TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Message from the Navy Surgeon General 4

From the FORCM to the Fleet 5

Being There Matters 6

Focus on Readiness: Independent Duty Corpsmen 8

Anytime, Anywhere: Embedded Mental Health 10

Research and Development: Bacteriophage Therapy 12

Navy Medicine Around the Globe 14

Research and Development: Physiological Episodes 16

Focus on Partnerships: Trauma Training 18

A Surgical Point of View: Global Health Engagement 20

Remembering Pearl Harbor 22

Join the Navy Medicine Conversation 23

Surgeon General of the Navy 

Chief, U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Vice Adm. C. Forrest Faison III

Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy

Deputy Chief, 

U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Rear Adm. Terry J. Moulton

Force Master Chief

FORCM (FMF/SW/AW) Hosea Smith Jr.

Public Affairs Officer

Capt. Brenda Malone

Managing Editor

Mariah Felipe

U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Public Affairs Office

7700 Arlington Blvd. Suite 5113 

Falls Church, VA 22042-5113

Navy Medicine Almanac is the annual professional 

publication of Navy Medicine. Its purpose is to 

educate the general public about Navy Medicine 

missions and programs. 

For questions or comments, e-mail: 

ON THE COVER 

Graphics by Shane Stiefel, lead visual 

information specialist, BUMED Visual 

Information and Mass Communication 

Specialist 1st Class John P. Kotara USN.NCR.BUMEDFCHVA.LIST.BUMED---PAO@mail.mil
A MESSAGE FROM THE NAVY SURGEON GENERAL FROM THE FORCM TO THE FLEET

Welcome to the 2019 Navy Medicine 

Almanac! 

It’s been an incredible honor to serve as 

your 38th Navy surgeon general, and lead 

the more than 63,000 military, civilian, and 

contract personnel who make up the Navy 

Medicine team. Throughout this Almanac, we 

demonstrate why maintaining and building 

upon Navy Medicine’s medical and readiness 

capabilities is essential to the Navy and Marine 

Corps missions. 

Our Sailors and Marines require a ready 

medical force to immediately deploy as 

units that are designed to meet operationally 

and environmentally unique requirements. 

To meet these emerging requirements, we 

are rebalancing our priorities with a greater 

emphasis on readiness and focusing on the 

foundation of Navy Medicine, our corpsmen. 

Whether they’re serving at a medical 

treatment facility as a surgical technician or an 

independent duty corpsman in the field with 

Marines, ensuring our corpsmen are trained and 

ready for the current warfighting environment 

is vital to our success. On pages 8 and 18, you 

can learn more about how we’re helping our 

corpsmen prepare for warfighting environments 

around the globe.

The men and women who serve are America's 

most important line of defense, and we honor 

the trust placed in our hands to provide the best 

care possible to those who defend our freedom. 

On page 10, we showcase our embedded 

mental health program in the Navy and Marine 

Corps as just one way we are ensuring our 

Sailors and Marines have access to the services 

they need to be medically ready for the mission 

at hand.

Our success is contingent on partnerships 

with military medical services, civilian health 

care organizations, government agencies and 

leading academic and research institutions. 

These partnerships make us a part of the 

latest health care innovations on issues like 

physiological episodes and bacteriophage 

therapy, both critical to the health and 

readiness of service members, and ensures 

we’re doing all we can for those entrusted to 

our care, wherever they serve. You can learn 

more about these efforts on pages 12 and 16.

It’s tradition in our Almanac to highlight Navy 

Medicine service members past and present 

who have made an impact. This year, we tell 

the story on page 22 of a World War II-era Navy 

dental officer who was posthumously awarded 

a Silver Star for his heroism during the 1941 

attack on Pearl Harbor.

If you’d like to learn more about our history or 

the future of Navy Medicine and our readiness 

mission, follow us on our social media platforms, 

listed on page 23.

I am confident the innovative team we have in 

Navy Medicine continues to adapt to an ever 

changing landscape and will lead us into the 

future. As always, we stand ready to provide 

the best care our nation can offer to those who 

serve. 

Vice Adm. Forrest Faison, 

U.S. Navy Surgeon General and 

Chief Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

As Navy Medicine’s Force Master Chief, I 

serve as the senior enlisted advisor to the Navy 

Surgeon General ensuring all enlisted Sailors 

within Navy Medicine have the training and 

tools they need in order to best support our 

warfighters. 

I also have the honor to serve as the Director of 

the Hospital Corps, the Navy’s most decorated 

corps consisting of more than 30,000 active and 

reserve enlisted Sailors.

Our corpsmen are the heart of Navy Medicine. 

They are in our medical treatment facilities, on 

our waterfronts, flight lines and on the front lines 

in battlefields, always ensuring our Shipmates 

and Marines receive the best health care 

possible; increasing fleet readiness in the ever 

changing climate of the world. 

Few military organizations can look upon their 

histories with the same degree of pride and 

awe as the Navy Hospital Corps. 

Through 120 years of evolving our capabilities, 

our level of dedication has never wavered. 

Navy Medicine is currently placing an even 

greater emphasis on a medically ready force 

and a force that is medically ready. 

Our Hospital Corps has been aligned to 

meet this mission, as we have updated our 

Apprentice “A” school curriculum for corpsmen 

to better fit the future warfighting environment. 

The new curriculum demonstrates to the fleet, 

patients and the public that every corpsman 

is qualified to save lives in any and every 

environment. This curriculum also demonstrates 

our devotion to increasing the knowledge, skills 

and abilities of hospital corpsmen.

As the director of the Hospital Corps, I am 

proud to be a hospital corpsman myself, and to 

represent the force. 

My title may be Force Master Chief, but our 

hospital corpsmen are truly the force that keeps 

this organization running. 

I hope their dedication is evident as you 

go through the pages of this Almanac and 

whenever you meet one of these remarkable 

Sailors.

Force Master Chief Hosea Smith Jr., 

Director, Hospital Corps

U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist First Class John P. Kotara II/Released

4 5

U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist First Class John P. Kotara II/Released
BEING THERE MATTERS

When Sailors and Marines go forward into harm’s way, Navy Medicine is 

there beside them on, above, below the sea and on the battlefield

EXPEDITIONARY MEDICINE

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

WARRIOR CARE

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

GLOBAL HEALTH ENGAGEMENT

Navy Medicine is committed to delivering high-value, high-impact 

education and training to enhance the professional development and 

readiness of our health care providers

Navy Medicine provides a seamless transition from battlefield, to 

bedside, to a robust reintegration support system so our warriors can 

lead productive lives

Navy Medicine R&D programs enable us to remain agile in the 

world-class health care we provide to our service members

Global health partnerships create opportunities to engage with other 

nations, build long-lasting mutual relationships, and improve the 

readiness of our Navy and Marine Corps

Keep Sailors, Marines, and their families healthy, ready and on the job 

WHAT WE DO?

U.S. NAVY 

U.S. MARINE CORPS

Navy Medicine will always be an integral part of the 

Navy no matter the platform or geographic region. 

Navy Medicine’s mission is to equip naval forces 

with the medical readiness they need to complete 

the mission at hand. 

Keeping Marines healthy and ready to deploy at 

a moment’s notice is what we do because Navy 

Medicine believes that our Navy and Marine Corps 

are our nation’s first line of defense. Our team 

works tirelessly to ensure the physical and mental 

well-being of Marines so they continue to be

 ‘first to fight.’

6 7
There are currently more than 1,300 

Independent Duty Corpsmen (IDCs) serving 

in the U.S. Navy. 

These corpsmen serve on just about every 

platform, from ships, submarines and 

hospitals, Special Forces units, with Marines 

and everything in between. 

IDCs are enlisted health care providers 

capable of running an entire medical 

department on their own. 

As such, they are the only enlisted profession 

in the Navy that has been entrusted with this 

responsibility.

Their training involves a 12-month course, 

with a mix of classroom and clinical training. 

This training is in addition to their “A” school 

and “C” school requirements as hospital 

corpsmen. 

Since IDCs are entrusted with so much 

responsibility, the emphasis of this training 

runs the gamut from learning anatomy and 

physiology, chemical, biological and nuclear 

medicine (CBRN), tactical combat casualty 

care, to dive medicine just to name a few.

In addition to the training, IDCs are also 

certified as basic life support instructors 

and are registered with National Provider 

Identification (NPI) numbers, which is a 

unique 10-digit identification number issued 

to health care providers in the United States 

by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 

Services (CMS). 

 

Training takes place at three different 

locations depending on the IDC’s specialty: 

The Surface Medical Warfare Institute in San 

Diego, Calif., the Naval Undersea Medical 

Institute in Groton, Conn., or Special Forces 

training in Fort Benning, Ga.

The 2019 goals for the IDC program include 

developing a clinical rotation program for 

IDCs in military treatment facilities, inclusion 

of IDCs in the Joint Centralized Credentials 

Quality Assurance System and, working 

with the College of Allied Health Services in 

reviewing the IDC curriculum to potentially 

have them become the degree-granting 

institution for the IDC program.

For those interested in becoming an IDC, 

you need to have served in the Navy as a 

hospital corpsman for at least seven years.

 You must also spend time performing sick 

call, and in environmental and occupational 

medicine. Finally, you need to have exposure 

to senior leader briefings and apply to IDC 

School by submitting a “C” school package.

FOCUS ON READINESS:

INDEPENDENT DUTY CORPSMEN

U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Aaron Henson/Released

89
We all know mental health is important, but 

what is embedded mental health, and why is 

it important to our Sailors and Marines?

Embedded Mental Health (EMH) is the way 

of the future for Navy Medicine. 

It directly supports readiness by increasing 

access to trained mental health specialists. 

These specialists provide culturally informed 

early intervention for combat and operational 

stress, to prevent psychiatric casualties and 

help maintain the fighting force. 

At a time of continued high operational 

tempo, our Sailors and Marines deserve no 

less.

EMH epitomizes Navy Medicine’s direct 

support of the Fleet and Marine Forces. 

Mental health providers are assigned 

directly to a line unit in lieu of being assigned 

to a Military Treatment Facility (MTF) or clinic 

as part of the program.

Navy EMH assets include active duty 

psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social 

workers, psychiatric nurse practitioners, and 

behavioral health technicians. 

EMH is consistent with one of Navy Combat 

and Operational Stress Control (NCOSC) key 

tenets of placing mental health support as 

close to the battlefront as possible. 

Embedding mental health assets directly 

within units facilitates increased trust with line 

commanders and unit members. 

These relationships result in a willingness to 

seek out mental health care early after the 

onset of combat or operational stress. 

By having ready access to mental health 

care and seeking care earlier, there is an 

enhanced opportunity to return to duty and 

maintain the readiness of the fighting force. 

EMH assets can be found on aircraft carriers 

and in submarine forces, fleet surgical teams, 

at Navy Expeditionary Combat Command, 

Marine Corps ground combat elements, 

logistics combat elements and Navy and 

Marine Corps special operations.

Due to the success of this program, the Navy 

and Marine Corps have requested 148 new 

EMH providers to support our warfighters 

where they are. 

As a result of these continued requests, Navy 

Medicine has initiated a project that aims to 

develop a comprehensive system outlining 

the laydown of the EMH program across the 

Navy and Marine Corps. 

The goal of this project is to develop an 

algorithm that incorporates current medical 

and non-medical counseling resources, and 

to produce feasible courses of action for 

the Navy surgeon general and operational 

commanders to support future requests. 

ANYTIME, ANYWHERE:

EMBEDDED MENTAL HEALTH 

U.S. Navy photo by Jacob Sippel, Naval Hospital Jacksonville/Released 10 11
Bacteriophage, commonly called 

phage, is a kind of virus that kills targeted 

bacteria. The most abundant life form on 

Earth, phages are more than 100 times 

smaller than bacteria. 

Phage therapy is seen as a possible 

treatment against multi-drug resistant 

strains of bacteria. There is no one 

phage to target all bacteria, like a broad 

range antibiotic can. Phages infect only 

bacteria, and are not the same as the 

kinds of viruses that infect people.

For several years, scientists at the Naval 

Medical Research Center (NMRC) 

have focused on novel phage-based 

diagnostics and therapeutics to identify 

and treat antibiotic resistant infections in 

traumatic combat injuries. These types 

of injuries are associated with significant 

tissue damage and are high risk for 

complicated infections. 

Traditionally, these wounds are 

treated with surgical debridement and 

antibiotics. The increasing prevalence of 

antibiotic resistance has accelerated the 

need for safe and effective alternative 

treatment options. Phage therapy is 

one of the most promising alternatives to 

antibiotics for the treatment of multi-drug 

resistant bacterial infections.

There are many elements contributing to 

phages being such a promising treatment 

option. First, compared to finding new 

antibiotics, it’s cheaper and easier to 

find new phages. Though bacteria can 

become resistant to individual phages 

just as they can become resistant to 

individual antibiotics, there will always be 

new phages in nature that will still work 

against the bacteria we need to treat. 

Second, phages will kill their host 

bacteria even when the bacteria are 

antibiotic-resistant. Finally, phages attack 

only a narrow range of bacteria types, 

and a good phage therapy will treat 

infections while not significantly disturbing 

the healthy bacteria we all live with.

An important part of NMRC’s effort is to 

build a master library of characterized 

phages, from which subsets (cocktails) 

could be used to treat specific infections. 

Researchers collect phages from around 

the world to make the library as diverse 

as possible. We currently have roughly 

500 phages in our library with 10 to 20 

new phages added each month. 

The Navy is interested in supporting 

the development of the phage cocktail 

technology to the point where it becomes 

an FDA licensed and available treatment 

for multiple drug resistance (MDR) 

infections in combat casualties and other 

service members. 

The Navy’s future goals for phage 

research include completion of phase 

one and two clinical trials, focused on 

safety, for phage therapeutics. Currently, 

we’re developing phage based 

diagnostics and detection of live and 

dead bacteria. 

We’re also working to complete genome 

sequencing and bioinformatics analysis 

of at least 300 phages. Lastly, our goal 

is to expand the phage research for 

further development of effective phage 

vaccines for various infectious diseases 

like malaria, shigella dengue and similar 

diseases and, expand phage based 

diagnostics for field applications.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT:

 BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY

U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Brianna K. Green/ Released 12 13
NAVY MEDICINE AROUND THE GLOBE

U.S. Navy photo by Christina Clarke/Released U.S. Navy photo by Regena Kowitz/Released

U.S. Navy photo by Senior Chief Petty Officer Gary Ward/Released

U.S. Navy photo by Jacob Sippel/Released

U.S. Navy photo by Timothy R. Jensen/Released

U.S. Navy courtesy photo/Released

14 15
PHYSIOLOGICAL EPISODES

Physiological episodes (PEs) are not a new 

phenomenon in the aviation community. 

Since the evolution of the aircraft, PEs have 

impacted pilot readiness. The recent surge 

in occurrence and reporting in the military 

made the phenomenon a top priority not only 

for Navy Medicine, but for the Department 

of Defense as a whole. While much remains 

unknown about the causes, Navy Medicine 

is making significant strides toward finding a 

solution. 

Identifying signs of an episode, training our 

aviation community, standardizing care and 

conducting extensive research has played 

an important role in Navy Medicine’s efforts.

To experience a PE is to experience 

unpleasant physical effects that impairs 

one’s ability to safely fly an aircraft. Examples 

of such impairment include, but are not 

limited to, oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), 

toxin exposure, decompression injuries, 

breathing gas problems, spatial disorientation 

or even loss of consciousness. The extent of 

these impairments vary from case to case. 

However, consistency of care is critical when 

treating an episode. 

In an effort to standardize care in the 

unfortunate event a PE does occur, Navy 

Medicine developed a set of clinical practice 

guidelines for flight surgeons to follow when 

diagnosing and treating a case. These aid in 

identifying root causes and ensure complete 

and consistent care for our aviators. 

In addition to care standardization, pilots 

are required to undergo rigorous training to 

familiarize themselves with the effects of a PE, 

and ways to avoid an episode. 

Protecting aircrew from these types of 

impairments is a primary focus of research 

conducted at Naval Medical Research 

Unit – Dayton (NAMRU-Dayton). Research 

on barometric pressure changes, effects of 

variable breathing gas mixtures and effects 

of breathing resistance on aircrew physiology 

and performance are just some of the 

initiatives helping to uncover the mystery of 

PEs. 

Research efforts conclude that both the 

human and the aircraft present a variety of 

variables that can potentially contribute to 

the occurrence and severity of a PE. 

Human variables like dehydration, fatigue, 

insufficient nutrition, illness, airsickness, 

hyperventilation and stress can cause 

effects very similar to an aircraft malfunction. 

Additionally, there is a great deal of human 

variation from pilot-to-pilot on any given day, 

making it considerably difficult to identify 

patterns. 

Nevertheless, Navy Medicine implemented 

several aeromedical efforts to combat this 

problem and address every aspect of cause, 

prevention diagnosis and treatment. 

In 2018, pilots began using devices called 

slam sticks in aircraft to monitor pressure 

fluctuations in the cockpit. Slam sticks are 

designed to assess and rapidly detect 

pressurization instability as a possible 

contributing factor to PEs. They also record 

cockpit pressure readings to support post 

flight analysis. Slam sticks have proven to 

be a relatively inexpensive and valuable 

tool in mitigating and detecting signs of an 

occurring or impending episode.

Last year, the number of episodes reported 

was significantly less than years prior. As 

Navy Medicine enters the new year, PEs 

will remain a top priority. Thanks to our 

specialized teams and Navy Medicine 

personnel, the Navy is a couple steps closer 

to solving the mystery of PEs and maintaining 

pilot readiness.

U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael J. Lieberknecht/Released 16 17
HOSPITAL CORPSMAN TRAUMA TRAINING

Hospital Corpsman (HM) Trauma 

Training is an initiative led by the U.S. 

Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

under the direction of Force Master Chief 

Hosea Smith, Hospital Corps director, 

in coordination with Rear Adm. Tina 

Davidson, commander, Navy Medicine 

Education, Training and Logistics 

Command.

This training partnership is between 

Navy Medicine, the Capt. James A. 

Lovell Federal Health Care Center (Lovell 

FHCC), and John A. Stroger Jr. Hospital of 

Cook County (Cook County) in Chicago. 

The training is one of several hospital 

corps training programs implemented in 

response to Chief of Naval Operations 

Adm. John Richardson’s competence 

and character priorities to achieve the 

best performance through learning.

The first class graduated Jan. 18, 

2018, at Lovell FHCC after 12 weeks of 

classroom and trauma training. The two 

additional classes since have built on 

several lessons learned to maximize the 

educational experience the corpsmen 

received.

Additional iterations of this handson initiative comprised eight days of 

classroom training and six weeks of 

trauma training focused on Trauma 

Resuscitation, Trauma Intensive Care 

Unit, Burn Unit and the Emergency 

Department. 

To date, three classes of corpsmen have 

completed this program, totaling 61 

students. 

The 15 corpsmen from the second 

iteration received orders to an 

operational assignment and 30 

corpsmen from the first class completed 

the training are now working in Military 

Treatment Facilities. 

During the training program, students 

assist trauma surgeons with a range 

of life-threatening injuries, helping to 

stabilize the patients. 

Active duty senior independent 

duty corpsmen and civilian providers 

supervise student work while in the 

clinical and trauma settings.

 The HM Trauma Training program 

is now a program of record, allowing 

Navy Medicine to develop additional 

partnerships for program exportability. 

 Navy Medicine’s target audience will 

remain first-term corpsmen currently 

stationed at an MTF, with follow-on orders 

to an operational assignment.

U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Ashley Lawson/Released 18 19
 A SURGICAL POINT OF VIEW:

GLOBAL HEALTH ENGAGEMENT DURING PACIFIC 

PARTNERSHIP 2018

Editor’s note: This story was originally posted 

on the Navy Medicine Live Blog in June 

of 2018 and written by Cmdr. Katharina 

Pellegrin, a Hand/Microvascular, Burn and 

Trauma Surgeon 

 

USNS Mercy departed from San Diego 

in February of 2018 in support of the 13th 

Pacific Partnership mission. More than 800 

personnel traveled to Indonesia, Malaysia, 

Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Japan to strengthen 

relationships, enhance medical readiness, 

and advance theater security cooperation 

initiatives.

In particular, our Partner Nations (PN) were 

interested in surgical subspecialties. Aboard 

USNS Mercy we had experts in: orthopedics, 

plastics, burns, hands, trauma, pediatrics, 

urology, ophthalmology, ear, nose and 

throat, oral and maxillofacial, advanced 

minimal invasive and robotics surgery, and 

surgical and gynecological oncology.

These surgical Subject Matter Experts 

worked cooperatively with PNs via close 

surgical collaborations and exchanges, 

which enabled us to improve patient’s lives 

around the globe and achieve the PP18 

mission of strengthening relationships and 

interoperability.

The surgical candidates for these 

collaborative exchanges were identified 

and pre-screened months in advance of our 

arrival. A final screening was done just after 

the ship pulled into port, and surgeries were 

performed both at PN hospitals and aboard 

the ship.

Although the ultimate goal of such 

exchanges is to improve a partner nation’s 

surgical care capability and expertise, the 

learning and teaching experience truly goes 

both ways. 

As an example, we were able to learn 

skills and techniques from our partners to 

successfully operate in resource-constrained 

environments.

An unprecedented highlight of PP18 was 

having the Da Vinci XI Robot Surgical System 

on board USNS Mercy. U.S. and partner 

nation service members and Sri Lankan 

surgeons conducted the first-ever robotassisted surgery aboard a maritime vessel on 

May 4. Our partners experienced firsthand 

the robot’s flexibility as it functioned as first 

assistants to the surgeon.

In Vietnam, hand and plastic surgeons and 

dermatologists worked collaboratively on a 

series of restorative interventions in patients 

with extensive, severe burn contractures.

After the surgical team performed 

contracture releases, and in some instances, 

applied dermal matrix tissue on patients, the 

dermatologists would work to apply a laser to 

the remaining scar tissue, thus softening the 

scars. This type of surgery is very rewarding 

to the surgeon as we can appreciate the 

immediate result in the operating theater 

and during post-operative care when the 

patient greets us with a smile, amazed at 

how they have regained functionality and 

appearance.

This was a great opportunity for me to share 

my expertise in three different specialties 

(hands/burns/trauma) with surgeons and 

ancillary staff internationally. What I enjoyed 

most was exchanging knowledge with my 

international colleagues, and gaining a 

glimpse of insight into the challenges they 

face in delivering high quality health care on 

a daily basis. Those countries are now part of 

my reality, rather than just a dot on the map. 

I hope I will be able to embed this newly 

gained knowledge and cultural awareness 

for my next Navy mission.

U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Christopher A. Veloicaza/Released 20 21
Editor’s note: This is an adaption of a story 

written by James Marconi, and published by 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery public affairs in 

April 2018.

By any measure, Lt. Cmdr. Hugh 

Rossman Alexander served valiantly 

during the attack on Pearl Harbor 

Dec. 7, 1941. 

Alexander, the senior dental officer 

aboard battleship USS Oklahoma, 

became trapped in a compartment 

when the ship capsized during 

the attack. He assisted numerous 

shipmates in escaping through 

a narrow porthole, deliberately 

selecting the most slender men to 

pass through an opening no more 

than 14 inches wide. 

 He sacrificed his life in the process. 

Alexander subsequently received 

the Navy and Marine Corps 

Medal for his actions, and was 

posthumously awarded the Purple 

Heart in 1943 for wounds resulting in 

his death at Pearl Harbor.

Nearly 77 years later, Alexander’s 

daughter, Gloria Alexander Rogers, 

accepted a Silver Star Medal 

posthumously awarded to her father 

during a ceremony April 2, 2018.

The Silver Star Medal is the United 

States Armed Forces’ third highest 

personal decoration for valor in 

combat. Alexander is now the 17th 

officer in the 105-year history of the 

U.S. Navy Dental Corps to receive 

the award.

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U.S. Navy photo by Personnel Specialist 1st Class Marissa Brown/Released

U.S. Navy photo by Personnel Specialist 1st Class Marissa Brown/Released

U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Ryan Conroy/Released

REMEMBERING PEARL HARBOR:

LT. CMDR HUGH ROSSMAN ALEXANDER

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