NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0513n.06

Case No. 20-4279

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

GUO YAN LIN CASTRO,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM A FINAL ORDER OF THE 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS

Before: SILER, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Guo Yan Lin Castro seeks review of an order issued by 

an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) and affirmed by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), denying 

her applications for asylum, special rule cancellation of removal, withholding of removal, and 

protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). For the reasons that follow, we 

DISMISS the petition as to Castro’s asylum application, and we DENY the petition as to her 

remaining applications for relief and protection. 

I. BACKGROUND

In 2011, Castro, a native citizen of the People’s Republic of China, was admitted to Saipan, 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, as a non-immigrant visitor. There, she married 

a United States citizen who filed an immediate relative visa petition on her behalf; Castro filed an 

application for adjustment of status at the same time. In 2013, she was paroled into the United 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 2 -

States to pursue her then-pending application for adjustment of status and was authorized to remain 

in the United States only until November that year. However, she stayed beyond that period and 

has since remained in the United States. In 2014, United States Citizenship and Immigration 

Services denied both the visa petition and Castro’s application for adjustment of status. 

During her unauthorized residence in the United States, Castro has been convicted of or 

arrested for prostitution-related offenses four times. In 2015, she was convicted of prostitution in 

Texas. In 2016, she was convicted of prostitution in Georgia. In 2018, she was convicted of

solicitation of prostitution in Ohio. Finally, in 2019, Castro was arrested in Michigan for accosting 

or soliciting prostitution.

Thereafter, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) commenced removal 

proceedings against her, charging her under: (1) 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), as a noncitizen not

in possession of a valid unexpired visa or other entry document at the time of her application for 

admission, and (2) 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(D)(i), as a noncitizen who has come to the United States 

solely, principally, or incidentally to engage in prostitution, or has engaged in prostitution within 

ten years of the date of application for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status. 

Castro denied both removal charges, and, in the alternative, applied for special rule 

cancellation of removal for battered spouses, withholding of removal, and protection under CAT. 

In addition, she submitted corrections to an asylum application that she had filed in 2016; and she 

provided a written statement to support her applications for relief, reasserting claims of forcible 

sterilization and domestic violence and adding a religious persecution claim. 

An IJ held merits hearings in February and May 2020. During these hearings, Castro 

testified extensively about, among other things, her prostitution-related offenses. She relayed that 

she had sought only to provide legal massage services but that her employers pressured her into 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 3 -

providing sexual favors by confiscating her passport, withholding any money she earned, and 

beating her. According to her testimony, Castro was also raped on two occasions during her work 

at these establishments. Moreover, she explicitly denied the factual circumstances set forth in 

various police reports, which detailed the interactions with undercover police officers that led to 

her arrests in Atlanta and Ohio. 

During the February hearing, Annita List, a licensed clinical social worker, opined that 

Castro was particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking because of the abuse Castro suffered at the 

hands of her U.S. citizen husband, whom Castro attested had beaten and raped her between 2012 

and 2013. Castro asked the IJ to qualify List as an expert witness on the issues of domestic violence 

and the psychological status of abused women. Over DHS counsel’s objection, the IJ approved. 

But at the conclusion of the next hearing in May, the IJ issued an oral decision in which he

reversed his initial certification of List as an expert witness, explaining that List’s experience 

interviewing sex workers in El Salvador was insufficient to qualify her as an expert capable of 

rendering a psychological assessment of Castro. He sustained both removal charges against Castro

and denied all her applications for relief and protection. First, the IJ denied Castro’s application 

for special rule cancellation of removal, finding her statutorily ineligible on multiple grounds 

because of her prostitution convictions and concluding that she could not demonstrate the requisite 

connection between those prostitution convictions and the domestic abuse she suffered to qualify 

for a waiver. Second, he denied Castro’s asylum application as statutorily time-barred because 

she did not merit any exception to the one-year filing deadline that she had missed. Third, the IJ 

determined that Castro was not a credible witness—thereby foreclosing her claims for withholding 

of removal and for protection under CAT—because of discrepancies between her various 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 4 -

immigration forms, as well as between these forms and her testimony, and because of her repeated 

denials that she ever engaged in prostitution. Accordingly, the IJ ordered Castro removed to China. 

Castro appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. The BIA dismissed Castro’s appeal. In addition 

to adopting the IJ’s determinations as to Castro’s applications for relief, the BIA found that Castro 

had failed to substantively challenge the IJ’s determinations that her asylum application was timebarred. The BIA thus deemed the issue waived. Moreover, the BIA rejected Castro’s claim that 

the IJ had violated her due process rights by failing to consider country conditions reports issued 

by the U.S. Department of State, finding that she could not show the requisite prejudice for such a 

claim. Castro now seeks review of each of her applications for relief and protection.

II. RELEVANT STANDARDS OF REVIEW

Where the BIA “adopts the IJ’s decision and supplements that decision with its own 

comments,” we review the decisions of both the BIA and IJ. Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 

434 (6th Cir. 2011). We review constitutional claims and questions of law de novo, while deferring 

to the BIA’s reasonable interpretations of the immigration statutes and regulations that it 

administers. Koulibaly v. Mukasey, 541 F.3d 613, 619 (6th Cir. 2008). We review factual findings, 

including those relevant to “credibility determinations, denial of asylum applications, withholding 

of removal, and the CAT,” for substantial evidence. Id.; see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). 

III. DISCUSSION

A. Asylum

Castro failed to file her asylum application within a year of her last entry into the United 

States, as required by 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), and the IJ determined that she could not show an 

extraordinary circumstance under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D) to excuse this untimeliness. When she 

appealed this decision to the BIA, Castro insisted in a single sentence that her personal 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 5 -

circumstances and the changed country conditions in China merited an exception. As a result, the 

BIA found that Castro had failed to challenge the IJ’s determination substantively and deemed the 

issue waived. Now, Castro repeats that she merits an exception but fails to address the BIA’s 

conclusion that she waived the issue. 

We lack jurisdiction to review asylum applications denied for untimeliness, 

8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), unless the appeal seeks review of constitutional claims or legal questions.

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1062, 1068 (2020). Thus, 

because Castro has failed to identify any error, legal or otherwise, in the BIA’s determination that 

she waived the issue on administrative appeal, we lack jurisdiction to review the denial of her 

asylum application. We DISMISS her petition for review as to her asylum application. 

B. Special Rule Cancellation of Removal for Battered Spouses

Next, Castro seeks review of the denial of her application for special rule cancellation of 

removal as a battered spouse. To qualify for special rule cancellation of removal, Castro must 

demonstrate, among other things, that she is not inadmissible for having committed acts that 

constitute a crime involving moral turpitude (“CIMT”). 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(2)(A)(iv). In her 

petition for review, Castro contends that her prostitution convictions under the Texas and Georgia 

statutes are not CIMTs; in the alternative, she argues “that being required to perform sexual favors 

against her will, and under extreme duress, should not lead to a conclusion that she committed acts 

of moral turpitude.” While our jurisdiction to review denials of such discretionary forms of relief 

is limited under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), we retain jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) 

to review questions of law. Thus, we exercise our jurisdiction to review, and ultimately to reject, 

Castro’s challenges. 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 6 -

The term “CIMT” describes conduct “that is inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary 

to accepted rules of morality and the duties owed between persons or to society in general.” Reyes 

v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 556, 560 (6th Cir. 2016). In determining whether a particular conviction 

describes a CIMT, we apply the categorical approach, looking only to the elements described by 

the statute. Yeremin v. Holder, 738 F.3d 708, 715 (6th Cir. 2013). If every offense described in 

the statute meets the definition of a CIMT, our analysis ends. Ruiz-Lopez v. Holder, 682 F.3d 513, 

518 (6th Cir. 2012). 

Castro insists that her prostitution and solicitation of prostitution convictions under the Texas, 

Georgia, and Ohio statutes cannot be considered CIMTs because each of these statutes proscribes 

the solicitation of prostitution, an offense which Castro argues does not involve moral turpitude. 

But we have already determined otherwise. See Reyes, 835 F.3d at 559-60. 

Castro argues, in the alternative, that if we find that she “has committed disqualifying crimes 

of moral turpitude based on the statutory language of the statutes themselves, the question then 

really becomes whether an undocumented female who is trafficked and bused from state to state 

to perform sex under the cover of a massage practice, should be deemed to have . . . committed 

acts which are crimes of moral turpitude.” That is not, however, how the categorical approach 

works. Once we find that every offense described in a statute of conviction qualifies as a CIMT, 

as we have done here, we stop. Ruiz-Lopez, 682 F.3d at 518. Because her convictions qualify as 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 7 -

CIMTs, Castro is statutorily ineligible for special rule cancellation, and we decline to address her 

remaining objections to the other grounds on which the IJ dismissed her application.

1

Nor will we disturb the IJ’s determination that Castro cannot qualify for a waiver of her 

inadmissibility. Section 237(a)(7)(A)(i)(III)(bb) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as 

referenced by section 240A(b)(5) of that act, permits waiver of the inadmissibility grounds of 

ineligibility for special rule cancellation if the noncitizen demonstrates a connection between the 

crime and the noncitizen’s having been battered. To establish this requisite connection, Castro 

offered the testimony of List, a social worker, who opined that Castro was more vulnerable to 

manipulation by sex traffickers because of the domestic abuse she endured at the hands of her U.S. 

citizen husband. After reversing his initial determination to qualify List as an expert witness, the 

IJ found List to be a credible fact witness. Nevertheless, it concluded that Castro’s convictions 

from 2015 to 2018 were too remote in time from the domestic abuse she suffered in 2012 and 

2013. Castro now challenges the IJ’s decision not to qualify List as an expert witness, arguing that 

“the tenuous manner in which IJ [sic] so easily and without detailed reasoning changed 

course . . . struck a violation of due process.” 

An IJ’s decision whether to certify an individual as an expert witness constitutes an 

evidentiary ruling that falls within his or her “broad discretion.” Ahmed v. Gonzales, 398 F.3d 

722, 725 (6th Cir. 2005). We review evidentiary rulings by IJs only for due process violations, 

using a two-step inquiry: first, we determine whether there was a defect in the proceeding; and 

1 The IJ also found that Castro was statutorily ineligible for special rule cancellation of removal as 

a noncitizen who engaged in prostitution within ten years of her application for adjustment of 

status and as a noncitizen thereby precluded from establishing good moral character. Then the

BIA concluded that Castro waived her right to challenge that she had engaged in prostitution. 

Because we need not address these issues to affirm, we refrain from doing so. See INS v. 

Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to 

make finding on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”).
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 8 -

second, we determine whether the noncitizen was prejudiced because of it. Vasha v. Gonzales, 

410 F.3d 863, 872 (6th Cir. 2005). Where there is no demonstration of prejudice, we need not 

address the merits of the due process claim. Graham v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 546, 549 (6th Cir. 

2008). That is precisely the case here: Castro has not even alleged in the first instance that she 

was prejudiced by the IJ’s decision to consider List a fact witness, rather than an expert witness. 

We, therefore, reject her due process claim. 

Because Castro’s prostitution convictions qualify as CIMTs and because she cannot qualify 

for a waiver of her resulting inadmissibility, we DENY her petition for review as to her application 

for special rule cancellation of removal. 

C. Withholding of Removal and CAT Protection

Next, Castro challenges the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. An applicant for 

withholding of removal and/or protection under CAT must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the 

IJ that her testimony is credible. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii); see Slyusar v. Holder, 740 F.3d 

1068, 1074 (6th Cir. 2014). And an adverse credibility determination prevents these claims from 

being considered on their merits. Zhao v. Holder, 569 F.3d 238, 249 (6th Cir. 2009). The REAL 

ID Act permits IJs to consider “the consistency of [an applicant’s statement] with other evidence 

of record . . . without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart 

of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). We exercise 

our jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) to review final orders of removal.2 And we review 

2 Under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), we may not review any final order of removal against a 

noncitizen ordered removed for certain criminal grounds, such as the prostitution offense included 

in § 1182(a)(2). But Castro was also ordered removed on the separate dispositive ground of 

8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) as a noncitizen without a valid unexpired visa at the time of her 

application for admission. Because we declined to address Castro’s inadmissibility under 

§ 1182(a)(2) when determining her ineligibility for special rule cancellation of removal, the 

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) jurisdictional bar does not apply here. 
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 9 -

credibility determinations under the highly deferential substantial evidence standard, leaving them 

undisturbed unless a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude the contrary. 

8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Kilic v. Barr, 965 F.3d 469, 473 (6th Cir. 2020). 

In her petition for review, Castro contends that the IJ’s failure to assess her demeanor 

constituted his “chief error.” The REAL ID Act, however, is not so restrictive: It lists an 

applicant’s demeanor only as one of many factors the IJ may, but is not required to, consider. 

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). 

In addition, Castro challenges each of the various inconsistencies on which the IJ relied. 

But because even a single discrepancy may support an IJ’s adverse credibility determination, see

Marikasi v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 281, 288 (6th Cir. 2016) (finding a single inconsistency sufficient

under the more stringent pre-REAL ID Act standard), we limit our review to the “significant” 

inconsistency addressed specifically by the BIA: Castro’s repeated denials of having engaged in 

prostitution.

We recognize increasing awareness around the exploitation specifically of Asian female 

immigrants by the sex trafficking industry,3and we acknowledge that this context may shed light 

on Castro’s own narrative. But this context does nothing to resolve the external inconsistencies in

her testimony. Castro unequivocally denied that she had any inappropriate contact with an 

undercover police officer in Atlanta or that she “offered any sexual service” to an undercover 

police officer in Ohio. Yet the police reports detailing the officers’ encounters with Castro, as well 

as Castro’s resulting convictions for prostitution and solicitation of prostitution, suggest otherwise. 

3

See, e.g., Will Yakowicz, Inside The $4.5 Billion Erotic Massage Parlor Economy, Forbes 

(Apr. 4, 2021), https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/04/04/inside-the-45-billionerotic-massage-parlor-economy/?sh=5fd789dc79a8.
Case No. 20-4279, Castro v. Garland

- 10 -

Thus, we cannot say that a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to disagree with the IJ’s 

adverse credibility determination. 

Finally, Castro alleges that the IJ’s failure to consider the 2018 U.S. Department of State 

Human Rights Report for China, which discusses the inefficacy of efforts to help protect victims 

of domestic violence, constituted a due process violation. But the BIA held that Castro could not 

show the requisite prejudice for a due process claim because the country conditions reports could 

not rehabilitate Castro’s credibility. Because Castro does not meaningfully challenge this 

conclusion and states only that the “prejudicial failure of the Agency” is “unresolved,” we reject 

her due process claim. 

Accordingly, we DENY Castro’s petition for review as to her applications for withholding 

of removal and for protection under CAT.

IV. CONCLUSION

For all the reasons set forth above, we DISMISS Castro’s petition for review as to her 

asylum application, and we DENY her petition for review in all other respects.