DATA ON NATIONAL HEALTH RESOURCES Series 14 

Number 7 

OphthalmologyManpower: 

Characteristics 

of Clinical Practice 

UnitedStates-l968 

Statistics are presentedon selectedcharacteristicsof the clinical practice of 

ophthalmology in the United Statesin 1968. Describedand evaluatedarethe 

volume and nature of the clinical activity: hours worked per week by the 

clinical ophthalmologist; number of patients seen per week; number of 

patient visits per week; number of office locations used in clinical practice; 

relianceon supplementarypersonnelin the provision of clinical care;clinical 

servicesrenderedto patients;and primary ophthalmologicalspecialty engaged 

in by the active ophthalmologist. 

DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-1802 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND .WELFARE 

Public Healfh Service 

Health Services and Mental Health Administration 

National Center for Health Statistics 

Rockville, Md. March 1973 
Vital and Health Statistics-Series l&No. 7 

For saleby the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Qovernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

Price 80 cents domestic postpaid or 65 cents QPO Bookstore 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 

THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, Djrector 

EDWARD B. PERRIN, Ph.D., Deputy Director 

PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, Sc.D., Associate Director 

OSWALD K. SAGEN, Ph.D., Assistant Director for Health Statistics Development 

WALT R. SIMMONS, M.A., Assistant Director for Research and Scientific Development 

JOHN J. HANLON, M.D., Medical Advisor 

JAMES E. KELLY, D.D.S., Dental Advisor 

EDWARD E. MINTY, Executive Officer 

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer 

DIVISIONOF HEALTHRESOURCESSTATISTICS 

SIEGFRIED A. HOERMANN, Director 

PETER L. HURLEY, Deputy Director 

HENRY S. MOUNT, ChieJ Health Manpower Statistics Branch 

G. GLORIA HOLLIS, Chief Health Facilities Statistics Brunch 

PETER L. HURLEY, Acting Chief; Family Planning Statistics Brunch 

GRACE K. WHITE, Chief, Hospital Discharge Survey Branch 

COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

Under the legislation establishing the National Health Survey, the Public 

Health Service is authorized to use, insofar as possible, the services or 

facilities of other Federal, State, or private agencies. 

In accordance with specifications established by the National Center for 

Health Statistics, the Bureau of the Census, under a contractual arrangement, participated in planning the survey and collecting the data. 

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 14-No. 7 

DHEW-Publication No. (HSM) 73-1802 

Library of Congress Catalog Curd Number 72-600141 
CONTENTS 

Introduction .................................. 

Background ................................. 

Scope ..................................... 

Content ................................... 

Active Ophthalmologist in Profile ....................... 

Selected Demographic and Professional Characteristics ........... 

Characteristics of Clinical Practice ....................... 

Volume of Clinical Activity .......................... 

Nature of Clinical Activity ......................... 

References ................................... 

List of Detailed Tables ............................. 

Appendix I. Technical Notes and Qualifying Comments ........... 

DataCollection ............................... 

Processing of Data .............................. 

Adjustments ................................. 

The Clinical Subuniverse ........................... 

Appendix II. Definitions of Certain Terms Used in This Report ....... 

Demographic Terms ............................. 

Terms Relating to Ophthalmology ..................... 

Appendix III. Survey Questionnaires ..................... 

Questionnaire for Doctors of Medicine ................... 

Questionnaire for Doctors of Osteopathy .................... 

Page 

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37 

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38 

38 

39 

43 

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45 

45 

49 

iii 
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SYMBOLS 

Data not available _______________________________________ 

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confidentiality requirements-----------------­

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# 
OPHTHALMOLOGY 

CHARACTERISTICS OF 

Hugo K. Koch, M.H.A., Division 

INTRODUCTION 

Background 

This is a report on selected characteristics of 

the clinical practice of ophthalmology in the 

United States in 1968. Statistics reported here 

are chiefly the product of one of three surveys 

on vision manpower conducted by the National 

Center for Health Statistics between May 1968 

and June 1969. These surveys sought information on three groups: ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticianry personnel. The long-range 

goal of the surveys was to provide statistical information that would aid the health professions 

in their planning for educational programs, manpower requirements, research projects, and delivery of eye-care services. 

scope 

Reported here are statistics on the estimated 

8,616 ophthalmologists who were active in their 

profession at the time of the 1968 survey. The 

chief subjects of the tabular data and textual 

commentary presented here are the 97 percent 

of the 8,616 active ophthalmologists who reported any degree of direct diagnosis and treatment of eye patients. An estimated 8,327 

ophthalmologists made up this “clinical” tmiverse. Figures used in this report reflect the application of a statistical adjustment designed to 

compensate for various types of nonresponse to 

MANPOWER 

CLINICAL PRACTICE 

of Health Resources Statistics 

the survey. Totals represent a good approxv 

imation of the actual manpower resource in ophthalmologists in 1968. 

Included within the population of active 

ophthalmologists are 8,434 doctors of medicine 

(M.D. ophthalmologists) who had reported to 

the American Medical Association (AMA) that 

ophthalmology was their primary or secondary 

speciaity and 181 doctors of osteopathy (D.O. 

ophthalmologists) who had reported to the American Osteopathic Association that they devoted time to ophthalmological activities. 

Excluded from the scope of this report are 

233 ophthalmologists who were active in the 

U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service 

(PHS) at the time of the survey and 879 students of ophthalmology who were enrolled in 

civilian and military residency programs. The 

chief interest of this report then is in the formally qualified, civilian ophthalmologist who 

was active in clinical practice in the United 

States in 1968. 

In scope and content, this report differs substantially from other sources of information on 

ophthalmological manpower. The reader should 

generally avoid a direct comparison of these data 

with data from other sources, especially with 

data from AMA directories for the period or 

with publications based on AMA data.l -5 Caution in comparison is indicated for several reasons. First, it must be remembered that the universe reported on here includes D.O. ophthalmologists as well as M.D. ophthalmologists, and 

1 
those practitioners who worked part time as well 

as those who worked full time in ophthalmological activities. Furthermore, the population 

reported on in this report includes Federal employees and is non-Federal only to the extent 

that it excludes military and PHS ophthalmologists. Therefore, unless suitable adjustments 

are made for these exclusions and the student 

exclusions, only rough comparisons to the 

sources based on AMA data can generally be 

made. 

Content 

This report on characteristics of the clinical 

practice of ophthalmology is the second of three 

reports based on the findings of the 1968 survey 

of ophthalmologists. The first report, “Ophthalmology Manpower-A General Profile: United 

States, 1968” (Vital ar,d Health Statistics, Series 

14-No. 5), includes a general demographic and 

professional profile of ophthalmologists active in 

their profession in the United States at the time 

.of the survey. Selected findings from the first 

report are reviewed in the following section, in 

advance of the focused discussion of clinical 

practice, the subject of this report. A third report will offer statistical information on the 

ophthalmologist’s utilization of supplementary 

personnel. 

This report is composed of the following 

parts, in the sequence in which they are discussed. 

1. A statistical overview of selected demographic and professional characteristics of 

the total active universe of ophthalmologists and of the clinical universe in 1968 

(tables 1 and 2). 

2. A statistical description and evaluation of 

the volume of clinical activity, as 

expressed in: 

a. The hours worked per week by the clinical practitioner (tables 3 and 4) 

b. The number of patients seen in a typical week (tables 5 and 6) and the 

number of patient visits in a typical 

week (tables 7 and 8). 

c. The number of office locations used in 

the clinical practice of ophthalmology. 

d. The reliance on supplementary personnel in the provision of clinical care. 

e. The number of different services rendered to eye patients (tables 9 and 10). 

3. A statistical description and evaluation of 

the nature of the clinical activity engaged 

in, as revealed by: 

a. The type of services ophthalmologists 

rendered to their patients (tables 

11-15). 

b. The primary ophthalmological subspecialty engaged ,in by the clinical 

practitioner. 

The above descriptors are cross-contrasted 

with each other and also weighed in relation to 

such other. characteristics of the clinical practitioner as age, sex, geographic distribution,, professional identity (M.D. or D.O.), areal scope of 

licensure, and principal form of practice. 

The thematic sequence followed in the text is 

also preserved in the detailed tables. 

The various compensatory adjustments used 

in establishing the repart data, along with other 

methodological considerations, are discussed in 

appendix I. Definitions of demographic and professional terms used in the report appear in 

appendix II, and facsimiles of the survey questionnaires used to elicit information from M.D. 

and D.O. respondents appear as appendix III. 

ACTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGIST 

IN PROFILE 

Selected Demographic and Professional 

Characteristics 

Selected findings from the first report reveal 

the following demographic and, professional 

characteristics of active ophthalmologists in the 

United States in 1968. 

l. There were an estimated 8,616 active 

ophthalmologists. Of these, 8,327 (or 

about 97 percent) qualified as “clinical 

ophthalmologists”; that is, they spent 

some portion of their working week in 

2 
the direct diagnosis and treatment of eye 

patients. 

2. These figures reflect a slow but progressive increase over former years in the 

ratio of ophthalmologists to general population. 

3. Regionally, the South and North.Central 

Regions had fewer ophthalmologists per 

100,000 population than did the Northeast and West Regions. D.O. ophthalmologists favored the North Central 

Region, especially Michigan, Missouri, 

and Ohio. 

4. About 97 percent of all active ophthalmologists were male. About 98 percent 

were doctors of medicine. The typical 

ophthahnologist-with a mean age of 

51.3 years-tended to be at least 2 years 

older than the typical member of the 

overall M.D. population.2 

5. Substantially over one-half of the active 

ophthalmologists were licensed in only 

one State. The younger ophthalmologists 

were more likely to be licensed in more 

than one State. 

6. Solo practice was the principal form of 

employment. About 68 percent of alI active ophthalmologists engaged m this 

form of practice. 

7. About 26 percent of aU active ophthalmologists engaged in some form of multiple-physician practice; i.e., partnership 

practice, group practice, or nongroup 

arrangement with other physicians. The 

younger practitioner showed a reIativeIy 

greater tendency to participate in 

multiple-physician practice than did his 

older colleague. 

8. Only 5.3 percent of all ophthalmologists 

were salaried, the largest number of these 

(222) by medical schools. Only about 2 

percent of alI ophthalmologists reported 

that they were salaried by hospitals as 

their principal form of employment. ’ 

9. About 33 percent of active ophthalmologists reported spending some part of 

their working week in teaching and about 

11 percent in medical research. 

10. As a possible legacy from earlier days 

when eye-ear-nose-and-throat was a unified specialty, 1,583 of the older ophthalmologists still tended to devote a substantial portion of their working week to the 

practice of clinical otolaryngology. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL 

PRACTICE 

Volume of Activity 

Hours worked per week.-The 8,327 respondents active in the direct care of eye patients 

reported that they devoted a median volume of 

48.4 hours per week to al1 their professional 

activities. 

When clinical ophthalmologists aged 65 years 

and over are eliminated from this determination 

of work volume, the result is an increase in median work experience from 48.4 to about 50 

hours per week, a figure which is comparable to 

the median value of 51 hours per week obtained 

for ophthalmologists in a privately conducted 

1968 study of 20 medical and surgical specialties.4 Data abstracted from that private study 

and shown in table A reveal a median work volume of 60 hours per week for ah the speciahies 

reported. OphthalmoIogists are seen to rank 

third from the bottom in number of hours devoted to alI professional activities per week. According to that study, only dermatologists and 

allergists reported a smaller work volume in 

terms of hours worked per week. 

In geographic areas where the ratio of clinical 

ophthalmologists to gene& population was 

smaller than the national ratio of 4.2 per 

100,000 (table IV, appendix I), respondents to 

the Vision and Eye Care Survey generally reported a longer workweek. The data in figure 1 

express this tendency by geographic division. Of 

the five divisions showing a ratio smaller than 

the national ratio, the reader may note that four 

of the five also reported a median work volume 

greater than the national median of 48.4 hours 

per week. It is notable that three of these four 

divisions comprise the South Region. 

An inverse relationship is evident between the 

age of the clinical practitioner and the median 

number of hours worked per week (figure 2). As 

might be expected, the older the practitioner, 

the fewer the hours worked per week. 

However, when other measures of clinical volume are contrasted with hours worked per week, 

3 
. 

TableA. Median hours worked per week in 20 medical and 

surgical specialties: United States, 1968 

Median 

Specialty hours 

per week’ 

Allergy ............................. 50 

Anesthesiology ........................ 55 

Cardiovascular disease ................... 65 

Dermatology ......................... 46 

General practice ....................... 60 

General surgery ....................... 63 

Internal medicine ...................... 60 

Neurology ........................... 60 

Neurological surgery .................... 63 

Obstetrics and gynecology ................ 60 

Ophthalmology ....................... 51 

Orthopedic surgery ..................... 65 

Otolaryngology ....................... 55 

Pathology ........................... 56 

Pediatrics ........................... 60 

Plastic surgery ........................ 60 

Psychiatry ................. J ......... 58 

Radiology ........................... 54 

Thoracic surgery ....................... 65 

Urology ............................ 60 

* Includes clinical and nonclinical activities. 

SOURCE: From a study of 7,864 self-employed M.D./s 

under 65 years of age, conducted in spring 1968, and reported in 

Lewis, R. Cragin: Doctors’ earnings dissected: The time factor. 

Med,Econ., Dec. 23, 1968. pp. 64-67. 

a directly proportional relationship is seen. Thus 

practioners with only one office used in clinical 

practL:e reported a median workweek of about 

48 hours, while practitioners with two offices or 

more reported a ionger working week of about 

52 hours. Further, the 7,882 clinical ophthalmologists who utilized the services of supplementary personnel in their practice reported a 

median workweek of about 48 hours, in contrast 

with the 38-hour week reported by the 445 who 

did not use supplementary personnel. 

One final, directly proportional relationship 

deserves attention-that between length of workweek and the number of physician associates 

who shared the services of supplementary personnel with the clinical respondent. In a direct 

though somewhat fluctuating fashion, the length 

of the working week increased from a m&&n of 

about .46 hours per week for respotidents with 

only one physician associate to 5’1 hours or 

more for respondents with threk ljhysician associates or more. 

It is instructive to examine the &al professional activity for an approximation of those 

hours which were applied only to the direct diagnosis and treatment of eye patients,. excluding 

time devoted to clinical otolaryngology and miscellaneous clinical activity, as iyell as those hours 

spent in teaching, research; and administration. 

As noted previously, respondents reported a 

national median of 48.4 hours per week spent in 

all their professional activities. They further reported that they devoted a median of 84.0 percent of this total to the direct care of eye patients. Thus the typical clinical opl$halmologist 

probably spent substantially fewer than 48.4 

hours in the diagnosis and tre,atrn+ of eye 

patients-more likely in the neighb,oi-hdod of 40 

to 42 hours. 

This kind of rough but realistic reduction is 

helpful in evaluating the hours wqrked per week 

according to the various forms ,of practice or 

employment. From the data in table B, it seems 

evident that salaried ophthalmolog&ts, although 

they reported ZI overall median workweek 

which equaled or exceeded the na&nal median 

for all clinical ophthalmologists, probably devoted a much smaller proportion *of this total 

activity to the direct care of eye patients than 

did their self-employed counterparts. .__ __ 

Pitients &en pi< week and phtient .visits per 

week.-The 8,327 respondents active in the direct care of patients reported that they experienced a median volume of 101.6 patient visits 

per week. They further reported, a median volume of 87.6 patients seen per tieek. Together, 

these values repi-esent a national patient/visit ratio of about 1.2 visits per patient. 

When tht: figure for patient visits per week is 

adjusted to exclude clinical oph,thalmojogists of 

65 years and over, as well as all salaried ophthalmologists and doctors of osteopathy, the result 

is an increase in weekly visits by patients from 

101.6 to about 116, a figure that is closely comparable to the median value of 116 visits per 

week obtained for ophthalmologists in a privately conducted 1968 study of 18 medical and 

surgical specialties. 5 Data abstracted from this 

4 
I 

.N a tional ra ti o , C2 clinical GEOGRAPH IC N a tional median , 

D IVISION 4 8 .4 hou rs 

p e r week 

New .England I 

Middlep tlan tic I -4 6 .7 ’ 1 

Eas t N o rth Cen tral I -44 

\ ‘ 

Wes t N o rth Cen tral I 

Sou th Atlantic I 4 9 .8 

i 

Eas t Sou th Cen tral I -49 1 .6 

I 

W &t Soo th Cen tral I 

Moun tain I -47 .4 / 

Paci fic -46 .8 ! 

t \ ’ I I II I I I 

6 5 4 ‘ 3 2 - 0 0 45 46 47 48 49 56 51 

NUMBER OF CL IN ICAL OPHTHALMOLOG IS T S MED IAN HOURS 

PER 1OO ;OOOPOPULAT ION PER W EEK 

Figu re 1 . Numbe r o f clinical oph thalmologis ts p e r 100 ,000 popula tion compa red w i th meajan numbe r o f hou rs w o rked p e r week , by 

geog raphic division : Uni ted S ta te s , 1968 . 

p riva te s tudy and shown in table C reveal th a t 

60 oph thalmologis ts s tood m idway among the spe ­

cial ties in te rms o f p a tien t visi ts p e r w eek . 5 3 .5 5 2 .9 5 1 .3 As n o ted p reviously , responden ts to the s u r2 : 50 vey th a t p rovided the d a ta fo r this . s tudy re -

i x

5 

4 4 .8 p o rted th a t they devo ted a med ian o f abou t 49 

L hou rs p e r w eek to the d i re c t c a re o f p a tien ts - . 2 

s 40 excluding all o th e r chnical and nonclinical a c ti v -

I 3 7 .7 i ty . Thus , given a n a tional med ian expe rience o f 

5

E abou t 102 visi ts p e r w eek , i t follows th a t a typi ­

z 30 cal visi t by an eye p a tien t las ted abou t 24 

m inu te s . .-111 ! In geog raphic a reas w h e re the ra tio o f clinical 

0 oph thalmologis ts to gene ral popula tion w as 

Unde r 3 5 -44 4 5 -54 5 5 -64 65 smalle r than the n a tional ra tio o f 4 .2 p e r 

35 and ove r 100 ,000 , responden ts repo rted a l a rg e r volume 

AGE OF OPHTHALMOLOG IST o f clinical a c tivi ty in te rms o f p a tien t visi ts and 

(IN YEARS) p a tien ts seen p e r w eek The d a ta in figu re 3 vex -

p ress this finding by geog raphic divisions . All 

five o f the divisions th a t repo rted an oph thal -

Figu re 2 . Median numbe r o f hou rs p e r week o f oph thalmological m o logis t/popula tion ra tio smalle r than the n a ­ a c tivi ties , by age o f oph thalmologis t: Uni ted S ta te s , 1968 . tional ra tio also showed a compensa to ry tend -

5 
Table B. Number of clinical ophthalmologists, median hours worked per week, and percent of time devoted to care of 

patients, by principal form of practice or employment of clinical ophthalmologists: United States, 1968 

Number of Percent Hours 

Principal form of practice or employment clinical worked of time 

ophthal- per week devoted to 

mologists -Lpatients 

Median 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice ................................ 5,695 47.3 85.0 

Partnership ................................. 1,385 50.0 85.0 

Group practice ................................ 483 51.5 84.0 

Nongroup arrangement with other physician(s) ............... 352 50.0 84.0 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 48.1 68.0 

Nonhospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 54.1 46.7 

’ Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal hospitals. 

‘includes medical schools; city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical 

companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

Table C. Median patient visits per week in 18 medical and 

surgical specialties: United States, 1968 

Median 

Specialty patient vists 

per week’ 

Allergy ........................... 125 

Anesthesiology ...................... 30 

Cardiovascular disease .................. 103 

Dermatology ........................ 156 

General practice .................. 1 .. 167 

General surgery ...................... 

Internal medicine ..................... 

Neurology ......................... 

Neurological surgery ................... 

Obstetrics and gynecology ............... 

Ophthalmology ...................... 

Orthopedic surgery ................... 

Otolaryngology ...................... 

Pediatrics .......................... 

Plastic surgery ....................... 

Psychiatry ......................... 

Thoracic surgery ..................... 

Urology ........................... 

105 

116 

59 

85 

130 

116 

129 

125 

140 

81 

38 

88 

119 

’ Includes office, home, and hospital visits. 

SOURCE: From a study of 7,864 self-employed M.D.‘s 

under 65 years of age conducted in spring 1968 and reported in 

Med.Econ., Dec. 9, 1968. pp. 75-79. 

ency toward increased clinical activity; that is, 

they exceeded the national medians for both patient visits and patients seen per week. The divisions of the South were particularly strong in 

the inverse relationship between these measures 

of clinical volume and the availability of ophthalmologists to satisfy the clinical needs of the 

population. The interesting exception apparent 

in findings for the Mountain Divtsion is discussed in “Number of patient services rendered.” 

Data in figure 4 show the result of determining clinical load according to the relative age of 

the practitioner. Median number of patient visits 

per week is seen to peak at about 120 visits per 

week in the age interval 45-54 years and to 

show a substantial decrease as age of the ophthalmologist increases-especially in the category 

over 65 years. 

Volume in patient visits was observed to vary 

in direct proportion to several other indicators 

of clinical volume. For example: 

Practitioners licensed in a single State reported a median volume of about 100 visits 

per week; those licensed in more than one 

State reported a median volume of about 

104 visits. 

6 
GEOGRAPHIC 

DIVISION 

New England 

Middle Atlantic 

East North Central 

1088 West North Central 

South Atlantic 

East South Central 111.6 

West South Central 

I I 

96.0 Mountain National median, 

101.6 patient 

Pacific 

6 5 4 3 2 0 0 60 70 80 90 100 110 

NUMBER OF ~~LINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGISTS MEDIAN NUMBERIOF PATIENTS SEEN 

PER 100,000 POPULATION AND PATIENT VISITS PER WEEK 

Number of ophthalmologists ’

q Patient visits Patients seen 

-

Figure 3. Number of clinical ophthalmologists per 100,000 population compared with median number of patient visits per week, by 

geographic division: 

Number of patient visits per week showed a 

steady, positive acceleration in harmony 

with the increase in hours worked per 

week, rising from a median of about 56 

visits for clinicians who worked less than 

35 hours per week to a median of 125 visits 

for those who reported working more than 

60 hours per week. 

A median of about 104 visits per week was 

reported by clinical practitioners who made 

use of supplementary personnel to assist 

them in their clinical practice, as opposed 

to a median of about 46 visits per week 

among the 445 practitioners who did not 

use such supplementary personnel. 

United States, 1968. 

One final measure of patient volume deserves 

attention. This is a classification of patient visits 

per week according to the principal form of 

practice or employment in which the patient visits were experienced. Data in table D show this 

classification. It is notable that the most intensive activity in patient visits and patients seen 

occurred with self-employed ophthalmologists 

who were practicing in mu ltiple-physician arrangements-with the partnership showing a substantial lead over all other categories of selfemployed and salaried practitioners. 

ilhmber of patient services rendered--In order to probe the nature of their clinical activity, 

survey participants were asked to respond to the 

7 
----- 

91.2 

following question: “In your clinical ophthal- National median 

for all ages, 101,.6 mology practice, which of the services below are 

patient visits per week rendered to your patients by you or under your \ direction?” 

1. Diagnostic examination (includes refractive procedures and tonometry) 

2. Medical treatment 

3. Eye surgery 

4. Visual field examination and medical 

interpretation 

5. Fitting contact lenses 

6. Orthoptic training (any procedure to improve acuity or binocularity) 

7. Prescribing low-vision aids (includes optical aids greater than +4.00 addition) - Under 35-44 45-54 55.64 65 and 8. Aniseikonic testing 

35 O”M 9. Tonography AGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGIST (IN YEARS) 

J 

10. Other (specify) 

Figure 4. Median number of patient visits per week, by age A tabulation of practitioners by the number 

intervals of 8,327 clinical ophthalmologists: United States, of these different services rendered by them1968. disregarding the nature of the service-permits 

Table D. Number of clinical ophthalmologists, median number of patient visits per week, and median number of 

patients seen per week, by principal form of practice or employment of clinical ophthalmologists: United States, 

1968 

Number of Patient Patients clinical Principal form of practice or employment ophthal- visits seen 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice ................................. 

Partnership .................................. 

Group practice ................................ 

Nongroup arrangement with other physicians ................. 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ ................................... 

Nonhospital .................................. 

mologists per week per week 

Median 

5,695 97.2 84.0 

1.385 124.0 106.4 

483 114.0 98.8 

352 105.6 91.2 

152 64.4 56.0 

259 46.0 38.8 

J­

’ Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal hospitals. 

Zlncludes medical schools; city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical 

companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

8 
another assessment of the volume of their clinical activity. Admittedly, this method of evaluating volume of activity is at best a rough one. It 

tells nothing about the duration, complexity, or 

degree’of sophistication of the service rendered 

but, when combined with other measures of volume, it furnishes a helpful guide to evaluating 

the total volume of c1inica.l activity reported by 

the survey respondents. 

The ty$caI, clinical respondent reported rendering five to six of the 10 patient services 

listed. 

A useful approach to evaluating this measure 

of cliuical activity is to tabulate for various demographic and professional categories that percentage of clinical ophthalmologists rendering 

five or more of the 10 patient services. 

The results of determining this percentage according to the geographic divisions of practice 

are graphically shown in figure 5. The reader 

may note a tendency already observed with 

other measures of the volume of clinical activity, 

GEOGRAPHIC 

DlVlSlON 

Mountain 

East South Central 

West South Central 

South Atlantic 

East North Central 

West North Central 

New England 

Middle Atlantic 

a - 84.6 

1 m 83.7 

m m 83.3 

m m 80.1 

1 m 79.5 

u m 78.3 

1 m 79.3 

74.7 IH 

0-e+h- 90 

PERCENT 

Figure 5. Percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering five 

patient services or more, by geographic division: United 

States, 1966. 

namely that volume is greater in those areas 

where the ratio of ophthalmologists to general 

population is smaller. Thus, the divisions of the 

South Region showed a higher percentage of 

practitioners who reported rendering five patient 

services or more than did the divisions of the 

Northeast and North Central Regions. The high 

percentage reported for the Mountain Division . 

presents an interesting anomaly. Here, ratio of 

practitioners to population (5.0/100,000) was 

well above the national figure of 4.2/106,000. 

Yet practitioners in that division also reported 

the highest percentage of ophthalmologists who 

rendered five or more of the 10 patient services. 

This suggests that the range and number of patient services performed -by the practitioners 

may, to some degree, be influenced by the relatively high dispersion of the population throughout an area such as the Mountain States. 

The findings illustrated in figure 6 show that 

this measure of clinicaI volume was age-sensitive, 

the number of services rendered varying in100 

90 

84.7 

80 

73.5 

Under 35-44 45.54 55.64 65 

35 and over 

AGE (IN YEARS] 

Figure 6. Percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering five 

patient services or more, by age of ophthalmologist: United 

States, 1966. 

9 
versely with increasing age of the 

ophthalmologist. 

Of two subgroups; femaJe ophthalmologists 

and osteopathic physicians, female respondents 

reported a smaller percentage (74 percent) rendering five services or more than did their male 

counterparts (80percent); doctors of osteopathy, 

with only 62 percent of their members rendering 

five services or more, reported a markedly smaller volume of patient-service activity than did 

doctors of medicine, who reported 81 percent of 

their members rendering five services or more. 

Comparing number of services rendered to 

another significant indicator of clinical volume, 

patient visits, a directly proportional relationship is apparent from figure 7. The percentage of 

practitioners offering five services or more is 

proportionately greater, the greater the number 

of patient visits reported. 

I 93.9 

89.6 89.8 

84.9 

Under 40:79 80.119 120.159 160-199 200 

40 and over 

PATIENT VISITS 

Figure 7. Percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering five 

patient services or more, by number of patient visits pe’; 

week: United States, 1968. 

The relationship of form of practice or employment to number of services rendered is 

revealed in figure 8. It is readily ,evident that a 

substantially higher percentage of self-employed 

practitioners rendered five patient services or 

more than did salaried ophthslmoiogists. Of the 

self-employed, ophthalmologists in the various 

forms of multiple-physician practice reported 

rendering substantially more patient services 

than did their colleagues in solo practice. 

Nature of Clinical Activity 

Type of patient services rendered.-The services rendered by the clinical respondent or performed under his direction have already been 

listed in the preceding section. In the discussion 

that follows on the nature of clinical, services, 

PRINCIPAL FORM OF 

PRACTICEIOR EMPLOYMENT 

Self-employed 

Solo practice - 78.2 

* ,, 

Partnership 86.1 

I” ,, . ,, I, 

Group practice m 87.4 

1., 

Nongroup arrangement 

with other physicians I) I88.3 .,. . .1, . If .‘ ’ < Salaried 

Hospital 1 

Nonhospital 2 

, 

8, 65 70 ‘75 80 .85 90 

PERCENT 

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, coumy, Statqand Federal Government hospitals. 

‘Includes medical schools; city, countq, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all 

typer of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

Figure 8. Percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering five 

patient services or more, by principal form 0; practice or 

employment: United States, 1968. ’ :’ 

10 
the category “other” will not receive comment, 

since specific entries in this category did not 

occur with sufficient frequency to warrant separate tabulation. 

The remaining nine services are ranked below 

by national percentages of practitioners who 

reported rendering each service: 

Percent of total 

practitioners Order Type of service rendering the 

service 

Expected 

Diagnostic examination (including 

tonometry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.5 

Medical treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 

Visual field examination and 

medical interpretation . . . . . . . 93.7 

Eye surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.9 

Additional 

Fitting contact lenses .......... 58.0 

Prescribing low-vision aids ....... 54.9 

Tonography ................ 49.8 

Orthoptic training ............ 32.5 

Aniseikonic testing ............ 9.4 

The first four of these services were, by a substantial margin, the most frequently performed. 

They are the professional services traditionally 

associated with the clinical role of the ophthalmologist, services that in most cases can only be 

legally performed by the medicaI practitioner. 

For purposes of reporting, these will be called 

“expected” services. The other five services can 

be performed by other vision-care professionals. 

For purposes of reporting, they will be called 

“additional” services. 

It was noted in the preceding section that the 

typical clinical respondent rendered five to six 

of these patient services. Relying solely on the 

rank-order of patient services according to the 

numbers of practitioners who rendered each 

service (see the preceding table), one might expect that the typical respondent who rendered 

five services performed the four “expected” 

services and then, from the remaining five services, added the “additional” service “fitting contact lenses.” As the cIinicaI respondent added 

services beyond the five-service level, the frequencies of rendition reported above indicate 

that he added them roughly in this order of preference: “prescribing low-vision aids”; “tonogaphy”; “orthoptic training”; and Ymiseikonic 

testing.” 

Geographic regions exhibited the same general 

order of preference shown nationally. It deserves 

mention, though, that practitioners in the South 

and West Regions were more prone to render 

one or more of the “additional” services than 

were their colleagues in the Northeast and the 

North Central Regions. 

In analyzing the nature of the clinical activity 

performed by the ophthalmologist, it was useful 

to obtain a mean percentage figure for those 

respondents who rendered one or more of the 

four expected’ services and a mean percentage 

figure for those who rendered one or more of 

the five additional services, as these mean indicators were revealed by respondents in selected 

demographic and professional categories. Thus, 

the national means were 95.0 percent rendering 

one or more of the expected services and 40.9 

percent rendering one or more of the additional 

services. 

Applying this procedure with the variable of 

age produced the result pictured in figure 9. It 

may be noted that degree of rendition of both 

expected and additional services tends to decline 

as age categories of practitioners advance. With 

the expected services, however, only a 13-percent drop occurred between the youngest and 

the oldest category while with the additional 

services a Zl-percent drop was the case, indicating that the rendition of additionaI services is 

substantially more sensitive to age influences 

than is rendition of expected services. 

Figure 10 graphically presents the relationship 

between hours worked per week and this indicator of the nature of clinical activity. It is evident that the mean percent of respondents who 

rendered both the expected and the additional 

services showed a general proneness to increase 

as the workweek became longer. However, 

whereas the increase stabilized for the expected 

services at about the point of the median 

workweek (48.4 hours), the percent indicator 

for the additional services continued to rise in a 

steadiIy direct proportion to hours worked in 

excess of the median workweek. 

As with the effects of age on services rendered-though this time in a direct rather than 

11 
Expected Additional 

98.9 98.4 07 9 2l.L 

85.7 

Under 35-44 ?5-54 55.64 ,65 

35 and over 

AGE (IN YEARS) 

Figure 9. Mean percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering 

one expected service or more and one additional service or 

more, by age of ophthalmologist: Un’ited States, 1968. 

an inverse proportion-the rendition of additional services proved to be substantially more 

sensitive to length of working week than did 

rendition of expected services. 

Much the same relationship is evident from 

the comparison of this clinical indicator to 

number of patient visits per week, as depicted in 

figure 11. Again noticeable is the tendency for 

the percent indicator to increase as the number 

of patient visits increases. Again, the indicator 

for the expected services stabilizes at about the 

median number of patient visits per week (102 

visits), while the indicator for the additional 

services continues to rise, stabilizes for the interval from 120 to 199 visits per week, and then 

rises again for the few respondents who reported 

200 visits or more per week. Further, it may be 

noted that rendition of additional services more 

than doubled between the minimum- and maximum-visit categories, while rendition of 

expected services showed a corresponding increase of 17 percent. Increased activity in visits 

per week, then, was accompanied by relatively 

Expected Additional 

97.6 97.6 

1-34 35.40 41.48 49-59 60’ 

and over 

HOURS WORKED PER WEEK 

Figure 10. Mean percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering 

one expected service or more and one additional service or 

more, by hours usually worked per week: United States, 

1968. 

more activity in the additional services than in 

the expected services. 

Comparing this indicator with other indicators of the volume of clinical activity yielded 

the following findings. With expected services, 

number of States the ophthalmologist was 

licensed in revealed no significant change in the 

proportions of respondents rendering the expected services, while, with the additional services, licensure in more than one State was accompanied by a corresponding increase of about 

4 percent in the proportion rendering the additional services. 

For number of office locations, the number 

of clinical ophthalmologists rendering both expected and additional services increased in a 

direct though nondramatic proportion to the 

number of offices used in clinical practice. 

Finally, the percent of participants was substantially higher when supplementary personnel 

were used to assist in clinical practice (96 percent for expected services and 42 percent for 

additional services, as opposed to the 83 percent 

12 
Expected Additional 

98.3 98.9 

Under 40-79 80.119 120-159 160.199 200 

40 and over 

NUMBER OF PATIENT VISITS 

Figure 11. Mean percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering 

one expected service or more and one additional service or 

more, by number of patient visits per week: United States, 

1968. 

for expected services and 24 percent for additional services calculated for respondents who 

reported that they did not use such supplementary personnel). 

A comprehensive assessment of the nature of 

clinical services rendered by the ophthalmologist 

requires a statistical comment on the vocational 

context in which he rendered these services. 

Figure 12 offers such a description, graphically 

classifying the mean percent of respondents 

rendering expected and additional services by 

the particular form of practice or employment 

engaged in by the respondent. It is readily apparent that a greater proportion of selfemployed ophthalmologists engaged in both 

expected and additional services than did their 

salaried- colleagues. Of the self-employed respondents, those who were active in multiplephysician forms of practice were well in advance 

of solo practitioners in that proportion of their 

members who rendered the additional services; 

the partnership and group-practice arrangements 

seemed especially to favor the rendition of additional services. 

It is worthy of comment, however, that two 

of the additional services-aniseikonic testing 

and tonography-were specifically favored in 

their rendition by ophthalmologists in the salaried, hospital ,environment. 

Since ophthalmology is formally classified by 

AMA as a surgical specialty, it was interesting to 

analyze the survey findings for an evaluation of 

the surgical load carried by the typical clinical 

ophthalmologist and to compare this surgical 

load with that reported for two other surgical 

specialists, the thoracic surgeon and the specialist in obstetrics-gynecology. Of the clinical respondents to the Vision and Eye Care Survey 

(8,327), 7,400 practitioners reported that they 

engaged in eye surgery as one of their expected 

clinical services. In 1968, an estimated 527,000 

eye operatidns were performed in 

short-stay hospitals, according to unpublished 

survey data from the National Center for Health 

Statistics.” Assuming 240 work days per year, 

2,196 eye operations were performed per day on 

patients in short-stay hospitals. This amounted 

to one procedure per day for every three clinical 

ophthalmologists engaged in eye surgery. 

Adjusting this figure to include only M.D., 

non-Federal respondents rendered it comparable 

to data obtained from the AMA1 and the abovecited hospital survey6 for the specialties of 

thoracic surgery and obstetrics-gynecology. The 

adjustment produced an estimate of one procedure per day for every two to three clinical 

ophthalmologists. This contrasted with two 

surgical procedures per day per thoracic surgeon 

and one procedure per day per specialist in 

obstetrics-gynecology. These data suggest a 

rather low surgical workload for the typical clinical ophthalmologist. __- Primary clinical activity or ophth’almological 

subs~ecialty.-In order to determine how and to 

what degree the practitioner tended to specialize 

within the broad area of clinical ophthalmology, 

respondents were asked: “In your clinical 

ophthalmology practice, which of the following 

categories best describes how you spend the 

greatest amount of your time?” 

By far the largest proportion of respondents 

(about 96 percent) stated that they spent most 

13 
Expected Additional 

Self.employed 

Solo practice 

Partnership 

Group practice 

Nongroup arrangement 

with other physicians 

Salaried 

Hospital1 

Non hospital2 90.8 

I I I I 

0 25 50 75 100 

MEAN PERCENT 

’ Includes nong~vemment hospitals and city, county, and Federal Government hospitals. 

21ncludes medical schools; city, county. Stete. and Federal agencies; and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, 

voluntary organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

Figure 12. Mean percent of clinical ophthalmologists rendering one expected service or more and one additional service or more, by 

principal form of practice or employment: United States, 1968. 

of their time in the practice of general ophthalmo logy (medical and surgical), indicating no 

specific subspecialty. About 4 percent (371 

respondents) stated that they devoted the 

greatest part of their time to one of the following subspecialties: corneal surgery, retinal 

surgery, pediatric ophthalmology, ophthalmic 

ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, or 

“other.” Specific entries within the “other” 

category did not occur with sufficient frequency 

to warrant individual discussion here. 

It is clear, then, that the typical practitioner 

tended to behave as a generalist in his rendition 

of expected and additional eye-care services. 

Of the “specialists,” 9 percent of the 371 specialized in corneal surgery; 26 percent in retinal 

surgery; 19 percent in pediatric ophthalmology; 

4 percent in ophthalmic pathology; and 6 percent in neuro-ophthalmology. 

General ophthalmologists (medical and surgical) followed the patterns of selected characteristics noted in preceding sections for the total 

clinical population. Ophthalmological specialists 

showed the following tendencies, several of 

which varied from the general pattern: 

The median age for specialists was lower (43.7 

years) than was the overall median age. 

Geographically, specialists showed a statistical 

preference for the middle-Atlantic area 

(including the area around Washington, 

D.C.). 

Specialists-with a median of 52.8 hours per 

week-tended to have a longer workweek 

than did their generalist colleagues. 

Whereas only about 2 percent of the generalists tended to locate in salaried, nonhospital employment, a more substantial 

proportion of specialists (25 percent) were 

found there, chiefly, of course, in medical 

schools. 

Specialists reported a median experience of 

63 patient visits per week, as opposed to 

14 
the median of 102 visits common to the 

generalist. Along with the finding of longer 

workweeks, this indicated that the specialist spent more time per patient visit. 

In number of office locations, number of 

States licensed in, number of patient services rendered, and number of supplementary personnel used to assist in clinical 

practice, the specialist’ did not differ substantially from the generahst. 

The 3 7 1 specialists-taken as a grouprendered substantially smaller proportions of all 

the expected and additional services than did 

their generalist colleagues. Exceptions, of 

course, occurred for the individual specialties 

where the area of specialty required the performance of a given service-expected ‘or additional. Thus, for example, 79 percent of the 

specialists in hediatric ophthalmology reported 

giving orthoptic training, as opposed to only 33 

percent among the general ,chnical practitioners. 

And, with about 53 percent of their members 

reporting tonography as one of their services, 

specialists in ophthalmic pathology showed the 

highest rendition of this procedure among all 

their generalist or specialist colleagues. 

REFERENCES 

lAmerican Medical Association, Department of Survey Research, Center for Health Services Research and Development: 

Distribution of Phys&%ns, Hospitak, and Hospiti Beds in the 

US, 1968; RegionaJ State, County and Metropolitan Areas. 

Chicago, 1970. 

*American Medical Association, Department of Survey Research: Selected chmact&tics of the Physic& Popz.&tzbn, 

1963 d1967. Special Statistical Series. Chicago, 1968. 

3Fahs, Ivan J.: Vision Manpower in the United States. ~~ 

Pub.Heolth 60(9):1760-1768, Sept. 1970. 

4Lewis, R Cragin: Doctors’ earnings dissected: The time 

factor. Med &on. Dee, 23,196s. pp. 64-67. 

5L-ewis, R. Cragin: Doctors’ earnings dissected: The productivity factor. Med. Econ. Dec. 9,1968, pp. 75-79. 

‘National Center for Health Statistics: Surgical Operations in 

Short-Stay Hospitals, United States, 1968. Vital and Health 

Statistics. Series 13-NO. 11. DIIEW Pub. NO. (HSM) 73-1762. 

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. In press. 

15 
Table 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

LIST OF DETAILED TABLES 

Number of active ophthalmologists and of active ophthalmologists per 100,000 civilian population, and number and 

percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by professional identity (M.D. or D.O.), according to area of 

practice: United States and each State; 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by age, according to area of practice: United States 

and each State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by hours usually worked per week, according to area 

of practice: United States and each State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by hours usually worked per week, according to 

selected characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patients seen per week, according to 

area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patients seen per week, according to 

selected characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent, distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patient visits per week, according to 

area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patient visits per week, according to 

selected characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of services rendered, according to area of 

practice: United States and each State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of services rendered, according to selected 

characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number and percent of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and area of practice: United States and each 

State, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Number of clinical ophthalmologists,by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . 

Number and percent of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Page 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

31 

32 

34 

35 

16 
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES-Con. 

Page 

Table 14. Number of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 1968 . . . . 36 

16. Number and percent of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

17 
Table 1. Number of active ophthalmologists and of active ophthalmologists per 100,000 civilian population, and number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by professional identity (M.D. or D.O.l,according to area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 

[Data on professional identity reproduced in this table is treated as nonconfidential. It derives from data obtained directly from the. American M&al Asso&tion and the 

Area 

United States ..................... 

Alabama ........................... 

Alaska ............................ 

Arizona ............................ 

Arkansas ........................... 

California ........................... 

Colorado ........................... 

Connecticut ... ...................... 

Delaware ........................... 

District of Columbia ..................... 

Florida ............................ 

Georgia ............................ 

Hawaii ............................ 

Idaho ............................. 

Illinois ............................ 

Indiana ............................ 

Iowa ............................. 

Kansas ............................ 

Kentucky ........................... 

Louisiana 

Maine .. : : : : .............................................. 

Maryland ........................... 

Massachusetts ........................ 

Michigan ........................... 

Minnesota .......................... 

Mississippi .......................... 

Missouri ........................... 

Montana ........................... 

Nebraska ........................... 

Nevada ............................ 

New Hampshire ....................... 

NewJersey.. ........................ 

New Mexico ......................... 

New York .......................... 

North Carolina ........................ 

North Dakota ........................ 

Ohio ............................. 

Oklahoma .......................... 

Oregon ............................ 

Pennsylvania ......................... 

Rhode Island .......................... 

South Carolina ........................ 

South Dakota ........................ 

Tennessee .......................... 

Texas ............................. 

Utah ............................. 

Vermont ........................... 

Virginia ............................ 

Washington .......................... 

West Virginia ......................... 

Wisconsin .... : ...................... 

Wyoming ........................... 

American Osteopathic As+ation.] 

Total Number of Prof&issio@ identity 

active active ophthalophthal- mologists per 

molcgisis 100,000 civilian 

population’ 

Number ‘Percent distribution 

8,616 8,327 8,167 161 100.0 98.1 

- - - - -

87 2.5 84 84 100.0 1 oq.0 

5 2.1 5 5 100.0 100.0 

80 4.9 78 74 4 100.0 94.6 5.4 

41 2.1 41 41 100.0 100.0 

1,079 5.7 I.043 1,042 1 100.0 99.9 0.1 

123 6.1 118 112 5 100.0 95.5 4.5. 

152 5.x 150 149 I 100.0 99.z 0.8 

21 4.0 1.7 17 100.0 100.0 

81 10.3 75 75 100.0 1 Od.0 

302 4.9 292 281 10 100.0 86.5 3.5 

I42 3.2 138 138 100.0 100.0 

30 4.2 30 30 100.0 100.0 

34 4.8 34 34 100.0 1 go.0 

429 3.9 415 414 100.0 99.7 0.3 

176 3.5 170 169 100.0 99.3 0.7 

102 3.7 99 92 100.0 92.8 7.2 

76 3.4 72 69 100.0 95.5 4.5 

96 3.0 90 89 100.0 .98.8 1.2 

163 4.2 149 149 100.0 100.0 

39 4.0 39 38 1 100.0 ‘97.3 2.7 

165 4.5 155 155 100.0 100.0 

280 5.2 269 268 1 100.0 99.6 0.4 

339 3.9 333 308 25 100.0 92.6 7.4 

148 4.0 147 147 100.0 100.0 

62 2.7 59 59 100.0 100.0 

190 4.2 176 151 25 100.0 85.5 14.5 

39 5.7, 39 39 100.0 100.0 

55 3.8 54 54 100.0 100.0 

16 3.6 16 18 100.0 100.0 

27 3.9 27 27 100.0 100.0 

307 4.4 299 294 4 100.0 98.5 1.5 

45 4.6 44 42 2 100.0 94.9 5.1 

1,017 5.6 980 979 1 100.0 99.9 0.1 

174 3.5 167 167 100.0 100.0 

20 3.3 20 20 1oq.o 100.0 

392 3.7 382 361 21 100.0 94.8 5.4 

97 3.9 95 89 6 100.0 9b.2 5.8 

108 5.5 108 107 1 100.0 99.0 1.0 

585 5.0 548 535 13 100.0 97.6 2.4 

32 3.6 32 31 I 190.0 96.7 3.3 

72 2.8 70 70 loo.0 100.0 

22 3.3 22 19 loo.a 85.7 14.3 

131 3.3 127 125 1oo.a 99.1 0.9 

405 3.7 396 383 100.0 96.6 3.4 

47 4.6 47 47 100.0 1 PO.0 

19 4.4 13 I8 100.0 100.0 

166 3.7 16C 160 1oo.c 100.0 

160 5.0 155 154 100.c 99.3 0.7 

64 3.5 61 59 100.0 96.4 3.6 

168 4.0 168 167 100.0 99.4 0.6 

16 5.0 16 15 100.0 93.3 6.7 

‘Based on census estimates for July 1. 1968. 

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population estimates. CurrentPopulation Reports. Series P-25, No. 436. Jan. 7, 1970. 

18 
Table 2. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by age, according to area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 

Total Age 

AEEl clinical 

ophthal- Under 35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 years + 

mologists years years years years and over 

United States ................ 8,327 

- -

Alabama ....................... 84 

Alaska ......................... 5 

Arizona ....................... _ 78 

Arkansas.. ..................... 41 

California ...................... 1,043 

Colorado ....................... 118 

Connecticut ...................... 150 

Delaware ....................... 17 

District of Columbia ............... 75 

Florida ........................ 292 

Georgia ........................ 138 

Hawaii ........................ 30 

Idaho ......................... 34 

Illinois ........................ 415 

Indiana ........................ 170 

Iowa.. ........................ 99 

Kansas ........................ 72 

Kentucky ...................... 90 

Louisiana ....................... 149 

Maine ......................... 39 

Maryland ....................... 155 

Massachusetts .................... 269 

Michigan ....................... 333 

Minnesota ...................... 147 

Mississippi ...................... 59 

Missouri ....................... 176 

Montana ....................... 39 

Nebraska ....................... 54 

Nevada ........................ 16 

New Hampshire .................. 27 

New Jeney ..................... 299 

New Mexico ..................... 44 

New York ...................... 980 

North Carolina ................... 167 

North Dakota .................... 20 

Ohio .......................... 382 

. Oklahoma ...................... 95 

Oregon ........................ 108 

Pennsylvania .................... 548 

Rhode Island .................... 32 

South Carolina .................... 70 

South Dakota .................... 22 

Tennessee ...................... 127 

Texas ......................... 396 

Utah .......................... 47 

Vermont ....................... 18 

Virginia ........................ 160 

Washington ..................... 155 

West Virginia .................... 61 

Wisconsin ...................... 168 

Wyoming ....................... 16 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

Percent distribution 

781 2,222 1.927 2,153 1,244 1oo.c 9.4 26.7 23.1 25.9 14.9 

- E z - - - - z G -

IC 1E 22 22 12 100.0 11.8 21.1 26.3 26.3 14.5 

ii :, 0 # loo.0 # # # # 

4 25 15 17 14 io0.a 5.4 36.5 18.9 21.6 17.6 

ii c 17 9 # 100.0 * 21.1 42.1 21.1 .I!. 

105 317 274 232 114 loo.0 10.1 30.4 26.3 22.2 11.: 

6 42 25 30 14 io0.a 5.4 35.7 21.4 25.9 11.6 

IC 44 40 34 22 loo.0 6.8 29.5 26.5 22.7 14.4 

k 5 7 # 100.0 a 20.0 26.7 40.0 w 

1c 22 13 16 14 100.0 13.3 30.0 16.7 21.7 18.3 

42 107 60 59 24 100.0 14.3 36.8 20.5 20.2 8.1 

11 39 37 36 16 100.0 8.1 28.2 26.6 25.8 11.3 

# 4 9 12 # 100.0 * 14.8 29.6 40.7 # 

3 9 8 10 4 loo.0 9.7 25.8 22.6 29.0 12.9 

26 98 95 112 84 loo.0 6.4 23.5 23.0 26.9 20.2 

8 38 45 51 29 100.0 4.7 22.3 26.4 29.7 16.9 

6 24 17 32 20 100.0 60 24.1 16.9 32.5 20.5 

3 17 19 18 14 100.0 4.5 23.9 26.9 25.4 19.4 

12 20 20 22 16 100.0 12.9 22.4 22.4 24.7 17.6 

19 37 -40 34 19 100.0 12.6 25.2 26.8 22.8 12.6 

3 6 7 15 7 100.0 8.1 16.2 18.9 37.8 18.9 

23 46 27 39 21 100.0 14.8 29.7 17.2 25.0 13.3 

23 59 73 72 42 100.0 8.5 22.0 27.1 26.7 15.7 

46 94 66 75 52 100.0 13.8 28.3 19.9 22.6 15.5 

14 38 40 38 17 100.0 9.6 25.7 27.2 25.7 11.8 

4 12 11 22 10 100.0 7.3 20.0 18.2 38.2 16.4 

29 40 38 41 28 100.0 16.3 22.9 21.7 23.5 15.7 

5 8 6 15 4 100.0 13.5 21.6 16.2 37.8 10.8 

# 12 16 # 17 100.0 # 22.2 28.9 # 31 .I 

# 6 3 3 # 100.0 :: 40.0 20.0 20.0 Y 

# 6 9 7 # 100.0 # 23.1 34.6 26.9 ii 

39 73 61 91 34 100.0 13.0 24.5 20.4 30.5 11.5 

6 12 8 15 3 100.0 12.8 28.2 17.9 33.3 7.7 

88 245 195 273 178 100.0 9.0 25.0 19.9 27.9 182 

18 53 32 37 28 100.0 10.5 31.6 19.1 22.4 16.4 

# 5 6 # 4 loo.0 # 26.3 31.6 j: 21 .l 

26 100 85 106 64 1 Oil.0 6.9 26.3 22.3 27.7 16.9 

9 25 18 33 10 100.0 9.3 26.7 18.6 34.9 10.5 

6 32 32 19 17 100.0 6.0 30.0 30.0 18.0 16.0 

38 111 123 184 92 loo.0 6.9 20.2 22.5 33.6 16.8 

# 7 * 10 8 100.0 # 23.3 # 30.0 26.7 

IO 19 8 19 14 100.0 14.5 27.4 11.3 27.4 19.4 

w 4 6 7 # 100.0 # 19.0 28.6 33.3 # 

14 43 29 26 14 100.0 11.3 33.9 22.6 20.9 11.3 

34 116 106 77 63 100.0 8.5 29.4 26.8 19.5 15.8 

# 16 11 10 # 100.0 # 33.3 24.4 22.2 # 

# # # 10 4 loo.0 # # # 55.6 22.2 

12 54 29 44 22 1 w.0 7.2 33.8 18.0 27.3 13.7 

21 40 47 32 .I5 100.0 13.4 26.1 30.3 20.4 9.9 

4 6 20 20 11 lw.o 7.3 9.1 32.7 32.7 18.2 

15 45 41 42 27 100.0 8.6 26.5 24.1 24.7 16.0 

# 6 5 # 100.0 # 40.0 33.3 3% 

- - - -

19 
--- 

Table 3. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by hours usually worked per week, according to area of practice: United States 

and each State, 1968 

Total Hours worked per week’ 

Area ophthal- I-34 3540 4148 

mologists hours hours hours 

Number 

United States ....... 8,327 958 1,648 1,670 

- E BE 

Alabama .............. 

Alaska ................ 

Arizona ............... 

Arkansas .............. 

California .............. 

Colorado .............. 

Connecticut ............ 

Delaware .............. 

District of Columbia ...... 

Florida ............... 

Georgia ............... 

Hawaii ................ 

Idaho ................ 

Illinois ................ 

Indiana ............... 

Iowa ................. 

Kansas ................ 

Kentucky .............. 

Louisiana .............. 

Maine ................ 

Maryland .............. 

Massachusetts ........... 

Michigan .............. 

Minnesota ............. 

Mississippi ............. 

Missouri ............... 

Montana .............. 

Nebraska .............. 

Nevada ............... 

New Hampshire. ......... 

New Jersey ............. 

New Mexico ............ 

New York ............. 

North Carolina .......... 

North Dakota ........... 

Ohio ................. 

Oklahoma ............. 

Oregon ............... 

Pennsylvania ............ 

Rhode Island ........... 

South Carolina .......... 

South Dakota ........... 

Tennessee ............. 

Texas ................ 

Utah ................. 

Vermont .............. 

Virginia ............... 

Washington ............ 

West Virginia ........... 

Wisconsin .............. 

Wyoming .............. 

84 6 19 27 

5 

78 12 17 17 

41 * 12 11 

1,043 137 254 203 

118 9 19 32 

150 21 27 26 

17 # 8 3 

75 8 10 14 

292 34 54 51 

138 11 26 30 

30 8 4 4 

34 # 12 8 

415 51 105 85 

170 26 26 40 

99 10 21 23 

72 5 9 15 

90 5 15 15 

149 6 29 34 

39 6 11 6 

155 12 29 31 

269 26 44 25 

333 37 63 72 

147 9 15 31 

59 5 10 16 

176 18 24 35 

39 7 5 9 

54 6 13 10 

16 9 # 

27 # 6 7 

299 46 64 68 

44 8 7 .7 

980 169 208 166 

167 20 21 32 

20 # # 4 

382 40 73 76 

95 # 23 23 

108 12 22 25 

548 70 103 122 

32 7 7 4 

70 9 8 18 

22 # # 3 

127 9 18 31 

396 26 75 76 

47 3 9 9 

18 # 4 3 

160 16 32 32 

155 15 28 31 

61 9 10 12 

168 8 29 43 

16 3 4 # 

49-59 60 hours 

hours or more 

2,294 1,757 100.0 

- - -

17 17 100.0 

# # 100.0 

21 12 100.0 

9 # 100.0 

264 185 100.0 

34 24 100.0 

40 36 100.0 

# # 100.0 

24 20 100.0 

81 71 100.0 

43 28 100.0 

9 4 100.0 

10 # 100.0 

98 77 100.0 

41 36 100.0 

23 23 100.0 

29 14 100.0 

28 28 100.0 

36 43 100.0 

8 7 100.0 

53 29 100.0 

97 76 100.0 

86 75 100.0 

57 35 100.0 

15 13 100.0 

41 57 100.0 

7 9 100.0 

13 12 100.0 

# 4 100.0 

7 # 100.0 

72 49 100.0 

16 7 100.0 

236 200 100.0 

47 47 100.0 

8 5 100.0 

104 88 100.0 

26 # 100.0 

36 14 100.0 

157 97 100.0 

4 8 100.0 

25 10 100.0 

9 3 100.0 

44 25 100.0 

119 101 100.0 

14 11 100.0 

8 # 100.0 

49 30 100.0 

45 36 100.0 

18 12 100.0 

55 33 100.0 

5 # 100.0 

Percent distribution 

11.5 19.8 20.0 27.5 21 .I 

E G - -

6.6 22.4 31.6 19.7 19.7 

# # 

14.9 21.6 21.6 27.0 14.9 

# 28.9 26.3 21.1 # 

13.1 24.4 19.5 25.3 17.8 

8.0 16.1 26.8 28.6 20.5, 

13.6 18.2 17.4 26.5 24.2 

# 46.7 20.0 # # 

10.0 13.3 18.3 31.7 26.7 

11.6 18.6 17.4 27.9 24.4 

8.1 18.5 21.8 31.5 20.2 

26.0 14.8 14.8 29.6 14.8 

# 35.5 22.6 28.0 # 

12.2 25.2 20.5 23.5 18.6 

15.5 15.5 23.6 24.3 20.9 

9.6 21.7 22.9 22.9 22.9 

7.5 11.9 20.9 40.3 19.4 

5.9 16.5 16.5 30.6 30.6 

3.9 19.7 22.8 24.4 29.1 

16.2 27.0 16.2 21.6 18.9 

7.8 18.8 20.3 34.4 18.8 

9.7 16.5 9.3 36.0 28.4 

11.1 18.9 21.5 25.9 22.6 

5.9 10.3 21.3 39.0 23.5 

9.1 16.4 27.3 25.5 21,.8 

10.2 13.9 19.9 23.5 32.5 

18.9 13.5 24.3 18.9 24.3 

11.1 24.4 17.8 24.4 22.2 

53.3 # # 26.7 

# 23.1 26.9 26.9 # 

15.2 21.6 22.7 24.2 16.4 

17.9 15.4 15.4 35.9 15.4 

17.3 21.3 16.9 24.1 20.5 

11.8 12.5 19.1 28.3 28.3 

# # 21 .o 42.1 26.3 

10.6 19.1 20.0 27.1 23.1 

# 24.4 24.4 27.9 4. 

11.0 20.0 23.0 33.0 13.0 

12.8 18.8 22.3 28.5 17.6 

23.3 23.3 13.3 13.3 26.7 

12.9 11.3 25.8 35.5 14.5 

# # 14.3 42.9 14.3 

7.0 13.9 24.3 34.8 20.0 

6.5 18.9 19.2 29.9 25.4 

6.7 20.0 20.0 28.9 24.4 

# 22.2 16.7 44.4 # 

10.1 20.1 20.1 30.9 18.7 

9.9 18.3 19.7 28.9 23.2 

14.5 16.4 20.0 29.1 20.0 

4.9 17.3 25.3 32.7 19.8 

20.0 26.7 # 33.3 # 

* Includes hours devoted to teaching, research, and administration. 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

20 
m 

Table 4. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by hours usually worked per week, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1958 

Characteristic 

Number Percent distribution 

United Stater ..................... 8;327 958 r.570 2,294 1.757 loo.0 11.5 19.8 20.0 27.5 21.1 

= 

Age: 

Under 35 years ...................... 781 24 112 148 260 237 loo.0 3.0 14.4 18.9 33.3 30.4 

35-44 years ........................ 2,222 71 297 454 793 597 100.0 3.2 13.4 20.9 35.7 25.9 

45-54 years ........................ 1,927 107 322 401 633 454 100.0 5.5 15.7 20.8 32.8 24.1 

55-54 yeals ........................ 2,153 232 572 444 481 355 100.0 13.5 25.5 20.5 22.4 15.9 

55 years and over ..................... 1,244 455 344 213 127 95 loo.0 37.4 27.7 17.1 10.2 7.6 

Sex: 

Male .:...................... . . 8,106 882 1,597 1,635 2,263 1.729 loo.0 10.9 19.7 20.2 27.9 213 

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 75 51 35 30 28 loo.0 34.5 23.2 15.9 13.7 12.7 

Percent of hours worked per week in direct diagnosis 

and treatment of patients: 

l-19 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 25 32 19 28 37 loo.0 18.1 22.8 13.3 20.0 25.9 

2049 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 73 119 113 154 173 100.0 11.3 18.5 17.5 25.5 27.6 

50-9s percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.935 391 785 1,024 1,527 1,208 100.0 7.9 15.9 20.7 30.9 24.5 

loo percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,508 459 710 514 575 340 100.0 18.0 27.2 19.7 22.0 13.0 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice .................. . . 5,595 775 1,198 1,103 1,488 1,130 lw.o 13.5 21 .o 19.4 25.1 lb.8 

Partnership ................... . . 1,385 85 243 324 421 311 loo.0 5.2 17.5 23.4 30.4 22.4 

Group practice ................. 483 27 73 104 151 119 loo.0 5.5 15.0 21.5 33.2 24.7 

Nongroup arrangement with other physician(s). . . . 352 29 55 81 115 71 100.0 5.3 15.8 23.0 32.8 20.2 

Salaried: 

Hospital* ..................... . . 153 11 33 29 40 33 loo.0 7.4 25.6 19.0 25.5 21.5 

Nonhospital’ .................. . . 250 29 40 29 58 93 lW.0 11.2 15.3 11.2 25.4 359 

Number of patient visio per week: 

Under 40 visits ...................... 978 332 219 141 140 145 loo.0 33.9 22.4 14.4 14.3 149 

4079 visits ....... . ................ 19= 362 582 375 400 252 100.0 18.3 29.3 19.0 20.1 13.2 

80-l 19 visitr ....................... 2,211 179 444 505 5&l 4w 1W.O 8.1 20.1 22.8 30.9 18.1 

120-159 visits ....................... 2,041 51 295 445 705 524 loo.0 3.0 14.4 21.9 34.5 25.1 

150-199 visits ....................... 512 10 54 95 173 174 loo.0 2.0 11.4 18.8 33.9 34.1 

200 visits and over .................... 503 15 50 103 192 242 100.0 2.4 a.3 17.1 31.9 40.2 

Number of &ice locations: 

O-1 office’ ........................ 7,232 878 1.4= I.474 1,951 1.447 loo.0 12.1 20.5 20.4 27.0 20.0 

2 offices .......................... 891 54 133 157 281 247 lw.o 7.1 14.9 18.7 31.5 27.7 

3 offices ......................... 132 10 23 15 39 44 100.0 7.7 17.8 12.0 29.5 33.1 

4officesormore ..................... 72 7 9 13 24 20 loo.0 9.3 12.3 18.5 32.5 27.4 

Number of services rendered: 

l-2 services ........................ 213 87 55 25 25 22 loo.0 40.8 25.7 11.5 11.5 10.4 

34 services ........................ 1,439 335 372 255 258 2w 100.0 23.5 25.9 18.5 17.9 14.2 

5-5 services ........................ 3.550 358 738 751 1,013 581 1W.O 10.1 20.8 21.4 28.5 192 

7-8sewies ........................ 2,543 154 421 517 864 587 loo.0 5.8 15.9 19.5 32.7 26.0 

S-10 services ....................... 483 21 52 102 134 163 1 w.0 4.4 12.9 21 .l 27.9 33.8 

Are supplementary personnel used to assist in 

clinical practice? 

Yes ......................... 7,882 808 1,529 I.505 2,229 1.711 loo.0 10.2 19.4 20.4 28.3 21.7 

No .......................... 445 151 119 55 55 45 loo.0 33.8 25.8 14.5 14.5 10.3 

Primar/ clinical activity: 

General ophthalmology (medical and surgical) 

carneal surgery ...................... 

...... 7.955 

32 

915 

3 

1.599 

2 

1,523

5 2,187 

10 

1,632 

11 

loo.0 

loo.0 

11.5 

10.5 

20.1 

7.2 

20.4 

14.3 

27.5 

32.5 

20.5 

35.5 

Retinal surgery ...................... 95 5 7 35 48 loo.0 4.8 7.1 37.5 50.5 

Pediatricophthalmology ................. 70 7 7 9 25 22 loo.0 9.7 9.5 12.8 35.5 32.3 

Ophthalmic pathology .................. 14 2 2 3 3 3 loo.0 15.4 15.3 23.3 23.4 22.5 

Neuro-ophthalmology .................. 22 1 1 3 9 8 loo.0 4.9 5.0 14.9 39.7 35.4 

other ........................... 138 30 32 20 24 33 loo.0 21.7 23.4 14.4 17.0 23.5 

1 Incjudes hours devoted to teaching, research, and administration. 

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal government hmpitals. 

‘Includes medical schools: city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all Npes of -t rance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, 

medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

‘Only 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 

21 
Table 5. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patients seen per week, according to area of practice: 

United States and 

-

each State, 1968 

Total Number of patients seen per week 

Area clinical Under 40 40-79 80-I 19 120-I 59 160-199 200 patients ophthalmologists Ipatients patients patients patients patients and over 

Number of clinical ophthalmologists 

United States ................... 8,327 1,303 2,356 2,528 1,454 386 300 

- - - - -

Alabama .......................... 84 17 14 31 19 3 

Alaska ........................... 5 # # # # 

Arizona ........................... 78 16 25 23 8 5 

Arkansas .......................... 41 12 17 75 # # 

California ......................... 1,043 138 333 365 141 36 31 

Colorado .......................... 11e 17 41 38 17 # # 

Connecticut ........................ 15c 21 40 57 26 3 3 

Delaware .......................... 17 # 6 # 6 # 

District of Columbia .................. 75 11 26 16 15 3 4 

Florida ............................ 292 45 77 95 44 17 14 

Georgia ........................... 135 20 39 32 29 10 8 

Hawaii ........................... 3c 4 8 10 4 3 

Idaho ............................ 34 9 7 12 # # 11 

Illinois ........................... 415 75 106 118 68 32 16 

Indiana ........................... 17c 29 38 58 29 6 12 

Iowa ............................. 98 23 27 25 14 4 6 

Kansas ........................... 72 11 19 23 15 4 

Kentucky ......................... 9c 12 22 33 19 # # 

Louisiana ......................... 14g 16 36 51 33 7 5 

Maine ............................ 39 9 11 14 4 # # 

Maryland .......................... 155 29 46 47 27 # # 

Massachusetts ....................... 26s 57 86 74 43 6 3 

Michigan .......................... 333 64 69 102 67 12 18 

Minnesota ......................... 147 15 36 45 38 10 3, 

Mississippi ......................... 5s 9 19 19 10 # # 

Missouri .......................... 17E 30 42 58 25 12 8 

Montana .......................... 3E 9 9 13 6 # # 

Nebraska .......................... 54 # 17 8 17 10 # 

Nevada ........................... IE # 7 4 3 # 

New Hampshire ...................... 2i 4 10 9 # # 

New Jersey ........................ 295 58 80 79 58 10 14 

New Mexico ........................ 44 8 17 9 7 # # 

New York ......................... 98C 156 327 295 152 27 24 

North Carolina ...................... 16i 24 51 48 30 10 4 

North Dakota ....................... 2c # 5 3 5 # 3 

Ohio ............................. 38: 59 87 97 84 29 25 

Oklahoma ......................... 9f 18 34 24 11 # # 

Oregon ........................... IOE 22 32 29 17 # # 

Pennsylvania ....................... !54f 89 144 149 101 39 27 

Rhode Island ....................... 3: 8 6 10 4 3 

South Carolina ...................... 7( 9 ia 24 16 3 

South Dakota ....................... 2; 7 # 6 4 # 

Tennessee ......................... 127 15 28 46 23 11 3 

Texas ............................ 396 55 112 109 78 24 19 

Utah ............................. 47 # 11 12 10 6 # 

Vermont .......................... 18 3 8 # 5 # 

Virginia ........................... 160 20 36 61 36 # # 

Washington ........................ 155 19 49 43 29 11 4 

West Virginia ....................... 61 9 18 19 12 # # 

Wisconsin ......................... 168 21 50 61 26 5 5 

Wyoming .......................... 16 4 7 # 3 # 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

22 
Table 5. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patients seen per week, according to area of practice: 

Area 

United States ................... 

Alabama .......................... 

Alaska ........................... 

Arizona ........................... 

Arkansas .......................... 

California ......................... 

Colorado .......................... 

Connecticut ........................ 

Delaware .......................... 

District of Columbia .................. 

Florida ........................... 

Georgia ........................... 

Hawaii ........................... 

Idaho.. .......................... 

Illinois ........................... 

Indiana ........................... 

Iowa ............................. 

Kansas ........................... 

Kentucky ......................... 

Louisiana ......................... 

Maine ............................ 

Maryland .......................... 

Massachusetts ....................... 

Michigan .......................... 

Minnesota ......................... 

Mississippi ......................... 

Missouri .......................... 

Montana .......................... 

Nebraska .......................... 

Nevada ........................... 

New Hampshire ..................... 

New Jersey ........................ 

New Mexico. ....................... 

NewYork.. ....................... 

North Carolina ...................... 

North Dakota ....................... 

Ohio ............................. 

Oklahoma ......................... 

Oregon ........................... 

Pennsylvania ....................... 

Rhode Island ....................... 

South Carolina ...................... 

South Dakota ....................... 

Tennessee ......................... 

Texas ............................ 

Utah.. ........................... 

Vermont .......................... 

Virginia ........................... 

Washington ........................ 

West Virginia ....................... 

Wisconsin ......................... 

Wyoming .......................... 

United States and each State, 1968-Con. 

Total Number of patients seen per week 

clinical, 

ophthalmologists 

:, 

,‘ 

Percent distribution L. 

lOd.0 15.6 28.3 30.4 17.5 4.6 3.6 , 1 - - -

1dO.d 19.7 17.1 36.8 22.4 3.9 

100.0 7% # # # _ 

lOd.0 20.3 32.4 29.7 10.8 6.8 

100.0 28.9 42.1 18.4 # # 

100.0 13.2 31.9 35.0 13.5 3.4 3.0 

100.0 14.3 ,34.8 32.1 14.3 # # 

100.0 13.6 26.5 37.9 17.4 2.3 2.3 

100.0 # 33.3 # 33.3 # 

100.0 15.0 35.0 21.7 20.0 3.3 5.0 

100.0 15.5 26.4 32.6 15.1 5.8 4.7 

100.0 14.5 28.2 23.4 21 .o 7.3 5.6 

100.0 14.8 25.9 33.3 14.8 11.1 

100.0 25.8 19.4 35.5 # # 3.2 

100.0 18.0 25.5 28.5 16.3 7.8 3.9 

100.0 16.9 22.3 33.8 16.9 3.4 6.8 

100.0 22.9 27.7 25.3 14.5 3.6 6.0 

100.0 14.9 26.9 31.3 20.9 6.0 

100.0 12.9 24.7 36.5 21.2 # # 

100.0 11.0 24.4 34.6 22.0 4.7 3.2 

100.0 24.3 27.0 35.1 10.8 # # 

100.0 18.8 29.7 30.5 17.2 # # 

100.0 21.2 31.8 27.5 16.1 2.1 1.3 

100.0 19.2 20.9 30.6 20.2 3.7 5.4 

100.0 10.3 24.3 30.9 25.7 6.6 2.2 

100.0 14.5 32.7 32.7 16.4 # # 

100.0 16.9 24.1 33.1 14.5 6.6 4.8 

100.0 24.3 24.3 32.4 16.2 # # 

100.0 # 31.1 15.6 31 .I 17.8 # 

100.0 # 46.7 26.7 20.0 # 

100.0 15.4 38.5 34.6 # # 

100.0 19.3 26.8 26.4 19.3 3.3 4.8 

100.0 17.9 38.5 20.5 15.4 # # 

100.0 15.9 33.4 30.1 15.6 2.7 2.4 

100.0 14.5 30.3 28.9 17.8 5.9 2.6 

100.0 # 26.3 15.8 26.3 # 15.8 

100.0 15.4 22.9 25.4 22.0 7.7 6.6 

100.0 18.6 36.0 25.6 11.6 # # 

100.0 20.0 30.0 27.0 16.0 # # 

100.0 16.2 26.3 27.1 18.4 7.1 4.9 

100.0 26.7 20.0 30.0 13.3 10.0 

100.0 12.9 25.8 33.9 22.6 4.8 

100.0 33.3 # 28.6 19.0 # 

100.0 12.2 21.7 36.5 18.3 8.7 2.6 

100.0 13.8 28.2 27.4 19.8 5.9 4.8 

100.0 # 24.4 26.7 22.2 13.3 # 

100.0 16.7 44.4 # 27.8 # 

100.0 12.2 22.3 38.1 22.3 # # 

100.0 12.0 31.7 27.5 19.0 7.0 2.8 

100.0 14.5 29.1 30.9 20.0 # # 

100.0 12.3 29.6 36.4 15.4 3.1 3.1 

100.0 26.7 46.7 # 20.0 # 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

23 
Table 6. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthelmologists by number of 

-

patients seen per week, according to ~el=~cted characteristics: United Stat’% 1968 

Total Number of patients seen per week 

Characteristic clinical I

< Under 40 40-73 80-119 120.159 160-199 200 patients ophthalmologists patients patients patients patients patients and over 

Unitedstetes.................................... 

Age: 

Under 35 years ...................... . . . . . . ,781 104 273 273 86 20 18 

3544 years ........................ . . . . . . 2,222 159 488 839 485 157 54 

4554 years ........................ . . . . . . . . 1227 183 431 612 481 116 104 . 

55-64yeers ........................ . . . . . . . . 2,153 376 708 600 315 81 74 

65 years and over ..................... . . . . . . . . 1.244 481 449 204 88 11 11 

Sex: 

Male ............................ . . . . . . 8,106 1,255 2,278 2p72 1,426 38; 233 

Female ........................... . . . . . . ,221 47 77 66 27 6 8 =. 

Professional identity: 

Doctor of Medicine .................... . . . . . . 8.167 1,220 2308 2,565 1,450 384 233 

Doctor of Osteopathy ................... . . . . . . 161 82 47 23 5 2 1 

Number of States licensed in: 

1 state ........................... . . . . . . . . . 4,701 777 1,330 1,432 80s 205 149 

2Statesormore ...................... . . . . . . . . . 3,626 525 1226 1,067 646 181 151 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,695 968 1,713 IS4646 964 233 171 

Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,385 87 263 509 321 112 87 

Group practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 27 130 179 96 26 27 

Nongroup arrangements with other physician(s). . . . . . . . 352 37 101 130 56 13 13 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 51 64 23 6 1 2 

Nonhospital’ . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 133 79 35 12 1 

Number of patient visin per week: 

Under40visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..a...... . . . . . 378 978 

40-79 visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283 296 1,687 

80119 visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,211 15 578 1,618 

120-159 visits ........................ , . . . 2,041 9 78 839 1,115 

160-199 visits ........................ 612 3 50 244 211 

200 visits and over ................................... 603 1 10 21 95 176 3Oll 

Number of office locations: 

O-1 offices .......................... . . . . . . . . 7.232 1.165 2,027 2,181 1,272 334 255 

2 offices ........................... . . . . . . . . . . 891 114 258 286 151 42 39 

3 offices ........................... . . . . . . . . . . 132 14 56 37 17 7 2 

4 offices or more ...................... . . . . . . . . 72 12 14 24 IE 3 4 

Number of services rendered: 

l-2 services .......................... . , . . . . . . 213 14E 46 11 1c 1 

34 services .......................... . . . . . . . . 1.4% 464 488 310 13: 34 18 

56 services .......................... . . . . . . . . 3,55c 46: 1,058 1,146 6Of 148 118 

78 services .......................... . . . . . . . . 2.w 19; 624 923 535 179 121 

9.10 services .......................... . . . . . . . . 482 4: 130 138 lo$ 25 43 

Are supplementary personnel used to assist in clinical practice? 

Yes...:......................... . . . . . . 7,882 1.06: ,223o 2485 1,421 383 2g6 

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44E 231 126 43 n 3 4 

Primary clinical activity: 

General ophthalmology (medical end surgical) . . . . . . 7,951 1,16t w33 2,453 1,422 331 294 

cornea1 surgery ............... . . . . . . 3i f 11 3 E 1 

Retinal surgery ............... . . . . . . . 9f I 43 22 i 

Pediatric ophthalmology ........... . . . . . . . E 1: 20 22 < 1 5 

Ophthalmic pathology ............ . . . . . . . 14 11 2 1 

Neuro-ophthalmology ............ . . . . . . 22 1: 2 2 1 

omer .................... . . . . . . 13f 6: 44 19 3 

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal government hospitals. 

slncludes medical schools; city, county, State and Federal agencies; end other (all types of insurance carriers. pharmaceutical wmpenles. corporations, voluntary Orwnizedons. 

medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

sOnly 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 

24 
-- gable 6. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patients S W” per week, BccOrding to selecrad characteristics: United states, 1966-m”. ._-- -

Total Number of patients seen per week 

Chsmckristic clinical

ophthalmologists Under40 40-7s E&119 120159 160-199 ZOOpatients 

patients pstienk patienk PSienk PrAienk and ovw 

Percentdistribution 

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 15.6 26.3 30.4 17.5 4.6 3.6 

- - -

Age: 

Under 35 years .................................... 100.0 13.4 35.7 35.0 11.0 2.6 2.3 

3544years ...................................... 100.0 7.2 22.0 37.7 21.8 7.1 42 

4554years ...................................... 100.0 9.5 224 31.8 25.0 6.0 5A 

5564yesn ...................................... 100.0 17.5 329 27.9 14.6 3.8 3A 

65ytwsandover ................................... 100.0 38.6 36.1 16.4 7.0 0.9 0.9 

Sex: Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 16.5 26.1 30.5 17.6 4.7 3.6 

Female......................................... 100.0 21 A 35.0 25.4 12.1 25 3.5 

I 

Profesiional identity: 

Doctor of Medicina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 100.0 149 26.3 30.7 178 4.7 3.7 

Doctor of Osteopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 61.3 29.5 14.3 2.8 1.4 0.7 

Number of states licensed in: 

lstak......................................... 

26tamsormore.................................... 

* 100.0 

100.0 

16.5 

14.5 

26.3 

28.3 

30.5 

30.2 

17.2 

17.8 

4.4

5.0 32 

42 

Principal fom, of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 17.0 30.1 28.9 169 4.1 3.0 

Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 6.3 19.4 36.7 23.2 6.1 6.3 

Grouppractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._..... 100.0 5.5 26.9 37.0 19.8 5.3 5.5 

Nangroup arrangement with other physician(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 10.6 26.7 37.1 16.0 3.8 3.8 

Salaried: 

Hospital’...................................... 100.0 33.1 419 19.1 3.7 0.7 1.6 

Nonhospital’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 51.2 30.4 13.3 4.7 0.4 

Number of patientvisik perweeL: 

Under 40 visik ..................................... 100.0 100.0 

4079 visits ....................................... 100.0 14.9 65.1 

60119visik ...................................... 100.0 0.7 26.1 73.2 

120-159 visits ..................................... 100.0 0.4 3.8 41.1 64.7 

160-199 visits ..................................... 100.0 0.7 0.6 9.6 47.8 41.2 

200visikandover ................................... 100.0 02 1.6 3.5 15.7 29.1 49.8 

Number of office locations: 

O-loffice’ ............................... . ....... 100.0 16.1 28.0 30.2 17.6 4.6 3.5 

Zoffices.. ...................................... 100.0 12.8 29.0 32.1 169 4.8 4.3 

3offices.. ...................................... loo.0 10.3 424 27.9 127 5.0 1.7 

4 offices dr mom ................................... 100.0 16.7 19.8 325 20.4 4.7 59 

Number of services rendered: 

l-2 services ...................................... 100.0 68.0 21.5 6.3 4.7 0.5 

34services ...................................... 100.0 31.6 33.9 21.6 9.4 i.3 1.2 

5Sservices ...................................... 100.0 13.1 3ai 323 17.1 4.2 3.3 

78sewices ...................................... 100.0 7.4 23.6 3.a 22.7 6.8 4.6 

S-10 smvices ...................................... 100.0 6.7 27.0 26.6 21.6 5.3 89 

Are supplementary personnel used to assist in 

clinical practice? 

yes..........:.............................. 100.0 13.5 28.3 31.5 18.1 49 3.8 

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I........................ 100.0 538 282 9.7 6.5 0.8 1.0 

Primary clinical activity: 

General ophthalmology (medical and surgical) ................... 

Comeal surgery .................................... 

100.0 

100.0 

14.7 

2513 28.1 

359 

30s 

10.5 

17.S 

25.1 

4.8 

3.5 

3.7 

Retinal surgery ................................... 100.0 24.5 45.0 23.2 6.9 

Pediatric ophthalmology ............................... 100.0 179 269 32.2 12.8 1.6 6.6 

Ophthalmic pathology ................................ 100.0 69.5 15.4 7.2 7.5 

Neurwphthalmology ................................ 100.0 60.4 10.3 9.8 14.7 4.S 

other ........................................ 100.0 49.9 31.5 13.6 2.4 2.4 

’ Includes nongovsrnment hospitals and city, county, State. and Federal government horpikls. 

‘Includes medical schools; city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types of imuanae carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, v~l~nkry OrganiZ%iOm. 

medical societies, associations, and 50 forth). 

‘Only 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 

25 
Table 7. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patient visits per week, according to area of practice: United 

States and each State, 1968 

Number of patient visits per week ’ 

Area 

o ph t IZEI fogi: 

.) Number of clinical ophthalmologists 

United States .................... 8,327 978 1,983 2,211 2,041 512 603 

- - 7 - - -

Alabama ......................... 84 8 18 17 28 9 6 

Alaska ................. . ........ 5 # # # # 

Arizona ......................... 78 13 24 17 18 # # 

Atkansas ......................... 41 9 13 12 4 3 

Caljfornia ........................ 1,043 93 264 326 245 48 67 

Colorado ......................... 118 14 28 39 28 3 5 

Connecticut ............... .,$....... 150 17 31 54 38 8 3 

Delaware .......................... 17 # 6 7 # # 

District of Columbia ................... 75 10 21 18 18 4 5 

Fl’orida .......................... 292 37 59 73 80 19 23 

Georgia ...................... , ... 138 14 32 26 38 14 13 

Hawaii .......................... 30 3 6 7 3 4 

Idaho ........................... 34 7 9 8 z # # 

Illinois .......................... 415 54 94 110 83 38 36 

Indiana ......... - .................. 170 17 40 54 32 5 22 

!owa............................ 99 19 23 18 25 7 7 

Kansas ......................... 72 8 14 22 16 IO 3 

Kentuck; ........................ 90 7 21 24 29 # # 

Louihana. ......................... 149 12 28 41 46 11 12 

Maine .................... ; ..... 39 7 13 12 5 # # 

Maryland ......................... 155 23 41 45 33 7 6 

Massachusetts ...................... 269 43 83 68 57 7 IO 

Michigan ......................... 333 47 67 81 93 11 34 

Minnesota ........................ 147 14 26 38 41 15 13 

Mississippi ........................ 59 4 15 18 14 7 

Missouri ......................... 176 17 45 43 38 11 22 

Mon,tana .......................... 39 6 9 9 12 # # 

Nebraska. ......................... 54 # 16 # 18 IO 5 

Nevada‘ ............ , ............... 16 # 7 3 # 

New Hampshire ..................... 27 4 7 11 # # 

New Jersey ........................ 299 42 74 67 71 18 27 

New Mexico ....................... 44 6 12 11 8 # # 

NewYork .......... .). ........... 9i30 119 278 273 228 31 50 

North Carolina ...................... 1’37 19 47 44 39 10 9 

North Dakota ...................... 20 # 4 3 3 # 6 

Ohio ........................... 382 46 80 75 99 39 43 

Oklahoma ........................ 95 11 30 24 20 7 3 

Oregon .......................... 108 19 25 24 29 3 8 

Pennsylvania ....................... 548 77 120 133 125 40 53 

Rhode l&and ....................... 32 5 IO 5 7 # # 

South Carolina ...................... 76 8 15 20 19 # # 

South Dakota ...................... 22 6 3 5 5 # # 

Tennessee ........................ 127 13 19 34 42 9 10 

Texas ........................... 396 44 85 95 104 31 37 

Utah’ ............................ 47. 3 8 10 14 7 4 

Vermont ......................... 18 3 4 5 4 # # 

Virginia . ; ....................... 160 9 31 53 51 12 5 

Washington ............ ; ........... 155 15 28 49 39 11 12 

West Virginia ....................... 61 7 18 11 16 7 3 

Wisconsin ........................ 168 17 32 60 40 10 9 

Wyoming ......................... 16 3 6 3 3 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentialin/ requirements. 

26 
Table 7. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patient visits per week, according to area of practice: United States 

and each Statepl968-Con. 

Total Number of patient visits per week 

clinical ophthalmologists Under 40 40-79 80-119 120-l 69 160-199 200 visits 

visits visits visits visits visits and over 

United States ....................... 100.0 11.7 23.8 26.6 24.5 6.1 7.2 

- - - - - -

Alabama ............................. 100.0 9.2 21.1 19.7 32.9 10.5 6.6 

Alaska .............................. 100.0 # * # # 

Arizona ............................. 100.0 16.2 31.1 21.6 23.0 # # 

Arkansas ............................ 100.0 21.1 31.6 28.9 10.5 7.9 

California ............................ 100.0 8.9 25.3 31.3 23.5 4.6 6.4 

Colorado ............................ 100.0 11.6 24.1 33.0 24.1 2.7 4.5 

Connecticut ........................... 100.0 11.4 20.5 35.6 25.0 5.3 2.3 

Delaware ............................ 100.0 # 33.3 40.0 # # 

District of Columbia ...................... 100.0 13.3 28.3 23.3 23.3 5.0 6.7 

Florida ............................. 100.0 12.8 20.2 25.2 27.5 6.6 7.8 

Georgia ............................. 100.0 10.5 23.4 18.5 27.4 10.5 9.7 

Hawaii.. ............................ 100.0 11.1 18.5 22.2 22.2 11.1 14.8 

Idaho .............................. 100.0 19.4 25.8 22.6 22.6 # # 

Illinois .............................. 100.0 13.0 22.7 26.6 19.9 9.1 8.6 

Indiana ............................. 100.0 10.1 23.6 31.8 18.9 2.7 12.8 

Iowa ............................... 100.0 19.3 22.9 18.1 25.3 7.2 7.2 

Kansas .............................. 100.0 10.4 19.4 29.9 22.4 13.4 4.5 

Kentucky ............................ 100.0 8.2 23.5 27.1 31.8 # # 

Louisiana ............................ 100.0 7.9 18.9 27.6 30.7 7.1 7.9 

Maine .............................. 100.0 18.9 32.4 29.7 13.5 # # 

Maryland ............................ 100.0 14.8 26.6 28.9 21 .l 4.7 3.9 

Massachusetts .......................... 100.0 16.1 30.9 25.4 21.2 2.5 3.8 

Michigan ............................ 100.0 14.1 20.2 24.2 27.9 3.4 10.1 

Minnesota ............................ 100.0 9.6 17.6 25.7 27.9 10.3 8.8 

Mississippi ............................ 100.0 7.3 25.5 30.9 23.6 12.7 

Missouri ............................. 100.0 9.6 25.3 24.7 21.7 6.0 12.7 

Montana ............................. 100.0 16.2 24.3 24.3 29.7 rr” # 

Nebraska ............................ 100.0 # 28.9 # 33.3 17.8 8.9 

Nevada ............................. 100.0 :: 46.7 20.0 # 

New Hampshire ......................... 100.0 15.4 26.9 42.3 j: # 

New Jersey ........................... 100.0 14.1 24.9 22.3 23.8 5.9 8.9 

New Mexico ........................... 100.0 12.8 28.2 25.6 17.9 # # 

New York ............................ 100.0 12.1 28.3 27.9 23.3 3.2 5.1 

North Carolina ......................... 100.0 11.2 28.3 26.3 23.0 5.9 5.3 

North Dakota .......................... 100.0 # 21.1 15.8 15.8 # 31.6 

Ohio ............................... 100.0 12.0 20.9 19.7 26.0 10.3 11.1 

Oklahoma ............................ 100.0 11.6 31.4 25.6 20.9 7.0 3.5 

Oregon ............................. 100.0 18.0 23.0 22.0 27.0 3.0 7.0 

Pennsylvania .......................... 100.0 14.0 21.9 24.3 22.9 7.3 9.7 

Rhode Island .......................... 100.0 16.7 30.0 16.7 23.3 # # 

South Carolina ......................... 100.0 11.3 21 .o 29.0 27.4 # # 

South Dakota .......................... 100.0 28.6 14.3 23.8 23.8 # # 

Tennessee ............................ 100.0 10.4 14.8 27.0 33.0 7.0 7.8 

Texas .............................. 100.0 11.0 21.5 24.0 26.3 7.9 9.3 

Utah.. ............................. 100.0 6.7 17.8 22.2 28.9 15.6 8.9 

Vermont ............................ 100.0 16.7 22.2 27.8 22.2 # # 

Virginia ............................. 100.0 5.8 19.4 33.1 31.7 7.2 2.9 

Washington ........................... 100.0 9.9 18.3 31.7 25.4 7.0 7.7 

West Virginia .......................... 100.0 10.9 29.1 18.2 25.5 10.9 5.5 

Wisconsin ............................ 100.0 9.9 19.1 35.8 23.5 6.2 5.6 

Wyoming ............................ 100.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

27 
gable 8. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number 

-

of patient visits per week, according tp selected characteristics: United States, 1968 

Total Number of patient visits per week 

Characteristic I clinical Under40 40-79 SO-119 120-159 160-199 ZOOvisits ophthalmologists visits visits visits visits visits and over 

Number of clini’ 

8,327 978 1,983 2,211 2,041 512 603 

- -

United States ................................. 

Age: 

Under 35 years .................................. 781 83 238 246 160 22 31 

35-44 years .................................... 2,222 124 345 692 685 183 192 

45.54 years ..................................... 1,927 129 315 516 607 167 193 

55.64 years .................................... 2,153 266 604 548 459 121 156 

65 years and over ................................. 1,244 376 481 210 130 18 30 

sex: 

Male.. ...................................... 8.106 943 1,902 2,159 2,004 504 594 

Female ...................................... 221 35 81 52 37 8 9 

Number of States licensed in: 

1state ...................................... 4,701 576 1,148 1,238 1,139 294 305 

2 States or more .................................. 3,626 402 835 973 902 217 298 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice .................................. 5,695 708 1,496 1,487 1,313 235 357 

Partnership ................................... 1,385 63 184 397 455 117 168 

Group practice ................................. 483 18 87 160 142 33 43 

Nongroup arrangement with other physician(s). ................ 352 32 76 107 91 19 28 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ ................................... 152 40 58 28 17 6 3 

Nonhospital’ ................................. 259 117 81 32 23 2 3 

Number of patientz seen weekly: 

Under 40 patients ................................. 1,303 978 296 15 9 3 1 

40-79 patients ................................... 2,356 1,687 578 78 3 10 

802119 patients .................................. 2,526 1,618 839 50 21 

120-159 patients ................................. 1,454 1,115 244 95 

160-199 patients ................................. 386 211 176 

200 patients and over ............................... 300 300 

Number of office locations: 

O-1 office’ .................................... 7,232 880 1,715 1,905 1,765 453 514 

aoffices ...................................... 891 83 206 251 230 45 77 

3offias ...................................... 132 6 51 34 29 7 6 

4 offices or more ................................. 72 9 12 21 17 7 7 

Number of services rendered: 

l-2 services .................................... 213 127 55 18 12 1 

34 services .................................... 1,439 364 470 317 200 52 ?S 5.5 services .................................... 3,550 327 867 1,018 884 218 239 

7-8 services .................................... 2,643 131 496 736 813 206 261 

9-10 services .................................... 483 29 96 122 132 38 66 

Are supplementary personnel used to assist in 

clinical practice? 

Yes ....................................... 7.882 774 1,845 2,156 2,010 504 594 

No.. .................................... 44E 204 139 55 31 8 9 

Primary clinical activity: 

General ophthalmology lmedical and surgical) ................. 7,956 855 1,877 2,136 1,984 504 590 

Cornea1 surgery ................................. 3: 6 11 3 7 3 1 

Retinal surgery ................................. 9E 21 35 27 12 

Pediatric ophthalmology ............................ 6E 11 16 22 12 2 

Ophthalmic pathology ............................. 14 10 2 1 

Neuro-ophthalmology .............................. 2: 13 2 2 3 

Other ...................................... 13s 61 40 20 11 2 

’ lncluc@s nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal government hospitals. 

‘Includes medical schools: city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies. COrpOradOns, VOIU”~W 

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

‘Only 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 

28 
Table 8. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of patient visits per week, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1988-Con. 

Total Number of patient visits per week 

Characteristic clinical Under 40 40-79 80-l 19 120-l 59 160199 200 visits ophthalmologists visits visits visits visits visits and over 

United States ................................. 

Age: 

Under 35 years .................................. 

3544years ............................ . ....... 

4554 years .................................... 

55-64 years .................................... 

65 years and over ................................. 

Sex: 

Male.. ...................................... 

Female ...................................... 

Number of States licensed in: 

1state ...................................... 

2 States or more .................................. 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice .................................. 

Partnership ................................... 

Group practice ................................. 

Nongroup arrangement with other physician(s). ................ 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ ................................... 

Nonhospital’ ................................. 

Number of patients seen weekly: 

Under 40 patients ................................. 

40-79 patients ................................... 

80-119 patients .................................. 

120.159 patients ................................. 

160-199 patients ................................. 

200 patients and over ............................... 

Number of office locations: 

O-loffice’ .................................... 

2 offices ...................................... 

3offices ...................................... 

4 offices or more ................................. 

Number of services rendered: 

I-2 services .................................... 

3-4 services .................................... 

55 services .................................... 

7-8 services ..................................... 

9-10 services .................................... 

Are supplementary personnel used to assist in clinical 

practice7 

Yes ....................................... 

No.. ..................................... 

Primary clinical activity: 

General ophthalmology (medical and surgical) .................. 

Comeal surgery .................................. 

Retinal surgery .................................. 

Pediatric ophthalmology ............................. 

Ophthalmic pathology .............................. 

Neuro-ophthalmology ............................... 

Other ....................................... 

26.6 24.5 6.1 7.2 

- - - -

100.0 10.6 30.4 31.6 20.6 2.9 4.0 

100.0 5.6 15.5 31.2 30.8 8.2 8.7 

100.0 6.7 16.4 26.8 31.5 8.7 10.0 

100.0 12.3 28.0 25.4 21.3 5.6 7.2 

100.0 30.2 38.7 16.8 10.4 1.4 2.4 

100.0 11.6 23.5 26.6 24.7 6.2 7.3 

100.0 15.8 36.6 23.4 16.7 3.6 4.0 

100.0 12.3 24.4 26.3 24.2 6.3 6.6 

100.0 11.1 ~23.0 26.8 24.9 6.0 8.2 

100.0 12.4 26.3 26.1 23.0 5.9 6.3 

100.0 4.6 13.3 28.7 32.9 8.5 12.1 

100.0 3.7 18.0 33.1 29.3 6.9 9.0 

100.0 9.0 21.5 30.3 26.0 5.3 7.9 

100.0 26.5 38.1 18.4 11.1 3.7 2.2 

100.0 45.0 31.4 12.4 9.0 0.8 1.3 

100.0 75.0 22.7 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 

100.0 71.6 24.5 3.3 0.1 0.4 

100.0 64.0 33.2 2.0 0.8 

100.0 76.7 16.8 6.5 

100.0 54.5 45.6 

100.0 100.0 

100.0 12.2 23.7 26.3 24.4 6.3 7.1 

100.0 9.3 23.1 28.2 25.8 5.1 8.6 

100.0 4.2 38.4 26.1 22.0 5.0 4.2 

100.0 12.1 16.9 29.3 23.4 9.4 9.0 

100.0 59.6 25.7 8.4 5.7 0.5 

100.0 25.3 32.7 22.0 13.9 3.6 2.5 

100.0 9.2 24.4 28.7 24.9 6.1 6.7 

100.0 5.0 18.8 27.9 30.8 7.8 9.9 

100.0 6.0 19.8 25.3 27.4 7.8 13.7 

100.0 9.8 23.4 27.4 25.5 6.4 7.5 

100.0 45.8 31.2 12.3 7.0 1.7 2.0 

100.0 10.7 23.6 26.8 25.1 6.3 7.4 

100.0 17.9 35.9 10.7 21.5 10.5 3.5 

100.0 22.5 36.8 28.1 12.7 

100.0 16.2 22.6 32.2 17.6 3.2 8.3 

100.0 69.8 15.4 7.2 7.5 

100.0 60.4 10.3 9.8 14.7 4.9 

100.0 44.2 29.0 14.6 8.1 1.6 2.4 

-

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal government hospitals. 

‘Includes medical schools; city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary 

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

‘Only 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 
-- 

Table 9. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by number of services rendered, according to area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 

United States ............ a.327 213 

- -

Alabama ................... 84 # 

Alaska ..................... 5 

Arizona .................... 78 

Arkansas ................... 41 # 

California ................... 1,043 19 

Colorado ................... 118 4 

Connecticut ................. 150 5 

Delaware ................... 17 x 

District of Columbia ........... 75 # 

Florida .................... 292 6 

Georgia ..................... 138 4 

Hawaii ..................... 30 

Idaho ...................... 34 # 

Illinois ..................... 415 16 

Indiana ..................... 170 # 

Iowa ....................... 99 # 

Kansas ...................... 72 # 

Kentucky .................... 90 B 

Louisiana .................... 149 

Maine ...................... 39 # 

Maryland .................... 155 6 

Massachusetts ................. 289 a 

Michigan .................... 333 17 

Minnesota ................... 147 3 

Mississippi ................... 59 

Missouri ..................... 178 4 

Montana .................... 39 # 

Nebraska .................... 54 # 

Nevada ..................... 16 # 

New Hampshire ................ 27 # 

New Jersey ................... 299 12 

New Mexico .................. 44 

NewYork ................... 980 31 

North Carolina ................ 167 6 

North Dakota ................. 20 

Ohio ....................... 382 13 

Oklahoma ................... 95 3 

Oregon ..................... 108 B 

Pennsylvania .................. 548 17 

Rhode Island ................. 32 # 

South Carolina ................ 70 # 

South Dakota ................. 22 # 

Tennessee ................... 127 # 

Texas ...................... 396 10 

Utah ....................... 47 # 

Vermont .................... 18 # 

Virginia ..................... 160 # 

Washington .................. 155 # 

West Virginia ................. 61 # 

Wisconsin .................... 168 # 

Wyoming .................... 16 

#Data suppressed to comply with confidentialitv requirements. 

Number Percent distribution 

1,439 3,650 2.64: 483 loo.0 2.6 17.3 42.E 31.7 5.8 

- - - - E - - -

13 33 3: 100.0 # 15.8 39.E 38.2 # 

c 3 * 100.0 # 60.C # 

11 33 22 12 100.0 13.5 41.8 29.7 14.9 

3 17 IE # 100.0 # 7.9 42.1 39.5 # 

147 463 346 69 100.0 1.8 14.0 44.4 33.2 ‘6.6 

12 48 44 9 100.0 3.6 9.8 41.1 37.5 8.0 

23 55 5s 9 100.0 3.0 15.2 36.4 39.4 6.1 

6 5 7 # 100.0 # 26.7 26.7 40.0 # 

11 40 2c # 100.0 # 15.0 53.3 26.7 # 

45 122 97 21 100.0 1.9 15.5 41.9 33.3 7.4 

23 52 5c a 100.0 3.2 16.9 37.9 36.3 5.6 

7 14 6 3 100.0 22.2 48.1 18.5 11.1 

# 16 IC 5 100.0 # # 46.4 29.0 16.1 

90 187 104 18 100.0 3.9 21.6 45.2 24.9 4.4 

30 74 59 # 100.0 # 17.6 43.2 34.5 # 

27 39 26 # 100.0 # 27.7 39.8 26.5 a 

17 33 19 I 100.0 # 23.9 46.3 26.9 # 

14 47 21 * 100.0 # 15.3 57.8 23.5 # 

18 54 62 15 100.0 11.8 36.2 41.7 10.2 

6 13 16 w 100.0 # 16.2 32.4 .40.5 t: 

31 69 45 4 100.0 3.9 20.3 44.5 28.9 2.3 

52 127 74 8 100.0 3.0 19.5 47.0 27.5 3.0 

44 120 125 27 100.0 5.1 13.1 36.0 37.7 8.1 

19 67 49 9 100.0 2.2 13.2 45.6 33.1 5.9 

9 27 20 3 100.0 14.5 45.5 34.5 5.5 

38 72 47 15 100.0 2.4 21.7 41.0 26.5 8.4 

3 18 17 # 100.0 # 8.1 45.9 43.2 # 

7 22 20 # 100.0 # 13.3 4d.o 37.8 # 

9 6 # 100.0 # 53.3 40.0 # 

6 13 6 # 100.0 # 23.1 50.0 23.1 # 

50 128 99 10 100.0 4.1 16.7 42.8 33.1 3.3 

6 21 14 3 100.0 12.8 48.7 30.8 7.7 

220 446 237 46 100.0 3.2 22.4 45.5 24.2 4.7 

24 59 61 18 100.0 3.3 14.5 35.5 36.2 10.5 

16 # # 100.0 78.9 # # 

58 144 140 27 100.0 3.4 15.1 37.7 36.6 7.1 

15 42 31 3 100.0 3.5 16.3 44.2 32.6 3.4 

12 55 37 # 100.0 # 11.0 51 .o 34.0 # 

132 245 138 17 100.0 3.0 24.1 44.7 25.1 3.0 

3 15 11 # 100.0 # 10.0 46.7 33.3 # 

18 28 21 a 100.0 # 25.8 40.3 30.6 # 

4 12 5 # 100.0 # 19.0 52.4 23.8 #+ 

19 47 46 w 100.0 # 14.8 37.4 36.5 # 

63 146 151 27 100.0 2.5 15.8 36.7 38.1 6.8 

6 20, 16 # 100.0 # 13.3 42.2 33.3 # 

# 7 7 100.0 # # 38.9 38.9 

31 64 54 100.0 # 19.4 40.3 33.8 

19 58 62 100.0 # 12.0 37.3 40.1 

11 20 26 100.0 # 18.2 32.7 41.8 

30 81 51 100.0 # 17.9 48.1 30.2 

# 5 6 100.0 # 33.3 40.0 

c 

30 
TablelO. Number and percent distribution of clinical ophthalmologists by “umber of services rendered, according to selectedrharacteristio: UnitedStates, 1968 

Total 11 Number of services rendered Total Number of services rendered 

clinical clinical Characteristic ophthal- l-2 3-4 54 7-8 9-l 0 >phthal- l-2 34 5-6 7-8 9-l 0 

mologists services seNlce5 services services services nologists services services service? services services 

Number ~ycent distribution 

8,327 213 1,439 3,550 2,643 483 100.0 2.6 17.3 42.6 31.7 5.8 

- - - - -

United Stetes ............. 

Age: 

Under 35 years .............. 

35.44 years ................ 

45-54 years ................ 

5564 years ................ 

65 years and over ............ 

Se% 

Male ..................... 

Female ................... 

Professional identity: 

Doctor of Medicine ........... 

Doctor of osteopathy ......... 

Principal fom, of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice ............. 

Partnership .............. 

Group practice ............ 

Nongroup arrangement with 

other physicianls) ........ 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ ............... 

Nanhospital’ ............. 

Number of patient visits per week: 

Under 40 visits .............. 

40-79 visits ......... ..:. .... 

60-l 19 visits ................ 

120.159 visits ............... 

160-199 visitr ............... 

200 visits and over ............ 

Number of office locations: 

O-1 office’ ................. 

2 offices .................. 

3 offices .................. 

4 offices or “lore ............. 

Are supplementary personnel used 

to assist in clinical practice? 

Yes ................... 

No .................... 

Primary clinical activin/: 

General ophthalmology (medical 

and surgical) ............. 

CorneaI surgery .............. 

Retinal surgery .............. 

Pediatric ophthalmology ........ 

Ophthalmic pathology ......... 

Neurc-ophthalmology ......... 

other .................... 

781 6 53 311 364 48 100.0 0.7 6.7 39.8 46.6 

2,222 21 182 891 938 189 100.0 1.0 8.2 40.1 42.2 

1,927 27 267 866 617 126 100.0 1.4 14.0 46.1 32.0 

2,153 58 514 965 522 95 100.0 2.7 23.8 44.8 24.3 

1,244 102 422 495 201 24 100.0 8.2 33.9 39.8 16.2 

8,106 202 1,393 3,459 2,580 473 100.0 25 17.2 42.7 31.8 

221 11 46 91 63 10 100.0 5.1 20.8 41.2 29.4 

8,167 204 1,386 3,465 2,617 474 100.0 2.5 17.0 42.7 32.1 

161 9 53 65 25 9 100.0 5.5 33.0 40.4 15.6 

5,695 158 1,082 2,559 1,634 262 100.0 2.8 19.0 44.9 28.7 

1,385 17 176 515 560 116 100.0 1.2 12.7 37.2 40.5 

463 11 50 193 206 33 100.0 2.3 10.4 37.8 42.7 

352 6 36 145 141 25 100.0 1.6 10.2 41.2 46.0 

152 4 45 54 30 19 100.0 29 29.3 35.3 19.9 

259 18 50 94 70 27 100.0 6.8 19.3 36.2 27.2 

978 127 364 327 131 29 100.0 13.0 37.3 33.4 13.4 

1,983 65 470 867 496 96 100.0 2.8 23.7 43.7 25.0 

2,211 18 317 1,018 736 122 100.0 0.8 14.3 46.0 33.3 

2,041 12 200 864 813 132 100.0 0.6 9.8 43.3 39.8 

512 52 216 206 38 100.0 10.2 42.2 40.2 

603 1 36 239 261 66 100.0 0.2 5.9 39.6 43.3 

7.232 194 1,279 3,103 2,282 375 100.0 2.7 17.7 42.9 31.6 

891 12 133 362 300 83 100.0 1.4 15.0 40.7 33.7 

132 2 19 59 38 13 100.0 1.7 14.4 44.9 28.9 

71 5 8 26 22 12 100.0 6.2 10.7 35.4 31.1 

7,882 161 1,273 3,385 2,586 477 100.0 2.0 16.2 43.0 32.8 

44E 52 166 165 56 6 100.0 11.8 37.2 37.0 12.7 

7,956 177 1,342 3,403 2,567 ‘k7 100.0 2.2 16.9 42.6 32.3 

32 5 9 12 4 1 100.0 14.8 28.3 39.3 14.1 

9E 9 20 43 20 3 100.0 9.5 21 .o 44.9 21 .l 

68 2 4 31 27 4 100.0 3.2 6.4 45.3 38.7 

14 3 2 4 3 1 100.0 23.3 15.1 31.0 23.0 

22 1 8 9 2 2 100.0 4.9 35.6 39.4 9.6 

138 15 53 47 19 3 100.0 11.2 38.5 34.2 13.8 

6.i 

8.5 

6.6 

4.4 

2.0 

5.8 . 

4.5 

5.8 

5.5 

4.6 

8.4 

6.9 

7.0 

12.6 

10.4 

2.9 

4.9 

5.5 

6.5 

7.3 

11.0 

5.2 

9.3 

10.1 

16.6 

6.1 

1.3 

5.9 

3.6 

3.5 

6.4 

7.5 

10.5 

2.4 

‘Includes “ongovernment hospitals and ci*/, county, State, and Federal government hospitals. 

“Includes medical schools; city, county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all apes, of insurance carriers. pharmaceutical companies, corporations, Voluntary 

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

‘Only 13 of these respondents reported no office location. 

31 
Table 11. Number and percent of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and area of practice: United States and each State, 1968 

- Service rendered 

Total 

clinical Diagnostic Visual field Area ophthal- E examination Orthoptic Prescribing 

1 

Aniseikonic 

I 

Fitting 

1 

wamination low-vision contact Tonography

mologists (including and medical training aids testing 

tonometrv) interpretation 

United States .......... 7,802 2,710 4,571 786 4,834 4,148 

- - - - -

Alabama ................. 84 84 83 75 80 31 54 9 54 41 

Alaska ................... 5 5 5 6 4 4 d # 

Arizona .................. 78 78 78 72 75 31 53 20 47’ 43 

Arkansas ................. 41 41 41 39 39 14 27 # 33 20 

California ................. 1,043 1,040 1,032 982 999 313 578 97 623 582 

Colorado ................. 118 117 116 109 107 42 66 12 102 46 

Connecticut ............... 150 149 149 135 140 70 90 16 90 75 

Delaware ................. 17 17 17 16 16 6 12 d 9 5 

District of Columbia ......... 75 74 74 69 71 24 39 4 38 44 

8,327 18,282 8,154 

-

7,400 

Number of clinical ophthalmologists 

Florida .................. 

Georgia .................. 

Hawaii ................... 

Idaho ................... 

Illinois ................... 

Indiana .................. 

lowa .................... 

Kansas ................... 

Kentucky ................. 

Louisiana ................. 

Maine ................... 

Maryland ................. 

Massachusetts .............. 

Michigan ................. 

Minnesota ................ 

Mississippi ................ 

Missouri .................. 

Montana ................. 

Nebraska ................. 

Nevada .................. 

New Hampshire ............. 

New Jersey ............... 

New Mexico .............. 

New York ............... 

North Carolina ............ 

North Dakota ............. 

Ohio ................... 

Oklahoma ............... 

Oregon ................. 

Pennsylvania .............. 

Rhode Island ............. 

South Carolina ............ 

South Dakota ............. 

Tennessee ............... 

Texas .................. 

Utah .................... 

Vermont ................. 

Virginia .................. 

Washington ............... 

West Virginia .............. 

Wisconsin ................. 

Wyoming ................. 

292 290 287 259 277 98 166 27 196 149 

138 138 134 128 130 50 78 14 74 74 

30 30 29 29 30 9 11 # 19 16 

34 34 34 31 33 17 24 9 27 13 

415 413 403 366 380 106 200 30 204 187 

170 170 169 145 159 64 94 13 101 87 

99 99 98 86 92 32 45 7 48 37 

72 72 72 56 68 9 38 4 39 28 

90 87 88 88 88 28 54 7 37 49 

149 149 149 138 143 60 96 16 111 85 

39 39 38 33 38 20 23 3 23 17 

155 154 148 138 146 48 76 8 73 69 

269 269 263 243 252 64 135 18 131 120 

333 329 321 281 307 151 185 47 208 180 

147 147 147 129 134 48 86 12 90 87 

59 59 58 56 57 22 40 4 37 25 

176 176 171 148 163 56 101 18 96 89 

39 39 39 30 39 13 26 3 30 20 

54 54 52 48 49 18 34 7 37 25 

16 16 16 16 16 6 11 14 10 

27 27 27 24 25 7 13 # 11 # 

299 294 291 268 275 93 153 27 184 125 

44 44 43 41 42 16 24 8 29 28 

980 974 949 881 902 269 502 65 459 408 

167 165 163 144 152 59 98 23 112 105 

20 20 20 18 20 6 9 # 13 9 

382 378 376 330 369 138 226 53 198 234 

95 95 92 84 87 29 52 9 61 45 

108 108 106 96 105 28 63 11 82 55 

548 544 536 446 498 154 253 42 271 238 

32 32 31 27 31 13 21 4 16 17 

70 70 69 61 67 26 34 # 45 29 

22 22 22 19 21 6 12 # 15 8 

127 127 124 116 123 48 79 21 89 68 

396 393 380 361 368 149 239 41 263 221 

47 46 47 44 46 18 22 w 31 26 

18 18 16 13 16 4 11 c # 9 

160 160 156 143 148 58 92 16 91 82 

155 153 154 140 150 64 98 23 114 78 

61 61 61 51 57 26 39 9 34 38 

168 167 166 154 165 63 77 14 98 84 

16 16 16 14 15 6 11 # 14 7 

4 Data suppressed to comply with confidentiality requirements. 

32 
Table 11. Number and percent cf clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and area of practice: United States and each State, 1968-Con. 

Service rendered 

Area Diagnostic Visual field 

examination Medical EW examination Orthoptic Prescribing Aniseikonic Fitting 

low-vision contact Tcncgraphy (including treatment SWWY and medical training aids tasting lens% tonometry) interpretation 

United States .................. I 99.5 97.9 88.9 93.7 32.5 54.9 9.4 58.0 49.8 

- - - - - -

Alabama .......................... 100.0 

Alaska ........................... 100.0 

Arizona .......................... 100.0 

Arkansas .......................... 100.0 

California ......................... 99.7 

Colorado .......................... 99.1 

Connecticut ........................ 99.2 

Delaware .......................... 100.0 

District of Columbia .................. 98.3 

Florida ........................... 99.6 

Georgia ........................... 100.0 

Hawaii ........................... loo.0 

Idaho.. .......................... 100.0 

Illinois ........................... 99.4 

Indiana ........................... 100.0 

Iowa ............................ 100.0 

Kansas ........................... 100.0 

Kentucky ......................... 96.5 

Louisiana ......................... 100.0 

Maine ............................ 100.0 

Maryland ......................... 99.2 

Massachusetts ...................... 100.0 

Michigan .......................... 99.0 

Minnesota ......................... 100.0 

Mississippi ......................... 100.0 

Missouri ............ .1.. .......... 100.0 

Montana.. ........................ 100.0 

Nebraska .......................... 100.0 

Nevada ........................... 100.0 

New Hampshire.. .................... 100.0 

New Jersey ........................ 98.5 

New Mexico ....................... 1 oQ.0 

NewYork ......................... 99.4 

North Carolina ...................... 98.7 

North Dakota ...................... 100.0 

Ohio ............................ 99.1 

Oklahoma ......................... 100.0 

Oregon ........................... 100.0 

Pennsylvania ....................... 99.2 

Rhode Island ....................... 100.0 

South Carolina ...................... 100.0 

South Dakota ...................... 100.0 

Tennessee ......................... 100.0 

Texas ............................ 99.2 

Utah ............................ 97.8 

Vermont .......................... 100.0 

Virginia .......................... 100.0 

Washington ........................ 98.6 

West Virginia ....................... 100.0 

Wisconsin .......................... 99.4 

Wyoming ......................... 100.0 

#Data suppressed tc comply with confidentiality requirements. 

98.7 89.5 94.7 36.8 64.5 10.5 54.5 48.7 

loo.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 # t: 

100.0 91.9 95.9 39.2 67.6 25.7 59.5 55.4 

loo.0 94.7 94.7 34.2 65.8 :: 81.6 50.0 

98.9 92.2 95.7 30.0 55.4 9.3 59.7 55.7 

98.2 92.9 91 .l 35.7 56.3 9.8 86.6 39.3 

99.2 89.4 93.2 46.2 59.8 10.6 59.8 50.0 

loo.0 93.3 93.3 33.3 66.7 JI 53.3 26.7 

98.3 91.7 95.0 31.7 51.7 5.; 50.0 58.3 

98.5 88.8 95.0 33.7 57.0 9.3 67.1 51.2 

97.6 92.7 94.4 36.3 56.5 10.5 54.0 54.0 

96.3 96.3 100.0 29.6 37.0 # 63.0 51.9 

100.0 90.3 96.8 51.6 71.0 25.8 80.6 38.7 

97.0 88.1 91.4 25.5 48.2 7.2 49.0 45.2 

99.3 85.1 93.2 31.8 55.4 7.4 59.5 51.4 

98.8 86.7 92.8 32.5 45.8 7.2 48.2 37.3 

100.0 77.6 94.0 11.9 52.2 6.0 53.7 38.8 

97.6 97.6 97.6 30.6 60.0 8.2 41.2 54.1 

100.0 92.9 96.1 40.2 54.6 11.0 74.8 57.5 

97.3 83.8 97.3 51.4 595 8.1 59.5 43.2 

95.3 89.1 94.5 31.3 49.2 5.5 46.9 44.5 

97.9 90.3 93.6 23.7 50.0 6.8 49.7 44.5 

96.6 64.5 92.3 45.5 55.6 14.1 62.6 54.2 

100.0 87.5 91.2 32.4 58.8 8.1 61.0 59.6 

98.2 94.5 96.4 38.2 67.3 7.3 63.6 41.8 

97.0 84.3 92.8 31.9 57.2 10.2 54.8 50.6 

100.0 78.4 100.0 32.4 67.6 8.1 78.4 51.4 

95.6 88.9 91.1 33.3 62.2 13.3 68.9 46.7 

100.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 66.7 86.7 60.0 

loo.0 88.5 92.3 26.9 50.0 Y 423 w 

97.4 89.6 92.2 31.2 51.3 8.; 61.7 42.0 

97.4 92.3 94.9 35.9 53.8 12.8 66.7 64.1 

95.8 88.9 92.0 27.4 51.2 6.6 46.9 41.6 

97.4 86.2 90.8 35.5 58.6 13.8 67.1 62.5 

1 Co.0 88.5 100.0 31.6 47.4 79 63.2 47.4 

98.6 86.6 94.0 36.3 59.1 14.0 52.0 61.4 

97.7 88.4 91.9 30.2 64.7 9.3 64.0 47.7 

98.0 89.0 97.0 26.0 58.0 10.0 76.0 51 .o 

97.8 81 A 90.9 28.1 46.2 7.7 49.4 43.3 

96.7 83.3 96.7 40.0 66.7 13.3 50.0 53.3 

98.4 87.1 95.2 37.1 48.4 :: 54.5 41.9 

100.0 85.7 95.2 28.6 52.4 *y 66.7 38.1 

98.3 91.3 97.4 38.3 62.6’ 16.5 70.4 53.9 

95.8 91 .o 92.9 37.6 60.2 10.5 66.4 55.7 

100.0 93.3 97.8 37.8 46.7 # 66.7 55.6 

88.9 72.2 88.9 22.2 61.1 # :: 50.0 

97.8 89.2 92.8 36.0 57.6 10.1 56.8 51.1 

99.3 90.1 97.2 41.5 63.4 14.8 73.9 50.7 

100.0 83.6 92.7 41.8 63.6 14.5 56.4 61.8 

98.8 91.4 98.1 31.5 45.7 8.0 58.0 50.0 

100.0 86.7 93.3 40.0 66.7 # 86.7 46.7 

33 
Table 12. Number of clinical ophthalmologisk, by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 1968 

-

Service rendered 

Characteristic 

United States ......... 

Age: 

Under 35 years .......... 

35-44 years ............ 

4554 years ............ 

5564 years ............ 

85 ye&and over ........ 

Sex: 

Male ................. 

Female ............... 

Professional identity: 

Doctor of Medicine ....... 

Dcetor of Osteopathy ..... 

Number of States licensed in: 

1 state ............... 

2 States or more ......... 

Hours worked par week: I 

l-34 hours ............. 

3540 hours ............ 

4148 hours ............ 

49.59 hours ............ 

60hoursormore ........ 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice ......... 

Partnership .......... 

Gmup practice ........ 

Nongroup armngemant witl 

other physiciahls) .... 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ ........... 

NonhospitalS ......... 

Number of patient visits 

per week: 

Under 40visits ........ 

4079 Visits .......... 

8@119 visits ......... 

120-159visik ......... 

160-199 visits ......... 

200 visits and over ..... 

oahthalDiagnostic 

zxamination 

(including 

tonometry) 

Medical 

treatmeht 

Visual field 

Eve examination 

surgery and medical 

interpretation 

Orthoptic Prescribing 

low-vision training aids 

Aniseikonic 

testing 

Fitting 

contact 

IStlSSS 

Tonography 

Number of clinical ophthalmologists 

8.327 8,282 8.164 7,400 7,802 2,710 4,571 786 4,63a 4,148 

-

781 779 774 773 763 334 642 80 634 343 

2,222 2,214 2,193 2,176 2,166 931 1 p57 261 1,694 1,129 

1,927 1,920 1,904 1,829 1,835 644 1,091 ?81 1,176 995 

2,153 2,140 2,104 1,839 1,965 546 1,016 169 1,003 1,066 

1,244 1,229 1.178 782 1,073 255 466 96 326 616 

s.106 8,063 7841 7,227 7,697 2,621 4,461 765 4,738 4,046 

221 219 213 173 205 89 111 21 96 102 

8,167 8,123 7,998 7,276 7,671 2,673 4,621 771 4,766 4,075 

161 158 156 123 131 37 50 15 68 72 

4.701 4,673 4,607 4,077 4,371 1,443 2,466 450 2,642 2,304 

3,626 3,609 3,547 3,323 3,431 1,267 2,106 336 2,291 1844 

958 944 916 591 801 187 327 65 297 461 

1.648 1,636 1.597 1,389 1.512 417 785 152 833 758 

1,670 1,670 1,643 1,524 1,598 548 917 157 990 820 

2,294 2,262 2,264 2,204 2,204 844 1,430 192 1,542 1,130 

1,767 1,750 1,735 1,692 1,686 713 1,112 220 1;172 979 

5,695 5,664 5,577 4,968 5,311 1,671 2,S9c 510 3,165 2,626 

1,385 1,380 1,364 1,313 1,330 560 862 150 934 801 

483 481 475 459 454 216 29E $0 312 283 

7 

352 350 350 336 342 138 221 36 243 185 

152 150 143 120 137 42 72 19 64 94 

259 256 246 212 22E 84 12E 21 116 159 

978 964 923 555 751 156 307 68 263 441 

1,983 1,973 1,932 1,655 1,837 540 935 178 970 957 

2,211 2,204 2,181 2,092 2,146 768 1,283 191 1,385 1,010 

2,041 2,035 2,017 2,002 1,982 788 1,299 204 1,430 1,082 

512 612 507 608 496 204 332 51 345 272 

603 603 595 588 590 263 415 93 441 385 

’ Includes hours devoted to teaching, research, and administration. 

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, and Federal government hospitals. 

‘IncludeS medical schools; tin/. county, State, and Federal agencies; and other (all types o+ msurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary 

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

34 
Table 13. Number and percent of clinical ophthalmologists, by services rendered and selected characteristics: United States, 1968 

Service rendered 

Total 

Characteristic clinical Diagnostic Visual field 

oohthal- examination Medical W examination Onhoptic Prescribing Aniseikonic Fitting 

low-vision contact Tonography (including treatment surgery and medical training aids testing k"SSS tonometry) interpretation 

Percent 

United States . . . . . . . . . . 8,327 99.5 97.9 88.9 93.7 32.5 54.9 9.4 58.0 49.8 

- -

Age: 

Under 35 years ........... 781 99.7 89.1 99.0 97.7 42.8 69.4 10.3 81.2 43.9 

35-44 years ............. 2,222 99.6 98.7 97.9 97.5 41.9 65.6 11.7 76.3 50.8 

45.54 years ............. 1,927 99.7 98.8 94.9 95.2 33.4 56.6 9.4 61 .O 51.6 

56-64 years ............. 2,153 99.4 97.7 85.4 91.3 25.4 47.1 7.8 46.6 49.5 

65 years and over ......... 1,244 98.8 94.7 62.9 86.3 20.5 37.5 7.7 26.2 49.5 

sex: Male . . . . . . . , . . . ...... 8,106 99.5 98.0 89.1 93.7 32.3 55.0 9.4 58.4 49.9 

Female . . . . . . . . . ...... 221 99.0 96.5 78.3 92.8 40.1 50.1 9.6 43.4 46.3 

Professional identity: 

Doctor of Medicine . . . . . . _ _ 8,167 99.5 97.9 89.1 93.9 32.7 55.4 9.4 68.4 49.9 

Doctor of Osteopathy . . . . . . 161 98.7 97.2 76.8 81.5 23.2 31.3 9.5 42.3 45.2 

Number of States licensed in: 

1 state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,701 99.4 98.0 86.7 93.0 30.7 52.5 9.6 54.1 49.0 

2 states or “lore . . . . . . . . . . 3,626 99.5 97.8 91.6 94.6 34.9 58.1 9.3 63.2 60.8 

Hours worked per week: ’ 

l-34 hours .............. 958 98.5 95.6 61.7 83.6 19.5 34.1 6.8 31 .o 48.1 

35-40 hours ............. 1.648 99.3 96.9 84.3 91.7 25.3 47.6 9.2 50.5 46.0 

41-48 hours ............. 1,670 100.0 98.4 91.3 95.7 32.8 54.9 9.4 59.3 49.1 

49-59 hours ............. 2,294 99.5 98.7 96.1 96.1 36.8 62.4 8.4 67.2 49.3 

60 hours or more ......... 1,757 99.6 98.7 96.3 95.9 40.6 63.3 12.5 66.7 55.7 

Principal form of practice: 

Self-employed: 

Solo practice . . . . . . . . . . 5,695 99.5 97.9 87.1 93.3 29.3 52.5 9.0 55.6 46.1 

Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . 1,385 99.7 98.5 94.9 96.1 40.4 62.3 10.8 67.5 57.8 

Group practice . . . . . . . . . 483 99.6 98.2 95.0 93.8 44.6 61.6 10.4 64.5 58.6 

Nongroup arrangement with 

other physician(s) . . . . . 352 99.4 99.4 95.6 97.2 39.1 62.8 10.2 69.2 52.7 

Salaried: 

Hospital’ . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 98.5 94.1 78.9 89.8 27.4 473 12.4 42.1 61.8 

Nonhospital’ . . . . . . . . . . 259 98.8 94.8 81.8 88.0 32.5 49.5 8.2 44.6 61.1 

Number of patient visits 

per week: 

Under 40 visits . . . . . . 978 97.6 94.4 56.8 76.8 16.0 31.4 6.9 26.9 45.1 

40-79 visits . . . . . . . . 1,983 99.5 97.4 83.5 92.6 27.2 47.2 9.0 48.9 48.3 

80-119 visits . . . . . . . 2,211 99.7 98.6 94.6 97.1 34.3 58.0 8.7 62.6 45.7 

120-159visits.. . . . . . 2,041 99.7 98.8 98.1 97.1 38.6 63.6 10.0 70.1 53.0 

160-199 visits . . . . . . . 512 100.0 99.1 99.3 96.9 39.8 64.8 9.9 67.3 53.2 

200 visits and over . . . . 603 100.0 98.7 97.5 97.9 43.7 68.9 15.5 73.2 63.8 

‘Includes hoursdevoted to teaching, research, and administration. 

‘Includes nongovernment hospitals and city, county, State, end Federal government hospitals. 

‘Includes medical schools; city, ‘county, State, and Federal agencies: and other (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntarv 

organizations, medical societies, associations, and so forth). 

35 
Characteristic Oiagnordc 

examination Medical EW 

(including turg3ry TOm=‘dWw 

tonometrvl 

NumberOfpatients weekly: “ndw40pafiena . . . . . . . . 

*79patienrr . . . 

1,303 

2,356 

1,275

2347 1,23* 

2,300 

795 

2,070 

1,039 

2,215 

235 

654 

445 

1,176 

95 

222 

385 

1,267 

614 

1.092 

80119ptientr 2,525, 2,524 2,500 Z/33 2,452 920 1.514 210 1,563 1.238 

120.159patientr . . . 1,454 1.450 1,436 18427 1,413 580 933 155 1,035 769 

160.199padeno . . 386 356 385 353 377 161 254 40 254 223 

200 patients and we, . 300 300 296 292 296 130 208 62 204 211 

Number of office Iktcadons: 

0.1 office’ . . . . . . . . . 2 offices . . . . . . . . . 7,232 

591 

7,190 

885 

7,082 

573 

6,359 

550 

6,766 

841 

2,301 

331 

3,9@509 547 

108 

4,133 

573 

3,581 

467 

3 officer . . . . . . . . . . . 132 132 130 124 128 49 75 16 53 56 

4 Offices 0, mom . . . . 72 71 70 66 67 29 42 15 46 44 

Number of services rendered: 

I-zservicer ....... . 213 177 129 25 19 1 7 

3-l sarvicsr ....... . . . . . . . 1,439 1,432 1,379 952 1,177 19 81 1 95 235 

56 services ....... 

7.5 sefvicBJ ....... . . . . . . . 3,550

2.543 3.547 

2,543 

3,530 

2.533 

3,325 

2,615 

3,486 

2,637 

479 

1,740 

1,698 

2,413 

71 

345 

1,906 

2255 

1,521 

1,810 

9-10 SwviCel ...... . . . . . . 493 483 453 485 453 473 481 358 477 475 

Are wpplementary personnel used m ~nlst in clinical practic-a~ 

Yes.. ........................... 7,552 7.947 7,729 7.13c 7p51 2,543 4A38 757 4,733 3,950 

NO ............................. . 445 435 425 265 351 67 134 29 100 198 

See” 

. . 7,958 7,931 7820 7,114 7,512 4,426 756 4,693 3,980 

. . . 32 2f 27 31 17 13 2 15 10 

Retinslsur9mv . . . . 95 91 85 96 81 35 6 31 48 

Pediatric ophthalmology . . 59 69 65 SE 61 41 3 43 25 

Ophthalmicpatholcg~ . . . 14 12 12 e 1, 7 1 ? 8 

Newwphthalmology . . . 22 22 20 16 21 7 2 5 9 

other . . . . . . . . . 138 131 125 7( 100 42 6 41 ‘65 

-

Table 15. Number and pmxntof clinical ophtbalmologirts, by s~wices rendered and selscted chB~1cta,btics: United Sat%, 1868 

- ­

oiagnonic Visual field Chsrsfwristic < examlnadon Medial. we exmninadon OnhGjldC Pmxribing Aniwlkonle Fining 

n lincluding treatment rurgw and medical training low.“irion testing contact Tonogmphy 

tonometrv) interpretation aids ,e”lel 

t 

Number of patients seen WBeklY: 

“nde,4L%patientr . . 97.9 95.0 61 .o 798 18.0 24.2 7.3 29.6 47.2 

40.79patiena . . . . 2;355 99.6 97.6 87.9 94.0 29.0 49.9 9.4 53.8 46.4 

80119pfients . . . 2,528 99.8 98.9 96.2 97A 36.4 61.1 5.3 65.8 49.0 

120.159patients . I 1,454 99.7 98.7 98.1 97.2 39.9 54.2 10.7 71.1 52.9 

160199patients . . . 386 100.0 99.7 99.2 97.7 41.7 68.3 10.4 72.5 57.8 

200 patients and OM, 3Ca 100.0 98.5 97.1 98.5 43.2 69.3 20.6 67.8 70.3 

Number of office Iocatiow 

o-1 office’ . . . . . . 7,232 99.4 97.9 87.9 93.6 31.8 54.6 8.9 57.1 49.5 

2 officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 99.8 98.0 94.5 37.1 57.1 12.2 54.3 52.4 

3 officer . . . . . . . . . . 132 100.0 98.3 94.1 95.5 37.2 56.7 11.8 62.5 42.5 

4officoro,mc,,e . . . . . . . . 72 98.8 85.9 90.7 92.3 39.9 58.2 21.2 63.1 60.2 

Number of services rendered: I l-2 servicer ............ ................. 213 53.3 80.7 11.6 8.9 - 0.6 3.2 

34 ssrvim ............ ................. 1,438 99.5 95.9 56.2 81.8 1.3 5.6 0.1 6.6 16.4 

55 servimr ............ ................. 3.560 99.9 99.4 93.7 98.2 13.5 448 2.0 53.7 42.8 

7-5 selvices ............ ................. 2,543 100.0 99.6 99.0 99.8 65.8 91.3 13.1 89.1 72.3 

9.10 s-k?l ........... ................. 453 100.0 loo.0 100.0 97.9 99.8 76.3 98.8 98.4 

Are supplemmery pwronnel used to assist in dinical practice? 

Yes . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.552 99.5 98.1 94.5 33.5 56.3 9.6 60.1 50.1 

No . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 97.8 95.5 60.5 78.9 16.0 30.0 6.5 22.5 445 

Primary clinical activity: 

General ophthalmolow Imedical and swgical) 7,955 99.7 98.3 89.4 94.4 32.8 55.5 9.6 59.0 50.0 

Corned suraery . . . . . . 32 81.7 85.5 96.5 53.0 14.3 42.5 7.2 45.2 32.3 

Retirralrurgery . 95 95.2 53.4 100.0 84.7 15.3 35.5 5.9 32,6 50.7 

Pediatric aphtbalmology 69 100.0 93.6 93.6 87.1 79.3 59A 4.7 61.5 39.8 

Ophthalmicpathology . 14 84.6 84.3 62.1 77.3 30.5 45.0 7.5 22.5 53.2 

Newc-ophtbalmology . 22 100.0 89.7 59.8 95.0 15.4 30.1 10.5 34.9 39.5 

Other . . 138 M.5 90.4 50.9 72.1 14.5 30.5 4.0 29.9 47.0 

36 
APPENDIX I 

TECHNICAL NOTES AND QUALIFYING COMMENTS 

Data Collection 

Most of the statistical information used in this 

report is the product of a survey of ophthalmologists conducted by the National Center for 

Health Statistics between May and December 

1968. This was a part of a general survey of 

eye-care manpower that sought information 

about three groups: ophthalmologists (both 

doctors of medicine and doctors of osteopathy); optometrists; and dispensing opticians. 

In advance of the actual survey of the ophthalmologists, prominent ophthalmological associations received copies of the proposed questionnaires and survey plan. A number of government agencies-Federal, State, and Iocal-were 

also contacted. Recommendations received from 

these advisory sources were used to modify the 

survey plan and questionnaires. 

An announcement of the survey was published by the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat 

Monthly, The Ophthalmologist, and the newsletter of the American Osteopathic Association. 

The American Association of Ophthalmology 

cooperated by sending a letter to each of its 

members, urging their participation. 

A total of 10,302 ophthalmologists comprised 

the survey “universe,” a figure which included 

both doctors of medicine (M.D.) and doctors of 

osteopathy (D.O.). M.D. ophthalmologists surveyed included all those who had reported to 

the American Medical Association that ophthalmology was their primary or secondary specialty. Of the 10,102 M.D. ophthaImoIogists surveyed, 9,020, or 89.3 percent, had listed 

ophthalmology as their primary specialty, while 

1,082, or 10.7 percent, had designated it as their 

secondary specialty. 

D.O. ophthalmologists included in the survey 

were all doctors of osteopathy who had 

reported to the American Osteopathic Assdciation that they devoted any time whatever to 

ophthaImoIogy. Of the 200 D.O. ophthalmologists surveyed, 17, or 8.5 percent, had reported 

that they devoted 75 percent or more of their 

workweek to ophthalmology. An additional 21, 

or 10.5 percent, reported between 50 and 75 

percent, while 145, or 72.5 percent, apparently 

devoted less than 25 percent of their workweek 

to ophthalmological activities. 

A pretest was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics from May 31 to July 3, 

1968. Questionnaires were mailed to two M.D. 

ophthalmologists in each State and the District 

of Columbia. Twenty-five D-0. ophthalmologsts 

were selected at random and mailed questionnaires. A 90.5-percent response to the pretest 

was achieved and, based on an analysis of this 

pretest response, certain minor alterations were 

made in the M.D. questionnaire and the D-0. 

questionnaire. 

The revised questionnaires, as they were used, 

are reproduced in appendix III. 

In the remaining months of 1968, the main 

body of ophthalmoIogists was surveyed. The collection of data for the survey was accomplished 

under contract with the Bureau .of the Census. 

This agency was responsible for mailing the 

questionnaires, receiving the responses, ‘and for 

followup whenever incomplete or inadequate 

questionnaires were returned or whenever a 

questionnaire was not returned. Four mailings 

were used in an attempt to elicit a response, the 

first three by first-class ma.& the last by certified 

mail. All four mailings were made in every case 

where a return was not received. 

In addition to the mailings, telephone contacts and personal interviews were aIs0 used. 

They were employed in cases of nonresponse or 

37 
refusal, as well as in cases of questionnaires that 

had been only partially completed. 

After all contact efforts, a response rate of 

92.7 percent was achieved. 

In addition to the information obtained directly from the survey respondents, the report 

also uses supplementary information supplied by 

the American Medical Association and the 

American Osteopathic Association for such characteristics as sex, age at the time of the survey, 

age at graduation, and certification by specialty 

boards. 

Processing of Data 

A preliminary edit was undertaken at the time 

of the return of the survey questionnaires. This 

was done to insure completeness of the responses. The information from the questionnaires was then coded, punched, and placed on 

computer tape.’ 

During the cleanup and editing phases of the 

processing, an elaborate series of checks and 

cross-checks were made, chiefly to confirm accuracy of response and to correct coding and 

punching errors that occurred, but also to insure 

consistency between related items. 

Table I shows the overall response to the survey. Of the total 10,302 M.D. and D.O. ophthalmologists included in the scope of the original 

survey, 1,245, or 12.1 percent, were eliminated 

in processing as out of scope for the purposes of 

reporting. Those out of scope included 133 respondents who were either practicing ophthalmology in foreign countries or not engaged at all 

in ophthalmological activities; 233 uniformed 

ophthalmologists (in the Army, Navy, Air Force, 

and U.S. Public Health Service); and 879 students in ophthalmology residency programs 

(both civilian and military). Data reported, then, 

are for civilian (nonuniformed) ophthalmologists 

who had completed their training requirements 

and were formally qualified to practice. In number, this group amounted to 9,057 ophthalmologists, or 87.9 percent of the preadjusted survey 

population. 

A total of 8,136, or 89.8 percent of the 

9,057, responded to the survey with usable questionnaires. The remainder was composed of 675 

nonresp.ondents (i.e., no questionnaires returned, reason unspecified); 186 postmaster returns; and 60 nonrespondents, deceased; or 7.5 

percent, 2.1 percent, and 0.7 percent, 

respectively. 

Of these 8,136 usable questionnaires (“good” 

responses), 7,741, or 95.1 percent, specified an 

active status while 395 reported that they were 

either retired or not currently engaged in ophthalmological activities although nonretired. 

Adjustments 

Two types of adjustment were applied to the 

survey responses. 

The first was an adjustment for partial nonresponse within the questionnaire; for example, 

leaving one item unanswered. In such cases, 

omitted items were randomly assigned the response obtained from respondents with similar 

characteristics, and the total response figure for 

the item was adjusted to include this “imputation.” As may be seen in table II, the need for 

this type of adjustment was minimal; the partial 

nonresponse rate was less than 4 percent for all 

items considered in this report, except for the 

questions as to patient visits and patients seen 

per week. To the question, “In your clinical 

ophthalmology practice, approximately how 

many eye-patient visits ‘do you have during a 

typical week? (Include office and hospital outpatient visits),” there was a nonresponse rate of 

7.6. percent. Probably influential, here, 

was the need for the ophthalmologist to make a 

quantified estimate based on an arbitrary judgment of typicality. To the question, “Approximately how many eye patients does this represent? (Patients with multiple visits should be 

counted only once.),” there was a nonresponse 

rate of 7.8 percent. Here, not only did the above 

influence operate, but the respondent was 

asked as well to make a quantified estimate 

which is itself a second-order derivation from 

another quantified estimate. This rather difficult 

succession of requirements may have caused this 

item to exhibit a higher nonresponse rate than 

any other in the questionnaire. 

In addition to the adjustment for item nonresponse, an adjustment was also made for total 

nonresponse, i.e., for nonavailability of the entire questionnaire. This “inflation” factor was 

established from the ratio of total ophthalmologists in a civilian, formally qualified status to the 

number of usable (good) responses obtained. 

38 
Table I. Number and percent distribution of survey population of ophthalmologists, by type of respondent or nonrespondent: United States, 1968 

Type of respondent or nonrespondent 

Total questionnaires mailed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Out-of-scopes: 

Not practicing in the United States or not engaged at all 

in ophthalmological activities . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Uniformed ophthalmologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Student residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Civilian, formally qualified ophthalmologists . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Civilian, formally qualified ophthalmologists . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 

Nonavailable questionnaires: 

Nonrespondents (reason unspecified) . . . . . . . . . _ . ‘. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 

Postmaster returns . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Nonrespondents (deceased! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Good responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Good responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Professionally active ophthalmologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Inactive ophthalmologists, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10,302 100.0 

133 1.3 

233 2.3 

879 8.5 

9,057 87.9 

* . 

9,057 100.0 

675 7.5 

186 2.1 

60 0.7 

8,136 89.8 

13 

=q=+y 

Table II. Percent of professionally active ophthalmologists 

responding to selected items on survey questionnaires: 

United States, 1968 

I

I 

Percent , Questionnaire item responding 

Activity status ........................ 

Number of States lidensed in. .............. 

Principal form of employment ............. 

Weeks per year usually worked ............. 

Hours per week usually worked ............ 

Clinical and nonclinical activities ............ 

Primary clinical activity (ophthalmological 

specialty) ......................... 

Use of supplementary personnel ............ 

Patient services rendered ................. 

Number of office locations ............... 

Patients visits per week .................. 

Number of patients seen weekly ............ 

Associates sharing supplementary 

personnel ......................... 

Physicians sharing supplementary 

personnel ......................... 

Ophthalmologists sharing supplementary 

personnel ......................... 

100.0 

97.4 

98.1 

96.6 

96.4 

97.1 

96.9 

97.1 

97.2 

96.8 

92.4 

92.2 

98.2 

98.2 

98.2 

The nationa inflation factor was, therefore, 

9,057:8,136, or 1 + 0.113. Applied to the 

7,741 professionahy active, good respondents 

cited above, it produced a weighted, national estimate of 8,616 ophthaImologists who were professionally active, nonuniformed, and formally 

qualified in the United States in ‘1968. Table III 

shows the geographic distribution of this professionally active total by State, before and after 

applying the appropriate adjustment factor for 

each State. 

The Clinical Subuniverse 

In question 9 of the M.D. questionnaire and 

question 11 of the D.O. questionnaire (see appendix III), respondents were asked to indicate 

how they apportioned their yorking time per 

week, in terms of percent of total hours devoted 

to cIinica,l and nonclinical activities. Those respondents who reported that. th,ey devoted a 

6 ortion of their time-however small that 

portion-to +nical ophthalmological activities . 

39 
Table I I I. Distribution of professionally active formally qualified civilian ophthalmologists, by State before and after application of 

adjustment ratios: United States, 1968 

Area 

United States .............................. 

Alabama .................................... 

Alaska ..................................... 

Arizona ..................................... 

Arkansas ..................................... 

California ................................... 

Colorado .................................... 

Connecticut .................................. 

Delaware .................................... 

District of Columbia .............................. 

Florida ..................................... 

Georgia ..................................... 

Hawaii ..................................... 

Idaho ...................................... 

iliinois ..................................... 

Indiana ..................................... 

Iowa ...................................... 

Kansas ..................................... 

Kentucky ................................... 

Louisiana .................................... 

Maine ..................................... 

Maryland .................................... 

Massachusetts ................................. 

Michigan .................................... 

Minnesota ................................... 

Mississippi ................................... 

Missouri .................................... 

Montana .................................... 

Nebraska .................................... 

Nevada ..................................... 

New Hampshire ................................ 

New Jersey ................................... 

New Mexico .................................. 

New York ................................... 

North Carolina ................................. 

North Dakota ................................. 

Ohio ........................... ..‘. ........ 

Oklahoma ................................... 

Oregon ..................................... 

Pennsylvania .................................. 

Rhode Island .................................. 

South Carolina ................................. 

South Dakota ................................. 

Tennessee ................................... 

Texas ...................................... 

Utah ...................................... 

Vermont .................................... 

Virginia .................................... 

Washington ................................... 

West Virginia .................................. 

Wisconsin ................................... 

Wyoming .................................... 

Responding Adjustment Weighted active 

ophthalmologists factor ophthalmologists 

7,741 1.113 8,616 

78 1.11 87 

5 1 .oo 5 

75 1.06 80 . 

38 1.07 41 

972 1.11 1,079 

117 1.05 123 

133 1.14 152 

18 1.15 21 

65 1.25 81 

267 1.13 302 

128 1.11 142 

27 1.11 30 

31 1.09 34 

373 1.15 429 

152 1.15 175 

86 1.19 102 

70 1.08 76 

91 1.06 96 

131 1.17 153 

37 1.05 39 

136 1.21 165 

246 1.14 280 

303 1.12 339 

137 1.08 148 

58 1.07 62 

179 1.06 190 

37 1.05 39 

46 1.20 55 

15 1.07 16 

26 1.03 27 

277 1.11 307 

40 1.13 46 

908 1.12 1,017 

158 1.10 174 

19 1.05 20 

360 1.09 392 

88 1.10 97 

101 1.08 109 

527 1.11 585 

30 1 .d6 32 

64 1.13 72 

21 1.05 22 

119 1.10 131 

362 1.12 405 

45 1.04 47 

19 1 .oo 19 

144 1.15 166 

147 1.09 160 

. 58 1.11 64 

162 1.04 168 

15 1.07 16 

40 
Table IV. Freauencv and ratio to 100.006 aeneral

- oooulation of 

Geographic location 

United States .................................. 

Geographic regions: 

Northeast ..................................... 

NorthCentral ................. . ................. 

south ....................................... 

west ........................................ 

Gwgraphic divisions: 

New England ................................... 

Middle Atlantic .................................. 

East Nonh Central ................................ 

West Nonh Central ................................ 

South Atlsntic ................................... 

EastSouthCentral ................................ 

west south central ................................ 

Mountain ..................................... 

Pacific ....................................... 

state: 

Al&me.. .................................... 

Alaska ....................................... 

Arizona ....................................... 

Arkansas ...................................... 

California ..................................... 

Colorado ..................................... 

Connecticut ....................................... 

De&are ...................................... 

District of Columbia ................................ 

Florida ...................................... 

Georgia ...................................... 

Hawaii ....................................... 

Idaho ....................................... 

Illinois ....................................... 

Indiana ................ : ..................... 

Iowa.. ...................................... 

Kansas.. ..................................... 

Kentucky ..................................... 

Louisiana ..................................... 

Maine ....................................... 

Maryland ..................................... 

Massachusetts ................................... 

Michigan ...................................... 

Minnesota ..................................... 

Mississippi ..................................... 

Missouri ...................................... 

M O”Q”Z3 .... . ................................. 

Nebraska ..................................... 

Nevada ...................................... 

New Hampshire .................................. 

NewJersey .................................... 

New Mexico ..................................... 

NewYork.. ................................... 

North Carolina .................................. 

North Dakota ................................... 

Ohio.........................‘............... 

Oklahoma ..................................... 

Oregon ...................................... 

Pennsylvania .................................... 

Rhode Island .................................... 

South &olina ................................... 

South Dakota .................................... 

Tennessee ..................................... 

Texas ....................................... 

Utah ........................................ 

Vermont ...................................... 

Virginia ...................................... 

Washington .................................... 

Wezt Virginia ................................... 

Wisconsin ..................................... 

Wyoming ..................................... 

‘Based on census estimates for July 1,196s. 

pmfessionallv active ophthalmolasists and of clinical ophdwlmolcgim, by geographic location: United States, 

each regian;divisio”, and State, 1568 

1958 Number of active Number lumber of clinical 

population of active of clinical ophthalmologists 

On thousandsI’ ophthalmologists per 100,000 ophthalmdcgists per 100,000 

population population 

197,560 8,616 4.4 8,327 4.2 

4S.193 2.458 5.1 2.362 4a 

55,369 2;117 3.8 2.058 3.7 

61,227 2,259 3.7 2,175 3.6 

32,771 1,782 5.4 1,733 5.3 

11,322 548 4.8 535 4.7 

36.B71 1909 52 1827 5.0 

39,403 1;504 3.8 1,468 3.7 

15,966 613 3.8 590 3.7 

2991 1,186 4.0 1,134 3a 

12,893 376 2.9 360 2.8 

18953 696 3.7 680 3.6 

7,Soo 399 5.1 392 5.0 

24972 1.3S3 5.5 131 5.4 

3,487 87 2.5 84 2.4 

242 5 2.1 5 2.1 

1,635 SO 4.9 78 4.S 

1,973 41 2.1 41 2.1 

18,793 I .079 5.7 lp43 5.6 

2,009

2,947 

524 

123 

152 

21 

6.1 

5.2 

4.0 

118 

160 

17 

59 

5.1 

32 

786 81 10.3 75 9.5 

6.114 302 4.9 292 48 

4,466 142 3.2 138 3.1 

71s 30 4.2 30 4.2 

705 34 4.8 34 4.8 

10297 39 416 3.8 

5,057 175 3.5 170 3.4 

2.773 102 3.7 99 3.6 

2,258 76 3.4 72 3.2 

3,166 96 3.0 90 28 

3.664 153 4.2 149 4.1 

965 39 4.0 39 4.0 

3,643 I65 4.5 155 4.3 

539 280 5.2 269 5.0 

8.654 339 3.9 333 39 

3,658

2,3= 

.4.567 

148 

62 

190 

4.0 

2.7 

4.2 

147 

59 

176 

4.0 

2.5 

38 

689 39 5.7 39 5.7 

1,438 55 3.8 64 38 

439 I6 3.6 I6 3.6 

700

6,396 

979 

27 

307 

45 

3.9 

4.4 

4.6 

27 

299 

44 

39 

4.3 

4.5 

18,147 1,017 5.6 980 5.4 

5,015 174 3.5 167 3.3 

612 20 33 20 3.3 

10,587 392 3.7 382 3.6 

2.498 97 39 95 3.8 

2,wo 

11,728 

109 

585 

5.5 

5.0 

108 

648 5.4 

4.7 

881

2.584 32 

72 

3.6 

2.8 

32 

70 

3.6 

2.7 

660 22 3.3 22 3.3 

3,918 131 3.3 127 3.2 

10,818 405 3.7 396 3.7 

1,026 47 4.6 47 4.6 

429 19 4.4 16 4.2 

4,432 166 38 160 3.6 

3,219 160 5.0 155 4.8 

1,818 64 3.5 61 3.4 

4,208 168 4.0 168 4.0 

319 I6 5.0 16 5.0 

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population &mates. Curr~~tPopulati~n Rep01B. Series P-25, NO. 436, I”. 7.1970. 

41 
are treated in this report as a “clinical subuni- tioners who supply the statistical base for most 

verse” (t h e c1inical practitioners) of the profes- of the tables and textual commentary that apsionally active total. In number, there are an es- pear in this report on characteristics of clinical 

timated 8,327 members of this subuniverse; they practice. See table IV for the frequency and racomprise about 97 percent of the professionally tio to general population of these clinical ophactive universe. It is these 8,327 clinical practi- thalmologists, according to geographic location. 

42 
-- 

APPENDIX II 

DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS USED IN THIS REPORT 

Demographic Terms 

Age--Refers to the respondent’s age in 1968. 

In all cases, it is calculated as the difference between 1968 and respondent’s year of birth. 

Geographic region and division.-The regions 

of the United States are divided as follows: 

Region and division 

Northeast 

New England . . . . . . 

Middle Atlantic . 1.. 

North Central 

East North Central . . 

West North Central . 

south 

South Atlantic . . . . . 

East South Central . . 

West South Central . 

West 

Mountain . . . . . . . . . 

Pacific . . . : . . . . . . . 

States included 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut 

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania 

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North 

Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, 

Kansas 

Delaware, Maryland, District of 

Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, 

Forth Carolina, South Carolina, 

Georgia, Florida 

Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi 

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, 

Texas 

Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, 

New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada 

Washington, Oregon, California, 

Alaska, Hawaii 

United States. -The 50 States and the District 

of Columbia. 

Terms Relating to Ophthalmology 

Administration.-As defined in the survey 

questionnaires, duties with professional associa­

.tions, hospital medical staffs, and so forth. Administrative duties related to the medical care of 

the ophthalmologist’s own patients are excluded 

from this kind of activity and included under 

specific clinical activity engaged in. 

Aniseikonic testing.-Testing for aniseikonia, 

a condition in which the ocu1a.rimage of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape 

from that seen by the other. 

Associates.-As used in this report, signifies all 

medical professionals and other professionals in 

medically related fields, such as optometrists. 

Clinical.-Signifies professional activity characterized by direct_patient care. -.-. Group practice. -The dehvery of medical services by three or more physicians formally organized to provide medical care, consultation, diagnosis, and/or treatment through the joint use 

bf equipment and personnel, and with the income from medical practice distributed in accordance with methods previously determined 

by members of the group. 

Hospital employment. -Salaried employment 

in nongovernment hospitals and in city, county, 

State, and Federal hospitals. 

Nonhospital employment.-Salaried employment by medical school (or parent university); 

city, county, State, and Federal governments 

(other than hospitals); and by “other” employers (all types of insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, voluntary organizations, medical societies, associations, and so 

forth). 

43 
Ophthalmologist. -A physician (M.D. or D-0.) 

who specializes in ophthalmology, that branch 

of medical science dealing with the structure, 

functions, and diseases of the eye. 

Optometrist.-A specialist in optometry, the 

profession of examining the eye for defects and 

faults of refraction and prescribing correctional 

lenses or exercises. 

OtoZaryrtgoZogist.-Used interchangeably with 

“otorhinolaryngologist”; signifies a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the 

ear, nose, and throat. 

Tonography.-The recording of changes in intraocular pressure produced by the constant application of a known weight on the globe of the 

eye, reflecting the facility of outflow of the 

aqueous humor from the anterior chamber. 

Tonometry.-The measurement of tension or 

pressure, especially the indirect estimation of 

the intraocular pressure from determination of 

the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by 

an applied force. 

44 
APPENDIX III 

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES 

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 

PHS-T407-1 

REV. B-68 Form Approve.3 

Budget Bureau No. 6WS68028 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

CONFIDENTIAL: All information which permits tbe 

identification of the individual will be held strictly 

confidential. will be used solely by persons engaged 

in, and only for the purpcqes of the survey and ell 

aot be disclosed or released to other persons or 

for any otber purpose. 

SURVEY OF 

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS 

I 

1. Is your name correct, and is the address above your PRIMARY P’LACE OF PRACTICE? 

I 0 Y.es 

Name: First Middle 

street 

stare 

LRSZ 

Zip Code 

Primary place of practice: Number 

CifY 

Where wc,e you born? 

3. In which States do you currently hold on ACTIVE LICENSE to practice medicine? 

4. Are ~00 WNTLy ACTIVE in medicine? (/n&de patient core, teaching, reSeaKh, ot?d odmini$rotion-) 

80 No, Not active in medicine 

40 NO, Retired 

STOP! 

REMAINDER OF QUESTIONNAIRE DOES NOT 

APPLY. PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN 

THE ENVELOPE PROVIDED. 

2 
5. Which of the following categories best describes your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment? (Check we) 

03 0 Sal0 practice 

02 0 Partnership practice If you have checked 02, 03, or 04, what is 

*the name of your GROUP, PARTNERSHIP 

c3 TV Group practice or NON-GROUP ARRANGEMENT? 

04 0 Arrangement with other physician(s): non-group Name of group: 

o s’ 0 Medical school (or pnrenf universifyl I 

o I 0 Non-governmental hospital 

07 u City or county government hospital 

08 0 City or county government other than hospiti4 

00 0 St‘ate government hospital 

10 0 State government other than hospital 

I 1 0 Federal government hospital (.Speci/y agency: 1 

t 2 0 Federal government other than hospital (.Speci/y agency: I 

(3 a Other- Not listed ahove (all types of insurance carriers, phannaceurical companies,~corporations, volun~ay organ&-. 

tions. medical societies, associarions, etc.). 

6. In your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment indicated in Item 5, are you PRIMARILY: 

(Check -

one) 

t 0 Self-employed 

z 0 Salaried employee (other thorn in training or in milila#y service) 

a 0 in &,e military S.-mice (o&r than intern or resident) 

4 n Intern - Civilian 

5 0 Intern - Military 

a 0 Resident or fellow - Civilian 

7 0 Resident or fellow - Militky 

7. How many WEEKS per year do you usually practice medicine ? (h&de patient care, teaching, research, and 

administration. Do not count vacations as weeks worked). 

(Weeks per year) 

8. How many HOURS per week do you usually practice medicine. 3 (Include patient care, teaching, research, and 

administration.) 

(Hours per week) 

9. APPROXIMATELY what PERCENT of the total number of hours per week, Indicated in Item 8, do you uiually spend 

in each of the foll&ing activities? 

a. % Clinical ophthalmology 

b. % Clitiical otorhinolaryngology 

C. % Other clinical medical activity 

d. % Teaching (Include hours spent in preparation) 

e. % Medical research 

f. % Administration, e.g.,,pmfessional associations, hospital medical staffs, etc. (Adminisrrarive duties 

related lo de medical care of your -OWN parients should be excluded in J’and included in 4 b. OI c.) 

g* % Other (@e&/y: I 

100 % TOTAL 

If 0% of your time is spent in CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (Item 90 above), _SfOP,and return questionnaire in the 

en3elope provided; otherwise continue. 

46 
10. ‘A. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALOMOLOGY pmctice, APPROXIMATELY how many- patient VISITS do you hove 

during o typical ?reek? (Include office oird hospital outpatient visits) 

(Approximate number 01 visits) 

6. APPROXIMATELY how many EYE PATIENTS does this represent ? (Patients with multiple visits should be 

counted only once.) 

(Appm+me number 01 patients) 

11. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of the sewices below ore rendered to your potients by you’or 

under your direction? 

(Check& that apply) 

Diagnostic examination (includesref~active procedures and mnome~ty) 

Medical tteatmetk 

Eye surgery 

Visual field examination and medical interpretation 

Fitting contact lenses 

Otthoptic training (any procedure to impmove acuity ot binocuulmi~y) 

Presctibing low vision aids (in&&s optical aids greater rhan +&a~ addition) 

Aniseikonic testing 

Tonography 

Other (Speci/y: 

12. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMdLOGY practice, which of the following categories best describes how you spend the 

GREATEST amount of your time? 

(Check one)

-

1 13 General ophthalmology, medical and surgical 

2 0 Cornea1 surgery 

3 0 Retinal surgery 

4 13 Pediatric ophthaImoIogy 

I 0 Ophthalmic pathology 

6 !Il Neuro-ophthalmology 

7 Cl Ocher (Specify: ) 

13. Whot is the totol number of office locations at which you currently practice CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY? 

(Number of Iocafions) 

47 
14. ‘In your PRINCIPAL FORM OF PRACTICE OR EMPLOYMENT, indicated in Item 5above, do you have supplementary 

personnel to ossi st, you? 

, 1.::I Yes 2 L:l No 

I 

t 

Please indicate the NUMBER in each category below for ALL offices combined which are related to your 

principal form of practice or employment. Include hospital personnel ONLY if your principal form of 

practice or employment is hospitol-based. 

(Persons who spend less than 75% of their time in any one category below should be counted in category d, 

ophthalmic medical assistant-general.) 

NUMBER WI10 WORKFULL-TIME NUMBERWHO WORKPART-TIMli 

(35 hours 01 mow per week) (Less than35 hours per weekJ 

FORYOIJ FOR YOUAND FORYOU FOR YOUAND 

AI.ONE ASSOCIATES ALONE ASSOCIATES 

a. Secretaries, receptionists, and 

other administrative personnel . . . . . . - . . . . -~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 

b. Registered nurses. . . , . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

C. Licensed practical nurses (or L.V.N.'s) - . . . . - ..- . . . . . . . . . 

d. Ophthalmic medical assistants-general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

e. Ophthalmic medical assistants-refractive - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

f. Optical fitters (including opticians) , . . - . . . . ..* . . . . . ..*. 

B* Contact lens technicians. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . - . . . . 

h. Optical technicians (laboratory -

ophthalmic or contact lenses) . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

i. Orthoptists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

i. Other clinical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

k. Optometrists (perform’ing refractions and 

prescribing lenses on dWN authority). . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 

%A. If you havr mod, rntrios under FOR YOU AND ASSOCIATES in the full-time or part-time columns in Itom 14 obovo, 

how many associates, COUNTING YOURSELF, share thoso porsonnsl? 

(Number of associates) 

6. Of those associates, how mony ore PHYSICIANS, COUNTING YOURSELF? 

(Number of physicians) 

C. Of theso physicians, how many ore OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, COUNTING YOURSELF? 

(Number of ophtbalmo1o~ist.s) 

COMMENTS - Genorol comments ore invited OS well OS comments on specific-items: 

I PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE STAMPED ENVELOPE PROVIDED. I 

48 
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DOCTORS OF OSTEOPATHY 

PHS-l-407-2 

REV. S-68 Form Appmved 

B&get BUWXI No. 6a-s66028 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREA” OF THE CENSUS 

ACTING As COLLECTlNG AGENT FOR THE 

US. PUBUC HEALTH SERVICE 

CONFIDFNTIAL: All-information which permits 

the identification of the individual will be held 

strictly confidemial, will be used solely by persons 

engaged in, and only for the purposes of the survey

and will riot bk disclosed or released to other 

persons or for any other purpose. 

SURVEY OF 

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS 

1. Is your name correct, and is the address aba your PRIMARY PLACE OF PRACTICE? 

1 0 Yes 

If no: please enter e correct information below: 

Name: Firsf Middle LIZ9 

Primary place of practice: Number street 

Cify 

2. Where were you born? 

3. Are you a citizen of the United States? (Please check appropriate box) 

I 0 Yes, Native Born z 0 Yes, Naturalized 3 0 No 

4. What degrees have you earned OTHER THAN Doctor of Osteopathy or Doctor of Medicine? (Check -a// that opp/y) 

I q Docrorate (Specify Major FieI& ) 

i 0 Master’s (Specify Major Field: ) 

a 0 Bachelor’s (Specify Major Field ) 

4 0 Qcber(Speci~y: ) 

5 0 None 

5. In which States do you currently hold an ACTIVE LICENSEto pmctice osteopathic medicine? 

6. Are you CURRENTLY ACTIVE in osteopathic medicine. ? (Include patient care, teaching, research and administration). 

NO, Not aczive in osreopathic medicine 

: rif;;D;f:f: : ri;o, Retired , 

mnder of,questionnaire does not apply. Please 

return questionnaire in the envelope provided. 

49 

I 
7. Which of the following categories best describes your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment? 

I 

(Check one)

-

01 0 Solo practice 

02 0 Partnership practice I If you hove checked 02, 03, or 04, what is 

03 0 Group practice l the name of your GROUP, PARTNERSHIP 

04 0 Arrangement with other physician(s): non-group I or NON-GROUP ARRANGEMENT? 

05 0 Osteopathic medical school (or parent university) 

00 13 Non-governmental hospital Name of group: 

07 0 City or county government hospital 

08 0 City or couney government other than hospital 

09 0 State government hospital 

I o 0 State government ocher than hospital 

1 I 0 FederaI government hospital ( Speci/y agency: ) 

(2 [J Federal government other than hospital (Specify agency: ) 

1 s I-J Other-Not listed above (all types o/ insurance carriers, pharmaceutical companies, corporations, 

voluntary organizations, medical societies, asso’ciations. etc.). 

8. In your PRINCIPAL form of practice or employment indicated in Item 7, are you PRIMARILY: 

(Check one) 

1 0 Sefzmployed 

2 0 Salaried employee (Other than in training or in military service) 

J 0 In the military service (Other than intern or resident) 

4 0 Intern - Civilian 

5 0 Intern - Military 

B 0 Resident or fellow - Civilian 

7 0 Resident or fellow - Military 

9. How many WEEKS per year do you usually practice osteopathic medicine? (Include patient care, teaching, 

research, or administration. Do not count vacations as weeks worked.) 

(Weeks per year) 

10. How many HOURS per week do you usually practice osteopathic Tedicine ? (Include ,patiemt care, teaching, 

research, or administration.) 

(Hours per week) 

11. APPROXIMATELY what PERCENT of the total number of hours per week, indicated in Item 10, do you usually 

spend in each of the following activities? 

a. % Clinical ophthalmology 

b. % Clinical otorhinolaryngology 

C. % Other clinical osteopathic medical activity 

d. % Teaching (Include hours spent in preparation.) 

e. % Osteopathic medical research 

f. % Administration, e.g., professional associations, hospital medical staffs, etc. (Administrative 

duties related to the medical care o/ your OWN patients sbbuld be excluded in / and included 

in a, b, or c.) 

& % Other (Specify ,) 

100 % TOTAL 

lf 0% of your time is spent in CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (It em 7 1 a. above) STOP, and return questionnaire 

in the envelope provided; otherwise continue. 

1*

50 
12. A. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, APPROXIMATELY how many EYE patient VISITS do you have 

during a typical week? (Include office and hospital outpatient visits.) 

(Approximate number o/ visits) 

0. APPROXIMATELY how many EYE PATIENTS d oes this represent? (Patients with multiple visits should be 

counted only once.) 

(Approximate number of patients) 

13. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of the services below are rendered to your patients by you 

or under your direction? 

(Check -all that op$y) 

o I 0 Diagnostic examination (Includes refractive procedures and tonometry) 

02 0 Medical treatment 

03 0 Eye surgery 

04 [7 Visual field examination and medical interpretation 

01 0 Fitting contact lenses 

D6 0 Orehoptic training (Any procedure to improve acuity ot binocularity) 

07 0 Prescribing low vision aids (Includes optical aids greater than t4.00 addition) 

08 0 Aniseikonic testing 

o 9 0 Tonography 

I o Q Other (Speci/y: 

14. In your CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY practice, which of the following categories best describes how you spend 

the GREATEST amount of your time? 

(Check -one) 

1 0 General ophthalmology, medical and surgical 

2 n Coomeal surgery 

3 17 Retinal surgery 

4 0 Pediatric ophthalmology 

3 0 Ophthalmic pathology 

e 0 Neum-ophthalmology 

7 0 Other (Specify: ) 

15: What is the total number of office locations at which you currently practice CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY? 

(Number o/ locations) 

51 
. 

-- 

16. 1In your PdlNCIPAL FORM OF PRACTICE OR EMPLOYMENT, indicated in Item 7 above, do )k~.have suqplemenlhry 

personnel to assist you? 

Please indicate the NUMBER in each tiategory belaw for ALL offices combined which are related to your 

principal form of practice or emplbyment. Include hospital personnel ONLY if’your principal form of 

practice or employment is hospital-based. 

(Persons who spend less than 75% of their time in any one category below should be counted in category d, 

ophthalmic medical assistant-general.) 

NUMBER WHO WORK FULL-TIME NUMBER WHQ WORK PART-TIME 

(35 hours or more per week) (Less than 35 bouts per week,) 

FORYOU FORYOUAND FORYOU FORYOU AND 

ALONE ASSOCIATES ALONE ASSOCIATES 

a. Secretaries, receptionists, and 

other administrative personnel . . . . . ~ . . . . - . . . . . . . . - . . . . 

b. Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . 

c. Licensed practical nurses (or L.V.N.‘s) -, . . . . - . _ _ . . . . . . . . . 

d. Ophthalmic medical assistants-general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

e. Ophthalmic medical assistants-refractive - . . . . ,- . . . . . . . . - . . . . 

f. Optical fitters (including opticians) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

g. Contact lens technicians. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

h. Optical technicians (laboratory -

ophthalmic or contact lenses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

i. Orthoptists. ............................... ......... 

j. Other clinical assistants. ..................... ......... 

k. Optometrists {performing refractions and 

prescribing lenses on OWN authority). . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 

17A. If you have made entries under FOR YOU AND ASSOCIATES in the,full-time or part-time columns’ in Item 16 above, 

how many associates, COUNTING YOURSELF, share these personnel? 

(Number o/ nssociafes) 

B. Of these associates, how many are PHYSICIANS, COUNTING YOURSELF? 

(Numbet oj pbysician~J 

C. Of these physicians, how many are OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, COUNTING YOURSELF? 

(Number of ophthalmologists) 

COMMENTS - General comments are invited OS well as cominents on’specific items: 

I PLEASE RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE STAMPED ENVELOPE PROVIDED. I 

52 

ZI U. 8. ‘iOVERNM&NT PRINTIN OFFICE : 1913 51%212/47 
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATION SERIES 

Originally Public Health Service Publication No. 1000 

Series 1. Programs and collection procedures.- Reports which describe the general programs of the National 

Center for Health Statistics and irs offices anddivisions, data collection methods used, definitions, 

and other material necessary for understanding the data. 

Series 2. Data evaluation and methods research .-Studies of new statistical methodology including: experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical 

techniques; objective evaluations of reliability of collecteddata, contributions to statistical theory. 

Sem’es 3. Analytical studies .-Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies basedon vital and health 

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expositorytypes of reports in the other series. 

Series 4. Documents and committee reports .-Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and 

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised 

birth and death certificates. 

Series 10. Data f;rom the Health Interview Swvev .-Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disabili~, use 

of hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data 

collected in a continuing national household interview survey. 

Series 11. Data from the Health Examination Swvey. -Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement. of national samples of the civilian, noninstitutionalpopulation provide the basis for two types 

of reports: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United 

States and the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships amotig the various measurements without 

reference to an explicit finite universe of persons. 

Series 12. Data from the Institutional Population Surveys .-Statistics relating tothe health characteristics of 

persons in institutions, and their medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on national 

samples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients. 

Series 13. Data from the Hospital Dischaqe Survey. -Statistics relating to discharged patients in short-stay 

hospirals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals. 

Series 14. Data on health yesowces: manpower and facilities .-Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians,dentists, nurses, other health 

occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities. 

Series 20. Dab on mortality.-Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or 

monthly reports-special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also 

geographic and time series analyses. 

Series 21. Data on natality, marriage, amd divorce. -Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce 

other than as includeg in regular annual or monthly reports--special analyses by demographic 

variables, also geographic and time series analyses, studies of fertility. 

Series 22. Data from the National Natality and Moviulity Swveys.- Statistics on characteristics of births 

and deaths ‘not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stemming from these 

records, including such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, hospital experience in the 

last year of life, medical care during pregnancy, health insurance coverage, etc. 

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Office of Information 

National Center for Health Statistics 

Public Health Service, HSMHA 

Rockville, Md. 20852