# Patent

## Title
Semiconductor device and formation thereof

## Abstract

A semiconductor device and method of formation are provided. The semiconductor device includes a first active region adjacent a channel, the channel, and a second active region adjacent the channel. The channel has a channel doping profile. The channel includes a central channel portion having a first dopant concentration of a first dopant and a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion. The radial channel portion has a second dopant concentration of a second dopant greater than the first dopant concentration. The channel comprising the central channel portion and the radial channel portion has increased voltage threshold tuning as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion and a radial channel portion.

## Background
BACKGROUND
In a semiconductor device, such as a transistor, current flows through a channel region between a source region and a drain region upon application of a sufficient voltage or bias to a gate of the device. When current flows through the channel region, the transistor is generally regarded as being in an ‘on’ state, and when current is not flowing through the channel region, the transistor is generally regarded as being in an ‘off’ state.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 9 is an illustration of a semiconductor device at a stage of fabrication, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 10 is an illustration of a graph illustrating a dopant concentration curve, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 11 is an illustration of a graph illustrating a dopant concentration curve, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 12 is an illustration of a graph illustrating a dopant concentration curve, in accordance with some embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.
Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.
One or more techniques for forming a semiconductor device and resulting structures formed thereby are provided herein. Some embodiments of the present disclosure have one or a combination of the following features and/or advantages.
According to some embodiments, a semiconductor device comprises a first active region adjacent a channel, the channel, and a second active region adjacent the channel. In some embodiments, the channel has a channel doping profile. In some embodiments, the channel doping profile comprises at least one of a step doping profile, a linear doping profile or a Gaussian doping profile. In some embodiments, the channel comprises a central channel portion and a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion. In some embodiments, a radial channel width of the radial channel portion divided by a central channel width of the central channel portion is between about 0.05 to about 5. In some embodiments, the central channel portion has the central channel width between about 1 nm to about 15 nm. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion has the radial channel width between about 3 nm to about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the central channel portion has a first dopant concentration of a first dopant. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion has a second dopant concentration of a second dopant. In some embodiments, the first dopant concentration is between about 0.5×1016 cm−3 to about 1.0×1020 cm−3 of the first dopant. In some embodiments, the second dopant concentration is greater than the first dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the second dopant concentration is between about 1.0×1016 cm−3 to about 2.0×1020 cm−3 of the second dopant. In some embodiments, at least one of the first dopant or the second dopant comprises phosphorus. In some embodiments, a gate surrounds the channel.
According to some embodiments, a method of forming the semiconductor device comprises forming a first column over the first active region. In some embodiments, a doped layer is formed over the first column. In some embodiments, the doped layer is grown over the first column. In some embodiments, the doped layer is deposited over the first column. In some embodiments, the doped layer comprises the second dopant. In some embodiments, the channel is formed from at least some of the first column and at least some of the doped layer by performing a thermal process. In some embodiments, forming the channel comprises forming the central channel portion. In some embodiments, the central portion comprises at least some of the first column. In some embodiments, the central portion has the first dopant concentration. In some embodiments, forming the channel comprises forming the radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion comprises at least one of the doped layer or at least some of the first column. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion has the second dopant concentration of the second dopant. In some embodiments, a second active region is formed over and in contact with the channel. In some embodiments, forming the second active region comprises growing at least one of silicon, germanium, an n-type dopant or a p-type dopant. In some embodiments, the central channel portion increases depletion in the channel and improves a substrate slope junction as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion. In some embodiments, the channel comprising the central channel portion improves electrostatic control as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion. In some embodiments, the channel comprising the central channel portion and the radial channel portion has increased voltage threshold tuning as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion and a radial channel portion. In some embodiments, a voltage threshold is adjustable by at least one of increasing or decreasing the central channel width. In some embodiments, increased voltage threshold tuning reduces peak power or ground bouncing noise.
FIGS. 1-9 are cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device 100, at various stages of fabrication. Turning to FIGS. 1, a source layer 104 is formed over a substrate 102, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 comprises at least one of silicon, germanium, etc. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 includes at least one of an epitaxial layer, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, a wafer, a die formed from a wafer, etc. In some embodiments, forming the source layer 104 comprises growing a layer comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, an n-type dopant, a p-type dopant, etc. In some embodiments, the source layer 104 has a source thickness 103 between about 30 nm to about 70 nm. In some embodiments, a column layer 106 is formed over the source layer 104. In some embodiments, the column layer 106 comprises an initial dopant concentration of a first dopant. In some embodiments, the first dopant comprises at least one of a group III material, a group IV material, etc. In some embodiments, the first dopant comprises phosphorus. In some embodiments, the column layer 106 comprises at least one of silicon, germanium, etc. In some embodiments, the column layer 106 has a column layer thickness 105 between about 5 nm to about 35 nm. In some embodiments, a photoresist 108 is formed over the column layer 106, such that a portion of the column layer 106 is covered by the photoresist 108.
Turning to FIG. 2, a first column 106a is formed form the column layer 106, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the first column 106a is formed by etching. In some embodiments, the first column 106a has a column height 105a and a column width 105b. In some embodiments, the column height 105a is between about 5 nm to about 35 nm. In some embodiments, the column width 105b is between about 1 nm to about 15 nm. In some embodiments, the etching removes at least some of the source layer 104. In some embodiments, after the etching the source layer 104 has a recessed source thickness 103a between about 15 nm to about 55 nm. In some embodiments, after the etching the photoresist 108 is removed.
Turning to FIG. 3, a doped layer 112 is formed over the source layer 104 and the first column 106a, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the doped layer 112 is epitaxially grown. In some embodiments, the first column 106a comprises a central channel portion 107 of a channel 115. In some embodiments, at least some of the doped layer 112 and at least some of the source layer 104 comprise a radial channel portion 113 of the channel 115. In some embodiments, the doped layer 112 has a doped layer thickness 111 between about 2 nm to about 19 nm. In some embodiments, a central channel height 109a of the central channel portion 107 is between about 5 nm to about 35 nm. In some embodiments, a central channel width 109b of the central channel portion 107 is between about 1 nm to about 15 nm. In some embodiments, the central channel portion 107 has a first dopant concentration of the first dopant. In some embodiments, the initial dopant concentration is equal to the first dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the doped layer 112 comprises a second dopant concentration of a second dopant. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion 113 comprised of the doped layer 112 has the second dopant concentration of the second dopant. In some embodiments, the first dopant concentration is between about 0.5×1016 cm −3 to about 1.0×1020 cm−3 of the first dopant. In some embodiments, the second dopant concentration is greater than the first dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the second dopant concentration is between about 1.0×1016 cm−3 to about 2.0×102 cm−3 of the second dopant. In some embodiments, the second dopant comprises at least one of a group III material, a group V material, etc. In some embodiments, at least one of the first dopant or the second dopant comprises phosphorus.
Turning to FIG. 4, an alternate method of forming the channel 115 is illustrated, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, a highly doped layer 110 is formed over the source layer 104 and the first column 106a. In some embodiments, the highly doped layer 110 is deposited by at least one of atomic layer deposition (ALD, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), etc. In some embodiments, the highly doped layer 110 is formed at a highly doped temperature between about 300° C. to about 500° C. for a highly doped duration between about 1 min to about 55 min. In some embodiments, the highly doped layer 110 is formed at a highly doped pressure between about 5 torr to about 15 torr. In some embodiments, the highly doped layer 110 has a highly doped thickness 117 between about 1 nm to about 15 nm.
Turning to FIG. 5, a thermal process is performed to form the doped layer 112 from the highly doped layer 110 and at least some of the source layer 104 and the first column 106a, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the thermal process comprises applying a first gas comprising nitrogen gas at a thermal flow rate between about 1 sccm to about 100 sccm. In some embodiments, the thermal process occurs for a first duration between 1 sec to about 75 min at a first temperature between about 400° C. to about 800° C. In some embodiments, the thermal operation occurs at a first pressure between about 690 torr to about 830 torr.
According to some embodiments, the first column 106a comprises the central channel portion 107 of the channel 115. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion 113 of the channel 115 comprises at least some of the doped layer 112 and at least some of the source layer 104. In some embodiments, the doped layer 112 has the doped layer thickness 111. In some embodiments, the central channel portion 107 has the central channel height 109a. In some embodiments, the central channel portion 107 has a central channel width 109b. In some embodiments, the central channel width 109b is smaller than the channel width 109b because the doped layer 112 is formed by doping a portion of the first column 106a rather than forming the doped layer 112 over the first column 106a. In some embodiments, the central channel width 109b of the central channel portion 107 is between about 1 nm to about 15 nm. In some embodiments, a portion 123 of the source layer 104 that is not part of the radial channel portion 113 comprises a first active region. In some embodiments, the first active region comprises at least one of a source or a drain.
According to some embodiments, the central channel portion 107 has the first dopant concentration of the first dopant. In some embodiments, the doped layer 112 comprises the second dopant concentration of the second dopant. In some embodiments, the radial channel portion 113 comprised of the doped layer 112 has the second dopant concentration of the second dopant. In some embodiments, at least one of the central channel portion 107 or the radial channel portion 113 comprises a horizontal gradient, where the horizontal gradient is measured from at least one of left to right, or right to left on the page. In some embodiments, the horizontal gradient comprises a decrease in at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration as measured from at least one of a first sidewall 113a of the radial channel portion 113 to a vertical midline 133 of the central channel portion 107 or from a second sidewall 113b of the radial channel portion 113 to the vertical midline 133 of the central channel portion 107. In some embodiments, at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration minimum is at the vertical midline 133.
In some embodiments, at least one of the central channel portion 107 or the radial channel portion 113 comprises a vertical gradient, where the vertical gradient is measured from at least one of top to bottom, or bottom to top on the page. In some embodiments, the vertical gradient comprises a decrease in at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration as measured from at least one of a top surface 113c of the radial channel portion 113 to a horizontal midline 131 of the central channel portion 107 or a bottom surface 113d of the radial channel portion 113 to the horizontal midline 131 of the central channel portion 107. In some embodiments, at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration minimum is at the horizontal midline 131. In some embodiments, the channel 115 has a channel doping profile comprising at least one of the horizontal gradient or the vertical gradient. In some embodiments, the channel doping profile comprising at least one of a step doping profile, a linear doping profile or a Gaussian doping profile. In some embodiments, the doping profile is controlled by altering at least one of the thermal pressure, thermal temperature, thermal duration, thermal gas, or thermal flow rate.
Turning to FIG. 6, an insulating layer 114 is formed over at least some of the doped layer 112, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 114 is in contact with at least some of the first sidewall 113a and at least some of the second sidewall 113b. In some embodiments, the top surface 113c and at least some of the first sidewall 113a and the second sidewall 113b are not covered by the insulating layer 114. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 114 is at least one of grown, deposited, etc. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 114 is formed by at least one of ALD, PVD, CVD, etc. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 114 comprises a high dielectric constant material. In some embodiments, the high dielectric constant material comprises at least one of oxide, nitride, etc.
Turning to FIG. 7, a gate dielectric layer 116 is formed over the insulating layer 114, the top surface 113c and the exposed portions of the first sidewall 113a and the second sidewall 113b, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 116 comprises a high dielectric constant material. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 116 is at least one of grown, deposited, etc. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 116 is formed by at least one of ALD, PVD, CVD, etc. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 116 comprises at least one of oxide, nitride, etc. In some embodiments, a gate electrode 118 is formed over the gate dielectric layer 116. In some embodiments, the gate electrode 118 comprises a conductive material. In some embodiments, the gate electrode 118 comprises at least one of metal, metalloid, etc. In some embodiments, the gate electrode 118 is at least one of grown, deposited, etc. In some embodiments, the gate electrode 118 is formed by at least one of ALD, PVD, CVD, etc.
Turning to FIG. 8, the gate electrode 118 and the gate dielectric 116 are removed from the top surface 113c of the radial channel portion 113 to form a gate 120 surrounding the channel 115, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the gate electrode 118 and the gate dielectric 116 are removed from at least some of the first sidewall 113a and at least some of the second sidewall 113b. In some embodiments, the gate 120 comprises the gate electrode 118 and the gate dielectric 116. In some embodiments, a second insulating layer 122 is formed over the gate electrode 118 and the gate dielectric layer 116. In some embodiments, the second insulating layer 122 is at least one of grown, deposited, etc. In some embodiments, the second insulating layer 122 is formed by at least one of ALD, PVD, CVD, etc. In some embodiments, the second insulting layer 122 comprises a high dielectric constant material. In some embodiments, the second insulting layer 122 comprises at least one of oxide, nitride, etc.
Turning to FIG. 9, a second active region 124 is formed over the top surface 113c of the radial portion 113 of the channel 115, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the second active region 124 is formed over at least some of the second insulating layer 122. In some embodiments, the second active region 124 comprises at least one of a source or a drain. In some embodiments, forming the second active region 124 comprises growing a layer comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, an n-type dopant, a p-type dopant, etc. In some embodiments, the second active region 124 has a second active thickness between about 30 nm to about 70 nm. In some embodiments, the first active region, the channel 115, and the second active region 124 form a transistor. In some embodiments, the channel 115 is formed in conjunction with at least one of double gate field effect transistor (FET), a FinFET, a trigate, a nanowire FET, etc.
Turning to FIG. 10, a first graph illustrating the step doping profile is illustrated, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, a dopant concentration is on the y-axis and a position on the channel 115 relative to the central channel portion 107 and the radial channel portion 113 is on the x-axis. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration includes at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration increases moving up the y-axis away from the x-axis. In some embodiments, moving from left to right on the page corresponds to at least one of moving from left to right or moving from top to bottom across the channel 115 in FIGS. 3 and 5-9 such that a step doping profile line 130 is initially high in the radial channel portion 113, abruptly changes to a lower dopant concentration in the central channel portion 107, and then abruptly goes high again in the radial channel portion 113. In some embodiments, the step doping profile line 130 represents at least one of the horizontal gradient or the vertical gradient.
Turning to FIG. 11, a second graph illustrating the linear doping profile is illustrated, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration is on the y-axis and a position on the channel 115 relative to the central channel portion 107 and the radial channel portion 113 is on the x-axis. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration includes at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration increases moving up the y-axis away from the x-axis. In some embodiments, moving from left to right on the page corresponds to at least one of moving from left to right or moving from top to bottom across the channel 115 in FIGS. 3 and 5-9 such that a linear doping profile line 132 is initially high in the radial channel portion 113, decreases at a substantially constant slope moving from the radial channel portion 113 to the central channel portion 107, reaches an inflection point about halfway through the central channel portion 107, increases at a substantially constant slope moving from the central channel portion 107 to the radial channel portion 113, and then goes high again in the radial channel portion 113. In some embodiments, a line having a substantially constant slope is represented generally by the equation (1) below.

y=mx   (1)

In some embodiments, y equals the value of the linear doping profile line 132 on the y-axis, x equals the value of the linear doping profile line 132 on the x-axis, and m equals the slope of the linear doping profile line 132. In some embodiments, the linear doping profile line 132 represents at least one of the horizontal gradient or the vertical gradient.
Turning to FIG. 12, a third graph illustrating the Gaussian doping profile is illustrated, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration is on the y-axis and a position on the channel 115 relative to the central channel portion 107 and the radial channel portion 113 is on the x-axis. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration includes at least one of the first dopant concentration or the second dopant concentration. In some embodiments, the dopant concentration increases moving up the y-axis away from the x-axis. In some embodiments, moving from left to right on the page corresponds to at least one of moving from left to right or moving from top to bottom across the channel 115 in FIGS. 3 and 5-9 such that a Gaussian doping profile line 134 is initially high in the radial channel portion 113, decreases exponentially moving from the radial channel portion 113 to the central channel portion 107, reaches an inflection point about halfway through the central channel portion 107, increases exponentially moving from the central channel portion 107 to the radial channel portion 113, and then goes high again in the radial channel portion 113. In some embodiments, a line changing exponentially is represented generally by equation 2 below.

y=1/x2   (2)

In some embodiments, y equals the value of the Gaussian doping profile line 134 on the y-axis, and x equals the value of the Gaussian doping profile line 134 on the x-axis. In some embodiments, the Gaussian doping profile line 134 represents at least one of the horizontal gradient or the vertical gradient.
According to some embodiments, the central channel portion 107 increases depletion in the channel 115 and improves a substrate slope junction as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion. In some embodiments, the channel 115 comprising the central channel portion 107 improves electrostatic control as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion. In some embodiments, the channel 115 comprising the central channel portion 107 and the radial channel portion 113 has increased voltage threshold tuning as compared to a channel that lacks a central channel portion and a radial channel portion. In some embodiments, increased voltage threshold tuning comprises more accurately predicting a voltage requirement to turn a transistor “on.” In some embodiments, a voltage threshold is adjustable by at least one of increasing or decreasing the central channel width 109b. In some embodiments, increased voltage threshold tuning reduces peak power or ground bouncing noise by more accurately matching a voltage applied to a gate of a transistor and the voltage requirement to turn a transistor “on.”
According to some embodiments, a semiconductor device comprises a first active region and a channel adjacent the first active region. In some embodiments, the channel has a channel doping profile. In some embodiments, the channel comprises a central channel portion having a first dopant concentration of a first dopant and a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion, the radial channel portion having a second dopant concentration of a second dopant greater than the first dopant concentration. In some embodiment, a second active region is adjacent the channel.
According to some embodiments, a method of forming a semiconductor device comprises forming a first column over a first active region, forming a doped layer comprising a second dopant over the first column, and forming a channel having a channel doping profile. In some embodiments, forming the channel comprises forming a central channel portion comprising at least some of the first column having a first dopant concentration and forming a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion comprising at least one of the doped layer or at least some of the first column, such that the radial channel portion has a second dopant concentration of the second dopant, the second dopant concentration greater than the first dopant concentration.
According to some embodiments, a semiconductor device comprises a first active region is adjacent the channel. In some embodiments, the channel has a channel doping profile. In some embodiments, the channel comprises a central channel portion having a first dopant concentration of a first dopant and a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion, the radial channel portion having a second dopant concentration of a second dopant greater than the first dopant concentration. In some embodiments, a second active region is adjacent the channel. In some embodiments, a gate surrounds the channel, where a ratio of a radial channel width of the radial channel portion divided by a central channel width of the central channel portion is between about 0.05 to about 5.
The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those of ordinary skill in the art may better understand various aspects of the present disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of various embodiments introduced herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter of the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing at least some of the claims.
Various operations of embodiments are provided herein. The order in which some or all of the operations are described should not be construed to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. Alternative ordering will be appreciated having the benefit of this description. Further, it will be understood that not all operations are necessarily present in each embodiment provided herein. Also, it will be understood that not all operations are necessary in some embodiments.
It will be appreciated that layers, features, elements, etc. depicted herein are illustrated with particular dimensions relative to one another, such as structural dimensions or orientations, for example, for purposes of simplicity and ease of understanding and that actual dimensions of the same differ substantially from that illustrated herein, in some embodiments. Additionally, a variety of techniques exist for forming the layers, regions, features, elements, etc. mentioned herein, such as at least one of etching techniques, planarization techniques, implanting techniques, doping techniques, spin-on techniques, sputtering techniques, growth techniques, or deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), for example.
Moreover, “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, illustration, etc., and not necessarily as advantageous. As used in this application, “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. In addition, “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims are generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. Also, at least one of A and B and/or the like generally means A or B or both A and B. Furthermore, to the extent that “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”. Also, unless specified otherwise, “first,” “second,” or the like are not intended to imply a temporal aspect, a spatial aspect, an ordering, etc. Rather, such terms are merely used as identifiers, names, etc. for features, elements, items, etc. For example, a first element and a second element generally correspond to element A and element B or two different or two identical elements or the same element.
Also, although the disclosure has been shown and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others of ordinary skill in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. The disclosure comprises all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (e.g., elements, resources, etc.), the terms used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure. In addition, while a particular feature of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

## Claims

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first source/drain region;
a channel overlying the first source/drain region, the channel having a channel doping profile and comprising:
a central channel portion having a first concentration of dopant; and
a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion, the radial channel portion having a second concentration of dopant greater than the first concentration of dopant; and

a second source/drain region overlying the channel, wherein the radial channel portion is disposed vertically between the central channel portion and the second source/drain region.

2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, comprising a gate surrounding the channel.

3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, the channel doping profile comprising at least one of a step doping profile, a linear doping profile or a Gaussian doping profile.

4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second source/drain region is in contact with the radial channel portion.

5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, the first concentration of dopant between about 0.5×1016 cm−3 to about 1.0×1020 cm−3.

6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, the second concentration of dopant between about 1.0×1016 cm−3 to about 2.0×1020 cm−3.

7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, the central channel portion having a central channel width between about 1 nm to about 15 nm.

8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, the radial channel portion having a radial channel width between about 3 nm to about 20 nm.

9. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first source/drain region;
a channel overlying the first source/drain region, the channel having a channel doping profile and comprising:
a central channel portion having a first concentration of dopant; and
a radial channel portion surrounding the central channel portion, the radial channel portion having a second concentration of dopant greater than the first concentration of dopant;

a second source/drain region overlying the channel; and
a gate surrounding the channel, wherein a ratio of a radial channel width of the radial channel portion divided by a central channel width of the central channel portion is between about 0.05 to about 5.

10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, the channel doping profile comprising at least one of a step doping profile, a linear doping profile or a Gaussian doping profile.

11. The semiconductor device of claim 9, at least one of:
the first concentration of dopant between about 0.5×1016 cm−3 to about 1.0×1020 cm−3; or
the second concentration of dopant between about 1.0×1016 cm−3 to about 2.0×1020 cm−3.

12. The semiconductor device of claim 9, the central channel width between about 1 nm to about 15 nm.

13. The semiconductor device of claim 9, the radial channel width between about 3 nm to about 20 nm.

14. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first source/drain region;
a channel overlying the first source/drain region;
a gate dielectric surrounding the channel, wherein:
a central channel portion of the channel is spaced apart from the gate dielectric by a radial channel portion of the channel,
the central channel portion has a first concentration of dopant, and
the radial channel portion has a second concentration of dopant that is greater than the first concentration of dopant; and

a second source/drain region overlying the channel, wherein the radial channel portion is disposed vertically between the central channel portion and the second source/drain region.

15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, comprising:
a first layer in which the first source/drain region is defined; and
an insulating layer overlying the first layer, wherein the gate dielectric overlies the insulating layer.

16. The semiconductor device of claim 14, comprising an insulating layer overlying a top surface of the gate dielectric, wherein the second source/drain region is in contact with a top surface of the insulating layer.

17. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein a concentration of dopant varies linearly between a sidewall of the channel facing the gate dielectric and the central channel portion of the channel.

18. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein a concentration of dopant varies according to a Gaussian distribution between a sidewall of the channel facing the gate dielectric and the central channel portion of the channel.

19. The semiconductor device of claim 14, comprising a gate electrode overlying the gate dielectric.

20. The semiconductor device of claim 14, comprising an insulating layer overlying a top surface of the gate dielectric.