

AND ANALYSIS CENTER IN ALASKA, T. N. 

Davis, University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute, 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, (907) 479-7010.

IMPROVED U.S. EARTHQUAKE CATALOG, J. W. 

Dewey, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global 

Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 

80225, (303) 234-4041.

CENTRAL CALIFORNIA SEISMIC NETWORK, J. 

P. Eaton, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2575.

A FIELD STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION METHODS IN THE CENTRAL ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, C. Kisslinger, University of 

Colorado, Coop. Inst. for Research in the Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colo. 80309, (303) 492- 

8028.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE SEISMIC NETWORK, G. Fuis, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Seismology, c/o California Institute of 

Technology, Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, 

Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 2956.

CENTRAL CALIFORNIA NETWORK OPERATIONS, W. D. Hall, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Network Operations, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2897.

CENTRAL AMERICAN SEISMIC STUDIES, D. H. 

Harlow, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2570.

ENHANCEMENT OF DATA ACQUISITION IN 

THE NEW MADRID SEISMIC ZONE, R. B. 

Herrmann, St. Louis University, Earth and Atmospheric Science Department, 221 North Grand 

Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 63103, (314) 535-3300.

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION STUDY AT THE 

TARBELA AND CHASHMA SEISMIC NETWORKS, PAKISTAN, K. H. Jacob, LamontDoherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 10964, (914) 359-2900.

SEISMICITY OF THE RIO GRANDE RIFT, L. H. 

Jaksha, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global 

Seismology, Seismological Center, Kirtland AFB, 

East Bldg., Albuquerque, N. Mex. 87115, (505) 

264-4637.

HAWAIIAN SEISMIC STUDIES SUPPORT, F. W. 

Klein, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2569.

SOUTHERN ALASKA SEISMIC STUDIES, J. C. 

Lahr, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Ground 

Motion and Faulting, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2510.

PUERTO RICO SEISMIC PROGRAM, C. J. Langer, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake 

Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5091.

SEISMIC DATA LIBRARY OF WWSSN (Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network.) SEISMOGRAMS, W. H. K. Lee, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2630.

A COMPILATION OF NORTH AMERICAN STRESS 

DETERMINATIONS, F. J. Mauk, University of 

Michigan, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, (313) 764-2428.

NETWORK INSTALLATION, PERMITS, AND SUPPLIES, H. Mills, Branch of Network Operations, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2112.

A STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND 

THE TECTONICS OF THE NORTHEASTERN 

CARIBBEAN: A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT 

IN TWO MAJOR SEISMIC GAPS, A. J. Murphy, 

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, (914) 359- 

2900.

NATIONAL SEISMIC NETWORK FEASIBILITY 

STUDY, J. R. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Seismological 

Center, Kirtland AFB, East Bldg, Albuquerque, 

N. Mex. 10002, (505) 264-4637.

COORDINATION OF NORTHEAST U.S. SEISMIC 

NETWORK, P. W. Pomeroy, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, 

P.O. Box 224, Stone Ridge, N.Y. 12484, (914) 687- 

9150.

EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH AND NETWORK OPERATIONS IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN BELTWASATCH FRONT, R. S. Smith, University of 

Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, (801) 581- 

7129.

25
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD STUDIES IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, W. Stauder, Saint Louis University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric 

Sciences, St. Louis, Mo. 63103, (314) 535-3300, 

ext. 206.

TOPICAL SEISMICITY STUDIES, A. C. Tarr, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Earthquake Tectonics and Risk, Denver Federal Center, Denver, 

Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5078.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD RESEARCH IN THE 

GREATER LOS ANGELES BASIN AND ITS 

OFFSHORE AREA, T. Teng, University of Southern California, Department of Geological Sciences, 

Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 741-6124.

COMPILATION OF PRE-1900 CALIFORNIA 

EARTHQUAKE HISTORY AND RELOCATION OF SELECTED INSTRUMENTALLY 

RECORDED EARTHQUAKES, T. R. Toppozada, 

State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, Resources Building, 1416 Ninth Street, 

Sacramento, Calif. 95814, (916) 445-1825.

INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY 

CONTROL, J. Van Schaack, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Network Operations, 345 Middle1- 

field Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2584.

SEISMIC-HAZARD EVALUATION OF LARGE 

KNOWN AND SUSPECTED ACTIVE FAULTS 

IN WESTERN NEVADA, J. D. Van Wormer, 

University of Nevada, Mackay School of Mines, 

Seismological Laboratory, Reno, Nev. 89507, (702) 

784-4975.

IV.B. PHYSICAL BASIS OF EARTHQUAKES

IV.B.l. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CRUST 

AND UPPER MANTLE

MECHANICAL PROCESSES OF CRUSTAL 

FAULTING, A. D. M. Barnett, Stanford University, Department of Materials Sciences, Stanford, 

Calif. 94305, (415) 497-3716.

SEISMIC STUDIES OF FAULT MECHANICS, W. L. 

Ellsworth, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2778.

FAULT-ZONE STRUCTURE, J. Healy, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323- 

8111, ext. 2535.

ACTIVE SEISMOLOGY APPLIED TO FAULTZONE PROPERTIES, D. P. Hill, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2139.

SEISMIC-REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS NEAR 

THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT, T. V. McEvilly, 

University of California, Department of Geology 

and Geophysics, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, (415) 642- 

4494.

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF 

PORE FLUID IN PREMONITORY PHENOMENA, J. B. Minster, California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, (213) 795-6811, ext. 

2950.

HETEROGENEITY, PORE PRESSURE, AND DILATANCY IN CRUSTAL FAULTING, A. Nur, 

Stanford University, Department of Geophysics, 

Stanford, Calif. 94305, (415) 497-3716.

MECHANICS OF GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH FAULTING, D. Pollard, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2635.

INTENSIVE STUDIES OF FAULT-ZONE PROPERTIES AND DRILLING IN THE SAN ANDREAS 

FAULT ZONE, C. B. Raleigh, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2893.

PALEODYNAMICS OF FAULTING, C. B. Raleigh, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2893.

COHERENT SEISMIC WAVE ANALYSIS, P. A. 

Reasenberg, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2049.

CRUSTAL INHOMOGENEITY IN SEISMICALLY 

ACTIVE AREAS, S. W. Stewart, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2525.

IV.B. 2. LABORATORY

FABRIC, TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, MINERALOGY, AND PETROCHEMISTRY OF INTRAFAULT MATERIAL ALONG THE SAN 

ANDREAS FAULT IN THE AREA OF THE 

PALMDALE UPLIFT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, J. L. Anderson, University of Southern California, Department of Geological Sciences, Los 

Angeles, Calif. 90007, (213) 741-2717.

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN PREMONITORY EARTHQUAKE EVENTS, O. L. Anderson, University of California, Los Angeles, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Los 

Angeles, Calif. 90024, (213) 825-2386.

DILATANCY AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF 

ROCKS UNDER NONHYDROSTATIC STRESS, 

C. B. Archambeau, University of Colorado, Coop. 

Inst. for Research in the Environmental Sciences, 

Boulder, Colo. 80309, (303) 492-8028.

SOME SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTAL AND FIELD 

STUDIES PERTAINING DIRECTLY.TO THE 

MECHANISMS OF SEISMIC AND ASEISMIC 

FAULTING, B. K. Atkinson, Imperial College of 

Science and Technology, Department of Geology, 

Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, England.

26
ROCK MECHANICS, J. D. Byerlee, U. S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2453.

TRANSIENT CREEP AND SEMIBRITTLE BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS, N. L. Carter, State University 

of New York, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, (516) 

246-5945.

MECHANICS OF EARTHQUAKE FAULTING, 

J. Dieterich, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, 

Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2573.

RECRYSTALLIZED GRAIN SIZE IN DUCTILE 

FAULT (MYLONITE) ZONES, M. A. Etheridge, 

Monash University, Department of Earth Sciences, 

Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168, 03 541 0811, 

ext. 3791.

MACHINE SHOP, K. R. Harper, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield 

Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, 

ext. 2586.

EXPERIMENTAL ROCK MECHANICS, S. H. Kirby, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, 

(415) 323-8111, ext. 2872.

LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF 

FAULT GOUGE, J. M. Logan, Texas A & M 

University, Center for Tectonophysics, College of 

Geosciences, College Station, Tex. 77843, (713) 

845-3251.

FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE PROCESSES IN POROUS GEOLOGICAL 

MATERIALS (WITH APPLICATION TO 

EARTHQUAKE PREMONITORY EVENTS 

AND SOURCE MECHANISMS), J. R. Rice, 

Brown University, Division of Engineering, Providence, R.I. 02912, (401) 863-2886.

A STUDY OF THE ROLE OF PREMONITORY 

CREEP IN THE MECHANISM OF STICKSLIP 

FRICTION IN ROCKS, C. H. Scholz, LamontDoherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, (914) 359-2900.

EARTHQUAKE-RISK ANALYSIS USING NUMERICAL AND STOCHASTIC MODELS OF TIMEDEPENDENT STRAIN FIELDS, A. T. Smith, 

University of California, Santa Cruz, Division of 

Natural Sciences, Applied Science Building, Santa 

Cruz, Calif. 95064, (408) 429-2225.

EXPERIMENTAL SOURCE MECHANICS, R. Stewart, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2041.

ROCK PHYSICS, R. Stewart, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Tectonophysics, 345 Middlefield- Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2041.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGY OF CRUSTAL ROCKS, J. Tullis, Brown University, Department of Geological Sciences, Providence, R.I. 02912, (401) 863-2240.

ELASTIC MODULUS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, AND FLUID PERMEABILITY IN ROCK, 

J. B. Walsh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 

Cambridge, Mass. 02139, (617) 253-3381.

ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY AND PORE-WATERPRESSURE CHANGES IN FRACTURED 

ROCKS DURING FRICTIONAL SLIDING: 

EFFECTS OF FAULT GOUGE ON THE SLIDING SURFACE, C. Y. Wang, University of California, Department of Geology and Geophysics, 

Berkeley, Calif. 94720, (415) 642-2288.

ROCK MECHANICAL INVESTIGATION OF 

FAULT GOUGE, C. Y. Wang, University of 

California, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, (415) 642-2288.

ROLE OF FAULT GOUGE IN THE MECHANICS 

OF FAULTING, F. T. Wu, State University of 

New York, Binghamton, Department of Geological Sciences, Binghamton, N.Y. 13901, (607) 

798-2512.

IV.B.3. SOURCE MECHANICS

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING OF SEISMIC 

DATA, W. H. Bakun, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2777.

SPECTRAL- AND TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF 

NEAR-FIELD RECORDING OF EARTHQUAKES, J. P. Fletcher, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Seismology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo 

Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2962.

V. GLOBAL SEISMOLOGY STUDIES

V.A. RESEARCH

EARTH STRUCTURE, B. R. Julian, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Denver 

Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234- 

4041.

INVERSION OF DISPERSED SEISMOGRAMS, 

M. W. Major, Department of Geophysics, Colorado 

School of Mines, Golden, Colo. 80401, (303) 279- 

0300, ext. 262.

TOPICAL STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS, L. C. Pakiser, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 

80225, (303) 234-2625.

SEISMICITY AND TECTONICS, W. J. Spence, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, 

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-4041.

V.B. SEISMOGRAPH STATION OPERATION AND 

DESIGN

USGS AND COOPERATING OBSERVATORIES, 

H. M. Butler, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of 

Global Seismology, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, 

N.Mex. 87115, (505) 264-4637.

27
WORLDWIDE STANDARDIZED SEISMOGRAPH 

NETWORK, H. M. Butler, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Kirtland AFB, 

Albuquerque, N.Mex. 87115, (505) 264-4637.

U.S. SEISMIC NETWORK, M. A. Carlson, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-3994.

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR SUPPORT OF 

SEISMOGRAPH NETWORKS, H. E. Clark, Jr., 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, N.Mex. 87115, 

(505) 264-4637.

TSUNAMI NETWORK SUPPORT, H. E. Clark, Jr., 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, N.Mex. 87115, 

(505) 264-4637.

EUREKA, NEVADA, SEISMOGRAPH, W. A. DePaoli, P.O. Box 261, Eureka, Nev. 89316, (702) 

237-5263.

INSTALLATION AND SERVICE OF FOREIGN 

AND DOMESTIC SEISMOGRAPH INSTRUMENTS, E. R. Ferrigno, Ford Aerospace and 

Communications Corporation, Engineering Services Division, 3900 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, 

Penn. 19019, (215) 659-7700, ext. 2394.

ALBUQUERQUE OBSERVATORY, L. H. Jaksha, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 

87115, (505) 264-4637.

FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS, SEISMOGRAPH, 

R. Konig, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 

Ark. 72701, (501) 575-3355.

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS SEISMOGRAPH, C. MacFarland, Charles Darwin Research Station, Casilla 

58-39, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

TUCSON, ARIZONA, SEISMOGRAPH, R. T. Moore, 

University of Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines, 

Geological Survey Branch, 845 North Park Avenue, 

Tucson, Ariz. 85719, (602) 884-2733.

BUTTE, MONTANA, SEISMOGRAPH, S. Nile, Montana School of Mines and Technology, Butte, 

Mont. 57901, (406) 995-4283.

MISSOULA, MONTANA, SEISMOGRAPH, A. 

Qamar, University of Montana Foundation, Missoula, Mont. 59801, (406) 243-6560.

HUNGRY HORSE, MONTANA, SEISMOGRAPH, 

R. E. Wendt, 253 Kelly Road, Columbia Falls, 

Mont. 59912, (406) 892-3715.

SEISMIC OBSERVATORIES, H. Whitcomb, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-2625.

V.C. DATA ACQUISITION AND DISSEMINATION

NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION 

SERVICE, J. S. Derr, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal 

Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-3994.

SEISMIC DATA FOR NEIS (Natl. Earthquake Inf. 

Service), W. J. Arabasz and K. L. Cook, University of Utah, 307 Park Building, Salt Lake City, 

Utah 84112, (801) 581-6201.

SEISMIC DATA FOR NEIS, B. A. Bolt, University 

of California, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Berkeley, Calif. 94702, (415) 642-3977.

SEISMIC DATA FOR NEIS, M. Friedman, California 

Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California Blvd., 

Pasadena, Calif. 91125, (213) 795-8806.

COMPUTER SERVICES, J. N. Genert, Energy Enterprises, Inc., Suite 753, Metrobank Building, 475- 

17th Street, Denver, Colo. 80202, (303) 893-1116.

STANDARD SEISMOGRAM COPIES, D. Glover, 

Natl. Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm., Environmental Data Services, Plasma Building 24, DF62, 

Boulder, Colo. 80302, (303) 499-6300.

DATA ENTRY SERVICES FOR NEIS, M. W. 

MAJOR, Colorado School of Mines, Department of 

Geophysics, Golden, Colo. 80401, (303) 279-0300, 

ext. 262.

STUDENT ASSISTANCE FOR NEIS, M. W. Major, 

Colorado School of Mines, Department of Geophysics, Golden, Colo. 80401, (303) 279-0300, ext. 

262.

SEISMOGRAM REVIEW AND DATA SERVICES, 

R. P. McCarthy, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch 

of Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-5080.

PRESS CLIPPINGS, T. E. Paley, International Press 

Clipping Bureau, 5 Beckman Street, New York, 

N.Y. 10038, (212) 267-5450.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING SERVICES, R. Parker, 

General Services Administration, Agency Services, 

Building 41, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 

80225, (303) 234-21466.

SEISMIC DATA FOR NEIS, J. W. Skehan, S. J., 

Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167, (617) 

899-0950.

SEISMIC DATA FOR NEIS, P. Talwani, University 

of South Carolina, Office of Research, Columbia, 

S.C. 29208, (803) 777-6449.

U.S. EARTHQUAKES, C. W. Stover, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Branch of Global Seismology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225, (303) 234-3994.

VI. GENERAL STUDIES

WORKSHOPS ON HAZARDS AND PREDICTION, 

J. F. Evernden, R. A. Page, P. L. Ward, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake Studies, 345 

Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 

323-8111, ext. 2764.

GRANTS AND CONTRACTS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT, J. F. Evernden, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Office of Earthquake Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 

2764.

28
USGS EARTHQUAKE STUDIES ADVISORY 

PANEL, R. M. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Office of Earthquake Studies, National Center Stop 

905, Reston, Va. 22092, (703) 860-6471.

U.S.-U.S.S.R. COOPERATIVE EARTHQUAKE 

STUDIES, R. M. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake Studies, National Center 

Stop 905, Reston, Va. 22092, (703) 860-6471.

RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, W. W. Hays, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake Studies, Denver Federal Center, Denver. Colo. 80225, (303) 

234-4029.

HAZARD WARNING, PREPAREDNESS, AND 

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, D. R. Nichols, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Earth Sciences Application Program, National Center Stop 720, Reston, Va. 22092, 

(703) 860-6961.

CHINESE GEOPHYSICS TRANSLATIONS, F. Spilhaus, American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, 

N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, (202) 331-0370.

HAZARDS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT, R. A. Page, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake 

Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2461.

PREDICTION PROGRAM MANAGEMENT, P. L. 

Ward, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake 

Studies, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 

94025, (415) 323-8111, ext. 2838.

REPORTS ON RESEARCH STUDIES FOR 

EARTHQUAKE-HAZARDS REDUCTION

Ayre, R. S., Mileti, D. S., and Trainer, P. B., 1975, 

Earthquake and tsunami hazards in the United 

States; A research assessment: Colorado Univ., 

Inst. Behavioral Sci., Program Technology Environment and Man, Mon. NSF-RA-E-75-005, 150 p.

California, Legislature, Joint Committee on Seismic 

Safety, 1974, Meeting the earthquake challenge 

Final report to the Legislature***: California Div. 

Mines and Geology Spec. Pub. 45, 223 p.

Joint Panel on Problems Concerning Seismology and 

Rock Mechanics, 1972, Earthquakes related to reservoir filling: Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci. and 

Nat. Acad. Eng., 24 p. (available from Natl. Research Council, Div. Earth Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418).

Joint Panel on the San Fernando Earthquake, 1971, The 

San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971; 

Lessons from a moderate earthquake on the fringe 

of a densely populated region: Washington, D.C., 

Natl. Acad. Sci. Natl. Acad. Eng., 24 p.

National Research Council, Committee on Earthquake 

Engineering Research, 1969, Earthquake engineering research: Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 

313 p. (available from Clearing House for Federal 

Sci. and Tech. Inf., U.S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151).

National Research Council, Committee on Seismology, 

1969, Seismology; Responsibilities and requirements of a growing science. Part I, Summary and 

recommendations; Part II, Problems and prospects: 

Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., pt. I, 38 p.; pt. 

II, 59 p. 

-1977, Trends and opportunities in seismology:

Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 158 p.

National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska 

Earthquake, 1969, Toward reduction of losses from 

earthquakes; conclusions from the great Alaska 

earthquake of 1964: Washington, D.C. Natl. Acad. 

Sci., 34 p.

National Research Council, Panel on Earthquake Prediction, 1976, Predicting earthquakes, a scientific 

and technical evaluation with implications for 

society: Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 62 p.

National Research Council, Panel on Seismograph Networks, 1977, Global earthquake monitoring; its 

uses, potentials, and support requirements: Washington, B.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 75 p.

National Research Council, Panel on Strong-Motion 

Seismology, 1973, Strong-motion engineering seismology; The key to understanding and reducing 

the damaging effects of earthquakes: Washington, D.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 17 p.

National Research Council, Panel on the Public Policy 

Implications of Earthquake Prediction, 1975, Earthquake prediction and public policy: Washington, 

B.C., Natl. Acad. Sci., 142 p.

U.S. Federal Council for Science and Technology, Ad 

Hoc Interagency Working Group for Earthquake 

Research, 1968, Proposal for a ten-year National 

Earthquake Hazards Program: Washington, D.C., 

81 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, Earthquake prediction 

opportunity to avert disaster: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 729, 35 p.

U.S. National Science Foundation, RANN (Research 

Applied to National Needs), and U.S. Geological 

Survey, 1976, Earthquake prediction and hazard 

mitigation options for USGS and NSF programs 

["Newmark Report"]: Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Govt. Printing Off., 76 p.

U.S. Office of Science and Technology, Ad Hoc Panel 

on Earthquake Prediction, 1965, Earthquake prediction; A proposal for a ten-year program of research: Washington, D.C., 134 p.

U.S. Task Force on Earthquake Hazard Reduction 

[Office of Science and Technology], 1970, Report*** 

Program priorities: Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. 

Printing Off., 54 p.

 1971, In the interest of earthquake safety: Berkeley, California Univ., Inst. Govt. Studies, 22 p.

Wallace, R. E., 1974, Goals, strategy, and tasks of the 

Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 701, 26 p.

White, G. F., and Haas, J. E., 1975. Assessment of research on natural hazards: Cambridge, Mass., MIT 

Press, 487 p. (NSF-RA-E-75-001).

29
REFERENCES CITED hazard mitigation options for USGS and NSF programs ["Newmark Report"]: Washington, D.C.,

Chinese Information Service, 1976, Secret report on ^ s Govt Printing1 Off 76 p 

Tangshan earthquake reveals casualty figures:

Chinese Inf. Service, Background on China [news U.S. Task Force on Earthquake Hazard Reduction 

release], Dec. 15,1976, 4 p. [Office of Science and Technology], 1970, Report*** 

U.S. National Science Foundation, RANN, and U.S. Program priorities: Washington, B.C., U.S. Govt. 

Geological Survey, 1976, Earthquake prediction and Printing Off., 54 p.

30
APPENDIX 

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION ACT OF 1977

91 STAT. 1098 PUBLIC LAW 95-124 OCT. 7, 1977

Public Law 95-124 

95th Congress

An Act

Oct. 7, 1977

[S. 126]

To reduce the hazards of earthquakes, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 

Earthquake United States of America in Congress assembled,

Reduction Act of SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

1977. That this Act may be cited as the "Earthquake Hazards Reduction

42 USC 7701 Act of 1977".

7701 ' FINDINGS01. rpjie (_iongress fij^ anci declares the following:

( 1 ) All 50 States are vulnerable to the hazards of earthquakes, 

and at least 39 of them are subject to major or moderate seismic 

risk, including Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South 

Carolina, Utah, and Washington. A large portion of the population of the United States lives in areas vulnerable to earthquake 

hazards.

(2) Earthquakes have caused, and can cause in the future, 

enormous loss of life, injury, destruction of property, and economic and social disruption. With respect to future earthquakes, 

such loss, destruction, and disruption can be substantially reduced 

through the development and implementation of earthquake 

hazards reduction measures, including (A) improved design and 

construction methods and practices, (B) land-use controls and 

redevelopment, (C) prediction techniques and early-warning 

systems, (D) coordinated emergency preparedness plans, and 

(E) public education and involvement programs.

(3) An expertly staffed and adequatelv financed earthquake 

hazards reduction program, based on Federal, State, local, and 

private research, planning, decisionmaking, and contributions 

would reduce the risk of such loss, destruction, and disruption in 

seismic areas by an amount far greater than the cost of such 

program.

(4) A well-funded seismological -research program in earthquake prediction could provide data adequate for the design, of 

an operational system that could predict accurately the time, place, 

magnitude, and physical effects of earthquakes in selected areas of 

the United States.

(5) An operational earthquake prediction system can produce 

significant social, economic, legal, and political consequences.

(6) There is a scientific basis for hypothesizing that major 

earthquakes may be moderated, in at least some seismic areas, by 

application of the findings of earthquake control and seismological 

research.

(7) The implementation of earthquake hazards reduction measures would, as an added benefit, also reduce the risk of loss, 

destruction, and disruption from other natural hazards and manmade hazards, including hurricanes, tornadoes, accidents, explosions, landslides, building and structural cave-ins, and fires.

(8) Reduction of loss, destruction, and disruption from earthquakes will depend on the actions of individuals, and organiza31
tions in the private sector and governmental units at Federal, 

State, and local levels. The current capability to transfer knowledge and information to these sectors is insufficient. Improved 

mechanisms are needed to translate existing information and 

research findings into reasonable and usable specifications, criteria, 

and practices so that individuals, organizations, and governmental 

units may make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.

(9) Severe earthquakes are a worldwide problem. Since damaging earthquakes occur infrequently in any one nation, international cooperation is desirable for mutual learning from limited 

experiences.

(10) An effective Federal program in earthquake hazards reduction will require input from and review by persons outside the 

Federal Government expert in the sciences of earthquake hazards 

reduction and in the practical application of earthquake hazards 

reduction measures.

SEC. 3. PURPOSE.

It is the purpose of the Congress in this Act to reduce the risks of 

life and property from future earthquakes in the United States through 

the establishment and maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards 

reduction program.

SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS.

As used in this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) The term ''includes'' and variants thereof should be read 

as if the phrase "but is not limited to" were also set forth.

(2) The term "program" means the earthquake hazards reduction program established under section 5.

(3) The term "seismic" and variants thereof mean having to 

do with, or caused by earthquakes.

(4) The term "State'' means each of the States of the United 

States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

(5) The term "United States"1 means, when used in a geographical sense, all of the States as defined in section 4(4).

SEC. 5. NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM.

(a) ESTABLISHMENT. The President shall establish and maintain, 

in accordance with the provisions and policy of this Act, a coordinated 

earthquake hazards reduction program, which shall 

(1) be designed and administered to achieve the objectives set 

forth in subsection (c);

(<>) involve, where appropriate, each of the agencies listed in 

subsection (d) ; and

(3) include each of the elements described in subsection (e), 

the implementation plan described in subsection (f), and the 

assistance to the States specified in subsection (g).

(b) DUTIES. The President shall 

(1) within 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, 

designate the Federal department, agency, or entity responsible 

for the development of the implementation plan described in 

subsection (f);

(2) within 210 days after such date of enactment, submit to the 

appropriate authorizing committees of the Congress the implementation plan described in subsection (f); and

42 USC 7702.

42 USC 7703.

42 USC 7704.

Plan, submittal to

congressional

committees.

32
Earthquake

resistant

construction.

Earthquake 

prediction.

Model codes.

Earthquakerelated issues, 

understanding.

Research.

(3) by rule, within 300 days after such date of enactment 

(A) designate the Federal department, agency, or 

interagency group which shall have primary responsibility 

for the development and implementation of the earthquake 

hazards reduction program;

(B) assign and specify the role and responsibility of each 

appropriate Federal department, agency, and entity with 

respect to each object and element of the program;

(C) establish goals, priorities, and target dates for implementation of the program;

(D) provide a method for cooperation and coordination 

with, and assistance (to the extent of available resources) to, 

interested governmental entities in all States, particularly 

those containing areas of high or moderate seismic risk; and 

(E) provide for qualified staffing for the program and its 

components.

(c) OBJECTIVES. The objectives of the earthquake hazards reduction 

program shall include 

(1) the development of technologically and economically feasible design and construction methods and procedures to make new 

and existing structures, in areas of seismic risk, earthquake 

resistant, giving priority to the development of such methods and 

procedures for nuclear power generating plants, dams, hospitals, 

schools, public utilities, public safety structures, high occupancy 

buildings, and other structures which are especially needed in 

time of disaster;

(2) the implementation in all areas of high or moderate seismic risk, of a system (including personnel, technology, and 

procedures) for predicting damaging earthquakes and for 

identifying, evaluating, and accurately characterizing seismic 

hazards;

(3) the development, publication, and promotion, in conjunction with State and local officials and professional organizations, 

of model codes and other means to coordinate information about 

seismic risk with land-use policy decisions and building activity;

(4) the development, in areas of seismic risk, of improved 

understanding of, and capability with respect to, earthquakerelated issues, including methods of controlling the risks from 

earthquakes, planning to prevent such risks, disseminating warnings of earthquakes, organizing emergency services, and planning 

for reconstruction and redevelopment after an earthquake;

(5) the education of the public, including State and local officials, as to earthquake phenomena, the identification of locations 

and structures which are especially susceptible to earthquake 

damage, ways to reduce the adverse consequences of an earthquake, and related matters;

(6) the development of research on 

(A) ways to increase the use of existing scientific and 

engineering knowledge to mitigate earthquake hazards;

(B) the social, economic, legal, and political consequences 

of earthquake prediction; and

(C) ways to assure the availability of earthquake insurance or some functional substitute; and

(7) the development of basic and applied research leading to 

a better understanding of the control or alteration of seismic 

phenomena.

33
(d) PARTICIPATION. In assigning the role and responsibility of Federal departments, agencies, and entities under subsection (b) (3) (B), 

the President shall, where appropriate, include the United States 

Geological Survey, the National Science Foundation, the Department 

of Defense, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Bureau of Standards, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the 

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the National Fire Prevention 

and Control Administration.

(e) RESEARCH ELEMENTS. The research elements of the program 

shall include 

(1) research into the basic causes and mechanisms of earthquakes;

(2) development of methods to predict the time, place, and 

magnitude of future earthquakes;

(8) development of an understanding of the circumstances in 

which earthquakes might be artificially induced by the injection 

of fluids in deep wells, by the impoundment of reservoirs, or by 

other means;

(4) evaluation of methods that may lead to the development 

of a capability to modify or control earthquakes in certain regions;

(5) development of information and guidelines for zoning land 

in light of seismic risk in all parts of the United States and 

preparation of seismic risk analyses useful for emergency planning and community preparedness;

(6) development of techniques for the delineation and evaluation of the political effects of earthquakes, and their application 

on a regional basis;

(7) development of methods for planning, design, construction, 

rehabilitation, and utilization of manmade works so as to effectively resist the hazards imposed by earthquakes;

(8) exploration of possible social and economic adjustments 

that could be made to reduce earthquake vulnerability and to 

exploit effectively existing and developing earthquake mitigation 

techniques; and

(9) studies of foreign experience with all aspects of earthquakes.

(f) IMPLEMENTATION PLAN. The President shall develop, through 

the Federal agency, department, or entity designated under subsection 

(b) (1), an implementation plan which shall set year-by-year targets 

through at least 1980, and shall specify the roles for Federal agencies, 

and recommended appropriate roles for State and local units of 

government, individuals, and private organizations,, in carrying out 

the implementation plan. The plan shall provide for 

(1) the development of measures to be taken with respect to 

preparing for earthquakes, evaluation of prediction techniques 

and actual predictions of earthquakes, warning the residents of 

an area that an earthquake may occur, and ensuring that a comprehensive response is made to the occurrence of an earthquake.;

(2) the development of ways for State, county, local, and 

regional governmental units to use existing and developing knowledge about the regional and local variations of seismic risk in 

making their land use decisions;

(3) the development and promulgation of specifications, building standards, design criteria, and construction practices to 

achieve appropriate earthquake resistance for new and existing 

structures;

34
Report, filing 

with

congressional 

committees.

Program plan 

review.

Report to 

Congress.

42 USC 7705. 

Submittal to 

congressional 

committees.

42 USC 7706.

(4) an examination of alternative provisions and requirements 

for reducing earthquake hazards through Federal and federally 

financed construction, loans, loan guarantees, and licenses;

(5) the determination of the appropriate role for insurance, 

loan programs, and public and private relief efforts in moderating the impact of earthquakes; and

(6) dissemination, on a timely basis, of 

(A) instrument-derived data of interest to other researchers;

(B) design and analysis data and procedures of interest 

to the design professions and to the construction industry; 

and

(C) other information and knowledge of interest to the 

public to reduce vulnerability to earthquake hazards. 

When the implementation plan developed by the President under this 

section contemplates or proposes specific action to be taken by any 

Federal agency, department, or entity, and, at the end of the 30-day 

period beginning on the date the President submits such plan to the 

appropriate authorizing committees of the Congress any such action 

has not been initiated, the President shall file with such committees 

a report explaining, in detail, the reasons why such action has not 

been initiated.

(g) STATE ASSISTANCE. In making assistance available to the 

States under the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), 

the President may make such assistance available to further the purposes of this Act, including making available to the States the results 

of research and other activities conducted under this Act.

(h) PARTICIPATION. In carrying out the provisions of this section, 

the President shall provide :in opportunity for participation by the 

appropriate representatives of State and local governments, and by 

the public, including rep resent at ives of business and industry, the 

design professions, and the research community, in the formulation 

and implementation of the program.

Such non-Federal participation shall include periodic review of the 

program plan, considered in its entirety, by an assembled and adequately staffed group of such representatives. Any comments on the 

program upon which such group agrees shall be reported to the 

Congress.

Measures developed pursuant to paragraph 5(f) (1) for the evaluation of prediction techniques and actual predictions of earthquakes 

shall provide for adequate non-Federal participation. To the extent 

that such measures include evaluation by Federal employees of nonFederal prediction activities, such measures shall also include evaluation by persons not in full-time Federal employment of Federal 

prediction activities.

SEC. 6. ANNUAL REPORT.

The President shall, within ninety days after the end of each fiscal 

year, submit an annual report to the appropriate authorizing committees in the Congress describing the status of the program, and 

describing and evaluating progress achieved during the preceding 

fiscal year in reducing the risks of earthquake hazards. Each such 

report shall include any recommendations for legislative and other 

action the President deems necessary and appropriate.

SEC. 7. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(a) GENERAL. There are authorized to be appropriated to the 

President to carry out the provisions of sections 5 and 6 of this Act 

(in addition to any authorizations for similar purposes included in

35
other Acts and the authorizations set foith in subsections (b) and (c) 

of this section), not to exceed $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending 

September 30. 15)78. not to exceed $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending 

September 30, 1979. and not to exceed $2.000.000 for the fiscal year 

ending September 80,1980.

(b) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. There are authorized to be appropriated 

to the Secretary of the Interior for purposes for carrying out, through 

the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the responsibilities that may be assigned to the Director under this Act not to 

exceed $27.500.<M)0 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978; not 

to exceed $35,000.000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979; 

and not to exceed $40.000.000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 

1980.

(c) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION. To enable the Foundation to 

carry out responsibilities that -may be assigned to it under this Act, 

the re are authorized to be appropriated to the Foundation not to exceed 

$27.500.000 for the fiscal year ending September 30.1978; not to exceed 

$35.000.000 for the fiscal' year ending September 30, 1979; and not to 

exceed $40.000.000 for the fiscal year ending September 30,1980.

Approved October 7, 1977.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:

HOUSE REPORTS: No. 95-286, Pt. I accompanying H.R. 6683 (Comm. on Science and 

Technology) and No. 95-286, Pt. II accompanying H.R. 6683 

(Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs).

SENATE REPORT No. 95-130 (Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation). 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 123 (1977): 

May 12, considered and passed Senate.

Sept. 9, considered and passed House, amended, in lieu of H.R. 6683. 

Sept. 23, Senate concurred in House amendment.

o

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 0-261-221/61

36
ORGANIZATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ORGANIZATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

DIRECTOR 

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

I

ASSISTANT DIRECTORS

Administration 

Energy and Mineral Res. 

Program Analysis 

Land Resources 

Environmental Cons. 

Eastern Region 

Central Region 

Western Region

ADMINISTRATIVE 

DIVISION

CONSERVATION 

DIVISION

COMPUTER 

CENTER 

DIVISION

WASHINGTON 

LIAISON OFFICE

LAND INFORMATION 

AND ANALYSIS OFFICE

OFFICE OF

NATIONAL PETROLEUM 

RESERVE IN ALASKA

WATER

RESOURCES

DIVISION

GEOLOGIC 

DIVISION

TOPOGRAPHIC 

DIVISION

PUBLICATIONS 

DIVISION
ORGANIZATION OF THE GEOLOGIC DIVISION

ADMINISTRATIVE 

OFFICE

OFFICE OF THE 

CHIEF GEOLOGIST

CHIEF GEOLOGIST

Deputy Chief Geologist

Regional Geologists

Eastern

Central

Western

OFFICE OF

GEOCHEMISTRY AND 

GEOPHYSICS

OFFICE OF

ENVIRONMENTAL

GEOLOGY

OFFICE OF

PROGRAM AND

BUDGET

OFFICE OF 

MINERAL RESOURCES

OFFICE OF 

ENERGY RESOURCES

OFFICE OF 

SCIENTIFIC 

PUBLICATIONS

OFFICE OF 

EARTHQUAKE STUDIES

OFFICE OF 

INTERNATIONAL 

GEOLOGY

OFFICE OF 

MARINE GEOLOGY

ORGANIZATION OF THE 

OFFICE OF EARTHQUAKE STUDIES

ADMINISTRATIVE 

GROUP

HEADQUARTERS

Chief 

Deputies:

Engineering

Geology

Prediction

Research Applications

SeismoJogy

PROGRAM GROUP

Grants and Contracts

Manager

Hazards Coordinator 

Prediction Coordinator

Seismic 

Engineering

Ground

Motion and

Faulting

 Earthquake 

Tectonics 

and Risk

Global 

Seismology Seismology Tectonophysics

Network 

Operations
HAMILTON EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 780