GLOSSARY, 

 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 

 AND INDEX 

Miles City Field Office 

Resource Management Plan and 

Environmental Impact Statement 

BLM
GLOSSARY

GLO-1

GLOSSARY

- A -

ABANDON: To cease producing gas from a well when it becomes unprofitable. A wildcat (exploration) well 

may be abandoned after it has been proven nonproductive. Usually, some of the casing is removed and 

salvaged, and one or more cement plugs placed in the borehole to prevent migration of fluids between 

formations.

ACID NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY: The extent to which natural waterbodies are able to buffer 

atmospheric deposition of sulfate or nitrate particulate matter from air pollution emission sources.

ACRE-FOOT: A term used in measuring the volume of fluid. An acre-foot is the amount of fluid required to 

cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot, or 43,560 cubic feet (325,829 gallons).

ACTIVITY PLAN: Site-specific plan that precedes actual development. This is the most detailed level of 

BLM planning (also referred to as project-level or implementation-level planning).

ACCUMULATION: One or more pools or reservoirs of petroleum that make up an individual production unit 

and defined by trap, charge, and reservoir characteristics. Two types of accumulations are recognized: 

conventional and continuous. 

AIR QUALITY: Air quality is based on the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and the 

dispersion potential of an area to dilute those pollutants. 

ALLELOPATHY: The inhibition (by selective metabolic discharge) of a plant by another plant (Radosevich 

et al. 2007).

ALLOTMENT: An area of land where one or more livestock operators graze their livestock. Allotments 

generally consist of BLM-administered lands but may also include other federally managed, state owned, and 

private lands. An allotment may include one or more separate pastures. Livestock numbers and periods of use 

are specified for each allotment.

ALLOTMENT CATEGORIZATION: The grouping of livestock grazing allotments into the categories “M” 

(maintain current satisfactory condition), “I” (improve current unsatisfactory condition), and “C” (manage 

custodially while protecting existing resource values).

ALLOTMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (AMP): A written program of livestock grazing management, 

including supportive measures if required, designed to attain specific management goals in a grazing allotment.

ALLOWABLE SALE QUANTITY (ASQ): The gross amount of timber volume, including salvage, that may 

be sold annually from a specified area over a stated period in accordance with the management plan. 

ALLUVIUM: General term for debris deposited by streams on riverbeds, floodplains, and alluvial fans, 

especially deposits brought down during a flood. Applies to stream deposits of recent time and does not include 

below water sediments of seas and lakes.

AMENDMENT (PLAN): The process for considering or making changes in the terms, conditions, and 

decisions of approved RMPs or Management Framework Plans using the prescribed provisions for resource 

management planning appropriate to the proposed action or circumstances. Usually only one or two issues are 

considered that involve only a portion of the planning area. 

AMENDMENT (SOIL): Any material (e.g., gypsum or compost) used to improve soil properties for plant 

growth.
GLOSSARY

GLO-2

AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBE: Any American Indian group in the conterminous United States that the 

Secretary of the Interior recognizes as possessing tribal status. 

ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT SITUATION: A comprehensive documentation of the present 

conditions of the resources, current management guidance, and opportunities for change.

ANIMAL UNIT: A standardized unit of measurement for range livestock or wildlife. Generally, 1 mature cow, 

1 horse, 5 sheep, 9.6 antelope, 5.8 deer, or 1.9 elk, based on an average forage consumption of 26 pounds of dry 

matter per day.

ANIMAL UNIT MONTH (AUM): A standardized unit of measurement of the amount of forage necessary for 

the complete sustenance of one cow for 1 month; also the measurement of the permitted use of grazing one 

animal for 1 month.

ANNULUS OR ANNULAR SPACE: The space around a pipe in a wellbore, the outer wall of which may be 

the wall of either the borehole or the casing.

ANTICLINE: An arched, inverted-trough configuration of folded and stratified rock layers.

APPEAL: Application for review by a higher court.

APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO DRILL DEEPEN OR PLUG BACK (APD): The United States 

Department of the Interior (USDI) application permit form to authorize oil and gas drilling activities on federal 

land.

AQUATIC: Living or growing in or on the water. 

AQUIFER: A body of rock that is sufficiently permeable to conduct groundwater and to yield economically 

significant quantities of water to wells and springs.

ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCE/REMAINS: A term with legal definition and application meaning any 

material remains of human life or activities that are at least 100 years of age and of archeological interest.

AREA OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (ACEC): An area that needs special management 

attention to preserve historic, cultural, or scenic values; to protect fish and wildlife resources or other natural 

systems or processes; or to protect life and provide safety from natural hazards.

ARID: A condition of a region where precipitation is insufficient to support any but drought-adapted 

vegetation.

ARMOR: Protective material placed into streams or other waterbodies for the primary purpose of reducing 

sediment. 

ARTESIAN: Groundwater with sufficient pressure to flow without pumping.

ASSESSMENT UNIT: A mappable volume of rock within a total petroleum system (TPS) that encompasses 

accumulations (discovered and undiscovered) that share similar geologic traits and economic factors. 

Accumulations within an assessment unit should constitute a sufficiently homogenous population such that the 

chosen methodology of resource assessment is applicable. A TPS might equate to a single assessment unit. If 

necessary, a TPS can be subdivided into two or more assessment units in order that each unit is sufficiently 

homogeneous to assess individually. An assessment unit may be identified as conventional (if it contains 

conventional accumulations) or as continuous (if it contains continuous accumulations). 

ASPECT: (1) the visual first impression of vegetation at a particular time or from a specific point or (2) the 

predominant direction of the slope of the land. 
GLOSSARY

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ASSESSMENT: The act of evaluating and interpreting data and information for a defined purpose.

AUTHORIZED OFFICER (AO): The federal employee with the delegated authority to make a specific 

decision.

AUTHORIZED USE: Uses of public land that may be authorized include agriculture development; residential 

(under certain conditions), business, industrial, and commercial uses; advertising; research projects; State 

National Guard maneuvers; and motion picture filming. Recreational concessions are considered business uses 

and may be authorized by lease. Timber harvest, livestock grazing, mineral extraction, and special recreation 

events, among other uses, are authorized under other regulations and not under Section 302 of the Federal Land 

Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). 

AVOIDANCE AREAS: Areas with sensitive resource values in which rights-of-way (ROWs) and surfacedisturbing and disruptive activities would be strongly discouraged. Authorizations made in avoidance areas 

would have to be compatible with the purpose for which the area was designated and not otherwise feasible on 

lands outside the avoidance area. 

- B -

BACK COUNTRY BYWAYS: Vehicle routes that traverse scenic corridors utilizing secondary or back 

country road systems. National back country byways are designated by the type of road and vehicle needed to 

travel the byway. 

BANKHEAD-JONES FARM TENANT ACT OF 1937: This Act enabled the government to buy marginal 

farms and to put the farms back into grazing.

BASAL AREA: The cross-sectional area of a single stem, including the bark, measured at breast height (4.5 ft 

above the ground).

BASIN: A closed geologic structure in which the beds dip toward the center; the youngest rocks are at the 

center of a basin and are partly or completely ringed by progressively older rocks.

BEDROCK: The solid, unweathered rock underlying soils.

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs): A suite of techniques that guide, or may be applied to, 

management actions to aid in achieving desired outcomes. BMPs are often developed in conjunction with land

use plans but they are not considered a land-use-plan decision unless the land use plan specifies that they are 

mandatory. If they are not mandatory, they may be updated or modified without a plan amendment. BMP 

measures are applied on a site-specific basis to reduce, prevent, or avoid adverse environmental or social 

impacts. BMPs are applied to management actions to aid in achieving desired outcomes for safe, 

environmentally responsible resource development by preventing, minimizing, or mitigating adverse impacts 

and reducing conflicts. BMPs become required actions when BMPs are incorporated into a permit by the 

proponent or BLM.

BIG GAME: Large wildlife species often hunted such as elk, deer, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope. 

BIODIVERSITY: The diversity of living organisms considered at all levels of organization including genetics, 

species, and higher taxonomic levels, and the variety of habitats and ecosystems, as well as the processes 

occurring therein. 

BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: Gathering and evaluating information on proposed endangered and 

threatened species and their critical habitat and proposed critical habitat. Required when a management action 

potentially conflicts with endangered or threatened species, the biological assessment is the method used by

federal agencies to enter into formal consultation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); it 

is used to describe a proposed action and consequences to the species potentially affected by the action.
GLOSSARY

GLO-4

BIOMASS: Vegetative material leftover from stand treatments. This term usually refers to material that can be 

gathered and transported to cogeneration plants and utilized for production of electricity.

BITUMINOUS: The most abundant rank of coal (synonymous with soft coal). It is dark brown to black and 

burns with a smoky flame.

BLOCK MANAGEMENT: Through cooperation with Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (MFWP), a 

Memorandum of Understanding allows BLM, private landowners, and MFWP to close off some public lands 

administered by the BLM in exchange for opening up private lands to hunting. This is done on a rotating basis 

from year to year.

BLOOIE PIT: The pit that receives cuttings and other discharges from a well drilled with air.

BLOWOUT: An uncontrolled expulsion of gas, oil, or other fluids from a drilling well. A blowout, or 

“gusher,” occurs when formation pressure exceeds the pressure applied to it by the column of drilling fluid and 

when blowout prevention equipment is absent or fails.

BLOWOUT PREVENTER: Equipment installed at the wellhead to prevent the escape of pressure either from 

the annular space between the casing and drill pipe or from an open hole during drilling and completion 

operations.

BOARD FOOT: The amount of wood contained in an unfinished board 1 in. thick, 12 in. long, and 12 in. 

wide; abbreviated bd ft (1,000 bd ft is written as 1 MBF and 1,000,000 BF is written as 1 MMBF).

BOND OR CORPORATE GUARANTEE: The use of corporate assets as part or all of the financial assurance 

for reclamation. 

BRACKISH WATER: Water that contains relatively moderate concentrations of any soluble salts. Brackish 

water is saltier than fresh water but not as salty as salt water or brine water.

BRINE: Water containing relatively large concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly sodium chloride. Brine 

has higher salt concentrations than ordinary ocean water.

BRINE PIT: An excavated pit used to hold brine produced from a well.

BROWSE: As a verb, to consume or to feed on (as a plant); as a noun, the tender shoots, twigs, and leaves of 

trees and shrubs, often used as food by cattle, antelope, deer, elk, and other animals.

BUFFER ZONE:

 An area between two different land uses that is intended to resist, absorb or otherwise preclude 

developments or intrusions between the two use areas.

 A strip of undisturbed vegetation that retards the flow of runoff water, causing deposition of 

transported sediment and reducing sedimentation in the receiving stream.

BURNED AREA REHABILITATION: Efforts undertaken within 3 years of containment of a wildfire to 

repair or improve fire-damaged lands unlikely to recover naturally to management-approved conditions, or to 

repair or replace minor facilities damaged by fire.

- C –

CAMBRIAN: The oldest of the periods of the Paleozoic Era; also the system of strata deposited during that 

period. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-5

CANDIDATE SPECIES: Any species included in the Federal Register notice of review being considered for 

listing as threatened or endangered by the USFWS. 

CANOPY: The continuous cover formed by tree crowns in a forest consisting of one or several layers.

CANOPY COVER: The percentage of ground area under an overstory vegetation that would not be impacted 

by raindrops falling straight down.

CARRYING CAPACITY: The maximum stocking rate possible without damaging vegetation or related 

resources. 

CASING: Steel pipe placed in a gas well to prevent the hole from caving.

CASUAL USE: Any activity that does not cause appreciable surface disturbance or damage to lands, resources, 

and improvements. Examples include the use of hand tools to remove surface material (e.g., postholes, handline for fire control) or to collect mineral or vegetative specimens, off-road vehicle use contained in BLM land 

use plans, or livestock herbivory. It does not include occupancy where cumulative effects of activities result in 

more than negligible disturbance. 

CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION: A category of actions (identified in agency guidance) that do not 

individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an 

environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement (EIS) is required. 

CENOZOIC: The most recent era of geologic history (65 million years ago to the present) during which the 

world’s modern landforms, animals, and plants came into being. 

CHANNEL: An open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically or continuously 

contains moving water or forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. 

CHECKERBOARD PATTERN: One in which ownership of sections of land alternates between federal and 

other ownership, usually private. On a map with different colors denoting type of ownership, the pattern 

resembles a checkerboard.

CLAYEY: A soil containing more than 35 percent clay. The textural classes are sandy clay, silty clay, clay, 

clay loam, and silty clay loam.

CLIMAX: The culminating stage in plant succession for a given site where vegetation has reached a highly 

stable condition. 

CLOSED: Generally denotes that an area is not available for a particular use or uses; refer to specific 

definitions found in law, regulations, or policy guidance for application to individual programs. 

CLOSED AREA OR TRAIL: Designated areas and trails where the use of off-road vehicles is permanently or 

temporarily prohibited. The use of off-road vehicles in closed areas may be allowed only with the approval of 

the authorized officer (AO). 

CLOSED MUD SYSTEM: A drill mud system that reuses or reclaims all the drilling fluid used. Oil-based 

mud systems are often closed mud systems.

CLOSED ROAD: A road or segment that is restricted from certain types of use during certain seasons of the 

year. The prohibited use and the time period of closure are specified. 
GLOSSARY

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COAL: A readily combustible rock containing more than 50 percent weight and more than 70 percent by 

volume of carbonaceous material including inherent moisture, formed from compaction and induration of 

variously altered plant remains similar to those in peat. Differences in the kinds of plant materials (type), in 

degree of metamorphism (rank), and in the range of impurity (grade) are characteristic of coal and are used in 

classification. 

COAL BED NATURAL GAS (CBNG): A clean-burning natural gas found deep inside and around coal 

seams. The gas has an affinity to coal and is held in place by pressure from groundwater. Mining for coal bed 

natural gas involves drilling into coal seams and discharging large volumes of groundwater to release the gas.

Commonly referred to as coal bed methane.

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR): The official, legal tabulation or regulations directing federal 

government activities. 

CO-DOMINANT (FORESTRY): A tree whose crown helps to form the general level of the main canopy.

COLLABORATION: A cooperative process in which interested parties, often with widely varied interests, 

work together to seek solutions with broad support for managing public and other lands. This may or may not 

involve an agency as a cooperating agency. 

COLLUVIAL: Loose, incoherent geological deposits, which fell from or near the top, at the bottom of a slope 

or cliff.

COMMERCIAL FORESTLAND: Forestland that is producing, or has a site capable of producing, at least 20 

cubic feet per acre per year of a commercial tree species. 

COMMERCIAL THINNING: Any type of thinning producing merchantable material at least equal to the 

value of the direct costs of harvesting.

COMMUNITIZATION: The pooling of mineral acreages based on the spacing for a well or wells set by the 

state or BLM.

COMMUNITY: An assemblage of plant and animal populations in a common spatial arrangement. 

COMPACTION: The process of packing firmly and closely together; the state of being so packed; for 

example, mechanical compaction of soil by livestock or vehicular activity. Soil compaction results from 

particles being pressed together so that the volume of the soil is reduced. It is influenced by the physical 

properties of the soil, moisture content, and the type and amount of compacting effort.

COMPLETION: The activities and methods to prepare a well for production and includes the installation of 

equipment for production from a gas well.

COMPOSITION (OF FOREST VEGETATION): The proportion of each tree species in a stand, expressed 

as a percentage of the total number, basal area, or volume of all tree species in the stand. 

CONDITION OF APPROVAL (COA): Conditions or provisions (requirements) under which an APD or a 

sundry notice (SN) is approved.

CONFORMANCE: That a proposed action shall be specifically provided for in the land use plan or, if not 

specifically mentioned, shall be clearly consistent with the goals, objectives, or standards of the approved land 

use plan. 

CONIFER: A tree of the order Coniferae with cones and needle-shaped or scale-like leaves. 

CONIFEROUS: Pertaining to conifers, which bear woody cones containing naked seeds. 
GLOSSARY

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CONSERVATION STRATEGY: A strategy outlining current activities or threats that are contributing to the 

decline of a species, along with the actions or strategies needed to reverse or eliminate such a decline or threats. 

Conservation strategies are generally developed for species of plants and animals that are designated as BLM 

Sensitive species or that have been determined by the USFWS or National Marine Fisheries Service to be 

federal candidates under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). 

CONSISTENCY: The proposed land use plan does not conflict with officially approved plans, programs, and 

policies of tribes, other federal agencies, and state, and local governments to the extent practical within federal

law, regulation, and policy. 

CONTAMINATION: The presence of human-made chemicals or other alterations in the natural soil or water 

environment (e.g., pesticides, hazardous substances, petroleum, salts).

CONTIGUOUS: Lands or legal subdivisions having a common boundary; lands having only a common corner 

are not contiguous. 

CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS: A sedimentary deposit laid down on land (whether a true continent or only an 

island) or in bodies of water (whether fresh or saline) not directly connected with the ocean, as opposed to a 

marine deposit; a glacial, stream, lake, or windborne deposit formed in a nonmarine environment.

CONTINUOUS ACCUMULATION: Common geologic characteristics of a continuous accumulation include 

occurrence down dip from water-saturated rocks, lack of obvious trap and seal, pervasive oil or gas charge, 

large aerial extent, low matrix permeability, abnormal pressure (either high or low), and close association with 

source rocks. Common production characteristics include a large in-place petroleum volume, low recovery 

factor, absence of truly dry holes, dependence on fracture permeability, and sweet spots within the accumulation 

that have generally better production characteristics but where individual wells still have serendipitous hit or 

miss production characteristics (Schmoker 2003). 

CONTROLLED SURFACE USE (CSU): Use or occupancy is allowed (unless restricted by another 

stipulation), but identified resource values require special operational constraints that may modify the lease 

rights. CSU is used for operating guidance, not as a substitute for NSO or timing stipulations.

CONVENTIONAL ACCUMULATION: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has defined 

conventional accumulations “by two geologic characteristics: (1) they occupy limited, discrete volumes of rock 

bounded by traps, seals, and down-dip water contacts, and (2) they depend upon the buoyancy of oil or gas in 

water for their existence” (Schmoker and Klett 2003). 

COOPERATING AGENCY: Assists the lead federal agency in developing an environmental analysis or EIS. 

The Council on Environmental Quality regulations implementing National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

define a cooperating agency as any agency that has jurisdiction by law or special expertise for proposals 

covered by NEPA. Any tribe or federal, state, or local government jurisdiction with such qualifications may 

become a cooperating agency by agreement with the lead agency. 

CORRIDOR: A wide strip of land within which a proposed linear facility could be located. 

COVER: Any form of environmental protection that helps an animal stay alive (mainly shelter from weather 

and concealment from predators). 

COVER TYPE: The present vegetation composition of an area, described by the dominant plant species. 

CRITICAL HABITAT: An area occupied by a threatened or endangered species “on which are found those 

physical and biological features: (1) essential to the conservation of the species, and (2) which may require 

special management considerations or protection” (as defined under the ESA of 1973). 
GLOSSARY

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CRITICAL HABITAT AREAS: Generally identified by the USFWS for endangered, threatened, or candidate 

species. The area of land, water, and airspace required for the normal needs and survival of a species. These 

areas contain physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species, and which may 

require special management protection or considerations. 

CROW RESERVATION: The Crow Reservation as established by the September 17, 1851, Ft. Laramie 

Treaty and by federal statues and case law.

CROWN: The uppermost branches and foliage of a tree.

CRUCIAL HABITAT: Parts of the habitat necessary to sustain a wildlife population at critical periods of its 

life cycle. This is often a limiting factor on the population, such as breeding or winter habitat. 

CRUCIAL WINTER RANGE: That portion of the winter range on which a wildlife species is dependent for 

survival during periods of heaviest snow cover.

CULTURAL RESOURCE: A term that includes items of historical, archeological, or architectural items; a 

remnant of human activity.

CULTURAL RESOURCE OR CULTURAL PROPERTY: A definite location of human activity, 

occupation, or use identifiable through field inventory (survey), historical documentation, or oral evidence. The 

term includes archeological, historic, or architectural sites, structures, or places with important public and 

scientific uses, and may include definite locations (sites or places) or traditional cultural or religious importance 

to specified social or cultural groups. Cultural resources are concrete, material places and things that are 

located, classified, ranked, and managed through the system of identifying, protecting, and utilizing for public 

benefit. 

CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY CLASSES: 

 Class I, existing information inventory: a Class I inventory is most useful for gaining a comprehensive 

view of all the known archeological, historic, cultural, and traditional places within a large area, such 

as the area to be covered by a land use plan or an EIS. A Class I inventory is a professionally prepared 

study that includes a compilation and analysis of all reasonably available cultural resource data and 

literature and a management-focused, interpretive, narrative overview and synthesis of the data. The 

overview also defines regional research questions and treatment options. Existing cultural resource 

data are obtained from published and unpublished documents, BLM cultural resource inventory 

records, institutional site files, state and national registers, interviews, and other information sources. 

Class I inventories, which should have prehistoric, historic, and ethnological elements, are in large part 

chronicles of past land uses, and as such they should be relevant to current land use decisions. General 

information about sacred sites and other places of traditional cultural or religious importance to 

American Indians or other cultural groups (including TCPs as discussed in the 1998 National Register 

Bulletin No. 38, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties) should 

be included as much as possible in the inventory. Class I inventories are periodically updated, in both 

the compilation and the synthesis, to incorporate new data from Class II and Class III inventories, 

histories, oral testimony, and other sources. They can be used to develop regional research designs for 

resource evaluation. Maintaining current Class I inventories in GIS-compatible format is of critical 

importance for making cultural resources information readily available for research, planning, 

management, and compliance activities.

 Class II, probabilistic field survey: a Class II survey is most useful for improving cultural resource 

information in a large area, such as for planning or EIS purposes, in which insufficient systematic 

identification work has been done in the past. A Class II probabilistic field survey is a statistically 

based sample survey designed to aid in characterizing the probable density, diversity, and distribution 

of cultural properties in an area, to develop and test predictive models, and to answer certain kinds of 

research questions. Within individual sample units, survey aims, methods, and intensity are the same as 

those applied in a Class III survey. Class II surveys may be conducted in several phases using different 

sample designs to improve statistical reliability.
GLOSSARY

GLO-9

o Class II surveys may be appropriate when comparing alternative locations for proposed 

undertakings. Class II surveys are generally not appropriate for determining specific effects of 

a proposed land use, except when the sample distribution and sample rate have proven to be 

sufficient to demonstrate that the specific environmental situations in the area sampled did not 

support human occupation or use to a degree that would make further field survey information 

useful or meaningful. Class II surveys may be appropriate when existing information about 

the project area or similar environments indicates that a properly designed sample survey 

would adequately address the relevant research questions about past human use of the area. 

Class II surveys are generally not appropriate where designing a sample and executing a 

discontinuous survey may prove more demanding and time-consuming than a continuous 

Class III survey.

o Class II surveys may be appropriate for testing hypotheses about presence or absence of

significant prehistoric and historic archeological and architectural properties, such as: 

 when the regional inventory suggests a significant correlation between certain 

environmental variables and particular significant property types, which can be 

tested through sampling the study area;

 when comparative effects or cumulative effects assessments are needed for 

environmental documentation;

 when Class I data are found to be biased or otherwise insufficient to allow for 

reasoned judgments during general land use planning or activity planning; and

 when generating statistical data needed for developing and testing predictive models.

 Class III, intensive field survey: an intensive survey is most useful when it is necessary to know 

precisely what historic properties exist in a given area or when information sufficient for later 

evaluation and treatment decisions is needed on individual historic properties. Intensive survey 

describes the distribution of properties in an area; determines the number, location, and condition of 

properties; determines the types of properties actually present within the area; permits classification of 

individual properties; and records the physical extent of specific properties.

CUMULATIVE IMPACT: The impact on the environment that results from the positive or negative impacts 

of an action when added to other past, present, and reasonable foreseeable future actions, regardless of what 

agency or person performed such action(s).

- D -

DECIBEL OR dB: A unit for measuring sound intensity, usually measured on the decibel A weighted scale 

(dBA) which approximates the sound levels heard by the human ear at moderate sound levels.

DECIDUOUS: Pertaining to plants that shed all their leaves every year in a certain season. 

DECIVIEW OR dV: A visual index appropriate for characterizing visibility through uniform hazes, designed 

to be linear with respect to perceived visual changes over its entire range (from pristine to polluted conditions) 

in a way that is analogous to the decibel scale for sound. The deciview haze index is calculated based on the 

logarithmic distribution of the extinction coefficient, where a 10.0 deciview change is about a 10 percent change 

in extinction coefficient; a small but perceptible scenic change under many circumstances (“just noticeable 

change”).

DESIGNATED ROADS AND TRAILS: Specific roads and trails where some type of motorized vehicle use 

is allowed either seasonally or yearlong. 

DESIGNATED SITE OR AREA: Cultural resource sites or areas that meet the criteria for allocation for 

designation for scientific use, conservation use, traditional use (socio-cultural use), public use, or experimental 

use.
GLOSSARY

GLO-10

DEVELOPMENT WELL: A well drilled in proven territory (usually within 1 mile of an existing well).

DISCHARGE (WATER): The rate of flow or volume of water flowing in a stream at a given place or within a 

given period. 

DISPERSED OR EXTENSIVE RECREATION: Recreation activities of an unstructured type that are not 

confined to specific locations such as recreation sites. Example of these activities may be hunting, fishing, offroad vehicle use, hiking, and sightseeing. 

DISPOSAL WELL: A well into which produced water from other wells is injected into an underground 

formation for disposal.

DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES: Those uses and activities that are likely to alter the behavior of, displace, or 

cause excessive stress to wildlife populations occurring at a specific location or time. In this context, disruptive 

activities refer to those actions that alter behavior or cause the displacement of wildlife such that reproductive

success is negatively affected or the physiological ability to cope with environmental stress is compromised. 

This term does not apply to the physical disturbance of the land surface, vegetation, or features. Examples of 

disruptive activities may include fence construction, noise, vehicle traffic, or other human presence regardless 

of the activity. The term is used in conjunction with protecting wildlife during crucial life stages (for example, 

breeding, nesting, birthing, and other activities) although it could apply to any resource value. This definition is 

not intended to prohibit all activities or authorized uses. For example, emergency activities (fire suppression, 

search and rescue, and other activities) or rangeland monitoring, routine maintenance associated with an 

approved authorization, dispersed recreational activities (hunting, hiking, and other activities), and livestock 

grazing are not considered disruptive activities.

DISTRIBUTION LINE: An electric power line operating at a voltage of less than 69 kilovolts. 

DISTURBANCE: Events that alter the structure, composition, or function of terrestrial or aquatic habitats. 

Natural disturbances include drought, floods, wind, fires, wildlife grazing, and insects and pathogens. Humancaused disturbances include actions such as timber harvest, fire, livestock grazing, road construction, and the 

introduction of exotic species. 

DIVERSITY: The relative abundance of wildlife species, plant species, communities, habitats, or habitat 

features per unit of area. 

DOMINANT (FORESTRY): A tree with a crown that extends above the general level of the main canopy. 

DRAINAGE (GEOMORPHIC): A collective term for all the waterbodies by which a region is drained; or, all 

the water features shown on a map.

DRAINAGE (OIL AND GAS): The uncompensated loss of hydrocarbons from federal, tribal or NativeAmerican-allotted mineral lands from wells on adjacent non-jurisdictional lands or jurisdictional lands with 

lower participation, allocation, royalty rate, or distribution of funds, resulting in revenue losses to the federal or 

American Indian lessors.

DRAWDOWN, GROUNDWATER: A lowering of the groundwater surface caused by pumping, measured as 

the difference between the original groundwater level and the level after a period of pumping. 

DRILL DIRECTIONALLY: The technique of drilling at an angle from a location at the surface to a different 

subsurface location at a specific target depth. The degree of angle that a well can be drilled is limited, which is 

why this technique is not employed for shallow coal seams.

DRILL RIG: The mast, drawworks, and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover unit.
GLOSSARY

GLO-11

DRILL STEM TEST: The use of a drill-stem-testing tool to test a formations potential productivity. The tool 

is lowered to the formation and is packed off from the above formations. The tool is then operated to sample the 

formation and the results recorded. Also called a formation test.

DROP STRUCTURE: An in-stream structure of various materials designed to reduce the energy and force of 

stream flow.

DROUGHT: Definition includes the following categories:

 Agricultural drought is a climatic excursion involving a shortage of precipitation sufficient to 

adversely affect crop production or range production.

 Hydrologic drought is a period of below average water content in streams, reservoirs, groundwater 

aquifers, lakes, and soils.

DRY HOLE: Any well incapable of producing oil or gas in commercial quantities. A dry hole may produce 

water, gas or even oil, but not enough to justify production.

- E –

EARLY DETECTION RAPID RESPONSE: A process to increase the likelihood that localized invasive 

populations will be found, contained, and eradicated before they become widely established. EDRR can slow 

range expansion, and avoid the need for costly long-term control efforts. Effective EDRR depends upon the 

timely ability to answer critical questions such as:

1. What is the species of concern and has it been authoritatively identified? 

2. Where is it located and likely to spread? 

3. What harm may the species cause? 

4. What actions (if any) should be taken? 

5. Who has the needed authorities and resources? 

6. How will efforts be funded? 

Successful Early Detection and Rapid Response Programs include: 

1. potential threats are being identified in time to allow risk-mitigation measures to be taken; 

2. new invasive species are being detected in time to allow efficient and environmentally sound decisions 

to be made; 

3. responses to invasions are effective and environmentally sound and prevent the spread and permanent 

establishment of invasive species; 

4. adequate and timely information is being provided to decision-makers, the public, and to trading 

partners concerned about the status of invasive species within an area; and 

5. lessons learned from past efforts are being used to guide current and future efforts. (University of 

Georgia, USFS, and APHIS 2010).

EASEMENT: A right afforded a person or agency to make limited use of another’s real property for access or 

other purposes. 

ECOLOGICAL CONDITION: The present state of vegetation of a site in relation to the potential natural 

community for the site. Ecological status is use independent. It is an expression of the relative degree to which 

the kinds, proportions, and amounts of plants in a plant community resemble that of the potential natural 

community. Four ecological status classes correspond to 0 to 25, 26 to 50, 51 to 75, or 76 to 100 percent 

similarity to the potential natural community and are generally called early seral, mid-seral, late seral, and 

potential natural community, respectively.

ECOLOGICAL SITE: A kind of land with a specific potential natural community and specific physical site 

characteristics, differing from other kinds of land in its ability to produce vegetation and to respond to 

management.
GLOSSARY

GLO-12

ECOLOGICAL STATUS: The present status of vegetation of a range site in relation to the climax or natural 

potential plant community for the site. It is an expression of the relative degree to which the kinds, proportions, 

and amounts of plants in a plant community resemble that of the climax plant community for the site.

ECOSYSTEM: Includes all the organisms of an area, their environment, and the linkages or interactions 

among all of them; all parts of an ecosystem are interrelated. The fundamental unit in ecology, containing both 

organisms and abiotic environments, each influencing the properties of the other and both necessary for the 

maintenance of life. 

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC): A measure of the salt content of water.

EMERGENCY STABILIZATION: Planned actions to stabilize and prevent unacceptable degradation to 

natural and cultural resource, to minimize threats to life or property resulting from the effects of a fire, or to 

repair, replace, or construct physical improvements necessary to prevent degradation of land or resources. 

Emergency stabilization actions must be taken within 1 year following containment of a wildfire.

EMERGENT AQUATIC VEGETATION: An aquatic plant having part of its vegetative parts above water.

EMISSION: Air pollution discharge into the atmosphere, usually specified by mass per unit time.

ENDANGERED SPECIES: Those species of plants or animals classified by the Secretary of the Interior or the 

Secretary of Commerce as endangered pursuant to Section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended. See also 

threatened and endangered species.

ENHANCED RECOVERY: The use of artificial means to increase the amount of hydrocarbons that can be 

recovered from a reservoir. A reservoir depleted by normal extraction practices usually can be restored to 

production by secondary or tertiary methods of enhanced recovery.

ENTRY: An application to acquire title to public lands. 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA): A concise public document that analyzes the environmental 

impacts of a proposed federal action and provides sufficient evidence to determine the level of significance of 

the impacts. 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS): A detailed written statement required by NEPA when 

an agency proposes a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. 

EPHEMERAL STREAM: A stream that flows only after a storm or during snowmelt, and whose channel is, 

at all times, above the water table.

EROSION: The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents. 

EUTROPHICATION: A process whereby waterbodies, such as lakes, estuaries, or slow-moving streams, 

receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth (algae, periphyton attached algae, and nuisance 

plant weeds). This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water 

when dead plant material decomposes and can cause other organisms to die. Nutrients can come from many 

sources, such as fertilizers applied to agricultural fields, golf courses, and suburban lawns; deposition of 

nitrogen from the atmosphere; erosion of soil containing nutrients; and sewage treatment plant discharges. 

Water with a low concentration of dissolved oxygen is called hypoxic (USGS 2010b).

EXCEPTION (OIL AND GAS): A one-time exemption to a lease stipulation. Exceptions are determined on a 

case-by-case basis. 

EXCLUSION AREAS: Areas with sensitive resource values where ROWs would be prohibited. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-13

EXPLORATION: Building a two-track road to drill test wells for CBNG. See also development.

EXTENSIVE RECREATION MANAGEMENT AREA (ERMA): Areas where significant recreation 

opportunities and problems are limited and explicit recreation management is not required. Minimal 

management actions related to the BLM’s stewardship responsibilities are adequate in these areas. 

EXTIRPATION: To destroy or eliminate completely; wipe out.

- F -

FAN: An accumulation of debris brought down by a stream descending through a steep ravine and debouching 

in the plain beneath, where the detrital material spreads out in the shape of a fan, forming a section of a very 

low cone. 

FAULT: A fracture surface in rocks along which movement of rock on one side has occurred relative to rock 

on the other side.

FEDERAL REGISTER: A daily publication that reports Presidential and federal agency documents. 

FIELD: A production unit consisting of a collection of oil and gas pools that when projected to the surface 

form an approximately contiguous area that can be circumscribed. 

FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN: A strategic plan that defines a program to manage wildland and prescribed 

fires and documents the fire management program in the approved land use plan; the plan is supplemented by 

operational procedures such as preparedness plans, preplanned dispatch plans, prescribed fire plans, and 

prevention plans. 

FIRE PREPAREDNESS: Activities that lead to a safe, efficient, and cost-effective fire management program 

in support of land and resource management objectives through appropriate planning and coordination. 

FIRE SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY DAMAGE: Damage to resources, lands, and facilities resulting from 

wildfire suppression actions, in contrast to damages resulting from a wildfire.

FIRE SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY DAMAGE REPAIR: Damage to resources, lands, and facilities resulting 

from wildfire suppression actions, in contrast to damage resulting from a wildfire.

FIRE REGIME/CONDITION CLASS (FR/CC): An interagency, standardized tool for determining the 

degree of departure from reference condition vegetation, fuels, and disturbance regimes. Assessing FRCC can 

help guide management objectives and set priorities for treatments.

FIRE REGIMES: Periodicity and pattern of naturally occurring fires in a particular area or vegetative type, 

described in terms of frequency, biological severity, and a real extent. 

FISHERY: Habitat that supports the propagation and maintenance of fish. 

FLOODPLAIN: The lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal waters including flood 

prone areas of offshore islands, including at a minimum, that area subject to a 1 percent or greater chance of 

flooding in any given year.

FLOW LINE: A small diameter pipeline through which fluids move on lease before being sold.

FLUVIAL: Pertaining to streams or produced by stream action. 

FORAGE: Forms of vegetation available for animal consumption.

FORB: A broad-leaved herb that is not grass or grass like.
GLOSSARY

GLO-14

FOREST: An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of 

stands varying in characteristics (such as species composition, structure, age class, and associated processes)

and commonly including meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife.

FOREST HEALTH: The perceived condition of a forest derived from concerns about such factors as its age, 

structure, composition, function, vigor, presence of unusual levels of insects or disease, and resilience to 

disturbance.

FOREST HEALTH TREATMENTS: Treatments that restore forest ecosystems to a condition that sustains 

their complexity while providing for human needs. 

FORESTLAND: Land that is now, or has the potential of being, at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees, 

based on crown closure, or 16.7 percent stocked, based on tree stocking. 

FORMATION (GEOLOGIC): A rock body distinguishable from other rock bodies and useful for mapping or 

description. Formations may be combined into groups or subdivided into members.

FOSSIL: Mineralized or petrified form from a past geologic age, especially from previously living things. 

FRAC FLOWBACK: During the drilling process, fluid or product returns along fractures in the rock to the 

point where it is difficult to control; for example, flowback from a point high in the borehole or at the ground 

surface away from the boring.

FRAGILE SOIL: A soil that is especially vulnerable to erosion or deterioration due to its physical 

characteristics or location. Disturbance to the surface or the vegetative cover can initiate a rapid cycle of loss 

and destruction of soil material, structure, and ability to sustain a biotic community. 

FRAGMENTATION: The splitting or isolating of patches of similar habitat. Habitat can be fragmented by 

natural events or development activities. 

FREE-FLOWING RIVER: Existing or flowing in a natural condition without impoundment, diversion, 

straightening, rip-rapping, or other modification of the waterway. 

FUEL LOADING: The weight of fuels in a given area, usually expressed in tons per acre, pounds per acre, or 

kilograms per square meter. 

FUGITIVE DUST: Airborne particles emitted from any source other than through a controllable stack or vent.

FUNCTIONAL HABITAT: The combination of requirements (i.e., food, water, cover, and space) juxtaposed 

in a manner necessary to provide sustainable populations of fish and wildlife species. In addition, anthropogenic 

activities within this habitat must be such that fish or wildlife can subsist without reducing sustainability of the 

species. Habitat functionality would vary by wildlife species and location.

- G -

GALLINACEOUS: Birds that nest on the ground, including turkeys, grouse, pheasants, and chickens.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): A computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and 

displaying data and describing places on the earth’s surface. 

GEOMORPHIC: Pertaining to the form of the earth or its surface features.

GEOLOGIC PROVINCE: A USGS-defined area having characteristic dimensions of perhaps hundreds to 

thousands of kilometers encompassing a natural geologic entity (for example, sedimentary basin, thrust belt, 

delta) or some combination of contiguous geologic entities. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-15

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION: The use of geophysical instruments and methods to determine subsurface 

conditions by analyzing such properties as specific gravity, electrical conductivity, or magnetic susceptibility. 

GOAL: A broad statement of a desired outcome. Goals are usually not quantifiable and may not have 

established periods for achievement. 

GRAZING RELINQUISHMENT: The voluntary and permanent surrender by an existing permittee or lessee, 

(with concurrence of any base property lienholder or lienholders)), of their priority (preference) to use a 

livestock forage allocation on public land as well as their permission to use this forage. Relinquishments do not 

require the consent or approval by the BLM. The BLM’s receipt of a relinquishment is not a decision to close 

areas to livestock grazing.

GRAZING RETIREMENT: Ending livestock grazing on a specific area of land.

GRAZING SYSTEM: The manipulation of livestock grazing to accomplish a desired result. 

GREATER SAGE-GROUSE HABITAT: A specific environment or set of environmental conditions suitable 

for occupancy by greater sage-grouse often typified by the presence of sagebrush. Sage-grouse habitat may be 

further defined by the season of use (i.e., winter, breeding, and brood rearing), which each has its own set of 

different environmental conditions. Each planning area may further define seasonal habitat characteristics based 

on local ecological conditions.

 Winter: Winter concentration areas are selected by sage-grouse where sagebrush is 10 to 14 inches 

above the snow, with a canopy ranging from 10 to 30 percent. Wintering areas may also be on flat to 

generally southwest-facing slopes or in areas where sagebrush height may be less than 10 inches (25 

centimeters) but the snow is routinely blown clear by wind. In the most severe winter weather 

conditions, sage-grouse will often be restricted to tall stands of sagebrush usually located on deeper 

soils in or near drainages.

 Nesting: The most suitable nesting habitat includes a mosaic of sagebrush with horizontal and vertical 

structural diversity. A healthy understory of native grasses and forbs provides cover for concealment of 

the nest and hen from predators, herbaceous forage for pre-laying and nesting hens, and insects as prey 

for chicks and hens. Preferred nesting cover may vary dependent upon local potential habitat 

conditions.

 Brood rearing: Early brood-rearing habitat must provide adequate cover (sagebrush canopy cover of 10 

to 25 percent preferable) adjacent to areas rich in forbs and insects to assure chick survival during this 

period. Typically, mosaics of upland sagebrush and other habitats (e.g., wet meadows or riparian areas) 

that together provide abundant insects and forbs for hens and chicks. All sage-grouse gradually move 

from sagebrush uplands to more mesic areas during the late brood-rearing period (3 weeks post hatch) 

in response to summer desiccation of herbaceous vegetation. These areas provide an abundance of 

forbs and insects for both hens and chicks. Brood-rearing habitats can include sagebrush habitats as 

well as riparian areas, wet meadows, and alfalfa or other agriculture fields. 

GROUND COVER: Vegetation, mulch, litter, or rocks.

GROUNDWATER: Subsurface water that is in the zone of saturation. The top surface of the groundwater is 

the “water table.” Source of water for wells, seepage, and springs.

GUIDELINES: Actions or management practices that may be used to achieve desired outcomes, sometimes 

expressed as BMPs. Guidelines may be identified during the land use planning process, but they are not considered a land-use-plan decision unless the plan specifies that they are mandatory. 

GULLYING: The erosion process in which water accumulates in narrow channels and, over short periods, 

removes the soil from the narrow area to considerable depths, ranging from 2 feet to as much as 80 to 100 feet 

deep.
GLOSSARY

GLO-16

- H -

HABITAT: In wildlife management, the major elements of habitat are considered to be food, water, cover, and 

living space. The definition includes the following two usages:

 a species-specific environment or environmental conditions suitable for occupancy by that species, or

 a particular land cover type that provides an environment or environmental conditions suitable for 

occupancy by many species.

HABITAT CONNECTIVITY OR CORRIDORS: Landscape elements that connect similar patches of habitat 

in sufficient quantity and arrangement to allow for the movement of wildlife. These linkage zones are where 

species migrate and intermingle to ensure genetic interchange and, consequently, long-term survival.

HABITAT FUNCTIONALITY: see functional habitat

HABITAT TYPE: An aggregation of units of land capable of producing similar plant communities at climax.

HARVESTING (FORESTRY): The felling, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto 

trucks.

HAZARDOUS WASTE:

a) Any substance designated pursuant to section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. 

b) Any element, compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated pursuant to section 102 of this 

Act. 

c) Any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of 

the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.) (but not including any waste the regulation of 

which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act has been suspended by Act of Congress). 

d) Any toxic pollutant listed under section 307(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. 

e) Any hazardous air pollutant listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. 

f) Any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect to which the Administrator has 

taken action pursuant to section 7 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.). 

The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise 

specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (a) through (f) of this paragraph, 

and the term does not include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas usable for 

fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas).

HERBACEOUS: Pertaining to or characteristic of an herb (fleshy-stem plant) as distinguished from the woody 

tissue of shrubs and trees. 

HISTORIC: Period wherein nonnative cultural activities took place, based primarily upon European roots, 

having no origin in the traditional American Indian cultures. 

HISTORIC PROPERTY OR HISTORIC RESOURCE: “Any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, 

structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register. The term includes, for 

purposes of these regulations, artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and located within such 

properties. The term ‘eligible for inclusion in the National Register’ includes both properties formally 

determined as such by the Secretary of the Interior and all other properties that meet National Register listing 

criteria” (36 CFR 900.2(e)).

HISTORIC RANGE OF VARIABILITY: An estimated range of conditions under which biological resources 

have evolved and within which they appear to be resilient to natural disturbances such as fire, wind, insects, and 

disease.

HOME RANGE: The area in which an animal travels in the scope of natural activities. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-17

HORIZON (SOIL): A layer of soil or soil material roughly parallel to the land surface and differing from 

adjoining genetically related layers in physical, chemical, and biological properties or characteristics, such as 

color, structure, and texture. 

HYDRIC SOILS: A soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during 

the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.

HYDROGEN SULFIDE OR H2S: A colorless, highly flammable, and very toxic gas that smells like rotten 

eggs at low concentrations. At higher concentrations, the sense of smell is lost, therefore becoming impossible 

to perceive dangerous concentrations. 

HYDROLOGIC CONDITION: The current state of the processes controlling the yield, timing, and quality of 

water in a watershed. Each physical and biologic process that regulates or influences streamflow and 

groundwater character has a range of variability associated with the rate or magnitude of energy and mass 

exchange. At any point in time, each of these processes can be defined by their current rate or magnitude 

relative to the range of variability associated with each process. Integration of all processes at one time 

represents hydrologic condition. 

HYDROLOGIC UNIT: A level of a hierarchical system to describe geographic areas. Hydrologic units are 

used for the collection and organization of hydrologic data. 

- I -

IGNEOUS ROCK: Rock, such as granite and basalt, that solidified from a molten or partially molten state. 

IMPACTS (OR EFFECTS): Environmental consequences (the scientific and analytical basis for comparison 

of alternatives) as a result of a proposed action. Effects may be either direct, which are caused by the action and 

occur at the same time and place, or indirect, which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther 

removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable or cumulative. 

IMPLEMENTATION DECISIONS: Decisions that take action to implement land-use-plan decisions. They 

are generally appealable to the Interior Board of Land Appeals. 

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN: A site-specific plan written to implement decisions made in a land use plan. An 

implementation plan usually selects and applies BMPs to meet land use plan objectives. Implementation plans 

are synonymous with “activity” plans. Examples of implementation plans include interdisciplinary management 

plans, habitat management plans, and AMPs. 

IN-PLACE: The total volume of oil or gas thought to exist (both discovered and yet-to-be discovered) without 

regard to the ability to either access or produce it. Although the in-place resource is primarily a fixed, 

unchanging volume, the current understanding of that volume is continually changing as technology improves. 

IN SITU: In the original place.

INDIRECT EFFECTS: Secondary effects that occur in locations other than the initial action or later in time. 

INFILTRATION: The flow of a fluid into a solid substance through pores or small openings, specifically, the 

movement of water into soil or porous rock.
GLOSSARY

GLO-18

INITIAL (FIRE) ATTACK: An aggressive fire suppression action consistent with firefighter and public 

safety and values to be protected. 

INJECTION WELL: A well used to inject fluids into an underground formation to increase reservoir pressure.

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM: A group of individuals with different training, representing the physical 

sciences, social sciences, and environmental design arts, assembled to solve a problem or perform a task. The 

members of the team proceed to a solution with frequent interaction so that each discipline may provide insights 

to any stage of the problem and disciplines may combine to provide new solutions. The number and disciplines 

of the members preparing the plan vary with circumstances. A member may represent one or more discipline or 

Bureau program interest. 

INTERIOR BOARD OF LAND APPEALS: The USDI, Office of Hearings and Appeals Board that acts for 

the Secretary of the Interior in responding to appeals of decisions on the use and disposition of public lands and 

resources. Because the Interior Board of Land Appeals acts for and on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior, its 

decisions usually represent the Department’s final decision but are subject to the courts. 

INTERMITTENT STREAM: A stream that flows only at certain times of the year when it receives water 

from springs or from some surface source such as melting snow in mountainous areas.

INVASIVE SPECIES: Organisms that have been introduced into an environment in which they did not evolve. 

Executive Order 13112 focuses on organisms likely to harm human health or cause economic or environmental 

harm.

INVERSION: The state of the atmosphere in which a layer of cool air is trapped near the earth’s surface by an 

overlying layer of warm air so that the lower layer cannot rise. Serious air pollution problems may result from 

air pollutants being emitted into the limited mixing depth below the inversion. 

- J –

JURISDICTION: The legal right to control or regulate use of a transportation facility. Jurisdiction requires 

authority, but not necessarily ownership. 

- L –

LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUNDS: Federal revenues generated by a tax on federal offshore

oil and gas development through the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act; used to acquire highly desirable 

lands for the United States by the various governmental agencies.

LAND CLASSIFICATION: A process for determining the suitability of public lands for certain types of 

disposal or lease under the public land laws or for retention under multiple use management. 

LAND USE ALLOCATION: The identification in a land use plan of the activities and foreseeable 

development that are allowed, restricted, or excluded for all or part of the planning area, based on desired future 

conditions. 

LAND USE PLAN: A set of decisions that establish management direction for land within an administrative 

area, as prescribed under the planning provisions of FLPMA; an assimilation of land-use-plan-level decisions 

developed through the planning process, regardless of the scale at which the decisions were developed. 

LEASABLE MINERALS: Federal minerals subject to lease under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, as 

amended, and supplemented. Includes minerals, such as oil, gas, coal, geothermal, tar sands, oil shale, 

potassium, phosphate, sodium, and asphaltic materials.
GLOSSARY

GLO-19

LEASE:

 A legal document that conveys to an operator the right to drill for oil and gas.

 The tract of land, on which a lease has been obtained, where producing wells and production 

equipment are located.

LEASE NOTICE: Provides more detailed information concerning limitations that already exist in law, lease 

terms, regulations, or operational orders. A lease notice also addresses special items the lessee should consider 

when planning operations, but does not impose new or additional restrictions. Lease notices attached to leases 

should not be confused with notices to lessees (NTLs).

LEASE STIPULATION (OIL AND GAS): Conditions of lease issuance that provide protection for other 

resource values or land uses by establishing authority for substantial delay or site changes or the denial of 

operations within the terms of the lease contract. The AO has the authority to relocate, control timing, and 

impose other mitigation measures under Section 6 of the standard lease form. Lease stipulations clarify the 

Bureau’s intent to protect known resources or resource values. 

LEK: A traditional breeding area for sage-grouse and sharp-tailed grouse in which males assemble to establish 

dominance, display, and breed. Also called dancing grounds or strutting grounds.

Confirmed sage-grouse lek: 

 a minimum of 2 years with 2 or more males lekking on site (preferred), or

 1 year with two or more males lekking on site, followed with evidence of lekking (vegetation 

trampling, feathers, and droppings) during the subsequent year. 

One of three subcategories will be assigned to a confirmed lek and are described below.

o Active: default assignment unless criteria are met for “Inactive” or “Extirpated”

o Inactive: 10 years with no sign of lek activity and supported by surveys conducted during 3 or 

more years over the last 10 years.

o Extirpated: habitat changes have caused birds to abandon permanently a lek (e.g., plowing, 

urban development, overhead power lines). 

Provisionally confirmed sage-grouse lek: recent evidence of lekking, with or without observed sage-grouse.

Unconfirmed sage-grouse lek: single count with no subsequent survey or a reported lek without supporting 

survey data.

LESSEE: A person or entity holding record title in a lease issued by the United States (see 43 CFR 3160.0-5). 

LIGNITE: A brownish-black coal that is intermediate between peat and subbituminous coal.

LITHIC SCATTER: The waste material, chips, and flakes resulting from stone tool manufacture.

LITTER: The uppermost layer of organic debris on the soil surface, essentially the freshly fallen or slightly 

decomposed vegetal material. 

LITTORAL ZONE: Shallow shoreline area.

LOAMY: Soil that is intermediate in texture and properties between sandy and clayey soils. Textural classes 

are sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam with 

clay content between 18 and 35 percent.

LOCALITY: The area where paleontologic material is discovered.
GLOSSARY

GLO-20

LOCATABLE MINERALS: Minerals or materials subject to disposal and development through the Mining 

Law of 1872 (as amended). Generally includes metallic minerals such as gold and silver and other materials not 

subject to lease or sale.

LOW-VOLTAGE POWER LINES: Power lines 69 kilovolt (kV) or below. Low-voltage power lines can be 

buried; however, most buried power lines authorized by ROWs in the planning area have been 0.48 to 14.4 kV. 

- M –

MANAGEMENT DECISION: A decision made by the BLM to manage public lands. Management decisions 

include both land use-plan decisions and implementation decisions. 

MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK PLAN: Planning decision document prepared before the effective date of 

the regulations implementing the land-use-planning provisions of FLPMA, which establishes, for a given area 

of land, land-use allocations, coordination guidelines for multiple use, and objectives to be achieved for each 

class of land use or protection. 

MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES: A component of the analysis of the management situation; actions or 

management directions that could be taken to resolve issues or management concerns. 

MANAGEMENT RESPONSE: Any specific action suitable to meet fire management unit objectives. 

Typically, the management response ranges across a spectrum of tactical options (from monitoring to intensive 

management actions). The management response is developed by using fire management unit strategies and 

objectives identified in the fire management plan.

MESIC AREA: A habitat having a moderate amount of moisture available for the support of plant life.

MINERAL: Any solid or fluid inorganic substance that can be extracted from the earth for profit. 

MINERAL ESTATE: The ownership of minerals, including rights necessary for access, exploration, 

development, mining, ore dressing, and transportation operations. 

MINERAL MATERIALS: Widespread deposits of common clay, sand, gravel, or stone that are not subject to 

disposal under the 1872 Mining Law, as amended.

MINERAL WITHDRAWAL: A formal order that withholds federal lands and minerals from entry under the 

Mining Law of 1872 and closes the area to mineral location (staking mining claims) and development. 

MINIMIZE: To reduce the adverse impact of an operation to the lowest practical level. 

MITIGATION MEASURES: Methods or procedures developed for the purpose of reducing or lessening the 

impacts of an action. Reducing impacts should include all aspects of the mitigation hierarchy (avoid, minimize, 

restore, and offset) and appropriate measure may include on- and off-site mitigation. During the environmental 

review and decision-making process, appropriate mitigation measures will be selected as part of the final 

decision. These mitigation measures then become a mandatory part of the approved action or permit.

MODIFICATION: A change in a plan of operations (PO) that requires some level of review by the BLM 

because it exceeds what was described in the approved PO. 

MODIFICATION (OIL AND GAS): A change to the provision of a lease stipulation, either temporarily or for 

the term of the lease. 

MONITORING: Specific studies that evaluate the effectiveness of actions taken toward achieving 

management objectives.

MONITORING PLAN: The process of tracking the implementation of land-use-plan decisions. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-21

MORPHOLOGY (BIOLOGY): A branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals or 

plants.

MORPHOLOGY (GENERAL): A study of structure or form.

MULTIPLE USE: The management of the public lands and their various resource values:

 so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the 

American people; 

 making the most judicious use of the lands for some or all of these resources or related services over 

areas large enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use to conform to changing 

needs and conditions; the use of some lands for less than all of the resources; 

 a combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that takes into account the long-term needs of 

future generations for renewable and nonrenewable resources, including but not limited to, recreation, 

range, timber, minerals, watershed, wildlife and fish, and natural scenic, scientific, and historical 

values; and

 harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources without permanent impairment of 

the productivity of the lands and the quality of the environment with consideration being given to the 

relative values of the resources and not necessarily to the combination of uses that will give the 

greatest economic return or greatest unit output.

- N -

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS): The allowable concentrations of air 

pollutants in the air specified by the federal government. The air quality standards are divided into primary 

standards (based on air quality criteria and allowing an adequate margin of safety requisite to protect the public 

health) and secondary standards (based on air quality criteria and allowing an adequate margin of safety to 

protect the public welfare from any unknown or expected adverse effects of air pollutants).

NATIONAL LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION SYSTEM (NLCS): A system of Congressional, Presidential, 

or other designated areas managed by the BLM, the components of which include national monuments, national 

conservation areas, wilderness areas, wilderness study areas (WSAs), wild and scenic rivers, national historic 

trails, national scenic trails, the California Desert Conservation Area, and the Headwaters Forest Reserve. 

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES (NRHP): A register of districts, sites, buildings, 

structures, and objects, significant in American history, architecture, archeology, and culture, established by 

NHPA of 1966 and maintained by the Secretary of the Interior. 

NATIONAL TRAIL MANAGEMENT 

CORRIDOR: Allocation established through 

the land use planning process, pursuant to 

Section 202 of Federal Land Policy and 

Management Act and Section 7(a)(2) of the 

National Trails Systems Act (“rights-ofway”) for a public land area of sufficient 

width within which to encompass National 

Trail resources, qualities, values, and 

associated settings and the primary use or 

uses that are present or to be restored.

Fort Peck Lake in the planning area
GLOSSARY

GLO-22

NATIONAL WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS SYSTEM (NWSRS): A system of nationally designated rivers 

and their immediate environments that have outstanding scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, 

historic, cultural, and other similar values and are preserved in a free-flowing condition. The system consists of 

three types of streams: 

 recreation – rivers or sections of rivers that are readily accessible by road or railroad and that may have 

some development along their shorelines and may have undergone some impoundments or diversion in 

the past, 

 scenic – rivers or sections of rivers free of impoundments with shorelines or watersheds still largely 

undeveloped but accessible in places by roads, and 

 wild – rivers or sections of rivers free of impoundments and generally inaccessible except by trails, 

with watersheds or shorelines essentially primitive and waters unpolluted. 

NATURAL GAS: Any gas of natural origin that consists primarily of hydrocarbon molecules producible from 

a borehole. 

NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS: Natural gas liquids are hydrocarbons found in natural gas that are liquefied at the 

surface in field facilities or in gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids are commonly reported separately from 

crude oil. 

NONCONVENTIONAL (UNCONVENTIONAL): A nonconventional gas is generally thought of as gas that 

is created in formations without the permeability necessary to allow significant migration. It is generally 

described as those gas accumulations that are hard to discover, characterize, and commercially produce by 

common exploration and production technologies. It may include CBNG, tight sand, tight carbonates, shale, or 

deep gas. 

NONPRODUCING RESERVES: Those reserves awaiting well workovers, the drilling of extensions or 

additional development wells, installation of production or pipeline facilities, and depletion of other zones or 

reservoirs before recompletion in reservoirs not currently open to production. 

NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRDS: Birds that travel to Central America, South America, the 

Caribbean, and Mexico during the fall to spend the winter and then return to the United States and Canada 

during the spring to breed. These birds include almost half of the bird species that breed in the United States and 

Canada. 

NO SURFACE OCCUPANCY (NSO): Use or occupancy of the land surface is prohibited to protect special 

values or uses or identified resource values.

NOISE: Sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or otherwise undesirable.

NORTHERN CHEYENNE RESERVATION: The Northern Cheyenne Reservation as established by 

Executive Orders of November 26, 1884 and March 19, 1900.

- O -

OBLIGATE WETLAND SPECIES: Plant species that occur almost always (estimated probability greater 

than 99 percent) under natural conditions.

OLIGOTROPHIC: Nutrient poor and oxygen rich; describes bodies of water such as lakes that contain 

relatively little plant life or nutrients but are rich in dissolved oxygen.

OPEN AREAS AND TRAILS: Designated areas and trails where off-road vehicles may be operated, subject 

to operating regulations and vehicle standards or an area where all types of vehicle use is permitted at all times, 

subject to standards. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-23

OUTCOME FOCUSED MANAGEMENT: The special recreation management areas (SRMAs)/recreation 

management zones must have measurable outcome-focused objectives. Supporting management actions and 

allowable use decisions are required to: 

 sustain or enhance recreation objectives, 

 protect the desired recreation setting characteristics, and 

 constrain uses, including non-compatible recreation activities that are detrimental to meeting recreation 

or other critical resource objectives (e.g., cultural or threatened and endangered species). 

The SRMA/recreation management zone objectives must define the specific recreation opportunities (i.e.,

activities, experiences, and benefits derived from those experiences) that become the focus of recreation and 

visitor services management.

OVERSTOCKED: The situation in which trees are so closely spaced that they compete for resources and do 

not reach full growth potential.

OVERSTORY: That portion of the trees, in a forest of more than one story, forming the upper or uppermost 

canopy layer.

- P –

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES (FOSSILS): The physical remains of plants and animals preserved in 

soils and sedimentary rock formations. Paleontological resources are important for understanding past 

environments, environmental change, and the evolution of life. 

PALEONTOLOGY: A science dealing with the life forms of past geological periods as known from fossil 

remains. 

PARENT MATERIAL: The unconsolidated and chemically-weathered mineral or organic matter from which 

the horizons of soils develop by natural processes.

PARTICULATE MATTER: A particle of soil or liquid matter (e.g., soot, dust, aerosols, fumes, and mist).

PARTS PER BILLION (PPB): A unit of measurement for volumetric concentration that is typically used for 

gaseous air pollutants. One ppb is equal to 1 x 10-9and equivalent to 0.001 parts per million (ppm).

PARTS PER MILLION (PPM): A unit of measurement for volumetric concentration that is typically used for 

gaseous air pollutants. One ppm is equal to 1 x 10-6and equivalent to 1,000 parts per billion (ppb).

PATCHY MOSAIC TYPE: A diversity of habitat patches that allow various species to complete life cycle 

requirements across a range of habitat types.

PATENT: The instrument by which the federal government conveys title to the public lands. 

PERENNIAL STREAM: A stream that flows continuously. Perennial streams are generally associated with a 

water table in the locations through which they flow.

PERMEABILITY: The ease with which gases, liquids, or plant roots pass through a layer of soil. Accepted as 

a measure of this property is the rate at which soil transmits water while saturated, and may imply how well 

water passes through the least permeable soil layer.

PERMITTED USE: The forage allocated by, or under the guidance of, an applicable land use plan for 

livestock grazing in an allotment under a permit or lease. Expressed in AUMs. 

PERMITTEE: Holder of a valid permit that authorizes certain uses of the public lands (e.g., for grazing). 
GLOSSARY

GLO-24

PETROGLYPH: A figure, design, or indentation carved, abraded, or pecked into a rock. 

PETROLEUM: A collective term for oil, gas, natural gas liquids, and tar.

pH: A measure of acidity or alkalinity. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral, pH greater than 7 (to 14) is 

alkaline, and a pH less than 7 (to 0) is acidic.

PICTOGRAPH: A figure or design painted onto a rock. 

PLAN: A document that contains a set of comprehensive, long-range decisions concerning the use and 

management of BLM-administered resources in a specific geographic area. 

PLANNING AREA: A geographical area for which land use and resource management plans are developed 

and maintained. 

PLANNING CRITERIA: The standards, rules, and other factors developed by managers and interdisciplinary 

teams for their use in forming judgments about decision making, analysis, and data collection during planning. 

Planning criteria streamline and simplify the resource management planning actions. 

PLANNING DECISION (LAND USE PLAN DECISION): Establishes desired outcomes and actions needed 

to achieve them. Decisions are reached using the BLM planning process. When they are presented to the public 

as proposed decisions, they can be protested to the BLM Director. They are not appealable to Interior Board of 

Land Appeals. 

PLAY: A set of known or postulated oil and gas accumulations sharing similar geologic, geographic, and 

temporal properties, such as source rock, migration pathway, timing, trapping mechanism, and hydrocarbon 

type. A play may differ from an assessment unit, and an assessment unit can include one or more plays. 

POLE: A tree of a size between a sapling and mature tree.

POPULATION: Within a species, a distinct group of individuals that tend to mate only with members of the 

group. Generations of inbreeding cause members of a population to tend toward similar genetic characteristics. 

POST-FLPMA LEASES: Oil and gas leases issued after the passage of FLPMA of 1976. Where occurring in 

WSAs, these leases have no valid existing rights and could not impair wilderness values.

POTENTIAL NATURAL COMMUNITY: The biotic community that would become established if all 

successional sequences were completed without interferences under the present environmental conditions.

PRIMITIVE ROUTES: Any transportation linear feature located within a WSA or lands with 

wilderness characteristics designated for protection by a land use plan and not meeting the 

wilderness inventory road definition.

PRAIRIE DOG COLONY COMPLEX: A group of prairie dog colonies distributed so that individual blackfooted ferrets can migrate among them commonly and frequently. This distance has been determined to be 

7 kilometers (4.4 miles).

PRECAMBRIAN: Pertaining to the earliest era of geological history, extending from 4.5 billion to 540 million 

years ago and encompassing seven-eighths of the earth’s history. Just before the end of the Precambrian, 

complex multicellular organisms, including animals, evolved. 

PRE-COMMERCIAL THINNING: A thinning that does not yield trees of commercial value, usually 

designed to reduce stocking in order to concentrate growth on the more desirable trees. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-25

PRE-FLPMA LEASES: Oil and gas leases issued prior to the passage of FLPMA of 1976. Where occurring in 

WSAs, these leases have valid existing rights that allow development even if wilderness values may be 

impaired.

PREHISTORIC: Refers to the period wherein American Indian cultural activities took place that were not yet 

influenced by contact with historic nonnative culture or cultures. 

PRESCRIBED FIRE: The introduction of fire to an area under regulated conditions for specific management 

purposes. 

PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION (PSD): A regulatory program under the Clean Air 

Act (Public Law 84-159, as amended) to limit air quality degradation in areas currently achieving the National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards. The PSD program established air quality classes in which differing amounts of 

additional air pollution are allowed above a legally defined baseline level. Almost any additional air pollution 

would be considered significant in PSD Class I areas (certain large national parks and wilderness areas in 

existence on August 7, 1977, and specific Tribal lands redesignated since then). PSD Class II areas allow that 

deterioration associated with moderate, well-controlled growth (most of the country). Classes are described 

below.

 Class I: an area that allows only minimal degradation above “baseline.” The Clean Air Act designated 

existing national parks over 6,000 acres and national wilderness areas over 5,000 acres in existence on 

August 7, 1977, as mandatory federal Class I Areas. These areas also have special visibility protection. 

In addition, four tribal governments have redesignated their lands as Class I Areas.

 Class II: an area that allows moderate degradation above “baseline.” Most of the United States (outside 

nonattainment areas) is Class II.

 Class III: any area that allows the maximum amount of degradation above “baseline.” Although the 

U.S. Congress allows air quality regulatory agencies to redesignate Class II lands to Class III, none 

have been designated.

PREY BASE: Populations and types of prey species available to predators. 

PRIMITIVE AND UNCONFINED RECREATION: Non-motorized, non-mechanized and undeveloped 

types of recreational activities. 

PRIMITIVE ROAD: A linear route managed for use by four-wheel drive or high-clearance vehicles. Primitive 

roads do not normally meet any BLM road design standards.

PROBABLE SALE QUANTITY (PSQ): PSQ estimates the allowable harvest levels for the various 

alternatives that could be maintained without decline over the long-term if the schedule of harvests and 

regeneration were followed. "Allowable" was changed to "probable" to reflect uncertainty in the calculations for 

some alternatives. PSQ is otherwise comparable to allowable sale quantity. However, PSQ does not reflect a 

commitment to a specific cut level. PSQ includes only scheduled or regulated yields and does not include "other 

wood" or volume of cull and other products that are not normally part of allowable sale quantity calculations.

PRODUCED WATER: Water produced from oil and gas wells.

PROJECT AREA: The area of land upon which an operator conducts mining operations, including the area 

needed for building or maintaining of roads, transmission lines, pipelines, or other means of access. 

PROJECT PLAN: Detailed survey and design plan. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-26

PROPER FUNCTIONING CONDITION (PFC): A riparian or wetland area is considered to be in proper 

functioning condition when adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to:

 dissipate stream energy associated with high waterflow, thereby reducing erosion and improving water 

quality;

 filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;

 improve floodwater retention and groundwater recharge;

 develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action;

 develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, 

duration, and temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses; support 

greater biodiversity.

PROTEST: Application for review by a higher administrative level. 

PROVED GROWTH RESERVED OR RESERVE GROWTH: The increases in known petroleum volume 

that commonly occur as oil and gas accumulations are developed and produced, synonymous with field growth. 

PROVED RESERVE: The volume of oil and gas demonstrated, on the basis of geologic and engineering 

information, to be recoverable from known oil and gas reservoirs under present-day economic and technological 

conditions. 

PUBLIC LAND: Land or interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the Secretary of the 

Interior through the BLM, except lands located on the Outer Continental Shelf, and land held for the benefit of 

American Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos. 

PULPWOOD: Roundwood, whole-tree chips, or wood residues used for the production of wood pulp.

- R -

RANGE IMPROVEMENT: Range improvement means an authorized physical modification or treatment 

designed to improve production of forage; change vegetation composition; control patterns of use; provide 

water; stabilize soil and water conditions; restore, protect and improve the condition of rangeland ecosystems to 

benefit livestock, wild horses and burros, and fish and wildlife. The term includes, but is not limited to, 

structures, treatment projects, and use of mechanical devices or modifications achieved through mechanical 

means.

RANGELAND: Land used for grazing by livestock and big game animals on which vegetation is dominated by 

grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. 

RAPTOR: Bird of prey with sharp talons and strongly curved beaks (hawks, falcons, owls, and eagles).

REASONABLY FORESEEABLE DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO (RFD): The prediction of the type and 

amount of oil and gas activity that would occur in a given area. The prediction is based on geologic factors, past 

history of drilling, projected demand for oil and gas, and industry interest. 

RECLAIM: To return the landscape to a useful state (Perrow and Davy 2003).

RECLAMATION: The stabilization of the terrain, assurance of public safety, aesthetic improvement, and a 

return of the land to what, within the regional context, is considered to be a useful purpose.

RECLAMATION PLAN: The reclamation plan is a written document that addresses the reconstruction of 

disturbed ecosystems by returning the land to a stable and productive condition compatible with the RMP.

RECORD OF DECISION (ROD): A document signed by a responsible official recording a decision that was 

preceded by the preparing of an EIS. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-27

RECREATION (VISITOR) EXPERIENCES: psychological outcomes realized either by recreation-tourism 

participants as a direct result of their on-site leisure engagements and recreation-tourism activity participation or 

by nonparticipating community residents as a result of their interaction with visitors and guests within their 

community or interaction with the BLM and other public and private recreation-tourism providers and their 

actions.

REGENERATION: The act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees naturally or artificially.

RELICT: A remnant or fragment of the vegetation of an area that remains from a former period when the 

vegetation was more widely distributed. 

RENEWABLE ENERGY: Energy that comes from natural, renewable (naturally replenished) resources (such 

as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat). Renewable energy projects on BLM-administered lands 

include wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass projects and the siting of transmission facilities needed to deliver 

this power to the consumer.

RESERVE COMMON ALLOTMENT (RCA): A unit of public land that will not have term grazing permits 

issued. Such an allotment would only be grazed on a temporary nonrenewable basis. The use of these allotments 

would be to provide temporary grazing to rest other areas following wildfire, habitat treatments, or to allow for 

more rapid attainment of rangeland health. The allotment must be of sufficient size to be managed as a discrete 

unit. Allotments should be distributed throughout the planning area. 

RESERVE PIT: Usually an excavated pit that may be lined with plastic or that holds drill cuttings and waste 

mud; term for the pit that holds the drilling mud.

RESERVES (MINERAL): Known mineral deposits that are recoverable under present conditions but are as 

yet undeveloped. 

RESERVOIR (OIL AND GAS): A naturally occurring, underground container of oil and gas, usually formed 

by deformation of strata and changes in porosity. 

RESILIENCE: The capacity of a plant community or ecosystem to maintain or regain normal function and 

development following disturbance.

RESOURCE ADVISORY COUNCIL (RAC): A council established by the Secretary of the Interior to 

provide advice or recommendations to BLM management. 

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN (RMP): A land use plan as prescribed by FLPMA that establishes, for 

a given area of land, land-use allocations, coordination guidelines for multiple-use, objectives, and actions to be 

achieved. 

RESTORE: To return the landscape to the original state (Perrow and Davy 2003).

RESTORATION: The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or 

destroyed. Restoration attempts to return an ecosystem to its historic trajectory, i.e., to a state that resembles a 

known prior state or to another state that could be expected to develop naturally within the bounds of the 

historic trajectory. The restored ecosystem may not necessarily recover its former state, since contemporary 

constraints and conditions can cause it to develop along an altered trajectory.

REVISION: The process of completely rewriting the land use plan because of changes in the planning area 

affecting major portions of the plan or the entire plan. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-28

RIGHT-OF-WAY CORRIDOR: A parcel of land that has been identified by law, Secretarial order, through a 

land use plan or by other management decision as being the preferred location for existing and future ROW

grants and suitable to accommodate one type of ROW or one or more ROWs that are similar, identical, or 

compatible. 

RIGHT-OF-WAY GRANT: A document authorizing a nonpossessory, nonexclusive right to use federal lands 

for the limited purpose of construction, operation, maintenance, and termination of a pipeline, road, or power

line.

RILL: Small, conspicuous water channel or rivulet that concentrates runoff; usually less than 6 inches deep.

RIPARIAN OR WETLAND AREA: An area of land directly influenced by permanent water. It has visible 

vegetation or physical characteristics reflective of permanent water influence. Lakeshores, streams, and 

permanent springs are typical riparian areas. Excluded are such sites as ephemeral streams or washes that do not 

exhibit the presence of vegetation dependent upon free water in the soil.

RIVER DESIGNATION: The process whereby rivers are added to the NWSRS by an act of Congress or by 

administrative action of the Secretary of the Interior with regard to state-designated rivers under Section 2(a)(ii) 

of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (WSRA). 

ROAD: A linear route declared a road by the owner, managed for use by low-clearance vehicles having four or 

more wheels, and maintained for regular and continuous use.

ROADLESS: Refers to the absence of roads that have been improved and maintained by mechanical means to 

ensure relatively regular and continuous use. A way maintained solely by the passage of vehicles does not 

constitute a road. 

ROCK ART: Petroglyphs or pictographs. 

RUNOFF: The water that flows on the land surface from an area in response to rainfall or snowmelt. 

- S –

SAGEBRUSH HABITAT: A land cover type with sagebrush as the dominant plant species. Sagebrush habitat 

provides environmental conditions for many species associated with sagebrush for all or part of their lifecycle. 

Examples of sagebrush-associated species include greater sage-grouse, sage sparrows, sage thrashers, and 

common sagebrush lizards.

SAGE-GROUSE AREAS: MFWP Core Areas contain habitat associated with:

 Montana’s highest densities of sage-grouse (25 percent quartile), based on male counts; or

 sage-grouse lek complexes and associated habitat important to sage-grouse distribution (refer to 

Greater Sage-grouse Core Areas Designation for Montana, Version 1.0; January 13, 2009).

Wyoming Core Areas were designated by the Governor’s Sage-grouse Implementation Team in 2008. The goal 

of the designation was to incorporate at least two-thirds of the sage-grouse population in Wyoming. A map of 

high-density areas based on lek data with 4-mile buffers served as a base map. Using the density map, the team 

avoided areas of development and included areas of lower sage-grouse lek density to include, ultimately, 83

percent of the peak males on leks into the Core Population Areas. The team intends for Core Area boundaries to 

change based on new information.

SAGE-GROUSE HABITAT-GENERAL HABITAT AREAS: Areas with or without ongoing or imminent 

impacts containing sage-grouse habitat outside of the priority areas. Management actions would maintain 

habitat for sustainable sage-grouse populations to promote movement and genetic diversity. Areas are 

delineated based on sage-grouse habitat. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-29

SAGE-GROUSE HABITAT-PROTECTION PRIORITY AREAS: Areas with limited impacts containing 

substantial and high quality sage-grouse habitat that supports sustainable sage-grouse populations. Management 

actions would emphasize the protection and enhancement of sustainable sage-grouse populations. Areas are 

delineated using “key,” “core,” and connectivity data or maps and other resource information.

SAGE-GROUSE HABITAT-RESTORATION AREAS: Areas with ongoing or imminent impacts containing 

substantial and high-quality sage-grouse habitat that historically supported sustainable sage-grouse populations. 

Management actions would emphasize restoration for the purpose of establishing or restoring sustainable sagegrouse populations. Areas are delineated using key, core, and connectivity data or maps and other resource 

information.

SALEABLE MINERALS: Common variety minerals on the public lands, such as sand and gravel, which are 

used mainly for construction and are disposed of by sales or special permits to local governments. 

SALINITY: A measure of the salts dissolved in water. See alkalinity.

SAPLING: A young tree larger than a seedling, but smaller than a pole.

SCENIC QUALITY: The relative worth of a landscape from a visual perception or a measure of the visual 

appeal of a tract of land.

SCENIC RIVER: A river or section of a river that is free of impoundments and with largely undeveloped 

shorelines that are accessible in places by roads. 

SCOPING: The process of identifying the range of issues, management concerns, preliminary alternatives, and 

other components of an EIS or land use planning document. It involves both internal and public viewpoints. 

SEASONAL RESTRICTION: A fluid minerals leasing constraint that prohibits surface use during specified 

periods to protect identified resource values. The constraint does not apply to the operation and maintenance of 

production facilities unless analysis demonstrates that such constraints are needed and that less stringent, 

project- specific constraints would be insufficient. 

SECTION 7 CONSULTATION: The requirement of Section 7 of the ESA that all federal agencies consult 

with the USFWS or the National Marine Fisheries Service if a proposed action might affect a federally listed 

species or its critical habitat. 

SECTION 106 COMPLIANCE: The requirement of Section 106 of NHPA that any project funded, licensed, 

permitted, or assisted by the federal government be reviewed for impacts to significant historic properties and 

that the state historic preservation officer (SHPO) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation be 

allowed to comment on a project. 

SEDIMENT: Soil, rock particles, and organic or other debris carried from one place to another by wind, water, 

gravity, ice, or other geologic agent.

SEDIMENT YIELD: The amount of sediment produced in a watershed (expressed in tons, acre-feet, or cubic 

yards of sediment per unit of drainage area per year). 

SEDIMENTARY ROCK: A layered rock resulting from the consolidation of sediment, such as shale, 

sandstone, and limestone.

SEDIMENTATION: The process or action of depositing sediment. 

SEEDLING: A young plant or tree grown from a seed.
GLOSSARY

GLO-30

SEGREGATION: Any act such as a withdrawal or exchange that suspends the operation of the public land 

laws. 

SEISMIC OPERATIONS: Use of explosive or mechanical thumpers to generate shock waves that can be read 

by special equipment to give clues to subsurface conditions.

SENSITIVE SOILS: Soils with a high risk of degradation from surfaces uses. The following soils are 

considered sensitive to surface uses: soils poorly suited to reclamation, soils on steep slopes, highly 

compactable soils, and hydric soils. Criteria used to determine soil sensitivity to surface uses are continually 

adapted as conditions change or new information or technology becomes available.

SENSITIVE SPECIES: Species designated by a BLM State Director, usually in cooperation with the state

agency responsible for managing the species and state natural heritage programs, as sensitive. They are those 

species that: 

 could become endangered in or extirpated from a state or within a significant portion of its distribution; 

 are under status review by the USFWS or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Fisheries; 

 are undergoing significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat capability that would 

reduce a species’ existing distribution; 

 are undergoing significant current or predicted downward trends in population or density such that 

federal listed, proposed, candidate, or state-listed status may become necessary; 

 typically have small and widely dispersed populations; 

 inhabit ecological refugia or other specialized or unique habitats; or 

 are state listed but which may be better conserved through the application of BLM sensitive species 

status.

SERAL COMMUNITY: One of a series of plant communities that follow one another in time on any given 

area.

SERAL STAGE: A potential plant community made up of a mix of trees and shrubs.

SHALLOW COAL SEAM: Those coal seams too shallow to drill directionally given the area’s geology and 

spacing limitations.

SHEET EROSION: The detachment of soil 

material from the land surface by raindrop 

impact and its subsequent removal by runoff.

SHRUB: A low, woody plant, usually with 

several stems; may provide food or cover for 

wildlife.

SIGNIFICANT: An effect that is analyzed 

in the context of the proposed action to 

determine the degree or magnitude of 

importance of the effect, either beneficial or 

adverse. The degree of significance can be 

related to other actions with individually 

insignificant but cumulatively significant 

impacts.

Clark Reservoir in the planning area
GLOSSARY

GLO-31

SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL RESOURCES (SITE): A cultural site is considered a significant cultural site if 

it meets the following criteria:

 sites or areas designated or sites or areas that meet the criteria for allocation for designation for 

scientific use, conservation use, traditional use (socio-cultural use), public use, and experimental use 

(except for discharged Use, see the Cultural Resources Appendix); 

 the boundaries of sites or districts eligible for or included on the NRHP; and

 the boundaries of TCPs, or sites or areas designated as such, or sites or areas that meet the criteria for 

allocation for designation for traditional use (socio-cultural use). 

Activity is prohibited in cultural properties determined to be of particular importance to American Indian

groups, TCPs, or sites designated for traditional use. Such properties include, but are not limited to: 

 burial locations, 

 pictograph and petroglyph sites, 

 vision quest locations, 

 plant-gathering locations, and 

 areas considered sacred or used for religious purposes.

SILVICULTURE: The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and 

quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a 

sustainable basis.

SITE: The combination of biotic, climatic, topographic, and soil conditions of an area.

SITE PREPARATION: Hand or mechanized manipulation of a site, designed to enhance the success of 

regeneration.

SLASH: The branches, bark, tops, cull logs, and broken or uprooted trees left on the ground after logging. 

SLOPE: The degree of deviation of a surface from the horizontal. 

SOCIAL SCIENCE: The study of society and of individual relationships in and to society, generally including 

one or more of the academic disciplines of sociology, economics, political science, geography, history, 

anthropology, and psychology. 

SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO: An expression of relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions 

with soil, indicating the sodium or alkali hazard to soil. It is a particularly important measure in waters used for 

irrigation purposes.

SOIL: The collection of natural bodies occupying parts of the earth’s surface that is capable of supporting plant 

growth and that has properties resulting from the integrated effects of climate and living organisms acting upon 

parent material, as conditioned by topography over periods of time. 

SOIL PRODUCTIVITY: The capacity of a soil to produce a plant or sequence of plants under a system of 

management. 

SOIL SURVEY: The systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils in an area, 

usually a county. Soil surveys are classified according to the level of detail of field examination. Order I is the 

most detailed, then Order II, on to Order V, which is the least detailed. Most BLM soil surveys are Order II or 

III.

SOIL TEXTURE: The relative proportions of the three size groups of soil grains (sand, silt, and clay) in a 

mass of soil. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-32

SOLITUDE: (1) the state of being alone or remote from others; isolation; (2) a lonely or secluded place. 

SOURCE POPULATION AREA (SAGE-GROUSE): An identified area within a Sage-grouse Habitat –

Restoration Area (in the Cedar Creek anticline portion of the planning area) that contains a small population of 

sage-grouse and low existing energy development. The objective is to maintain remnant populations to enable 

future translocations and maintain connectivity between habitat areas.

SOUND: A vibratory disturbance created by a vibrating object, which, when transmitted by pressure waves 

through a medium such as air, is capable of being detected by a receiving mechanism, such as the human ear or 

a microphone.

SOLID WASTE: Any solid, semi-solid, liquid, or contained gaseous material that is intended for disposal.

SPACING UNIT: The number of acres that one oil or gas well will efficiently drain. The Montana Board of 

Oil and Gas Conservation (MBOGC) establishes the size of spacing units for each oil and gas field.

SPECIAL RECREATION MANAGEMENT AREA (SRMA): Areas that require explicit recreation 

management to achieve recreation objectives and provide specific recreation opportunities. 

SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES: Include the following: 

 species that have been officially proposed for listing as threatened or endangered by the Secretary of 

the Interior, 

 species officially listed as threatened or endangered by the Secretary of the Interior under the 

provisions of the ESA, 

 species designated as candidates for listing as threatened or endangered by the USFWS or National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, 

 species listed by a state in a category implying but not limited to potential endangerment or extinction, 

and

 sensitive species as designated by a State Director.

SPECIES DIVERSITY: The number, different kinds of, and relative abundances of species present in a given 

area. 

SPECIES OF SPECIAL INTEREST OR CONCERN: Plant or animal species not yet listed as endangered 

or threatened but that are undergoing status review by a federal or state agency. This may include plant or 

animal species whose populations could become extinct by any major habitat change. A species that is 

particularly sensitive to some external disturbance factors.

SPLIT ESTATE: Surface and minerals of a given area in different ownerships. Frequently, the surface is 

privately owned while the minerals are federally owned.

SPUDDING: To begin drilling, to start the hole.

STAND: A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age-class distribution, composition, and structure, 

and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit.

STAND DENSITY: A quantitative measure of stocking expressed either absolutely in terms of number of 

trees, basal, area, volume per unit area, or relative to some standard condition.

STANDARD: A description of the physical and biological conditions or degree of function required for 

healthy, sustainable lands (e.g., land health standards). 

STEEP SLOPE: Slope greater than 25 percent. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-33

STIPULATION: A condition or requirement attached to a lease or contract, usually dealing with protection of 

the environment, or recovery of a mineral.

STOCKING: An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard.

STRATEGIC PLAN: A plan that establishes the overall direction for the BLM. This plan is guided by the 

requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (31 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), covers a 5-year 

period, and is updated every 3 years. It is consistent with FLPMA and other laws affecting the public lands. 

STRATIGRAPHY: The arrangement of strata, especially as to geographic position and chronologic order of 

sequence. 

STREAM REACH: A specified length of a stream or channel. 

STRUCTURE (OF FOREST VEGETATION): The horizontal and vertical distribution of plants in a stand, 

including height, diameter, crown layers, and stems of trees, shrubs, herbaceous understory, snags, and coarse 

woody debris. 

STRUCTURE (STREAM CHANNEL): Any object, usually large, in a stream channel that controls water 

movement. 

STRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENTS: Improvements such as fences, reservoirs, springs, pipelines, 

waterspreaders, wells, water troughs, land treatments, and in-stream structures. These improvements are for the 

livestock grazing, wildlife, recreation, watershed, and soils programs.

SUBBITUMINOUS: A black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal. Distinguished 

from lignite by higher carbon and lower moisture content.

SUBSOIL: This is roughly, the part of the solum below the organic topsoil and above the rocky parent material 

of the C horizon; the B horizon. When suitable, the subsoil may be salvaged to supplement the topsoil for plant 

establishment. 

SUBSTRATE: The mineral or organic material that forms the bed of a stream; the base upon which an 

organism lives; the surface on which a plant or animal grows or is attached. 

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2): A colorless gas formed when sulfur oxidizes, often as a result of burning trace 

amounts of sulfur in fossil fuels.

SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY DAMAGE REPAIR: Damage to resources, lands, and facilities resulting from 

wildfire suppression actions, in contrast to damages resulting from a wildfire. Suppression activity damage 

repairs are the responsibility of the incident commander and are funded using the suppression account. This 

work should be completed by the incident management team prior to final demobilization of the suppression 

forces whenever practical. However, it may be more cost-effective and practical to delay some repairs to 

improve the chance of success. It is the responsibility of the agency administrator to ensure suppression activity 

damage repair.

SUPPRESSED (FORESTRY): A tree condition characterized by low growth rate and low vigor as a result of 

competition.
GLOSSARY

GLO-34

SURFACE-DISTURBING ACTIVITIES: The physical disturbance or removal of land surface and 

vegetation. Some examples of surface-disturbing activities include, but are not limited to, construction of roads, 

well pads, pipelines, power lines, reservoirs, facilities, recreation sites, and mining. Vegetation renovation 

treatments that involve soil penetration or substantial mechanical damage to plants (plowing, chiseling, 

chopping, and other activities) are also surface-disturbing activities. This definition is not intended to prohibit 

all activities or authorized uses. For example, emergency activities (fire suppression, search and rescue, and 

other activities) or rangeland monitoring, routine maintenance associated with an approved authorization, 

dispersed recreational activities (hunting, hiking, and other activities), and livestock grazing are not considered 

surface-disturbing activities.

SUSTAINABILITY: The ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecological processes and functions, biological 

diversity, and productivity over time. 

SUSTAINABLE POPULATION: Capable of maintaining a healthy, productive, and reproducing population 

over a long period. Sustainability is achieved when population growth rate (i.e., lambda) is greater than or equal 

to 1.0.

SUSTAINED YIELD: Maintenance of an annual or regular periodic output of a renewable resource from 

public land consistent with the principles of multiple use. 

SYNCLINES: A downward, trough-shaped configuration of folded, stratified rocks.

- T -

TAKE: As defined by the ESA, “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, capture, or collect, or 

attempt to engage in any such conduct.” 

TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCES: The volume of hydrocarbons recoverable using current 

exploration and production technology without regard to cost, which is a proportion of the estimated in-place 

resource. 

TERMS AND CONDITIONS: Measures contained in livestock grazing permits and leases that are determined 

by the AO to be appropriate to achieve management and resource condition objectives for the public lands and 

other lands administered by the BLM, and to ensure conformance with fundamentals of rangeland health and 

standards and guidelines for grazing administration. 

TERRACE DEPOSITS: A terrace is one of a series of level surfaces in a stream valley that flank and are 

relatively parallel to the stream channel. It is above the level of the stream, and represents the dissected 

remnants of an abandoned floodplain, streambed, or valley floor produced during a former stage of erosion or 

deposition.

TERRESTRIAL SPECIES: Ground-dwelling plants and animals. 

THERMAL COVER: Vegetation or topography that prevents radiation heat loss, reduces wind chill during 

cold weather, and intercepts solar radiation during warm weather. 

THINNING: A cultural treatment made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance 

forest health, or recover potential mortality.

THREATENED SPECIES: Any plant or animal species defined under the ESA as likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range; listings are published 

in the Federal Register. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-35

TOOLS: Something that helps to accomplish the stated goal or action for a resource or resource use or 

program. Tools include: timing, duration of grazing, forage utilization, grazing rotation, deferment of grazing, 

stubble height, bank alteration, and structural features. 

TOPSOIL: The organically enhanced, biologically active, mineral, surface horizon; the A horizon.

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS): The dry weight of dissolved material, organic and inorganic, 

contained in water.

TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD (TMDL): A TMDL is the total amount of a pollutant that a waterbody 

may receive from all sources without exceeding water quality standards. A TMDL can also be defined as a 

reduction in pollutant loading that results in meeting water quality standards. The TMDL process was 

established under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. A TMDL includes both a waste load allocation, which 

focuses on point sources, and a load allocation, which addresses nonpoint sources.

TOTAL PETROLEUM SYSTEM (TPS): All genetically related petroleum generated by a pod or closely 

related pods of mature source rocks. Particular emphasis is placed on similarities of the fluids of petroleum 

accumulations and is therefore closely associated with the generation and migration of petroleum. The geologic 

elements of a TPS include:

 source-rock distribution, thickness, organic richness, maturation, petroleum generation, and migration; 

 reservoir-rock type (conventional or continuous), distribution, and quality; and 

 character of traps and time of formation with respect to petroleum generation and migration. 

TRADITIONAL LIFEWAY VALUES: Values important for maintaining a group’s traditional system of 

religious belief, cultural practice, or social interaction. A group’s shared traditional lifeway values are abstract, 

nonmaterial, ascribed ideas that cannot be discovered except through discussions with members of the group. 

These values may or may not be closely associated with definite locations. Traditional lifeway values 

sometimes imbue cultural resources with significance. They can be identified through consultation and 

considered through public participation during planning and environmental review. The BLM does not manage 

people’s values, beliefs, or social systems.

TRAIL: A linear route managed for human-powered, stock, or off-highway vehicle (OHV) forms of 

transportation or for historical or heritage values. Trails are not generally managed for use by four-wheel drive 

or high-clearance vehicles.

TRANSMISSION LINE: A large diameter pipeline through which oil or gas moves off lease after being sold.

TUNDRA: Treeless arctic and alpine areas in which cover may consist of bare ground, grasses, sedges, forbs, 

dwarf shrubs, mosses, or lichens. 

TURBIDITY: Interference of the passage of light through water resulting from insoluble particles of soil, 

organic material, microorganisms, and other materials.

- U -

UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM: A program administered by the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), primacy state, or tribe under the Safe Drinking Act to ensure that 

subsurface waste injection does not endanger underground sources of drinking water.

UNDERSTORY VEGETATION: Plants, usually grasses, forbs, and low shrubs, growing beneath the canopy 

of other plants.
GLOSSARY

GLO-36

UNDISCOVERED TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCE: A subset of the in-place resource 

base hypothesized to exist on the basis of geologic knowledge, data on past discoveries, or theory, and that is 

contained in undiscovered accumulations outside of known fields. Estimated resource quantities are producible 

using current recovery technology but without reference to economic viability. These resources are therefore 

dynamic, constantly changing to reflect increased understanding of both the in-place resource as well as the 

likely nature of future technology. Only accumulations greater than or equal to 1 million barrels of oil or 6 

billion cubic feet of gas were included in the earlier 1995 USGS assessment.

UNGULATES: Hoofed animals, including ruminants but also horses, tapirs, elephants, rhinoceroses, and 

swine. 

UNITIZATION: Pooling of mineral acreages proposed by a company to facilitate the efficient development of 

a reservoir based on geology and reservoir characteristics of a producing formation or formations.

UNNECESSARY OR UNDUE DEGRADATION: Conditions, activities, or practices that:

 are not “reasonably incident” to prospecting, mining, or processing operations as defined in 

Sec. 3715.0-5 of this title;

 fail to attain a stated level of protection or reclamation required by specific laws in areas such 

as the California Desert Conservation Area, wild and scenic rivers, BLM-administered 

portions of the National Wilderness System, and BLM-administered National Monuments and 

National Conservation Areas;

 occur on mining claims or mill sites located after October 21, 1976 (or on unclaimed lands) 

and result in substantial irreparable harm to significant scientific, cultural, or environmental 

resource values of the public lands that cannot be effectively mitigated; or

 that fail to comply with one or more of the conditions described below.

o The performance standards in Sec. 3809.420 (43 CFR), 

o the terms and conditions of an approved PO, 

o operations described in a complete notice, and 

o other federal and state laws related to environmental protection and protection of 

cultural resources.

UPLANDS: Lands at higher elevations than alluvial plains or low stream terraces; all lands outside the riparian

or wetland and aquatic zones. 

USABLE WATER: Those waters containing up to 10,000 ppm of total dissolved solids.

USER DAY: Any calendar day, or portion thereof, for each individual accompanied or serviced by an operator 

or permittee on the public lands or related waters; synonymous with passenger day or participant day. 

- V -

VALID EXISTING RIGHTS: Locatable mineral development rights that existed when FLPMA was enacted 

on October 21, 1976. Some areas are segregated from entry and location under the Mining Law to protect 

certain values or allow certain uses. Mining claims that existed as of the effective date of the segregation may 

still be valid if they can meet the test of discovery of a valuable mineral required under the Mining Law. 

Determining the validity of mining claims located in segregated lands requires the BLM to conduct a validity 

examination and is called a “valid existing rights” determination. 

VEGETATION COMMUNITY: An assemblage of plant populations in a common spatial arrangement. 

VEGETATION MANIPULATION: Alteration of vegetation by using fire, plowing, or other means.
GLOSSARY

GLO-37

VEGETATION TYPE: A plant community with distinguishable characteristics described by the dominant 

vegetation present. 

VIABLE: Capable of sustaining a healthy and reproducing population over a long period. 

VIEWSHED: Landscape that can be directly seen under favorable atmospheric conditions, from a viewpoint or 

along a transportation corridor.

VISUAL RESOURCES: The visible physical features of a landscape (topography, water, vegetation, animals, 

structures, and other features) that constitute the scenery of an area. 

- W -

WAIVER (OIL AND GAS): A permanent exemption to a lease stipulation. 

WASTE MATERIAL: Any discarded or abandoned material that can interfere with successful reclamation, 

safety, and long-term stability of a site (e.g., contaminated soil or water, drilling mud, or solid waste). 

WATER QUALITY: The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its 

suitability for a particular use.

WATER QUALITY RESTORATION PLANS: A comprehensive plan developed in conjunction with 

MDEQ, local watershed groups, and numerous agencies and entities to address and establish water quality 

goals, TMDLs, restoration strategies, and monitoring. 

WATER TABLE: The surface in a groundwater body where the water pressure is atmospheric. It is the level at 

which water stands in a well that penetrates the waterbody just far enough to hold standing water.

WATERSHED: A geomorphic area of land and water within the confines of a drainage divide. The total area 

above a given point on a stream that contributes flow at that point. 

WATERSHED HEALTH: Watershed condition is determined by the physical and biological characteristics 

and processes that impact the function of a watershed. Watershed functionality includes hydrologic and 

ecologic functions (such as collection and transportation of precipitation and water storage and release) and 

characteristics (such as sites for plant and animal habitat and chemical reactions). Properly functioning or 

healthy watersheds have high biotic and soil integrity and connectivity, are resilient to disturbance, maintain 

water quality and quantity, recharge aquifers, and maintain riparian communities.

WATERWAY: Any body of water including lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds whether or not they contain 

aquatic life.

WELL COMPLETION: See completion.

WELL LIFE: For the purposes of this plan, the well life is defined as from the time the well is drilled until the 

final abandonment of the well is approved.

WETLANDS: Permanently wet or intermittently flooded areas where the water table (fresh, saline, or brackish) 

is at, near, or above the soil surface for extended intervals; where hydric wet soil conditions are normally 

exhibited, and where water depths generally do not exceed 2 meters.

WILD RIVER: Those rivers or sections of rivers that are free of impoundments and generally inaccessible 

except by trail, with watersheds or shorelines essentially primitive and waters unpolluted. These represent 

vestiges of primitive America.
GLOSSARY

GLO-38

WILD, SCENIC, OR RECREATIONAL RIVER: The three classes of what is traditionally referred to as a 

wild and scenic river. Designated river segments are classified as wild, scenic or recreational, but the segments 

cannot overlap. 

WILD AND SCENIC STUDY RIVER: Rivers identified in Section 5 of the WSRA for study as potential 

additions to the NWSRS. The rivers shall be studied under the provisions of Section 4 of the WSRA. 

WILDCAT WELL: An exploratory well drilled in an area with no oil or gas production (see exploration well).

WILDERNESS: A Congressionally designated area of undeveloped federal land retaining its primeval 

character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, that is protected and managed 

to preserve its natural conditions and that:

 generally appears to have been affected mainly by the forces of nature, with human imprints 

substantially unnoticeable;

 has outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation; 

 has at least 5,000 acres or is large enough to make practical its preservation and use in an 

unimpaired condition; and 

 may also contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or 

historic value. 

WILDERNESS CHARACTERISTICS: Key characteristics of a wilderness listed in section 2(c) of the 

Wilderness Act of 1964 and used by BLM in its wilderness inventory. These characteristics include size, 

naturalness, outstanding opportunities for solitude, outstanding opportunities for primitive and unconfined type 

of recreation, and special features. 

WILDERNESS STUDY AREA (WSA): An area determined to have wilderness characteristics. WSAs are 

submitted to the President and Congress for wilderness designation. These areas are an interim designation, 

valid until either designated as wilderness or released to multiple-use management.

WILDFIRE: Unplanned ignitions or prescribed fires that are declared wildfires.

WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT TO MEET OBJECTIVES: The application of the management response to 

naturally ignited wildland fire to accomplish specific resource management objectives in predefined designated 

areas outlined in fire management plans. Operational management is described in an implementation plan. 

WILDLAND FIRE: A general term describing any non-structure fire that occurs in the wildland. Consist of 

two categories: wildfires, which are unplanned ignitions, or prescribed fires, which are planned ignitions.

WILDLAND URBAN INTERFACE: The line, area, or zone where structures and other human developments 

meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. 

WILDLIFE HABITAT:

 a species-specific environment and environmental conditions suitable for occupancy by that species; or

 a particular land cover type that provides an environment and environmental conditions suitable for 

occupancy by many species.

WINDMILL, AERATOR (FISH AND WILDLIFE, AQUATICS): Windmill aeration system that captures 

the natural power of wind. This wind energy powers a turbine that forces air through an air-line to the bottom 

of the sport fishing pond, thereby providing a source of dissolved oxygen to the pond. 
GLOSSARY

GLO-39

WIND POWER CLASSES: As a renewable resource, wind is classified according to wind power classes, 

which are based on typical wind speeds. These classes range from Class 1 (the lowest) to Class 7 (the highest). 

In general, at 50 meters, wind power Class 4 or higher can be useful for generating wind power with large 

turbines. Class 4 and above are considered good resources. 

WIND POWER CLASSES: As a renewable resource, wind is classified according to wind power classes, 

which are based on typical wind speeds. These classes range from Class 1 (the lowest) to Class 7 (the highest). 

In general, at 50 meters, wind power Class 4 or higher can be useful for generating wind power with large 

turbines. Class 4 and above are considered good resources. 

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory defines wind power according to the following classes:

 Wind Power Class 1, Poor: wind power density is 0 watts per square meter (w/m2) and wind speed at

50 meters is 0 miles per hour (mph).

 Wind Power Class 2, Marginal: wind power density is 200 to 300 w/m2and wind speed at 50 meters is 

12.5 to 14.3 mph.

 Wind Power Class 3, Fair: wind power density is 300 to 400 w/m2and wind speed at 50 meters is 14.3 

to 15.7 mph.

 Wind Power Class 4, Good: wind power density is 400 to 500 w/m2and wind speed at 50 meters is 

15.7 to 16.8 mph.

 Wind Power Class 5, Excellent: wind power density is 500 to 600 w/m2and wind speed at 50 meters is 

16.8 to 17.9 mph.

 Wind Power Class 6, Outstanding: wind power density is 600 to 800 w/m2and wind speed at 50 

meters is 17.9 to 19.7 mph.

 Wind Power Class 7, Superb: wind power density is 800 to 1600 w/m2and wind speed at 50 meters is 

19.7 to 24.8 mph.

WINTER RANGE: Range that is grazed during winter. 

WITHDRAWAL: An action that restricts the use of public lands by removing them from the operation of 

some or all of the public land or mining laws. 

WOODLAND: A forest community occupied primarily by noncommercial species such as juniper, mountain 

mahogany, or quaking aspen groves; all western juniper forestlands are classified as woodlands, since juniper is 

classified as a noncommercial species. 

WORKOVER: To perform one or more remedial operation on a producing well to increase production. 

Deepening, plugging back, pulling, and resetting the liner are examples of workover operations.
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1991a Final Environmental Impact Statement for Vegetation Treatment on BLM Lands in Thirteen Western 

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1991b Montana Statewide Wilderness Study Report (Volume II), Wilderness Study Area Specific 

Recommendations. September 1991. BLM, Montana State Office. Billings.

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1997a Implementation Requirements for Noxious Weed Control Seed Free Forage on Public Lands in 

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1998a Areas of Critical Environmental Concern Environmental Assessment and Proposed Amendment of the 

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2000c BLM Strategic Plan FY 2000–2005. BLM, National Science and Technology Center. Denver, CO.

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2002d BLM Information Bulletin No. 2003-020, Minimum Content for RMP Scoping Reports. October 31, 

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2002l BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2003-020, Interim Wind Energy Development Policy. October 

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Bureau of Land Management.

2002m Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Planning Amendment for the Powder River Basin Oil 

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Buffalo.

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2002n Interagency Reference Guide, Reasonably Foreseeable Development Scenario and Cumulative Effects 

Analysis for Oil and Gas Activities on Federal Lands in the Greater Rocky Mountain Region, Final 

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2003a 2003 Payments in lieu of taxes for Montana counties. Accessed: January 11, 2005. Available at: http://

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2003b BLM Information Bulletin No. 2003-074, Sample Filing Plan for Land Use Planning Records. March 

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2003c BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2003-233, Integration of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act 

(EPCA) Inventory Results into the Land Use Planning Process. July 28, 2003. BLM. Washington,

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2003d BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2003-234, Integration of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act 

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28, 2003. BLM. Washington, D.C.

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2003e BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2003-238, Guidance for Data Management in Land Use 

Planning. August 5, 2003. BLM. Washington, D.C.

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2003f BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2003-275, Consideration of Wilderness Characteristics in Land 

Use Plans (Excluding Alaska). September 29, 2003. BLM. Washington, D.C.

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2003g BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2004-005, Clarification of OHV Designations and Travel 

Management in the BLM Land Use Planning Process. October 1, 2003. BLM. Washington, D.C.

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2003h BLM Instruction Memorandum No. MT-2003-035, Guidance for Cultural Resource Investigations on 

Oil and Gas Projects. April 15, 2003. BLM. Billings, MT.

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2003i Coal Bed Natural Gas APD and Project POD Guidance Manual (BLM/MT/GI-03/014). May 28, 2003. 

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2003j Final Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed Plan Amendment for the Powder River Basin Oil 

and Gas Project. January 2003. BLM, Wyoming State Office and Buffalo Field Office. Cheyenne and 

Buffalo. 

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2003k Fire/Fuels Management Plan Environmental Assessment/Plan Amendment for Montana and the 

Dakotas. July 2003. BLM, Montana State Office. Billings.

Bureau of Land Management.

2003l Record of Decision for the Final Statewide Oil and Gas Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed 

Amendment of the Powder River and Billings Resource Management Plans. April 2003. BLM, Miles 

City and Billings field offices. MT.

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2003m Record of Decision, Off-Highway Vehicle Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed Plan 

Amendment for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. June 2003. BLM, Montana State Office, 

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2003n Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan Amendments for the Powder River Basin Oil and 

Gas Project. April 2003. BLM, Wyoming State Office and Buffalo Field Office. Cheyenne and 

Buffalo. 

Bureau of Land Management.

2003o The BLM’s Priorities for Recreation and Visitor Service-BLM Workplan Fiscal Year 2003–2007. 

BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management.

2003p Draft National Sage-grouse Habitat Conservation Strategy. June 2003. BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004a BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2004-089, Policy for Reasonably Foreseeable Development 

(RFD) Scenario for Oil and Gas. January 16, 2004. BLM. Washington ,D.C.

Bureau of Land Management. 

2004b BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2004-152, Fluid Minerals and Related Rights-of-Way (ROW) 

Access Road Erosion/Drainage Control. March 29, 2004. BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004c BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2005-006, Solar Energy Development Policy. October 20, 2004. 

BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management. 

2004d BLM Instruction Memorandum No. MT-2004-091, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the 

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). August 27, 2004. BLM. Billings, MT.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004e Bureau of Land Management Policy for Administering Public Land Grazing in Montana, North and 

South Dakota during Periods of Drought. Bureau of Land Management, Montana/Dakotas. Available 

at: http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/mt/blm_programs/grazing.Par.72521.File.dat/drought.pdf.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004f Draft Dillon Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement (Volume I). March 

2004. BLM, Dillon Field Office. MT.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004g Miles City Field Office Fire Management Plan. BLM, Miles City Field Office. Miles City, Montana.

Accessed: January 22, 2010. Available at: http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/mt/blm_programs/fi

re.Par.84739.File.dat/MCFO_FMP_2004.pdf.

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2004h Miles City RMP Preparation Plan. BLM, Miles City Field Office. MT.

Bureau of Land Management.

2004i National Sage-grouse Habitat Conservation Strategy. November 2004. BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management. 

2005a BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2005-003, Cultural Resources and Tribal Consultation for Fluid 

Minerals Leasing. October 5, 2004. BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management.

2005b BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2005-069, Interim Offsite Compensatory Mitigation for Oil, Gas, 

Geothermal and Energy Rights-of-Way Authorizations. February 1, 2005. BLM. Washington, D.C.
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2005c Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement on Wind Energy Development on BLMAdministered Lands in the Western United States. June 2005. BLM. Washington, D.C. Available at: 

http://windeis.anl.gov/.

Bureau of Land Management.

2005d BLM, National Landscape Conservation System, Wilderness Study Areas [Website], Detailed Table in

MS Excel format. Accessed: February 23, 2005. Available at: http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/

wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/wilderness.Par.98208.File.dat/National%20Landscape%20Conservation%2

0System%20_%20WSAs_December%202009.pdf.

Bureau of Land Management.

2005e Notice of Intent to Prepare a Resource Management Plan Revision and Environmental Impact 

Statement for Eastern Montana. February 4, 2005. Federal Register 70(23): 6304. 

Bureau of Land Management.

2005f Record of Decision, Implementation of a Wind Energy Development Program and Associated Land 

Use Plan Amendments. December 15, 2005. BLM. Washington, D.C. Available at: 

http://windeis.anl.gov/documents/docs/WindPEISROD.pdf.

Bureau of Land Management.

2005g Socioeconomic Baseline Report for the Miles City Field Office RMP and EIS. Prepared for the DOI, 

BLM, MCFO by Parametrix, subcontractor to ALL Consulting, prime contractor to BLM. BLM, Miles

City FieldOffice. MT. Available at: http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/mt/field_offices/miles_city

/rmp/documents.Par.25181.File.dat/Socioeconomic_Baseline_Rpt_Final_web.pdf.

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2005h Wildlife Survey Protocol for Coal Bed Natural Gas Development. Powder River Basin Wildlife 

Taskforce. BLM, Buffalo Field Office. WY. Available online at: http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/media

lib/blm/wy/field-offices/buffalo/wildlife.Par.34632.File.dat/WildlifeSurveyProtocol.pdf.

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2006a BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2006-073, Weed-Free Seed Use on Lands Administered by the 

Bureau of Land Management. January 20, 2006. BLM. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Land Management.

2006b BLM Instruction Memorandum No. MT-2006-040, Guidance for Cultural Resource Investigations on 

Oil and Gas Projects. February 1, 2006. BLM. Billings, MT.

Bureau of Land Management.

2006c Roads and Trails Terminology, Technical Note 422 (BLM/WO/ST-06/006+9113). November 2006. 

BLM. Washington, D.C. 67 pp.

Bureau of Land Management.

2007a BLM Instruction Memorandum Number 2007-097, Solar Energy Development Policy. April 4, 2007. 

BLM. Washington, D.C.

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2007b BLM Instruction Memorandum No. 2008-009, Potential Fossil Yield Classification System for 

Paleontological Resources on Public Lands. October 15, 2007. BLM. Washington, D.C. 

Bureau of Land Management.

2007c Final Vegetation Treatments on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States 

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2007d Final Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western 

States Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (FES 07-21). June 2007. BLM. Reno, NV and

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2007e Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Casper Field 

Office Planning Area. June 2007. BLM. Wyoming State Office and Casper Field Office, Cheyenne and 

Casper.

Bureau of Land Management.

2007f Rangeland Administration System [Database], Accessed: January 5, 2007. Available at: 

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INDEX

IND-1

INDEX

INDEX

- A -

Absaloka Mine.......................................... 3-124, 3-125

Access.......................................................

1-5, 1-10, 2-14, 2-26, 2-63, 2-86, 2-88, 2-96, 2-118, 2-119, 2-125, 3-37, 

3-96, 3-107, 3-116, 3-129, 3-134, 3-136, 3-137, 3-138, 3-139, 3-141, 3-

142, 3-143, 3-146, 3-148, 3-156, 3-161, 4-89, 4-91, 4-109, 4-110, 4-

112, 4-126, 4-127, 4-138, 4-146, 4-192, 4-196, 4-207, 4-208, 4-210, 4-

211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-219, 4-220, 4-231, 4-252, 4-279, 4-280, 4-297, 4-

298, 4-299, 4-300, 4-301, 4-302, 4-303, 4-305, 4-307, 4-309, 4-311, 4-

312, 4-313, 4-315, 4-316, 4-317, 4-318, 4-319, 4-337, 4-338, 4-339, 4-

340, 4-341, 4-342, 4-343, 4-344, 4-345, 4-346, 4-347, 4-362, 4-363, 4-

364, 4-365, 4-366, 4-367, 4-369, 4-371, 4-373, 4-377, 4-380, 4-394, 4-

395, 4-398

Issues................................... See Travel Management and Access

Acid Rain.................................................. See Atmospheric Deposition

Adopt-A-Lek Program.............................. 3-73

Agates....................................................... 3-129, 3-149, 4-276, 4-289

Air Resources and Climate

AERMOD Dispersion 

Model..................................

4-8

Affected Environment......... 3-2

Air Quality Related Value .. 1-7, 1-11, 2-13, 3-13, 4-4, 4-21

Alternatives......................... 2-13

Atmospheric Deposition ..... 3-15, 3-17, 3-20, 3-21, 3-29

Benzene............................... 3-18, 4-4, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13

Carbon Dioxide................... See Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26

Carbon Monoxide ...............

3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-18, 3-22, 4-4, 4-8, 4-10, 4-13, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-

24, 4-25, 4-26

Class I Areas....................... 4-14, 4-15, 4-20

Class II Areas...................... 4-14, 4-15, 4-20

Desired Future Condition.... 1-11

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-4

Ethyl Benzene ..................... 3-18, 4-10, 4-12, 4-13

Fine Particulate Matter........

3-12, 3-17, 4-4, 4-8, 4-10, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-

24, 4-25, 4-26

Formaldehyde ..................... 3-18, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13

Hexane ................................ 3-18

Lead .................................... See Lead

Management Concerns........ 1-7

Methane .............................. See Methane

Mercury............................... See Mercury

N-hexane............................. 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13

Nitrate ................................. See Nitrate

Nitric Acid .......................... 3-15, 3-18, 3-20

Nitric Oxide ........................ 3-13, 3-15

Nitrogen Dioxide ................ 3-12, 3-17, 4-10, 4-13

Nitrogen Oxide ...................

3-7, 3-15, 4-4, 4-8, 4-9, 4-12, 4-13, 4-16, 4-17, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 

4-23
INDEX

IND-2

INDEX

Nitrous Oxide......................

3-5, 3-6, 3-26, 3-29, 4-4, 4-5, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 

4-26

Ozone.................................. 3-7, 3-12, 3-17, 3-18, 3-45, 4-4, 4-14, 4-16

Particulate Matter................

3-12, 3-17, 4-4, 4-8, 4-10, 4-13, 4-14, 4-16, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-24, 4-

25, 4-26

Photochemical Modeling .... 4-14, 4-15, 4-25, 4-26, 4-27

Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons......................

3-42

Sulfur See Sulfur

Sulfur Dioxide.....................

3-12, 3-17, 3-18, 3-20, 4-4, 4-8, 4-10, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-19, 4-20, 4-

22, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-190

Toluene .............................. 3-18, 4-4, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13

Volatile Organic 

Compounds.........................

3-7, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 4-4, 4-7, 4-8, 4-14, 4-16, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 

4-24, 4-25, 4-26

Xylene................................. 3-18, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13

Alberta, Canada ........................................ 3-62

Alkali Lake ............................................... 3-67

Allotment Management Plan .................... 1-3, 2-105, 2-89, 2-114, 2-130, 2-175, 3-120, 4-87, 4-245, 4-246

Allotments ................................................

C.......................................... 2-78, 2-79, 3-119, 4-98, 4-100, 4-102, 4-245

I........................................... 2-78, 3-119, 4-98, 4-124, 4-155

M......................................... 2-78, 2-79, 3-119, 4-98, 4-245

Alternative A ............................................

Summary............................. 2-2

Alternative B ............................................

Summary............................. 2-2

Alternative C ............................................

Summary............................. 2-3

Alternative D ............................................

Summary............................. 2-4

Alternative E (Preferred Alternative) ......

Summary............................. 2-5

Alternatives Considered but Eliminated

from Detailed Analysis.............................

2-6

Alzada Communication Site ..................... 3-141

Alzada, Montana....................................... 3-71, 3-128, 3-139

American Bittern ...................................... 3-66

American Indian .......................................

1-8, 1-13, 1-17, 2-63, 2-64, 3-87, 3-88, 3-91, 3-92, 3-93, 3-95, 3-96, 3-

97, 3-99, 3-100, 3-101, 3-102, 3-103, 3-146, 3-147, 3-153, 3-154, 3-

155, 3-158, 3-159, 4-1, 4-193, 4-195, 4-197, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 4-

286, 4-287, 4-321, 4-349, 4-363, 5-2

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Desired Future Condition.... 1-15

Management Concerns........ 1-10

American Wind Energy Association ........ 3-135

Ammonium............................................... 3-18, 3-20, 3-21, 3-165

Amphibian ................................................

2-27, 2-198, 3-29, 3-51, 3-53, 3-62, 3-105, 3-106, 4-129, 4-131, 4-150, 

4-173

Analytical Assumptions............................ 4-1

Anderson Coals ........................................ 3-39

Anion Exchange Water Treatment ........... 3-43
INDEX

IND-3

INDEX

Antelope Hill AMP Allotment.................. 2-175

Aquatic Wildlife .......................................

2-18, 2-25, 2-27, 2-198, 3-51, 3-52, 3-53, 3-55, 4-34, 4-37, 4-94, 4-99, 

4-114, 4-115, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 4-123, 

4-124, 4-125, 4-126, 4-127, 4-128, 4-129, 4-132, 4-133, 4-139

Aquatics, Fish and Wildlife ...................... 1-4, 1-5, 1-9, 2-27, 3-51, 4-114

Affected Environment......... 3-51

Alternatives......................... 2-24

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-114

Limiting Factors.................. 3-55

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-198

Archery Hunting....................................... 2-97, 3-163

Areas of Critical Environmental Concern.

1-6, 1-11, 2-1, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-65, 2-66, 2-67, 2-72, 2-120, 2-

123, 2-125, 2-126, 2-215, 3-67, 3-106, 3-140, 3-145, 3-146, 3-147, 3-

148, 4-51, 4-59, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-112, 4-118, 4-186, 4-188, 4-

197, 4-198, 4-199, 4-201, 4-202, 4-203, 4-204, 4-205, 4-208, 4-210, 4-

211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-215, 4-216, 4-217, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-238, 4-

239, 4-240, 4-241, 4-247, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-265, 4-266, 4-

268, 4-271, 4-272, 4-274, 4-276, 4-279, 4-281, 4-283, 4-284, 4-288, 4-

289, 4-292, 4-294, 4-299, 4-302, 4-305, 4-309, 4-312, 4-317, 4-322, 4-

324, 4-325, 4-326, 4-333, 4-334, 4-340, 4-342, 4-349, 4-351, 4-353, 4-

356, 4-359, 4-360, 4-365, 4-367, 4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-372, 4-

373, 4-374, 4-375, 4-376, 4-377, 4-378, 4-379, 4-380, 4-381

Issues................................... 1-11

Arikaree Formation................................... 3-105, 3-106, 3-146, 4-214

Arizona ..................................................... 3-134

Armells Creek........................................... 3-32

Ash Creek Battlefield ............................... 2-68, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-294

Ash Creek Divide .....................................

2-1, 2-126, 2-128, 2-215, 2-216, 3-106, 3-145, 4-51, 4-211, 4-213, 4-

214, 4-216, 4-266, 4-268, 4-272, 4-279, 4-289, 4-378, 4-379

Ashland, Montana..................................... 3-127, 5-2

Assiniboine Tribe ..................................... 1-3, 3-158

Atmospheric Deposition ........................... See Air Resources and Climate

Availability of Data and Incomplete 

Information ...............................................

4-1

- B -

Back Country Byways..............................

2-12, 2-123, 2-185, 2-186, 2-208, 3-132, 3-145, 3-149, 4-322, 4-364, 4-

365

Affected Environment......... 3-149

Alternatives......................... 2-186

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-381

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-208

Bainville, Montana ................................... 3-69, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73

Baird’s Sparrow........................................ 3-62, 3-66, 3-72

Baker, Montana ........................................ 3-3, 3-114, 3-128, 3-139, 3-153, 4-483, 5-2

Climate................................ 3-3

Bakken Formation .................................... 3-123

Bald Eagle ................................................ 2-34, 2-35, 3-66, 3-67, 3-147, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159
INDEX

IND-4

INDEX

Bankhead-Jones........................................ 3-141, 4-108, 4-163, 4-277

Barren Lands ............................................ 3-45, 3-46

Bass .......................................................... 3-54, 3-130

Bat (Mammal) ......................................... 3-66, 3-69, 4-139

Battle Butte...............................................

2-143, 2-144, 2-144, 2-145, 2-146, 2-147, 2-148, 2-216, 3-145, 4-59, 4-

64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-266, 4-268, 

4-272, 4-274, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-324, 4-326, 4-329, 4-333, 

4-351, 4-353, 4-356, 4-359, 4-379

Battle of Little Bighorn............................. 3-147

Beardsley Reservoir.................................. 3-53

Bearpaw Shale .......................................... 3-122, 3-128

Beaver Creek Basin .................................. 3-40

Beaver Subbasin ....................................... 3-33

Beaver Watershed..................................... 3-29

Belle Fourche Formation .......................... 3-128

Belle Fourche River.................................. 3-40

Bentonite...................................................

3-58, 3-124, 3-128, 4-32, 4-48, 4-55, 4-56, 4-95, 4-134, 4-138, 4-157, 

4-163, 4-276, 4-277, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-288, 

4-289, 4-368, 4-374

Best Management Practices......................

1-18, 2-9, 2-43, 2-48, 2-55, 2-69, 2-71, 2-81, 2-116, 3-134, 4-132, 4-

164, 4-194, 4-206, 4-219, 4-221, 4-222, 4-225, 4-226, 4-227, 4-246, 4-

251, 4-322

Big Dry Creek........................................... 3-32

Big Dry Subbasin...................................... 3-33

Big Game..................................................

2-30, 2-119, 2-199, 3-59, 3-60, 3-61, 3-130, 3-133, 3-138, 3-149, 3-

163, 4-42, 4-44, 4-71, 4-76, 4-111, 4-131, 4-133, 4-136, 4-137, 4-139, 

4-143, 4-144, 4-145, 4-150, 4-151, 4-154, 4-158, 4-161, 4-166, 4-167, 

4-174, 4-224, 4-225, 4-236, 4-240, 4-301, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-311, 

4-315, 4-339, 4-341, 4-342, 4-344, 4-346, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 

4-375, 4-378, 4-381

Big Game Crucial Winter Range ..............

2-30, 2-45, 2-53, 2-56, 2-84, 3-63, 3-127, 4-63, 4-133, 4-145, 4-151, 4-

158, 4-247, 4-257, 4-259, 4-261, 4-262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-

287, 4-291, 4-294, 4-296, 4-326, 4-353, 4-354

Big George Coals...................................... 3-39

Big Horn County ......................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-38, 3-40, 3-47, 3-60, 3-68, 3-70, 3-71, 3-123, 3-125, 

3-139, 3-140, 3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-158, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 

3-164, 4-412

Big Muddy Subbasin ................................ 3-33

Big Porcupine Subbasin............................ 3-33

Big Porcupine Watershed ......................... 3-29

Big Sheep Mountain .................................

2-1, 2-129, 2-131, 2-132, 2-215, 2-216, 3-145, 3-146, 4-248, 4-250, 4-

252, 4-265, 4-289, 4-322, 4-349

Big Sky Back Country Byway.................. 2-186, 3-131, 3-149, 3-161, 4-299

Big Sky Mine............................................ 3-124

Big Slough Waterfowl Production Area ... 3-73

Bighorn Sheep ..........................................

2-32, 2-33, 2-197, 3-58, 3-59, 3-60, 4-58, 4-63, 4-99, 4-101, 4-104, 4-

106, 4-110, 4-138, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-246, 4-247, 4-

249, 4-251, 4-253, 4-257, 4-262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-

291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-326, 4-353

Bighorn Uplift .......................................... 3-121, 3-123

Biking ....................................................... 3-129, 3-138, 3-156, 3-163, 4-339, 4-343, 4-345, 4-346

Billings, Montana .................................... 1-4, 3-13, 3-13, 3-41, 3-142, 3-143, 3-144, 3-160, 3-161, 4-56, 5-2

Billy Creek Wilderness Study Area.......... 2-187, 3-151

Biological Assessment.............................. 5-4
INDEX

IND-5

INDEX

Biological Opinion ................................... 5-4

Biomass ....................................................

2-60, 2-71, 2-72, 2-116, 2-127, 2-132, 2-135, 2-137, 2-140, 2-142, 2-

147, 2-151, 2-154, 2-160, 2-164, 2-172, 2-180, 2-184, 3-29, 3-68, 3-

116, 3-134, 4-94, 4-100, 4-109, 4-128, 4-181, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-

187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191, 4-218, 4-220, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 4-

232, 4-233, 4-235, 4-238, 4-239, 4-240, 4-241, 4-298, 4-368, 4-370, 4-

371, 4-375, 4-378

Eastern Montana Biomass 

Task Force ..........................

3-116

Bird Watching .......................................... 4-298, 4-300

Birds of Conservation Concern ................ 3-65, 3-66

Birney, Montana ....................................... 3-12, 3-13, 3-146

Bison.........................................................

3-25, 3-56, 3-57, 3-117, 3-147, 3-148, 4-47, 4-51, 4-82, 4-108, 4-127, 

4-128, 4-265, 4-279, 4-289

Black Crappie ........................................... 3-54

Black Hills Uplift ..................................... 3-121, 3-123, 3-124

Black Tern ................................................ 3-66, 3-69

Black-billed Cuckoo ................................. 3-66

Black-crowned Night Heron..................... 4-132, 4-133

Black-footed Ferret...................................

2-35, 2-37, 2-215, 3-57, 3-66, 3-67, 3-146, 4-164, 4-165, 4-244, 4-321, 

4-349, 4-363, 4-368

Black-Footed Ferret Reintroduction Area

2-1, 2-159, 2-215, 3-67, 3-145, 3-146, 4-265, 4-279, 4-289, 4-322, 4-

349, 4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-375, 4-377, 4-378, 4-380, 4-

381

Black-tailed Prairie Dog ........................... See Prairie Dog

Blaine County .......................................... 3-70

Blue Sucker .............................................. 3-63, 3-66

Blueweed .................................................. 3-50

Boggs Allotment....................................... 2-179

Boreal Chorus Frog .................................. 3-53

Boron........................................................ 4-32, 4-53

Boulware Reservoir.................................. 3-53

Bowdoin Dome......................................... 3-121

Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge .......... 3-67

Box Elder Creek ....................................... 3-55, 3-127

Box Elder Lake......................................... 3-53

Box Elder Subbasin .................................. 3-33

Boxelder (Plant Species) .......................... 3-113

Boxelder Watershed ................................. 3-26, 3-29

Bragg Allotment ....................................... 2-109

Brandenberg, Montana ............................. 3-73

Brewer’s Sparrow..................................... 3-66, 3-73, 4-178

Bridge Coulee Wilderness Study Area ..... 2-187, 3-151

Broadus, Montana..................................... 3-12, 3-13, 3-132, 3-138, 3-139, 4-12, 5-2

Climate................................ 3-3

Brusett, Montana ...................................... 3-73

Brush Lake Closed Basin Subbasin .......... 3-33

Brush Lake Watershed.............................. 3-29

Buffalo Creek Wilderness Study Area...... 2-225, 3-151, 4-396

Buffaloberry ............................................. 2-22

Bug Creek.................................................

2-1, 2-126, 2-128, 2-215, 2-216, 3-113, 4-51, 4-211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-

216, 4-266, 4-268, 4-279, 4-289, 4-378, 4-379

Bur Oak .................................................... 3-114

Burbot....................................................... 3-54
INDEX

IND-6

INDEX

Burned Area Rehabilitation ...................... 2-202, 4-183, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191

Burrowing Owl......................................... 2-35, 2-201, 3-62, 3-66, 3-68, 3-71, 3-146, 4-138, 4-146, 4-153

- C -

California.................................................. 3-134

Calypso.....................................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-91, 2-92, 2-93, 3-131, 3-161, 4-51, 4-118, 4-222, 

4-223, 4-226, 4-246, 4-248, 4-250, 4-254, 4-266, 4-268, 4-274, 4-326, 

4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360

Camp Crook Fire Station .......................... 3-112

Camp Crook, South Dakota...................... 3-112

Campbell County, Wyoming .................... 3-81, 4-187, 4-198, 4-209, 4-221, 4-233

Camping ...................................................

2-87, 2-96, 2-103, 2-120, 3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-133, 3-138, 3-139, 3-

161, 3-163, 4-33, 4-112, 4-184, 4-186, 4-188, 4-189, 4-192, 4-297, 4-

301, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-308, 4-311, 4-312, 4-315, 4-318

Canada ...................................................... 3-37, 3-55, 3-65, 3-68, 3-72, 3-73, 3-124, 3-149

Canada Goose ........................................... 3-62, 3-147, 4-163

Canada Thistle .......................................... 3-50, 3-51

Candidate Species..................................... 1-5, 1-10, 2-27, 3-46, 3-55, 3-64, 3-65, 3-68, 3-73, 3-120, 4-152, 4-374

Canyon Coals............................................ 3-39, 3-41

Capitol Rock National Natural Landmark 3-106

Carbon Dioxide ........................................

3-5, 3-6, 3-9, 3-26, 3-27, 3-29, 3-45, 4-4, 4-5, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-

21, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-348, 4-350

Carbon Footprint Project .......................... 3-11

Carbon Sequestration................................

2-121, 2-122, 3-6, 4-17, 4-18, 4-348, 4-350, 4-351, 4-354, 4-356, 4-

358, 4-359, 4-404

Carbon Storage Project............................. 3-11

Carrying Capacity..................................... 2-21, 2-80, 4-36, 4-39, 4-41, 4-47, 4-66, 4-245, 4-248

Carter County ...........................................

1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-42, 2-121, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-47, 3-49, 3-51, 

3-68, 3-71, 3-105, 3-107, 3-114, 3-127, 3-128, 3-138, 3-139, 3-142, 3-

146, 3-151, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-32, 4-288, 

4-412

Carter Master Leasing Plan Area.............. 2-3, 3-26, 3-49, 3-55, 3-63, 3-103, 3-127, 4-266, 4-270, 4-273

Affected Environment......... 3-127

Alternatives......................... 2-83

Cartersville Diversion Dam ...................... 3-64

Cascade County ........................................ 3-14

Casper Arch .............................................. 3-121, 3-123

Catfish ...................................................... 3-130

Cattle ........................................................

2-80, 4-47, 4-65, 4-108, 4-111, 4-128, 4-181, 4-195, 4-207, 4-209, 4-

210, 4-212, 4-213, 4-242, 4-246, 4-369, 4-370, 4-372, 4-376, 4-379, 4-

407

Cedar Creek ..............................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-42, 2-67, 2-120, 2-161, 2-162, 2-163, 2-164, 2-165, 

2-215, 2-217, 4-272

Cedar Creek Anticline .............................. 3-76, 3-114, 3-121, 3-124, 3-126, 3-128, 4-274, 4-412

Cedar Creek Battlefield ............................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-161, 2-162, 2-163, 2-164, 2-165, 2-215, 2-

217, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-

326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-376, 4-379

Chalk Buttes ............................................. 3-114

Channel Catfish ........................................ 3-54

Charles M. Russell National Wildlife

Refuge ......................................................

1-3, 1-14, 2-7, 2-62, 2-81, 3-71, 3-72, 3-140, 3-144, 4-143, 4-235

Charlie-Little Muddy Subbasin ................ 3-33
INDEX

IND-7

INDEX

Charlie-Little Muddy Watershed.............. 3-29

Cheatgrass................................................. See Grasses

Chestnut-collared Longspur...................... 3-66, 3-72

Cheyenne River ........................................ 3-40

Cheyenne Tribe ........................................ 3-145, 3-147, 3-148

Chinook Salmon ....................................... 3-54

Chokecherry ............................................. 2-22, 4-133

Circle, Montana ........................................ 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-139, 3-149, 4-3

Cisco......................................................... 3-54

Clark Reservoir......................................... 3-53

Clay .......................................................... 3-17, 3-25, 3-34, 3-39, 3-41, 3-124, 3-128, 4-30, 4-32, 4-60, 4-69, 4-95

Clear Creek............................................... 3-40

Climate

Planning Area ..................... 3-2

Climate Change ........................................

1-6, 1-7, 1-11, 2-19, 2-121, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-

44, 3-45, 3-48, 3-49, 3-51, 3-52, 3-115, 3-121, 4-1, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-16, 

4-17, 4-18, 4-20, 4-30, 4-33, 4-37, 4-38, 4-39, 4-41, 4-42, 4-44, 4-45, 

4-50, 4-51, 4-52, 4-53, 4-59, 4-64, 4-65, 4-68, 4-73, 4-79, 4-80, 4-84, 

4-114, 4-128

Issues................................... 1-11

Impacts to Resources .......... 3-7

Clinker...................................................... 3-39, 3-129, 4-289

Closed Off-highway Vehicle Use .............

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-97, 2-113, 2-118, 2-119, 2-157, 2-163, 2-167, 

2-171, 2-175, 2-179, 2-183, 3-136, 3-137, 4-33, 4-36, 4-38, 4-41, 4-46, 

4-57, 4-58, 4-62, 4-63, 4-66, 4-67, 4-71, 4-72, 4-77, 4-82, 4-96, 4-112, 

4-117, 4-224, 4-227, 4-233, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-311, 4-316, 4-338, 

4-341, 4-346, 4-347, 4-369, 4-399, 4-400, 4-402

Coal .........................................................

2-61, 2-81, 2-205, 2-219, 3-17, 3-29, 3-37, 3-39, 3-41, 3-45, 3-89, 3-

102, 3-103, 3-121, 3-123, 3-124, 3-125, 3-129, 3-140, 3-141, 3-160, 4-

2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, 4-7, 4-17, 4-18, 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-

32, 4-33, 4-47, 4-52, 4-54, 4-55, 4-56, 4-62, 4-66, 4-71, 4-75, 4-76, 4-

81, 4-84, 4-95, 4-117, 4-121, 4-123, 4-125, 4-183, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 

4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-214, 

4-247, 4-250, 4-252, 4-253, 4-254, 4-255, 4-256, 4-257, 4-258, 4-259, 

4-260, 4-261, 4-262, 4-278, 4-303, 4-307, 4-311, 4-365, 4-398, 4-399, 

4-400, 4-401, 4-402, 4-403, 4-404, 4-406, 4-407, 4-408, 4-411, 4-412, 

4-413, 4-414, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Affected Environment......... 3-124

Alternatives......................... 2-81

Application of Unsuitability 

Criteria ................................

3-125

Coal with Development 

Potential ..............................

3-125, 4-256, 4-257

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-254

Multiple Use Conflict 

Analysis ..............................

3-125

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-205

Surface Owner Consultation 3-125, 4-255
INDEX

IND-8

INDEX

Coal Bed Natural Gas...............................

2-82, 2-206, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 3-44, 3-70, 3-81, 3-110, 3-121, 3-

123, 3-124, 3-125, 3-126, 3-128, 3-129, 3-160, 4-2, 4-6, 4-22, 4-56, 4-

84, 4-85, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-

212, 4-213, 4-219, 4-226, 4-249, 4-251, 4-263, 4-264, 4-265, 4-266, 4-

267, 4-269, 4-271, 4-273, 4-275, 4-396, 4-408, 4-412, 4-414, 4-415, 4-

416, 4-418

Colonial Nesting Bird...............................

2-31, 2-32, 4-58, 4-63, 4-138, 4-159, 4-175, 4-247, 4-256, 4-257, 4-

262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-287, 4-290, 4-291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-324, 4-

332, 4-351

Colorado ................................................... 3-121, 3-122, 3-134

Colstrip, Montana ..................................... 3-139, 3-15, 4-3

Comertown, Montana ............................... 3-73

Common Carp .......................................... 3-54

Common Gartersnake ............................... 3-54

Common Hound’s-tongue ........................ 3-51

Common Loon.......................................... 3-66, 3-69

Common Sagebrush Lizard ...................... 3-54

Common Tansy ........................................ 3-50

Community Wildfire Protection Plans...... 3-85

Condition Class 3......................................

4-36, 4-39, 4-61, 4-65, 4-70, 4-74, 4-8, 4-184, 4-185, 4-187, 4-189, 4-

191

Conditions of Approval ............................ 2-12, 2-81, 4-219, 4-226, 4-271

Conifers ....................................................

2-20, 3-72, 3-76, 3-86, 3-113, 4-184, 4-185, 4-231, 4-233, 4-234, 4-

236, 4-238, 4-239, 4-241

Conns Coulee Allotment .......................... 2-89, 4-246

Conservation Reserve Program ................ 3-56, 3-68, 3-76, 4-108

Consistency............................................... 5-4, 5-5

Consultation

American Indian ................. 5-4

United States Fish and 

Wildlife Service ..................

5-4

Continental Divide.................................... 3-63

Cooperating Agencies............................... 1-1, 1-20, 1-24, 5-2

Corwin Springs, Montana......................... 3-44

Cottonwoods.............................................

2-74, 3-35, 4-53, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-97, 4-99, 4-102, 4-104, 4-106, 4-

119, 4-121, 4-123, 4-124, 4-126, 4-183, 4-185, 4-186, 4-188, 4-189, 4-

190, 4-191, 4-220, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226

Alternatives......................... 2-74

Coyote ...................................................... 3-68

Creek Chub............................................... 3-54

Criteria Air Pollutants............................... 3-12, 4-4, 4-7, 4-8, 4-17, 4-19, 4-25, 4-26, 4-27

Crow Boundary Settlement Act................ 3-143, 3-144

Crow Reservation ..................................... 1-16, 3-154, 3-158, 4-13

Crow Tribe................................................

1-3, 3-125, 3-140, 3-145

Culbertson, Montana ................................ 3-32, 3-52, 3-139

Cultural Resources....................................

Affected Environment......... 3-87

Alternatives......................... 2-63

Class I, Class II, and Class 

III ........................................

3-89

Desired Future Condition.... 1-12

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-193
INDEX

IND-9

INDEX

Historic Sites, Conservation 

Use ..............................

3-102

Historic Sites, Experimental 

Use or Discharge from Use.

3-105

Historic Sites, Public Use ... 3-103

Historic Sites, Scientific 

Use ......................................

3-102

Historic Sites, Traditional 

Use ......................................

3-102

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Prehistoric Sites, 

Conservation Use ................

3-102

Prehistoric Sites, 

Experimental Use or 

Discharge from Use ............

3-105

Prehistoric Sites, Public Use 3-105

Prehistoric Sites, Scientific 

Use ......................................

3-102

Prehistoric Sites, 

Traditional Use ...................

3-102

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-202

Traditional Cultural 

Properties............................

See Traditional Cultural Properties

Use Categories, 

Conservation for Future Use 2-64, 3-96, 3-97, 3-104, 4-194

Use Categories, Discharged 

from Management...............

2-64, 3-96, 3-97, 3-104, 4-194

Use Categories, 

Experimental Use................

2-64, 3-96, 3-97, 3-104, 4-199

Use Categories, Public Use. 2-64, 3-96, 3-97, 3-104, 4-194

Use Categories, Scientific 

Use ......................................

2-64, 3-96, 3-97, 3-101, 3-104, 4-281, 4-194

Use Categories, Traditional 

Use ......................................

2-64, 3-99, -107, 4-194

Curlyleaf Pondweed ................................. 3-50

Custer County........................................... 1-3, 1-4, 2-121, 3-97, 4-8, 4-48

Custer Creek ............................................. 3-7

Custer National Forest.............................. 1-3, 2-62, 3-60, 3-85, 3-140, 3-144, 4-48, 4-143, 4-235, 4-317

Ashland Ranger District...... 3-85, 4-317

Sioux Ranger District.......... 3-85, 4-317

Custer, Montana ....................................... 3-71

- D -

Dagmar, Montana ..................................... 3-72

Dakota Formation..................................... 3-123

Dalmatian Toadflax .................................. 3-72

Daniels County .........................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-68, 3-69, 3-72, 3-139, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 

3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8

Dawson County ........................................

1-3, 1-4, 2-82, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-49, 3-51, 3-68, 3-73, 3-105, 3-107, 

3-139, 3-140, 3-148, 3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 

3-164, 4-8

Deadman Site............................................ 3-99
INDEX

IND-10

INDEX

Deadwood Formation ............................... 3-126

Dean S. Reservoir.....................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-98, 2-99, 2-100, 3-53, 3-131, 3-161, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 

4-78, 4-102, 4-103, 4-107, 4-118, 4-226, 4-248, 4-250, 4-268, 4-274, 4-

279, 4-291, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-360

Decker Area.............................................. 2-5, 2-42, 3-127

Decker Mine ............................................. 3-124, 4-255, 4-258, 4-260

Decker, Montana ......................................

2-82, 3-33, 3-32, 3-34, 3-41, 3-71, 3-148, 4-3, 4-141, 4-147, 4-154, 4-

162

Desired Future Condition ......................... 1-9, 1-11

Air....................................... 1-11

Cultural Resources, 

Traditional Cultural 

Properties, and 

Paleontological Resources ..

1-12

Economic Conditions.......... 1-13

Environmental Justice......... 1-13

Hazardous Materials and 

Waste ..................................

1-13

Lands and Realty ................ 1-13

Paleontological Resources . 1-12

Social .................................. 1-13

Soils .................................... 1-12

Visual Resources................. 1-12

Water................................... 1-12

Devil’s Tower National Monument.......... 4-13

Diamond Willow Wind Farm ................... 3-169, 4-483

Dickcissel ................................................ 3-66

Dietz Coal Bed ........................................ 3-41

Diffuse Knapweed .................................... 3-50, 3-51

Dinosaurs.................................................. 3-105, 3-106, 3-146, 3-148

Domestic Sheep ........................................

2-194, 2-197, 3-117, 3-160, 3-161, 4-47, 4-89, 4-108, 4-110, 4-111, 4-

112, 4-113, 4-114, 4-140, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-172, 4-242

Domestic Sheep and Goats ......................

2-3, 2-4, 2-33, 2-75, 2-80, 2-205, 4-31, 4-65, 4-71, 4-75, 4-81, 4-101, 

4-104, 4-106, 4-110, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159, 4-245, 4-246, 4-248, 

4-249, 4-251, 4-253, 4-407

Double-Crested Cormorant....................... 2-32, 4-138, 4-159, 4-245, 4-280

Douglas-fir................................................ 3-113

Ducks, Dabbling ....................................... 3-93

American Black Duck......... 3-95

Blue-winged Teal................ 3-95

Cinnamon Teal.................... 3-95

Gadwall............................... 3-95

Mallard................................ 3-95

Northern Pintail................... 3-95

Northern Shoveler............... 3-95

Wigeon, American .............. 3-95

Wood Duck......................... 3-95

Ducks, Diving........................................... 3-93

Barrow’s Goldeneye ........... 3-96

Bufflehead........................... 3-96

Canvasback Duck ............... 3-96

Common Goldeneye ........... 3-96

Common Merganser............ 3-96

Greater Scaup...................... 3-96
INDEX

IND-11

INDEX

Hooded Merganser.............. 3-96

Lesser Scaup ....................... 3-96

Red-breasted Merganser ..... 3-96

Redhead Duck..................... 3-96

Ring-Necked Duck ............. 3-96

Ruddy Duck ........................ 3-96

White-winged Scoter .......... 3-96

Dust .......................................................... 3-7, 3-17, 3-43

Dyer’s Woad............................................. 3-50

- E -

Eagle Formation ....................................... 3-126

Early Detection Rapid Response ..............

2-26, 2-194, 2-197, 4-89, 4-91, 4-110, 4-112, 4-223, 4-226, 4-237, 4-

240

Eastern Montana Resource Advisory 

Council .....................................................

3-138

Eastern Racer............................................ 3-54

Economic Conditions

Affected Environment......... 3-159

Alternatives......................... 2-187

Desired Future Condition.... 1-13

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-403

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-217

Ekalaka Field Station................................ 3-112

Ekalaka, Montana ..................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-112, 3-114, 3-129, 3-139

Electrical Conductivity ............................. 3-32, 3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 4-56

Elk ............................................................ 3-58, 3-59, 3-60, 3-133

Emergency Stabilization and 

Rehabilitation ...........................................

2-22, 2-26, 2-202, 3-85, 4-86, 4-181, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-187, 4-

188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-192, 4-253

Endangered Species..................................

1-5, 1-10, 2-27, 2-198, 2-199, 3-46, 3-52, 3-54, 3-64, 3-65, 3-66, 3-67, 

3-72, 3-120, 3-145, 3-146, 4-48, 4-109, 4-115, 4-118, 4-123, 4-124, 4-

126, 4-127, 4-128, 4-129, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-167, 4-170, 4-174, 4-

181, 4-232, 4-276, 4-277, 4-280, 4-281, 4-283, 4-284, 4-285, 4-286, 4-

289, 4-298, 4-368, 4-374, 5-4

Environmental Justice............................... 2-187, 3-158, 4-411

Alternatives......................... 2-187

Affected Environment......... 3-157

Desired Future Condition.... 1-13

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-403

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Epizootic Disease ..................................... 4-138, 4-140, 4-152, 4-159

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease ............... 3-60

Erect Cinquefoil........................................ See Sulfur Cinquefoil

Eurasian Watermilfoil............................... 3-50

Extensive Recreation Management Areas. 2-89, 2-91, 2-93, 2-95, 2-98, 2-99, 2-101, 2-105, 2-108, 2-111, 2-114
INDEX

IND-12

INDEX

- FFacilities

Affected Environment......... 3-112

Alternatives......................... 2-70

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-230

Facilities Asset Management.................... 3-137

Fall River Formation ................................ 3-128

Fallon Communication Site ...................... 3-141

Fallon County ...........................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-40, 3-68, 3-71, 3-138, 3-139, 3-140, 3-142, 

3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-158, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-

412

Fathead Minnow....................................... 3-54

Ferruginous Hawk .................................... 2-35, 3-66, 3-68, 3-71, 4-138, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159

Fertilizer ................................................... 3-29

Field Bindweed......................................... 3-50, 3-51

Finger Buttes ............................................

2-1, 2-152, 2-215, 3-127, 3-145, 3-146, 4-51, 4-279, 4-289, 4-322, 4-

349, 4-369

Fire Management Zones........................... 3-875

Fire Regime and Condition Class............. 3-86, 3-114, 3-115, 4-180, 4-234, 4-235, 4-237, 4-239, 4-240, 4-241

Firearm Use .............................................. 2-97, 2-108, 2-115

Fish ...........................................................

1-2, 1-5, 1-9, 2-17, 2-26, 2-27, 2-28, 2-27, 2-28, 2-27, 2-28, 2-34, 2-74, 

2-125, 2-14, 2-198, 2-208, 3-9, 3-11, 3-29, 3-49, 3-51, 3-52, 3-53, 3-54, 

3-55, 3-63, 3-64, 3-65, 3-67, 3-69, 3-105, 3-106, 3-145, 3-163, 4-4, 4-

40, 4-43, 4-45, 4-46, 4-61, 4-63, 4-65, 4-67, 4-69, 4-74, 4-77, 4-78, 4-

79, 4-80, 4-99, 4-101, 4-104, 4-106, 4-114, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4-119, 

4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 4-124, 4-126, 4-127, 4-128, 4-129, 4-143, 4-145, 

4-151, 4-158, 4-234, 4-235, 4-237, 4-238, 4-240, 4-248, 4-257, 4-260, 

4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-287, 4-291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-298, 4-306, 4-310, 

4-313, 4-318, 4-319, 4-326, 4-329, 4-332, 4-334, 4-353, 4-354, 4-356, 

4-359, 4-360, 4-363, 4-366, 4-367, 4-394, 4-407

Fish and Wildlife .....................................

1-2, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-10, 1-13, 1-6, 1-8, 1-12, 1-16, 2-1, 2-1, 2-2, 2-17, 

2-19, 2-20, 2-21, 2-22, 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-29, 2-34, 

2-40, 2-71, 2-72, 2-74, 2-80, 2-89, 2-125, 2-14, 2-196, 2-199, 2-201, 2-

208, 2-214, 3-10, 3-11, 3-32, 3-34, 3-35, 3-41, 3-43, 3-45, 3-49, 3-50, 

3-51, 3-52, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 3-58, 3-62, 3-65, 3-68, 3-69, 3-81, 3-85, 

3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-133, 3-138, 3-140, 3-145, 3-147, 3-149, 3-156, 

3-161, 3-163, 3-165, 4-1, 4-3, 4-31, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-48, 4-67, 4-77, 

4-78, 4-79, 4-86, 4-87, 4-92, 4-94, 4-99, 4-101, 4-103, 4-104, 4-106, 4-

109, 4-113, 4-115, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 4-

123, 4-124, 4-125, 4-126, 4-127, 4-128, 4-129, 4-130, 4-131, 4-132, 4-

133, 4-134, 4-136, 4-137, 4-138, 4-139, 4-143, 4-144, 4-145, 4-146, 4-

150, 4-151, 4-153, 4-154, 4-157, 4-158, 4-161, 4-163, 4-164, 4-165, 4-

166, 4-167, 4-170, 4-174, 4-179, 4-189, 4-231, 4-232, 4-233, 4-244, 4-

248, 4-252, 4-289, 4-297, 4-298, 4-299, 4-300, 4-301, 4-303, 4-305, 4-

306, 4-307, 4-309, 4-310, 4-311, 4-312, 4-313, 4-314, 4-315, 4-318, 4-

319, 4-320, 4-321, 4-337, 4-349, 4-363, 4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-

372, 4-374, 4-375, 4-377, 4-378, 4-379, 4-380, 4-381, 4-394, 4-398, 4-

399, 4-401, 4-402, 4-403, 4-407, 4-414

Aquatics.............................. See Aquatics, Fish and Wildlife

Issues................................... 1-5, 1-10

Terrestrial............................ See Terrestrial, Fish and Wildlife
INDEX

IND-13

INDEX

Fishing ......................................................

1-14, 2-7, 2-96, 2-209, 3-10, 3-53, 3-54, 3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-133, 3-

136, 3-138, 3-139, 3-149, 3-156, 3-161, 3-163, 4-128, 4-297, 4-298, 4-

300, 4-318, 4-319, 4-320, 4-407

Flat Creek .................................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-165, 2-166, 2-167, 2-168, 2-169, 2-215, 2-

217, 4-210, 4-211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-216, 4-217, 4-268, 4-272, 4-279, 4-

291, 4-293, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-374, 4-

376, 4-377, 4-378, 4-379

Flathead Chub........................................... 3-54

Flathead County........................................ 3-26

Flaxville Formation ................................. 3-37, 3-122

Flaxville, Montana.................................... 3-73

Floodplains ..............................................

2-16, 2-39, 2-14, 2-193, 2-194, 2-193, 2-194, 2-193, 2-194, 2-193, 2-

194, 3-35, 3-37, 4-1, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-43, 4-45, 4-51, 4-52, 4-53, 4-

54, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-62, 4-63, 4-64, 4-66, 4-67, 4-68, 4-71, 4-72, 4-

73, 4-76, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-82, 4-84, 4-85, 4-86, 4-118, 4-120, 4-121, 

4-123, 4-126, 4-132, 4-145, 4-151, 4-158, 4-251, 4-257, 4-260, 4-262, 

4-296, 4-305, 4-313

Flowering Rush ........................................ 3-51

Flowing Well Communication Site .......... 3-141

Fluid Minerals .......................................... See Oil and Gas

Forbs......................................................... 3-74, 4-128

Gayfeather........................... 3-75

Hood’s phlox....................... 3-75

Milkvetch............................ 3-47, 3-75

Prickly Pear......................... 3-75

Purple Prairie Clover........... 3-75

Sandwort............................. 3-75

Scarlet Globemallow........... 3-75

Forestlands ...............................................

2-71, 3-113, 3-114, 4-61, 4-65, 4-70, 4-75, 4-81, 4-183, 4-185, 4-186, 

4-188, 4-232, 4-237, 4-300, 4-302, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314

Forestry and Woodland Products

Affected Environment......... 3-113

Alternatives......................... 2-71

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-2031

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-196

Forestry Sales ........................................... 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213

Forests .....................................................

1-4, 1-9, 1-13, 2-19, 2-60, 2-61, 2-71, 2-72, 2-73, 2-127, 2-132, 2-135, 

2-137, 2-140, 2-142, 2-147, 2-151, 2-154, 2-160, 2-164, 2-172, 2-180, 

2-184, 2-203, 2-204, 2-203, 2-204, 2-203, 2-204, 3-6, 3-10, 3-11, 3-35, 

3-45, 3-46, 3-69, 3-71, 3-72, 3-85, 3-113, 3-114, 3-115, 3-116, 4-6, 4-

17, 4-18, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-61, 4-70, 4-75, 4-80, 4-81, 4-

31, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-43, 4-45, 4-52, 4-54, 4-61, 4-70, 4-75, 4-81, 4-

83, 4-89, 4-95, 4-109, 4-131, 4-136, 4-143, 4-157, 4-178, 4-180, 4-181, 

4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191, 4-218, 4-220, 4-223, 4-224, 

4-226, 4-231, 4-232, 4-233, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-238, 4-239, 

4-240, 4-241, 4-242, 4-243, 4-298, 4-300, 4-302, 4-303, 4-306, 4-310, 

4-314, 4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-372, 4-374, 4-375, 4-378, 4-381

Forsyth, Montana ..................................... 3-64, 3-71, 3-72, 3-129, 3-139

Fort Belknap-Montana Compact Closure . 3-40

Fort Berthold Indian Reservation ............. 1-16, 4-13

Fort Fetterman, Wyoming ........................ 3-148
INDEX

IND-14

INDEX

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range 

Research Laboratory.................................

1-3, 3-140, 3-144

Fort Peck Communication Site................. 3-141

Fort Peck Dam and Reservoir...................

1-14, 3-31, 3-32, 3-53, 3-54, 3-56, 3-64, 3-67, 3-68, 3-70, 3-71, 3-144, 

4-113, 4-145, 4-195, 4-207, 4-220

Fort Peck Indian Reservation.................... 1-16, 3-22, 3-69, 3-128, 3-158, 4-14

Fort Peck Reservoir Subbasin................... 3-33

Fort Peck Reservoir Watershed ................ 3-29

Fort Peck Tribes ....................................... 1-3, 3-139

Fort Peck, Montana...................................

2-121, 3-13, 3-22, 3-29, 3-31, 3-32, 3-33, 3-53, 3-56, 3-64, 3-67, 3-68, 

3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-128, 3-139, 3-144, 3-154, 3-158

Fort Peck-Jordan Travel Management 

Area ..........................................................

2-1121

Fort Union Formation...............................

3-25, 3-37, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-123, 3-124, 3-125, 

3-126, 3-146, 4-204, 4-214

Fort Union Site ......................................... 2-67, 3-144, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-294

Fossil Fuels............................................... 3-17, 4-5

Fossils.......................................................

2-67, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-121, 3-145, 3-146, 3-147, 3-148, 4-5, 4-

204, 4-205, 4-206, 4-207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-

214, 4-215, 4-259, 4-364, 4-367, 4-373, 4-374, 4-377, 4-380

Fox Hills Formation ................................. 3-37, 3-39

Fox Hills Sandstone.................................. 3-39

Fox Lake................................................... 2-81, 3-70, 3-71, 3-140, 3-144

Franklin’s Gull.......................................... 3-66, 3-69

Frigid Reservoir........................................ 3-53, 3-55

Fringed Myotis ......................................... 3-66, 3-69

FTY Ranch Allotment .............................. 2-183

Fuels Management.................................... 2-60, 4-6, 4-17, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-43, 4-45

Fugitive Dust ............................................ 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-48

Furbearers................................................. 3-62, 3-147

Fuson Formation.......................................

3-39

- G -

Gaffney Lake ............................................ 3-69

Game Birds............................................... 3-55, 3-61, 4-299, 4-316

Game Fish................................................. 3-54, 3-55

Game Management Area .......................... 3-142, 3-144

Game Species ........................................... 3-54, 3-57, 3-58, 3-138

Garbani ..................................................... 4-299

Garfield County ........................................

1-3, 1-4, 2-4, 2-5, 2-41, 4-8, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-49, 3-60, 3-71, 3-72, 3-

105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-113, 3-139, 3-145, 3-147, 3-148, 3-151, 3-153, 3-

154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-394, 4-398, 4-402
INDEX

IND-15

INDEX

Gas............................................................

1-3, 1-6, 1-11, 2-7, 2-11, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-23, 2-27, 2-29, 2-30, 2-31, 

2-32, 2-33, 2-35, 2-36, 2-36, 2-37, 2-38, 2-39, 2-41, 2-42, 2-41, 2-42,

2-41, 2-42, 2-41, 2-42, 2-43, 2-44, 2-47, 2-52, 2-53, 2-54, 2-56, 2-58, 

2-56, 2-65, 2-66, 2-68, 2-76, 2-81, 2-82, 2-83, 2-84, 2-91, 2-94, 2-126, 

2-129, 2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-145, 2-149, 2-150, 2-152, 2-155, 

2-157, 2-159, 2-163, 2-166, 2-167, 2-171, 2-175, 2-182, 2-183, 2-14, 2-

14, 2-193, 2-195, 2-206, 2-214, 2-219

3-17, 3-29, 3-32, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-44, 3-51, 3-55, 3-57, 3-76, 3-79, 

3-80, 3-81, 3-89, 3-110, 3-121, 3-124, 3-126, 3-127, 3-133, 3-140, 3-

141, 3-151, 3-160, 3-165, 4-4, 4-7, 4-8, 4-13, 4-14, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-

20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, 4-25, 4-34, 4-37, 4-39, 4-42, 4-50, 4-56, 4-61, 4-

62, 4-63, 4-65, 4-66, 4-69, 4-71, 4-72, 4-74, 4-76, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-

80, 4-82, 4-85, 4-86, 4-98, 4-101, 4-103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-120, 4-121, 4-

122, 4-123, 4-126, 4-129, 4-132, 4-134, 4-137, 4-138, 4-145, 4-151, 4-

158, 4-202, 4-204, 4-205, 4-209, 4-210, 4-212, 4-213, 4-214, 4-215, 4-

219, 4-221, 4-224, 4-226, 4-227, 4-247, 4-249, 4-250, 4-251, 4-252, 4-

253, 4-263, 4-264, 4-266, 4-267, 4-269, 4-270, 4-271, 4-273, 4-274, 4-

275, 4-276, 4-278, 4-297, 4-298, 4-300, 4-301, 4-303, 4-306, 4-307, 4-

311, 4-314, 4-315, 4-317, 4-318, 4-319, 4-320, 4-327, 4-329, 4-336, 4-

337, 4-348, 4-396, 4-397, 4-398, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401, 4-402, 4-403, 4-

405, 4-406, 4-407, 4-408, 4-411, 4-412, 4-413, 4-414, 4-415, 4-416, 4-

417, 4-4185-1

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness.......... 3-22

Geology .................................................... 3-32, 3-55, 3-121, 4-55, 4-56, 4-83, 4-215

Geophysical Exploration ..........................

2-27, 2-30, 2-68, 2-83, 2-91, 2-92, 2-94, 2-96, 2-98, 2-100, 2-103, 2-

107, 2-110, 2-113, 2-115, 2-126, 2-129, 2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-

145, 2-150, 2-154, 2-155, 2-157, 2-159, 2-163, 2-167, 2-171, 2-175, 2-

178, 2-183, 3-79, 4-33, 4-37, 4-39, 4-42, 4-44, 4-87, 4-98, 4-100, 4-

103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-107, 4-133, 4-138, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-

201, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-265, 4-266, 4-269, 4-271, 4-

273, 4-303, 4-307, 4-311, 4-315, 4-368, 4-371, 4-372, 4-375, 4-376, 4-

378, 4-379

Geothermal ...............................................

2-14, 2-103, 2-107, 2-110, 2-116, 2-145, 2-163, 2-170, 2-174, 2-178, 2-

182, 3-127, 3-128, 3-134, 4-33, 4-44, 4-56, 4-69, 4-80, 4-86, 4-87, 4-

263, 4-264, 4-265, 4-269, 4-271, 4-272, 4-273, 4-368

Affected Environment......... 3-127

Alternatives......................... 2-81

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-263

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-206

Glacier National Park ............................... 3-18, 3-22, 3-73

Glasgow, Montana ................................... 1-4

Glendive Short Pine Off-highway Vehicle 

Use Area ..................................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-105, 2-106, 2-107, 2-108, 2-120, 3-131, 3-133, 3-161, 

4-59, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-226, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-268, 

4-279, 4-291, 4-295, 4-301, 4-304, 4-308, 4-312, 4-315, 4-316, 4-326, 

4-329, 4-334, 4-341, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401, 4-402

Glendive Short Pine Off-highway Vehicle 

Use Travel Management Area ..................

2-120

Glendive, Montana ...................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-105, 2-106, 2-107, 2-108, 2-120, 3-3, 3-114, 3-128, 3-

131, 3-133, 3-139, 3-153, 3-161, 5-2

Climate................................ 3-3

Global Warming ....................................... See Climate Change

Gold .......................................................... 3-124, 3-128, 3-129, 4-276
INDEX

IND-16

INDEX

Golden Eagle ............................................ 2-35, 3-56, 3-66, 3-71, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159

Goldeye ............................................ 3-54

Grants Reservoir ..................................... 3-53

Grasses......................................................

2-19, 2-20, 2-40, 2-61, 3-3, 3-6, 3-45, 3-46, 3-51, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 3-

58, 3-60, 3-61, 3-62, 3-63, 3-68, 3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-74, 3-

76, 3-115, 4-3, 4-48, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-94, 4-108, 4-

128, 4-136, 4-143, 4-149, 4-153, 4-157, 4-160, 4-164, 4-165, 4-180, 4-

202, 4-214, 4-233, 4-234, 4-236, 4-238, 4-239, 4-241, 4-242

Blue Grama ......................... 3-46, 3-70, 3-75

Bluebunch Wheatgrass........ 3-46

Cheatgrass........................... 3-77, 4-88

Crested Wheatgrass............. 4-108, 4-163, 4-164, 4-165

Idaho Fescue ....................... 3-46

Indian Ricegrass.................. 3-75

Needle and Thread .............. 3-46

Sander’s Bluegrass ............. 3-75

Western Wheatgrass............ 3-46, 3-75

Grasshopper Sparrow ............................... 3-66

Grassland Birds ........................................ 3-57

Gravel .......................................................

3-37, 3-63, 3-64, 3-67, 3-124, 3-129, 3-141, 4-48, 4-289, 4-290, 4-292, 

4-293, 4-294

Gray Partridge .......................................... 3-57, 3-61

Gray Wolf................................................. 3-57, 3-65, 3-66, 4-163

Great Blue Heron ..................................... 2-32, 3-63, 3-127, 4-138, 4-245, 4-280

Great Falls, Montana ................................ 3-15, 3-16, 3-19

Great Plains ..............................................

3-3, 3-25, 3-35, 3-37, 3-52, 3-53, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 3-63, 3-68, 3-70, 3-

73, 3-74, 3-113, 3-121

Great Plains Toad ..................................... 3-53, 3-63, 3-66

Greater Sage-grouse ................................. See Sage-Grouse

Greater Short-horned Lizard..................... 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Greater White-fronted Goose ................... 3-96

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem............... 3-70

Green Ash................................................. 2-22, 3-113, 4-136, 4-167

Green Sunfish ........................................... 3-54

Greenhouse Gases.....................................

1-7, 1-11, 2-13, 3-3, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-18, 3-19, 4-4, 4-5, 4-16, 

4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26

Grizzly Bear.............................................. 3-57, 3-65, 4-163

Groundwater.............................................

3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-45, 4-49, 4-52, 4-53, 4-54, 4-55, 4-56, 4-57, 4-59, 

4-60, 4-64, 4-67, 4-68, 4-70, 4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-81, 

4-83, 4-84, 4-95, 4-117, 4-126, 4-128, 4-131, 4-444, 4-447, 4-449, 4-

451

Guiding.....................................................

2-86, 2-104, 3-133, 3-136, 3-156, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-318, 4-319, 4-

320, 4-394, 4-399, 4-400, 4-402, 4-412, 4-414, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

- H -

H2S............................................................ See Hydrogen Sulfide

Habitat Compensation ..............................

2-58, 2-59, 2-60, 2-58, 2-199, 2-200, 2-199, 2-200, 2-199, 3-56, 3-57, 

3-58, 3-59, 3-64, 3-77, 4-35, 4-38, 4-41, 4-44, 4-46, 4-142, 4-148, 4-

155, 4-162, 4-168, 4-170, 4-172, 4-185, 4-187, 4-189, 4-249, 4-251, 4-

266, 4-268, 4-271, 4-283, 4-284, 4-290, 4-292, 4-293
INDEX

IND-17

INDEX

Habitat Fragmentation ..............................

2-20, 2-199, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 3-58, 3-62, 3-76, 4-47, 4-97, 4-117, 4-

118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 4-124, 4-125, 4-129, 4-130, 4-134, 4-

138, 4-139, 4-145, 4-146, 4-151, 4-153, 4-157, 4-158, 4-160, 4-163, 4-

368, 4-374

Hagen........................................................ 2-68, 2-69, 2-68, 3-79, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-294

Hanging Woman Creek ............................ 3-32, 3-44, 3-148

Harbicht Hill............................................. 4-299

Hardin, Montana....................................... 3-153

Hardwood Draws .....................................

2-22, 3-49, 4-87, 4-94, 4-115, 4-133, 4-139, 4-143, 4-180, 4-241, 4-

244, 4-297, 4-321, 4-349, 4-363

Alternatives......................... 2-22

Hardwood Forests..................................... 3-90, 3-137, 3-141

Harms Reservoir....................................... 3-53

Hartville Uplift ......................................... 3-121, 3-123

Haxby, Montana ....................................... 2-42, 4-165

Hay ...........................................................

2-20, 2-21, 2-21, 2-25, 2-100, 3-56, 3-72, 3-76, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-45, 

4-60, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-79, 4-87, 4-109, 4-133, 4-139, 4-145, 4-151, 

4-164, 4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-191, 4-220, 

4-223, 4-224, 4-246, 4-249, 4-253, 4-300, 4-309, 4-312, 4-339, 4-342, 

4-344, 4-405, 4-412, 4-414, 4-415, 4-416, 4-417

Hay Creek Allotment................................ 2-111

Hay Draw Travel Management Area........ 3-131, 3-133, 3-138, 3-161, 4-256

Hazardous Air Pollutants..........................

3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 4-4, 4-7, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-17, 4-19, 4-20, 4-

21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-27

Hazardous Materials and Waste ............... 3-164

Affected Environment......... 3-164

Alternatives......................... 2-188

Desired Future Condition.... 1-13

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-419

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Hell Creek.................................................

2-1, 2-126, 2-128, 2-129, 2-128, 2-215, 2-216, 4-51, 3-106, 3-145, 3-

147, 4-204, 4-211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-216, 4-266, 4-268, 4-272, 4-279, 4-

289, 4-378, 4-379

Hell Creek Formation ............................... 3-37, 3-39, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-122, 3-128, 3-146, 4-214

Herbicides................................................. 2-122, 3-51, 3-63, 3-165, 4-52, 4-86, 4-94, 4-164, 4-232, 4-297

High Potassium Igneous Province ............ 3-149

Hiking.......................................................

3-129, 3-131, 3-133, 3-138, 3-156, 3-163, 4-297, 4-301, 4-303, 4-304, 

4-307, 4-311, 4-312, 4-314, 4-315, 4-339, 4-343, 4-345, 4-346, 4-394, 

4-395

Hines Allotment........................................ 2-91, 4-246

Historic Range of Variability.................... 3-115, 4-231, 4-232, 4-234, 4-236, 4-237, 4-239, 4-241, 4-242

Hoary Alyssum......................................... 3-50

Hoe ...........................................................

2-1, 2-133, 2-134, 2-135, 2-215, 2-216, 3-145, 3-147, 4-51, 4-248, 4-

250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-265, 4-279, 4-289, 4-322, 4-349

Homestead Reservoir................................ 3-53

Homestead, Montana ................................ 3-69, 3-71, 3-73, 3-124

Horizontal Directional Drilling................. 4-52, 4-96

Horned Grebe ........................................... 3-66

Horseback Riding ..................................... 3-129, 3-133, 3-138, 3-156, 3-161, 3-163, 4-339, 4-343, 4-345, 4-346

Horses....................................................... 2-80, 4-47, 4-108, 4-242, 4-245, 4-373, 4-377, 4-380, 4-407

Houndstongue........................................... 3-50
INDEX

IND-18

INDEX

Howrey Island .........................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-95, 2-96, 2-97, 2-157, 3-62, 3-67, 3-131, 3-133, 3-145, 

3-147, 3-161, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-112, 4-118, 4-186, 4-226, 4-

234, 4-236, 4-238, 4-239, 4-241, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-268, 4-

274, 4-316, 4-324, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-340, 4-342, 4-351, 4-353, 4-

356, 4-360

Hungarian Partridge.................................. See Gray Partridge

Hunting.....................................................

1-5, 1-14, 2-7, 2-88, 2-97, 2-108, 2-115, 2-119, 2-209, 3-10, 3-58, 3-61, 

3-65, 3-71, 3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-133, 3-136, 3-138, 3-139, 3-149, 3-

156, 3-158, 3-161, 3-163, 4-3, 4-134, 4-224, 4-241, 4-297, 4-298, 4-

299, 4-300, 4-301, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-311, 4-314, 4-315, 4-316, 4-

317, 4-318, 4-319, 4-320, 4-368, 4-373, 4-374, 4-377, 4-380, 4-394, 4-

395, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401, 4-402, 4-407

Hydrilla..................................................... 3-50

Hydrogen Sulfide ..................................... 4-42719

- I -

Idaho Fescue ............................................. 3-113

Impacts ..................................................... 4-2

Cumulative.......................... 4-3

Direct .................................. 4-2

Indirect................................ 4-2

Impaired Waterbodies............................... 1-7, 1-11, 3-36, 3-37, 4-83, 4-84, 4-85

Indiana Bat................................................ 4-1439

Ingomar, Montana .................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change......................................................

3-5, 3-6

Integrated Weed Management.................. 4-109, 4-110, 4-111, 4-232

Interior Least Tern....................................

2-37, 3-62, 3-66, 3-67, 4-58, 4-61, 4-63, 4-65, 4-70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-97, 

4-99, 4-101, 4-104, 4-106, 4-152, 4-164, 4-175, 4-247, 4-257, 4-259, 4-

261, 4-262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-

306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-326, 4-328, 4-331, 4-332, 4-353, 4-355, 4-357, 4-

359

International Geological Congress ........... 3-149

Invasive Species .......................................

1-4, 1-9, 2-20, 2-25, 2-26, 2-33, 2-90, 2-92, 2-96, 2-98, 2-101, 2-106, 

2-109, 2-112, 2-114, 2-139, 2-138, 2-194, 2-197, 3-9, 3-49, 3-50, 3-51, 

3-52, 3-56, 3-58, 3-76, 4-31, 4-35, 4-38, 4-41, 4-44, 4-46, 4-47, 4-60, 

4-64, 4-69, 4-74, 4-80, 4-83, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-92, 

4-97, 4-99, 4-101, 4-104, 4-106, 4-108, 4-109, 4-110, 4-111, 4-112, 4-

113, 4-114, 4-115, 4-133, 4-138, 4-139, 4-140, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-

181, 4-218, 4-220, 4-223, 4-224, 4-225, 4-226, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-

237, 4-238, 4-240, 4-247, 4-268, 4-278, 4-297, 4-305, 4-309, 4-313, 4-

320, 4-325, 4-326, 4-331, 4-334, 4-351, 4-352, 4-353, 4-360, 4-394, 4-

395, 4-400, 4-401, 4-410

Affected Environment......... 3-49

Alternatives......................... 2-25

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-109

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-197

Inyan Kara Group ..................................... 3-39

Iowa .......................................................... 3-62

Issues
INDEX

IND-19

INDEX

Climate Change................... 1-11

Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife 

Habitat, and Special Status 

and Priority Plant and 

Animal Species...................

1-5, 1-10

Master Leasing Plan Area ... 1-6, 1-11

Recreation ........................... 1-5, 1-10

Special Designations........... 1-6, 1-11

Travel Management and 

Access.................................

1-5, 1-10

Vegetation........................... 1-4, 1-9

Issues Considered but not 

Analyzed ............................

1-13

- J -

Japanese Brome ........................................ 3-77

Japanese Knotweed Complex ................... 3-50

Jordan Bison Kill......................................

2-1, 2-135, 2-136, 2-137, 2-138, 2-215, 3-99, 3-145, 3-147, 4-51, 4-

265, 4-279, 4-289, 4-322, 4-349

Jordan Fire Station.................................... 3-112

Jordan, Montana .......................................

2-1, 2-121, 2-135, 2-136, 2-137, 2-138, 2-215, 3-3, 3-70, 3-71, 3-99, 3-

112, 3-139, 3-145, 3-147, 4-51, 4-265, 4-279, 4-289, 4-322, 4-349, 5-2

Climate................................ 3-3

Judith River Formation............................. 3-105, 3-106, 3-122, 3-123

Juniper ......................................................

2-72, 3-63, 3-113, 3-114, 4-136, 4-143, 4-180, 4-192, 4-241, 4-242, 4-

370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-378, 4-381

- KKansas River............................................. 3-64

Kjehldahl Nitrogen ................................... 3-36

Knowlton Travel Management Area ........ 3-131, 3-133, 3-138, 4-246

Knowlton, Montana .................................. 2-72, 3-85, 3-113, 3-161

Kokanee Salmon....................................... 3-54

- L -

Lake Acidification .................................... 3-21, 4-15

Lake Chub ................................................ 3-54

Lake Trout ................................................ 3-54

Lakota Formation ..................................... 3-40, 3-120, 3-127

Lame Deer, Montana ................................ 3-12, 3-139

Climate................................ 3-3

Lamesteer National Wildlife Refuge ........ 3-72, 3-140

Lance Formation....................................... 3-39, 3-106, 4-214

Land Resource Regions............................ 3-25

Land Tenure Adjustments.........................

1-8, 2-6, 2-9, 2-123, 2-124, 3-143, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 

4-207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-214, 4-364
INDEX

IND-20

INDEX

Land Use Authorizations .........................

2-121, 2-213, 2-215, 3-141, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 

4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-339, 4-340, 4-342, 4-343, 4-345, 4-347, 

4-350

Lands and Realty ..................................... 2-7, 2-12, 2-43, 2-116, 2-122, 2-123, 2-125, 2-213, 3-139

Affected Environment......... 3-139

Alternatives......................... 2-121

Desired Future Condition.... 1-13

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-348

Land Tenure (Including 

Access)................................

3-142

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-213

Lands with Wilderness Characteristics..... 3-111

Landscape Conservation Cooperatives..... 3-11

Landscape Fire and Resource 

Management Planning Tools Project 

(LANDFIRE)............................................

3-86, 4-231

Laramie Mountains................................... 3-121, 3-123

Largemouth Bass...................................... 3-54

Lark Sparrow............................................ 3-87

Larsen Ranch ............................................ 3-140

Laurel, Montana........................................ 3-12

Lead .......................................................... 3-12, 3-15, 3-19, 3-128, 4-4

Leafy Spurge ........................................... 3-50, 3-51, 4-108, 4-113, 4-114

Leave No Trace and Tread Lightly........... 2-86

Lebo Member ........................................... 3-39, 3-40, 3-106

LeConte’s Sparrow................................... 3-66, 3-73

Lewis and Clark Expedition ..................... 3-103, 3-149

Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail...

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-93, 2-94, 2-95, 2-187, 3-130, 3-131, 3-161, 4-

59, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-222, 4-223, 4-226, 4-268, 4-279, 4-290, 4-

291, 4-292, 4-294, 4-295, 4-296, 4-299, 4-301, 4-304, 4-308, 4-312, 4-

316, 4-326, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-364

Lewis Shale .............................................. 3-39

Lewis’s Woodpecker................................ 3-66

Lewistown, Montana ................................ 1-14

Limber Pine .............................................. 3-113, 3-114, 4-237, 4-239, 4-241, 4-243

Limited Off-highway Vehicle Use ...........

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-103, 2-118, 2-119, 3-135, 3-136, 4-35, 4-39, 

4-40, 4-43, 4-45, 4-57, 4-58, 4-62, 4-63, 4-66, 4-67, 4-71, 4-72, 4-76, 

4-77, 4-82, 4-110, 4-139, 4-144, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-

207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-221, 4-222, 4-224, 4-225, 4-

227, 4-233, 4-280, 4-301, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-308, 4-311, 4-312, 4-

314, 4-316, 4-338, 4-341, 4-343, 4-346, 4-347, 4-368, 4-369, 4-371, 4-

373, 4-376, 4-377, 4-380, 4-402, 4-403

Little Beaver Creek................................... 3-40, 3-129

Little Bighorn Battlefield National 

Monument.................................................

3-13, 3-22

Little Bighorn River.................................. 3-40

Little Dry Subbasin................................... 3-33

Little Dry Watershed ................................ 3-29

Little Missouri River ................................ 3-26, 3-32, 3-40, 3-55, 3-60, 3-140

Little Powder River .................................. 3-32, 3-40

Little Powder Watershed .......................... 3-26, 3-29
INDEX

IND-21

INDEX

Livestock Grazing.....................................

1-4, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-12, 2-21, 2-33, 2-45, 2-

53, 2-57, 2-61, 2-74, 2-75, 2-76, 2-77, 2-78, 2-79, 2-80, 2-90, 2-89, 2-

92, 2-93, 2-95, 2-96, 2-95, 2-98, 2-99, 2-101, 2-105, 2-106, 2-105, 2-

106, 2-109, 2-112, 2-114, 2-126, 2-129, 2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-

146, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-158, 2-159, 2-163, 2-168, 2-171, 2-175, 2-

179, 2-183, 2-193, 2-194, 2-197, 2-205, 3-1, 3-25, 3-29, 3-55, 3-57, 3-

63, 3-72, 3-73, 3-76, 3-112, 3-117, 3-120, 3-136, 3-152, 3-157, 4-2, 4-

6, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-54, 4-61, 4-82, 

4-107, 4-117, 4-123, 4-125, 4-127,4-129, 4-136, 4-137, 4-143, 4-144, 

4-145, 4-149, 4-150, 4-153, 4-154, 4-157, 4-160, 4-161, 4-165, 4-181, 

4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-191, 4-195, 4-196, 4-198, 

4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 

4-230, 4-234, 4-236, 4-238, 4-239, 4-241, 4-242, 4-243, 4-244, 4-245, 

4-246, 4-247, 4-248, 4-249, 4-250, 4-251, 4-252, 4-253, 4-254, 4-300, 

4-303, 4-306, 4-308, 4-310, 4-312, 4-314, 4-316, 4-319, 4-320, 4-364, 

4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-375, 4-377, 4-378, 4-380, 4-393, 

4-394, 4-395, 4-397, 4-398, 4-399, 4-402, 4-403, 4-405, 4-407, 4-411, 

4-412, 4-413, 4-414, 4-415, 4-416, 4-417

Affected Environment......... 3-117

Alternatives......................... 2-74

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-243

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-1204

Locatable Minerals...................................

2-32, 2-45, 2-53, 2-56, 2-76, 2-85, 2-89, 2-93, 2-98, 2-100, 2-105, 2-

108, 2-111, 2-113, 2-126, 2-129, 2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-143, 2-

148, 2-152, 2-155, 2-157, 2-159, 2-161, 2-165, 2-169, 2-173, 2-177, 2-

181, 3-58, 3-124, 3-128, 4-56, 4-66, 4-71, 4-75, 4-81, 4-119, 4-121, 4-

134, 4-138, 4-157, 4-163, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-

209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-222, 4-247, 4-250, 4-252, 4-253, 4-276, 4-

277, 4-278, 4-279, 4-280, 4-281, 4-282, 4-283, 4-284, 4-285, 4-286, 4-

287, 4-288, 4-289, 4-322, 4-365, 4-368, 4-374

Affected Environment......... 3-128

Alternatives......................... 2-85

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-276

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-207

Locate Communication Site ..................... 3-141

Locate, Montana ....................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73

Loggerhead Shrike.................................... 3-66, 3-72

Lonetree Lake National Wildlife Refuge.. 3-70

Long Medicine Wheel ..............................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-173, 2-174, 2-175, 2-176, 2-215, 2-217, 4-

199, 4-201, 4-202, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-268, 4-272, 4-274, 4-279, 4-

291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-333, 4-353, 4-356, 4-359, 4-376, 4-

378, 4-379

Long-billed Curlew................................... 3-66, 3-70

Longnose Dace ......................................... 3-54

Lookout Butte Communication Site ......... 3-141

Lostwood Wilderness ............................... 3-18, 3-21

Lower Belle Fourche Subbasin................. 3-323

Lower Belle Fourche Watershed .............. 3-29

Lower Bighorn Subbasin .......................... 3-33

Lower Bighorn Watershed ....................... 3-40
INDEX

IND-22

INDEX

Lower Brule Sioux Tribe.......................... 1-18

Lower Milk Subbasin ............................... 3-33

Lower Musselshell Subbasin .................... 3-33

Lower Musselshell Watershed.................. 3-29

Lower Powder Subbasin........................... 3-33

Lower Powder Watershed......................... 3-29

Lower Tongue Watershed......................... 3-29

Lower Yellowstone Subbasin ................... 3-33

Lower Yellowstone Watershed................. 3-29

Lower Yellowstone-Sunday Subbasin...... 3-33

Lower Yellowstone-Sunday Watershed ... 3-29, 3-31

Ludlow Member ....................................... 4-214

Lythrum.................................................... See Purple Loosestrife

- M -

Macroinvertebrates................................... 4-128

Madison Formation................................... 3-39

Madison Group......................................... 3-39

Madison Limestone .................................. 3-39

Maier Reservoir........................................ 3-53

Makoshika State Park ............................... 2-82, 3-140, 3-142

Malta, Montana......................................... 1-4

Management Concerns ............................. 1-8

Air....................................... 1-7

American Indian ................. 1-8

Cultural Resources.............. 1-8

Economic Conditions.......... 1-8

Environmental Justice......... 1-8

Hazardous Materials and 

Waste ..................................

1-8

Lands and Realty ................ 1-8

Paleontological Resources .. 1-8

Social .................................. 1-8

Soils .................................... 1-7

Visual Resource 

Management........................

1-8

Water Resources ................. 1-7

Management Goals................................... 1-9

Manitoba, Canada..................................... 3-62, 3-124

Manning Lake........................................... 3-69

Marbled Godwit........................................ 3-66, 3-70

Marshall Reservoir ................................... 3-53

Master Leasing Plan Area.........................

1-2, 3-26, 3-63, 3-127, 3-146, Also see Carter Master Leasing Plan 

Area

Issues................................... 1-11

Matthews Recreation Area .......................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-93, 2-97, 2-98, 3-131, 3-133, 3-161, 4-59, 4-64, 4-68, 

4-73, 4-78, 4-118, 4-226, 4-248, 4-250, 4-266, 4-268, 4-274, 4-299, 4-

316, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360

McCone County........................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-68, 3-71, 3-72, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-139, 

3-144, 3-146, 3-148, 3-149, 3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 

3-162, 3-164, 4-3

McCown’s Longspur ................................ 3-66, 3-72
INDEX

IND-23

INDEX

McGuire Creek Communication Site ....... 3-141

Meadow Hawkweed Complex.................. 3-50

Medicine Lake .......................................... 3-13, 3-21, 3-22, 3-53, 3-54, 3-67, 3-69, 3-71, 3-72, 3-140, 3-144, 4-14

Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge. 2-81, 3-22, 3-67, 3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-140, 3-144

Melstone, Montana ................................... 3-71, 3-73

Mercury .................................................... 3-18, 3-21, 4-54

Methane ....................................................

3-5, 3-6, 3-26, 3-41, 3-43, 4-4, 4-5, 4-17, 4-18, 4-20, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 

4-26

Middle Little Missouri Subbasin .............. 3-33

Middle Little Missouri Watershed............ 3-29

Middle Musselshell Subbasin ................... 3-33

Middle Musselshell Watershed................. 3-29

Middle Powder Subbasin.......................... 3-33

Middle Powder Watershed ....................... 3-29

Migratory Bird..........................................

2-29, 3-29, 3-29, 3-55, 3-62, 3-65, 3-67, 4-132, 4-133, 4-138, 4-139, 4-

140, 4-143, 4-145, 4-146, 4-151, 4-152, 4-158, 4-159, 4-164, 4-166, 4-

368

Miles City Airbase at Frank Wiley Field.. 3-112

Miles City Arch ........................................ 3-121

Miles City, Montana .................................

1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 1-14, 3-2, 3-3, 3-60, 3-67, 3-69, 3-71, 3-112, 3-113, 3-

121, 3-129, 3-138, 3-139, 3-140, 3-153, 4-276, 5-2

Climate 3-3

Milk River Basin ..................................... 3-40

Milksnake ................................................. 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Mineral Materials .....................................

2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-35, 2-85, 2-86, 2-85, 2-86, 2-85, 2-86, 2-85, 2-86, 

2-85, 2-86, 2-90, 2-93, 2-94, 2-99, 2-102, 2-106, 2-109, 2-112, 2-114, 

2-144, 2-149, 2-162, 2-166, 2-169, 2-173, 2-177, 2-181, 2-208, 3-58, 3-

124, 3-129, 4-56, 4-100, 4-134, 4-138, 4-157, 4-163, 4-196, 4-198, 4-

199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-289, 4-290, 4-

291, 4-292, 4-293, 4-294, 4-295, 4-296, 4-315, 4-322, 4-368, 4-371, 4-

372, 4-374, 4-375, 4-378, 4-379

Affected Environment......... 3-129

Alternatives......................... 2-85

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-289

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-201

Mini Moon Site......................................... 3-99

Minimal Impact Suppression Tactics .......

2-127, 2-126, 2-131, 2-134, 2-136, 2-139, 2-142, 2-141, 2-146, 2-151, 

2-150, 2-153, 2-156, 2-158, 2-160, 2-164, 2-168, 2-171, 2-176, 2-179, 

2-184, 4-186, 4-188, 4-191

Mining Claims .........................................

2-89, 2-93, 2-98, 2-100, 2-105, 2-108, 2-111, 2-113, 2-126, 2-128, 2-

133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-143, 2-148, 2-152, 2-155, 2-157, 2-159, 2-

161, 2-165, 2-169, 2-173, 2-177, 2-181, 3-126, 4-276, 4-277, 4-278, 4-

279, 4-280, 4-281, 4-283, 4-284, 4-365

Minnesota ................................................. 3-62

Mississippi River...................................... 3-64

Missouri Breaks........................................ 2-72, 3-60, 3-87, 3-113

Missouri River..........................................

3-29, 3-32, 3-44, 3-45, 3-52, 3-53, 3-54, 3-62, 3-63, 3-64, 3-67, 3-68, 

3-69, 3-71, 3-94, 3-95, 3-110, 3-124, 3-127, 3-128, 3-131, 3-140, 3-

147, 3-149, 4-166, 4-290, 4-292

Missouri River Basin ................................ 3-40

Mizpah Creek ........................................... 3-32, 3-34

Mizpah Subbasin ..................................... 3-33
INDEX

IND-24

INDEX

Mizpah Watershed.................................... 3-29

Montana Ambient Air Quality Standards. 3-12, 4-25, 4-26, 4-27

Montana Gap Analysis ............................. 3-45

Montana Noxious Weed List .................... 3-50

Montana Permit to Hunt from the Vehicle 2-119, 4-224, 4-400

Montana Sage Grouse Work Group ......... 3-74

Moon Creek .............................................. 3-141

Moorhead..................................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-113, 2-114, 2-115, 2-116, 3-131, 3-144, 3-161, 4-64, 4-

68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-226, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-268, 4-274, 4-279, 

4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360

Mountain Plover ....................................... 3-62, 3-66, 3-70

Mowry Formation..................................... 3-1278

Muddy Sandstone ..................................... 3-39

Mule Deer.................................................

3-58, 3-59, 3-60, 3-133, 3-138, 3-161, 4-145, 4-151, 4-158, 4-281, 4-

283, 4-285, 4-286 

Mules........................................................ 4-47, 4-108

Musselshell Breaks Wilderness Study 

Area ..........................................................

2-187, 3-151

Musselshell River ..................................... 3-32, 3-54, 3-60, 3-67, 3-85

- N -

National Academy of Sciences................. 3-6

National Ambient Air Quality Standards.. 3-12, 4-10, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-25, 4-26, 4-27

National Historic Landmarks.................... 2-63, 2-67, 2-144, 2-145, 2-146, 2-146

National Historic Sites.............................. 2-63

National Hydrography Dataset ................. 4-93

National Natural Landmark ...................... 3-106, 3-147

National Register of Historic Places ........

3-88, 3-90, 3-91, 3-97, 3-103, 3-106, 4-198, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-

203, 4-204, 4-205, 4-206, 4-207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-299

National Trails.......................................... 3-145, 4-322, 4-364, 4-365

Affected Environment......... 3-149

Alternatives......................... 2-186

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-384

Issues................................... 1-11

National Wild and Scenic River System... See Wild and Scenic Rivers

Nebraska ................................................... 3-62

Nelson Creek Project................................ 4-3

Nelson Reservoir ..................................... 3-67

Nelson, Montana....................................... 3-72

Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow................. 3-66, 3-73

Nemitz Individual L Allotment ................ 2-105

Neotropical Bird ....................................... 4-132, 4-133

Nevada...................................................... 3-134

New Mexico ............................................. 3-70, 3-134

Newcastle Sandstone ................................ 3-39

Nitrate .......................................................

3-18, 3-20, 3-21, 3-165, 4-28, 4-29, 4-31, 4-35, 4-37, 4-40, 4-43, 4-45, 

4-52, 4-53, 4-355

Nitrogen....................................................

3-20, 3-22, 3-26, 3-28, 3-29, 3-44, 4-30, 4-32, 4-33, 4-37, 4-40, 4-42, 

4-45, 4-47, 4-53, 4-54, 4-348
INDEX

IND-25

INDEX

Noise.........................................................

2-45, 2-54, 2-57, 3-23, 3-81, 3-82, 4-133, 4-137, 4-138, 4-146, 4-152, 

4-153, 4-157, 4-159, 4-160, 4-163, 4-183, 4-266, 4-268, 4-271, 4-273, 

4-282, 4-284, 4-288, 4-295, 4-298, 4-299, 4-301, 4-302, 4-303, 4-305, 

4-306, 4-307, 4-309, 4-310, 4-311, 4-312, 4-314, 4-315, 4-317, 4-318, 

4-319, 4-324, 4-351, 4-368, 4-374, 4-398

Non-energy Leasable Minerals................. 2-6

Non-game Species.................................... 3-54, 3-62, 3-147, 4-131

Nonnative Fish.......................................... 3-55

Nonnative Species ....................................

1-4, 2-20, 2-21, 2-21, 2-100, 3-25, 3-32, 3-49, 3-54, 3-55, 3-68, 4-48, 

4-94, 4-108, 4-115, 4-118, 4-120, 4-133, 4-139, 4-145, 4-151, 4-158, 4-

163, 4-182, 4-220, 4-223, 4-224, 4-246, 4-249, 4-297, 4-300, 4-309, 4-

312

Non-riparian ............................................. 3-45, 3-48, 4-93

North Absaroka Wilderness...................... 3-22

North Central Climate Science Center...... 3-11

North Dakota. ..........................................

3-5, 3-13, 3-18, 3-21, 3-22, 3-32, 3-37, 3-40, 3-62, 3-68, 3-73, 3-121, 

3-124, 3-138, 3-139, 3-147, 3-153, 3-158

North Rosebud Area ................................. 4-402

Northern Cheyenne Compact ................... 3-40

Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation.... 1-8, 1-16, 2-9, 3-13, 3-22, 3-42, 3-43, 3-66, 3-140, 3-154, 3-158, 4-14

Northern Cheyenne Tribe ......................... 1-3, 1-13, 3-40, 3-42, 3-43, 3-68, 3-140, 3-144

Northern Goshawk.................................... 2-35, 3-66, 3-72

Northern Great Plains Ecoregion.............. 4-116, 4-128

Northern Harrier ....................................... 3-87

Northern Leopard Frog............................. 3-53, 3-63, 3-66

Northern Myotis ....................................... 3-66, 3-69

Northern Pike............................................ 3-54

Northern Redbelly x Finescale Dace 

Hybrid ....................................................

3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Northwestern Glaciated Plains ................. 3-56

Noxious Weed .......................................... See Invasive Species and Nonnative Species

- O -

O’Fallon Subbasin .................................... 3-33

O’Fallon Creek ......................................... 3-32, 3-40

O’Fallon Watershed.................................. 3-29

Off-highway Vehicle ................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-12, 2-96, 2-101, 2-103, 2-105, 2-106, 2-107, 

2-108, 2-109, 2-110, 2-111, 2-113, 2-118, 2-119, 2-120, 2-126, 2-129, 

2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-143, 2-148, 2-153, 2-155, 2-157, 2-159, 

2-163, 2-167, 2-171, 2-175, 2-179, 2-183, 2-194, 2-217, 3-1, 3-50, 3-

51, 3-56, 3-57, 3-63, 3-107, 3-129, 3-131, 3-133, 3-136, 3-137, 3-138, 

3-139, 3-152, 3-156, 3-161, 3-163, 4-21, 4-33, 4-36, 4-42, 4-47, 4-50, 

4-57, 4-62, 4-66, 4-67, 4-72, 4-76, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-110, 4-112, 4-

117, 4-130, 4-139, 4-144, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-205, 4-

207, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-214, 4-226, 4-233, 4-

248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-259, 4-268, 4-279, 4-280, 4-291, 4-295, 4-

301, 4-304, 4-307, 4-308, 4-312, 4-314, 4-316, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-

338, 4-339, 4-340, 4-341, 4-342, 4-343, 4-344, 4-345, 4-346, 4-347, 4-

353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-368, 4-370, 4-371, 4-372, 4-373, 4-375, 4-376, 4-

377, 4-378, 4-379, 4-380, 4-397, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401, 4-402
INDEX

IND-26

INDEX

Oil.............................................................

1-3, 1-6, 1-11, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-15, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-

23, 2-24, 2-27, 2-28, 2-27, 2-28, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-32, 2-33, 2-34, 2-

35, 2-36, 2-35, 2-36, 2-37, 2-38, 2-39, 2-44, 2-46, 2-44, 2-47, 2-52, 2-

53, 2-54, 2-52, 2-56, 2-58, 2-56, 2-55, 2-56, 2-65, 2-66, 2-68, 2-76, 2-

81, 2-82, 2-83, 2-84, 2-91, 2-94, 2-100, 2-103, 2-107, 2-110, 2-113, 2-

126, 2-129, 2-133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-145, 2-149, 2-152, 2-155, 2-

157, 2-159, 2-163, 2-166, 2-170, 2-174, 2-178, 2-182, 2-188, 2-14, 2-

206, 2-219, 3-17, 3-29, 3-32, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-44, 3-51, 3-53, 3-55, 

3-57, 3-67, 3-76, 3-79, 3-80, 3-81, 3-89, 3-110, 3-121, 3-124, 3-126, 3-

127, 3-140, 3-141, 3-151, 3-160, 3-16, 4-2, 4-4, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-13, 4-

14, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-50, 4-

56, 4-61, 4-62, 4-63, 4-65, 4-72, 4-121, 4-122, 4-124, 4-126, 4-128, 4-

1294-132, 4-134, 4-137, 4-138, 4-140, 4-145, 4-146, 4-151, 4-152, 4-

153, 4-158, 4-159, 4-160, 4-196, 4-197, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-

202, 4-203, 4-204, 4-205, 4-208, 4-209, 4-210, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-

214, 4-215, 4-216, 4-217, 4-219, 4-221, 4-222, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 4-

227, 4-247, 4-249, 4-250, 4-251, 4-252, 4-253, 4-263, 4-264, 4-265, 4-

266, 4-267, 4-269, 4-270, 4-271, 4-272, 4-273, 4-274, 4-275, 4-276, 4-

278, 4-292, 4-298, 4-300, 4-301, 4-303, 4-305, 4-306, 4-307, 4-309, 4-

310, 4-311, 4-313, 4-314, 4-315, 4-317, 4-318, 4-319, 4-320, 4-323, 4-

327, 4-329, 4-336, 4-337, 4-348, 4-367, 4-374, 4-375, 4-376, 4-379, 4-

396, 4-397, 4-398, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401, 4-402, 4-403, 4-405, 4-406, 4-

407, 4-408, 4-411, 4-412, 4-413, 4-414, 4-415, 4-416, 4-417, 4-4185-1

Oil and Gas...............................................

4-2, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-17, 4-18, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 

4-55, 4-58, 4-60, 4-61, 4-64, 4-66, 4-71, 4-75, 4-76, 4-81, 4-82, 4-84, 

4-86, 4-87, 4-119, 4-123, 4-125, 4-127, 4-129, 5-1

Affected Environment......... 3-126

Alternatives......................... 2-781

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-263

Master Leasing Plan Area ... See Carter Master Leasing Plan Area and Master Leasing Plan Area

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-1206

Oil Pump Reservoir .................................. 3-53

Open Off-highway Vehicle Use ...............

2-6, 2-107, 2-110, 2-118, 2-119, 3-136, 3-137, 4-33, 4-36, 4-42, 4-44, 

4-47, 4-62, 4-66, 4-71, 4-76, 4-82, 4-139, 4-144, 4-195, 4-196, 4-199, 

4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-221, 4-222, 4-224, 4-225, 

4-227, 4-301, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-308, 4-311, 4-312, 4-316, 4-338, 

4-341, 4-346, 4-347, 4-369, 4-370, 4-373, 4-376, 4-380, 4-402, 4-403

Orange Hawkweed ................................... 3-50

Oswego, Montana..................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-72

Otter Creek ............................................... 3-32

Outfitting ..................................................

2-86, 2-104, 3-133, 3-136, 3-156, 4-3, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-311, 4-

316, 4-318, 4-319, 4-399, 4-400, 4-412, 4-414, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Oxeye Daisy ............................................. 3-50

- P -

Paddlefish ................................................. 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Painted Canyon, North Dakota ................. 3-17, 3-20

Painted Turtle ........................................... 3-54

Paleontological Resources

Affected Environment......... 3-105
INDEX

IND-27

INDEX

Alternatives......................... 2-67

Desired Future Condition.... 1-12

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-2094

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-203

Pallid Bat .................................................. 3-66, 3-69

Pallid Sturgeon .........................................

2-41, 3-54, 3-63, 3-64, 3-66, 4-63, 4-65, 4-67, 4-69, 4-74, 4-77, 4-80, 

4-118, 4-123, 4-124, 4-127, 4-129, 4-164, 4-247, 4-249, 4-262, 4-287, 

4-296, 4-328, 4-331, 4-332, 4-359

Palmer Drought Severity Index ................ 3-44

Payment in Lieu of Taxes......................... 4-410, 4-412, 4-413, 4-415, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Pearl Dace................................................. 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Peoples Creek Basin ................................. 3-40

Peregrine Falcon....................................... 2-35, 3-66, 3-72, 4-1

Perennial Pepperweed............................... 3-50

Petrified Wood.......................................... 3-129, 4-205, 4-289

Phillips County ......................................... 3-70

Phosphate.................................................. 3-124

Phosphorus ...............................................

3-26,3-28, 3-29, 3-36, 3-44, 4-30, 4-33, 4-37, 4-40, 4-42, 4-45, 4-47, 

4-53, 4-54

Pierre Formation....................................... 3-26, 3-122

Pierre Shale............................................... 3-439

Pine Hills.................................................. 3-26, 3-122

Pine Unit................................................... 2-72

Pinedale, Wyoming .................................. 3-12, 4-187, 4-198, 4-210, 4-222, 4-233

Pinyon Jay ................................................ 3-66

Piper Formation ........................................ 3-39

Piping Plover ...........................................

2-36, 2-155, 2-156, 2-157, 2-215, 2-217, 3-62, 3-66, 3-67, 3-68, 3-145, 

3-147, 4-51, 4-58, 4-61, 4-63, 4-65, 4-70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-97, 4-99, 4-101, 

4-104, 4-106, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-175, 4-247, 4-257, 4-259, 4-261, 

4-262, 4-265, 4-268, 4-279, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-289, 4-291, 

4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-322, 4-326, 4-328, 4-331, 

4-332, 4-349, 4-353, 4-355, 4-357, 4-359, 4-367, 4-368, 4-369, 4-370, 

4-371, 4-374, 4-377, 4-378, 4-380, 4-381

Pirogue Island State Park.......................... 3-69, 3-71

Plains Gartersnake .................................... 3-54

Plains Spadefoot Toad.............................. 3-53, 3-63, 3-66

Planning

Collaborating Agencies....... 5-23

Collaboration ...................... 1-24

Consistency......................... 5-4, 5-5

Consultation........................ 5-2

Consultation, American 

Indian ..................................

5-4

Consultation, United States 

Fish and Wildlife Service....

5-4

Cooperating Agencies......... 5-23

Critical Elements................. 4-2

Desired Future Condition.... 1-9

Distribution List.................. 5-5

Issues................................... 1-9, See Issues

Management Goals ............. 1-9
INDEX

IND-28

INDEX

Other Outreach.................... 5-2

Public Participation............. 5-1

Purpose and Need for 

Revision of the RMPs.........

1-2

Scoping ............................... 1-3, 5-1

Planning Area ........................................... 1-3, 1-4

Planning Criteria....................................... 1-14

Planning Process....................................... 1-3

Plant Species of Concern.......................... 3-47

Barr's Milkvetch.................. 3-47

Birchleaf Mountainmahogany............................

3-47

Blue Toadflax ..................... 3-47

Bractless Mentzelia............. 3-47

Bur Oak............................... 3-47

Double Bladderpod ............. 3-47

Geyer's Milkvetch ............... 3-47

Large Flowered 

Beardtongue ........................

3-47

Lead Plant ........................... 3-47

Letterman's Needlegrass ..... 3-47

Nannyberry ......................... 3-47

Narrowleaf Milkweed ......... 3-47

Narrowleaf Penstemon........ 3-47

Nine-anther Prairie Clover.. 3-47

Nuttall's Desert Parsley....... 3-47

Ovalleaf Milkweed ............. 3-47

Persistent-Sepal Yellow 

Cress ...................................

3-47

Plains Phlox ........................ 3-47

Prairie Aster........................ 3-47

Pregnant Sedge ................... 3-47

Silky Prairie Clover ............ 3-47

Slender Wedgegrass............ 3-47

Slender-Branched Popcorn 

Flower.................................

3-47

Smooth Goosefoot .............. 3-47

Sweetwater Milkvetch ........ 3-47

Visher's Buckwheat............. 3-47

Woolly Twinpod ................. 3-47

Wyoming Sullivantia .......... 3-47

Yellow Bee Plant ................ 3-64

Platte River............................................... 3-65

Plentywood, Montana ............................... 3-73, 3-139, 3-153

Plevna, Montana ....................................... 3-71

PM10.......................................................... See Air Resources and Climate, Particulate Matter

PM2.5 ......................................................... See Air Resources and Climate, Fine Particulate Matter

Ponderosa Pine .........................................

2-73, 3-58, 3-87, 3-110, 3-113, 3-114, 3-116, 4-180, 4-231, 4-237, 4-

239, 4-241, 4-242, 4-243

Poplar Dome ............................................. 3-124, 3-126, 4-412

Poplar River.............................................. 3-13, 3-20, 3-22, 3-32, 4-115, 4-116

Poplar Subbasin ........................................ 3-33

Poplar Watershed ..................................... 3-29, 3-31
INDEX

IND-29

INDEX

Porcupine Dome ....................................... 3-121, 3-126, 4-4412

Porcupine Subbasin .................................. 3-32

Porcupine Watershed................................ 3-29, 3-31

Potash ....................................................... 2-6

Potassium.................................................. 3-32, 3-34, 3-124, 3-149

Potential Fossil Yield Classification 

System ......................................................

2-637, 4-204, 4-205, 4-206, 4-207

Potential Natural Vegetation Groups........ 3-8886

Powder River............................................

3-32, 3-34, 3-40, 3-54, 3-60, 3-67, 3-113, 3-130, 3-140, 3-148, 4-113, 

4-114, 4-166

Powder River Basin ..................................

3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 3-81, 3-121, 3-123, 3-124, 3-125, 3-126, 3-127, 3-

128, 4-55, 4-56, 4-84, 4-165, 4-412

Powder River Basin Controlled 

Groundwater Area ....................................

3-40

Powder River Breaks................................ 3-60

Powder River County ...............................

1-3, 1-4, 2-121, 3-12, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-47, 3-60, 3-70, 3-72, 3-73, 3-

105, 3-107, 3-139, 3-148, 3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-

162, 3-164, 4-4412

Powder River Depot .................................

2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-89, 2-138, 2-139, 2-140, 2-141, 2-215, 2-216, 

3-130, 3-145, 3-147, 3-16, 4-51, 4-59, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-118, 4-

222, 4-226, 4-246, 4-248, 4-250, 4-254, 4-265, 4-266, 4-268, 4-274, 4-

279, 4-289, 4-290, 4-291, 4-295, 4-322, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-349, 4-

353, 4-356, 4-360

Powder River-Carter County Travel 

Management Area.....................................

2-121

Powderville Area ......................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-169, 2-170, 2-171, 2-172, 2-173, 2-215, 2-

217, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-208, 4-210, 4-211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-216, 4-217, 

4-268, 4-272, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 

4-356, 4-360, 4-376, 4-378, 4-379

Powderville, Montana............................... 3-130, 3-145, 3-147, 3-161

Power Lines..............................................

2-26, 2-29, 2-43, 2-47, 2-54, 2-58, 2-214, 4-39, 4-42, 4-44, 4-47, 4-60, 

4-61, 4-65, 4-69, 4-70, 4-74, 4-79, 4-80, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-97, 4-99, 

4-102, 4-104, 4-106, 4-138, 4-139, 4-145, 4-151, 4-158, 4-219, 4-226, 

4-246, 4-249, 4-251, 4-253, 4-306, 4-310, 4-313, 4-321, 4-325, 4-326, 

4-327, 4-328, 4-330, 4-333, 4-348, 4-350, 4-351, 4-352, 4-353, 4-354, 

4-355, 4-357, 4-358, 4-359, 4-360, 4-361, 4-376

Prairie County...........................................

1-3, 1-4, 2-121, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-40, 3-49, 3-51, 3-67, 3-68, 3-69, 3-

71, 3-139, 3-146, 3-147, 3-149, 3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-

161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-58, 4-63, 4-67, 4-116

Prairie County-North Custer Travel 

Management Area.....................................

2-121

Prairie Dog................................................

1-14, 2-35, 2-38, 2-199, 2-200, 2-201, 2-200, 2-193, 3-57, 3-66, 3-67, 

3-68, 3-70, 3-71, 3-146, 4-63, 4-67, 4-138, 4-146, 4-153, 4-160, 4-163, 

4-165, 4-168, 4-170, 4-172, 4-175, 4-244, 4-247, 4-257, 4-258, 4-262, 

4-268, 4-270, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-291, 4-292, 4-294, 4-296, 

4-326, 4-328, 4-353, 4-355, 4-368

Prairie Dog Creek Watershed ................... 3-44

Prairie Elk-Wolf Subbasin ....................... 3-33

Prairie Elk-Wolf Watershed ..................... 3-29

Prairie Falcon............................................ 2-33, 3-66, 4-58, 4-63, 4-159, 4-247, 4-262, 4-287

Prairie Potholes Region ............................ 3-62

Prairie Rattlesnake.................................... 3-54

Precipitation

Planning Area ..................... 3-3
INDEX

IND-30

INDEX

Prescribed Fire..........................................

2-60, 2-201, 2-212, 2-215, 3-85, 4-2, 4-3, 4-6, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-22, 

4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-35, 4-36, 4-39, 4-41, 4-44, 4-46, 4-61, 4-65, 

4-70, 4-71, 4-74, 4-76, 4-80, 4-81, 4-86, 4-88, 4-90, 4-91, 4-92, 4-97, 

4-99, 4-100, 4-102, 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-110, 4-111, 4-112, 4-

120, 4-121, 4-123, 4-127, 4-131, 4-136, 4-137, 4-143, 4-144, 4-157, 4-

177, 4-181, 4-182, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-

191, 4-192, 4-195, 4-196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-206, 4-208, 4-

209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-218, 4-220, 4-221, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 4-

228, 4-232, 4-233, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-238, 4-239, 4-240, 4-

241, 4-245, 4-247, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-286, 4-297, 4-298, 4-300, 4-

302, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-324, 4-327, 4-330, 4-332, 4-333, 4-351, 4-

352, 4-355, 4-358, 4-361, 4-369, 4-370, 4-394, 4-395, 4-405

Priority Habitats........................................ 3-86

Priority Wildlife Species .......................... 3-87

Probable Sale Quantity ............................. 2-204, 4-231, 4-237, 4-239, 4-241

Produced Water ........................................

3-40, 3-41, 3-43, 4-32, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-42, 4-45, 4-49, 4-54, 4-55, 

4-56, 4-84, 4-117, 4-133

Pronghorn ................................................. 3-56, 3-58, 3-59, 3-60, 3-133, 3-138, 4-146, 4-151, 4-158

Proper Functioning Condition ..................

2-23, 2-27, 2-74, 2-195, 3-27, 3-48, 3-120, 4-31, 4-34, 4-40, 4-43, 4-45, 

4-52, 4-54, 4-68, 4-73, 4-79, 4-94, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-102, 4-

103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-109, 4-116, 4-119, 4-122, 4-124, 4-

131, 4-132, 4-133, 4-252, 4-293, 4-354

Pryor Watershed ....................................... 3-40

Public Participation................................... 5-1, 5-4

Pumice ...................................................... 3-124

Pumpkin Creek Ranch and Recreation 

Area Travel Management Area ................

2-120

Pumpkin Creek .........................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-100, 2-101, 2-120, 3-131, 3-161, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 

4-102, 4-103, 4-107, 4-118, 4-226, 4-248, 4-250, 4-254, 4-268, 4-274, 

4-279, 4-283, 4-284, 4-288, 4-291, 4-295, 4-304, 4-308, 4-312, 4-314, 

4-316, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-341, 4-343, 4-346, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360

Purple Loosestrife..................................... 3-72

- Q -

Quaking Aspen ......................................... 2-22, 3-113

- R –

Raccoon .................................................... 3-57

Rainbow Trout.......................................... 3-53, 3-54, 3-55

Range Improvements................................

2-90, 2-92, 2-93, 2-96, 2-98, 2-99, 2-102, 2-106, 2-109, 2-112, 2-114, 

2-126, 2-130, 2-133, 2-136, 2-139, 2-138, 2-139, 2-141, 2-146, 2-150, 

2-153, 2-155, 2-158, 2-159, 2-163, 2-168, 2-171, 2-175, 2-179, 2-183, 

3-110, 3-119, 4-31, 4-54, 4-87, 4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-188, 4-

196, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-

244, 4-245, 4-251, 4-300, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-369, 4-370, 4-371, 4-

372, 4-375, 4-376, 4-378, 4-379, 4-399

Rangeland Health Standards..................... See Standards for Rangeland Health
INDEX

IND-31

INDEX

Raptor.......................................................

2-33, 2-36, 2-35, 2-199, 3-63, 3-127, 4-131, 4-138, 4-140, 4-146, 4-

152, 4-159, 4-166, 4-235, 4-237, 4-238, 4-240, 4-247, 4-256, 4-259, 4-

306, 4-310, 4-313

Special Status Species ........ 4-296

Raton Basin .............................................. 3-43

Rattlesnake Reservoir............................... 3-53

Recreation.................................................

1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-12, 1-13, 4-2, 4-18, 4-22, 4-23, 4-

24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-51, 4-59, 4-62, 4-64, 4-66, 4-68, 4-71, 4-72, 4-73, 4-

76, 4-78, 4-82, 4-102, 4-103, 4-107, 4-117, 4-118, 4-422

Affected Environment......... 3-129

Alternatives......................... 2-86

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-297

Issues................................... 1-5, 1-10

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-208

Recreation Use Permits ............................ 2-86, 2-104, 4-315, 4-412, 4-413, 4-414, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Red Fox .................................................... 3-57, 3-68

Red-headed Woodpecker.......................... 3-66

Redstone, Montana ................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-124

Redwater River......................................... 3-32, 3-36, 3-40

Redwater Subbasin ................................... 3-33

Redwater Watershed................................. 3-29

Regional Climate Science Centers............ 3-11

Related Plans............................................ 1-23

Renewable Energy....................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-12, 2-45, 2-53, 2-57, 2-116, 2-117, 2-122, 2-

123, 2-125, 2-210, 2-212, 2-213, 2-214, 4-87, 4-117, 4-320, 4-321, 4-

322, 4-323, 4-324, 4-325, 4-326, 4-327, 4-328, 4-329, 4-330, 4-331, 4-

332, 4-333, 4-334, 4-335, 4-338, 4-339, 4-341, 4-342, 4-344, 4-345, 4-

361

Affected Environment......... 3-134

Alternatives......................... 2-116

Concentrating Solar Power .

3-134, 3-136

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-320

Photovoltaic ........................ 3-134, 3-136

Solar....................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-45, 2-53, 2-57, 2-116, 2-122, 3-132, 3-134, 4-

138, 4-320, 4-321, 4-322, 4-323, 4-324, 4-325, 4-327, 4-328, 4-329, 4-

330, 4-332, 4-333, 4-349

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-210

Wind ...................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-45, 2-53, 2-57, 2-116, 2-122, 3-76, 3-134, 3-

135, 4-138, 4-139, 4-221, 4-222, 4-223, 4-225, 4-227, 4-317, 4-320, 4-

321, 4-322, 4-323, 4-324, 4-325, 4-327, 4-328, 4-329, 4-330, 4-332, 4-

333, 4-339, 4-349, 4-396, 4-409, 4-413

Reptile ......................................................

2-27, 2-198, 3-29, 3-29, 3-51, 3-53, 3-105, 3-106, 4-129, 4-131, 4-150, 

4-173

Reserve Common Allotments................... 2-72, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-254, 4-398, 4-399, 4-400, 4-401

Reserve, Montana ..................................... 3-124

Reynolds Battlefield .................................

2-148, 2-149, 2-150, 2-151, 2-152, 2-216, 3-145, 3-148, 4-59, 4-64, 4-

68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-266, 4-268, 4-272, 

4-274, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-325, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-351, 

4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-379
INDEX

IND-32

INDEX

Richland County.......................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-49, 3-51, 3-68, 3-69, 3-71, 3-139, 3-140, 

3-151, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-412

Rierdon Formation.................................... 3-39

Rights-of-Way ..........................................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-45, 2-53, 2-57, 2-90, 2-92, 2-94, 2-96, 2-

98, 2-100, 2-102, 2-107, 2-110, 2-113, 2-115, 2-116, 2-121, 2-122, 2-

123, 2-122, 2-123, 2-122, 2-123, 2-122, 2-123, 2-125, 2-126, 2-129, 2-

133, 2-136, 2-138, 2-141, 2-146, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-158, 2-159, 2-

163, 2-168, 2-171, 2-175, 2-179, 2-183, 2-14, 2-210, 2-212, 2-213, 2-

214, 2-213, 2-214, 2-213, 2-214, 2-214, 2-215, 3-56, 3-76, 3-110, 3-

134, 3-135, 3-140, 3-141, 3-143, 3-165, 4-33, 4-37, 4-39, 4-42, 4-44, 4-

87, 4-138, 4-145, 4-166, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-187, 4-189, 4-191, 4-

196, 4-208, 4-209, 4-211, 4-212, 4-213, 4-220, 4-221, 4-222, 4-223, 4-

225, 4-226, 4-227, 4-263, 4-279, 4-299, 4-302, 4-317, 4-320, 4-321, 4-

322, 4-323, 4-324, 4-325, 4-326, 4-327, 4-328, 4-329, 4-330, 4-332, 4-

333, 4-335, 4-339, 4-340, 4-342, 4-343, 4-345, 4-347, 4-348, 4-349, 4-

350, 4-351, 4-352, 4-353, 4-354, 4-355, 4-356, 4-357, 4-358, 4-359, 4-

361, 4-368, 4-372, 4-375, 4-378, 4-379, 4-396, 4-409, 4-413

Ring-necked Pheasant............................... 3-57, 3-61, 3-62, 3-147, 4-163

Riparian ....................................................

1-4, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-18, 2-19, 2-23, 2-24, 2-

23, 2-24, 2-23, 2-24, 2-23, 2-24, 2-24, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-61, 2-74, 2-

78, 2-79, 2-80, 2-14, 2-14, 2-192, 2-193, 2-195, 2-196, 2-198, 3-1, 3-

28, 3-29, 3-32, 3-35, 3-45, 3-48, 3-49, 3-51, 3-52, 3-55, 3-57, 3-60, 3-

62, 3-63, 3-120, 3-127, 4-31, 4-34, 4-35, 4-36, 4-37, 4-38, 4-40, 4-41, 

4-43, 4-45, 4-46, 4-48, 4-49, 4-52, 4-53, 4-54, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, 

4-61, 4-62, 4-63, 4-64, 4-65, 4-66, 4-67, 4-68, 4-69, 4-70, 4-71, 4-72, 

4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-76, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-80, 4-81, 4-82, 4-83, 4-84, 

4-85, 4-86, 4-87, 4-89, 4-91, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-97, 4-98, 4-99, 

4-100, 4-101, 4-102, 4-103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-108, 4-109, 

4-113, 4-114, 4-115, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 

4-123, 4-124, 4-126, 4-127, 4-128, 4-129, 4-131, 4-132, 4-133, 4-139, 

4-151, 4-164, 4-167, 4-182, 4-218, 4-220, 4-225, 4-231, 4-232, 4-236, 

4-238, 4-240, 4-246, 4-247, 4-248, 4-249, 4-251, 4-252, 4-253, 4-257, 

4-260, 4-262, 4-268, 4-277, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-291, 4-293, 

4-294, 4-296, 4-297, 4-300, 4-305, 4-309, 4-313, 4-321, 4-326, 4-329, 

4-331, 4-332, 4-334, 4-337, 4-338, 4-349, 4-353, 4-354, 4-356, 4-358, 

4-359, 4-360, 4-363, 4-369, 4-371, 4-374, 4-377, 4-381

Riparian and Wetland Areas..................... 2-12, 2-27, 3-245, 3-1, 3-48

Affected Environment......... 3-48

Alternatives......................... 2-23

Capability............................ 3-48

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-93

Functional-at Risk............... 2-2, 2-23, 2-79, 3-48, 3-50, 4-143

Functional-at Risk with 

Downward Trend ................

4-93, 4-99, 4-108, 4-139

Limiting Factors.................. 3-48

Nonfunctional .....................

2-2, 2-23, 2-78, 2-79, 3-48, 3-50, 4-93, 4-99, 4-108, 4-139, 4-238, 4-

240

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-195

Rock Collecting ........................................ 3-129, 3-130, 3-149, 4-276

Rocky Boy’s Indian Reservation .............. 1-16

Rocky Mountain Elk................................. See Elk

Rocky Mountains...................................... 3-3
INDEX

IND-33

INDEX

Roosevelt County .....................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-68, 3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-139, 3-

140, 3-149, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-158, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-

8, 4-412

Rosebud Battlefield .................................. 2-68, 2-69, 2-68, 4-198, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201, 4-202, 4-294

Rosebud Buttes Communication Site ....... 3-141

Rosebud County .......................................

1-3, 1-4, 2-4, 2-5, 2-42, 3-12, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-40, 3-47, 3-60, 3-67, 

3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-113, 3-139, 3-140, 3-145, 3-151, 3-153, 3-

154, 3-155, 3-158, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-412

Rosebud Creek.......................................... 3-32, 3-40, 3-113, 4-8, 4-9, 4-420

Rosebud Mine........................................... 3-124, 4-255

Rosebud Indian Reservation ..................... 1-18

Rosebud Subbasin..................................... 3-33

Rosebud Watershed .................................. 3-29, 3-31, 3-40

Ross’s Goose ............................................ 3-96

Round Lake .............................................. 3-753

Rush Skeletonweed................................... 3-50

Russian Knapweed ................................... 3-50, 3-51, 4-114

Russian Olive............................................ 3-50, 3-55, 4-115

- S -

Sage Sparrow............................................ 3-66, 4-178

Sage Thrasher ........................................... 3-66, 3-72

Sagebrush .................................................

2-40, 2-43, 2-52, 2-61, 2-14, 2-199, 3-45, 3-51, 3-54, 3-56, 3-60, 3-63,

3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-74, 3-75, 3-76, 3-77, 3-78, 3-79, 3-81, 3-82, 4-3, 4-

61, 4-65, 4-70, 4-74, 4-86, 4-88, 4-136, 4-142, 4-143, 4-149, 4-153, 4-

155, 4-157, 4-160, 4-165, 4-166, 4-167, 4-180, 4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-

378, 4-381

A. tridentata ssp.

wyomingensis or Wyoming 

Big Sagebrush .....................

2-61, 3-45, 3-75

A. cana or Silver Sagebrush 2-61, 3-45, 3-765

A. tridentata ssp. tridentata

or Big Sagebrush.................

3-45

A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana

or Mountain Big Sagebrush 3-45

Artemisia nova or Black 

Sagebrush............................

3-45

Sage-grouse ..............................................

1-2, 1-5, 1-16, 1-21, 1-23, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-20, 2-40, 2-41, 2-

43, 2-47, 2-48, 2-49, 2-50, 2-51, 2-55, 2-58, 2-59, 2-84, 2-185, 2-186, 

2-185, 2-186, 2-185, 2-186, 2-185, 2-186, 3-9, 3-61, 3-63, 3-66, 3-73, 

3-74, 3-75, 3-76, 3-78, 3-79, 3-80, 3-81, 3-82, 3-127, 3-156, 3-158, 4-

35, 4-36, 4-38, 4-39, 4-41, 4-42, 4-44, 4-46, 4-47, 4-58, 4-61, 4-65, 4-

70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-99, 4-102, 4-104, 4-136, 4-138, 4-139, 4-141, 4-142, 

4-143, 4-145, 4-148, 4-149, 4-151, 4-153, 4-155, 4-157, 4-158, 4-160,

4-162, 4-163, 4-165, 4-166, 4-167, 4-168, 4-170, 4-171, 4-172, 4-174, 

4-175, 4-181, 4-188, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-238, 4-240, 4-246, 4-247, 

4-248, 4-249, 4-251, 4-255, 4-256, 4-257, 4-258, 4-259, 4-260, 4-261, 

4-262, 4-266, 4-268, 4-270, 4-271, 4-272, 4-273, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 

4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-288, 4-289, 4-290, 4-291, 4-292, 4-293, 4-295, 

4-296, 4-300, 4-314, 4-324, 4-326, 4-327, 4-328, 4-329, 4-331, 4-332, 

4-334, 4-351, 4-352, 4-353, 4-354, 4-355, 4-356, 4-357, 4-359, 4-360, 

4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-378, 4-381, 4-394, 4-395
INDEX

IND-34

INDEX

General Habitat Areas.........

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-41, 2-43, 2-58, 2-59, 2-84, 4-39, 4-65, 4-80, 4-141, 4-

168, 4-170, 4-171, 4-172, 4-175, 4-188, 4-248, 4-258, 4-259, 4-261, 4-

262, 4-267, 4-268, 4-270, 4-272, 4-273, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-

291, 4-292, 4-293, 4-296, 4-314, 4-326, 4-328, 4-331, 4-332, 4-334, 4-

352, 4-353, 4-355, 4-357, 4-358, 4-359, 4-360

Protection Priority Areas.....

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-9, 2-41, 2-47, 2-58, 2-59, 4-63, 4-65, 4-70, 4-

74, 4-142, 4-148, 4-155, 4-170, 4-172, 4-247, 4-249, 4-251, 4-257, 4-

258, 4-260, 4-262, 4-267, 4-268, 4-270, 4-272, 4-273, 4-284, 4-285, 4-

287, 4-291, 4-292, 4-293, 4-295, 4-296, 4-329, 4-331, 4-332, 4-334, 4-

352, 4-353, 4-355, 4-356, 4-357, 4-358, 4-359, 4-360

Restoration Areas................

2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-42, 2-55, 2-58, 2-59, 2-84, 2-200, 4-65, 4-80, 4-

142, 4-148, 4-155, 4-170, 4-172, 4-246, 4-247, 4-262, 4-267, 4-268, 4-

270, 4-272, 4-273, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-292, 4-293, 4-295, 4-

296, 4-326, 4-327, 4-329, 4-333, 4-334, 4-352, 4-353, 4-354, 4-355, 4-

356, 4-357, 4-359, 4-360

Sage-grouse Management 

Zone 1 .................................

3-74, 3-75, 3-76, 3-77, 3-78, 3-80, 3-81, 3-82

Salt-cedar.................................................. 3-50, 3-51, 4-113, 4-114, 4-115, 4-145, 4-146, 4-147, 4-148

Sams Allotment ........................................ 2-101

Sand ..........................................................

3-17, 3-32, 3-37, 3-54, 3-63, 3-64, 3-124, 3-129, 4-289, 4-290, 4-292, 

4-293, 4-294

Sand Arroyo..............................................

2-1, 2-126, 2-128, 2-129, 2-215, 2-216, 3-106, 3-145, 3-148, 4-51, 4-

211, 4-213, 4-214, 4-216, 4-266, 4-268, 4-272, 4-279, 4-289, 4-378, 4-

379

Sand Shiner............................................... 3-54

Saskatchewan, Canada.............................. 3-54, 3-63, 3-66, 3-130

Sauger....................................................... 3-55, 3-56, 3-65, 3-67, 3-128

Savage Mine ............................................. 3-124, 3-125, 4-255

Savage, Montana ..................................... 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73

Sawtimber.................................................

2-72, 2-73, 4-53, 4-70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-157, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 4-231, 

4-237, 4-239, 4-241, 4-242, 4-412, 4-415, 4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Scenic .......................................................

1-2, 1-6, 1-8, 1-11, 2-69, 2-89, 2-116, 2-125, 3-108, 3-110, 3-111, 3-

127, 3-145, 3-146, 3-156, 4-217, 4-219, 4-221, 4-222, 4-223, 4-225, 4-

226, 4-227, 4-228, 4-298, 4-300, 4-301, 4-302, 4-303, 4-306, 4-307, 4-

310, 4-311, 4-314, 4-315, 4-323, 4-339, 4-372, 4-375, 4-378

Scoping..................................................... 5-1

Scoria........................................................ 3-25, 3-32, 3-129, 4-48

Scotch Broom........................................... 3-64

Section 7 ................................................... 2-1124, 3-66, 4-277, 4-321, 4-349

Sedges

Needleleaf Sedge ............... 3-75

Threadleaf Sedge ................ 3-75

Sedge Wren .............................................. 3-66, 3-72, 4-132, 4-133

Seline ........................................................

2-1, 2-141, 2-142, 2-143, 2-215, 3-145, 3-148, 4-265, 4-279, 4-289, 4-

322, 4-349

Sensitive Soils ..........................................

2-12, 2-15, 2-191, 2-192, 2-193, 3-26, 3-28, 3-127, 4-31, 4-32, 4-33, 4-

35, 4-36, 4-38, 4-39, 4-40, 4-41, 4-42, 4-43, 4-44, 4-45, 4-46, 4-47, 4-

48, 4-49, 4-58, 4-63, 4-67, 4-72, 4-77, 4-84, 4-96, 4-98, 4-100, 4-103, 

4-105, 4-120, 4-121, 4-123, 4-125, 4-139, 4-145, 4-151, 4-158, 4-190, 

4-232, 4-236, 4-238, 4-240, 4-249, 4-251, 4-253, 4-257, 4-258, 4-260, 

4-262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 

4-305, 4-309, 4-313, 4-326, 4-329, 4-331, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-358, 

4-360
INDEX

IND-35

INDEX

Sensitive Species ......................................

1-5, 1-10, 2-2, 2-27, 2-198, 3-29, 3-46, 3-48, 3-53, 3-54, 3-62, 3-64, 3-

65, 3-66, 3-68, 3-69, 4-48, 4-118, 4-120, 4-129, 4-138

Seven Blackfoot Wilderness Study Area.. 2-187, 3-151

Sharp-tailed Grouse ..................................

2-30, 3-61, 4-38, 4-41, 4-44, 4-46, 4-58, 4-111, 4-137, 4-140, 4-146, 4-

152, 4-159, 4-166, 4-167, 4-248, 4-256, 4-259, 4-261, 4-262, 4-266, 4-

280, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-290, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-324, 4-

351

Sheep Creek.............................................. 3-113

Sheep Mountain Communication Site ...... 3-141

Sheridan Butte .......................................... 3-130

Sheridan County ......................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-67, 3-68, 3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-

124, 3-139, 3-140, 3-147, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-

164, 4-8, 4-412

Shorebird .................................................. 4-176

Short-eared Owl........................................ 3-66

Shortnose Gar ........................................... 3-54

Shotgun Use.............................................. 2-97

Shovelnose Sturgeon ................................ 3-54

Shrubs.......................................................

1-9, 2-20, 2-22, 3-45, 3-46, 3-51, 3-56, 3-58, 3-61, 3-68, 3-72, 3-86, 3-

113, 4-3, 4-54, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-137, 4-180, 4-241, 

4-251, 4-252, 4-254

Antelope Bitterbrush........... 3-75

Bitterbrush .......................... 3-46

Creeping Juniper................. 3-46

Greasewood ........................ 3-46, 3-75

Green Rabbitbrush .............. 3-756

Mountain Mahogany........... 3-46

Rabbitbrush......................... 3-46

Rubber Rabbitbrush ............ 3-75

Saltbush............................... 3-75

Shadscale or Fourwing 

Saltbush...............................

3-46

Sicklefin Chub .......................................... 3-54, 3-63

Sidney Reservoir....................................... 3-53

Sidney, Montana .................................... 3-3, 3-13, 3-32, 3-52, 3-72, 3-125, 3-139, 3-153, 4-13, 4-14, 5-1

Climate................................ 3-3

Sightseeing ............................................... 3-131, 3-139, 3-156

Silver ........................................................ 3-124

Silver Buffaloberry................................... 4-133

Silvertip Reservoir.................................... 3-53

Sioux Tribe ............................................... 1-3, 3-145, 3-147, 3-148, 3-158

Sioux Uplift .............................................. 3-121

Sioux War................................................. 3-145, 3-147, 3-148

Skiing........................................................ 3-156

Skunkbush Sumac..................................... 2-22

Smallmouth Bass ..................................... 3-54, 3-55

Smith Coals .............................................. 3-39

Smoke ............................................ 3-2, 3-17, 3-22, 4-8, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26

Smoky Butte .............................................

2-1, 2-120, 2-157, 2-158, 2-159, 2-215, 3-140, 3-145, 3-148, 4-51, 4-

268, 4-274, 4-279, 4-289, 4-324, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-351, 4-353, 4-

356, 4-360, 4-369, 4-379

Smooth Greensnake.................................. 3-54

Snapping Turtle ........................................ 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Snow Goose.............................................. 3-96
INDEX

IND-36

INDEX

Snowmobiling........................................... 3-129, 3-139, 3-156, 3-163

Soaring Owl Site....................................... 3-99

Social Conditions

Affected Environment......... 3-151

Alternatives......................... 2-187

Desired Future Condition.... 1-13

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-397

Environmental Justice......... See Environmental Justice

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-217

Sodium...................................................... 2-6, 3-32, 3-34, 3-41, 3-44, 3-124

Sodium Adsorption Ratio ......................... 3-32, 3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 4-56

Soils..........................................................

Affected Environment......... 3-25

Alternatives......................... 2-14

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-30

Desired Future Condition.... 1-12

Management Concerns........ 1-7

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-191

Soil Survey Geographic Database ............ 3-27

Solar.......................................................... See Renewable Energy, Solar

South Dakota ........................................... 3-22, 3-37, 3-60, 3-73, 3-112, 3-116, 3-121, 3-124, 3-138, 3-139, 3-147

South Fork Reservoir................................ 3-53

Special Designation Areas

Affected Environment......... 3-145

Alternatives......................... 2-14

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-367

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-215

Issues................................... 1-6, 1-11

Special Recreation Management Areas....

1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-12, 2-87, 2-88, 2-89, 2-90, 2-91, 2-

92, 2-92, 2-93, 2-94, 2-95, 2-97, 2-98, 2-98, 2-99, 2-100, 2-101, 2-105, 

2-108, 2-111, 2-114, 2-123, 2-141, 2-157, 2-187, 2-210, 3-130, 3-131, 

3-161, 4-51, 4-59, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-102, 4-103, 4-10, 4-246, 4-

247, 4-266, 4-268, 4-274, 4-279, 4-290, 4-291, 4-292, 4-294, 4-295, 4-

296, 4-304, 4-308, 4-315, 4-316, 4-320, 4-322, 4-343, 4-346

Special Recreation Permits....................... 2-86, 2-104, 3-133, 4-303, 4-304, 4-307, 4-311, 4-316, 4-413

Special Status Species ..............................

2-12, 2-22, 2-26, 2-34, 2-74, 2-78, 2-80, 2-199, 3-58, 3-61, 3-64, 3-65, 

3-66, 3-68, 3-120, 4-31, 4-89, 4-91, 4-114, 4-130, 4-131, 4-132, 4-133, 

4-136, 4-137, 4-138, 4-139, 4-143, 4-144, 4-145, 4-150, 4-151, 4-153, 

4-157, 4-158, 4-161, 4-163, 4-167, 4-248, 4-252, 4-262, 4-277, 4-282, 

4-293, 4-294, 4-300, 4-302, 4-305, 4-309, 4-313, 4-326, 4-363, 4-366, 

4-368, 4-370, 4-371, 4-375, 4-378, 4-381

Aquatics, Fish and Wildlife 3-63

Issues................................... 1-5, 1-10

Terrestrial, Fish and 

Wildlife ...............................

3-64

Birds.................................... 3-67

Mammals ............................ 3-65
INDEX

IND-37

INDEX

Raptors................................

2-35, 4-58, 4-63, 4-140, 4-146, 4-152, 4-159, 4-247, 4-256, 4-257, 4-

259, 4-261, 4-262, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 4-291, 4-353

Species of Concern ............. 3-46, 3-54

Vegetation/Plants................ 2-23, 3-46

Spiny Softshell Turtles ............................. 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Sport-fish Reservoirs................................

4-40, 4-41, 4-43, 4-45, 4-46, 4-63, 4-65, 4-67, 4-69, 4-74, 4-77, 4-80, 

4-99, 4-101, 4-104, 4-106, 4-114, 4-119, 4-121, 4-122, 4-124, 4-126, 4-

143, 4-145, 4-151, 4-248, 4-257, 4-260, 4-268, 4-282, 4-284, 4-287, 4-

291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-306, 4-310, 4-313, 4-326, 4-329, 4-332, 4-334, 4-

353, 4-354, 4-356, 4-359, 4-360

Spotted Bat ............................................... 3-66, 3-69

Spotted Knapweed.................................... 3-50, 3-51, 4-114, 4-146, 4-147

Sprague’s Pipit.......................................... 3-56, 3-62, 3-66, 3-68, 3-76, 4-178

Spring Creek Mine....................................

3-1234, 4-131, 4-133, 4-136, 4-137, 4-144, 4-150, 4-153, 4-161, 4-243, 

4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-249, 4-250, 4-251, 4-252, 4-253, 4-297, 4-306, 

4-310, 4-314, 4-370, 4-371, 4-375, 4-378, 4-381

Squirrel Creek........................................... 3-41

St. Johnswort ............................................ 3-510

Standards for Rangeland Health ...............

1-7, 1-9, 1-22, 2-20, 2-74, 2-76, 2-77, 2-78, 2-79, 2-88, 2-120, 2-192, 

2-193, 3-27, 3-120, 4-31, 4-36, 4-39, 4-41, 4-44, 4-46, 4-48, 4-54, 4-62, 

4-65, 4-71, 4-75, 4-81, 4-91, 4-93, 4-95, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-

102, 4-103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-107, 4-109, 4-110, 4-111, 4-116, 4-119, 4-

121, 4-123, 4-125, 4-127, 4-131, 4-133, 4-136, 4-137, 4-144, 4-150, 4-

153, 4-161, 4-243, 4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-249, 4-250, 4-251, 4-252, 4-

253, 4-297, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-370, 4-371, 4-375, 4-378, 4-381

State Historic Preservation Office ............ 3-88, 3-91

State of Montana County Noxious Weed 

List............................................................

3-50

Stateline Waterfowl Production Area ....... 3-73

Stone ......................................................... 3-102, 3-103, 3-124, 3-129, 3-146, 3-147, 4-289

Strawberry Hill .........................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-111, 2-112, 2-113, 2-120, 2-120, 3-131, 3-161, 4-64, 4-

68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-103, 4-107, 4-226, 4-248, 4-251, 4-268, 4-279, 4-283, 

4-284, 4-288, 4-291, 4-295, 4-304, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-341, 4-353, 

4-356, 4-360

Strawberry Hill Travel Management Area 2-120

Striped Skunk ........................................... 3-57

Sturgeon Chub .......................................... 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Sulfate....................................................... 3-18, 3-20, 3-21, 3-32, 4-34, 4-38, 4-41, 4-43, 4-46

Sulfur........................................................ 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-124

Sulfur (Erect) Cinquefoil .......................... 3-50

Sumatra, Montana..................................... 3-71

Sun Sedge ................................................. 3-113

Sundance Formation ................................. 3-39

Suppression (Fire).....................................

2-61, 3-10, 3-25, 3-51, 3-57, 3-84, 3-85, 3-115, 4-30, 4-47, 4-48, 4-61, 

4-70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-83, 4-88, 4-108, 4-116, 4-131, 4-180, 4-181, 4-182, 

4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191, 4-192, 

4-195, 4-206, 4-207, 4-215, 4-218, 4-220, 4-221, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 

4-242, 4-324, 4-330, 4-332, 4-333, 4-338, 4-340, 4-341, 4-342, 4-344, 

4-345, 4-368, 4-370, 4-371, 4-375, 4-378, 4-404

Suppression Activity Damage Repair 

(Fire).........................................................

4-181, 4-182, 4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 

4-191, 4-192

Surface Water ...........................................

3-29, 3-31, 3-43, 4-52, 4-53, 4-54, 4-55, 4-56, 4-64, 4-67, 4-68, 4-70, 

4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-81, 4-82, 4-84, 4-85, 4-94, 4-95, 

4-117, 4-120, 4-132, 4-183, 4-184
INDEX

IND-38

INDEX

Swainson’s Hawk ..................................... 2-35, 3-66, 3-71

Swift Formation........................................ 3-39

Swift Fox .................................................. 3-57, 3-68, 3-146

Swift Fox Conservation Team.................. 3-69

Swimming................................................. 3-131

Sylvatic Plague ......................................... 3-68, 3-146, 4-185

- T -

Tall Buttercup........................................... 3-50

Tamarisk .................................................. See Salt-cedar

Tansy Ragwort.......................................... 3-50

Taylor-Siegal Site ..................................... 3-99

Tenmile Creek Allotment ......................... 2-133

Terrestrial Gartersnake ............................. 3-54

Terrestrial, Fish and Wildlife

Affected Environment......... 3-55

Alternatives......................... 2-29

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-130

Habitat Reduction and 

Fragmentation .....................

3-55

Limiting Factors.................. 3-62

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-192

Terry Badlands ......................................... 3-114

Terry Badlands Wilderness Study Area.... 2-187, 3-130, 3-131, 3-1514-13

Terry Off-highway Vehicle Use Area ......

2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-108, 2-109, 2-110, 2-111, 3-131, 3-161, 4-226, 4-59, 4-

64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-248, 4-268, 4-279, 4-291, 4-295, 4-304, 4-308, 

4-312, 4-316, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 4-356, 4-360, 4-399, 4-400, 

4-401, 4-402

Terry, Montana ......................................... 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 3-67, 3-70, 5-1

Texas ........................................................ 3-67, 3-70

Theodore Roosevelt Conservation 

Partnership Sportsmen Area .....................

2-7

Theodore Roosevelt National Park........... 3-13, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 4-14

Threatened Species...................................

1-5, 1-10, 2-27, 2-199, 3-46, 3-64, 3-65, 3-67, 3-70, 3-72, 3-120, 3-145, 

3-147, 4-115, 4-152, 4-159, 4-164, 4-167, 4-170, 4-174, 4-181, 4-232, 

4-276, 4-277, 4-280, 4-281, 4-283, 4-284, 4-285, 4-286, 4-289, 4-298, 

4-368, 4-374, 5-4

Thunder Basin Grassland.......................... 3-17, 3-20

Tiger Salamander ..................................... 3-543

Timber ......................................................

1-2, 1-4, 2-71, 2-72, 3-49, 3-72, 3-116, 3-136, 4-3, 4-34, 4-37, 4-40, 4-

43, 4-45, 4-53, 4-61, 4-65, 4-70, 4-74, 4-80, 4-87, 4-109, 4-181, 4-184, 

4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191, 4-219, 4-220, 4-232, 4-234, 

4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-238, 4-239, 4-240, 4-241, 4-298, 4-302, 4-338, 

4-339, 4-341, 4-342, 4-344, 4-345, 4-410, 4-411, 4-412, 4-413, 4-415, 

4-416, 4-417, 4-418

Tongue River............................................

3-32, 3-37, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 3-44, 3-53, 3-54, 3-67, 3-122, 3-123, 

3-124, 3-140, 3-146, 3-148, 4-3, 4-4, 4-54, 4-113, 4-114, 4-166

Tongue River Member.............................. 3-106, 3-123

Tongue River Railroad ............................. 4-3
INDEX

IND-39

INDEX

Tongue River Reservoir............................ 3-43, 3-53, 3-54, 3-144

Total Dissolved Solids.............................. 3-29, 3-37, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-43

Total Maximum Daily Load ..................... 3-36

Total Suspended Solids ............................ 4-60, 4-69

Townsend’s Big-eared Bat ....................... 3-66, 3-69

Traditional Cultural Properties................. 2-63, 3-89, 3-102, 4-199, 4-200, 4-201

Desired Future Condition.... 1-12

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Travel Management and Access

Issues................................... 1-5, 1-10

Travel Management and Off-Highway 

Vehicle Use ..............................................

2-118, 2-208, 3-137, 4-221, 4-222, 4-224, 4-225, 4-301, 4-303, 4-307, 

4-311, 4-315, 4-337, 4-364

Affected Environment......... 3-137

Alternatives......................... 2-118

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-337

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-208

Travel Management Areas ....................... 2-120 4-256, 4-338, 4-339, 4-343

Travel Management Plans ........................ 3-136, 3-138, 4-347

Travel Planning Areas .............................. 1-5, 2-114, 4-344, 4-347

Treasure County .......................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-47, 3-62, 3-67, 3-71, 3-105, 3-107, 3-139, 

3-147, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8

Tullock Member ....................................... 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-122, 3-146, 4-214

Tundra Swan............................................. 3-96

Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa ......... 1-3

Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation......... 1-16

- U –

UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge .......... 3-21, 3-22, 3-70, 3-71

University of Montana.............................. 3-73, 3-156

Upland Bird .............................................. 3-132

Upland Game Bird.................................... 2-97, 3-61, 3-133, 3-161, 4-176

Upland Sandpiper ..................................... 3-66

Upper Little Missouri Subbasin................ 3-33

Upper Little Missouri Watershed ............. 3-26

Upper Missouri River Breaks National 

Monument.................................................

1-14

Upper Tongue Subbasin ........................... 3-33

Upper Tongue Watershed ......................... 3-29, 3-31

Uranium....................................................

3-58, 3-103, 3-124, 3-127, 3-128, 3-129, 4-32, 4-33, 4-55, 4-56, 4-95, 

4-134, 4-138, 4-157, 4-163, 4-276, 4-277, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 4-284, 

4-285, 4-287, 4-288, 4-289, 4-368, 4-374

Utah .......................................................... 3-134

- V -

Valley County .....................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-72, 3-139, 3-154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-

162, 3-164

Vegetation

Affected Environment......... 3-45
INDEX

IND-40

INDEX

Alternatives......................... 2-19

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-867

Invasive Species.................. See Invasive Species

Issues................................... 1-4, 1-9

Riparian and Wetland Areas See Riparian and Wetland Areas

Special Status Species......... See Special Status Species, Vegetation/Plants

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-194

Visibility................................................... 3-2, 3-11, 3-15, 3-17, 3-18, 3-21, 3-22, 3-96, 3-106, 3-107

Visual Resource Management ..................

2-69, 2-91, 2-92, 2-95, 2-97, 2-98, 2-100, 2-104, 2-105, 2-104, 2-105, 

2-104, 2-105, 2-104, 2-108, 2-111, 2-113, 2-116, 2-128, 2-129, 2-128, 

2-129, 2-128, 2-129, 2-128, 2-129, 2-132, 2-133, 2-132, 2-135, 2-138, 

2-141, 2-143, 2-148, 2-152, 2-155, 2-157, 2-159, 2-161, 2-165, 2-169, 

2-173, 2-177, 2-181, 2-185, 2-208, 3-127, 4-184, 4-186, 4-188, 4-191, 

4-217, 4-218, 4-219, 4-220, 4-221, 4-222, 4-223, 4-224, 4-225, 4-226, 

4-227, 4-228, 4-265, 4-266, 4-269, 4-271, 4-273, 4-278, 4-298, 4-300, 

4-302, 4-306, 4-310, 4-314, 4-315, 4-322, 4-324, 4-327, 4-329, 4-332, 

4-338, 4-340, 4-341, 4-343, 4-344, 4-346, 4-349, 4-352, 4-354, 4-357, 

4-359, 4-394, 4-396

Affected Environment......... 3-108

Alternatives......................... 2-69

Classes ................................ 3-109

Desired Future Conditions.. 1-12

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-217

Management Concerns........ 1-8

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-208

- W -

Walleye ............................................ 3-54, 3-55, 3-130

Walstein ............................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-177, 2-178, 2-179, 2-180, 2-181, 2-215, 2-

217, 4-64, 4-68, 4-73, 4-78, 4-199, 4-201, 4-202, 4-248, 4-250, 4-268, 

4-272, 4-274, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-334, 4-353, 

4-356, 4-360, 4-376, 4-378, 4-379

Wasatch 

Formation ............................................ 3-39, 3-123

Water

Affected Environment......... 3-29

Alternatives......................... 2-15

Desired Future Condition.... 1-12

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-49

Management Concerns........ 1-7

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts................................

2-192

Waterfowl.................................................

2-97, 3-55, 3-62, 3-63, 3-67, 3-69, 3-144, 3-147, 3-161, 3-163, 4-166, 

4-167, 4-170, 4-299, 4-316

Webster, Montana..................................... 3-71, 3-72

Weeds....................................................... See Invasive Species

West Fork Poplar Subbasin ...................... 3-33
INDEX

IND-41

INDEX

West Fork Poplar Watershed .................... 3-29, 3-31

West Nile Virus........................................ 2-43, 2-48, 2-55, 2-14, 4-165, 4-166

Westby, Montana ..................................... 3-69, 3-70, 3-71, 3-72, 3-73, 3-147

Western Hog-nosed Snake........................ 3-54, 3-63, 3-66

Westgard Waterfowl Production Area...... 3-69

Wetland.....................................................

1-4, 1-9, 1-10, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-23, 2-24, 2-23, 2-24, 2-23, 2-24, 2-

23, 2-24, 2-24, 2-25, 2-25, 2-36, 2-37, 2-61, 2-14, 2-192, 2-193, 2-195, 

2-196, 3-28, 3-29, 3-35, 3-43, 3-45, 3-48, 3-49, 3-51, 3-60, 3-62, 3-68,

3-69, 3-70, 3-72, 3-73, 3-120, 3-147, 4-31, 4-34, 4-35, 4-36, 4-37, 4-38, 

4-40, 4-41, 4-43, 4-45, 4-46, 4-48, 4-52, 4-53, 4-54, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, 

4-63, 4-64, 4-65, 4-68, 4-69, 4-73, 4-74, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-80, 4-82, 

4-83, 4-84, 4-85, 4-86, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-97, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 

4-101, 4-102, 4-103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-108, 4-109, 4-115, 

4-118, 4-120, 4-122, 4-124, 4-126, 4-129, 4-131, 4-132, 4-133, 4-164, 

4-182, 4-190, 4-218, 4-220, 4-225, 4-236, 4-238, 4-240, 4-246, 4-247, 

4-249, 4-251, 4-257, 4-260, 4-262, 4-268, 4-277, 4-284, 4-285, 4-287, 

4-291, 4-293, 4-294, 4-296, 4-297, 4-305, 4-306, 4-309, 4-310, 4-313, 

4-321, 4-326, 4-329, 4-331, 4-332, 4-334, 4-337, 4-338, 4-349, 4-354, 

4-356, 4-358, 4-359, 4-360, 4-363

White Crappie........................................... 3-54

White Sucker ............................................ 3-54

White-faced Ibis ....................................... 3-66, 3-69

Whitetail Reservoir................................... 3-53

White-tailed Deer ..................................... 3-57, 3-58, 3-59, 3-60, 3-62, 3-133, 3-147, 4-163

Whitetop ................................................... 3-50

Whooping Crane....................................... 3-66, 3-67

Wibaux County.........................................

1-3, 1-4, 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-40, 3-68, 3-139, 3-140, 3-151, 3-153, 3-

154, 3-155, 3-160, 3-161, 3-162, 3-164, 4-8, 4-412

Widgeon Slough Waterfowl Production 

Area ..........................................................

3-73

Wild and Scenic Rivers ............................ 1-6, 1-15, 3-145

Affected Environment......... 3-150

Issues................................... 1-11

Wild Turkeys............................................ 3-57, 3-61, 4-136, 4-143, 4-163, 4-370, 4-371, 4-374, 4-378, 4-381

Wilderness. ...............................................

1-6, 1-8, 1-11, 1-13, 2-6, 2-7, 2-12, 2-116, 2-187, 3-1, 3-18, 3-21, 3-22, 

3-84, 3-150, 3-151, 3-156, 4-57, 4-118, 4-233, 4-302, 4-305, 4-309, 4-

312, 4-317, 4-323, 4-393, 4-394, 4-395, 4-396

Affected Environment......... 3-150

Alternatives......................... 2-187

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-393

Wilderness Study Areas............................

1-6, 1-11, 2-6, 2-72, 2-95, 2-116, 2-123, 2-141, 2-161, 2-187, 2-20, 2-

61, 2-71, 2-127, 2-131, 2-134, 2-136, 2-139, 2-142, 2-146, 2-151, 2-

153, 2-156, 2-158, 2-160, 2-164, 2-168, 2-171, 2-172, 2-176, 2-179, 2-

180, 2-184, 2-204, 3-130, 3-131, 3-145, 3-150, 3-151, 4-31, 4-57, 4-

118, 4-182, 4-218, 4-220, 4-221, 4-222, 4-225, 4-227, 4-231, 4-233, 4-

299, 4-302, 4-305, 4-309, 4-312, 4-317, 4-321, 4-323, 4-349, 4-365, 4-

367, 4-393, 4-394, 4-395, 4-396

Issues................................... 1-11
INDEX

IND-42

INDEX

Wildfire.....................................................

2-17, 2-56, 2-66, 2-120, 2-125, 2-128, 2-130, 2-133, 2-135, 2-140, 2-

144, 2-147, 2-150, 2-152, 2-153, 2-157, 2-158, 2-162, 2-165, 2-170, 2-

173, 2-174, 2-178, 2-197, 3-9, 3-10, 3-76, 3-84, 3-85, 3-86, 3-87, 3-

114, 3-115, 4-3, 4-6, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-

26, 4-33, 4-50, 4-53, 4-57, 4-62, 4-65, 4-66, 4-71, 4-72, 4-76, 4-81, 4-

86, 4-87, 4-102, 4-105, 4-107, 4-113, 4-116, 4-120, 4-121, 4-123, 4-

127, 4-185, 4-186, 4-187, 4-188, 4-189, 4-190, 4-191, 4-192, 4-232, 4-

233, 4-234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-238, 4-239, 4-240, 4-241, 4-242, 4-

245, 4-327, 4-352

Wildland Fire Management and Ecology

Affected Environment......... 3-84

Alternatives......................... 2-60

Environmental 

Consequences......................

4-177

Summary Comparison of 

Impacts Table......................

2-201

Wildlife Monitoring and Protection Plan.. 4-190, 4-202, 4-214, 4-225, 4-235

Wildlife Viewing ......................................

3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-133, 3-149, 3-161, 3-163, 4-297, 4-298, 4-300, 

4-301, 4-303, 4-307, 4-311, 4-312, 4-315, 4-318, 4-319, 4-320, 4-407

Willet........................................................ 3-66, 3-70

Williston Basin ......................................... 3-40, 3-121, 3-122, 3-124, 3-125, 3-126, 4-274, 4-412

Williston, North Dakota ........................... 3-124

Wilson’s Phalarope................................... 3-66, 3-71

Wind. ....................................................... See Renewable Energy, Wind

Wind Cave National Park ....................... 3-21

Wind Power Class 4 ................................. 3-135, 4-322, 4-323, 4-325, 4-327, 4-328, 4-330, 4-332

Wind River Indian Reservation ................ 1-16

Wolf.......................................................... See Gray Wolf

Wolf Mountain ......................................... See Battle Butte

Wolf Point Bridge Interpretive Site ......... 3-131, 3-149

Wolf Point, Montana ................................ 3-68, 3-139, 3-149, 3-153

Woodhouse’s Toad................................... 3-53

Woodlands................................................

1-9, 1-11, 2-71, 2-72, 2-203, 2-204, 3-6, 3-60, 3-71, 3-114, 3-115, 3-

116, 4-6, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-116, 4-136, 4-232, 4-233, 4-

234, 4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-238, 4-239, 4-240, 4-241, 4-242, 4-243, 4-

364

Wyodak Coal Zone................................... 3-39

Wyodak Rider Coal Zone ....................... 3-39

Wyoming .................................................

3-13, 3-22, 3-37, 3-44, 3-47, 3-57, 3-58, 3-60, 3-73, 3-79, 3-81, 3-113, 

3-116, 3-121, 3-126, 3-148, 3-149, 3-160, 4-61, 4-84, 4-86, 4-145, 4-

151, 4-158, 4-255

- Y -

Yellow Perch ............................................ 3-54

Yellow Rail............................................... 3-66, 3-69

Yellow Starthistle ..................................... 3-73

Yellow Toadflax....................................... 3-50

Yellowflag Iris.......................................... 3-50

Yellowstone County ................................. 3-12

Yellowstone National Park....................... 3-13, 3-18, 3-22, 3-65, 3-149
INDEX

IND-43

INDEX

Yellowstone River ...................................

3-2, 3-30, 3-32, 3-40, 3-44, 3-52, 3-53, 3-54, 3-55, 3-62, 3-63, 3-64, 3-

67, 3-87, 3-94, 3-95, 3-110, 3-113, 3-114, 3-129, 3-130, 3-131, 3-140, 

3-147, 3-149, 4-4, 4-113, 4-114, 4-118, 4-164, 4-165, 4-166, 4-252, 4-

276, 4-290, 4-292

Yonkee......................................................

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-120, 2-181, 2-182, 2-183, 2-184, 2-185, 2-215, 2-

217, 3-99, 4-199, 4-201, 4-202, 4-248, 4-250, 4-252, 4-268, 4-272, 4-

274, 4-279, 4-291, 4-294, 4-295, 4-326, 4-329, 4-333, 4-353, 4-356, 4-

359, 4-376, 4-379

- Z -

Zook Creek Wilderness Study Area 2-187, 3-151
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