SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 49 

A Scanning Electron Microscope 

Survey of the Epidermis 

of East African Grasses, I 

Patricia G. Palmer 

and Alice E. Tucker 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

City of Washington 

1981 
ABSTRACT 

Palmer, Patricia G., and Alice E. Tucker. A Scanning Electron Microscope 

Survey of the Epidermis of East African Grasses, I. Smithsonian Contributions to 

Botany, number 49, 84 pages, 9 figures, 48 plates, 1981.-In developing a 

reference collection as a standard for using fossil grass cuticles as a paleoecological tool, we have examined leaf epidermal features of grasses with SEM. 

Anatomical structures are described, and a system of categorizing diagnostic 

features is proposed. Descriptions (abaxial and adaxial surfaces) of 24 East 

African species are presented comprising ten tribes: Bambuseae, Olyreae, 

Phareae, Streptogyneae, Oryzeae, Phyllorhachideae, Ehrharteae, Arundineae, 

Dant honieae, and Centosteceae. 

OFFICIAL PIJBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded 

in the Institution’s annual report, Srnithsoniun Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the 

katsura tree Cercidiphyllurn japonicurn Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Palmer, Patricia G 

A scanning electron microscope survey of the epidermis of East African grasses. 

(Smithsonian contributions to botany ; 49) 

Bibliography: p. 

Includes index. 

1. Grasses-Africa, East-Anatomy-Atlases. 2. Grasses-Anatomy-Atlases. 3. LeavesAnatomy-Atlases. 4. Epidermis-Atlases. 5. Ultrastructure (Biology)-Atlases. I. 

Tucker, Alice E., joint author. 11. Title. 111. Series: Smithsonian contributions to botany; no. 49. 

QKl.S2747 no. 49 [QK495.G74] 581s [584’.909676] 80-19201 
Contents 

Page 

Introduction ........ ...................................... 1 

Materials and M .................................... 2 

Acknowledgments ........................................... 2 

Diagnostic SEM Features ....... ................. 2 

Long Cells ....................................................... 3 

Stomata .......................................................... 3 

Interstomatal Cells ..... ........................ 3 

Papillae ................ .............................. 4 

Short Cells 4 

Silica Bodies ........................................... 4 

Microhairs ......................................................... 5 

Prickles ........................................................... 5 

Macrohairs ........................................................ 5 

Figures ........................................................... 6 

15 

Tribe BAMBUSEAE .................................................. 15 

Arundinaria alpina K. Schumann .................................... 15 

Oreobambos buchwaldii K. Schumann ............. 16 

Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Richard) Munro ........................ 16 

Puelia olyriformis (Franchet) Clayton ................................ 17 

Tribe OLYREAE .................... .......... ..... ... 18 

Olyra latifolia Linnaeus ........... ............................. 18 

Tribe PHAREAE ....................................................... 18 

Leptaspis cochleata Thwaites ......................................... 18 

Tribe STREPTOCYNEAE ............................................... 19 

Streptogyna crinita P. Beauvois ....................................... 19 

Tribe ORYZEAE ..................... ................. 20 

Leersia hexandra Swartz ............................................. 20 

Maltebrunia leersioides Kunth ........................................ 20 

Tribe PHYLLORHACHIDEAE . . , , ........................ 22 

22 

Tribe EHRHARTEAE ................................................... 23 

Ehrharta erecta (Lamarck) var. abyssinica (Hochstetter) Pilger ....... 23 

Tribe ARUNDINEAE ............................................... 24 

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth ...................................... 24 

Tribe DANTHONIEAE .................................................. 24 

Asthenatherum glaucum (Nees) Nevski ................................ 24 

Crinipes abyssinicus Hochstetter .............................. 

....................................................... 

Format for Species Descriptions ............ 

Oryza punctata Steudel ...... ........................ 21 

Phyllorhachis sagittata Trimen ................ ................ 22 

Humbertochloa greenwayi C. E. Hubbard ........................... 

... 

111 
iV 

Elytrophorus globularis Hackel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . , , , 

Habroch loa bullockii H u bbard 

Pentaschistis borussica (K. Schumann) Pilger , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 

Triraphis schinzii Hackel . , , , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , . . . . , . , . . , . 

Tribe CENTOSTECEAE . , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . , . , . , , . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , 

Bromuniola gossweiieri Stapf and C. E. Hubbard . , . . . . . . . . . , . , . , , , . , , 

Megastachya mucronata (Poiret) P. Beauvois , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 

Orthoclada africana Hubbard . . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . 

Appendix: Material Studied . . , . . , , , . , , . . , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Literature Cited . ................. ...................... 

Plates 

Index to Grass Species . . . . . . . , . . . , . . , , . . , . . , , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , 

, , . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . , , , . , , . 

Neyraudia arundinacea (Linnaeus) Henrard ...................... 

........................................................ 

26 

26 

27 

28 

28 

29 

29 

30 

30 

32 

34 

35 

84 
A Scanning Electron Microscope 

Survey of the Epidermis 

of East African Grasses, I 

Patricia G. Palmer 

and Alice E. Tucker 

Introduction 

The taxonomic value of epidermal features of 

grass leaves in identifying and classifying members of the family is well established (Prat, 1932, 

1936; Tateoka et al., 1959; Metcalfe, 1960; Jacques-Fklix, 1962). Traditionally the microanatomy of grass leaves has been studied with light 

microscopy, but Palmer (1976) has shown that 

the diagnostic features of grass cuticles are remarkably well suited for study with scanning 

electron microscopy. Palmer (1976) applied this 

technique not only to modern day grasses but 

extended it to fossil grass cuticular fragments 

from East African lake sediments where the 

opaqueness of the charred cuticles makes observation with light microscopy inadequate. 

The potential for the use of grass cuticles as a 

new paleoecological tool led to this present study. 

Grasses are an important element in many modern vegetation types in Africa, and recently Livingstone and Clayton (1980) have shown that 

there is high correlation between the percentage 

of Cq grasses and temperature in East Africa. 

Better interpretation of grasses in the fossil record 

will allow clearer understanding of past vegetaPatricia G. Palmer, Department of Biology, Louisburg College, 

Louisburg, N. C. 27549. Alice E. Tucker, Department of Zoology, 

Duke University, Durham, N. C. 27706. 

tion of Africa and may even permit the reconstruction of paleotemperatures. 

Pollen analysis by itself cannot provide all the 

information we need about the vegetational history of Africa, because grass pollen is identifiable 

only to family. Many lake core samples from East 

Africa, which are rich in grass pollen, contain 

charred fragments of grass epidermis identifiable 

to tribe or even to genus (Palmer, 1976). These 

charred fragments presumably were deposited 

during naturally occurring fires and in modern 

time during fires associated with the activities of 

man. Consequently, vegetation types prone to 

burning may be overrepresented in the fossil record. Many vegetation types, however, are both 

rich in grasses and subject to burning: steppe, 

grassland, savanna, and woodland. This technique will allow discrimination among these vegetation types. 

The charred appearance may also be a result 

of chemical changes after deposition. In any case, 

the fossil material is very well preserved and is 

remarkably similar to modern leaves. Recent core 

samples from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana, West 

Africa, have revealed macroscopic fossilized grass 

leaves in great abundance and so intact that in 

many cases when observed with the scanning 

electron microscope even the fragile apical cells 

of the bicellular microhairs are visible. 

1 
2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

The possibility of using grass cuticles in a stratigraphic analysis of African lake sediments has 

made it necessary to develop a reference collection 

of modern grasses as a standard of comparison. 

Since most of the available lake cores are from 

East Africa, we decided first to survey the genera 

of East African grasses with scanning electron 

microscopy. We delimit East Africa to include 

Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, the region dealt 

with in “Gramineae” by Clayton (1970, 1974, in 

prep.) in Flora of Tropical East Africa. We also 

follow the nomenclature of Flora of Tropical East 

Africa. As the need arises we can expand our 

reference collection to include other areas of Africa or the world where we are likely to be identifying fossil grass material. This paper presents 

the results of the first part of this survey and 

includes 24 genera representing ten tribes: Bambuseae, Olyreae, Phareae, Streptogyneae, Oryzeae, Phyllorhachideae, Ehrharteae, Arundineae, 

Danthonieae, and Centotheceae (Centosteceae, 

Soderstrom and Decker, 1973). 

MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Leaf material for 

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was taken 

from dried herbarium material. A section from 

the middle portion of a blade from an upper, 

mature, undamaged leaf was chosen for study. In 

a few cases, where the epidermis proved to have 

a heavy coat of epicuticular wax, the wax was 

removed by soaking in xylene from 12 to 14 

hours. Two pieces of the leaf (one exposing the 

abaxial or lower surface, the other exposing the 

adaxial or upper surface) were mounted on stubs 

with double-coated Scotch tape. The specimens 

were sputter-coated with gold-palladium, observed with a JEOL T20 scanning electron microscope, and photographed using Polaroid P/N 

665 film. The photomicrographs are deposited in 

the laboratory of D. A. Livingstone, Department 

of Zoology, Duke University. 

Each specimen was analyzed at the microscope 

using a standard check sheet of diagnostic features. By comparing the photomicrographs and 

the check sheets, a complete description of each 

taxon was compiled. At least one species of each 

genus was examined, and for some large genera 

several species were examined to determine intrageneric variability. In some cases more than one 

specimen of a species was examined to determine 

intraspecific variability. 

AcmowLEmMmTs.-We are especially grateful to D. A. Livingstone of the Zoology Department, Duke University, for research support and 

for encouragement in this study. We appreciate 

suggestions on this study and comments on the 

manuscript from T. Soderstrom, S. Renvoize, and 

D. Livingstone. V. Pearson deserves thanks for 

her assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. S. Hutchison provided assistance with 

technical aspects of this study including some 

scanning electron microscopy. We also wish to 

thank W. D. Clayton and S. Renvoize of the Kew 

Herbarium, T. Soderstrom of the National Herbarium, and G. Davidse of the Herbarium of the 

Missouri Botanical Garden for providing material 

for study. We are grateful for technical assistance 

by T. Caspar. This research was supported by 

NSF grants BMS75-03441 and DEB76-80426 to 

D. A. Livingstone. 

Diagnostic SEM Features 

The most complete compendium of descriptions of epidermal features of grasses is that of 

Metcalfe (1960). We have frequently referred to 

Metcalfe’s study, and in particular we have used 

his system of cell orientation where the longitudinal axis of the leaf is referred to as the “horizontal” dimension and the direction at right angles to the long axis becomes “vertical” for descriptive purposes (see Metcalfe, 196O:xix). All 

photomicrographs are oriented so that the longitudinal axis of the leaf is “horizontal” in the field 

of view, but we have found it necessary to modify 

his terminology and develop a system more appropriate for features viewed with SEM. Scanning electron microscopy enables us to examine 

certain structures more clearly than with light 

microscopy, and some features have a different 

aspect when viewed with SEM as compared to 

light. We have established the following system 

of classification and terminology of epidermal 
NUMBER 49 3 

features. This system is used as a standard 

throughout our study, minor modifications being 

made as the need arises. 

STOMATA 

Each grass leaf stoma or opening is bounded 

by a pair of guard cells having narrow middles 

and enlarged ends and a subsidiary cell adjacent 

to each guard cell. The subsidiary cells have a 

distinctive shape and stand out sharply against 

the background of regular epidermal cells. Mature grass stomata can be classified according to 

the shapes of these subsidiary cells as seen in 

surface view. We recognize four types of subsidiary cells according to Metcalfe’s (1960) system: 

Parallel-sided (Figure la) 

Low-dome (Figure lb) 

Triangular (Figure lc) 

High-dome (Figure Id) 

Special features of stomata are also described. 

In some genera (e.g., all of the tribe Oryzeae) 

papillate subsidiary cells occur (Figure lf). Occasionally, the stomata are obscured by overarching papillae (see section “Papillae”) from adjacent epidermal cells (Figure le) or are sunken in 

grooves so that the shape of the subsidiary cells 

cannot be determined. 

Frequency and distribution of stomata are useful characters. Frequency is indicated according 

to four categories: absent, infrequent, common, 

abundant. Stomata alternating with long cells 

(interstomatal cells) occur as one or more horizontal bands in the intercostal (between veins) 

zones. A band may consist of a single row or 

several adjacent rows of stomata. Distribution 

comprises the number of stomata1 bands per intercostal zone as well as the number of rows per 

band. 

LONG CELLS 

There are two types of epidermal cells in 

grasses: long cells and short cells. The bulk of the 

intercostal zone consists of long cells, which usually are much longer horizontally than vertically, 

the horizontal axis being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the leaf. We recognize the following 

shapes of long cells: 

Square (cell about as long horizontally as it is wide vertically; 

Rectangular (cell about two to three times as long as wide; 

Pentagonal (Figure 2c) 

Hexagonal (Figure 24 

Long and narrow (cell more than three times as long as 

wide, width uniform; Figure 2e) 

Long and narrow (cell more than three times as long as 

wide, width non-uniform, usually wider in the middle and 

tapered at ends; (Figure 2A 

The outline of the long cell walls as they abut 

cells in an adjacent horizontal row is categorized 

as non-sinuous (Figure 2e) ; slightly sinuous (Figure 3a) ; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised 

(Figure 36) ; or markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat (Figure 3c). 

The presence or absence of papillae on long 

cells is noted. If papillae are present, the number, 

distribution (i.e., row or rows, paired, irregular), 

shape (globose or elongate), and size (uniform or 

variable) are described (see section “Papillae”). 

Figure 2a) 

Figure 2b) 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS 

The long cells that occur in the same horizontal 

row as the stomata and that separate individual 

stomata are termed interstomatal cells or interstomatals (i.e., cells between stomata). Several categories of shapes of these cells are recognized: 

square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, long 

and narrow with uniform width, or long and 

narrow with non-uniform width (see section 

“Long Cells”). The manner in which the end 

walls fit against the stomata is described as 

straight to convex (Figure 34; slightly concave 

or U-shaped (Figure 3e); or markedly concave or 

V-shaped (Figure 3f). 

The outline of the interstomatal walls as they 

abut cells in an adjacent horizontal row is categorized as non-sinuous; slightly sinuous (Figure 

3a) ; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised (Figure 36); or markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat 

(Figure 3c). 
4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

The presence or absence of papillae on interstomatals is noted. If papillae are present, the 

number, distribution, shape, and size are described (see sections “Papillae” and “Long 

Cells”). 

PAPILLAE 

Protrusions from the outer walls of epidermal 

cells are termed papillae. Papillae occur primarily 

on long cells, including interstomatals, but we 

have observed papillate cork cells, subsidiary 

cells, and even macrohairs with papillate shafts. 

In some instances, the papillae seem to be very 

thin-walled and fragile with a collapsed or deflated appearance. On the other hand, papillae 

may be very thick and heavily cutinized (Metcalfe, 1960) or silicified (Clark and Gould, 1975) 

and remain rigid rather than becoming collapsed. 

Since papillae protrude from the cell surface, 

they are well-suited for examination with SEM, 

and we believe that the taxonomic importance of 

papillae may be greater than realized with light 

microscopy. 

For various cells that possess papillae-notably 

the long cells-we indicate the number of papillae per cell. The number varies from a single 

papilla per cell (Figure 4a) to a pair to many 

(Figure 4b,c,df). We note the distribution of the 

papillae on a cell: papillae occurring in a single 

row (Figure 46) or in several rows; occurring in 

pairs; irregularly distributed (Figure 4c). Two 

shapes are recognized: globose (Figure 46,c,d) and 

elongate (Figure 4e). Size is denoted as uniform 

(Figure 46) or variable (Figure 4c). In some instances we note whether the papillae are large 

(Figure 4c,d) or extremely small giving a warty 

appearance (Figure 4fl. Although a papilla is 

usually a single structure, there are examples of 

compound ones, especially double or forked (Terre11 and Wergin, 1979) (Figure 4.4. 

SHORT CELLS 

Epidermal cells that contain silica bodies (silica 

cells) or that are suberized (cork cells) are referred 

to as short cells. In many cases these cells are 

about as long as wide (unlike long cells that are 

commonly longer than wide), but their dimensions can vary. 

Note is made of the location of short cells, i.e., 

costal (over the vein) or intercostal (between 

veins), and the distribution in each zone is described as solitary, paired (usually a cork cell and 

a silica cell), three to five cells per row, or more 

than five cells per row. When the short cells occur 

in rows, the cork and silica cells usually alternate. 

The frequency of silica cells and cork cells is 

indicated by four categories: absent, infrequent, 

common, and abundant. For all features of short 

cells, it is important to make clear in the description whether the cells are costal or intercostal, 

since in a single leaf the costal short cells may be 

very different from the intercostal ones. 

Cork cells are not so easily detected with SEM 

as with light and may sometimes be overlooked. 

When advisable the specimen is checked under 

light for verification. 

SILICA BODIES 

A silica cell usually contains a silica body that 

may or may not assume the same shape as the 

cell. Differences in the shape of the silica body 

within the silica cell have great taxonomic value. 

We assume that the shape seen on the surface 

with SEM is that of the silica body and recognize 

the following types, which are basically those of 

Metcalfe (1960) with a few minor modifications. 

Our categories are based as much as possible on 

well-known geometrical shapes, and we have 

eliminated the use of generic names to describe 

types: 

Tall and narrow (a shape described by Metcalfe, but not yet 

Crenate-vertical (Figure 5a) 

Figure-eight (Metcalfe’s Oryta type; Figure 56) 

Saddle-shaped (Figure 5c) 

Elliptical (Figure 5d) 

Round (Figure 54 

Crescent-shaped (Figure 5d) 

Cross-shaped (Figure 5e) 

Acutely-angled (Figure 5A 

encountered in this study) 
NUMBER 49 5 

Square (Figure 6a) 

Oblong (Figure 66) 

Elongate-smooth (a shape described by Metcalfe, but not 

Elongate-sinuous (Figure 6c) 

Nodular (Figure 64 

Dumbbell (Figure 64 

Ends rounded (Figure 6fl, or straight (Figure 6f13 or 

Middle wide (Figure 6ef) or middle narrow 

Middle long (Figure 6A or middle short (Figure 6e) 

yet encountered in this study) 

concave (Figure 6e) 

MICROHAIRS 

Microhairs are small, usually two-celled (sometimes unicellular), epidermal appendages comprised of a basal cell and an apical cell. The cells 

of the microhair are very thin and fragile, particularly the apical cell, which is often missing or 

when present is often deflated and distorted. Microhairs are found in the intercostal zone, both in 

and between stomata1 bands. 

The features of microhairs that are useful for 

diagnostic purposes are presence or absence (the 

Pooid grasses and other occasional genera lack 

microhairs), number of cells (one or two), proportional length of basal and apical cells, lengthwidth ratios of cells, and nature of apex (rounded 

or tapered). This last feature can be determined 

only when the apical cell is neither collapsed nor 

distorted. 

The diagnostic characters that we recognize 

are the following: 

One-celled (Figure 7a) 

Two-celled, basal and apical equal in length, short (cells one 

Two-celled, basal and apical equal in length, medium (cells 

Two-celled, basal and apical equal in length, long (cells five 

Two-celled. basal longer than apical (Figure 7e) 

Two-celled. basal shorter than apical (Figure 7fl 

Nature of apex 

to two times as long as wide) (Figure 76) 

three to four times as long as wide) (Figure 7c) 

or more times as long as wide (Figure 74 

Rounded (Figure 7c) 

Tapered (Figure 7e) 

PRICKLES 

Prickles are robust, usually sharply pointed, 

epidermal appendages with swollen bases. Metcalfe (1960) refers to these as prickle-hairs. These 

appendages occur in both costal and intercostal 

zones. We note the absence or presence of prickles 

and, if present, their frequency of occurrenceinfrequent, common, or abundant-and location. 

This quantitative character of frequency of prickles may not be as reliable as the qualitative 

characters, since we and others (Metcalfe, 1960; 

Stewart, 1965a,b) have observed that the abundance of prickles varies from one specimen to 

another within a species. 

We recognize two main types of prickle-like 

appendages: prickles are large with a pointed 

apex and a swollen base and more often occur 

costally (Figure 8a,b); hooks are smaller, with a 

more abruptly pointed apex and a more prominently swollen base and usually occur in the 

intercostal region (Figure 8a (arrow) ,c). The two 

often intergrade and in some cases it is difficult 

to decide whether an appendage should be categorized as a prickle or a hook. 

In addition to the more common prickles and 

hooks, we have occasionally encountered unusual 

prickle-like appendages. In Asthenatherurn, for example, there are large, straight, bluntly pointed 

appendages without swollen bases that resemble 

short macrohairs (see section “Macrohairs”) (Figure 84. Another unusual prickle-like appendage 

observed in Asthenatherum is a short, unpointed 

appendage with a swollen base that we describe 

as a papillate prickle since it resembles a papilla 

(Figure 8e). In a few cases we have found what 

appears to be a bicellular prickle (Figure 8J). 

MACROHAIRS 

Macrohairs are larger than the microhairs described earlier, and often they can be seen with 

the unaided eye or with very low magnification 

(X 5-10). Unlike the bicellular microhairs, macrohairs are usually one-celled, although specialized basal epidermal cells may be associated with 

them. 

The presence or absence of macrohairs is determined for both the costal and intercostal zones. 
6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

FIGURE 1.-Stomata1 features: a, parallel-sided subsidiary 

cells, ahaxial Helictotrichon elongatum (A. Richard) Hubbard, 

Liehenberg 12, X 867; b, low-dome subsidiary cells, ahaxial 

Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lamarck) Hitchcock and Chase, Ortaggeup 372, X 1696; c, triangular subsidiary cells, abaxial 

Eleusine coracana (Linnaeus) Gaertner, de Wet 3833, X 1285: 

d, high-dome subsidiary cells, ahaxial Chlorocahmma crytocantha Clayton, Greenway and Kanuri 13980, X 1696: e, stoma 

obscured by overarching papillae, abaxial Arundinarza alpina, 

Mayer 7750, X 1285; f. papillate subsidiary cells, abaxial 

Maltebrunia leersioides. Humbert 5783, X 2970. 
NUMBER 49 7 

FIGURE 2.-Long cell shapes: a, square, abaxial Coelachne 

africana Pilger. Schlieben 4161, X 867; b, rectangular. adaxial 

Crinipes ubyssinicus Gay s.N.. X 867; c. pentagonal, abaxial 

Comrnelinidium mayumbense (Franchet) Stapf, Chandler 1859, 

X 295: d, hexagonal, abaxial Sacciolepis africana Hubbard and 

Snowden, Thomas 4544. X 867: t, long, narrow, width 

uniform, abaxial Avena abyssinica A. Richard, Pappi 4901, 

X 295; long. narrow, width non-uniform, abaxial Dac@lis 

glomerata Linnaeus, Gillett 15753, X 416. 
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

FIC~JRE 3.-Long cell wall outlines (a-c) and end walls of adaxial Ohra latijiolia, Palmer 901, X 867; d, straight to 

inttrstomatals (d-f): a, slightly sinuous, abaxial Or/hoclada convex, abaxial Sorghum arundinaceum Stapf, Myre 26, X 295; 

africana, Paterson s.n., X 867; 6, markedly sinuous, interlock- e, slightly concave, abaxial Orthoclada africana, Paterson S,n., 

ing, raised, abaxial Phacelurus huillensis (Rendle) Clayton, X 1696; J markedly concave, Triraphis fleckii Hackel, 

Webster T238, X 867; c, markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Schweickerdt 21 15, X 625. 
NUMBER 49 9 

FIGURE 4.-Papillae: a, single papilla per long cell. abaxial papillae, adaxial Lepturus repens (G. Forster) R. Brown. BogEchinochloa colona (Linnaeus) Link, de Wet 5416, X 295: dan 3642, X 867: e, elongate papillae. abaxial Vossia cusprdata 

b, single row of papillae per long cell, abaxial Daknopholis (Roxburgh) Griffith. Meyer 7503. X 867: ,J small. variableboiuznzi (A. Camus) Clayton, Croat 30897, X 867: c, numerous sized papillae giving surface a warty texture. abaxial Orhpapillae per long cell, size variable, abaxial Or)ira barthiI clada afrrcana, Paterson s.n.. X 2970. 

A. Chevalier. de Wet 633, X 416: d, globose and compound 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

FIGURE 5.-Silica bodies: a, crenate-vertical, abaxial Olyia 

latfolia, Palmer 90 1, X 867: b, figure-eight, abaxial Oryra 

barthiz A. Chevalier. de Wet 626, X 1285: c. saddle-shaped, 

abaxial Chysochloa hindsii Hubbard. Lewalle 4841. X 867: 

a’. crescent-shaped (arrow). elliptical to round. abaxial Stzpa 

drageana Steudel. Schweickerdt 18 18. X 867: e, cross-shaped, 

abaxial Phacelurus huiliensis (Rendle) Clayton, M’ebster T238, 

x 867: f. acutely-angled. adaxial Hetemanthoecia guineensis 

(Franchet) Robvns, Simon and Williamson 1925. X 1696. 
NUMBER 49 11 

FIGURE 6.--Silica bodies: a, square, abaxial Colpodium chion- Schweickerdt 2158, X 867: e, dumbbell. ends concave, midogeiton (Pilger) Tzvelev, Wood 923, X 867: b. oblong, abaxial dle wide, short, abaxial Schmidtia bulbosa Stapf, Brass 17909, 

Tritzcum aestivum Linnaeus, Harshberger 1 139, X 867; X 867: f. dumbbell, ends straight to rounded, middle wide, 

c. elongate-sinuous, abaxial Avena abjssznica Hochstetter, long, abaxial Trichoneura mollis (Kunth) Ekman. Kapper 550. 

Pappi 4901, X 867: d, nodular, abaxial Ell'trophorusp.lobularis, X 867. 
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

FIC~JRE 7.-Microhair types: a, one-celled, abaxial DacQloc- long, apex tapered, abaxial Orlhucladu ayricana, Paterson sn., 

tenzum giganleum Fisher and Schweick, Bullock 305, X 1696; X 1285; e, two-celled, basal longer, apical shorter, apex 

b, two-celled, basal and apical equal, short, apex rounded, tapered, abaxial Harpachne schimperi Hochstetter, Milne-Redabaxial Cpodon dac!ylon (Linnaeus) Persoon. Hitchcock head and Taylor 8828, X 867; f. two-celled, basal shorter. 

24507, X 2970; c. two-celled, basal and apical equal. me- apical longer, apex tapered, abaxial Ebtrophorus globularis, 

diurn, apex rounded, abaxial Humbertochloa greenwuyi. M'ing- Schweickerdt 2158, X 1285. 

field 1680, X 1285; d. two-celled, basal and apical equal. 
NUMBER 49 13 

FIGURE 8.-Prickles: a, costal prickles and intercostal hooks straight. stiff. ends blunt. bases not swollen. abaxial Asth~n- 

(arrow), abaxial Sehima nercosum (Rohburgh and Willdenow) atherum forskalii (L-ahl) Nevski, Lfandaville 388. X 63; 

Stapf. Hudson 217, X 295: b. costal prickle. abaxial Dichan- e. papillate prickles, short, unpointed with swollen bases. 

thium aristatum (Poiret) Hubbard. Evles 2210. X 1285; adaxial of .4sthenatherum forskalii, Mandaville 388. X 295: /, c. intercostal hook; abaxial Brachiaria brizanthn Stapf, Hitch- bicellular prickle. adaxial .Wegustachy mucronatn. Faden 74/ 

cock 24884 X 867: d. short macrohair-like prickles. large. 345. X 867. 
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

FIGURE 9.--Macrohairs: a, raised basal cells absent, abaxial 

Isachne buettneri Hackel, Baldwin 6718. X 867: 6, basal cells 

slightlv raised. abaxial Andropterum stolziz (Pilger) Hubbard. 

Wiehe N/293. X 4 16: c, basal cells markedly raised, abaxial 

Cleistachne sorghoides Bentham, Thomas 1325, X 867: d, end 

of macrohair curved. adaxial Orthoclada africana, Paterson 

s.n., X 625; e, short macrohair, adaxial Oropelium lhomaeum 

(Linnaeus) Trinius, Olufsen 393, X 867; J papillate shaft of 

macrohair, abaxial Danthoniopsis uiridis (Rendle) Hubbard. 

Verhoon 1373, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 15 

When present, the frequency is divided into three 

categories: infrequent, common, and abundant. 

Sometimes there is quantitative variation within 

a species, and therefore, as with prickles, this 

character may not be as taxonomically valuable 

as other features. Note is made of the presence 

(Figure 96,c) or absence (Figure 9a) of raised 

epidermal cells at the base of the macrohairs and, 

when present, whether the cells are slightly (Figure 96) or markedly (Figure 96) raised. 

Occasionally, we have seen structures that are 

intermediate between macrohairs and prickles 

(Figure 9e). In such cases, the feature is assigned 

to one category and cross-reference is made to the 

other. 

In our survey of grass epidermis we have encountered some specialized features of macrohairs. In Orthoclada africana C. E. Hubbard, the tip 

of the macrohair is curved forming a fishhook 

type macrohair (Figure 9d). Another unusual feature is the papillate shaft of the macrohair in 

Danthoniopsis uiridis (Rendle) Hubbard (Figure 

98. 

Format for Species Descriptions 

SToMATA.-Frequency; subsidiary cell shape; 

distribution; special features. 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-shape; end walls; outline of walls. Papillae: Number/cell, distribution 

on each cell, shape, size. 

LONG CEus-Shape; outline of walls. Papillae: 

Number/cell, distribution on each cell, shape, 

size. 

PRICKLES.-Frequency; location and type. 

SHORT CELLs.-Location and distribution. Silica Cells: Location and frequency. Cork Cells: 

Location and frequency. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ocation and shape. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Frequency; number of cells; 

MACROHAIRS.-Frequency; location; nature of 

SPECIAL FEATvREs.-Description of unique feashape; shape of apex. 

base. 

tures not covered in other categories. 

Tribe BAMBUSEAE 

Arundinaria alpina K. Schumann 

PLATES 1-2 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-common; appears to be high-dome 

but not clear because of overarching papillae; 1 

stomata1 band/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 

rows/band (Plate la&). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELS.-LOng, narrow, width 

uniform; ends indeterminable because of overarching papillae; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat to slightly raised. Papillae: Many, usually 

single row, globose, uniform, or sometimes none 

seen (Plate la). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat to slightly 

raised. Papillae: Many, usually single row, globose, uniform, or sometimes none seen (Plate 

lc,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate Id). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >.!)/row; intercostal solitary or paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal abundant (Plate lc,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded to straight, middle wide and short; intercostal saddle-shaped (?), not very distinct, 

shape difficult to ascertain (Plate lc,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent, found near the margin only; two-celled; basal and apical equal in 

length, medium; apex rounded (Plate lf). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; probably high-dome 

but not clear because of overarching papillae: 

distribution indeterminable because stomata too 

infrequent (Plate 2a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, width 

uniform; ends indeterminable because of overarching papillae; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat to slightly raised. Papillae: Many, single row, 
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

globose, uniform or sometimes none seen (Plate 

26). 

LONG CELLS.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat or slightly 

raised. Papillae: Many, single row, globose, uniform or sometimes none seen (Plate 26). 

PR1cKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles or 

hooks (somewhat intermediate between prickles 

and hooks) (Plate 24. 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal solitary or paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal common: intercostal abundant; some appear crossshaped (Plate 2ef). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends straight 

to concave, middle wide and ,short; intercostal 

tall and narrow (Plate 2ef). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne Seen. 

Oreobarnbos buchwaldii K. Schumann 

PLATES 3-4 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; appears high-dome but 

not clear because of overarching papillae; 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 3 rows/band (Plate 

3a,6). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends indeterminable because of overarching 

papillae; outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable (Plate 36). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; outline of walls indeterminable. 

Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable 

(Plate 3a,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 3a). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired or 3-5/row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 364. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal saddle-shaped; intercostal saddle-shaped, cross-shaped, or somewhat 

like the figure-eight type (Plate 364. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (often deflated) (Plate 3e). 

slightly raised; papillate around the base (Plate 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; costal; basal cells 

3f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; appears high-dome but 

somewhat obscured by overarching papillae; stomata too infrequent to form a regular distributional pattern (Plate 4a,b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to convex; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: Few toward the ends and 

overarching the stomata, globose, variable; usually many long cells separating the sporadically 

distributed stomata (Plate 4a,c), 

LOXG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen. It is difficult to distinguish between 

costal and intercostal regions; a distinctive feature 

in the intercostal (?) is a wide band of long cells, 

the ends of which are not discernible (Plate 4a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal and intercostal paired. 

Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. 

Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant 

(Plate 4ef). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal intermediate between saddle-shaped and figure-eight 

(Plate 4ef). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Richard) Munro 

PLATES 5-6 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 1 stomata1 

band/intercostal zone, 5-8 rows/band; stomata 

somewhat obscured by overarching papillae 

(Plate 5a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular or some- 
NUMBER 49 17 

times square; nature of ends indeterminable because of papillae; outline of cells indeterminable. 

Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable 

(Plate 5c). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular; outline of cells indeterminable. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable (Plate 5a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles; 

prickles on either side of vein as well as in middle 

of intercostal zone (Plate 54. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal single, paired or >5/ 

row (often a single silica cell or a pair of short 

cells alternates with a single papillate long cell); 

intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal 

abundant: intercostal not seen; each cork cell 

generally has a single small papilla (Plate 5c,d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal saddle-shaped; intercostal not seen (Plate 5d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (Plate 5f). 

MAcROHAIRS.-None Seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; shape of subsidiary cell 

indeterminable because of overarching papillae; 

stomata occur too infrequently to form a definite 

distributional pattern (Plate 6a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Not applicable. 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

Many, single row or sometimes irregular, globose, 

variable; sometimes concealed by wax (Plate 64. 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 6a). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary (or paired?) ; intercostal solitary; short cells indistinct because of 

wax. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

abundant. Cork Cells: None seen (?) (this may 

be because of wax) (Plate 6c,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal saddle-shaped; intercostal saddle-shaped or sometimes approaching 

figure-eight (Plate 6c,ef). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-NOnC seen. 

Puelia olyriformis (Franchet) Clayton 

PLATES 7-8 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 2 stomata1 

bands/intercostal zone, 3 or 4 rows/band: stomatal bands adjacent to veins and separated by 

wide area of long cells lacking stomata (Plate 

7a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.--Kectangular; ends 

straight to convex; markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

slightly raised. Papillae: 

7c). 

None seen (Plate 74. 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row: intercostal 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 7d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal saddleshaped (Plate 7ef). 

MICROHAIRS.-Non~ seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; triangular; distribution indeterminable because stomata too infrequent (Plate 86). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Not applicable. 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

slightly raised. Papillae: 

PRrcKLEs.-Infrequent; on margins only (Plate 

8c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired or >j/row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 8d,ef). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal saddle-shaped: intercostal saddle-shaped, figure-eight, or intermediate between these two shapes (Plate 8d,ef). 

None seen (Plate 8a). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

SPECIAL FEATuRES.-on the costal regions 

there are large irregularly distributed structures 

(perhaps silicified papillae) (Plate 80). 

Tribe OLYREAE 

Olyra latifolia Linnaeus 

PLATES 9-10 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-AbUndant; triangular; 2 or sometimes 3 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 5 or 

sometimes 3 or 6 rows/band; bands adjacent to 

veins (Plate 9a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat to slightly 

raised; often walls appear slightly sinuous because 

of collapsed cells. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, uniform; other cells lack papillae or papillae 

so deflated as to be inconspicuous (Plate 96). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat to slightly raised; often walls appear slightly 

sinuous because of collapsed cells. Papillae: Many, 

long cells near the stornatal bands often with a 

single row of small globose uniform papillae; 

sometimes irregular; other long cells usually lacking papillae; a band of long cells in center of 

intercostal zone (between stornatal bands) often 

has longitudinal folds due to collapsed cells (Plate 

9a,c,e j. 

 PRICKLE^. -None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal 

paired or sometimes solitary. Silica Cells: Costal 

and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal and 

intercostal abundant (Plate 9d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped to figureeight: intercostal crenate-vertical or sometimes 

figure-eight (Plate 9c,d,e j. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled: basal 

slightly longer, apical shorter; apex rounded 

(Plate 96f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 2 or sometimes 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 2 or 

sometimes 1 or 3 rows/band; occasional scattered 

solitary stomata (Plate 106). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat to slightly 

raised. Papillae: None seen. 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat to slightly raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

1 Oa,c) . 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, or >5/ 

row; intercostal solitary or paired. Silica Cells: 

Costal common; intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

Costal common: intercostal abundant (Plate 

lOc,d,ef). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal cross-shaped to intermediate between cross-shaped and figure-eight; 

intercostal crenate-vertical (Plate 10d,e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Tribe PHAREAE 

Leptaspis cochlea ta Thwaites 

PLATES 11-12 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; high-or sometimes lowdome; stomata too infrequent to form a distributional pattern (Plate 1 lc,dj. 

INTERSTOMATAL CEm-Long, narrow, width 

uniform; ends straight to convex; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 1 Id). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform, 

sometimes tapered at end; intercostal zone of 

large veins with narrow band of markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised long cells, alternating 

with narrow bands (small veins?) of slightly sinuous long cells. A single row of short cells occurs 
NUMBER 49 19 

within the latter band. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 116). 

PRICKLES. -None seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Throughout the intercostal zone of large 

veins single rows of short cells (small veins?) occur 

(Plate lle). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOstal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle wide or sometimes narrow, short 

(Plate 1 lef). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 

MA~RoHAIR~. -None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; high-or sometimes lowdome; 2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 2 rows/ 

band, bands adjacent to veins. Each cell adjacent 

to stoma obscured by large deflated papilla (Plate 

12a,b,e). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Each obscured by a 

single large deflated papilla (Plate 126). 

LONG CELLs-Long, narrow, width uniform, 

ends often tapered; slightly sinuous. Papillae: 

None seen, except cells adjacent to stomata as 

indicated above. Intercostal zone of large veins 

with narrow band of slightly sinuous long cells 

alternating with narrow bands (small veins?) of 

nonsinuous long cells. A single row of short cells 

occurs within the latter band. Longitudinal striations often present (Plate 12cf). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent, costal prickles (Plate 

12e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. In the intercostal zone between major veins, 

single rows of short cells (small veins?) occur 

(Plate 12c,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle narrow or sometimes wide, 

short; intercostal not seen (Plate 124. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Tribe STREPTOGYNEAE 

Streptogyna crinita P. Beauvois 

PLATES 13- 14 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; triangular or sometimes high-dome; 1 stornatal band/intercostal 

zone, 3 or sometimes 2-5 rows/band; a small 

protrusion resembling an underdeveloped papilla 

present on each end of subsidiary cell (Plate 

13a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends slightly to markedly concave; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 13c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform or 

sometimes rectangular; markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 13a). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to abundant (varies 

from one specimen to another) ; costal prickles 

(Plate 13e). 

SHORT CELrs.-Costal solitary, paired or sometimes 3-5/row or >5/row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork 

Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 

13c,df). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal saddleshaped (Plate 13c,df). 

MICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MA~R~HAIR~. -None seen. 

SPECIAL FEATURES.-Transverse veins present. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-common to abundant; triangular; 

1 stornatal band/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/ 

band (Plate 14a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular; ends 

slightly concave; slightly sinuous, interlocking, 

slightly raised. Papillae: 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 14a). 

None seen (Plate 14c). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal apical slightly longer; apex rounded (usually depaired. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abun- flated) (Plate 15f). 

dant. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abun- MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

dant (Plate 14d,e). 

ADAXIAL 

shaped (Plate 14d,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal and intercostal saddleMICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MAcRoHAms.-Infrequent; costal and intercosSToMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band; each subsidiary cell has a pair of papillae (Plate 16a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends markedly concave; wax obscures outline 

of cell walls. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, 

uniform (Plate 166 j, 

tall basal cells slightly raised (Plate 14f). 

ring in a row in the midintercostal region (may 

be silicified papillae) (Plate 14a). 

SPECIAL FEATURES.-hrge PrOtrUSiOnS OccurTribe ORYZEAE 

Leersia hexandra Swartz 

PLATES 15-16 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-COmmOn; triangular; 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band; each subsidiary cell has a pair of papillae (Plate 15a,6). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

markedly or sometimes slightly concave; outline 

of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable (Plate 156). 

LONG CELm-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: 

Many, irregular to occurring in 1 or 2 rows, 

globose, variable. In the midregion of the intercostal zone, on either side of a groove, there are 

several rows of long cells with very large papillae 

(Plate 1 ja,c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles. Prickles 

are very large and robust; often the pointed tip is 

broken off, prickle then resembles a large papilla 

(Plate 15d). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 15e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal figure-eight or sometimes cross-shaped; intercostal not seen (Plate 

15). 

MIcRoHAms.-Common; two-celled; basal and 

apical equal in length, medium or sometimes 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

wax obscures outline of cell walls. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, uniform (Plate 16c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal hooks; hooks usually with a ring of papillae 

around base (Plate 16c,d). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 16e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal figure-eight or sometimes cross-shaped; intercostal cross-shaped 

(Plate 16e j. 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal cell 

slightly shorter than the apical; nature of apex 

indeterminable because of deflated apical cell 

(Plate 16f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Ma1 tebr unia leersioides Kunt h 

PLATES 17- 18 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 1 stornatal 

band/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band; each subsidiary cell has a pair of papillae, 

one at each end of cell (Plate 17a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Square; ends slightly 

concave although sometimes obscured by papillae; outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable; some papillae 

appear compound or doubled (the forked type of 

Terrell and Wergin, 1979) (Plate 176). 
NUMBER 49 21 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform or 

sometimes rectangular; outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable; some papillae appear compound or doubled (the forked type of Terrell and Wergin, 1979) 

(Plate 17f). 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal and intercostal 

prickles; intercostal hooks (Plate 17e). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 1764). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal figureeight (Plate 17c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, long; apex indeterminable because of deflated cells (Plate 17f). 

MACROHAIRS-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 1 stornatal 

band/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band; each subsidiary cell has a pair of papillae, 

one on each end of cell (Plate 18a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square; ends slightly 

concave; outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable; there seem to 

be fewer papillae than on abaxial, and the papillae are the simple type (Plate 186). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: Many, 

irregular, globose, variable; some long cells fairly 

smooth without papillae. Papillae of the simple 

type (Plate 18a,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles and an 

occasional intercostal prickle (Plate 18e). 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 18c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal figure-eight; intercostal 

figure-eight or sometimes elongated cross-shaped 

(Plate 18c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-common; two-celled; basal and 

apical cells equal in length, long, or sometimes 

apical slightly longer; nature of apex indeterminable because of deflated cells (Plate 18f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None Seen. 

Oryza punctata Steudel 

PLATES 19-20 

ABAXIAL 

SToMArA.-Abundant; triangular; 2 stornatal 

banddintercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band; pair of papillae on each subsidiary cell 

(Plate 19a,b,d). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular 

or sometimes long, narrow, width uniform; ends 

slightly to markedly concave; outline of walls 

obscured by wax. Papillae: Many, irregular or 

sometimes in rows, globose to elongate, variable 

(Plate 196,d). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: 

Many, irregular to sometimes in one or two rows, 

globose to elongate, variable (Plate 196,c,d), 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal prickles (Plate 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 19d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal figure-eight; intercostal 

figure-eight or sometimes crenate-vertical or 

cross-shaped (Plate 19d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter, apex rounded (apical cell 

usually deflated) (Plate 19f). 

19c). 

MACROHAIRS-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band; pair of papillae on each subsidiary cell 

(Plate 20a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular or sometimes square or long, narrow, width uniform; 

ends slightly to markedly concave; outline of 
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

walls obscured by wax. Papillae: Many, irregular or sometimes in rows, globose to elongate, 

variable (Plate 206). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: 

Many, irregular or sometimes in rows, globose to 

elongate, variable (Plate 206,~). 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal prickles (Plate 

20c). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 20d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal figure-eight ; intercostal 

figure-eight or sometimes cross-shaped (Plate 

20d,e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex indeterminable because of deflated apical cells (Plate 20f). 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne Seen. 

Tribe PHYLLORHACHIDEXE 

Humbertochloa greenwayi C. E. Hubbard 

PLATES 21-22 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-AbUndant; triangular; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 3 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band; bands near veins, wide space between 

bands (Plate 2 la$). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends markedly concave; markedly sinuous, 

interlocking, flat or sometimes slightly raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 216). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat or sometimes 

slightly raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 21a). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; margins only, prickles 

(Plate 21e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, 3-5/ 

row, or >!)/row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: 

Costal and intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 2 lc,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal saddle-shaped or sometimes figure-eight; intercostal figure-eight (Plate 

21c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical slightly longer; apex rounded 

(Plate 2 If). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; basal cells slightly 

raised; margins only (Plate 21e). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; triangular; stomata too 

infrequent to form a distributional pattern (Plate 

226). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Not applicable. 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat or sometimes slightly raised. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 22~4). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary, paired, or >5/ 

Costal and 

Costal and inSILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal saddleMICROHAIRS.-None seen. 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; marginal only, 

basal cells absent (Plate 22f). 

row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: 

intercostal abundant. Cork Cells: 

tercostal abundant (Plate 22c,d,e). 

shaped and figure-eight (Plate 22c,d,e). 

Phyllorhachis sagittata 

PLATES 23-24 

Trimen 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 1 stornatal 

band/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band (Plate 23a,b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly or sometimes markedly concave; markedly sinuous, inter- 
NUMBER 49 23 

locking, flat or sometimes slightly raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 236). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat or sometimes slightly raised. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 236). 

PRICKLES.-NOne Seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal solitary or paired; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal 

abundant. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 23d,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal cross-shaped; intercostal crescent-shaped or sometimes tall and narrow 

or figure-eight (Plate 2344. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (often deflated) (Plate 23f). 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne Seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 1 or sometimes 2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/ 

band (Plate 24a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat or sometimes 

slightly raised. Papillae: None seen (Plate 24a). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

flat or sometimes slightly raised. Papillae: None 

seen. 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent, marginal prickles 

(Plate 24e). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal solitary, 3-5/row, or 

>5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica cells: Costal 

and intercostal common. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen (Plate 246,c,d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal cross-shaped or sometimes saddle-shaped; intercostal tall and narrow, 

saddle-shaped, or crescent-shaped (Plate 246,c,d). 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 248. 

MICROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; two-celled; basal 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne Seen. 

Tribe EHRHARTEAE 

Ehrharta erecta (Lamarck) var. abyssinica 

(Hochstetter) Pilger 

PLATES 25-26 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common or sometimes infrequent; 

low-dome (often collapsed) ; 2 stomatal bands/ 

intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 25a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform (often collapsed); ends 

straight to convex or slightly concave, nonsinuous. Papillae: 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width nonuniform (may be an artifact due to collapse of cell) 

or sometimes uniform near margin; nonsinuous 

or sometimes slightly sinuous near margin. Papillae: None seen (Plate 25af). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles (Plate 

25c,ef). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal 3-5 or >5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal not seen (silica cells appear to be in rows 

without alternating cork cells) (Plate 254). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave, middle narrow, short (often appearing saddle-shaped because of indistinct middle portion) ; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 25c,d). 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded to tapered 

(usually collapsed) (Plate 25e, arrow). 

MAcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent; costal, near margin 

only; basal cells slightly raised or absent (Plate 

None seen (Plate 256). 

MICROHAIRS.-InfreqUent; two-celled; basal 

25f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome (often COllapsed); 2 or 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 

1-3 rows/band (Plate 26a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-sqUare to rectangular, sometimes long, narrow, width uniform; ends 
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

straight to convex; nonsinuous (often collapsed), 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 26a). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform to nonuniform; nonsinuous (often 

collapsed). Papillae: 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles, or costal 

prickles and intercostal prickle-type structures 

ranging from prickles to short macrohairs (see 

“Macrohairs” below) (Plate 26ef). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >.!)/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal not 

seen (Plate 26c). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave, middle narrow, short (often appearing saddle-shaped because of indistinct middle portion) ; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 266). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent to common; twocelled; basal shorter, apical longer; apex tapered 

(Plate 26d). 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; restricted to margin or restricted to costal and marginal areas; 

basal cells slightly raised (occasional “macro-prickles,” somewhat intermediate between prickle 

and macrohair, in intercostal zone) (Plate 26ef). 

None seen (Plate 26a,c), 

Tribe ARUNDINEAE 

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth 

PLATES 27-28 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; shape indeterminable 

because of curly wax deposits; 2 bands/intercostal 

zone, 3-6 rows/band (Plate 27a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends and outline of walls obscured by wax. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 276). 

LONG CELLs.-Square, rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; outline of walls obscured 

by wax. Papillae: None seen. A double row of 

square to rectangular long cells in middle of 

intercostal zone; long cells adjacent to veins long, 

narrow, width uniform, alternating with silica 

cells (Plate 27a,d). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; intercostal hooks, marginal prickles (Plate 27e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row, paired; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent to common. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 27c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal and intercostal saddleshaped (Plate 27c,d). 

MrcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent to common; twocelled; basal longer, apical shorter; apex rounded; 

basal 5 to 6 times as long as apical (Plate 27f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; shape indeterminable 

because of wax; 1 band/intercostal zone, 16-18 

rows/band; stornatal band covers entire intercostal zone (Plate 28a,6). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends and outline of walls obscured by wax. 

Pupillae: None seen (Plate 286). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; outline of walls obscured by wax. 

Papillae: None seen. Long cells seem to occur in 

1 or 2 rows (alternating with silica cells) adjacent 

to veins (Plate 28a). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal hooks infrequent along sides of veins (Plate 

286). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal and intercostal paired 

(?). Silica Cells: Costal and intercostal infrequent 

to common. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal 

infrequent to common (Plate 28e). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal and intercostal saddleshaped (Plate 28e). 

MIcRoHAms.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded; basal 4 to 

5 times as long as apical (Plate 28f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Tribe DANTHONIEAE 

Asthenatherum glaucurn (Nees) Nevski 

PLATES 29-30 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 

1 stornatal band/intercostal zone, 2 or 3 rows/ 
NUMBER 49 25 

band; often in grooves and somewhat obscured 

by overarching prickles (Plate 29a,6). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 29a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 29af). 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal prickles, short, 

stiff, macrohair-like prickles; sometimes intercostal, short, stiff, macrohair-like prickles; prickles 

often overarching the intercostal zone and obscuring features there (Plate 29c,e). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired or 3-5/row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 29d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ostal cross-shaped, square, or 

sometimes elliptical or dumbbell, ends rounded, 

middle wide and short; intercostal not seen (Plate 

29d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (?), usually 

deflated (Plate 29f). 

MACROHAIRS.---None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; low-dome to triangular; 

2 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band; 

often in grooves, overarched by prickles (Plate 

30a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 306). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls indeterminable. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 30c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Abundant; costal prickles, hooks, 

and short, straight, stiff, macrohair-like prickles; 

sometimes intercostal hooks and macrohair-like 

prickles (Plate 30c,d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal paired, 3-5/row, or >5/ 

row; intercostal not seen. Silica Cells: Costal 

common, intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal 

common, intercostal not seen (Plate 30e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ostal cross-shaped, square, or 

dumbbell, ends rounded, middle wide and short; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 30e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (Plate 30f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Crinipes abyssinicus Hochstetter 

PLATES 31-32 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; low-dome (?), subsidiary cell collapsed and shape difficult to determine; stomata too infrequent to determine distributional pattern (Plate 31a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Not applicable. 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen. Surface striated; end walls raised 

forming a transverse ridge, central portion raised 

forming a longitudinal ridge (Plate 314. 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal and intercostal abundant (Plate 3 lc,d) . 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ostal nodular with 3 or 4 

nodes; intercostal not seen (Plate 31c). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (Plate 3 If). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; high-dome; 2 stomatal 

banddintercostal zone, 2 or 3 rows/band; bands 

adjacent to veins with broad intercostal area 

without stomata (Plate 32a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Rectangular or sometimes square; ends slightly concave; outline of 

walls indeterminable. Papillae: None seen, surface striated (Plate 32a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform, 
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

or rectangular, pentagonal, or sometimes square 

or hexagonal; outline of walls indeterminable. 

Papillae: None seen. Surface striated; edges of 

cells raised to form prominent ridges (Plate 32c,e). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles (Plate 

324. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 32c). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ostal nodular, nodes 4 or 

sometimes 3; intercostal not seen (Plate 326). 

M1cRoHAms.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 32f). 

cells markedly raised (Plate 32d). 

MACROHAIRS.-hfreqUent; intercostal; basal 

Elytroph orus glob ularis 

PLATES 33-34 

ABAXIAL 

Hackel 

SToMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 1-2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1-4 rows/band; stomata often difficult to see because of collapsed 

cells (Plate 33a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Long, narrow, width 

uniform; ends markedly concave; nonsinuous. Papillae: Many tiny papillae giving the surface a 

warty appearance (Plate 33a-c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

nonsinuous. Papillae: Many tiny papillae giving 

surface a warty appearance (Plate 334. 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; primarily marginal 

(Plate 336). 

SHORT CELLS.-coSta1 >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 33c,e). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal nodular; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 33c,e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical much longer; apex tapered 

(Plate33eJ). 

MA~R~HAIR~. -None Seen. 

AD AXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome; 2 stomata1 

bands/intercostal zone, 3-4 rows/band; bands 

adjacent to veins with broad region of long cells 

in between (Plate 34a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS. -Long, narrow, width 

appearing nonuniform (may be an artifact caused 

by collapsed cells) ; ends slightly concave; nonsinuous. Papillae: Many tiny papillae giving surface a warty texture; warty texture often obscured 

by wax (Plate 346,~). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width nonuniform (perhaps due to collapsed 

cells); nonsinuous. Papillae: Many tiny papillae 

giving surface a warty texture (Plate 3464. 

PRrcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; intercostal not seen (Plate 3464). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 34e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 34e). 

MIcRoHAiRs.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical much longer; apex tapered (Plate 

34f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Elytrophorus spicatus (Willdenow) A. Camus 

shows remarkable similarity to this species, the 

major difference being the apparent absence of 

the tiny papillae giving the surface a smooth 

rather than warty texture. The specimen observed 

was very waxy, and the wax may obscure the 

papillae. 

Habrochloa bullockii Hubbard 

PLATES 35-36 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-NOne Seen. 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

slightly sinuous. Papillae: None seen (Plate 

3546). 
NUMBER 49 27 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent to common; costal prickles (Plate 35a,c). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 354e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle narrow, long or sometimes nodular with three lobes; intercostal not seen (Plate 

35d,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-InfreqUent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium (Plate 35f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None Seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; high-dome; 3 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 36b,c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform to nonuniform (cells often 

collapsed and difficult to ascertain width); ends 

straight to convex; nonsinuous. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 366,~). 

LONG CELLS.-Long, narrow, width uniform to 

nonuniform (cells often collapsed) ; nonsinuous. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 36c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles; infrequent, intercostal bicellular prickles (Plate 36d,e). 

SHORT CELLS.-coStal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 36d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal dumbbell, ends concave, middle wide, long and short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 36e). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal and 

apical equal in length, medium, or basal shorter, 

apical longer (apical often collapsed) ; apex indeterminable, apical cell collapsed (Plate 36f). 

MACROHAIRS.-NOnC seen. 

Neyraudia arundinacea (Linnaeus) Henrard 

PLATES 37-38 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Abundant; low-dome; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 1 or sometimes 2 rows/ 

band (Plate 37a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 37c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 374. 

PRIcKLEs-Cornmon; costal prickles (Plate 

SHORT CELLS.-Costal >!)/row; intercostal 

paired. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal infrequent (Plate 37d,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-~ostal saddle-shaped or sometimes cross-shaped; intercostal saddle-shaped 

(Plate 37d,e). 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (Plate 37f). 

37c). 

MICROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; two-celled; basal 

MACROHAIRS-None seen. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-cOmmOn; low-dome, 2 Stomata1 

bands/intercostal zone, 1-2 rows/band (Plate 

38a,b). 

INTERSTOMATA L CELLS. - Square to rect an gu - 

lar; ends straight to convex or slightly concave; 

outline of walls obscured by wax. Papillae: None 

seen (Plate 38a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; nature of walls obscured by wax. 

Papillae: None seen (Plate 38af). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; costal prickles (Plate 

38c). 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 38d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or straight, middle wide, short; intercostal not seen (Plate 38d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-~ommon; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter; apex rounded (often collapsed) (Plate 38e). 

MAcRoHAms.-Infrequent; intercostal (Plate 

38f). 
2% SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Pentaschistis borussica (K. Schumann) Pilger 

PLATES 39-40 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA. -None Seen. 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. 

Papillae: None seen (Plates 39a,e). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row, paired; intercostal solitary or paired. Silica Cells: Costal 

abundant; intercostal infrequent. Cork Cells: 

Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent (Plate 

39a,b). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded, middle wide and short, or sometimes 

square or elliptical (Plate 39a-c). 

MIcRoHArRs.-common; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter (basal 7 or more times as 

long); apex tapered (Plate 39e). 

MAcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; basal cells markedly raised (Plate 39f). 

Pentaschistis minor (Ballard and Hubbard) Ballard and Hubbard was also observed, and the 

features are remarkably similar to P. borussica. 

The obvious difference is the common occurrence 

of paired or solitary short cells in the intercostal 

zone (Plate 394. The cells at the base of the 

macrohairs in P. minor are only slightly raised in 

contrast to the markedly raised cells described 

above. 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-COmmOn; low-dome; 1 Stomata1 

band/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band (Plate 

40a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends slightly concave; outline of walls indistinguishable because of wax. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 40a). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform or 

sometimes rectangular to pentagonal; markedly 

sinuous, interlocking, slightly raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 40bf). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; costal prickles (Plate 

40c). 

SHORT CELLs.-costal 3-5/row or >5/row; intercostal paired. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; 

intercostal infrequent (near margins only). Cork 

Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal infrequent 

(near margins only ) (Plate 4044. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal nodular or dumbbell, 

ends rounded, middle wide and short; intercostal 

(margins only) dumbbell, ends rounded, middle 

wide and short (Plate 40d,e), 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical shorter (basal 7 or more times as 

long); apex tapered (Plate 40f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

The adaxial of P. minor is very similar to P. 

borussica except that no intercostal short cells were 

seen. The intercostal zone of P. minor has a few 

large, straight, stiff prickles that resemble short 

macrohairs. 

Triraphis schinzii Hackel 

PLATES 4 1-42 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 1 stomata1 

band/intercostal zone, 3-4 rows/band; intercostal zone very narrow (Plate 41a-c). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Long, narrow, width 

uniform; ends slightly to markedly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 41c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

None seen (Plate 41a). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >!)/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 414. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave or sometimes straight, middle wide, short; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 4 ld,e). 

MICROHAIRS.-common; two-celled; basal 
NUMBER 49 29 

longer, apical shorter: apex tapered; occur in rows 

on each side of veins (Plate 41f). 

MACR~HAIRS. -None Seen. 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular (shape sometimes indistinct because of wax); 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 row/ 

band (Plate 42a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

slightly to markedly sinuous; outline of walls 

indistinct because of wax. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 42a,c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

slightly to markedly sinuous; outline of walls 

indistinct because of wax. Papillae: None seen 

(Plate 42a). 

PRIcKms.--Infrequent; costal prickles; common near margins (Plate 42dfi. 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row: intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 42a,c,d). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends concave or sometimes straight, middle wide, short or 

sometimes long; intercostal not seen (Plate 42c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

longer, apical slightly shorter to basal and apical 

equal in length; apex tapered (Plate 42e). 

MACR~HAIRS. -None seen. 

Tribe CENTOSTECEAE 

Bromuniola gossweileri Stapf and 

C. E. Hubbard 

PLATES 43-44 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 2 stomatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 rows/band; bands adjacent to veins, fairly wide region of long cells 

between bands (Plate 436). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends slightly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely 

small giving surface a warty texture (Plate 436). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform: 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papzllae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely 

small giving surface a warty texture (Plate 43a). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles 

(Plate 43a). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >j/row; intercostal infrequent (?). Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal common: intercostal infrequent (?) (Plate 43c). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

rounded or sometimes straight, middle narrow, 

short; intercostal not seen (Plate 43c). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-1nfrequent: two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded: demarcation between basal and apical cells usually indistinct (Plate 434. 

MAcROHAIRs.-1nfrequent; intercostal: basal 

cells markedly raised (Plate 43e). 

SPECIAL FEATvREs.-Transverse veins present 

(Plate 43f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; triangular: 1-2 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 row/band (Plate 

44a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rectangular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends straight to convex 

or slightly concave; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: Some irregular, globose, 

variable, extremely small (surface features less 

distinct than on abaxial because of wax) (Plate 

44a). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform or 

sometimes rectangular; markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: Some irregular, globose, variable, extremely small (surface features 

less distinct than on abaxial because of wax) 

(Plate 446,~). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal prickles and 

hooks (Plate 44a,c). 
30 SMITHSONIAN COXTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 444. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends straight 

to concave, middle wide, short (Plate 444. 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded; demarcation between basal and apical cells usually indistinct (Plate 44e). 

cells markedly raised (Plate 44f). 

MACROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; intercostal; basal 

Megastachya mucronata (Poiret) P. Beauvois 

PLATES 45-46 

ABAXIAL 

STOMATA.-AbUndant; triangular; 6 or sometimes 5 stornatal bands/intercostal zone, 2 or 

sometimes 1 row/band (Plate 45a,b). 

IKTERSTOMATAL CELs.-Rectangular or sometimes long, narrow, width uniform; ends markedly or sometimes slightly concave; markedly to 

slightly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely 

small giving surface a warty texture (Plate 45c). 

LONG CELLs.-Long, narrow, width uniform; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely 

small giving surface a warty texture (Plate 45c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Infrequent; on or near margin 

only. 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal 

not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen (Plate 454. 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends straight 

or sometimes concave, middle wide and short; 

intercostal not seen (Plate 454. 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (Plate 45e). 

SPECIAL FEATuREs.-Transverse veins present 

MICROHAIRS.-cOmmOn; two-celled; basal 

MACROHAIRS.-NOne Seen. 

(Plate 45f). 

ADAXIAL 

STOMATA.-Abundant; triangular; 2 or 3 stomatal bands/intercostal zone, 1 or 2 rows/band; 

bands adjacent to veins (Plate 46a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Rec t angular to long, 

narrow, width uniform; ends markedly concave; 

markedly sinuous, interlocking, raised. Papillae: 

Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely 

small giving surface a warty texture (Plate 466). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular to long, narrow, 

width uniform; markedly sinuous, interlocking, 

raised or sometimes flat. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely small giving 

surface a warty texture (Plate 46c). 

PRIcKLEs.-Common; intercostal, appearing 

bicellular (Plate 46d). 

SHORT CELLs.-Costal >5/row; intercostal solitary (?). Silica Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal not seen. Cork Cells: Costal abundant; intercostal common (?) (Plate 46a,e). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends 

straight, middle wide and short; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 46e). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

shorter, apical longer; apex rounded (?) ; basal 

cell appears to be sunken; apical cell tip often 

broken (Plate 46f). 

MACROHAIRS.-None seen. 

Orthoclada africana Hubbard 

PLATES 47-48 

ABAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Common; triangular; 2 stornatal 

bands/intercostal zone, 2 or sometimes 1 or 3 

rows/band, an occasional stoma outside rows; 

bands adjacent to veins, wide space between 

bands (Plate 47a,b). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLs.-Square to rectangular; ends slightly concave; slightly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, 

variable, extremely small giving surface a warty 

texture (Plate 47a,b). 

LONG CELLs.-Rectangular; slightly sinuous, 
NUMBER 19 31 

interlocking, flat. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely small giving surface a 

warty texture (Plate 47d,e). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLS.-costal >5/row; intercostal solitary. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal 

infrequent. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not seen (?) (Plate 47c,d). 

SILICA BODIES.-cOStal dumbbell, ends straight 

to concave, middle wide and short; intercostal 

crenate-vertical, sometimes cross-shaped, figureeight, or irregular (Plate 47c,d). 

MIcRoHAIRs.-Abundant; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium, or sometimes 

basal slightly longer than apical, long; apex tapered (Plate 474. 

MAcRoHA1Rs.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised; macrohairs short; ends curved 

like a fish-hook (Plate 47e). 

SPECIAL FEATuREs.-Transverse veins present 

(Plate 47f). 

ADAXIAL 

SToMATA.-Infrequent; triangular; too few stomata to form a distributional pattern; those few 

observed adjacent to veins (Plate 48a). 

INTERSTOMATAL CELLS.-Rectangular; ends 

straight to slightly concave; slightly sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely small giving surface a 

warty texture (Plate 48a). 

LONG CELLs.-Square to rectangular; slightly 

sinuous, interlocking, flat. Papillae: Many, irregular, globose, variable, extremely small giving 

surface a warty texture (Plate 486). 

PRICKLES.-None seen. 

SHORT CELLs.-costal >5/row; intercostal not 

seen. Silica Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen. Cork Cells: Costal common; intercostal not 

seen (Plate 48c). 

SILICA BoDIEs.-costal dumbbell, ends straight 

to concave, middle wide and short; intercostal 

not seen (Plate 48c). 

MICROHAIRS.-Infrequent; two-celled; basal 

and apical equal in length, medium; apex tapered 

(Plate 484. 

MACROHAIRS.-Infrequent; intercostal; basal 

cells slightly raised; macrohairs short; ends curved 

like a fish-hook (Plate 48e). 

SPECIAL FEATURES.-Transverse veins present 

(Plate 48f). 
Appendix 

Material Studied 

(Ah 

Species 

Andropterum stolzii 

* Arundinaria alpina 

Asthenatherum Sorskalii 

* Asthenatherum glaucum 

Aiena abJJinica 

Brachiaria britanlha 

* Bromuniola gossawleri 

Chlorocaiymma cr).torunlha 

Ch iyoch loa h indsii 

Cleistachne JorghoideJ 

Coelachne ajricana 

Colpodium chionogeiton 

Commelinidium mayumbense 

* Crinipes abyssinicus’ 

Cynodon dactylon 

Dar!ylis glornerala 

Dactyloctenium giganteum 

Daknopholis boirinii 

Danthoniopsis ciridis 

Dichanthium aristahm 

Echinochloa colona 

Echinochloa pyramidalis 

* Ehrharta erecta var. 

Eleusine coracana 

* Elytrophorus globularis 

Elytrophorus spicatus 

* Habrochloa bullockii 

Harpachne srhimperi 

a b) ssi n i ca 

Helictotrichon elongatum 

Heteroanthoecia guineensiJ 

* Humbertochloa greenwali 

Isachne buetlneri 

* Leersia hexandru 

iterisk indicates taxa treated in this study) 

Collerliun 

W’iehe 5/293 

Dummer 3.508 

hleyer 7750 

Mandaville 388 

Rains & Yalala 22 

Pappi 4901 

Hitchcock 24884 

Jackson 47 

Greenway & Kanuri 

13980 

Lewalle 4841 

Thomas 1325 

Schlieben 4161 

M‘ood 923 

Chandler 1859 

Gay s.n. 

Hitchcock 24507 

Gillett 157.53 

Bullock 305 

Croat 30897 

\‘erhoon 1373 

Eyles 22 10 

de LVet 5416 

Ortaggeup 372 

Renvoize 2099 

Renvoize 2454 

de LVet 3833 

Schweickerdi 2158 

Rensburg 190.5 

M’ebster T234 

Milne-Redhead & 

Taylor 8828 

Liebenberg 12 

Simon & M’illiamson 

Lyingfield 1680 

Baldwin 67 18 

Milne-Redhead ti 

Taylor 8664 

1925 

Origin 

Malawi 

Uganda 

Uganda 

Saudi Arabia 

Botswana 

Ethiopia 

Cganda 

Rhodesia 

Tanganyi ka 

Burundi 

Uganda 

Tanganyi ka 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

Ethiopia 

Tanganyi ka 

E. Jordan 

Tanganyi ka 

Madagascar 

Rhodesia 

Rhodesia 

Cultivated 

Soudan 

Tanzania 

Tanzania 

Cu li ivated 

Southwest Africa 

N. Rhodesia 

Tanganyi ka 

Tanganyi ka 

Uganda 

Zambia 

Tanzania 

Liberia 

Tanganyi ka 

Herbarurn 

K 

US 

US 

US 

K 

u S 

US 

MO 

.MO 

M 0 

US 

US 

K 

US 

US 

us 

US 

US 

MO 

CS 

MO 

CEL 

US 

US 

US 

CEL 

US 

US 

MO 

US 

US 

MO 

MO 

MO 

US 

’ Very similar to the East African species C. lvngijvlius Hubbard, which is poorly collected 

and for which no material was available. 

32 
NUMBER 49 33 

* Leptaspis cochleata 

Lepturus repens 

* Maitebrunia leersioides 

* Megastachya mucronata 

* .Vtyraudia arundinacea 

* Olyra iattfolia 

* Oreobambos buchwaidii 

Oropetium thomaeum 

* Orthoclada africana 

Oryra barthii 

* Oiya punctata 

* Oxytenanthera abyssinica 

* Pentaschistis borussica 

Pentaschistis minor 

Phacelurus huillensis 

* Phragmites mauritianus 

* Phyllorhachis sagitatta 

* Pueiia olyrijormis 

Sacciolepis africana 

Schmidtia bulbosa 

Sehima nervosum 

Sorghum arundinaceum 

Stipa drageana 

* Streptogyna crinita 

Trichoneura moilis 

Triraphis fleckii 

* Triraphis schinrii 

Triticum aestivum 

Cbssia cuspidata 

Shandler 2890 

Brenan 8504 

Bogdan 3642 

Humbert 5783 

Faden 74/34? 

Humbert 13042 

Baldwin 100.59 

Clayton 623 

Faulkner 1201 

Hitchcock 24535 

Palmer 90 1 

Thomas 377.5 

Olufsen 393 

Paterson J.n. 

de Wet 626 

de Wet 633 

GreenLvay 13 1.5 1 

Snowden 105 1 

Hitchcock 24629 

Hitchcock 24641 

Webster T238 

Hitchcock 24910 

Mearns 1211 

Callens 2678 

Thomas 4.544 

Brass 17909 

Hudson 271 

Myre 26 

Schweickerdt 1818 

Jones. Reag, & OnoLouis 12181 

Napper .5.W 

SchLveickerdt 2 115 

Schweickerdt 1859 

Harshberger 1 139 

Meyer 7503 

Guy 1636 

chic 14.564 

Uganda 

Nigeria 

Kenya 

Madagascar 

Tanzania 

Madagascar 

Liberia 

Nigeria 

Tanganyi ka 

Tanganyi ka 

Ghana 

Uganda 

French Sudan 

M w i n i I u n ga Lu a ke r a 

Falls, Zambia. Oct. 

1937-Feb. 1938 

C u 1 ti vai ed 

Cultivated 

Tanganyi ka 

Uganda 

Tanganyi ka 

Tanganyi ka 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

British E. Africa 

Rhodesia 

French Congo 

Cganda 

Malawi 

Uganda 

.Mozambique 

S. Africa 

Nigeria 

Zaire 

Kenya 

S.LV. Africa 

North Transvaal 

Algeria 

Ethiopia 

0.S 

CJ S 

L.S 

I' S 

MO 

C! S 

I! S 

US 

LJ S 

L: S 

DUKE 

K 

I: S 

Ll S 

CEI. 

CEL 

hl0 

L' S 

US 

US 

K 

Ll S 

US 

.110 

K 

LS 

CS 

u S 

US 

US 

.LI 0 

K 

US 

US 

US 

US 

US 
Literature Cited 

Clark, C. A,, and F. W. Gould 

1975. Some Epidermal Characteristics of Paleas of Dichanthelium, Panicum, and Echinochloa. American Journal oJBotany, 62(7):743-748. 

Gramineae, Part 1. In E. Milne-Redhead and R. 

M. Polhill, editors, Flora oJ Tropical Easl AJrica. 

pages 1 - 176. London: Crown Agents for Oversea 

Governments and Administrations, 

Gramineae, Part 2. In E. Milne-Redhead and R. 

M. Polhill. editors. Flora 01 Tropical East AJrica. 

pages 177-449. London: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations. 

In prep. Gramineae. Part 3. In E. Milne-Redhead and R. 

M. Polhill, editors, Flora of Tropical East Africa. 

London: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments 

and Administrations. 

Les Graminees d’Afrique tropicale, I: GeneralieEs. 

classification, description des genres. Bulletin Scientifique D’Institut de Kecherches Agronomiques Tropicales 

et des Cultures Vtvieres, 8: xi + 345 pages. 

An Altitudinal Cline in Tropical African Grass 

Floras and Its Paleoecological Significance. Quaternary Research, 13:392-402. 

Anatomy ofthe Monocotyledons, I: Gramineae. Ixi + 731 

pages. London: Oxford University Press. 

Clayton, W. D. 

1970. 

1974. 

Jacques-Felix, H. 

1962. 

Livingstone, D. A,, and W. D. Clayton 

1980. 

Metcalfe, C. R. 

1960. 

Palmer, P. G. 

1976. Grass Cuticles: A New Paleoecological Tool for 

East African Lake Sediments. Canadian Journal of 

Botany, 54(15): 1725-1734. 

L’Epiderme des graminees: Etude anatomique et 

syseimatique. Annales des Sciences ~Vaturelles. Botanique, series 10, 14: 117-324. 

La Syseimatique des Graminees. Annales des Sciences 

Naturelles, Botanique, series 10. 18: 165-258. 

Calderonella, a New Genus of Grasses and Its Relationships to the Centostecoid Genera. Annals of 

the Missouri Botanical Garden. 60(2):427-441. 

1965a. The Epidermal Characters of Grasses, with Special 

Reference to East African Plains Species, Part 1. 

Botanische Jahrbucher, 84(1):63-116. 

1965b. The Epidermal Characters of Grasses, with Special 

Reference to East African Plains Species, Part 2. 

Botanische Jahrbucher, 84(2): 1 17- 173. 

Notes on Some Grasses, IX: Systematic Significance of Bicellular Microhairs of Leaf Epidermis. 

Botanical Gazette, 121(2):80-91. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Leaf Epidermis in Zirania (Gramineae) . Scanning Electron Microscopy, 3: 

Prat, H. 

1932. 

1936. 

Soderstrom, T. R., and H. F. Decker 

1973. 

Stewart, D.R.M. 

Tateoka, T., S. Inoue, and S. Kawano 

1959. 

Terrell, E. E., and W. P. Wergin 

1979. 

81-88. 

34 
Plates
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 1.-Abaxial epidermis Arundinarza alpina, Dummer 3508: a, overview, X 416; b, stoma 

with overarching papillae, X 1696; c, papillate long cells, X 867; d, prickle, X 1696; e, intercostal 

silica bodies (sb). cork cells (cc) and costal silica body (sb), X 867;J microhair, X 1696. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 2.-Adaxial epidermis ilrundinaria alpina. Dummer 3508: Q. stoma. X 1285: b. overview, 

interstomatal cell, X 416: c. long cells, X 416: d. intercostal prickles, X 867: e, costal silica bodies 

(sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867:J intercostal cork cell (cc) and silica body (sb), X 1696. 

37 
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 3.--.4baxial epidermis Oreobambos buchalaldii, Thomas 3775: a. overview. X 295; 

b, stomata, interstomatal cell. X 1285. c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 1285; 

d. intercostal cork cell (cc) and silica body (sb). X 2970: e, microhair. X 867:J, baae of macrohair, 

X 867. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 4.-Adaxial epidermis Oreobambos buchwaldii, Thomas 377.5: a, overview, X 293: b. stoma. 

X 867; c, interstomatal cell, X 867; d, long cells (note wide band at arrow), X 116; e. intercostal 

silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867;J cork cell (cc) and silica body (sb). X 1696. 

39 
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 5.-Abaxial epidermis Oglenanlhera abJss'nira, Snowden 105 1 : a, overview, X 416; 

b, stoma, X 1696; G, interstornatal cell, X 128.5; d, prickles, X 295; e, costal silica bodies (sb) and 

cork cells (cc), X 867;J microhair, X 1696. 
NUMBER 49 41 

PLATE 6.--Adaxial epidermis Oxylenanlheru abq..\.\inica. Snowden 10.5 1 : a, overview. X 295; 

b, stoma, X 1696: c, long and short cells, X 295: d, long cells. X 867: e. silica bodies (sb). X 62.5: 

J intercostal silica body. X 1696. 
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 7.- Abaxial epidermis l’uelia o&r@rrnis. Callens 2678: a, overview. X 295; b, stoma, 

X 1696; c. interstomatal cells, X 62.5: d, long cells, X 625; e. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork 

cells (cc), X 867:J intercostal cork cells (cc) and silica bodies (sb), X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 43 

PLATE 8.-Adaxial epidermis Puelza o1yrtformzs, Callens 2678. a, overview, X 295; b, stoma, 

X 1285: c, marginal prickles, X 121: d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867: 

e. intercostal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; intercostal cork cell (cc) and silica 

body (sb), X 1696 
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 9.-Abaxial epidermis O~YU iatfofolza, Hitchcock 24555 (a,b,e), Faulkner 1201 (c,dJ;): 

a, overview, X 161: b: stomata, X 867; c, stomata1 band, X 295; d, costal silica bodies (sb) and 

cork cells (cc), X 625: e, intercostal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 625;f, microhair, X 

1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 10.-Adaxial epidermis Olyra latifolza, Faulkner 1201: a, overview, X 295: b. stoma, 

X 2970; c, intercostal long and short cells, X 416; d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). 

X 1285: e, intercostal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867:f, intercostal cork cell, X 1285. 

45 
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 1 1.-Abaxial epidermis Leplaspis cochleala, Shandler 2890: a, overview, X 295; b, banded 

intercostal zone between large veins, X 416; c, stoma, X 128.5; d, interstomatal cell, X 62.5; 

e, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867;f, costal silica body, X 4290. 
NUMBER 49 47 

PLATE 12.-Adaxial epidermis Leplaspis cochleata, Shandler 2890: a, overview, X 161; 6, stomata 

with large deflated papillae on adjacent cells, X 1285; c, portion of a banded intercostal zone 

between large veins, X 625; a', costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; e, costal 

prickles, X 416;J slightly sinuous long cells with longitudinal striations, X 1696. 
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 13.-Abaxial epidermis Strepto~na crznita Jones, Reag, and Onochie 14564 (a-c), Louis 

12181 (d-f): a, overview, X 416; b, stoma, X 2970. c, interstomatal cell, X 1285; d, costal silica 

bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; e, costal prickle, X 867,f, intercostal cork cell (cc) and 

silica body (sb), X 2970. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 14.--Adaxial epidermis Streptogym crznzta, Louis 12181: a. overview, X 29.5: b. stoma. 

X 2970: c. interstomatal cell, X 1285: d. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). X 867: 

e, intercostal silica body (sb) and cork cell (cc). X 2970:J base of macrohair. X 625. 

49 
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 15.-Abaxial epidermis Leersza hexandra. Milne-Redhead and Taylor 8664: a, overview, 

X 295; b, stomata and interstomatal cell. X 867; c. long cells, X 625; d, costal prickle. X 62.5; 

e, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). X 1696:,[. microhair. X 1696. 
NUMBER 49 51 

PLATE 16.--Adaxial epidermis Leersia hexandra, Milne-Redhead and Taylor 8664: a, overview. 

X 416; b, stomata and interstornatal cell, X 867; c, costal prickle. long cells, intercostal hooks. 

X 625: d, intercostal hook with papillate base. X 1696: e. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells 

(cc) and intercostal silica body (sb). X 867:s. rnicrohair. X 1696. 
SMITHSONIAK CONTRIBLTIOSS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 1 i.-Abaxial epidermis ,Waltebrunia leersioides, Humbert 5783: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stoma with papillate subsidiary cells and inrerstomaral cell. X 1696; c, costal silica bodies (sb) 

and cork cells (cc). X 1696: d. intercostal silica body. X 2970; e. costal prickles. X 416; 

f. microhair, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 18.-Adaxial epidermis Maltebrunia leersioides, Humbert 5783: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stoma with papillate subsidiary cells, X 1696; c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), 

X 1696; d, intercostal silica body, X 2970; e, costal prickles, X 416;J microhair, X 1285. 

53 
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 19.-Abaxial epidermis Oiyra punclala, Greenway 151.5 1: a, overview, X 29.5; 6, stomata 

and interstomatal cell, X 128.5: c: costal prickles: X 625; d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells 

(cc), X 1285; e, intercostal silica bodies, X 4290:J; microhair, X 128.5. 
NUMBER 19 

PLATE 20.-Adaxial epidermis Oya punctata, Greenway 15151: a, overview, X 295; b, stomata 

and interstomatal cell. X 1285: c, costal prickle, X 625: d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells 

(cc), X 1285: e, intercostal silica body. X 4290;f, microhair, X 1285. 

55 
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 2 1 .-Abaxial epidermis Humbertochlvu greenuqi, Wingfield 1680: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stomata and interstomatal cells, X 867; c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; 

d, intercostal cork cells (cc) and silica bodies (sb), X 1285; e, marginal macrohair and prickles, 

X 121;J microhair, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 22.-Adaxial epidermis Humbertochloa greenwayi, Wingfield 1680: a, overview. x 295; 

b, stoma, X 2970; c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 1285; d, intercostal silica 

bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; e, intercostal cork cell (cc) and silica body (sb), X 2970; 

J marginal macrohairs, X 80. 
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 23.-Abaxial epidermis I’hyllorhachis sagiltata, Guy 1636: a, o\rerview. X 295: 6, interstomatal cell, X 625; c, stoma, X 1696: d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; 

e, intercostal silica bodies, X 867;,f, microhair, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 59 

PLATE 24.-Adaxial epidermis I’hyllorhachis sagillala, Guy 1636: a, stomata and interstornatal 

cell, X 625; b, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; c, outline of long cells and 

intercostal silica body (arrow), X 1696; a‘, intercostal silica body, X 1696; e, marginal prickles, 

X 416;S, microhair, X 1285. 
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 25.-Abaxial epidermis Ehrharla erecta var. abyssinzca, Renvoize 2099: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stoma, X 1696; c, costal prickles, X 867; d, costal silica bodies, X 128.5; e, microhair (arrow) 

and costal prickle, X 867;S, marginal macrohairs and prickles, X 121. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE %-Adaxial epidermis Ehrharta erecta var. abyssmica, Renvoize 2099 (a-c), Renvoize 2454 

(e,fl: a, overview, X 416; b, stoma, X 2970: c, ostal silica bodies, X 867: d, microhair, X 1696; 

e, intercostal short macrohair. X 1696;f. marginal prickles and macrohairs, X 161. 

61 
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 27.-Abaxial epidermis I’hragmites mauritianus. Hitchcock 24910: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stomata (arrow), X 128.5: c, costal silica bodies, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork 

cells (cc), X 867; e, intercostal hook, X 2970:J microhair, X 1696. 
NUMBER 19 63 

PLATE 28.-Adaxial epidermis I’hragmiles maurilianus. Hitchcock 249 10: a. overview. X 293: 

b, stoma, X 2970; c. interstornatal cells, X 867; d. cosial prickle and hooks (arrow), X 1285; 

e. costal silica bodies, X l696:,/; microhair, X 1696. 
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 29.-Abaxial epidermis Asthenatherum glaucum, Rains and Yalala 22: u, overview, X 295: 

b, stoma; X 1285; c, costal macrohair-like prickle, X 867; d, costal cork cells (cc) and silica 

bodies (sb), X 867; e, overvieL7. X 16l;J microhair, X 867. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 30,-Adaxial epidermis Asthenalherum glancum. Rains and Yalala 22: a. overview. X 161: 

b, stoma, X 867; c. interstomatal cells. X 416; d. costal macrohair-like prickles, X 128.7: e. costal 

silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). X 625:J; microhair, X 867. 

65 
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 31.-.4baxial epidermis Crznipes abjssinicus. Gay s.n.: a. stoma. X 1696; 6, overview. 

X 293: c. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). X 867: d. intercostal cork cells. X 867: 

e. long cells, X 625: .f. microhair, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 32.-Adaxial epidermis Crmipes abyssinms, Gay s.n.: a? stoma, X 1696; b. overview. 

X 295; c. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867: d, base of macrohair, X 867: e, long 

cells. X 867;f, microhair, X 1696. 

67 
6% SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBCTIOKS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 33.-Abaxial epidermis Eblrophorus globularzs, Schweickerdt 2 158: a, stoma, X 1285: 

b, costal prickle, X 295; c, long cells, X 295: d. papillate warty surface, X 2970; e, costal silica 

bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc). X 867:J microhair. X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 31.-Adaxial epidermis Ebtrophorus globularis, Schweickerdt 2 158: a, stomata. X 1285: 

b, interstomatal cell. X 416: c, long cells, X 295: d, papillate warty surface, X 2970: e, costal 

silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867;f, microhair. X 1285. 

69 
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE Sj.-Abaxial epidermis Habrochloa bullockii, Webster T234: a, overview, X 295; b. long 

cells. X 867: c, costal prickle. X 128.7: d, costal silica bodies, X 1285: e, costal silica bodies. 

X l696:J microhair. X 2970. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE Sfj-Adaxial epidermis Habrochloa bullockit, kl’ebster T234: a, overview. X 29.5; b. stoma. 

X 2970: c, long cells, X 867; d, bicellular prickle, X 1696: e. cosial prickles. silica bodies (sb) and 

cork cells (cc), X 867; J microhairs. X 1696. 

71 
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 37.-Abaxial epidermis JVeyraudia arundznacea, Humbert 13042: a, overview, X 295: 

6, stomata, X 1696: c. costal prickles and interstomatal cell, X 625; d. costal silica bodies (sb) 

and cork cells (cc). X 867; e, intercostal cork cell (cc) and silica body (sb). X 1696;J microhair, 

X 1696. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 38.-Adaxial epidermis ?ieyaudia arundinacea, Humberi 13042: a, overview, x 4 16; 

b, stomata, X 1696; c, costal prickle, X 867; d, costal silica body (sb) and cork cells (cc), x I28.j; 

e, microhair, X 1696;f. macrohair, X 295. 

73 
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PL.ATE 39.--r\baxial epidermis Pentaschislis borussica. Hitchcock 24629 (a-c, eJ). and abaxial 

epidermis 1’. minor (Ballard and Hubbard) Ballard and Hubbard. Hitchcock 24641 (4: a. overview. X 29.5: b. costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc)% X 867: c, long cells. X 295: 

d, intercostal silica body (sb) and cork cell (cc). X 1696: e, microhair, X 867:s. macrohair base. 

X 867. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 40.-Adaxial epidermis Penlaschisfis borusszca, Hitchcock 24629: a, stomata and interstomatal cell, X 867; b, overview, X 29.5: c, costal prickle, X 867: d. costal silica bodies (sb) and 

cork cells (cc). X 867; e. marginal area, X 625:s. microhair. X 867. 

75 
76 SMITHSONIAS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 4 1 .--.L\baxial epidermis Triraphis schznzii, Schweickerdt 1859: Q; overview. X 295; 

b. stoma, X 2970; c, interstomatal cell, X 625: d: costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), 

X 625: e. costal silica body (partially obscured by wax), X 2970:J microhair, X 1285. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 42.-Adaxial epidermis Trzraphis schintii, Schweickerdt 1859: a, overview. X 295; 

b. stoma, X 1696; c, interstomatal cell, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb). cork cells (cc). and 

prickle. X 867: e, microhair, X 1285:f, margin with prickles, X 416. 

77 
78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 43.-Abaxial epidermis Bromunzolu gosswezlerz, Jackson 47: a, overview, X 4 16; b, stomata 

and interstomatal cell, X 128.5; c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; d, microhair, 

X 1696; e, base of macrohair, X 625;S, overview showing transverse veins, X 121. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 44.-Adaxial epidermis Bromuniola gossweileri, Jackson 47: a, stomata and interstornatal 

cell, X 416: b, long cells, X 1285; c, intercostal prickles and hooks, X 295; a', costal silica bodies 

(sb) and cork cells (cc), X 625; e, microhair, X 1696;h base of macrohair, X 29.5. 

79 
80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 45.-Abaxial epidermis Me,gaslachya mucronala, Faden 74/345: a, overview, X 295; 

b, stoma, X 1696; c, interstomatal cells, X 867; d, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), 

X 867; e, microhair with thin apical cell (arrow), X l696;J overview showing transverse veins, 

x 121. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 46.-Adaxial epidermis Megastachya mucronala, Faden 74/345: a, overview, X 295: 

b, stomata. interstomatal cell and long cells, X 416: c, papillate warty surface, X 1285, 

d, bicellular prickle, X 1285: e, costal cork cells (cc) and silica bodies (sb), X 867:J pcirtion of 

microhair, X 1285. 

81 
82 SMITHSONIAN COKTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

PLATE 4i.-Abaxial epidermis Orlhoclada africana. Paterson s.n.: a, stoma, X 2970; b, interstornatal 

cell, X 867; c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; d, intercostal silica bodies and 

microhair. X 867: e. macrohair with curved tip and long cells, X 625: J; overview showing 

transverse veins. X 63. 
NUMBER 49 

PLATE 48.-Adaxial epidermis Orlhoclada africana, Paterson .s.n.: a, stoma, X 867: b, long cells, 

X 416: c, costal silica bodies (sb) and cork cells (cc), X 867; d, microhair, X 867; e, macrohair 

with curved tip, X 625;J; overview showing transverse veins, X 63. 

83 
Index to Grass Species 

(Major treatment in italics) 

Andropterum stolzii, 14 (fig.) 

ilrundinaria alpina. 6 (fig.), 1.5% 3b (pl.), 37 (pl). 

Asthenatherum forsknlii, 13 (fig.) 

glaucum. 24. 64 (pl.). 65 (pi.) 

Aoena abyssinica. 7 (fig.). 1 I (fig.) 

Brachiaria brirantha, 13 (fig.) 

Bromuniola gossreieileri. 29, 78 (PI.), 79 (pl.) 

Chloroca!ymma cytocantha, 6 (fig.) 

Chysochloa hindsii. 10 (fig.) 

Cleislachne sorghozdes, 14 (fig.) 

Cuelachne africana, 7 (fig.) 

Colpodium rhionogeiton. 11 (fig.) 

Commelinidium mayumbense, 7 (fig.) 

Crinipes abyssinicus. 7 (fig.). 25. 66 (pl.). 67 (pl.) 

Cpnodon dacblon, 12 (fig.) 

DacyliJ ,glomerata, 7 (fig.) 

Dacyloctenium giganteum, 12 (fig.) 

Daknopholis boiuinii, 9 (fig.) 

Danthoniopsis uridis. 14 (fig.), 15 

Dichanthium aristatum. 13 (fig.) 

Ech~nochloa colona, 9 (fig.) 

pyramidalis. 6 (fig.) 

Ehrharta erecla, 23, 60 (pl.). 61 (pl.) 

Eleuszne coracana, 6 (fig.) 

Elqtrophorus globularis, 11 (fig.), 12 (fig.), 26, 68 (pl.)> 69 (pl.) 

spi ca t us, 2 6 

Habrochloa bullockii, 26, 70 (PI.), 71 (pl.) 

Harpachne srhimperi. 12 (fig.) 

Helictotrichon elongalurn, 6 (fig.) 

Heteroanthoecia guineenszs, 10 (fig.) 

Humbertochloa grfenwayi, 12 (fig.). 22. 56 (pl,). 57 (pi.) 

Leersza hexandra, 20. 50 (pi ), 51 (pl.) 

Leptaspis cochleata. 18. 46 (PI.), 47 (pi.) 

Lepturus repens, 9 (fig.) 

Maltebrunia leersiotdes, 6 (fig.), 20, 52 (PI.). 53 (pi.) 

Megastachya mucronata. 13 (fig.), 30. 80 (pi ). 81 (pi.) 

Ntyraudia arundinacea. 27, 72 (PI,), 73 (pl.) 

Obra luttfolia, 8 (fig.), 10 (fig.), 18, 41 (PI.), 45 (pi.) 

Oreobambos buchrcaldii7 16, 38 (PI.). 39 (pl.) 

Oropetium thomaeum. 14 (fig.) 

Orthoclada africana, 8 (fig.), 9 (fig.). 12 (fig.). 14 (fig.). 15. 30, 

Orpa barthii, 9 (fig.): 10 (fig.) 

Oxylenanthera abyssinica, 16, 40 (p1.j. 41 (pl.) 

82 (pl.), 83 (pl.) 

punctata. 21, 54 (PI,), 55 (pi.) 

Pentaschistis borussica, 28. 74 (pi.). 75 (pl.) 

Phacelurus huillensis, 8 (fig.), 10 (fig.) 

Phragmites maurit~anus, 24. 62 (pl.). 63 (pl.) 

Phyllorhachis sagittutu, 22, 58 (pi.)? 59 (pl.) 

Pueiia o&rformis. 17, 42 (PI.), 43 (PI.) 

minor. 28 

Sacciolepis africana. 7 (fig.) 

Schmidtia bulbosa, 11 (fig.) 

Sehima neruosum? 13 (fig.) 

Sorghum arundinaceum, 8 (fig.) 

Stipa drageana, 10 (fig.) 

Streptogyna crinita, 19, 48 (pi.). 49 (pl.) 

Trichoneura mollis, 11 (fig.) 

Tnraphisfleckit, 8 (fig.) 

Triticum aesticum, 11 (fig.) 

schinrii, 28, 76 (PI.), 77 (pl.) 

Isachne buettneri, 14 (fig.) Vossia cuspidata, 9 (fig.) 

84