739=

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 739

The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: 

Background Information to Accompany Folio of 

Geologic and Mineral Resource Maps of the 

McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska
The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program 

Background Information to Accompany Folio of 

Geologic and Mineral Resource Maps of the 

McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska

By E. M. MacKevett, Jr., N. R. D. Albert, D. F. Barnes, 

J. E. Case, Keith Robinson, and D. A. Singer

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 739

1977
United States Department off the Interior

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

Geological Survey

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 77-73038

Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey 

1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Ma. 22202
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ________________________ 1

Introduction _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ______ 1

Purpose and scope ___________ 1

Geography and access __________ 2

Acknowledgments __________________ 3

Summary of mineral exploration and production _ 4

Geologic investigations ________________ 5

Early investigations _______________ 5

Recent investigations ___________ 6

Geologic and tectonic summary ___________ 6

Scenic and environmental aspects _________ 9

Page

Maps of the McCarthy quadrangle folio _ 9

Geology - 9

Mineral deposits, occurrences, and resources- 9

Geophysics ___ 10

Aeromagnetic map and interpretation 10

Gravity ______ 10

Geochemistry __ _ _________ 11

Interpretation of Landsat imagery 13

Land status _ 14

References cited ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ 14

Bibliography __-___ 16

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1. Index map of Alaska showing location of McCarthy quadrangle _____

2. Map showing McCarthy quadrangle and nearby parts of Alaska and 

Canada ___________________________ __ _

3. Reference map showing the 32 15-minute quadrangles that constitute 

the McCarthy 1° by 3° quadrangle and the published l:63,360-scale 

geologic maps ___________________________________

4. Map showing geologic terranes in the McCarthy quadrangle ___ ___

Page

2

TABLE

TABLE 1. Component maps of the McCarthy quadrangle mineral resource assessment _____________________ ___ ___

Page

in
The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: 

Background Information to Accompany Folio of 

Geologic and Mineral Resource Maps of the 

McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska

By E. M. MacKevett, Jr., N. R. D. Albert, D. F. Barnes, 

J. E. Case, Keith Robinson, and D. A. Singer

ABSTRACT

The McCarthy 1° by 3° quadrangle, in eastern southcentral Alaska, contains potentially significant resources 

of copper and possibly of a few other commodities. This 

circular and a companion folio of maps represent results 

of integrated field and laboratory studies in the disciplines of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and satellite imagery that are designed to provide a modern 

mineral resources assessment of the quadrangle. The 

maps are accompanied by descriptive texts, explanatory 

material, pertinent references, and by a few auxiliary 

tables and diagrams. This circular provides background 

information for the mineral resource assessment and integrates the component maps. It also includes a master 

list of references (see "Bibliography") relevant to the 

geology and mineral deposits of the quadrangle.

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This circular and the companion folio of related maps focus on providing modern, realistic estimates of the mineral resources and 

mineral resources potential of the McCarthy 

1° by 3° quadrangle. The report was prepared 

under the auspices of the Alaskan Mineral Resources Assessment Program (AMRAP). 

Under AMRAP sponsorship a multidisciplinary 

team of earth scientists completed field investigations of the quadrangle during 1974 and the 

relevant laboratory and office studies during 

1975. However, many of the fundamental geologic data were obtained during extensive investigations of the McCarthy quadrangle during the 1960's and early 1970's. The report 

also utilizes results of previous geologic investigations, notably those of F. H. Moffit and 

his co-workers. Moffit's studies during the early 

part of the century provide a nucleus of sound 

geologic information, and he well deserves our 

admiration and appreciation. Pertinent results 

of all the investigations, including those of the 

earlier geologists, are incorporated in the folio 

and this circular.

The folio consists of 15 maps that provide information on the geology, geochemistry, geophysics, telegeology, mineral resources, and 

land status of the quadrangle (table 1). The 

prime intent of the folio and circular is to 

furnish valid mineral resource data that are 

requisites for judicious land-use planning and 

a sound long-term national minerals policy. 

Other aims are to provide information germane 

to prudent minerals exploration and to enhance the geologic knowledge of the region. The 

report represents our attempt to integrate the 

most factual and fundamental data available 

that relate to the quadrangle's mineral resources, commensurate with limitations of 

knowledge and technology. Consequently, the 

report contains information from several disciplines including many of the diverse specialties 

of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and telegeology. In addition, this circular contains an 

extensive bibliography relevant to geologic aspects of the McCarthy quadrangle, and maps 

in the folio contain references applicable to their 

subject matter. The liberal use of citations 

should enable the interested reader to obtain 

additional information on specific topics.
TABLE 1. Component maps of the McCarthy quadrangle 

mineral resource assessment

U.S. Geological Survey

Miscellaneous Field Studies

(MF) Map

Subject

MF-773-A (MacKevett, 1976a, 

1977). i

-B (MacKevett, 1976b)_.

-C (Singer and MacKevett, 1976).

-D (Case and MacKevett, 

1976).

-E (Barnes and Morin, 

1976).

-F (Robinson and others, 

1976a).

-G (Robinson and others, 

1976b).

-H (Robinson and others, 

1976c).

-I (Robinson and others, 

1976d).

-J (Robinson and others, 

1976e)

-K (Robinson and others, 

1976f)

-L (Robinson and others, 

1976g)

-M (Robinson and others, 

1976h)

-N (Albert and Steele, 

1976)

-O (U.S. Geological Survey, 1976b)

Geology.

Mineral deposits and occurrences. 

Mineral resources.

Aeromagnetic map and interpretation. 

Gravity map.

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of copper in

stream sediments. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of lead in stream

sediments. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of gold in stream

sediments. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of arsenic and

mercury in stream sediments. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of molybdenum in

rocks and veins. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of silver in rocks

and veins. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of gold in rocks

and veins. 

Geochemical distribution and

abundance of arsenic in

rocks and veins. 

Interpretation of satellite

imagery. 

Land status.

1 U.S. Geological Survev Miscellaneous Field Studies Mans are 

printed in black and white; a companion multicolored Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Series Map of this component 

(MacKevett, 1977) is in press.

GEOGRAPHY AND ACCESS

The McCarthy quadrangle includes about 

17,910 km2 (6,915 mi2 ) in eastern south-central 

Alaska (figs. 1 and 2). The quadrangle is 

bounded by the 61° and 62° parallels and by the 

141° and 144° meridians. It is dominated by

FIGURE 1. Index map of Alaska showing location of 

McCarthy quadrangle.

the lofty and spectacular Wrangell Mountains. 

These mountains and their subsidiary ranges 

trend about N. 75° W. across most of the quadrangle. To the southeast they merge into the 

St. Elias Mountains and the Icefield Ranges of 

Canada. The northeastern part of the quadrangle contains part of the Duke Depression 

as well as irregular hills of moderate relief with 

intermontane valleys that are part of the 

Mentasta-Nutzotin Mountain segment of the 

eastern Alaska Range (Wahrhaftig, 1965, p. 

35, pi. 1). In the southern part of the quadrangle, the Chitina Valley, which is part of the 

Copper River Lowland, separates the Wrangell-St. Elias physiographic complex from 

frontal ranges of the Chugach Mountains to 

the south.

The Chitina River is the master drainage 

artery for most of the quadrangle. It joins the 

Copper River near Chitina; the Copper discharges into- the Gulf of Alaska near Cordova. 

A small area in the western part of the quadrangle is drained by the Kotsina River, which 

flows directly into the Copper River. Some 

northern parts of the quadrangle are drained 

by the White River, its tributaries, and tributaries of the Tanana River. To a large extent 

the rivers are nourished by the many large 

valley glaciers that emanate from the partly 

ice- and snow-bound mountainous upland terrains.

Topographic relief in the quadrangle is extreme. Several lofty, mainly volcanic, peaks of 

the Wrangell Mountains are more than 3,500 m 

(11,483 ft) high, and the two highest peaks, 

Mount Bona and Mount Blackburn, have altitudes of 5,005 m (16,421 ft) and 4,996 m 

(16,390 ft), respectively. The lowest areas, 

near the western boundary of the quadrangle 

along the Chitina River, have altitudes of 

about 250 m (820 ft).

Population in the quadrangle is sparse and 

fluctuates seasonally. It is centered at McCarthy, which has about 20 permanent residents. A few people reside at May Creek, in the 

Nizina River valley, near Long Lake, an4 during some years, elsewhere in the quadrangle. 

The transient population increases markedly 

during summer months owing to an influx of 

tourists, vacationers, summer residents, hunters and guides, personnel related to minerals
exploration, and diverse scientists and nature 

enthusiasts.

A gravel road, about 97 km (60 mi) long, 

links McCarthy with the Alaska highway system at Chitina. This road, which follows the 

grade of the former railroad that served the 

Kennecott mines, is subject to slides, washouts, and damaged bridges and is, at times, imipassable. Subsidiary roads extend from McCarthy to Kennicott and from McCarthy to 

May Creek and thence to nearby placer gold 

workings. During recent years damage to the 

Nizina River bridge has precluded road transportation between McCarthy and May Creek. 

A few other short roads are used intermittently, mainly in connection with minerals exploration, but generally these are in disrepair 

and require 4-wheel-drive vehicles. Scheduled 

air service is maintained between McCarthy 

and Chitina on at least a weekly basis. Much

64

travel within and throughout the region is by 

means of small private or chartered fixed-wing 

aircraft. The more remote and rugged areas 

are best reached by helicopter. Some transportation is accomplished by horses, snow vehicles, or walking. The quadrangle's climate is 

rigorous and marked by long, cold winters; 

however, warm temperate conditions prevail at 

lower altitudes during much of the summer 

and early fall.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Geologic investigations in the McCarthy 

quadrangle have benefited from the participation of numerous earth scientists, whose many 

important contributions are gratefully acknowledged. The project's overall accomplishments represent the combined efforts of many 

co-workers including project personnel, shortterm visiting scientists, and laboratory special100_____[SO KILOMETERS

FIGURE 2. Map showing McCarthy quadrangle (shaded) and nearby parts of Alaska and Canada.

3
ists. All are worthy of individual acknowledgment, but in order to avoid repetition, citations 

of their contributions are confined to the bibliography, specific maps such as map MF-773A, 

and figure 3. Even so, it would be remiss not 

to mention specifically a few geologists who 

made exceptional contributions. These include 

D. L. Jones, whose expertise in paleontology 

and stratigraphy was instrumental in understanding the geology of the diverse Cretaceous 

sedimentary sequences, and whose perceptive 

and stimulating ideas were important in relating the quadrangle's tectonic history to plate 

tectonic models; D. H. Richter, who headed 

geologic investigations in the northeastern part 

of the quadrangle and made valuable geologic 

interpretations; George Plafker, whose knowledge of the regional geology, particularly its 

structural aspects, was an important asset; and 

G. R. Winkler, who made many significant contributions in the field and laboratory during 

his long tenure on the project. Tribute is also 

paid to the memories of an outstanding Alaskan geologist, Don J. Miller, and his field assistant, R. S. MacColl, who drowned while 

mapping in the McCarthy A-4 quadrangle.

The cooperation of many people engaged in 

minerals exploration, particularly L. H. Greene, 

P. R. Holdsworth, and the late J. P. McKee, is 

appreciated. Geologic investigations in remote 

rugged areas are enhanced by the help of local 

residents, particularly with regard to logistics, 

geographic nomenclature, and local history. 

Our work was facilitated by a high degree of 

cooperation from local people, particularly the 

late Walter Holmes and his widow, Teresa, 

Tom and Molly Gilmore, "Bud" Bowen, J. L. 

Wilson, and C. H. Schulze. During early stages 

of fieldwork, competent and reliable fixed-wing 

aircraft service was provided by Jack Wilson 

(Wilson's Flying Service, Gulkana) and by 

Howard Knutson (Howard's Flying Service, 

Chitina). Most of the fieldwork was helicopter 

supported.

The preparation of this report also benefited 

from the efficient office and laboratory assistance of A. L. Cantelow and C. D. Holloway, 

and the advice and counsel of H. C. Berg, manager of the AMRAP program. M. E. Yount, 

using computer-assisted methods, prepared the 

bibliography, and F. A. Wahl was instrumental

in integrating and processing the folio components for publication.

SUMMARY OF MINERAL EXPLORATION 

AND PRODUCTION

The metal output from the Kennecott mines 

far overshadows other mineral production 

from the quadrangle. During their major operations, between 1913 and 1938, the Kennecott 

mines produced about 1.2 billion pounds of copper and 9 million troy ounces of byproduct silver from 4,626,000 tons of ore that averaged 

about 13 percent copper (Douglass, 1964, p. 

11). Intermittent small-scale production from 

the mines since 1938 accounted for another apiproximately 2,000 tons of high-grade copper 

ore, mainly selectively mined by surficial operations. Production data for the otheft* copper 

mines are less accurately known. Prior to its 

acquisition by the Kennecott Copper Corporation in 1919, -the Mother Lode mine produced 

several thousand tons of high-grade coppelr ore 

and some byproduct silver. Several other copper mines that have been worked on a small 

scale produced a few thousand tons of highgrade copper ore with subordinate silver. Of 

these, the Green Butte was the largest producer, and the Peavine, which made a small 

shipment in 1973, the most recently active.

Gold production is dominated by placers of 

the Nizina district. Prioir to 1959 these deposits 

produced about 143,440 troy ounces of gold 

(Koschmann and Bergendahl, 1968, p. 14). 

Slightly more than half of this production was 

from Chititu Creek and its tributaries, and the 

remainder was la'rgely from Dan Creek and 

its tributaries. Dan and Chititu Creek placers 

have been worked seasonally on a small scale 

since 1959 and account for minor additional 

production. The Golconda Creek placers produced between 2,000 and 3,000 troy ounces of 

gold. The gold placers also produced small, but 

unknown, amounts of silver. Lode gold production consists of approximately 750 troy ounces 

of gold from the Yellowband mine and substantially lesser amounts from nearby properties of the Bremner Mining Company.' The 

Midas mine also produced small amounts of 

gold and silver. About 60 troy ounces of lode 

gold were mined from an undisclosed source in 

the Nizina district, probably the Crumb Gulch
prospects. During recent years, native copper 

nuggets, mainly collected from residues of 

Nizina district gold placers, have had minor use 

in Alaska jewelry and curios.

The following historical account is, in part, 

summarized., from Moffit and Capps (1911, p. 

75, 76) and Douglass (1964). Native copper, 

largely derived from the quadrangle, was used 

by several Alaskan native tribes and represents 

the earliest known minerals-related activity in 

the quadrangle. Prospecting in the region dates 

from the late 1890's when a few prospectors 

digressed from the Valdez approach to the 

Klondike goldfields and explored parts of the 

Chitina Valley. The location of the Nikolai 

prospect was revealed to prospectors by emissaries of Chief Nikolai, and exploration commenced during the summer of 1900. Two miners 

engaged in the Nikolai exploration discovered 

the outcrop of the Bonanza lode in August 

1900. Their find represents the initial discovery 

of a Kennecott-type deposit and is a milestone 

in the region's history. A. C. Spencer of the 

U.S. Geological Survey independently found 

the Bonanza lode later in August while mapping in what he thought was unexplored terrain. The other major Kennecott deposits and 

many other copper deposits that were found 

during the next few years reflect the intense 

prospecting incited by the Bonanza discovery.

Stephen Birch acquired early control of the 

properties that were to be consolidated into the 

Kennecott mines and, with financial backing of 

Guggenheim-Morgan interests, formed a company for their development. The company took 

its name from the nearby Kennicott Glacier, 

which was named by Rohn (1900) for Robert 

Kennicott, a pioneer surveyor, but somehow, 

probably inadvertently, an "e" was substituted

for the in "Kennicott". Developing the

mines met with seemingly insurmountable, 

mainly logistic, obstacles. By 1911 a 316-km 

(196-mi)-long company railroad that linked the 

mines with the seaport of Cordova was completed. The construction and maintenance of 

the railroad, which crosses major rivers and 

much unstable terrain, represented a remarkable engineering feat. The railroad provided 

practical access to parts of the quadrangle and 

stimulated prospecting. The period of major 

mining at the Kennecott mines, between 1913

and 1938, was accompanied by the influx of 

several hundred people to the company town, 

Kennicott, and its satellitic community, McCarthy.

The initial placer gold locations were made 

at Dan and Golconda Creeks in 1901 and at 

Chititu Creek in 1902. Prospecting has waxed 

and waned since the early exploration impulses, 

but most mineral locations in the quadrangle 

were made prior to 1920. A flurry of prospecting in northeastern parts of the quadrangle 

during 1913 and 1914 reflects spinoff of the 

Chisana gold rush that centered in nearby parts 

of the adjacent Nabesna quadrangle. Similar 

surges in prospecting activity have recurred 

elsewhere in the quadrangle. During the past 

20 years, helicopter-supported prospecting and 

exploration activities of mining company geologists and their consultants have largely supplanted the roles of traditional individual prospectors. Recent exploration, augmented by geochemistry and geophysics, has focused mainly 

on discovering Kennecott-type copper lodes or 

porphyry copper deposits. However, most of 

it has been of reconnaissance nature or local 

extent. Some modern exploration includes 

petroleum-related stratigraphic studies and 

uranium prospecting. As far as is known no 

major discoveries have been made during recent years; however, several discoveries, including some resulting from our investigations, 

are of potential significance and require additional exploration for meaningful appraisals.

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS

EARLY INVESTIGATIONS

The earliest recorded geologic data from the 

quadrangle were incidental products of two 

pioneering U.S. Army expeditions into the unexplored region. The first, under the direction 

of Lt. H. T. Alien, was during 1885 (Alien, 

1887), and the second, which was led by Lt. 

Frederick Schwatka and included geologist C. 

W. Hayes, was during 1891 (Hayes, 1892). 

The earliest geologic expedition into the area 

was led by Oscar Rohn in 1899 (Rohn, 1900).

Systematic geologic investigations of the region by the U.S. Geological Survey commenced 

in 1900 and have continued intermittently. 

Most pre-World War II studies were by F. H.
Moffit and his co-workers, and they provide a 

wealth of basic geologic information. Reports 

resulting from these studies are listed in the 

"Bibliography" and in Moffit's (1938) bulletin. Moffit's protracted interest in the area provides a sound framework for subsequent geologic studies. The early investigations were 

mainly directed toward regional geology or 

mining districts, but they included some topical 

studies. A few notable contributions, such as 

Bateman and McLaughlin's (1920) outstanding 

report on Kennecott ore deposits, were by company-affiliated geologists.

RECENT INVESTIGATIONS

Post-World War II geologic studies include 

the U.S. Geological Survey's Wrangell Mountains project and other mainly governmentsponsored topical investigations as well as 

studies supported by universities, mining and 

petroleum companies, and other private interests. Results of most company-sponsored investigations are unpublished.

Inasmuch as the Wrangell Mountains project 

provides the nucleus of geologic information 

for this AMRAP circular and folio, it will be 

described in some detail. The project, under 

the direction of E. M. MacKevett, Jr., began 

in 1960 and continued intermittently until 

1974, when field work was completed under the 

Prototype Alaskan Minerals Resource Assessment Program (PAMRAP). Although the project's scope and aims have varied, they fundamentally consisted of geologic mapping of the 

McCarthy 1° by 3° quadrangle, detailed geologic mapping of critical 15-minute quadrangles, and related topical studies aimed 

mainly at mineral deposits. The primary purposes of the project were to:

1. Produce modern multipurpose geologic 

maps,

2. Obtain reliable geologic information on the 

quadrangle's mineral deposits and mineral resources, and

3. Obtain pertinent structural and stratigraphic information that are requisites 

for understanding the regional geologic 

and tectonic histories of large parts of 

south-central Alaska and nearby Canada 

 the quadrangle is a key area for such 

information, as it contains well-developed

stratigraphic successions, major faults, 

and igneous rocks that are all of regional 

significance.

These objectives have been largely achieved, 

and the pertinent results have been published 

or are being prepared for publication. The McCarthy 1° by 3° quadrangle and its 32 component 15-minute quadrangles are shown in 

figure 3, which also indicates the 15-minute 

(l:63,360-scale) maps that have been published. Sufficient geologic data are available for 

1:63,360-scale maps of the C-7, C-8, and several other 15-minute quadrangles, and we intend to publish many of them. Besides the 

geologic maps, project work has resulted in 

many topical reports, which are listed in the 

bibliography. In addition to preparing the 

maps, laboratory and office studies are continuing on several topical investigations of the 

genesis of Kennecott-type copper deposits. Such 

studies include: isotope investigations under 

the direction of M. L. Silberman; sulfide mineralogy and fluid inclusions by R. W. Potter, 

and detailed petrography and stratigraphy of 

the carbonate host rock for the ore by A. K. 

Armstrong.

GEOLOGIC AND TECTONIC SUMMARY

The McCarthy quadrangle comprises four 

distinctive fault-bounded geologic terranes (fig. 

4). Most of the quadrangle is underlain by 

rocks of the Taku-Skolai terrane (as defined 

by Berg and others, 1972), which is floored by 

upper Paleozoic oceanic crust. The Border 

Ranges fault (MacKevett and Plafker, 1974) 

marks the southern boundary of the TakuSkolai terrane and separates it from the Valdez 

Group (Jurassic? 1 and Cretaceous) metamorphosed flysch that underlies southwestern parts 

of the quadrangle (fig. 4, area A). The Totschunda fault system (Richter and Matson, 

1971) separates two regions that, although 

underlain by Taku-Skolai terrane, had different 

late Mesozoic geologic histories. Southwest of 

the Totschunda (fig. 4, area B), pre-Jurassic 

Taku-Skolai rocks are overlain by f ossilif erous,

1 No fossils have been found in the Valdez Group in the McCathy quadrangle. Rocks elsewhere in southern Alaska that are 

interpreted as correlative with the Valdez Group have yielded 

Early Cretaceous radiolaria and sparsely distributed Late Cretaceous megafossils (Plafker and others, 1977). Hence the Valdez 

Group is probably entirely Cretaceous in age, but the Jurassic (?) 

and Cretaceous age designation is retained to conform with previous usage in the McCarthy quadrangle.
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FIGURE 3. Reference map showing the 32 15-minute quadrangles that constitute the McCarthy 1° by 3° quadrangle

and the published l:63,360-scale geologic maps (shaded).

mainly shallow marine, sedimentary rocks that 

include local Jurassic rocks and widespread 

Cretaceous rocks of the Matanuska-Wrangell 

terrane (Berg and others, 1972, p. D17). 

Northeast of the Totschunda (fig. 4, area C), 

pre-Jurassic Taku-Skolai rocks are overlain 

mainly by turbidites and andesitic volcanic and 

volcaniclastic rocks of the Middle (?) Jurassic 

to Lower Cretaceous Gravina-Nutzotin belt 

(Berg and others, 1972).

The Kaskawulsh Group of Kindle (1953) 

underlies the southeastern part of the quadrangle (fig. 4, area D). It is mainly a multiply 

folded low-grade metamorphic sequence that 

constitutes the westernmost known exposures 

of Berg, Jones, and Richter's (1972) Alexander 

terrane. The Kuskawulsh, which consists of 

allochthonous Paleozoic rocks that probably 

represent old continental crust, is fault bounded 

and tectonically justaposed against the TakuSkolai terrane. However, at many places, contact relations between the two terranes are 

complicated by upper Paleozoic granitic plutons or are covered by surficial deposits or ice.

Older parts of the Taku-Skolai terrane represent an upper Paleozoic island arc that 

formed directly on oceanic crust. Paleomag1- 

netic and structural data (Richard Doell, 

unpub. data, 1975; Jones and others, 1976) 

suggest that the Taku-Skolai and Alexander 

terranes both are allochthonous with respect 

to coeval rocks north of the Denali fault and 

that the Taku-Skolai terrane originated at low 

paleolatitudes in the proto-Pacific Ocean. 

Warm climates are further suggested by relict 

evaporites and sabkha facies in the Chiti stone 

Limestone (Late Triassic) and by some of the 

fossil assemblages. When and how the TakuSkolai and Alexander terranes were justaposed 

are not well understood, but their coupling may
BORDER

FIGURE 4. Geologic terranes in the McCarthy quadrangle. The area is underlain by A, metamorphosed 

Valdez Group (Jurassic? and Cretaceous) flysch; B, 

Taku-Skolai terrane, upper Mesozoic rocks of the 

Matanuska-Wrangell marine sedimentary sequence, 

and Chitina Valley batholith (Jurassic), extensively 

mantled by Wrangell Lava (Cenozoic); C, TakuSkolai terrane and upper Mesozoic rocks of the 

Gravina-Nutzotin belt that include turbidites, andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, and Cretaceous 

granitic intrusive rocks, widely capped by Wrangell 

Lava; and D, Alexander terrane (Kaskawulsh Group 

of Kindle, 1953) and Wrangell Lava.

have started during the late Paleozoic and 

probably was completed during the Early Cretaceous.

Emergent conditions prevailed from the Late 

Permian to the Middle^ Triassic, when local 

marine sedimentation within Taku-Skolai terrane was succeeded by the largely subaerial 

volcanism of the Nikolai Greenstone. The 

Nikolai represents an extensive and voluminous 

lava field, and it and its feeder gabbroic bodies 

reflect tensional tectonics that tapped deepseated magma. A marginal sea developed on 

parts of the widespread emergent Nikolai plafcform during the Late Triassic and, locally 

within area B (fig. 4), persisted until late in 

the Jurassic. However, during the Late Jurassic a different depositional environment, characterized by turbidite deposition in a successor 

basin, developed northeast of the Totschunda 

fault (fig. 4, area C).

Major orogenesis began during the Late 

Jurassic and probably culminated in the Early

Cretaceous. The orogenesis was accompanied by 

the development of the Border Ranges fault, 

which is interpreted as a plate boundary along 

which the ocean ward deep-water flysch was 

underthrust beneath Taku-Skolai rocks. Compressive forces, probably tectonically related to 

the Border Ranges faulting", generated a series 

of thrust faults within the upper plate (TakuSkolai) rocks and superjacent lower parts or 

the Matanuska-Wrangell sequence. These 

faults, which are widespread along the southern flank of the Wrangell Mountains and 

throughout the Chitina Valley, document 

south to north overthrusting. The formation 

of the Kotsina Conglomerate and the Chitina 

Valley batholith was synchronous with some of 

the Late Jurassic erogenic activity. The 

orogeny continued into the Early Cretaceous 

and, in places, strongly deformed pre-Albian 

parts of the Matanuska-Wrangell sedimentary 

sequence.

The divergent late Mesozoic geologic history 

of the quadrangle is exemplified by deep-sea 

flysch deposits south of the Border Ranges fault 

(fig. 4, area A), shallow-marine sedimentary 

rocks and plutonic rocks between the Border 

Ranges fault and the Totschunda fault system 

(fig. 4, area B), and turbidites and extrusive 

and intrusive igneous rocks northeast of the 

Totschunda (fig. 4, area C). Parts of the quadrangle were intermittently emergent during the 

late Mesozoic, and by the close of the era 

emergent conditions prevailed. The emergence 

reflects epeirogenesis that was locally accomplished by minor faulting and gentle folding.

The Cenozoic history is dominated by extrusive products of Wrangell Lava volcanism that 

are widespread north of the Border Ranges 

fault. Widely distributed shallow-seated plutons are related to the Wrangell Lava volcanism. The Wrangell Lava and its associated subvolcanic plutons are interpreted as effects of 

northward-directed oblique underthrusting of 

the Pacific plate beneath the continent. The 

minor Cenozoic fault activity is mainly reflected by the Totschunda fault system, which 

connects with the Duke River fault of the 

Yukon Territory and bridges a major segment 

of the Denali fault system, and by the Border 

Ranges fault. The modern landscape of the region, to a large extent, is a product of glacia8
tion and glacier-related processes combined 

with Wrangell Lava volcanism.

SCENIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

The quadrangle's spectacular and diverse 

scenery largely reflects its geology and the effects of geologic processes. The Wrangell 

Mountains, with their lofty volcanic peaks accentuating a snow- and ice-clad upland, provide an exceptional panorama. Landscape features produced by glaciation are exceptionally 

well developed. Such features, combined with 

Cenozoic volcanism and the extreme topographic relief, make the quadrangle an outstanding 

natural laboratory for Quaternary studies. The 

quadrangle contains striking examples of valley 

and alpine glaciers, seracs, rock glaciers, and 

a variety of moraines. The walls of several deep 

glacially carved valleys furnish remarkable geologic cross sections that, besides being scenic, 

provide insight into the area's geologic history. 

Many Quaternary features are still being 

formed or modified a partial manifestation of 

the rigorous climate and high relief. The quadrangle contains many excellent and well-exposed 

examples of faults and folds, unconformities, 

and well-developed stratigraphic and volcanic 

successions; these have scenic as well as scientific merit. Waterfalls, lakes, ponds, and a 

variety of streams that range from silt-clogged 

rivers to sparkling clear creeks, enhance the 

landscape. The multitude of exceedingly well 

developed scenic and geomorphic features deserves both scientific interest and an appreciation of their intrinsic beauty, as well as serious 

consideration in land-use designations.

MAPS OF THE McCARTHY QUADRANGLE 

FOLIO

GEOLOGY

(map MF-773-A)

The geology of the McCarthy quadrangle is 

shown on the geologic map (MF-733-A) and, 

in a generalized version, on base maps for many 

of the folio components, such as Map MF-773- 

B. A colored replica of the geologic map is being 

published in the U.S. Geological Survey's Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations map series. 

More detailed geologic information than is summarized in this circular and the accompanying

maps is available for many of the 15-minute 

quadrangles that have been published as 1:63,- 

360-scale maps (fig. 3). Additional geologic information can be obtained from publications 

listed in "Bibliography."

MINERAL DEPOSITS, OCCURRENCES, AND 

RESOURCES

(maps MF-773-B, C)

The quadrangle's mineral deposits and noteworthy occurrences, and its potential mineral 

resources are described in the two sheets of 

MF-773-B, which describes the mineral deposits and principal occurrences, and MF-773- 

C, an assessment of the potential for mineral 

resources.

Map MF-773-B shows locations of the quadrangle's 193 identified mineral deposits and 

principal occurrences and categorizes them into 

mines, recently active or inactive prospects, deposits, and noteworthy occurrences. The mineral deposits are also classified by type and by 

chief economic commodity (or commodities). 

A supplementary table provides brief descriptions of the map localities and, if available, 

analytical data and references for additional 

information. An accompanying text discusses 

the quadrangle's mineral commodities and presents information on their geologic setting, controls, mineralogy, size, and grade, and the genesis of the deposits. Copper, both historically 

and in terms of future potential, is the most 

economically significant mineral commodity. 

Gold and silver have been produced, and they 

both have potential for future production. 

Several other metals including molybdenum, 

antimony, and zinc may have some economic 

potential.

The mineral resources map (MF-773-C) is 

an assessment of the occurrence of mineral deposits in the quadrangle by area and by type 

of deposit. The assessment is based on known 

deposits and occurrences augmented by interpreting geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and 

telegeological information. Areas enclosing 

both known deposits and favorable terrane for 

undiscovered deposits of the same type are 

delineated. Evidence that led to selection and 

boundaries of each favorable area is presented 

with the map.

The known and potential mineral resources 

of the quadrangle include copper, gold, silver,
molybdenum, antimony, zinc, and possibly a 

few other commodities. The copper resource potential of Kennecott- and porphyry-type deposits overshadows that of other metals. It is 

estimated that about seven large Kennecotttype copper deposits comparable in size and 

grade to the major Jumbo and Bonanza deposits and many more smaller Kennecott-type 

deposits are concealed and undiscovered in the 

quadrangle. The porphyry copper potential is 

assessed as follows:

1. A 90 percent chance that there are 7 or 

more deposits,

2. A 50 percent chance that there are 10 

or more deposits, and

3. A 10 percent chance that there are 13 

or more deposits.

Chance

90 percent 

50 percent 

10 percent

Grade

 0.10 percent copper

 0.30 percent copper

 0.55 percent copper

Tonnage

 60 million tonnes

 180 million tonnes

 500 million tonnes

Other types of copper deposits are regarded as 

having minor resource potentials. Additional, 

but smaller, resource potentials are for gold, 

mainly from placed deposits; silver and molybdenum, mainly as byproducts; and, more remotely, for antimony, zinc, and a few other 

metals.

Selection of favorable areas for mineral resources was based on the known deposits; on 

geologic, geophysical, geochemical, and telegeologic data presented in the McCarthy Folio; 

and on some additional geochemical data from 

O'Leary and others (1976). Previous studies 

suggest that regional differences in grades and 

tonnage of deposit types can be significant 

(Richter and others, 1975; Singer and others, 

1975). Delineation of boundaries was made by 

the informed judgment of the team members, 

but final responsibility rests with the authors 

of MF-773-C. It should be recognized that 

without detailed studies and drilling, it is impossible to ensure that all favorable areas are 

shown or that areas selected actually contain 

deposits. Despite the difficulty of not having 

complete information, several favorable areas 

not previously recognized are delineated; the 

area between Chititu Camp and Pyramid Peak 

and the area near The Twaharpies are specifically noted for their potential for unfound 

porphyry copper deposits.

GEOPHYSICS 

AEROMAGNETIC MAP AND INTERPRETATION

(map MF-773-D)

An aeromagnetic survey (sheet 1) of the 

McCarthy quadrangle was completed in 1975. 

Individual aeromagnetic maps of the 32 1:63,- 

360-scale quadrangles that constitute the McCarthy 1:250,000-scale quadrangle map have 

been released as open-file maps by the U.S. 

Geological Survey (1976a). A geologic interpretation of the aeromagnetic map (sheet 2) 

indicates that many of the major rock units in 

the McCarthy quadrangle give rise to magnetic 

anomalies that enable tracing of the units 

beneath glaciers or sedimentary cover. Limestones that are host to the Kennecott-type 

copper deposits are not magnetic, but because 

they are stratigraphically underlain by the 

magnetic Nikolai Greenstone, they may be indirectly traced beneath cover of younger deposits by magnetic mapping of the Nikolai. 

Several plutons of the Klein Creek and Chitina 

Valley types, locally associated with geochemical anomalies, are well expressed magnetically. 

Alteration zones may be suspected where aeromagnetic lows occur over the plutons. Several 

major fault zones, such as the Totschunda, 

cause conspicuous magnetic lineaments. Magnetic lineaments that trend northwest through 

the central part of the McCarthy quadrangle 

may coincide with areas of somewhat concentrated geochemical anomalies.

GRAVITY

(map MF-773-E)

Only about 150 gravity measurements have 

been made in the McCarthy quadrangle, but 

even this small amount of data reveals some of 

the largest and steepest gravity gradients in 

Alaska. Furthermore, the quadrangle includes 

the termination of one of the longest and most 

pronounced gravity trends in the state. Other 

regional gravity data suggest that the quadrangle's gravity field differs significantly from 

that in adjacent quadrangles (Barnes, 1976). 

Because the gravity field reflects density contrasts that extend to great depth, the map sugr

10
gests some deep structural contrasts and a complicated tectonic history.

Map MF-773-E provides a plot of the Bouguer anomalies, which have been corrected for 

terrain effects to a radius of 25 km. These ter-< 

rain corrections were obtained by new techniques, which are briefly discussed on the map 

and which involve the use of digital terrain 

data on magnetic tapes provided by the Department of Defense Topographic Center. The 10- 

milligal contours show some pronounced gravity trends that can be partly explained by increased crustal thickness beneath the Wrangell 

Mountains and that may also be correlated with 

trends on the magnetic and satellite imagery 

maps and with some of the mineralization.

GEOCHEMISTRY

(maps MF-773-F-M)

Geochemical studies were made in the McCarthy quadrangle to define areas containing 

anomalous concentrations of metallic and nonmetallic elements. These studies are fundamental to a comprehensive evaluation of the 

mineral resource potential of the area and assist 

in the discovery of additional economic mineral 

deposits.

The earliest prospecting and geologic investigations in the region, during the late 1800's 

and the early 1900's, utilized the mineralogic 

identification of panned concentrates from 

stream sediments to discover economic mineral 

deposits (Moffit and Capps, 1911; Moffit, 1938) 

Modern geochemical exploration techniques 

were first applied in the quadrangle in the early 

1960's. These techniques employ multi-element 

chemical analyses of a variety of sample media 

to detect mineral occurrences.

The geochemistry maps of selected element 

distributions and abundances incorporate an*- 

alytical data from all reported and located samples collected in the quadrangle and analyzed 

by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1961. They 

also include the analytical results of a large 

part of the stream sediments sampled by the 

Alaska Division of Mines and Geology in the 

northeastern part of the quadrangle (Knaebel, 

1970). In general, fo<r most element determinaf 

tions, the U.S. Geological Survey geochemical 

data are compatible with the analytical results 

obtained by the Alaska Division of Mines and

Geology laboratory at College, Alaska. Of those 

elements examined in detail, only the analytical 

results for molybdenum, antimony, cobalt, 

chromium, bismuth, lanthanum, and tin in 

stream sediments are questionable as to compatibility. For these elements, the analytical 

values determined by the College laboratory 

appear significantly higher in comparison to 

U.S. Geological Survey results.

Data from a combined total of approximately 

3,594 geochemical samples of varied media 

were processed by computer. Of the samples, 

1,409 are stream sediments, 827 are samples of 

bedrock, mineralized rock, hydrothermal and 

other categories of altered rock zones, gossans, 

fault gouge, vein materials, silica-rich boxworks, veins adjacent to faults and fractures 

showing evidence of mineralization; 63 are 

samples of glacial debris collected on medial 

and lateral moraines; 414 are evaporated iron 

and manganese oxide-rich solutions obtained by 

the hot oxalic-acid leaching of stream sediments 

and glacial debris; 214 are magnetites and 

other ferromagnetic minerals separated from 

panned heavy-mineral concentrates by hand 

magnet and a Frantz isodynamic magnetic 

separator set at 0.2 amperes; 215 are paramagnetic minerals from the panned concentrates 

isolated on a Frantz separator between 0.2 and 

0.6 amperes settings; 194 are the least paramagnetic and diamagnetic minerals from the 

panned concentrates obtained at 0.6 amperes 

and above on the Frantz separator; and 258 

are ashed vegetation and other organic samples. All rock samples were routinely ground 

to a 80 mesh (180 micrometer) fraction for 

analysis.

In this report only maps showing the dista> 

bution and abundance of copper, lead, gold, 

arsenic, and mercury in stream sediments and 

glacial debris, and molybdenum, gold, silver, 

and arsenic in rock samples are presented. 

These elements were chosen because they appear to be the most informative and relevant 

to a regional mineral resource appraisal of the 

McCarthy quadrangle, and because they adequately reflect the economic potential of the 

area within the limits of this evaluation. Analytical data for all other elements together with 

sample locations are given in an open-file report (O'Leary and others, 1976) and on Nail
tional Technical Information Service computer 

tape (Van Trump and others, 1976). These 

publications also contain complete analytical 

results for the various magnetic fractions of 

panned heavy-mineral concentrates. Because of 

insufficient data,-no plans exist to prepare distribution and abundance maps showing analytical results of the iron and manganese oxiderich oxalic-acid leachates nor of vegetation and 

other organic material.

The analyses of the 1,409 stream sediments 

were combined with those of the 63 samples 

of glacial debris. For the purpose of this study 

the two sample media are assumed to be synonymous. The glacial debris reflects dry, eroded, 

and weathered rock material that is being 

carried downvalley in lateral and medial moraines atop glaciers. Many of the lateral and 

medial moraines can be accurately traced to 

specific rock outcrops protruding through the 

ice cap. On reaching a terminal moraine much 

of the material is transposed into active stream 

sediment. Thus, such moraine-derived material 

was extensively sampled in the McCarthy quadrangle because many of the streams originally 

emanate from glaciers. Although a true moraine sample may represent a smaller provenance than sediment from an active stream 

draining a large area, it is comparable to a 

sample from a small tributary stream draining 

a limited outcrop area. At many sample sites, 

small streams or rivulets were flowing on top 

of the ice because of summer melt. In such 

cases it was possible to obtain a sample of 

sediment representing finely ground rock material. These are legitimate stream sediments. 

We believe that glacial debris from lateral or 

medial moraines is equivalent for geochemical 

exploration purposes to dry stream sediments 

occurring in many parts of the United States, 

particularly the southwest, in areas of intermittent and sporadic annual rainfall.

Both active stream sediments and glacial 

debris were air dried and sieved to obtain a 

less than 80 mesh (180 micrometer) fraction. 

However, it was not always possible to obtain 

sufficient fine material to yield a 80 mesh 

fraction, especially at moraine localities. In 

such areas a representative sample of the 

smallest available rock sediment was collected 

and ground to a 80 mesh size for analysis.

Wherever possible, stream sediments were obtained from active stream channels as close to 

the center as feasible. Elsewhere the less desirable material from close to the streambank 

was sampled, or more frequently, sediment was 

collected from former high-water streambank 

deposits near the temporary main channel. 

Most samples are composites of material collected within a 30-m (100-ft) radius. Duplicate 

samples were collected at several localities in 

order to test the variance of analytical results 

and sampling error. Contamination by organic 

matter is not considered a serious problem in 

the McCarthy quadrangle because of the high 

relief and fast flowing streams over sparsely 

vegetated areas.

The geochemical data resulting from the 

analysis of 436 bedrock samples, considered 

representative of the background values of 

various rock units in the McCarthy quadrangle, 

were merged with analyses of 391 samples 

classified as mineralized, altered, and otherwise 

biased rock samples. Comparison of the geochemical maps of the two data sets shows generally the same distribution patterns and relative concentrations of elements. This similarity 

may indicate that there is no statistical difference between the two sets of samples; that 

the two data sets were not accurately separated 

into unique sets initially; or that most of the 

samples, including those collected for background, represent biased, mineralized, and 

altered rocks. The maps of combined data 

represent primary element dispersion throughout a large part of the quadirangle. The information on these geochemical maps is funda.- 

mental to a complete evaluation of the mineral 

resource potential of the area because the rock 

data help detect or predict occurrences of concealed mineral deposits. Rock samples are particularly useful in detecting buried porphyries 

because the distribution of anomalous samples 

may define peripheral dispersion halos.

Owing to changes in sampling and analytical 

procedures since the early geochemical investigations in the quadrangle, not all samples have 

been routinely analyzed for the same elements. 

Most were analyzed by a combination of standard semiquantitative emission spectrography 

for 30 elements and selective atomic absorption 

for gold, copper, lead, and zinc. However, the

12
data set contains many combinations of analytical procedures and element determinations. 

An added complication has been the differences 

in the lower limits of detection of some elements 

by various laboratories, and changes in lower 

limits of detection over the years as analytical 

methods improved. In order to simplify plotting 

the data on geochemical maps, all element analyses qualified as not detected or present at a 

value below a specified lower limit of determinability have been assigned arbitrary unqualified values. These values do not influence calculated statistics and are set at an artificial 

value well below all present limits of detection. 

This procedure avoids the possibility of a qualified analytical result showing as a determined 

value.

The geochemical maps of stream sediments 

and glacial debris show the distribution and 

abundance of copper and lead determined by 

emission spectrographic methods, and of gold 

determined by atomic absorption procedures; 

one also shows both arsenic and mercury, 

which were respectively determined by colorimetric and flameless atomic absorption methods. The geochemical maps of rock samples 

show the distribution and abundance of molybdenum, silver, and arsenic determined by emission spectrography and gold determined by 

atomic absorption. Because of the biased and 

highly irregular sample distribution, individual 

values are not shown on the maps. Symbols 

have been used to show values falling within 

defined ranges.

The elements whose distribution and abundance are shown on the geochemical maps were 

selected because of their intrinsic value, their 

well-known association with economic deposits 

and their portrayal of the regional geochemical 

character of the McCarthy quadrangle. These 

elements also are considered diverse enough to 

cover the types of mineral deposits expected to 

occur in the McCarthy quadrangle.

A complete set of analytical data obtained in 

1974-5 from stream sediment samples and glacial debris, oxalic-acid residues of those two 

media, rocks, three magnetic fractions of 

panned heavy-mineral concentrates, and vegetation and other organic material collected in 

the McCarthy quadrangle is available in 

O'Leary and others (1976) and Van Trump and

others (1976). These publications also include 

data for geochemical samples collected earlier 

by the U.S. Geological Survey and for stream 

sediment samples used in this investigation that 

were collected and analyzed by the Alaska Division of Mines and Geology in the White River 

area.

INTERPRETATION OF LANDSAT IMAGERY

(map MF-773-N)

Interpretation of Landsat data was based on 

two types of images: (1) a Landsat photomosaic of the State of Alaska compiled by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, and (2) computerenhanced Landsat imagery processed by the 

U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona.

As a preliminary geologic mapping tool, 

Landsat imagery can be used effectively for 

reconnaissance studies. Remotely sensed information about geomorphology, structural features, and variations in spectral response of 

surficial materials, for example, can help in the 

planning and conduct of geologic mapping.

The Landsat photomosaic of Alaska consists 

largely of images taken during fall and spring 

months. Because of the low sun angle and the 

synoptic view, the photomosaic is most useful 

for identifying regional linear and circular 

features. Computer-enhanced imagery, in addition to identifying some linear and circular 

features not detected on the Landsat photomosaic, is generally most useful in identifying 

subtle surficial reflectance variations due to 

differences in vegetation, rock types, soil, and 

other material. However, because of snow 

cover, clouds, sun angle, and other factors, few 

geologically significant surficial reflectance 

variations were observed in the McCarthy 

quadrangle.

Linear features observed on Landsat images 

correlate well with geophysical information, 

particularly gravimetric data, and appear to 

reflect deep crustal phenomena. The locations 

of many known mineral occurrences correlate 

well with the observed linear features, which 

form orthogonal sets of parallel linears spaced 

at approximately 30-35-km intervals. In < addition, numerous extensions of mapped faults 

were detected by the Landsat imagery.

Applications of Landsat imagery directly to 

mineral assessment are still developing. Re13
search on new techniques for Landsat data interpretation and their applications to geologic 

and mineral resource problems in Alaska is 

being carried out under AMRAP.

LAND STATUS

(map MF-773-O)

The land status map was compiled from a 

smaller scale map issued by the Bureau of 

Land Management in March 1974. It shows extents of the five land classifications proposed 

under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement 

Act within the quadrangle, including parts of 

a national park and a national forest. Such 

classifications and boundaries are valid as of 

March 1974 and are subject to change.

REFERENCES CITED

Albert, N. R. D., and Steele, W. C., 1976, Interpretation 

of Landsat imagery of the McCarthy quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies 

Map MF-773-N, 3 sheets, scale 1:250,000.

Alien, H. T., 1887, Report of an expedition to the 

Copper, Tanana, and Koyukuk Rivers, in the Territory of Alaska, in the year 1885: Washington, U.S. 

Govt. Printing Office, 172 p.

Barnes, D. F., 1976, Bouguer gravity map of Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 76-70, scale 1:2,- 

500,000.

Barnes, D. F., and Morin, R. L., 1976, Gravity map of 

the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-E, 1 sheet, 

scale 1:250,000.

Bateman, A. M., and McLaughlin, D. H., 1920, Geology 

of the ore deposits of Kennecott, Alaska: Econ. 

Geology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-80.

Berg, H. C., Jones, D. L., and Richter, D. H., 1972, 

Gravina-Nutzotin belt tectonic significance of an 

upper Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic sequence 

in southern and southeastern Alaska, in Geological 

Survey research 1972: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 800-D, p. D1-D24.

Case, J. E., and MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1976, Geological 

interpretations of an aeromagnetic map of the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-D, 2 sheets, scale 

1:250,000.

Douglass, W. C., 1964, A history of the Kennecott mines, 

Kennecott, Alaska: privately published, 12 p.

Hayes, C. W., 1892, An expedition through the Yukon 

district: Natl. Geog. Mag., v. 4, p. 117-162.

Jones, D. L., Pessagno, E. A., Jr., and Csejtey Bela, 

Jr., 1976, Significance of upper Chulitna ophiolite 

for the late Mesozoic evolution of southern Alaska 

[abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs, v. 

8, no. 3, p. 385-386.

Kindle, E. D., 1953, Deza Jeash map area, Yukon Territory: Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 268, 68 p.

Knaebel, Jeff, 1970, Geochemical survey and geological 

reconnaissance of the White River area, southcentral Alaska: Alaska Div. Mines and Geology 

Geochem. Rept. 21, 60 p.

Koschmann, A. H., and Bergendahl, M. H., 1968, Principal gold-producing districts of the United States: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 610, 283 p.

MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1970a, Geologic map of the 

McCarthy C-4 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-844, scale 1:63,360.

 1970b, Geologic map of the McCarthy C-5 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map 

GQ-899, scale 1:63,360.

 1972, Geologic map of the McCarthy C-6 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map 

GQ-979, scale 1:63,360.

 1973, Reconnaissance geologic map of the McCarthy A-5 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Misc. Field Studies Map MF-536.

 1974, Geologic map of the McCarthy B-5 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map 

GQ-1146.

 1976a, Geologic map of the McCarthy quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map 

MF-773-A, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

 1976b, Mineral deposits and occurrences in the 

McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-B, 1 sheet, scale 

1:250,000. 

-1977, Geologic map of the McCarthy quadrangle,

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 

1-1032, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000 (in press).

MacKevett, E. M., Jr., and Plafker, George, 1974, The 

Border Ranges fault in south-central Alaska: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Jour. Research, v. 2, no. 3, p. 323-329.

MacKevett, E. M., Jr., and Smith, J. G., 1972a, Geologic 

map of the McCarthy B-4 quadrangle, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-943, scale 

1:63,360.

 1972b, Geologic map of the McCarthy B-6 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geo. Quad. Map 

GQ-1035, scale 1:63,360.

Miller, D. J., and MacColl, R. S., 1964, Geologic map 

and sections of the northern part of the McCarthy 

A-4 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. 

Geol. Inv. Map 1-410, scale 1:63,360.

Moffit, F. H., 1&38, Geology of the Chitina Valley and 

adjacent area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 894, 

137 p.

Moffit, F. H., and Capps, S. R., 1911, Geology and 

mineral resources of the Nizina district, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 448, 111 p.

O'Leary, R. M., McDanal, S. K., Day, G. W., McDougal, 

C. M., and Robinson, Keith, 1976, Spectrographic 

and chemical analyses of geochemical samples from

14
the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 76-824 806 p.

Plafker, George, Jones, D. L., and Pessagno, E. A., Jr., 

1977, A Cretaceous accretionary flysch and melange 

terrane along the Gulf of Alaska margin: U.S. 

Geol. Survey ICirc. 751-B, (In press). J

Richter, D. H., and Matson, N. A., Jr., 1971, Quaternary 

faulting in the eastern Alaska Range: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 82, p. 1529-1540.

Richter, D. H., Singer, D. A., and Cox, D. P., 1975, 

Mineral resources map of the Nabesna quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map 

MF-655-K, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, McDougal, C. M., Day, G. W., 

and Billings, Theodore, 1976a, Distribution and 

abundance of copper in stream sediments and moraine debris, McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-F, 

1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

 1976b, Distribution and abundance of lead in 

stream sediments and moraine debris, McCarthy 

quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field 

Studies Map MF-773-G, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, O'Leary, R. M., McDougal, C. M., and 

Billings, Theodore, 1976c, Distribution and abundance of gold in stream sediments and moraine debris, 

McCairthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-H, 1 sheet, scale 

1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, O'Leary, R. M., McDougal, C. M., and 

Billings, Theodore, 1976d, Distribution and abundance of arsenic and mercury in stream sediments 

and moraine debris, McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map MF773-1, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, McDougal, C. M., McDanal, S. K., and 

Billings, Theodore, 1976e, Distribution and abundance of molybdenum in bedrock, mineralized, vein, 

and altered rock samples, McCarthy quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies 

Map MF-773-J, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

 1976f, Distribution and abundance of silver in 

bedrock, mineralized, vein, and altered rock samples, 

McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Misc. Field Studies Map MF-773-K, 1 sheet, scale 

1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, McDougal, C. M., O'Leary, R. M., and 

Billings, Theodore, 1976g, Distribution and abundance of gold in bedrock, mineralized, vein, and 

altered rock samples, McCarthy quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map 

MF-773-L, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Robinson, Keith, McDougal, C. M., McDanal, S. K., and 

Billings, Theodore, 1976h, Distribution and abundance of arsenic in bedrock, mineralized, vein, and 

altered rock samples, McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map MF773-M, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Rohn, Oscar, 1900, A reconnaissance of the Chitina 

River and the Skojai Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geol. 

Survey, 21st Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 399-440.

Singer, D. A., Cox, D. P., and Drew, L. J., 1975, Grade 

and tonnage relationships among copper deposits: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 907-A, 11 p.

Singer, D. A., and MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1976, Mineral 

resources map of the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map MF773-C, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1976a, Aeromagnetic maps of 

the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 76-170, 1 sheet at 1:250,000 

scale, 32 sheets at 1:63,360 scale.

 1976b, Status of land in the McCarthy quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Field Studies Map 

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Van Trump, George, Robinson, Keith, O'Leary, R. M., 

Day, G. W., and McDougal, C. M., 1976. Spectrographic and chemical analyses of geochemical samples from the McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska: Natl. 

Tech. Inf. Service (U.S. Dept. Commerce) computer tape, (in preparation).

Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1965, Physiographic divisions of 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 482, 52 p., 

1 pi.

15
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16
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17
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Denton, G. H., 1973, New data on the eruptive 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1963, Preliminary geologic map 

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J.965, Preliminary geologic map of the McCarthy B-5 

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_1965, Preliminary geologic map of the McCarthy C-6 

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_1965, Nikolai Greenstone of Wrangell Mountains 

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_1965, Factors of probable significance in the 

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_1969, Three newly-named Jurassic formations in the 

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V., and others, Changes in stratigraphic 

nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1967: 

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_1970, Geologic map of the McCarthy C-4 quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-844, 

B p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

_1970, Geologic map of the McCarthy C-5 quadrangle, 

Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-B99, 

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_1970, Geology of the McCarthy B-4 quadrangle, 

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_1971, Stratigraphy and general geology of the 

McCarthy C-5 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

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_1972, Geologic map of the McCarthy C-6 quadrangle, 

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_1973, Reconnaissance geologic map of the McCarthy 

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Field Studies Map MF-536, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

_1974, Geologic map of the McCarthy B-5 quadrangle, 

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_1976, Geologic map of the McCarthy quadrangle, 

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_1976, Mineral deposits and occurrences in the 

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_1976, Geologic map of the McCarthy quadrangle, 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., Albert, N. R. D., Barnes, D. F., 

Case, J. E., Robinson, Keith, and Singer, D. A., 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., Berg, H. C., Plafker, George, 

and Jones, D. L., 1964, Preliminary geologic map 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., and Blake, M. C., Jr., 1963X, 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., and Cobb, E. H., 1972, Metallic 

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MacKevett, E. M., Jr., and Imlay, R. W., 1962, Jurassic 

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___1972, Geologic map of the McCarthy B-6 quadrangle, 

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19
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20
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21

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23

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 O-240-961/26