# Patent

## Title
Methods for damaging cells using effector function of anti-DSC2 antibody

## Abstract

The present invention is based on the discovery that the cytoxicity of anti-desmocollin 2 (DSC2) antibodies can be used for treating various cancers including lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancers. Specifically, the present invention provides antibodies against DSC2 that have effector function. Furthermore, the present invention provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions that comprise anti-DSC2 antibody as an active ingredient for damaging DSC2-expressing cells via the effector function of the antibody.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a U.S. National Stage Application of PCT/JP2006/309886, filed May 11, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/680,609 filed May 12, 2005, the contents of which all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
DSC2 has been found to be specifically expressed in various cancer cells including lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric, and liver cancer cells. The present invention relates to antibodies against desmocollin 2 (DSC2) having effector function, and the use of the antibodies in methods and compositions for damaging DSC2-expressing cells via the effector function of the anti-DSC2 antibodies.
BACKGROUND ART
Lung cancer is one of the most common lethal human tumors. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form, accounting for nearly 80% of lung tumors (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures 2001, Am. Chem. Soc. Atlanta, 2001). The majority of NSCLCs are not diagnosed before advanced stage, and thus the overall 10-year survival rate has stayed as low as 10%, despite recent advances in multimodality therapies (Fry et al, Cancer 86: 1867-76, 1999). Currently, chemotherapy using platinum is considered to be a fundamental therapy for NSCLCs. However, the therapeutic action of pharmaceutical agents has not progressed beyond the point of being able to prolong the survival of advanced NSCLC patients to a certain extent (Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group, Bmj 311: 899-909, 1995). A number of targeting therapies are being investigated, including those that use tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, to date, promising results have been achieved only in a limited number of patients, and in some patients, therapeutic effects have accompanied severe side effects (Kris et al., Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21: 292a (A1166), 2002).
Colorectal carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths in developed countries. Specifically, more than 130,000 new cases of colorectal cancer in USA are reported each year. Colorectal cancer represents about 15% of all cancers. Of these, approximately 5% are directly related to inherited genetic defects. In spite of recent progress in therapeutic strategies, prognosis of patients with advanced cancers remains very poor. Although molecular studies have revealed the involvement of alterations in tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes in carcinogenesis, the precise mechanisms still remain to be elucidated.
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates of any malignancy, and the 5-year-survival rate of patients is 4%. 28,000 people are diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer each year, and nearly all of these patients die of their disease (Greenlee R T et al., Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 51: 15-36, 2001). The poor prognosis of this malignancy is a result of the difficulty of early diagnosis and poor response to current therapeutic methods (Greenlee R T et al., Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 51: 15-36, 2001; Klinkenbijl J H et al., Ann Surg 230: 776-82, and discussion 782-4, 1999). In particular, currently no tumor marker is identified that allows reliable screening at an early, potentially curative stage of the disease.
Prostate cancer (PRC) is one of the most common malignancies in men and represents a significant worldwide health problem. It is the second most frequent cause of cancer death in USA (Greenlee R T et al., Cancer statistics, 2001 CA Cancer J Clin 51: 15-36, 2001). Incidence of PRC is steadily increasing in developed countries according to the prevalence of Western-style diet and increasing number of senior population. Increasing number of patients also die from this disease in Japan due to adoption of a Western life style (Kuroishi T, Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Klinika 25: 43-8, 1995). Currently, the diagnosis of PRC is based on an increased level of the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). Early diagnosis provides an opportunity for curative surgery. Patients with organ confined PRC are usually treated and approximately 70% of them are curable with radical prostatectomy (Roberts W W et al., Urology 57: 1033-7, 2001; Roberts S G et al., Mayo Clin Proc 76: 576-81, 2001). Most of patients with advanced or relapsed disease are treated with androgen ablation therapy due to the androgen-dependent initial growth of PRC. Although most of these patients initially respond to androgen ablation therapy, the disease eventually progresses to androgen-independent PRC, at which point the tumor is no longer responsive to androgen ablation therapy.
One of the most serious clinical problems in the treatment for PRC is that this androgen-independent PRC is unresponsive to any other known therapies. Thus, clarifying the mechanism of androgen-independent growth and establishing new therapies other than androgen ablation therapy against PRC are urgent issues for the management of PRC.
Breast cancer, a genetically heterogeneous disease, is the most common malignancy in women. An estimation of approximately 800,000 new cases is reported each year worldwide (Parkin D M, et al., CA Cancer J Clin 49: 33-64, 1999). Mastectomy is the first concurrent option for the treatment of this disease. Despite surgical removal of the primary tumors, relapse at local or distant sites may occur due to micrometastasis that is undetectable at the time of diagnosis (Saphner T, et al., J Clin Oncol 14: 2738-46, 1996). Cytotoxic agents are usually administered as adjuvant therapy after surgery aiming to kill those residual or premalignant cells.
Treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents is often empirical and is mostly based on histological tumor parameters, and in the absence of specific mechanistic understanding. Target-directed drugs are therefore becoming the bedrock treatment for breast cancer. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, two representatives of its kind, have been proved to achieve great responses when used as adjuvant or chemoprevention in patients with metastasized breast cancer (Fisher B et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 1371-88, 1998; Cuzick J, Lancet 360: 817-24, 2002). However, the drawback is that only patients who express estrogen receptors are sensitive to these drugs. Further, regarding their side effects, long term tamoxifen treatment may cause endometrial cancer as well as deleterious effect of bone fracture in the postmenopausal women in aromatase prescribed patients (Coleman R E Oncology 18(5 Suppl 3): 16-20, 2004). Owing to the emergence of side effects and drug resistance, it is obviously necessarily to search novel molecular targets for selective smart drugs on the basis of characterized mechanisms of action.
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the world, particularly in the Far East, with approximately 700,000 new cases diagnosed worldwide annually. Surgery is the mainstay in terms of treatment, because chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory. Gastric cancers at an early stage can be cured by surgical resection, but prognosis of advanced gastric cancers remains very poor.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and its incidence is gradually increasing in Japan as well as USA (Akriviadis E A et al., Br J Surg 85(10): 1319-31, 1998.). Although recent medical advances have made great progress in diagnosis, a large number of patients with HCCs are still diagnosed at advanced stages and their complete cures from the disease remain difficult. In addition, since patients with hepatic cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis have a high risk to HCCs, they may develop multiple liver tumors, or new tumors even after complete removal of initial tumors. Therefore, development of highly effective chemotherapeutic drugs and preventive strategies are matters of pressing concern.
Research aiming at the elucidation of carcinogenic mechanisms has revealed a number of candidate target molecules for anti-tumor agents. For example, the farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) is effective in the therapy of Ras-dependent tumors in animal models (Sun J. et al., Oncogene.; 16:1467-73, 1998.). This pharmaceutical agent was developed to inhibit growth signal pathways related to Ras, which is dependant on post-transcriptional farnesylation. Human clinical trials where anti-tumor agents were applied in combination with the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab with the aim of antagonizing the proto-oncogene HER2/neu have succeeded in improving clinical response, and improved the overall survival rate of breast cancer patients.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI-571 is an inhibitor which selectively deactivates bcr-abl fusion protein. This pharmaceutical agent was developed for the therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia, where the constant activation of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase has a significant role in the transformation of white blood cells. Such pharmaceutical agents are designed to inhibit the carcinogenic activity of specific gene products (O'Dwyer M E & Druker B J. Curr Opin Oncol.; 12:594-7, 2000.). Today, gene products with promoted expression in cancer cells are usually potential targets for the development of novel anti-tumor agents.
Another strategy for cancer therapy is the use of antibodies which bind to cancer cells. The following are representative mechanisms of antibody-mediated cancer therapy:
(I) Missile therapy: in this approach, a pharmaceutical agent is bound to an antibody that specifically binds to cancer cells, and the agent then specifically acts on the cancer cells. Through this method the pharmaceutical agent intensively acts on the cancer cells, therefore, even agents with strong side effects can be used with less side effects. In addition to pharmaceutical agents, there are also reports of approaches where precursors of pharmaceutical agents, enzymes which metabolize the precursors to an active form, and so on are bound to the antibodies;
(II) The use of antibodies which target functional molecules: this approach inhibits the binding between growth factors and cancer cells using, for example, antibodies that bind to growth factor receptors or growth factors. Some cancer cells proliferate depending on the activity of growth factors. For example, cancers dependent on epithelial growth factor (EGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known. For such cancers, inhibiting the binding between a growth factor and the cancer cells can be expected to have a therapeutic effect; and
(III) Antibody cytotoxicity: antibodies that bind to some kinds of antigens on cancer cells can exert cytotoxicity to the cancer cells. These types of antibodies have itself a direct anti-tumor effect. Antibodies that display cytotoxicity to cancer cells are gaining attention as antibody agents expected to be highly effective against tumors.
The object and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent when the following disclosure of the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying figures and examples. However, it is to be understood that the following disclosure is of preferred embodiments, and not restrictive of the invention or other alternate embodiments of the invention.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
The words “a”, “an”, and “the” used herein mean “at least one” unless otherwise specifically indicated.
The terms “isolated” and “purified” used in relation with a substance (e.g., polypeptide, antibody, polynucleotide, etc.) indicates that the substance is substantially free from at least one substance that may else be included in the natural source. Thus, an isolated or purified antibody refers to antibodies that is substantially free of cellular material such as carbohydrate, lipid, or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the protein (antibody) is derived, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The term “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of a polypeptide in which the polypeptide is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or recombinantly produced. Thus, a polypeptide that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of polypeptide having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% (by dry weight) of heterologous protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminating protein”). When the polypeptide is recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, which includes preparations of polypeptide with culture medium less than about 20%, 10%, or 5% of the volume of the protein preparation. When the polypeptide is produced by chemical synthesis, it is preferably substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals, which includes preparations of polypeptide with chemical precursors or other chemicals involved in the synthesis of the protein less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% (by dry weight) of the volume of the protein preparation. That a particular protein preparation contains an isolated or purified polypeptide can be shown, for example, by the appearance of a single band following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein preparation and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining or the like of the gel. In a preferred embodiment, antibodies of the present invention are isolated or purified.
An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. In a preferred embodiment, nucleic acid molecules encoding antibodies of the present invention are isolated or purified.
The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide”, and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues including antibodies. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is a modified residue, or a non-naturally occurring residue, such as an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers.
The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that similarly functions to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those modified after translation in cells (e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine). The phrase “amino acid analog” refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure (an a carbon bound to a hydrogen, a carboxy group, an amino group, and an R group) as a naturally occurring amino acid but have a modified R group or modified backbones (e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine, sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium). The phrase “amino acid mimetic” refers to chemical compounds that have different structures but similar functions to general amino acids.
Amino acids may be referred to herein by their commonly known three letter symbols or the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.
The terms “gene”, “polynucleotides”, “nucleotides”, “nucleic acids”, and “nucleic acid molecules” are used interchangeably unless otherwise specifically indicated and are similarly to the amino acids referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
The term “antigen” refers to proteins that have the binding ability to a corresponding antibody and induce the antigen-antibody reaction in vivo. On the other hand, the term “immunogen” refers to the group of proteins among the antigens that further have the ability to induce the production of antibody in vivo.
“Antibodies” and “immunoglobulins” are glycoproteins having the same structural characteristics. While antibodies exhibit binding specificity to a specific antigen, immunoglobulins include both antibodies and other antibody-like molecules, for which antigen specificity has not been defined. Polypeptides of the latter kind are, for example, produced at low levels by the lymph system and at increased levels by myelomas.
Herein, the term “antibody” refers to molecules belonging to any class or subclass of immunoglobulins. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these can be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
The term “antibody” herein includes both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The term also includes modified antibodies that retain the specific antigen-binding ability of the original antibody, for example, antibodies bound to other molecules, chimeric antibodies (humanized antibodies etc.), antibodies wherein one or more amino acids therein are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted, and the like. Furthermore, the term is intended to encompass fragments of antibodies so long as they retain their specific binding ability to its antigen. Such fragments include, for example, Fv, Fab, F(ab′)2, scFv, etc., however, the present invention is not restricted thereto and includes much smaller portions of the antibody that still possess the specific binding ability of the original antibody.
The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they can be synthesized by hybridoma culture, uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention can be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein, (Nature 256:495-7, 1975), or can be made by recombinant DNA methods (Cabilly et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3273-7, 1984).
The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies or immunoglobulins, in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (Cabilly et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3273-7, 1984; Morrison et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6851-5, 1984). Most typically, chimeric antibodies or immunoglobulins comprise human and murine antibody fragments, generally human constant and mouse variable regions.
The “effector function” refers to the cytotoxicity of an antibody. The cytotoxicity is usually involved with the Fc region of the antibody, however, the present invention is not restricted thereto and “antibodies with effector function” encompasses all kinds of antibodies that cause damage to cells on which the antigen of the antibodies are expressed.
Specifically, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC; also referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and neutralizing activity are known as antibody effector functions, and are detailed below. These biological activities of the antibody can independently damage cells, however, in practice, they function in composite in living cells. Thus, an antibody of the invention may have one, two or all of these effector functions. Preferable effector functions herein are either, ADCC, CDC, or both.
(1) Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) refers to a cell damaging reaction which is caused on a target cell via the action of effector cell and antibody, in particular IgG class antibodies. Hence the amount of antibody required for causing this effect is quite small, this cytotoxic function is considered to be important where only weak antibody production reaction is caused, like in tumors, autoimmune diseases, etc. It is known that ADCC is an important mechanism in cancer therapies using antibodies (Clynes R A, et al., Nature Med 6: 443-6, 2000). For example, ADCC is reported to be an important effector mechanism for the treatment of cancer using anti-CD20 chimeric antibody (Cartron G, et al., Blood 99: 754-8, 2002). Thus, when applying the present invention for cancer therapies, the effector function of ADCC becomes particularly important.
Cells involved in this reaction are called effector cells and acquire cytotoxicity by binding to the antigen bound antibodies. Example of such cells includes lymphocytes (T cells, NK cells, etc.), macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutophils), K cell, and the like. These cells carry receptors, called Fc receptors that bind to the Fc region of antibodies bound on the cell surface through an antigen. It is known that each of the Fc receptors specifically recognize and bind to the Fc region of a specific class and/or subclass of the immunoglobulins. For example, cells comprising Fc receptors specific to the Fc region of the immunoglobulin class IgG include T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and are activated by the Fc region of IgG class antibodies to exert cytotoxicity against cells to which these antibodies have bound.
ADCC can be classified based on the involved effector cell to IgG-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (ADMC) and IgG-dependent NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (narrow sense ADCC). Herein, the term ADCC is used in the broad sense and encompasses ADMC, where macrophages function as the effector cell.
Antibody ADCC is known to be an important mechanism of anti-tumor effects caused in a living body, particularly important in cancer therapies that use antibodies (Clynes R A, et al., Nature Med 6: 443-6, 2000). For example, a close relationship between the therapeutic effect of anti-CD20 antibody chimeric antibodies and ADCC has been reported (Cartron G, et al., Blood 99: 754-8, 2002). Thus, ADCC is particularly important among the antibody effector functions in the present invention.
At present, the mechanism of ADCC is roughly explained as follows: first, an antibody binds to the target cell, then an effector cell recognizing the Fc region of the antibody, binds to the antibody. The effector cell, which is bridged to the target cell via the antibody bound to the cell surface, is thought to induce target cell apoptosis by transmitting some sort of lethal signal to the target cell.
(2) Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC)
The Fc region of antibodies of an antibody-antigen complex is known to activate the complement system. The complements involved in this system are sequentially activated through enzymatic reaction or binding with other activated complements and form molecules that show biological activities, such as induction of histamine release, acting as chemotactic factors for neutrophils and macrophages, opsonin activity, etc. Among these activated molecules, C5b-9 membrane attack complex (MAC) damage viral particles and cell membranes independent of effector cells. MAC exerts a strong binding affinity for cell membranes, and the molecule bound on a cell membrane opens a hole, making it easy for water to flow in and out of the cell. As a result, the cell membrane gets destabilized, or the cell is destroyed through the change in osmotic pressure. The biological activity caused by an activated complement or complex of the complements only extends to a region close to the antigen-antibody complex which activated the complement system. In particular, the function of lysing cells to which the antibody variable region has been bound is defined as CDC.
Further, the pathway to activate the complement system has been revealed to differ depending on the immunoglobulin class of the antibody inducing the pathway. For example, among the human antibodies, IgM and IgG activate the classical pathway. On the other hand, IgA, IgD, and IgE do not activate this pathway.
(3) Neutralizing Activity
Some antibodies are known to have the function of depriving infectivity of pathogens and/or activity of toxins. Such neutralization of pathogens and toxins can be achieved through the binding of the antigenic variable region of an antibody to an antigen included in the pathogens or toxin. Sometimes, the neutralization is known to require not only the antibody but complement mediation to deprive a virus of its infectivity. Thus, in case of using an antibody with neutralizing activity which requires complement mediation in therapy and such, the Fc region, essential for activating the complement system, is necessary in addition to the antigenic variable region.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Conditions required for destroying cancer cells using effector function of an antibody are, for example, as follows:

    
    
        (a) expression of large numbers of antigenic molecules on the membrane surface of target cancer cells;
        (b) uniform distribution of antigens within target cancerous tissues; and
        (c) lingering of antigens bound to antibodies on the cell surface for a long time.
    
    


More specifically, for example, antigens recognized by antibodies are required to be expressed on the surface of the cell membrane of target cancer cell. In addition, it is preferable that the ratio of antigen-positive cells is as high as possible in cells forming cancerous tissues. For example, an ideal situation may be where all target cancer cells in the objective tissue are positive to that antigen. When an antigen existing only in a portion of a cancer cell population of the objective tissue is used as the target, no clinical therapeutic effect may be expected for antibodies against that antigen. Usually, the higher the expression of the antigen used as the target on the cell surface, the stronger the effector functions to be expected.
Furthermore, it is also important that antibodies bound to antigens on the cell surface are not taken up into cells. Some receptors are taken up into cells (endocytosis) after binding to a ligand, which phenomenon is called internalization. Similarly, internalization may also occur for antibodies bound to cell surface antigens. When internalization occurs, the Fc region responsible for most effector functions caused by the antibody is also taken up into the cell, which as a result inhibits the binding to the Fc region of effector cells or complements that are outside the antigen-expressing cells, and finally the antibody effector function. Therefore, when selecting an antibody with effector function, it is important to choose antigens that cause less antibody internalization.
Further, to treat cancer by using antibodies, it is also important to select antigens which expression level is low in normal organs to avoid side effects.
Thus, the present inventors identified a number of genes with specifically enhanced expression in the cancer cells but showing low expression levels in normal cells through gene expression analysis with cDNA microarrays of lung cancer cells and normal cells collected from lung cancer patients. Among these genes, those showing low expression levels in major organs were selected as candidate target genes for lung cancer therapy.
The candidate target genes included the desmocollin 2 (DSC2) gene. The amino acid sequence coded by the DSC2 gene is expected to comprise a signal peptide at its N-terminus, and thus was expected to be a protein expressed on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Through a forced expression system, localized expression of c-myc-His-tagged DSC2 on the cytoplasmic membrane was confirmed via Immuno-fluorescence microscopy, and DSC2 was thought to be a transmembrane protein. Thus, the present inventors expected that DSC2 serves as a useful clinical marker and therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Specifically, antibodies against proteins encoded by these candidate target genes were examined for their ability of effector function to induce potent cytotoxicity and to finally damage lung cancer cells. As a result, anti-DSC2 antibodies could be confirmed to have effector function against DSC2-expressing cells. Furthermore, these antibodies were confirmed to cause similar effects on other cancer cell lines, such as colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric, and liver cancer cell lines wherein DSC2 was over-expressed. According to these discoveries, the inventors contemplated that antibodies against DSC2 can be used for cancer therapy with little danger of side effects.
I-1. Polypeptides
According to an aspect of the present invention, polypeptides having any of the following amino acid sequences are provided:











FSSFGMH,
(SEQ ID NO: 26)




 



YISSGSSTIYYADTVK,
(SEQ ID NO: 27)



 



VHYYYFDY,
(SEQ ID NO: 28)



 



KASQDINKYIA,
(SEQ ID NO: 29)



 



YTSTLQP,
(SEQ ID NO: 30)



 



LQYDNLW,
(SEQ ID NO: 31)



 



DYSMH,
(SEQ ID NO: 32)



 



WINTETGEPTYADDFKG,
(SEQ ID NO: 33)



 



WLLFDY,
(SEQ ID NO: 34)



 



KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA,
(SEQ ID NO: 35)



 



FASTRES,
(SEQ ID NO: 36)



 



QQHYSTPL,
(SEQ ID NO: 37)



 



GNYWS,
(SEQ ID NO: 39)



 



EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS,
(SEQ ID NO: 40)



 



VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV,
(SEQ ID NO: 41)



 



TGSSSNIGAGYDVH,
(SEQ ID NO: 44)



 



GNSNRPS,
(SEQ ID NO: 45)



 



QSYDSSLSGWV,
(SEQ ID NO: 46)



 



GYFWS,
(SEQ ID NO: 49)



 



EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS,
(SEQ ID NO: 50)



 



GQGYYSSLDP,
(SEQ ID NO: 51)



 



SGSSSNIGSNTVN,
(SEQ ID NO: 53)



 



SNNQRPS,
(SEQ ID NO: 54)



and



 



AAWDDSLNGVV.
(SEQ ID NO: 55)






Each of the above-mentioned amino acid sequences are the sequence determined for the complementarity determining regions (CDR) of mouse antibodies which regions were used for constructing chimeric antibodies or human antibodies that were confirmed to be effective to damage cells expressing DSC2. It is known that a CDR region alone even weak can recognize and specifically bind to its antigen. Further, it is generally known that the role of CDR3 among the three CDRs is particularly high in the binding of the antibody to its antigen. Thus, in some cases, the above-mentioned polypeptides of the present invention may be used alone in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases wherein the expression of DSC2 is involved.
CDR graft technology is known in the art (“Immunoglobulin genes”, Academic Press (London), pp 260-74, 1989; Michael A et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 969-73, 1994). According to this technology, the CDRs of an antibody are replaced with the CDRs of another antibody. Through such replacement, the binding specificity of the former antibody is changed to that of the latter antibody. Among such chimeric antibodies, those whose framework amino acids are derived from a human antibody are called humanized antibodies, and are expected to cause less side effects when used in cancer therapy for human. Thus, the present polypeptide consisting of any of the aforementioned CDR amino acid sequences can also be used for preparing such chimeric antibody.
When the present polypeptide is used for preparing a chimeric antibody, it is preferable to use them in combination as follows:








group 1-1:



FSSFGMH (SEQ ID NO: 26) as VH CDR1,


 


YISSGSSTIYYADTVK (SEQ ID NO: 27) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VHYYYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 28) as VH CDR3;


 


group 1-2:


KASQDINKYIA (SEQ ID NO: 29) as VL CDR1,


 


YTSTLQP (SEQ ID NO: 30) as VL CDR2,


and


 


LQYDNLW (SEQ ID NO: 31) as VL CDR3;


 


group 2-1:


DYSMH (SEQ ID NO: 32) as VH CDR1,


 


WINTETGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 33) as VH CDR2,


and


 


WLLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 34) as VH CDR3;


 


group 2-2:


KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA (SEQ ID NO: 35) as VL CDR1,


 


FASTRES (SEQ ID NO: 36) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QQHYSTPL (SEQ ID NO: 37) as VL CDR3;


 


group 3-1:


GNYWS (SEQ ID NO: 39) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 40) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 41) as VH CDR3;


 


group 3-2:


TGSSSNIGAGYDVH (SEQ ID NO: 44) as VL CDR1,


 


GNSNIRPS (SEQ ID NO: 45) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QSYDSSLSGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46) as VL CDR3;


 


group 4-1:


GYFWS (SEQ ID NO: 49) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 50) as VH CDR2,


and


 


GQGYYSSLDP (SEQ ID NO: 51) as VII CDR3;


and


 


group 4-2:


SGSSSNIGSNTVN (SEQ ID NO: 53) as VL CDR1,


 


SNNQRPS (SEQ ID NO: 54) as VL CDR2,


and


 


AAWDDSLNGVV (SEQ ID NO: 55) as VL CDR3.






Polypeptides which comprise the amino acid sequence in a combination as above, wherein the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 are separated by framework amino acid sequences are also encompassed by the present polypeptide. Furthermore, the present polypeptides may comprise both the VH and VL regions. Namely, a polypeptide of the present invention may comprise all the amino acid sequences of pairs of aforementioned groups 1-1 and 1-2, groups 2-1 and 2-2, groups 3-1 and 3-2, or groups 4-1 and 4-2 separated by appropriate amino acid sequences (e.g., framework amino acid sequence, etc.) to retain the specific binding ability of the original antibodies.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides polypeptides having any of the amino acid sequences selected from the group of:








(SEQ ID NO: 20)









MDSRLNLVFLVLILKGVQCDVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSRKLSCAASGFTFSS



 


FGMHWVRQAPEKGLEWVAYISSGSSTIYYADTVKGRFTISRDNPKNTLFL


 


QMTSLRSEDTAMYYCARVHYYYFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 21)









MRPSIQFLGLLLFWLHGAQCDIQMTQSPSSLSASLGGKVTITCKASQDIN



 


KYIAWYQHKPGKGPRLLIHYTSTLQPGIPSRFSGSGSGRDYSFSISNLEP


 


EDIATYYCLQYDNLWTFGGGTKL,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 22)









MAWVWTLLFLMAAAQSIQAQIQLVQSGPELKKPGETVKISCKASGYTFTD



 


YSMHWVKQAPGKGLKWMGWINTETGEPTYADDFKGRFAFSLETSASTAYL


 


QINNLKNEDTATYFCARWLLFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 23)









MESQTQVLMFLLLWVSGACADIVMTQSPSSLAMSVGQKVTMSCKSSQSLL



 


NSSNQKNYLAWYQQKPGQSPKLLVYFASTRESGVPDRFIGSGSGTDFTLT


 


ISSVQAEDLADYFCQQHYSTPLTFGAGTKL,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 16)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGNYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGNTKYNPSLKSRVAISADTSKNQFSLRLSSVTAADTAVYYCARVPF


 


DWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 17)









HVILTQPPSVSGAPGQRVTISCTGSSSNIGAGYDVHWYQQLPGTAPKLLI



 


YGNSNRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAITGLQAEDEADYYCQSYDSSLSGW


 


VFGGGTKLTVPG,


 








(SEQ ID NO: 18)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGYFWSWIRQAPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGSTSYNPSLKSRVTMTIDTSRKQFSLKLSSVTAADAAVYYCARGQG


 


YYSSLDPWGQGTLVTVSS


and


 








(SEQ ID NO: 19)









SYELTQPPSASGTPGQRVTISCSGSSSNIGSNTVNWYQQLPGTAPKLLIY



 


SNNQRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAISGLQSEDEADYYCAAWDDSLNGVV


 


FGGGTKLTVLG.






Each of the above-mentioned amino acid sequences are the sequence determined for the variable regions of either the light chain or the heavy chain of mouse or human antibodies that were confirmed to be effective to damage cells expressing DSC2.
Various chimeric antibodies are known in the art. For example, the Fc region of an antibody may be linked with arbitrary variable regions. The Fc region of IgA, IgE, or IgG class antibody is essential for generating ADCC. Similarly, the Fc region of IgM or IgG class antibody is required for generating CDC. Therefore, for utilization in cancer therapy on human, the antibody preferably has the Fc region of a human antibody to achieve the generation of ADCC and/or CDC. Thus, a polypeptide consisting of any of the aforementioned VH and VL amino acid sequences can be used for preparing such chimeric antibody wherein the Fc region of a human antibody is linked to the variable region that had been confirmed to be effective to damage cells expressing DSC2 by the present inventors. Since the IgG1 class antibodies triggers both ADCC and CDC, the Fc region of an IgG1 class antibody is preferable for the present invention. Much preferred may be the Fc region of a human IgG1 antibody.
Generally, it is known that modifications of one or more amino acid in a protein do not influence the function of the protein. One of skill in the art will recognize that individual additions, deletions, insertions, or substitutions to an amino acid sequence which alters a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids is a “conservative modification” wherein the alteration of a protein results in a protein with similar functions. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. For example, the following eight groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another:
1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G);
2) Aspartic acid (d), Glutamic acid (E);
3) Aspargine (N), Glutamine (Q);
4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K);
5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V);
6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W);
7) Serine (S), Threonine (T); and
8) Cystein (C), Methionine (M) (see, e.g., Creighton, Proteins, 1984).
Such conservatively modified polypeptides are included in the present polypeptides. However, proteins applicable for the method are not restricted thereto and may include non-conservative modifications so long as they retain the specific binding ability to DSC2.
In addition to the above-mentioned modification, the present polypeptides may be further linked to other substances so long as they retain their specific binding ability. Usable such other substances include: peptides, lipids, sugar and sugar chains, acetyl groups, natural and synthetic polymers, etc. These kinds of modifications may be performed to confer additional functions or to stabilize the polypeptides.
The present polypeptides may be obtained from nature as naturally occurring polypeptides via conventional purification methods, however, for smaller molecules, it is preferred to obtain them through chemical synthesis based on the selected amino acid sequence. For example, conventional peptide synthesis methods that can be adopted for the synthesis includes:

    
    
        (i) Peptide Synthesis, Interscience, New York, 1966;
        (ii) The Proteins, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1976;
        (iii) Peptide Synthesis (in Japanese), Maruzen Co., 1975;
        (iv) Basics and Experiment of Peptide Synthesis (in Japanese), Maruzen Co., 1985;
        (v) Development of Pharmaceuticals (second volume) (in Japanese), Vol. 14 (peptide synthesis), Hirokawa, 1991;
        (vi) WO99/67288; and
        (vii) Barany G. & Merrifield R. B., Peptides Vol. 2, “Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis”, Academic Press, New York, 1980, 100-118.
    
    


Alternatively, the polypeptides may be obtained adopting any known genetic engineering methods for producing polypeptides (e.g., Morrison J, J. Bacteriology 132: 349-51, 1977; Clark-Curtiss & Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology (eds. Wu et al.) 101: 347-62, 1983). For example, first, a suitable vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the objective protein in an expressible form (e.g., downstream of a regulatory sequence comprising a promoter) is prepared, transformed into a suitable host cell, and then the host cell is cultured to produce the protein. The protein may also be produced in vitro adopting an in vitro translation system.
I-2. Antibodies
As an aspect of the present invention, a polypeptide of the invention may be an antibody. The antibody of the present invention may belong to any class or subclass of immunoglobulins. Since the IgG1 class antibodies triggers both ADCC and CDC, and non-specific binding of this class of antibody is considered to be lowest among the immunoglobulin classes and subclasses, an IgG1 class antibody is particularly preferable for the present invention.
Further, when the antibodies are used for therapy for animals, it is preferred to select an antibody derived from the same species or at least, those having the Fc region or the constant region of an antibody from the same species. Namely, when used for treating humans, it is preferred to use human antibodies or humanized antibodies.
Further, the present invention includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, modified antibodies such as chimeric antibodies (humanized antibodies, scFv, etc.) that retain the specific antigen-binding ability of the original antibody, and antibody fragments (e.g., Fv, Fab, F(ab′)2, etc.) so long as they retain their specific binding ability to its antigen. However, the present invention is not restricted to any of the aforementioned antibodies.
As an embodiment, the present antibody includes the following sequences as the CDRs:








group 1:



FSSFGMH (SEQ ID NO: 26) as VH CDR1,


 


YISSGSSTIYYADTVK (SEQ ID NO: 27) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VHYYYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 28) as VH CDR3,


 


KASQDINKYIA (SEQ ID NO: 29) as VL CDR1,


 


YTSTLQP (SEQ ID NO: 30) as VL CDR2,


and


LQYDNLW (SEQ ID NO: 31) as VL CDR3;


 


group 2:


DYSMH (SEQ ID NO: 32) as VH CDR1,


 


WINTETGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 33) as VH CDR2,


 


WLLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 34) as VH CDR3;


 


KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA (SEQ ID NO: 35) as VL CDR1,


 


FASTRES (SEQ ID NO: 36) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QQHYSTPL (SEQ ID NO: 37) as VL CDR3;


 


group 3:


GNYWS (SEQ ID NO: 39) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 40) as VH CDR2,


 


VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 41) as VH CDR3,


 


TGSSSNIGAGYDVH (SEQ ID NO: 44) as VL CDR1,


 


GNSNRPS (SEQ ID NO: 45) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QSYDSSLSGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46) as VL CDR3;


or


 


group 4:


GYFWS (SEQ ID NO: 49) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 50) as VH CDR2,


 


GQGYYSSLDP (SEQ ID NO: 51) as VH CDR3,


 


SGSSSNIGSNTVN (SEQ ID NO: 53) as VL CDR1,


 


SNNQRPS (SEQ ID NO: 54) as VL CDR2,


and


 


AAWDDSLNGVV (SEQ ID NO: 55) as VL CDR3.






Preferably, the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences therein are separated by appropriate framework amino acid sequences. More preferably, the antibody of the present invention has the VH and VL sequences selected from the group of:








(SEQ ID NO: 20)









MDSRLNLVFLVLILKGVQCDVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSRKLSCAASGFTFSS



 


FGMHWVRQAPEKGLEWVAYISSGSSTIYYADTVKGRFTISRDKPKNTLFL


 


QMTSLRSEDTAMYYCARVHYYYFDYWGQGTTLTVSS


and


 








(SEQ ID NO: 21)









MRPSIQFLGLLLFWLHGAQCDIQMTQSPSSLSASLGGKVTITCKASQDIN



 


KYIAWYQHKPGKGPRLLIHYTSTLQPGIPSRFSGSGSGRDYSFSISNLEP


 


EDIATYYCLQYDNLWTFGGGTKL;


 








(SEQ ID NO: 22)









MAWVWTLLFLMAAAQSIQAQIQLVQSGPELKKPGETVKISCKASGYTFTD



 


YSMHWVKQAPGKGLKWMGWINTETGEPTYADDFKGRFAFSLETSASTAYL


 


QINNLKNEDTATYFCARWLLFDYWGQGTTLTVSS


and


 








(SEQ ID NO: 23)









MESQTQVLMFLLLWVSGACADIVMTQSPSSLAMSVGQKVTMSCKSSQSLL



 


NSSNQKNYLAWYQQKPGQSPKLLVYFASTRESGVPDRFIGSGSGTDFTLT


 


ISSVQAEDLADYFCQQHYSTPLTFGAGTKL;


 








(SEQ ID NO: 16)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGNYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGNTKYNPSLKSRVAISADTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARVPF


 


DWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS


and


 








(SEQ ID NO: 17)









HVILTQPPSVSGAPGQRVTISCTGSSSNIGAGYDVHWYQQLPGTAPKLLI



 


YGNSNRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAITGLQAEDEADYYCQSYDSSLSGW


 


VFGGGTKLTVPG;


or


 








(SEQ ID NO: 18)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGYFWSWIRQAPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGSTSYNPSLKSRVTMTIDTSRKQFSLKLSSVTAADAAVYYCARGQG


 


YYSSLDPWGQGTLVTVSS


and


 








(SEQ ID NO: 19)









SYELTQPPSASGTPGQRVTISCSGSSSNIGSNTVNWYQQLPGTAPKLLIY



 


SNNQRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAISGLQSEDEADYYCAAWDDSLNGVV


 


FGGGTKLTVLG.






Such preferred examples of antibodies may be, for example, 48-5, s10-4, ch48-5, chs10-4, 332, and 545, all of which were prepared in the Example; but the present invention is not restricted thereto.
It is particularly preferred that the antibody of the present invention generates effector function. Thus, the present invention further relates to antibodies against DSC2 that show at least one effector function. Suitable antibodies of the invention show effector function such as ADCC, CDC, or both. Antibodies comprising the Fc region of IgA, IgE, or IgG are essential for expressing ADCC. Equally, the antibody Fc region of IgM or IgG is preferable for expressing CDC. However, the antibodies of the present invention are not limited so long as they drive a desired effector function.
Variants, analogs or derivatives of the Fc portion may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences, and may be used for the present antibody. Variant (or analog) polypeptides include insertion variants, wherein one or more amino acid residues supplement an Fc amino acid sequence. Insertions may be located at either or both termini of the protein, or may be positioned within internal regions of the Fc amino acid sequence. Insertional variants with additional residues at either or both termini can include, for example, fusion proteins and proteins including amino acid tags or labels. For example, the Fc molecule may optionally contain an N-terminal Met, especially when the molecule is to be expressed recombinantly in a bacterial cell such as E. coli. 
In Fc deletion variants, one or more amino acid residues are removed in the Fc. Deletions can be included at one or both termini of the Fc polypeptide, or with removal of one or more residues within the Fc amino acid sequence. Deletion variants, therefore, include all kind of fragments of an Fc polypeptide sequence.
In Fc substitution variants, one or more amino acid residues of an Fc polypeptide are removed and replaced with alternative residues. In one aspect, the substitutions are conservative in nature, however, the invention embraces substitutions that are non-conservative.
Preferably, the parent polypeptide Fc region used in the present antibody having effector function is a human Fc region, e.g., native human Fc region like those from human IgG1 (A and non-A allotypes) or human IgG3. In one embodiment, the variant with improved ADCC mediates ADCC substantially more effectively than an antibody with a native sequence IgG1 or IgG3 Fc region and the antigen-binding region of the variant. Preferably, the variant comprises, or consists essentially of, substitutions of two or three of the residues at positions 298, 333 and 334 of the Fc region. The numbering of the residues in an immunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the EU index as in Kabat et al., (Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991), expressly incorporated herein by reference. Most preferably, residues at positions 298, 333 and 334 are substituted, (e.g., with alanine residues). Moreover, in order to generate the Fc region variant with improved ADCC activity, one will generally engineer an Fc region variant with improved binding affinity for FcγRIII, which is thought to be an important FcR for mediating ADCC. For example, one may introduce an amino acid modification (e.g., an insertion, a deletion, or a substitution) into the parent Fc region at any one or more of amino acid positions 256, 290, 298, 312, 326, 330, 333, 334, 360, 378 or 430 to generate such a variant. The variant with improved binding affinity for FcγRIII may further have reduced binding affinity for FcγRII, especially reduced affinity for the inhibiting FcγRIIB receptor.
In any event, any variant amino acid insertions, deletions and/or substitutions (e.g., from 1-50 amino acids, preferably, from 1-25 amino acids, more preferably, from 1-10 amino acids) are contemplated and are within the scope of the present invention. Conservative amino acid substitutions will generally be preferred. Furthermore, alterations may be in the form of altered amino acids, such as peptidomimetics or D-amino acids, as already explained for the present polypeptides including antibodies.
DSC2 or a fragment thereof can be used as immunogen to obtain an antibody of the present invention. DSC2 can be derived from any species, preferably from a mammal such as a human, mouse, or rat, and more preferably from a human through conventional purification techniques. Moreover, the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human DSC2 are known (cDNA nucleotide sequence of DSC2 type 2b (GenBank Accession No. NM—004949; SEQ ID NO: 1) and DSC2 type 2a (GenBank Accession No. NM—024422; SEQ ID NO:2), and the corresponding amino acid sequences are described in SEQ ID NOs: 3 (GenBank Accession No. NP—004940) and 4 (GenBank Accession No. NP—077740), respectively). Thus, to obtain an immunogen for preparing the present DSC2 antibody, a person may chemically synthesize or genetically produce DSC2 or antigenic fragments thereof based on these sequence information. For example, one skilled in the art can routinely isolate or construct a polynucleotide comprising the objective nucleotide sequence, insert the gene into a suitable expression vector to transform a suitable host cell, and obtain a protein comprising the target amino acid sequence by culturing the host cell under suitable conditions for expression of the protein from the cells or the culture supernatant. Furthermore, cells expressing the DSC2 protein or a fragment thereof can themselves be used as immunogens.
When using a fragment of DSC2 as the immunogen, it is particularly preferable to select an amino acid sequence which comprises a region predicted to be an extra-cellular domain. The region of positions 1 to 32 of the N-terminus of DSC2 is predicted to correspond to a signal sequence (Greenwood M D et al., Genomics 44: 330-5, 1997.). Thus, it is preferred to avoid the use of this region as an immunogen. Further, it is preferred to adopt the extra-cellular domains of the DSC2 as the immunogen to obtain an antibody of the present invention.
Methods for immunizing animals with antigens are well known in the art, and include intraperitoneal and subcutaneous antigen injections. Specifically, antigens can be diluted and suspended in an appropriate amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), physiological saline, or the like. As desired, antigen suspensions can be mixed with an appropriate amount of standard adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant, and administered to mammals after emulsification. Subsequently, it is preferable that antigens mixed with an appropriate amount of Freund's incomplete adjuvant are administered in multiple doses every four to 21 days. An appropriate carrier can also be used for immunization. After carrying out immunization as outlined above, the antibody level in the serum of the immunized animal may be examined through standard methods.
Polyclonal antibodies against the DSC2 protein can be prepared from the immunized mammal for which an increase in the level of desired antibody could be confirmed. This can be achieved by collecting blood or serum from these animals. The polyclonal antibody of the present invention may be the collected serum itself or may be purified from the serum. For example, chromatography using affinity columns equipped with DSC2 protein or antigenic fragments thereof may be used for such purification. Furthermore, IgG and IgM can be prepared by further purification using protein A or protein G column.
To prepare monoclonal antibodies, first, antibody-forming cells are collected from mammals immunized with immunogens and that have been confirmed to show increased level of the desired antibody in serum. The cells are preferably collected from the spleen. The collected antibody-forming cells are fused with preferable parent cells, for example, mammalian myeloma cells, and more preferably, myeloma cells that have acquired properties for selection of fusion cells by pharmaceutical agents. The fusion can be achieved through any known methods, for example the methods of Milstein et al. (Galfre G and Milstein C, Methods Enzymol 73: 3-46, 1981).
Then, the hybridomas produced by cell fusion may be selected by culturing in a standard selective medium such as HAT medium (medium comprising hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine). Cell culture in HAT medium is usually continued for several days to several weeks, a period sufficient enough to kill all cells other than the desired hybridomas (unfused cells). Standard limiting dilutions are then carried out, and hybridoma cells that produce the desired antibodies are screened and cloned.
The obtained hybridomas are then transplanted to mice abdominal cavities, and ascites containing the objective monoclonal antibodies are collected. The antibodies can be purified from the ascite through conventional protein separation and/or purification methods including, for example, selected combinations of column chromatography, comprising but not limited to affinity chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, salt precipitation, dialysis, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and so on (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and David, Lane (edit.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988).
Protein A columns and Protein G columns can be used as affinity columns. Exemplary protein A columns in use include Hyper D, POROS, and Sepharose F. F (Pharmacia).
Exemplary chromatography (excluding affinity chromatography) include ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, reverse phase chromatography, and adsorption chromatography (“Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual” Daniel R Marshak et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996). The chromatography can be performed according to the procedure of liquid phase chromatographies such as HPLC or FPLC.
Any mammal can be immunized with the immunogen for the production of the present antibody. However, when preparing a monoclonal antibody by producing a hybridoma, it is preferable to consider compatibility with the parent cell used in the cell fusion for producing the hybridoma.
Generally, rodents, lagomorphs, or primates are used for such immunization. Rodents include, for example, mice, rats, and hamsters. Lagomorphs include, for example, rabbits. Primates include, for example, catarrhine (old world) monkeys such as Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Sacred baboons, and chimpanzees.
Furthermore, the use of transgenic animals comprising a repertoire of human antibody genes is also known in the art (Ishida I, et al., Cloning and Stem Cells 4: 91-102, 2002). Similarly with other animals, to obtain a human monoclonal antibody, the transgenic animals are immunized, antibody-producing cells are then recovered from the animals, fused with myeloma cells to yield hybridomas, and anti-protein human antibodies can be prepared from these hybridomas (see International Publications Nos. 92-03918, 94-02602, 94-25585, 96-33735, and 96-34096).
Alternatively, lymphocytes that are immortalized with cancer genes can be used for monoclonal antibody production. For example, human lymphocytes infected with EB virus or the like, can be immunized in vitro with immunogens. The immunized lymphocytes are then fused with human-derived myeloma cells able to divide unlimitedly (U266, etc.), thus obtaining hybridomas that produce the desired human antibodies (Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. (JP-A) Sho 63-17688).
Once a monoclonal antibody has been obtained via any of the above-mentioned methods, it also can be prepared using genetic engineering methods (e.g., see Borrebaeck C A K and Larrick J W, Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, MacMillan Publishers, UK, 1990). For example, a recombinant antibody can be prepared by cloning the DNA that encodes an objective antibody from the antigen-producing cell, such as hybridoma or immunized lymphocyte that produce the antibody; then inserting the cloned DNA into an appropriate vector; and transforming the vector into a suitable host cell. Such recombinant antibodies are also encompassed by the present invention.
Modified antibodies are also included in the present invention. Such modified antibodies can be obtained, for example, by chemical modification. For example, an antibody can be modified by linking to a molecule, such as polyethylene glycols (PEGs). Such chemical modification methods for antibodies are conventional to those skilled in the art and any known method may be adopted in the present invention. The antibodies can also be modified by other proteins. For example, an antibody linked with another protein molecule may be produced through genetic engineering. That is, a fusion protein of the antibody and the other protein can be expressed from an expression vector which includes a gene wherein the antibody gene and the gene coding for the other protein are linked. As a preferred example of the present invention, to enhance the effector function of the antibody, it may be linked with a cytokine or chemokine. It has been reported that the antibody effector function is enhanced via the linkage with IL-2, GM-CSF, or the like (Human Antibody 10: 43-9, 2000). IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF, TNF, eosinophil chemotactic substance (RANTES) and the like can be used in the present invention to enhance the effector function of an antibody.
Moreover, modified antibodies include chimeric antibodies which, for example, are represented by humanized antibodies, wherein a variable region derived from a non-human antibody is conjugated to the constant region of a human antibody, or wherein CDRs from a non-human antibody is fused with the framework region (FR) derived from a human antibody (CDR-grafted antibody). Such chimeric antibodies may be obtained via standard techniques of molecular biology (see, e.g., Jones et al., Nature 321:522-5, 1986; Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-7, 1988; and Presta, Curr Opin Struct Biol 2:593-6, 1992) for the production of humanized antibodies.
For example, first, genes encoding the variable region or CDR of an antibody of interest are prepared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the like from RNA of antibody-producing cells (see, e.g., Larrick et al., “Methods: a Companion to Methods in Enzymology”, Vol. 2: 106, 1991; Courtenay-Luck, “Genetic Manipulation of Monoclonal Antibodies” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production, Engineering and Clinical Application; Ritter et al. (eds.), page 166, Cambridge University Press, 1995, and Ward et al., “Genetic Manipulation and Expression of Antibodies” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Applications; Birch et al. (eds.), page 137, Wiley-Liss, Inc., 1995). The prepared variable region-encoding genes are linked with genes that code for the constant region or framework regions. The genes encoding the constant region or framework regions may be determined similarly to the CDR-encoding genes, or it is also possible to prepare them based on sequence information of pre-existing antibodies. DNA sequences coding for the chimeric and CDR-grafted products may be synthesised completely or in part using oligonucleotide synthesis techniques. For example, oligonucleotide directed synthesis as described by Jones et al. (Nature 321:522-5, 1986) may be used. Further, in some cases, site-directed mutagenesis and polymerase chain reaction techniques may be used as appropriate. Techniques for oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of a pre-existing variable region described by Verhoeyen et al. (Science 239: 1534-6, 1988) or Riechmann et al. (Nature 332: 323-7, 1988) may be employed for modifying the sequence of the variable region to, for example, enhance the binding ability of the chimeric antibody. In addition, if needed, enzymatic filling in of gapped oligonucleotides using T4 DNA polymerase as, for example, described by Queen et al., (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 10029-33, 1989; WO 90/07861) may be used.
In addition, the present antibodies encompass those wherein one or more amino acids have been replaced with other amino acids, or those wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, or added (including insertion) so long as the resulting antibody retains the binding ability to DSC2. Conventional methods used for other polypeptide, such as site-directed mutagenesis, may be employed for obtaining this kind of modified antibodies.
Similarly, fragments of any of the aforementioned present antibodies are also encompassed by the present invention so long as the resulting fragment retains the binding ability to DSC2. Such fragments are represented by Fv, Fab, and F(ab′)2, that can be obtained by treating antibodies with appropriate enzymes, such as papain or pepsin. However, much smaller fragments of the variable region of an antibody is included in the present invention. The fragments can be also obtained through chemical synthesis or conventional gene engineering methods by constructing genes encoding the fragments and expressing them.
Single-chain Fv (scFv) is also included in the present antibody. An sFv comprises the VH and VL domains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Preferably, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding. A number of methods have been described to discern chemical structures for converting the naturally aggregated but chemically separated light and heavy polypeptide chains from an antibody V region into an scFv molecule which will fold into a three dimensional structure substantially similar to the structure of an antigen-binding site (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,091,513, 5,132,405, and 4,946,778; Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315, 1994) which all can be employed in the present invention.
Any suitable host cell/vector system may be used for expression of the DNA sequences coding for the modified antibodies. Bacterial, e.g., E. coli, and other microbial systems may be used, in particular for expression of antibody fragments such as FAb and (Fab′)2 fragments, and especially Fv fragments and single-chain antibody fragments, e.g., sc Fvs. Eucaryotic, e.g., mammalian, host cell expression systems may be used, in particular, for production of larger CDR-grafted antibody products, including complete antibody molecules. Suitable mammalian host cells include CHO cells and myeloma or hybridoma cell lines.
The antigen-binding ability of an antibody of the present invention can be measured by using absorbance measurements, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA), radioimmunoassays (RIA) and/or immunofluorescence methods. In ELISA, the antibody is immobilized on a plate, and an antigen thereto (e.g., the whole DSC2 protein or a fragment thereof) is added to the plate, and then a sample comprising the desired antibody such as the culture supernatant of cells that produce the antibody or purified antibody is added. A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody and has been tagged with an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase is then added, and the plate is incubated. After washing, an enzyme substrate such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate is added to the plate, absorbance is measured, and the antigen-binding ability of the objective sample is evaluated. The evaluation may be achieved using BIAcore (Pharmacia).
In addition, the effector function of the antibodies may be examined, for example, to select monoclonal antibodies which comprise more powerful effector function. For example, to assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest, an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 may be performed. Alternatively, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 652-56, 1998). In addition, by following the methods outlined in the Example, the antibody effector function can also be evaluated. For example, target DSC2-expressing cells are incubated with effector cells in the presence of an antibody whose effector function is to be evaluated. If target cell destruction is detected, the antibody can be confirmed to have effector function that induces ADCC. The level of observed target cell destruction, in the absence of either antibodies or effector cells, can be compared as a control. Cells expressing DSC2 can be used as the target cells, including the variety of cell lines confirmed to express DSC2 in the Examples. These cell lines can be obtained from cell banks.
Further, to assess CDC activity of a molecule of interest, a CDC assay, e.g., as described by Gazzano-Santoro et al. (J Immunol Methods 202: 163-71, 1997) may be performed.
The antibodies of the present invention can be used not only for purifying or detecting DSC2, but also serve as candidates for agonists and antagonists of this protein. These antibodies can also be applied to antibody therapies for diseases wherein the expression of DSC2 is implicated. When using for treating humans, human antibodies or humanized antibodies are preferred due to their low immunogenicity.
II. Polynucleotides
Furthermore, the present invention provides polynucleotides encoding the above-described polypeptides of the present invention, including the antibodies. Any form of the polynucleotide of the present invention can be used so long as it encodes the present polypeptides, including mRNA, RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, chemically synthesized polynucleotides, and the like. The present polynucleotides include those comprising a given nucleotide sequences as well as their degenerate sequences, so long as the resulting substance encodes the objective polypeptide of the present invention or equivalents thereof.
Preferably, the polynucleotide of the present invention includes a sequence coding for a polypeptide which consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group of:











FSSFGMH,
(SEQ ID NO: 26)




 



YISSGSSTIYYADTVK,
(SEQ ID NO: 27)



 



VHYYYFDY,
(SEQ ID NO: 28)



 



KASQDINKYIA,
(SEQ ID NO: 29)



 



YTSTLQP,
(SEQ ID NO: 30)



 



LQYDNLW,
(SEQ ID NO: 31)



 



DYSMH,
(SEQ ID NO: 32)



 



WINTETGEPTYADDFKG,
(SEQ ID NO: 33)



 



WLLFDY,
(SEQ ID NO: 34)



 



KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA,
(SEQ ID NO: 35)



 



FASTRES,
(SEQ ID NO: 36)



 



QQHYSTPL,
(SEQ ID NO: 37)



 



GNYWS,
(SEQ ID NO: 39)



 



EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS,
(SEQ ID NO: 40)



 



VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV,
(SEQ ID NO: 41)



 



TGSSSNIGAGYDVH,
(SEQ ID NO: 44)



 



GNSNRPS,
(SEQ ID NO: 45)



 



QSYDSSLSGWV,
(SEQ ID NO: 46)



 



GYFWS,
(SEQ ID NO: 49)



 



EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS,
(SEQ ID NO: 50)



 



GQGYYSSLDP,
(SEQ ID NO: 51)



 



SGSSSNIGSNTVN,
(SEQ ID NO: 53)



 



SNNQRPS,
(SEQ ID NO: 54)



and



 



AAWDDSLNGVV.
(SEQ ID NO: 55)






The present polynucleotide may encode an antibody. Such antibody encoding polynucleotide of the present invention may encode an antibody that comprises a complementarity determining region (CDR) having sequences as follows:








group 1-1:



FSSFGMH (SEQ ID NO: 26) as VH CDR1,


 


YISSGSSTIYYADTVK (SEQ ID NO: 27) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VHYYYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 28) as VH CDR3;


 


group 1-2:


KASQDINKYIA (SEQ ID NO: 29) as VL CDR1,


 


YTSTLQP (SEQ ID NO: 30) as VL CDR2,


and


 


LQYDNLW (SEQ ID NO: 31) as VL CDR3;


 


group 2-1:


DYSMH (SEQ ID NO: 32) as VH CDR1,


 


WINTETGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 33) as VH CDR2,


and


 


WLLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 34) as VH CDR3;


 


group 2-2:


KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA (SEQ ID NO: 35) as VL CDR1,


 


FASTRES (SEQ ID NO: 36) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QQHYSTPL (SEQ ID NO: 37) as VL CDR3;


 


group 3-1:


GNYWS (SEQ ID NO: 39) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 40) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 41) as VH CDR3;


 


group 3-2:


TGSSSNIGAGYDVH (SEQ ID NO: 44) as VL CDR1,


 


GNSNRPS (SEQ ID NO: 45) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QSYDSSLSGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46) as VL CDR3;


 


group 4-1:


GYFWS (SEQ ID NO: 49) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 50) as VH CDR2,


and


 


GQGYYSSLDP (SEQ ID NO: 51) as VH CDR3;


and


 


group 4-2:


SGSSSNIGSNTVN (SEQ ID NO: 53) as VL CDR1,


 


SNNQRPS (SEQ ID NO: 54) as VL CDR2,


and


 


AAWDDSLNGVV (SEQ ID NO: 55) as VL CDR3.






Preferably, the above-described CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences are separated by appropriate framework amino acid sequences so that the resulting fragment shows binding affinity to DSC2.
In addition, a polynucleotide of the present invention may encode an antibody that comprises the mouse VH amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 or 22, and mouse VL amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO; 21 or 23, or an antibody that comprises the human VH amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18, and the human VL amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 19.
Furthermore, the present polynucleotide encoding an antibody may comprise a region that encodes for an Fc region of the antibody. Preferable Fc region encoded by the polynucleotide includes that of human IgG1, but the present invention is not restricted thereto.
The polynucleotide of the present invention can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art including genetic engineering methods and chemical synthesis. For example, it can be prepared by: preparing a cDNA library from cells which express the objective protein (e.g., antibody) of the invention, and conducting hybridization using a known partial sequence of the objective protein (e.g., if the objective protein is an antibody, the sequence coding for the constant region or framework region) as a probe. cDNA library construction can be achieved, for example, by the method described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) or commercially available cDNA libraries may be used. Such library can also be prepared by extracting RNAs from cells expressing the objective protein, synthesizing oligo DNAs based on the known sequence of the objective protein, conducting PCR using the oligo DNAs as primers, and amplifying cDNAs encoding the objective protein.
In addition, by sequencing the nucleotide sequence of the obtained cDNA, the translation region encoded by the cDNA can be routinely determined, and the amino acid sequence of the objective protein can also be easily deduced. Moreover, the genomic DNA library can also be screened for the present protein using similar probes as screening the cDNA library to isolate genomic DNA of the objective protein.
More specifically, mRNAs may first be prepared from a cell, tissue, or organ in which the objective protein is expressed. Known methods can be used to isolate mRNAs, for instance, total RNA may be prepared by guanidine ultracentrifugation (Chirgwin et al, Biochemistry 18: 5294-9, 1979) or AGPC method (Chomczynski and Sacchi, Anal Biochem 162: 156-9, 1987). In addition, mRNA may be purified from total RNA using mRNA Purification Kit (Pharmacia) and the like, or may be directly purified by QuickPrep mRNA Purification Kit (Pharmacia).
The obtained mRNA is used to synthesize cDNA using reverse transcriptase. cDNA may be synthesized using commercially available kits such as AUV Reverse Transcriptase First-strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Seikagaku Kogyo). Alternatively, cDNA may be synthesized and amplified following the 5′-RACE method (Frohman et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8998-9002, 1988; Belyavsky et al., Nucleic Acids Res 17: 2919-32, 1989), which utilizes a primer, 5′-Ampli FINDER RACE Kit (Clontech), and PCR.
A desired DNA fragment is prepared from the PCR products and ligated with a vector DNA. The recombinant vectors are used to transform E. coli and the like, and a desired recombinant vector is prepared from a selected colony. The nucleotide sequence of the desired DNA can be verified by conventional methods including dideoxynucleotide chain termination.
The nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide of the invention may be designed to be expressed more efficiently by taking into account the frequency of codon usage in the host used for the expression (Grantham et al., Nucleic Acids Res 9: 43-74, 1981). The sequence of the polynucleotide of the present invention may be altered by commercially available kits or conventional methods. For instance, the sequence may be altered by digestion with restriction enzymes, insertion of synthetic oligonucleotides or appropriate polynucleotide fragments, addition of linkers, and/or insertion of an initiation codon (ATG) and/or a stop codon (TAA, TGA, or TAG).
The present polynucleotide may be used for preparing a polypeptide of the invention. Furthermore, it may also be used for diagnosis and gene therapy against various diseases where DSC2 expressing cells are involved.
III. Vectors and Host Cells
The present invention also provides a vector into which the above polynucleotide of the present invention has been inserted. A vector of the invention is useful to keep a polynucleotide, especially a DNA, of the present invention in host cell, to express the polypeptide of the present invention, or to administer the polynucleotide of the present invention for gene therapy.
When E. coli is used a host cell and the vector is amplified and produced in a large amount in E. coli (e.g., JM109, DH5alpha, HB101, XL1Blue, etc.) the vector should have “ori” to be amplified in E. coli and a marker gene for selecting transformed E. coli (e.g., a drug-resistance gene selected by a drug such as ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, etc.). For example, M13-series vectors, pUC-series vectors, pBR322, pBluescript, pCR-script, and the like can be used. In addition, pGEM-T, pDIRECT, and pT7 can also be used for subcloning and extracting cDNA as well as the vectors described above.
When, a vector is used to produce the polypeptide of the present invention, an expression vector is especially useful. For example, an expression vector to be expressed in E. coli should have the above characteristics to be amplified in E. coli. When E. coli, such as JM109, DHSalpha, HB101, or XL1Blue, are used as a host cell, the vector should have a promoter or the like, for example, lacZ promoter (Ward et al., Nature 341: 544-6, 1989; FASEB J 6: 2422-7, 1992), araB promoter (Better et al., Science 240: 1041-3, 1988) or T7 promoter or the like, that can efficiently express the desired gene in E. coli. In that respect, pGEX-5X-1 (Pharmacia), “QIAexpress system” (Qiagen), pEGFP and pET (in this case, the host is preferably BL21 which expresses T7 RNA polymerase), for example, can be used instead of the above vectors. Additionally, the vector may also contain a signal sequence for protein secretion. An exemplary signal sequence that directs the protein to be secreted to the periplasm of the E. coli is the pelB signal sequence (Lei et al., J Bacteriol 169: 4379-83, 1987). Means for introducing the vectors into the target host cells include, for example, the calcium chloride method and the electroporation method.
In addition to E. coli, for example, expression vectors derived from mammals (e.g., pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) and pEGF-BOS (Mizushima S and Nagata S., Nucleic Acids Res 18: 5322, 1990), pEF, pCDM8), expression vectors derived from insect cells (e.g., “Bac-to-BAC baculovirus expression system” (GIBCO BRL), pBacPAK8), expression vectors derived from plants (e.g., pMH1, pMH2), expression vectors derived from animal viruses (e.g., pHSV, pMV, pAdexLcw), expression vectors derived from retroviruses (e.g., pZIpneo), expression vectors derived from yeast (e.g., “Pichia Expression Kit” (Invitrogen), pNV11, SP-Q01), and expression vectors derived from Bacillus subtilis (e.g., pPL608, pKTH50) can be used for producing the polypeptide of the present invention.
In order to express the vector in animal cells, such as CHO, COS, or NIH3T3 cells, the vector should have a promoter necessary for expression in such cells, for example, the SV40 promoter (Mulligan et al., Nucleic Acids Res 277: 108, 1979), the MMLV-LTR promoter, the EF1alpha promoter (Mizushima et al., Nucleic Acids Res 19: 5322, 1990), the CMV promoter, and the like, and preferably a marker gene for selecting transformants (e.g., a drug resistance gene selected by a drug (neomycin, G418, etc.)). Examples of known vector with these characteristics include, for example, pMAM, pDR2, PBK-RSV, pBK-CMV, pOPRSV, and pOP13.
As has been mentioned above, when the polypeptide to be expressed is an antibody fragment, such as FAb and (Fab′)2 fragments, or sc Fvs, bacterial, e.g., E. coli, and other microbial systems are suitably used. Alternatively, eucaryotic, e.g., mammalian, host cell expression systems may be used, in particular, for production of larger polyeptides of the present invention like CDR-grafted antibody products, and complete antibody molecules. Suitable mammalian host cells include CHO cells and myeloma or hybridoma cell lines.
IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an anti-DSC2 antibody as an active ingredient, wherein the anti-DSC2 antibody damages (i.e., kills cells, is toxic to cells, or otherwise inhibits growth or division of cells) DSC2-expressing cells through antibody effector function.
The pharmaceutical composition can be used to treat any pathological condition associated with the expression of DSC2. In typical embodiments, the cell damaged by the present pharmaceutical composition is a cancer cell, such as lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric, or liver cancer cell. More specifically, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast duct carcinoma, tubular adenocarcinoma of the stomach, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be treated using the present compositions.
Any of the natural antibodies and modified antibodies described above under the item of “I-2. Antibodies” may be adopted for the present pharmaceutical composition so long as they show antibody effector function. It is preferred to use an isolated or purified antibody for the present composition. The antibody contained in the present pharmaceutical composition typically is a monoclonal antibody. However, the present invention is not limited thereto and any antibodies may be used for the present pharmaceutical composition so long as they comprise a desired effector function. Preferred effector functions include ADCC, CDC, and both. For example, antibodies comprising the Fc region of IgA, IgE, or IgG are essential for expressing ADCC. Similarly, the antibody Fc region of IgM or IgG is preferable for expressing CDC. Particularly preferred antibodies included in the composition are those belonging to the immunoglobulin class of IgG1. When the composition is used for treating human, human-derived antibodies belonging to these classes are particularly preferable in the present invention.
Furthermore, the antibody included in the present pharmaceutical composition may, in some embodiments, linked to cytotoxic agents via well known techniques. Numerous cytotoxic agents are known in the art and those that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, cytotoxic drugs, toxins, and active fragments of such toxins. Suitable toxins and their corresponding fragments include diphtheria, A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain, abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin, enomycin, auristatin and the like. Cytotoxic agents also include radiochemicals made by conjugating radioisotopes to the antibody or binding of a radionuclide to a chelating agent that has been covalently attached to the antibody. Methods for preparing such conjugates are well known in the art.
The present pharmaceutical composition can be administered to humans or other animals. In the present invention, animals other than humans to which the composition can be administered include mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees.
The composition is formulated into a dosage form using known pharmaceutical formulation methods. For example, depending on requirements, it can be prepared to an injectable form that can be parenterally administered by making it as a sterile solution or suspension with water or other arbitrary pharmaceutically acceptable fluid. For example, the antibody to be included in the pharmaceutical composition can be mixed with acceptable carriers or solvents, specifically sterile water, physiological saline, vegetable oils, emulsifiers, suspension agents, surfactants, stabilizers, flavoring agents, excipients, solvents, preservatives, binding agents and the like, into a generally accepted unit dosage essential for use as a pharmaceutical agent. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance is inert and includes conventional substances used as diluent or vehicle for a drug. Suitable excipients and their formulations are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed. (1980) Mack Publishing Co., ed. Oslo et al.
Other isotonic solutions comprising physiological saline, glucose, and adjuvants (such as D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, and sodium chloride) can be used as the injectable aqueous solution. They can also be used with appropriate solubilizers such as alcohols, specifically ethanols and polyalcohols (for example, propylene glycols and polyethylene glycol), and non-ionic surfactants (for example polysorbate 80TM or HCO-50).
Sesame oils or soybean oils can be used as an oleaginous solution, and benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohols can be used with them as a solubilizer. Buffer solutions (phosphate buffers, sodium acetate buffers, etc.), analgesics (procaine hydrochloride, etc.), stabilizers (benzyl alcohol, phenols, etc.), and antioxidants can be used in the formulation. The prepared injections can be packaged into appropriate ampules.
Alternatively, nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding antibodies or functional derivatives thereof, are administered to treat or prevent diseases associated with DSC2-expressing cells, such as pancreatic, lung, colon, prostate, breast, gastric, and liver cancer, by way of gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to therapy performed by the administration to a subject of an expressed or expressible nucleic acid. In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acids produce their encoded antibody or antibody fragment that mediates a prophylactic or therapeutic effect.
Any of the methods for gene therapy available in the art can be used according to the present invention. Exemplary methods are described below.
For general reviews of the methods of gene therapy, see Goldspiel et al., Clin Pharm 2: 488-505, 1993; Wu and Wu, Biotherapy 3: 87-95, 1991; Tolstoshev, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 32: 573-96, 1993; Mulligan, Science 260: 926-32, 1993; Morgan and Anderson, Ann Rev Biochem 62: 191-217, 1993; Trends Biotechnol 11(5): 155-215, 1993. Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1993; Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY, 1990.
In a preferred aspect, a composition of the invention comprises nucleic acids encoding an antibody, said nucleic acids being part of an expression vector that expresses the antibody in a suitable host. In particular, such nucleic acids have promoters, preferably heterologous promoters, operably linked to the antibody coding region, said promoter being inducible or constitutive, and, optionally, tissue-specific. In another particular embodiment, nucleic acid molecules are used in which the antibody coding sequences and any other desired sequences are flanked by regions that promote homologous recombination at a desired site in the genome, thus providing for intrachromosomal expression of the antibody encoding nucleic acids (Koller and Smithies, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8932-5, 1989; Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-8, 1989). In specific embodiments, the expressed antibody molecule is a single chain antibody; alternatively, the nucleic acid sequences include sequences encoding both the heavy and light chains, or fragments thereof, of the antibody.
Delivery of the nucleic acids into a subject may be either direct, in which case the subject is directly exposed to the nucleic acid or nucleic acid-carrying vectors, or indirect, in which case, cells are first transformed with the nucleic acids in vitro, then transplanted into the subject. These two approaches are known, respectively, as in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy.
In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences are directly administered in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the encoded product. This can be accomplished by any of numerous methods known in the art, e.g., by constructing them as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that they become intracellular, e.g., by infection using defective or attenuated retrovirals or other viral vectors (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection of naked DNA, or by use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, or microcapsules, or by administering them in linkage to a peptide which is known to enter the nucleus, by administering it in linkage to a ligand subject to receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, J Biol Chem 262: 4429-32, 1987) (which can be used to target cell types specifically expressing the receptors), etc. In another embodiment, nucleic acid-ligand complexes can be formed in which the ligand comprises a fusogenic viral peptide to disrupt endosomes, allowing the nucleic acid to avoid lysosomal degradation. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid can be targeted in vivo for cell specific uptake and expression, by targeting a specific receptor (see, e.g., PCT Publications WO 92/06180, WO 92/22635, WO92/20316, WO93/14188 or WO 93/20221). Alternatively, the nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination (Koller and Smithies, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8932-5, 1989; Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-8, 1989).
In a specific embodiment, viral vectors that contains nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody of the invention are used. For example, a retroviral vector can be used (see Miller et al., Methods Enzymol 217: 581-99, 1993). These retroviral vectors contain the components necessary for the correct packaging of the viral genome and integration into the host cell DNA. The nucleic acid sequences encoding the antibody to be used in gene therapy are cloned into one or more vectors, which facilitates delivery of the gene into a subject. More detail about retroviral vectors can be found in Boesen et al., (Biotherapy 6: 291-302, 1994) which describes the use of a retroviral vector to deliver the mdr 1 gene to hematopoietic stem cells in order to make the stem cells more resistant to chemotherapy. Other references illustrating the use of retroviral vectors in gene therapy are: Clowes et al., J Clin Invest 93: 644-51, 1994; Kleim et al., Blood 83: 1467-73, 1994; Salmons and Gunzberg, Hum Gene Ther 4: 129-41, 1993; Grossman and Wilson, Curr Opin Genet Dev 3: 110-4, 1993.
Adenoviruses are other viral vectors that can be used in gene therapy. Adenoviruses are especially attractive vehicles for delivering genes to respiratory epithelia. Adenoviruses naturally infect respiratory epithelia where they cause a mild disease. Other targets for adenovirus-based delivery systems are liver, the central nervous system, endothelial cells, and muscle. Adenoviruses have the advantage of being capable of infecting non-dividing cells. Kozarsky and Wilson (Curr Opin Genet Dev 3: 499-503, 1993) present a review of adenovirus-based gene therapy. Bout et al. (Hum Gene Ther 5: 3-10, 1994) demonstrates the use of adenovirus vectors to transfer genes to the respiratory epithelia of rhesus monkeys. Other instances of the use of adenoviruses in gene therapy can be found in Rosenfeld et al., Science 252: 431-4, 1991; Rosenfeld et al., Cell 68: 143-55, 1992; Mastrangeli et al., J Clin Invest 91: 225-34, 1993; WO94/12649; Wang et al., Gene Ther 2: 775-83, 1995. In a preferred embodiment, adenovirus vectors are used.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has also been proposed for use in gene therapy (Walsh et al., Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 204: 289-300, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,146).
Another approach to gene therapy involves transferring a gene to cells in tissue culture by such methods as electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate mediated transfection, or viral infection. Usually, the method of transfer includes the transfer of a selectable marker to the cells. The cells are then placed under selection to isolate those cells that have taken up and are expressing the transferred gene. Those cells are then delivered to a subject.
In this embodiment, the nucleic acid is introduced into a cell prior to administration in vivo of the resulting recombinant cell. Such introduction can be carried out by any method known in the art, including but not limited to transfection, electroporation, microinjection, infection with a viral or bacteriophage vector containing the nucleic acid sequences, cell fusion, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, microcellmediated gene transfer, spheroplast fusion, etc. Numerous techniques are known in the art for the introduction of foreign genes into cells (see, e.g., Loeffler and Behr, Methods Enzymol 217: 599-618, 1993; Cotten et al., Methods Enzymol 217: 618-44, 1993; Cline M J, Pharmacol Ther 29: 69-92, 1985) and may be used in accordance with the present invention, provided that the necessary developmental and physiological functions of the recipient cells are not disrupted. The technique should provide for the stable transfer of the nucleic acid to the cell, so that the nucleic acid is expressible by the cell and preferably heritable and expressible by its cell progeny.
The resulting recombinant cells can be delivered to a subject by various methods known in the art. Recombinant blood cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells) are preferably administered intravenously. The amount of cells envisioned for use depends on the desired effect, patient state, etc., and can be determined by one skilled in the art.
Cells into which a nucleic acid can be introduced for purposes of gene therapy encompass any desired, available cell type, and include but are not limited to epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells, hepatocytes; blood cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, granulocytes; various stem or progenitor cells, in particular hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, e.g., as obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver, etc. In a preferred embodiment, the cell used for gene therapy is autologous to the subject.
In an embodiment in which recombinant cells are used in gene therapy, nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody are introduced into the cells such that they are expressible by the cells or their progeny, and the recombinant cells are then administered in vivo for therapeutic effect. In a specific embodiment, stem or progenitor cells are used. Any stem and/or progenitor cells which can be isolated and maintained in vitro can potentially be used in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention (see e.g., WO 94/08598; Stemple and Anderson, Cell 71: 973-85, 1992; Rheinwald, Methods Cell Biol 21A: 229-54, 1980; Pittelkow and Scott, Mayo Clin Proc 61: 771-7, 1986).
In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid to be introduced for purposes of gene therapy comprises an inducible promoter operably linked to the coding region, such that expression of the nucleic acid is controllable by controlling the presence or absence of the appropriate inducer of transcription.
The pharmaceutical compositions comprise the active ingredients (a polypeptide or polynucleotide of the present invention) at a pharmaceutically effective amount. A “pharmaceutically effective amount” of a compound is a quantity that is sufficient to treat and/or prevent disorders wherein the expression of DSC2 plays important roles. An example of a pharmaceutically effective amount may an amount that is needed to decrease the number of DSC2 expressing cells in a cancerous tissue when administered to a patient, so as to thereby treat or prevent the disorders. The decrease may be, for example, at least a decrease of about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%. Alternatively, a pharmaceutically effective amount may be an amount that leads to a decrease in size, prevalence, or metastatic potential of the tumor in a subject.
The assessment to determine such a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antibody of the present invention can be made using standard clinical protocols including histopathologic diagnosis or through identification of symptomatic anomalies such as chronic cough, hoarseness, coughing up blood, weight loss, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, wheezing, repeated bouts of bronchitis or pneumonia, and chest pain.
The dose employed will depend upon a number of factors, including the age and sex of the subject, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also the route of administration may vary depending upon the condition and its severity. However, the determination of an effective dose range for the identified compounds is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provide herein. The pharmaceutically or preventively effective amount (dose) of a compound can be estimated initially from cell culture assays and/or animal models.
If needed, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody may include any other therapeutic substance as an active ingredient so long as the substance does not inhibit the in vivo effector function of the antibody. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody may be included in articles of manufacture and kits containing materials useful for treating the pathological conditions of object. The article of manufacture may comprise a container of any of the compounds with a label. Suitable containers include bottles, vials, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials, such as glass or plastic. The label on the container should indicate the composition is used for treating or preventing one or more conditions of the disease. The label may also indicate directions for administration and so on.
In addition to the container described above, a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody may optionally comprise a second container housing a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
The pharmaceutical compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
V. Method for Damaging DSC2-Expressing Cells
The present invention also provides a method for damaging DSC2-expressing cells. Specifically, the method comprises the step of contacting the DSC2-expressing cells with anti-DSC2 antibodies. Through the contact of the antibody, the cells are expected to be damaged due to the effector function of the antibody.
Through the method of the present invention, any DSC2-expressing cell can be damaged or killed. For example, lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric, or liver cancer cells are preferable as the DSC2-expressing cells of the present invention. Of these, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast duct carcinoma, tubular adenocarcinoma of the stomach, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or cells are preferable.
Cells and antibodies can be contacted in vivo or in vitro. When targeting in vivo cancer cells as the DSC2-expressing cells, the methods of the present invention are in fact therapeutic methods or preventative methods for cancers. Specifically, the present invention provides therapeutic methods for cancers which comprise the following steps:

    
    
        1) administering an antibody that binds DSC2 to a cancer patient, and
        2) damaging cancer cells in the patient through the effector function of the antibody that bound to those cells.
    
    


Any of the natural antibodies and modified antibodies described above under the item of “I-2. Antibodies” may be employed for the present method so long as they show antibody effector function. It is preferred to use isolated or purified antibodies for the present method. Alternatively, any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above under the item of “IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions” may be adopted for the present method.
In the present invention, humans or other animals including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees may be treated.
In the present invention, the antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to patients, for example, intraarterially, intravenously, or percutaneously, or intranasally, transbronchially, locally, or intramuscularly. Intravascular (intravenous) administration by drip or injection is an example of a general method for systematic administration to lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancer patients. Methods of locally concentrating the administered agent to the primary focus or metastatic focus in the lung include local injection using a bronchoscope (bronchoscopy) and local injection under CT guidance or with thoracoscopy. Methods of locally concentrating the agents to the primary focus or metastatic focus in the liver include local injection using a hepatic portal injection or arterial infusion. In addition, methods in which an intraarterial catheter is inserted near a vein that supplies nutrients to cancer cells to locally inject anti-cancer agents, are effective as local control therapies for metastatic focuses as well as primary focuses of lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancer.
Although dosage and administration methods vary according to patient body weight and age, and administration method, these can be routinely selected by one skilled in the art. For example, anti-DSC2 antibodies can be administered to living bodies in an amount such that cytotoxicity based on effector function against DSC2-expressing cells can be confirmed. For example, although there is a certain amount of difference depending on symptoms, anti-DSC2 antibody dosage is 0.1 mg to 250 mg/kg per day. Usually, the dosage for an adult (of weight 60 kg) is 5 mg to 17.5 g/day, preferably 5 mg to 10 g/day, and more preferably 100 mg to 3 g/day. The dosage schedule is from one to ten times over a two to ten day interval, and for example, progress is observed after a three to six times administration.
VI. Immunogenic Compositions
According to the present invention, it was discovered that the administration of anti-DSC2 antibody damages cancer cells through the effector function of the antibody. Therefore, the present inventors considered that a composition inducing DSC2 antibodies with effector function has equivalent therapeutic effects with the present pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody with effector function. It is expected that such vaccinating effect can be achieved by administering DSC2 polypeptide, or a nucleic acid molecule that expresses the polypeptide. Thus, the present invention provides immunogenic compositions for inducing antibodies with at least one effector function against DSC2-expressing cells in vivo. The compositions typically comprise as an active ingredient, a DSC2 polypeptide, or a nucleic acid molecule that expresses the polypeptide. It is preferred that the polypeptide or the nucleic acid molecule is an isolated or purified substance.
The immunogenic compositions of the present invention are particularly useful in vaccine therapy against diseases associated with DSC2-expressing cells.
The immunogenic compositions of the present invention are effective as, for example, vaccine compositions for lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancer therapies. They may be used against humans and other animals, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees.
The DSC2 polypeptide included in the present immunological composition may be either the whole DSC2 protein or a fragment thereof so long as the fragment retains the ability to induce in vivo antibodies that recognize DSC2 and have effector function. Herein after, such fragments will be called immunologically active fragments.
The DSC2 polypeptide can be derived from any species, preferably from a mammal such as a human, mouse, or rat, and more preferably from a human to be treated with the composition through conventional purification techniques. Moreover, the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human DSC2 are known (cDNA nucleotide sequence of DSC2 type 2b (GenBank Accession No. NM—004949; SEQ ID NO: 1) and DSC2 type 2a (GenBank Accession No. NM—024422; SEQ ID NO:2), and the corresponding amino acid sequences are described in SEQ ID NOs: 3 (GenBank Accession No. NP—004940) and 4 (GenBank Accession No. NP—077740), respectively). Thus, to obtain the DSC2 polypeptide, a person may chemically synthesize or genetically produce the polypeptide based on these sequence information. For example, one skilled in the art can routinely isolate or construct a polynucleotide comprising the objective nucleotide sequence, insert the gene into a suitable expression vector to transform a suitable host cell, and obtain a protein comprising the target amino acid sequence by culturing the host cell under suitable conditions for expression of the polypeptide from the cells or the culture supernatant.
An immunologically active fragment of the whole DSC2 protein may also be prepared based on the above sequence information. Since the region of positions 1 to 32 of the N-terminus of DSC2 is predicted to correspond to a signal sequence (Greenwood M D. et al., Genomics 44(3): 330-5, 1997 Sep. 15), it is preferred to avoid this region for the fragment. The extra-cellular domains (position 144 to 540 of DSC2) are particularly preferred as the immunologically active fragment to be included in the present composition. However, the present invention is not restricted thereto, and much shorter polypeptides may be adopted as the immunologically active fragment.
Furthermore, the DSC2 polypeptide may be a protein which has been modified from the natural occurring DSC2 protein so long as the modified molecule has the ability to induce in vivo antibodies that recognize DSC2 and have effector function. Such modifications include those mentioned above for the antibody of the present invention.
In addition to the immunogenic proteins (whole DSC2 polypeptides, immunologically active fragments thereof, and modified molecules thereof), the present immunogenic composition may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Similar substances to those mentioned for the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be employed as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the present immunogenic composition. If necessary, the compositions can also be combined with an adjuvant. Killed tuberculosis bacteria, diphtheria toxoid, saponin and the like can be used as the adjuvant.
Alternatively, DNAs coding for the immunogenic proteins, or cells retaining those DNAs in an expressible state, can be used as the active ingredient of the present immunogenic compositions. Methods for using DNAs expressing the target antigen as immunogens, so-called DNA vaccines, are well known in the art. For example, DNA vaccines can be obtained by inserting a DNA encoding a whole DSC2 polypeptide, immunologically active fragment thereof, or a modified molecule thereof into an appropriate expression vector.
Retrovirus vectors, adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, Sendai virus vectors or such can be used as the vector. In addition, DNAs in which a DNA encoding an immunogenic protein is functionally connected downstream of a promoter can be directly introduced into cells as naked DNA, and then expressed. Naked DNA can be encapsulated in ribosomes or viral envelope vectors and introduced into cells.
When DNAs encoding the immunogenic proteins, or cells transformed with the same are used as immunogenic compositions of the present invention, they can be combined with immunogenic proteins as well as carrier proteins that enhance their immunogenic properties. For more details, the explanation on pharmaceutical compositions containing nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding antibodies or functional derivatives thereof can be referred.
Whether a given polypeptide or polynucleotide induces antibodies against the polypeptide in vivo can be determined by actually immunizing an animal, and confirming the activity of the induced antibodies. Similarly, the induction of anti-tumor immunity by a polypeptide can be confirmed by observing the induction of antibody production against tumors in an animal immunized with the polypeptide. For example, when antibodies against a polypeptide are induced in a laboratory animal immunized with the polypeptide, the suppression of tumor cell growth indicates the ability of the polypeptide to induce anti-tumor immunity. The ability for antibody induction and confirmation of the property of the induced antibody of a polypeptide can be carried out, for example, using methods described in Examples.
VII. Induction of Immune Response
Moreover, the present invention provides a method for inducing antibodies with at least one effector function against DSC2-expressing cells in vivo. Specifically, the method comprises administering the aforementioned immunogenic composition of the present invention to a subject. For example, each day, 0.1 mg to 250 mg per kilogram of the immunogenic composition of the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection. The administrative dose for a single adult is usually 5 mg to 17.5 g/day, preferably 5 mg to 10 g/day, and more preferably 100 mg to 3 g/day.
The method may be employed for treating diseases associated with DSC2-expressing cells, like lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancers.
Furthermore, the DSC2 polypeptide and nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptide can also be used for the induction of immune response in vivo other than the production of antibodies against the DSC2 polypeptide. Namely, it is known that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for a protein can be induced by presenting the protein to a T cell via an antigen presenting cell (APC) either in vivo or ex vivo. Thus, similarly, the DSC2 polypeptide may be presented to T cells either in vivo or ex vivo for the induction of CTL. It is preferred to use purified or isolated polypeptides or nucleic acid molecule for such induction of immune response.
For example, patient blood cells e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected, transformed with a vector that expresses an immunogenic protein, and returned to the patient. Transformed blood cells produce the immunogenic protein inside the body of the patient, and induce objective antibodies.
Alternatively, PBMCs of the patient are collected, the cells are contacted with the immunogenic protein ex vivo, and following the induction of APCs or CTLs, the APCs or CTLs may be administered to the subject. Further, if needed, APCs or CTLs induced in vitro can be cloned prior to administration. By cloning and growing cells having high activity of damaging target cells, cellular immunotherapy can be performed more effectively. Furthermore, APCs and CTLs isolated in this manner may be used for cellular immunotherapy not only against individuals from whom the cells have been derived, but also for other individuals with similar types of tumors.
Generally, when using a polypeptide for cellular immunotherapy, efficiency of the CTL-induction is known to be increased by combining a plurality of polypeptides having different structures and contacting them with APCs, particularly, dendritic cells. Therefore, when stimulating APCs with protein fragments, it is advantageous to use a mixture of multiple types of fragments.
All prior art references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts the result of Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis for the DSC2 gene in cancer cells. Panel A: lung cancer cell lines; panel B: colon cancer cell lines; panel C: pancreatic cancer cell lines; panel D: prostate cancer cell lines; panel E: breast cancer cell lines; panel F: gastric cancer cell lines; panel G: liver cancer cell lines. The expression level of Herceptin target gene c-erbB2 gene for breast cancer is indicated in panel A as positive control.
FIG. 2 depicts the results of ADCC assay using Herceptin against NCI-H358 over-expressed c-erbB-2 gene (A) and SK-LU-1 low-expressed c-erbB-2 gene (B).
FIG. 3 depicts the results of ADCC assay using anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibodies BB049 against DSC2-over-expressing lung cancer cell line NCI-H358 (A), colon cancer cell line HT-29 (B), pancreatic cancer cell line KLM-1 (C), prostate cancer cell line LNCap FGC (D), breast cancer cell line T47D (E), gastric cancer cell line MKN-7 (F), and liver cancer cell line HepG2 (G), and DSC2-low-expressing lung cancer cell line SK-LU-1 (H), respectively.
FIG. 4 depicts the results of ADCC assay using anti-DSC2 mouse monoclonal antibody 48-5 (A) and antibody s10-4 against DSC2-over-expressing lung cancer cell line NCI-H358 (B).
FIG. 5 depicts the results of ADCC assay using Herceptin and anti-DSC2 human-mouse chimeric antibodies ch48-5 and s10-4 against DSC2-over- and DSC2-low-expressing lung cancer cell lines, NCI-H358 and SK-LU-1, respectively.
FIG. 6 depicts the results of ADCC assay using Herceptin and anti-DSC2 human antibodies 332 and 545 against DSC2-over- and DSC2-low-expressing lung cancer cell lines NCI-H358 and SK-LU-1, respectively.



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Below, the present invention is further explained based on Examples. However, materials, methods and such described therein only illustrate aspects of the invention and in no way are intended to limit the scope of the present invention. As such, materials, methods and such similar or equivalent to those described therein may be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.
(1) Cell Lines
Human lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric and liver cancer cell lines were propagated as a monolayer in an appropriate medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cell lines used in the experiment are shown in Table 1.









TABLE 1





Cell line
Medium
Source















Lung cancer Cell lines









NCI-H23
RPMI + 10% FBS
American Type




Culture Collection




(ATCC) CRL-5800


NCI-H358
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-5807


NCI-H596
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-178


NCI-H1650
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-5883


NCI-H1793
F12*1 + D-MEM*2 + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-5896


PC-14
RPMI + 10% FBS
RIKEN Bioresource




Center


SK-MES-1
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC HTB-58



L-glutamin


SK-LU-1
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC HTB-57



L-glutamin


SW900
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-59


SW1573
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2170


A549
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CCL-185


NCI-H522
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-5810


PC-3
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
Health Science




Research




Resources Bank




(HSRRB):




JCRB0077







Colon cancer Cell lines









HCT-15
RPMI + 20% FBS
ATCC CCL-225


DLD-1
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CCL-221


SW948
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC CCL-237


SW480
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC CCL-228


HCT-116
McCoy*5 + 10% FBS
ATCC CCL-247


HT-29
McCoy*5 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-38


LoVo
F12*1 + 20% FBS
ATCC CCL-229


WiDr
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC CCL-218



L-glutamin


LS 174T
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
ATCC CL 188


SNU-C2A
F12*1 + D-MEM*2 + 10%
ATCC CCL-250.1



FBS + 2 mM L-glutamin







Pancreatic cancer Cell lines









PK-45P
RPMI + 10% FBS
TKG*6: TKG 0493


PK-59
RPMI + 10% FBS
TKG*6: TKG 0492


KLM-1
RPMI + 10% FBS
TKG*6: TKG 0490


Capan-1
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-79


Capan-2
McCoy*5 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-80


Miapaca-2
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0070


PK-1
RPMI + 10% FBS
TKG*6: TKG 0239


PK-9
RPMI + 10% FBS
TKG*6: TKG 0240







Prostate cancer Cell lines









DU145
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC HTB-81



L-glutamin


LNCap FGC
RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC CRL-1740



L-glutamin


PC-3
F12*1 + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-1435







Breast cancer Cell lines









BT-20
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-19


BT-474
D-MEM*2 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-20


BT-549
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-122


HCC1143
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2321


HCC1395
RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC CRL-2324



L-glutamin


HCC1500
RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC CRL-2329



L-glutamin


HCC1937
RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC CRL-2336



L-glutamin


MCF-7
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-22


MDA-MB-157
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-24


MDA-MB-231
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-26


MDA-MB-435S
L15*4 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-129


MDA-MB-453
McCoy*5 + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-131


SK-BR-3
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC HTB-30


T47D
RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM
ATCC HTB-133



L-glutamin


ZR-75-1
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-1500







Gastric cancer Cell lines









MKN1
RPMI + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0252


MKN7
RPMI + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB1025


MKN45
RPMI + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0254


MKN74
RPMI + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0255







Liver cancer Cell lines









Alexander
D-MEM*2 + 10% FBS
HSRRB: IFO50069


HepG2
D-MEM*2 + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB1054


HUH-6 Clone 5
E-MEM*3 + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0401


HuH-7
D-MEM*2 + 10% FBS
HSRRB: JCRB0403


SNU-398
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2233



(heat inactivated)


SNU-423
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2238


SNU-449
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2234


SNU-475
RPMI + 10% FBS
ATCC CRL-2236





*1F-12 Nutrient Mixture (HAM)


*2Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium


*3Eagle's Minimal Essential medium


*4Leibovitz's L-15 medium


*5McCoy's 5A medium Modified


*6Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University






Furthermore, the following cell lines were used in ADCC assays using anti-DSC2 antibodies:
non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): NCI-H358;
colon adenocarcinoma: HT-29;
pancreatic carcinoma: KLM-1;
prostate carcinoma: LNCap FGC;
breast duct carcinoma: T47D;
stomach tubular adenocarcinoma: MKN-7; and
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): HepG2.
(2) Antibody Production:
(2-1) Polyclonal Antibodies
According to standard protocols, individual protein specific polyclonal antibodies were produced using His-tagged fusion proteins expressed in bacteria as immunogens. These fusion proteins comprised a protein portion that corresponded to a specific portion of the protein (residues 144 to 540).
(2-2) Monoclonal Antibodies
First, to obtain monoclonal antibodies, antigen coding genes encoding a domain of DSC2 (representing amino acids 1 to 901) and the extracellular domain (i.e., secretory form antigen DSC2-s, representing amino acids 1 to 688), respectively were amplified from normal lung cDNA. The primer were designed: 5′-AATATTAATTAACTCCATGGAGGCAGCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) and 5′-ATCGGGATCCTCTCTTCATGCATGCTTCTGCTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) for DSC2; 5′-AATATTAATTAACTCCATGGAGGCAGCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) and 5′-AATAGGATCCTCCACCGCCAATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) for DSC2-s.
The PCR products were subcloned into expression vector pQCXIP (Clontech)-modified pQCXmHIPG (including the myc-His domain, EGFP, and IRES-puromycin domain), respectively. The plasmids were dubbed pQC/DSC2 mH/IPG for DSC2 and pQC/DSC2-s/IPG for DSC2-s, respectively.
To produce the recombinant protein of DSC2, 293T cells were transiently transfected with the plasmid pQC/DSC2 mH/IPG, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and after 48 h incubation, the 293T cells were harvested.
On the other hand, to produce the secretory form recombinant protein DSC2-s, a cell line was established using Pantropic Retroviral Expression System (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specifically, GP2-293 cells were co-transfected with pQC/DSC2-s/IPG and pVSV-G (Clontech). After 48 h incubation, virus-containing supernatants were centrifuged. The retrovirus vector solution was prepared by resuspending the precipitation with TNE solution (Tris-HCl, pH7.8, 130 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). 293T cells were transfected with pQC/DSC2-s/IPG using the retrovirus vector solution diluted by 8 μg/mL hexadimethrine bromide (SIGMA)-containing DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. The selection of pQC/DSC2-s/IPG-transfected 293T cells, DSC2-s/293T, was performed using 5 μg/mL puromycin (SIGMA). The His-tagged proteins in DSC2-s/293T-culture supernatants were purified using TALON Purification kit (Clontech).
The immunization of animals with DSC2 was achieved by immunizing 2.5×106 cells of DSC2-transfected 293T cells suspended in PBS to 4-weeks-old female BALB/c mice. Before cell immunization, mice were immunized with PBS emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (Mitsubishi Kagaka Iatron, Inc.). Alternatively, for the immunization with DSC2-s, 4-weeks-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with DSC2-s purified antigen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant.
After three immunizations with 2-day interval, respectively, the mice were immunized with DSC2-transfected 293T cells or DSC2-s purified antigen in PBS. Then, cells from the lymph node of immunized mice were harvested and fused with myeloma cell line, P3U1. The hybridomas were subcloned by selection using flow cytometry and subsequent single-cell cloning by limiting dilution. Antibody in cell culture supernatants of isolated hybridomas was confirmed by Immunoprecipitation analysis. Antibody-containing supernatants from positive clones were tested by ELISA for the relative binding affinity against the DSC2 extracellular domain expressed on DSC2 over-expressing cell line, H358. The antibody against DSC2 (representing amino acids 1 to 901) was designed 48-5, and that against DSC2-s (representing amino acids 1 to 688) as s10-4.
(2-3) Humanized Chimeric Antibodies
Humanized chimeric antibodies ch48-5 and chs10-4 based on the mouse monoclonal antibodies 48-5 and s10-4, respectively, were prepared according to previously reported methods (Alvin Y Liu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3439-43, 1987; Mitchel E Reff et al., Blood 83(2): 435-45, 1994). Specifically, total RNA was extracted from mouse 48-5 or s10-4 hybridoma cells by RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, 74104), and then reverse-transcribed to single-stranded cDNA using GenenRacerTM kit (Invitrogen, L1502-02). Gene encoding the variable region of the antibody (Fab) was determined by PCR using this cDNA as template and the following set of primers:








5′primer:



5′ primer of the GeneRacer TM kit;


and


 


3′primer:


5′-AATTTTCTTGTCCACCTTGGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24) for


CH1 (IgG2a),


and


 


5′-CTAACACTCATTCCTGTTGAAGCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25)


 


for CL1 (kappa).






The obtained products were cloned and subjected to sequence analysis.

As a result, the amino acid sequence of mouse Ig L-chain variable regions and H-chain variable regions were determined as follows:
48-5, H-chain variable region:








(SEQ ID NO: 20)









MDSRLNLVFLVLILKGVQCDVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSRKLSCAASGFTFSS



 


FGMHWVRQAPEKGLEWVAYISSGSSTIYYADTVKGRFTISRDNPKNTLFL


 


QMTSLRSEDTAMYYCARVHYYYFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,


and






L-chain variable region:









(SEQ ID NO: 21)









MRPSIQFLGLLLFWLHGAQCDIQMTQSPSSLSASLGGKVTITCKASQDIN



 


KYIAWYQHKPGKGPRLLIHYTSTLQPGIPSRFSGSGSGRDYSFSISNLEP


 


EDIATYYCLQYDNLWTFGGGTKL;


and






s10-4, H-chain variable region:









(SEQ ID NO: 22)









MAWVWTLLFLMAAAQSIQAQIQLVQSGPELKKPGETVKISCKASGYTFTD



 


YSMHWVKQAPGKGLKWMGWINTETGEPTYADDFKGRFAFSLETSASTAYL


 


QINNLKNEDTATYFCARWLLFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,


and






L-chain variable region:









(SEQ ID NO: 23)









MESQTQVLMFLLLWVSGACADIVMTQSPSSLAMSVGQKVTMSCKSSQSLL



 


NSSNQKNYLAWYQQKPGQSPKLLVYFASTRESGVPDRFIGSGSGTDFTLT


 


ISSVQAEDLADYFCQQHYSTPLTFGAGTKL.






Genes corresponding to each of the variable regions were amplified by PCR and cloned into an antibody expression cassette vector using a NotI-BamHI brachet. A retrovirus vector wherein the expression of the variable region gene is controlled by the CMV promoter was used as the antibody expression cassette vector. The vector for expressing the H-chain contained the hygromycin resistance gene (SEQ ID NO: 85), and that for the L-chain contained the puromycin resistance gene (SEQ ID NO: 86).
The vectors expressing the H-chain and L-chains were co-transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for 48-5 and s10-4, respectively. The cells were selected using F-12 medium containing 500 μg/ml hygromycin and 10 μg/ml puromycin, the medium was exchanged with serum-free medium (CHO—S—SFM; GIBCO, 12052-098), and the chimeric antibody contained in the culture supernatant was purified via Protein A column.
(2-4) Human Antibodies
(i) Screening of Phase Expression Libraries Using Culture Cells
The screening of human scFV antibody against DSC2 was achieved using a phage library encoding human scFV antibodies created in the Institute for Antibodies (IFA; Nagoya, Japan). Specifically, the screening of human scFV antibody against DSC2 was performed using phage library AIMS4 coding for human scFV antibodies (WO 01/062907) following the method described in JP-A 2005-185281.
More specifically, the 1st screening was conducted as follows: MIAPaca-2 cells showing high expression of DSC2 were cultured on 15 cm dishes, harvested with the addition of 2 mg/ml collagenase I and a cell dissociation buffer (both Gibco BRL), and washed with cooled PBS. A solution of human antibody phage library (2×10113 cfu) was mixed with 4×107 of the cells, BSA and NaN3/MEM were added at final concentrations of 1% and 0.1%, respectively, and the final volume was adjusted to 1.6 ml. The mixture was gently agitated for 4 hrs at 4° C., dispensed at equal volumes into two tubes, poured onto organic solution (dibutyl phthalate:cyclohexane=9:1) and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 2 min. The supernatant was removed, the pellet (cells) were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 1% BSA/MEM, and centrifuged on equal volume of low polarity solvent. This step was repeated twice. The supernatant was removed, the cells were resuspended in 0.3 ml of PBS, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and melted at 37° C. to obtain phages within the cells.
These phages were allowed to infect 20 ml of E. coli DH12S (OD=0.5) for 1 hr. The infected cells were transferred into 600 ml of 2×YTGA medium (2×YT, 200 μg/ml ampicillin sulfate, 1% glucose), and cultured overnight at 30° C. A 10 ml aliquot thereof was added to 200 ml of 2×YTA medium (2×YT, 200 μg/ml ampicillin sulfate) and cultured for 1.5 hrs at 37° C. After additional incubation, 1×1011 of helper phage KO7 was added and further cultured for 1 hr at 37° C. 800 ml of 2×YTGAK (2×YT, 200 μg/ml ampicillin sulfate, 0.05% glucose, 50 μg/ml kanamycin) were added and cultured overnight at 30° C. The culture was centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was mixed with 200 ml of PEG liquid (20% polyethylene glycol 6000, 2.5M NaCl) and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 10 min. The phages are contained in the pellet, and the pellet was suspended in 10 ml of PBS and a portion thereof was used for examining the number of E. coli infected with the phage.
The second screening was performed similarly to the first screening using 0.8 ml of reactive solution (1% BSA, 0.1% NaN3/MEM), 2×107 culture cells, and 1×1010 phages screened in the first screening, wherein the total volume of the mixture was half of that used in the first screening.
The third screening was performed similarly to the second screening except that 2×107 of 293T cells transfected with DSC2 and the phages screened in the second screening were used.
(ii) DNA Sequencing and Expression Confirmation
The screened E. coli was diluted and cultivated on nutrient agar supplemented with 100 μg/ml of ampicillin. Obtained colonies were picked up and incubated overnight at 30° C. in 2×YTGA medium.

    1. For sequencing, DNA was obtained from the culture with PI-50 (Kanebo), and the nucleotide sequence was determined by the dideoxy method.
    2. The expression of the protein was detected as the expression of cp3 fusion protein. Specifically, 0.05 ml of the culture was added to 1.2 ml of 2×YTAI (2×YT, 200 μg/ml ampicillin sulfate, 0.5 mM IPTG) and incubated at 30° C. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 5 min, and reacted on MaxisorpTM high protein-binding capacity ELISA plate (NUNC) for 2 hrs at 37° C. After aspirating the solution on the plate, the antibody on the plate was blocked with 5% BSA for 2 hrs at 37° C., and the blocking solution was removed. Rabbit anti-cp3 antibody (MBL) diluted to 1:2,000 with 0.05% Tween/PBS was added to the plate and reacted at room temperature for 1 hr, and the plate was washed with PBS. Similarly, HRP tagged goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (MBL) diluted to 1:2,000 with 0.05% Tween/PBS was added to the plate, reacted at room temperature for 1 hr. and the plate was washed with PBS. 100 μl of OPD solution was added to the plate and reacted at room temperature for 15 min, the reaction was quenched by the addition of 2M ammonium sulfate. The fusion protein was detected by measuring the absorbance at 492 nm with SPECTRAmax340PC (Molecular Devices).

(iii) Flow Cytometry



Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that two clones of human scFV antibody, clones 332 and 545, positively reacted to the antigen. These two clones consisted of the following amino acid sequences:
clone 332, heavy chain:








(SEQ ID NO: 16)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGNYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGNTKYNPSLKSRVAISADTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARVPF


 


DWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS,


and light chain:


 








(SEQ ID NO: 17)









HVILTQPPSVSGAPGQRVTISCTGSSSNIGAGYDVHWYQQLPGTAPKLLI



 


YGNSNRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAITGLQAEDEADYYCQSYDSSLSGW


 


VFGGGTKLTVPG;


and






clone 545, heavy chain:









(SEQ ID NO: 18)









QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVYGGSFSGYFWSWIRQAPGKGLEWIGE



 


INHSGSTSYNPSLKSRVTMTIDTSRKQFSLKLSSVTAADAAVYYCARGQG


 


YYSSLDPWGQGTLVTVSS,


and light chain:


 








(SEQ ID NO: 19)









SYELTQPPSASGTPGQRVTISCSGSSSNIGSNTVNWYQQLPGTAPKLLIY



 


SNNQRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAISGLQSEDEADYYCAAWDDSLNGVV


 


FGGGTKLTVLG.






These human scFV antibodies were converted to complete IgG forms at IFA.

(3) Semiquantitative RT-PCR for DSC2 and c-erbB2

Total RNA was extracted from the cell lines using the RNeasy® Kit (QIAGEN). In addition, mRNA was purified from total RNA by Oligo (dT)-cellulose column (Amersham Biosciences) and converted into first-strand cDNA by reverse transcription (RT) using SuperScript First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen). Appropriate dilutions of each first-stranded cDNA were prepared for subsequent PCR amplification by monitoring GAPDH as a quantitative control. The primer sequences used were as follows:








(SEQ ID NO: 8)











5′-GTGCCTGTCTTCAATTCACAA-3′




and



 








(SEQ ID NO: 9)











5′-TCTGATTCAGGGAGTGCGAA-3′




for DSC2,



 








(SEQ ID NO: 10)











5′-GTATTTGATGGTGACCTGGGAAT-3′




and



 








(SEQ ID NO: 11)











5′-CCCCTGGGTCTTTATTTCATCT-3′




for c-erbB2,



 








(SEQ ID NO: 12)











5′-GTCAGTGGTGGACCTGACCT-3′




and



 








(SEQ ID NO: 13)











5′-GGTTGAGCACAGGGTACTTTATT-3′




for GAPDH, and



 








(SEQ ID NO: 14)











5′-GAGGTGATAGCATTGCTTTCG-3′




and



 








(SEQ ID NO: 15)











5′-CAAGTCAGTGTACAGGTAAGC-3′




for β-actin.






All PCR reactions involved initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 min, cycles of 94° C. for 30 s, 58° C. for 30 s, and 72° C. for 1 min, and annealing step, which were conducted on GeneAmp PCR system 9700 (PE Applied Biosystems). The reactions included 21 and 32 cycles for GAPDH and c-erbB2, respectively, and the annealing temperature was lowered gradually from 62° C. to 58° C. for these genes. For β-actin, the reaction included 20 cycles and the annealing temperature was lowered gradually from 62° C. to 57° C., which was 30 cycles and lowering gradually from 62° C. to 56° C. for DSC2.
The over-expression of DSC2 was found in lung cancer cell line NCI-H358 (FIG. 1A). In addition, to elucidate the efficacy of anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody (BB049) on various cancers, the expression of DSC2 was confirmed. The over-expression of DSC2 was detected in colon cancer cell line HT-29, pancreatic cancer cell line KLM-1, prostate cancer cell line LNCap FGC, breast cancer cell line T47D, gastric cancer cell line MKN7, and liver cancer cell line HepG2 (FIG. 1B-G).
(4) Flow Cytometric Analysis
Cancer cells (5×106) were incubated at 4° C. for 30 min with the purified polyclonal antibody (pAb: BB049), monoclonal antibodies (mAb), rabbit IgG (the control for pAb) or mouse IgG (the control for mAb). The cells were washed with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and then incubated at 4° C. for 30 min in FITC-labeled Alexa Fluor 488. The cells were washed again in PBS, and analyzed on flow cytometer (FACSCalibur®, Becton Dickinson) and then analyzed by BD CellQuestTM Pro software (Becton Dickinson). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was defined as a ratio of the flow cytometric intensity (intensity by each protein specific antibody/intensity by rabbit IgG).
Using DSC2 over-expressing cells, the binding proportions of anti-DSC2 antibodies on the cell surface were investigated. As a result, binding proportions of anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody BB049 on NCI-H358, HT-29, KLM-1, LNCap FGC, T47D, MKN7, and HepG2 cell surfaces (MFI: 82.8, 56.8, 47.8, 15.8, 92.2, 51.8, and 20.7, respectively) were higher than that of rabbit IgG (control). Further, binding proportions of anti-DSC2 mouse monoclonal antibodies 48-5 and s10-4 on NCI-H358 cell surface (MFI: 10.0 and 11.1, respectively) were higher than that of mouse IgG (control), those of anti-DSC2 human-mouse chimeric antibodies ch48-5 and chs10−4 on NCI-H358 cell surface (MFI: 34.3 and 54.8, respectively) were higher than that of mouse IgG (control), and those of anti-DSC2 human antibodies 332 and 545 on NCI-H358 cell surface (MFI: 9.48 and 5.52, respectively) were higher than that of human IgG (control).
(5) ADCC Assays
Target cells were exposed to 0.8 μM of calcein acetoxymethyl estel (Calcein-AM, DOJINDO) at 37° C. for 30 min. Calcein-AM becomes fluorescent after the cleavage of calcein-AM by cellular esterases that produce a fluorescent derivate calcein. Target cancer cells were washed twice before being added to the assay, and then plated on 96-well U-bottom plates (4×103 cells/well). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) were harvested from healthy person, separated using Ficoll-Paque (Amersham Biosciences) density gradient centrifugation, and then used as effector cells. Target cancer cells (T) and effector cells (E) were co-incubated in 250 μl of AIM-V medium in 96-well plates at various E:T ratios (200:1, 100:1, 50:1, 25:1, 12.5:1, and 6.25:1) with BB049 anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody (2 μg/well) or control antibody Herceptin (2 μg/well, Roche). This incubation was carried out in triplicate, in 250 μL of AIM-V medium (Life Technologies, Inc), at 37° C. for six hrs. Control assays included the incubation of target cells with anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody BB049 or effector cells alone. Herceptin was used as a control in some of the experiments.
The ADCC effects of anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody (BB049) for these cells were evaluated based on the fluorescent images of viable cells that could be rapidly acquired using the IN Cell Analyzer 1000 (Amersham Bioscience). These images were numerically converted as viable cell counts (cell area for MKN7) by counting the fluorescent object or using Developer tool ver. 5.21 software (Amersham Bioscience).
Herceptin was used as a control in several experiments (FIGS. 2A and 2B). Direct cell damage of NCI-H358, HT-29, KLM-1, LNCap FGC, T47D, MKN7, and HepG2 cells by BB049 anti-DSC2 polyclonal antibody itself was not observed. However, BB049 induced ADCC in NCI-H358, HT-29, KLM-1, LNCap FGC, T47D, MKN7, and HepG2 cells that over-expressed DSC2 (FIG. 3A-G), while it caused no effect on SK-LU-1 cells with DSC2 low-expression (FIG. 3H).
The ADCC effects of anti-DSC2 mouse monoclonal antibodies 48-5 and s10-4 on DSC2 over-expressing cell line NCI-H358 were estimated. As described above, target and effector cells were prepared. Under the condition at an E:T ratio of 100:1, at various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 21.0 μg/well for 48-5; and 0, 0.5, 2.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 35.0 μg/well for s10-4), 48-5 and s10-4 induced ADCC in NCI-H358 cells (FIG. 4). No direct cell damage of NCI-H358 cells by anti-DSC2 monoclonal antibodies (48-5 and s10-4) was observed.
The ADCC effects of anti-DSC2 human-mouse chimeric antibodies ch48-5 and chs10-4 on DSC2 over-expressing cell line NCI-H358 were estimated. As above, target and effector cells were prepared. Under the condition at an E:T ratio of 100:1, at various concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 5.0, and 0.15 μg/well), ch48-5 and chs10-4 induced ADCC in NCI-H358 cells (FIG. 5). No direct cell damage of NCI-H358 cells by anti-DSC2 human-mouse chimeric antibodies (ch48-5 and chs10-4) was observed.
The ADCC effects of anti-DSC2 human antibodies 332 and 545 on DSC2 over-expressing cell line NCI-H358 were estimated. As above, target and effector cells were prepared. Under the condition at an E:T ratio of 100:1, at various concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 μg/well), 332 and 545 induced ADCC in NCI-H358 cells (FIG. 6). No direct cell damage of NCI-H358 cells by anti-DSC2 human antibodies (332 and 545) was observed.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that DSC2-expressing cells can be damaged by utilizing the cytotoxicity of antibodies. Strong expression of DSC2 gene was identified by the present inventors in lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric and liver cancers. Herein, results demonstrating the effect of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity (ADCC) of anti-DSC2 antibodies on lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric and liver cancer cell lines are presented. Thus, the antibodies, compositions and methods of the present invention provide a novel approach for treating diseases associated with DSC2-expression, for example, lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric and liver cancers.
While the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the metes and bounds of which are set by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An isolated antibody against desmocollin 2 (DSC2) showing effector function, wherein the antibody comprises complementarity determining regions (CDRs) selected from the group consisting of:








group 1:



FSSFGMH (SEQ ID NO: 26) as VH CDR1,


 


YISSGSSTIYYADTVK (SEQ ID NO: 27) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VHYYYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 28) as VH CDR3;


 


KASQDINKYIA (SEQ ID NO: 29) as VL CDR1,


 


YTSTLQP (SEQ ID NO: 30) as VL CDR2,


and


 


LQYDNLW (SEQ ID NO: 31) as VL CDR3;


 


group 2:


DYSMH (SEQ ID NO: 32) as VH CDR1,


 


WINTETGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 33) as VH CDR2,


and


 


WLLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 34) as VH CDR3;


 


KSSQSLLNSSNQKNYLA (SEQ ID NO: 35) as VL CDR1,


 


FASTRES (SEQ ID NO: 36) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QQHYSTPL (SEQ ID NO: 37) as VL CDR3;


 


group 3:


GNYWS (SEQ ID NO: 39) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGNTKYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 40) as VH CDR2,


and


 


VPFDWFHPPGEPPFYYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 41) as VH CDR3;


 


TGSSSNIGAGYDVH (SEQ ID NO: 44) as VL CDR1,


 


GNSNRPS (SEQ ID NO: 45) as VL CDR2,


and


 


QSYDSSLSGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46) as VL CDR3;


 


group 4:


GYFWS (SEQ ID NO: 49) as VH CDR1,


 


EINHSGSTSYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 50) as VH CDR2,


and


 


GQGYYSSLDP (SEQ ID NO: 51) as VH CDR3;


and


 


SGSSSNIGSNTVN (SEQ ID NO: 53) as VL CDR1,


 


SNNQRPS (SEQ ID NO: 54) as VL CDR2,


and


 


AAWDDSLNGVV (SEQ ID NO: 55) as VL CDR3;


and






wherein the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 are separated by framework amino acid sequences.

2. The antibody of claim 1, which is a monoclonal antibody.

3. The antibody of claim 1, which is IgG1.

4. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the effector function is either antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, or both.

5. A composition for damaging DSC2-expressing cells, which composition comprises as an active ingredient the antibody of claim 1 or a polynucleotide encoding the antibody.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the DSC2-expressing cells are selected from the group of lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancer cells.

7. The composition of claim 5, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

8. The composition of claim 5, wherein the antibody is IgG1.

9. The composition of claim 5, wherein the antibody effector function is either antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, or both.

10. The composition of claim 5, wherein the polynucleotide is contained in a vector.

11. A method for damaging DSC2-expressing cells, comprising the steps of:
a) contacting DSC2-expressing cells with the antibody of claim 1; and b) damaging the DSC2-expressing cells through the effector function of the antibody that bound to the cell.

12. A pharmaceutical composition for damaging DSC2-expressing cells, which composition comprises as an active ingredient the antibody of claim 1.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the DSC2-expressing cells are selected from the group of lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, breast, gastric or liver cancer cells.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the antibody is IgG1.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the antibody effector function is either antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, or both.