IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2021-NCCOA-653

No. COA20-446

Filed 7 December 2021

Cumberland County, No. 18 CVS 5727

ELIZABETH ANN CLARK, Plaintiff,

v.

ADAM MATTHEW CLARK and KIMBERLY RAE BARRETT, Defendants.

Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 17 September 2019 and order 

entered 30 October 2019 by Judge Mary Ann Tally in Cumberland County Superior

Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 12 May 2021.

The Charleston Law Group, by Jose A. Coker and R. Jonathan Charleston; The 

Michael Porter Law Firm, by Michael Porter, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Tharrington Smith, LLP, by Jeffrey R. Russell and Evan B. Horwitz, for 

Defendant-Appellant.

WOOD, Judge.

¶ 1 On September 17, 2019, a jury found Defendant, Kimberly Barrett,

(“Defendant Barrett”) liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) 

and alienation of affection. Post-trial, Defendant Barrett filed a motion for judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”), which was denied. On appeal, Defendant 

Barrett contends the trial court erred in admitting expert witness testimony; allowing 

Plaintiff, Elizabeth Clark, (“Plaintiff”) to proceed with her IIED claim; and denying 
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her motion for JNOV. After careful review of the record and applicable law, we 

conclude there was no error at trial and affirm the trial court.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

¶ 2 Plaintiff married Defendant, Adam Clark, (“Defendant Clark”) on April 3, 

2010. At the time of their marriage, Defendant Clark held the rank of Captain in the 

United States Army. In or around May 2010, Plaintiff placed a personal 

advertisement on the website Craigslist, through which she met a man with whom 

she had a sexual affair. Plaintiff’s extramarital affair lasted approximately ten 

months. 

¶ 3 Plaintiff testified Defendant Clark was unaware of her affair, and the couple 

remained together and attended several “marriage retreats” provided by the Army. 

During these retreats, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark completed “exercises of trying 

to open up to your spouse, reconnect[ing] . . . . [T]hey go into forgiveness of things.” 

The couple “wrote each other letters on trying to put the past behind [them] and move 

forward, how much [they] really loved each other.” Thereafter, the couple procreated

two children in 2014 and 2015, respectively. 

¶ 4 In the spring of 2016, Defendant Clark attended a training at Fort Belvoir, 

Virginia. While staying at Fort Belvoir, Defendant Clark met Defendant Barrett, a 

Lieutenant Colonel in the Army and a staff obstetrics and gynecology physician. At 

the time Defendants Clark and Barrett met, Defendant Barrett knew Defendant 
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Clark was married, but felt Defendant Clark “did not have a good relationship” with 

his wife. 

¶ 5 While at Fort Belvoir, Defendants Clark and Barrett resided in barracks. The 

barracks were “like a U shape and it was two floors and [Defendants Clark and 

Barrett] were [in] the same . . . building, but [Defendant Barrett] was down on the 

other end.” While attending their training, Defendants Clark and Barrett spent time 

“all alone in each other’s rooms.” 

¶ 6 Defendant Barrett testified that her relationship with Defendant Clark started 

by Defendant Clark “helping [her] with homework or papers. Sometimes [she] had 

questions. There is a lot of acronyms in the—field, but in the military, there are a lot 

of acronyms that [she] wasn’t familiar with.” After Defendants Clark and Barrett 

met each other, Plaintiff “notice[d] a little bit of change” in her husband. Defendant 

Clark did not travel home to North Carolina to visit and “wasn’t texting [Plaintiff] as 

often. One time [Plaintiff] couldn’t get ahold of him and [she] tried calling his hotel 

room, [but he] wouldn’t pick up when he was supposed to be in there . . . . He was 

short with [her] on the telephone.” Because of the changes she noted in Defendant 

Clark’s behavior, Plaintiff used her cellphone to “trace or track” Defendant Clark’s 

cellphone, during which time Defendant Clark’s phone was “showing a different 

location from where his room was at.” Defendant Clark’s phone was “pinging . . . from 

the other end of the hall,” from where Defendant Barrett’s room was located. 
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¶ 7 On or around July 4, 2016, Defendant Clark traveled home to North Carolina 

for Independence Day. While he was home, Plaintiff discovered he “was texting a 

female. [She] found a number in his phone.” When Plaintiff asked Defendant Clark 

who the female was, he replied, “I don’t know what you’re talking about.” Finding 

the phone number caused Plaintiff “a lot of emotional distress.” The couple argued,

and Plaintiff experienced “stroke-like symptoms” and went to the hospital for 

treatment. Plaintiff was ultimately diagnosed with “[m]igraines and stress.” 

Defendant Clark returned to Fort Belvoir the same day Plaintiff was hospitalized. 

¶ 8 In September 2016, Plaintiff discovered text messages between Defendants 

Clark and Barrett, in which Defendant Clark sent Defendant Barrett a picture of his 

penis. The picture sent was taken in a bathroom in Plaintiff and Defendant Clark’s 

home. At the time Plaintiff discovered the sexually explicit photograph, Defendant 

Clark had changed Defendant Barrett’s name in his cellphone’s contact information 

to “Jane S.” Plaintiff knew “Jane S.” was Defendant Barrett because she had matched 

the cellphone number of “Jane S.” with that of Defendant Barrett. 

¶ 9 On September 11, 2016, Plaintiff confronted Defendant Clark and asked if he 

“still had [Defendant Barrett’s] number.” Plaintiff threatened to call Defendant 

Barrett, and Defendant Clark “jumped up really fast and chased after [Plaintiff] as 

[Plaintiff] was dialing [Defendant Barrett’s] number.” Plaintiff threatened to ask 

Defendant Barrett if she and Defendant Clark were having an extramarital affair. 
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Because of this interaction, the couple fought, and Defendant Clark left their marital 

home. 

¶ 10 Although Defendant Clark left the marital home in September 2016, the couple 

maintained an emotionally and sexually intimate relationship. Plaintiff testified, “It 

was very complicated, because he would keep coming over . . . . And he was holding 

me and we had sex a couple of times.” In January 2017, Plaintiff and Defendant 

Clark purchased real property together. The property the couple purchased was 

owned by a close family friend of Plaintiff’s, whom she knew through her father. 

Ultimately, the loan obtained to purchase the land was put in Defendant Clark’s sole 

name, because Plaintiff “didn’t really have any kind of credit or anything like that.” 

At the time the real property was purchased, Defendant Clark and Plaintiff “were 

actually reconciling at that time. And [Defendant Clark] told Plaintiff that . . . [they 

were] going to still build a house on it.” At the time of trial, Defendants Clark and 

Barrett had built a house on the land and were residing on this property together.1

¶ 11 In March 2017, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark executed a separation 

agreement, in which Defendant Clark agreed to pay $1,850 in monthly child support. 

The separation agreement was drafted by Defendant Clark’s attorney, and Plaintiff 

 

1 Defendant Barrett testified she moved into the house built on the property in “November or 

December of 2018.” Testimony at trial further suggests Defendants Clark and Barrett began living 

together in 2017. Specifically, Defendant Barrett stated she lived independently for approximately 

four months beginning in August 2017. When asked where she resided afterwards, Defendant Barrett 

utilized her Fifth Amendment privilege. 
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was not represented by independent counsel at the time of its execution. 

¶ 12 Throughout June and July 2017, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark engaged in

sexual intercourse and recorded videos of themselves doing so. Also in July 2017, 

Defendant Clark and Defendant Barrett conceived a child together through in vitro

fertilization. Defendant Clark continued to maintain an intimate and sexual 

relationship with both his wife and with his paramour during this time. In August 

2017, Defendant Clark traveled to Boston, Massachusetts for additional training. 

Plaintiff attempted to videocall Defendant Clark through Facetime, but Defendant 

Clark did not answer. When Defendant Clark did not answer, Plaintiff “sent him a 

topless photo,” in which Plaintiff’s naked breasts were exposed. Plaintiff did not send 

the topless photograph to anyone else. 

¶ 13 In September 2017, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark stopped having sexual 

intercourse. Around this time, Defendant Clark began complaining about the amount 

he paid to Plaintiff in child support. In October 2017, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark 

were still texting one another, and Plaintiff sent Defendant Clark “a picture of female 

genitalia.” It was around this time that Plaintiff discovered Defendant Barrett was 

pregnant with Defendant Clark’s child.2

¶ 14 In January 2018, Plaintiff discovered a Craigslist advertisement and believed 

 

2 Defendants Clark and Barrett had a child together on March 7, 2018. Defendant Clark is 

listed as the child’s father on the birth certificate, and the child bears his last name. 
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it to be about herself. The advertisement stated,

Liz is super hot! Shows you what plastic surgeons and 

eating disorders can do for you in 2018. There’s a reason 

she’s been divorced twice and can’t take care of her kids. 

She’s a plaything, nothing more. Hope you fellas are 

wearing condoms, she’s got herpes.

¶ 15 Plaintiff believed Defendant Clark posted the advertisement, because he 

“always said [she] had an eating disorder and when [they] started not getting along, 

he said that [she] didn’t take care of [her] children and [she] was a bad mother.” 

¶ 16 In March 2018, Plaintiff began interacting with Defendant Clark, who was 

using the alias “Brian Bragg” on the social networking platform, Kik.3 The Brian 

Bragg4 account sent Plaintiff the “topless photo,” with a message saying, “Saw this 

floating around the internet in the Fayetteville chat rooms just letting you know.” 

Brian Bragg also informed Plaintiff that the image was “all over the place,” and that 

he hoped Plaintiff “[slept] well knowing [her] fun bags [were] hanging out there for 

the world to see.” 

¶ 17 In May 2018, Plaintiff discovered a Facebook “weight loss” advertisement 

depicting Plaintiff. The advertisement was composed of a post-pregnancy photograph 

of Plaintiff next to the photograph of Plaintiff’s nude breasts. Prior to Plaintiff finding 

 

3 When asked if Defendant Clark used the alias “Brian Bragg,” Defendant Clark pled the Fifth 

Amendment. 

4 Plaintiff believed “Brian Bragg” was Defendant Clark, as the “Brian Bragg” account used a 

photograph that Plaintiff took of Defendant Clark as a profile picture. 
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the advertisement, “Brian Bragg” had threatened to find and post Plaintiff’s postpregnancy photographs on Kik. 

¶ 18 Throughout 2018, Plaintiff’s friends and co-workers contacted her when they 

saw “Liz Clark” profiles, using a photograph of Plaintiff as a profile picture, in Kik 

chatrooms soliciting “no strings attached sex.” Kik business records revealed that 

the “Liz Clark” Kik profiles could be traced to an IP address that matched the IP 

address of Defendants Clark and Barrett’s residence. 

¶ 19 When Plaintiff’s friends and co-workers notified her that they saw the “Liz 

Clark” Kik profiles, she “was extremely embarrassed” and her “heart started racing.” 

Plaintiff also received photographs from “Brian Bragg” depicting herself and her 

vehicle. Attached to these photographs were messages discussing how people were 

following Plaintiff. One message from “Brian Bragg” stated, “We are going to 

continue doing everything in our power to make your life miserable.” 

¶ 20 In August 2018, Plaintiff brought the instant action, asserting claims against 

both Defendants Clark and Barrett for libel per se; intentional and negligent infliction 

of emotional distress; and a violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.5A, a statute 

providing criminal sanctions for what is commonly known as “revenge porn.” Plaintiff 

asserted additional causes of action against Defendant Barrett for alienation of 

affection and criminal conversation. In April 2019, Defendant Clark was arrested for 

stalking and cyberstalking Plaintiff in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-277.3(A)(c) 
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and 14-196.3. 

¶ 21 In July 2019, the Cumberland County Superior Court barred the use of expert 

witness testimony in the civil actions filed by Plaintiff based upon a motion filed by 

Defendants Clark and Barrett to strike Plaintiff’s tardy designation of an expert 

witness. The case proceeded to trial in August 2019. During trial, Derek Ellington 

(“Ellington”) was permitted to testify. Ellington is a digital forensics examiner in 

Cumberland County. During Ellington’s testimony, he laid the foundation for the 

entry of a flash drive containing nearly 32,000 files that he preserved from Plaintiff’s 

electronic devices, and social media and email accounts. The data Ellington gathered 

and saved demonstrated that Plaintiff had only sent the “topless photo” of herself to 

Defendant Clark.

¶ 22 The jury found Defendant Barrett responsible for alienation of affection and 

IIED. The trial court entered judgment against Defendant Barrett for alienation of 

affection and IIED on September 17, 2019. Plaintiff was awarded $1,200,000 in 

damages. On September 25, 2019, Defendant Barrett filed a motion for judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) and, in the alternative, motion for new trial. 

The court denied Defendant Barrett’s motion on October 30, 2019. Defendant Barrett 

appeals from both the September 17, 2019 judgment and the October 30, 2019 order 

denying her post-trial motion. 

II. Discussion
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¶ 23 Defendant Barrett raises several issues on appeal. Each will be addressed in 

turn.

A. Ellington’s Testimony

¶ 24 Defendant Barrett contends the trial court erred “by admitting evidence and 

testimony from an expert witness who was not qualified as such.” We disagree.

1. Standard of Review

¶ 25 As a preliminary matter, the parties dispute the proper appellate standard of 

review. Defendant Barrett asks this Court to review the admission of Ellington’s 

testimony de novo, because “[w]here the plaintiff contends the trial court’s decision is 

based on an incorrect reading and interpretation of the rule governing admissibility 

of expert testimony, the standard of review on appeal is de novo.” Cornett v. Watauga 

Surgical Grp., P.A., 194 N.C. App. 490, 493, 669 S.E.2d 805, 807 (2008) (citations 

omitted). Conversely, Plaintiff contends the appropriate standard of review is one of 

an abuse of discretion. Rule 104(a) of our rules of evidence provides that “preliminary 

questions concerning the qualifications of a person to be a witness, the existence of a 

privilege, or the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court.” N.C. Gen. 

Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 104(a) (2020). Decisions made under Rule 104(a) are addressed to 

the sound discretion of the trial court. See State v. Fearing, 315 N.C. 167, 174, 337 

S.E.2d 551, 554 (1985). 

¶ 26 After careful review of the applicable law, we review de novo whether Ellington 
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testified as an expert witness. See State v. Broyhill, 254 N.C. App. 478, 488, 803 

S.E.2d 832, 839 (2017) (citation omitted); see also State v. Jackson, 258 N.C. App. 99, 

107, 810 S.E.2d 397, 402 (2018) (noting that the Court applied a de novo standard of 

review “because determining whether the State’s experts’ testimonies constituted 

expert opinions . . . was a question” of law.) (citing State v. Davis, 368 N.C. 794, 797-

98, 785 S.E.2d 312, 314-15 (2015)). “Under a de novo review, the court considers the 

matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower tribunal.” 

State v. Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 632-33, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008) (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). However, whether the trial court erroneously 

admitted Ellington’s testimony is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Crocker v. 

Roethling, 363 N.C. 140, 143, 675 S.E.2d 625, 628-29 (2009) (citation omitted); see 

also State v. Turbyfill, 243 N.C. App. 183, 185-86, 776 S.E.2d 249, 252 (2015) (citation 

omitted). “Abuse of discretion results where the Court’s ruling is manifestly 

unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a 

reasoned decision.” Turbyfill, 243 N.C. App. at 185-86, 776 S.E.2d at 252 (citation 

omitted).

2. Whether Ellington’s Testimony Constitutes Expert Testimony 

¶ 27 The parties next dispute whether Ellington testified as an expert or gave a lay 

opinion. “Our Supreme Court . . . explained the threshold difference between expert 

opinion and lay witness testimony.” Broyhill, 254 N.C. App. at 485, 803 S.E.2d at 839 
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(citing Davis, 368 N.C. at 798, 785 S.E.2d at 315). “[W]hen an expert witness moves 

beyond reporting what he saw or experienced through his senses, and turns to 

interpretation or assessment ‘to assist’ the jury based on his ‘specialized knowledge,’ 

he is rendering an expert opinion.” Davis, 368 N.C. at 798, 785 S.E.2d at 315 (quoting 

N.C. Gen. Stat § 8C-1, Rule 702(a)). “Ultimately, ‘what constitutes expert opinion 

testimony requires a case-by-case inquiry’ through an examination of ‘the testimony 

as a whole and in context.’ ” Broyhill, 254 N.C. App. at 485, 803 S.E.2d at 839 (quoting 

Davis, 368 N.C. at 798, 785 S.E.2d at 315). 

¶ 28 Here, Ellington testified about the general process for making a forensic or 

digital copy of electronic devices and specifically testified as to how he made a copy of 

Plaintiff’s electronic devices. Ellington’s testimony laid the foundation5 for a flash 

drive containing files from Plaintiff’s devices, demonstrating Plaintiff did not send 

the “topless photo” to anyone other than Defendant Clark. A review of Ellington’s 

testimony reveals that he testified not as an expert, but as a lay witness. Ellington 

testified as to what he “saw or experienced” in creating copies of Plaintiff’s devices 

and accounts. He did not interpret or assess the devices or accounts but explained the 

process he used for Plaintiff’s devices was one that he did daily. 

¶ 29 Presuming arguendo Ellington testified as an expert, Defendant Barrett failed 

 

5 Defendant Barrett does not argue that the flash drive was improperly authenticated under 

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 901.
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to demonstrate how this was prejudicial. See State v. Babich, 252 N.C. App. 165, 172, 

797 S.E.2d 359, 364 (2017) (“Where it does not appear that the . . . admission of 

evidence played a pivotal role in determining the outcome of the trial, the error is 

harmless.”) (quoting State v. Mason, 144 N.C. App. 20, 27-28, 550 S.E.2d 10, 16 

(2001)). Here, Plaintiff testified about the text messages, emails, and social media 

messages and postings. Ellington’s testimony was not “pivotal” in determining 

whether Defendants Clark and Barrett posted Plaintiff’s nude breasts on the 

internet; rather, it corroborated Plaintiff’s testimony that she sent the topless 

photograph to Defendant Clark. Therefore, we find no error in the trial court’s 

decision to allow Ellington to testify.

B. Plaintiff’s IIED Claim

¶ 30 Next, Defendant Barrett contends the trial court erred by allowing Plaintiff’s 

claim for IIED to proceed “when the conduct is subsumed by other causes of action,” 

and by denying Defendant Barrett’s post-trial motion “because there was insufficient 

evidence for the claim of IIED to be submitted to the jury.” We disagree.

¶ 31 Whether Plaintiff’s IIED cause of action is subsumed by her other asserted 

torts is a question of law reviewed de novo. See Piazza v. Kirkbride, 246 N.C. App. 

576, 579, 785 S.E.2d 695, 698 (2016), modified, 372 N.C 137, 827 S.E.2d 479 (2019). 

“The standard of review of a ruling entered upon a motion for judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict is ‘whether, upon examination of all the evidence in the 
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light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and that party being given the benefit 

of every reasonable inference drawn therefrom, the evidence is sufficient to be 

submitted to the jury.’ ” Everhart v. O’Charley’s Inc., 200 N.C. App. 142, 148-49, 683 

S.E.2d 728, 735 (2009) (quoting Branch v. High Rock Realty, Inc., 151 N.C. App. 244, 

249-50, 565 S.E.2d 248, 252 (2002)). Generally, “[i]f there is more than a scintilla of 

evidence supporting each element of the nonmoving party’s claim, the motion for 

directed verdict or JNOV should be denied.” Horner v. Byrnett, 132 N.C. App. 323, 

325, 511 S.E.2d 342, 344 (1999) (citation omitted); see also Norman Owen Trucking, 

Inc. v. Morkoski, 131 N.C. App. 168, 172, 506 S.E.2d 267, 270 (1998). “A scintilla of 

evidence is defined as very slight evidence.” Hayes v. Waltz, 246 N.C. App. 438, 442-

43, 784 S.E.2d 607, 613 (2016) (citation omitted).

¶ 32 In determining whether the trial court erred in denying a JNOV, “we must 

take the plaintiff's evidence as true, and view all of the evidence in the light most 

favorable to him/her, giving him/her the benefit of every reasonable inference which 

may be legitimately drawn therefrom, with conflicts, contradictions, and 

inconsistencies being resolved in the plaintiff's favor.” Watson v. Dixon, 130 N.C. 

App. 47, 52, 502 S.E.2d 15, 19 (1998) (citations and internal quotation marks 

omitted).

3. Election of Remedies

¶ 33 Defendant Barrett first contends the trial court erred in permitting Plaintiff to 
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pursue her claim for IIED, “when the conduct is subsumed by other causes of action.” 

Defendant Barrett specifically contends that Plaintiff cannot recover under both IIED 

and another tort for the same conduct. Plaintiff argues Defendant Barrett failed to 

preserve this argument for appellate review, as Defendant “Barrett failed to plead 

election of remedies as an affirmative defense and raise this issue at trial.” 

¶ 34 “One is held to have made an election of remedies when he chooses with 

knowledge of the facts between two inconsistent remedial rights.” Lamb v. Lamb, 92 

N.C. App. 680, 685, 375 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1989) (citation omitted). “The purpose of 

the doctrine of election of remedies is to prevent more than one redress for a single 

wrong.” Triangle Park Chiropractic v. Battaglia, 139 N.C. App. 201, 204, 532 S.E.2d 

833, 835 (2000) (citation omitted). The doctrine of “[e]lection of remedies is an 

affirmative defense which must be pleaded by the party relying on it.” North Carolina 

Federal Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Ray, 95 N.C. App. 317, 323, 382 S.E.2d 851, 856 (1989) 

(citations omitted). 

¶ 35 While Defendant Barrett contends Plaintiff’s IIED claim should not have been 

submitted to a jury because it was subsumed by other causes of action, Defendant 

Barrett did not raise the defense of election of remedies at trial or in her post-trial 

motion. Therefore, she may not raise this argument on appeal. Id.; see also State ex 

rel. Easley v. Rich Food Servs., Inc., 139 N.C. App. 691, 704, 535 S.E.2d 84, 92-93 

(2000).
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4. Sufficiency

¶ 36 Next, Defendant Barrett argues the trial court erred in denying her post-trial 

motion because Plaintiff did not present evidence to support each element of IIED. 

We disagree.

¶ 37 To state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must 

allege: “(1) extreme and outrageous conduct (2) which is intended to cause and does 

cause (3) severe emotional distress to another.” Norton v. Scotland Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 

250 N.C. App. 392, 397, 793 S.E.2d 703, 708 (2017) (citation omitted). “Extreme and 

outrageous conduct is defined as conduct that is ‘so outrageous in character, and so 

extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded 

as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (citation omitted). 

a. Severe Emotional Distress

¶ 38 Defendant Barrett contends Plaintiff failed to present evidence that she 

suffered from “severe emotional distress.” We disagree. 

¶ 39 “[T]he term ‘severe emotional distress’ means any emotional or mental 

disorder, such as, for example, neurosis, psychosis, chronic depression, phobia, or any 

other type of severe and disabling emotional or mental condition which may be 

generally recognized and diagnosed by professionals trained to do so.” Waddle v. 

Sparks, 331 N.C. 73, 83, 414 S.E.2d 22, 27 (1992) (citation and emphasis omitted). 

However, severe emotional distress does not require medical expert testimony. 
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Williams v. HomEq Serv. Corp., 184 N.C. App. 413, 419, 646 S.E.2d 381, 385 (2007). 

Testimony of a plaintiff’s “friends, family, and pastors can be sufficient to support a 

claim. . . .” Id. (citations omitted). 

¶ 40 Here, Plaintiff testified at trial that she cried hysterically, hyperventilated, 

and sought out a counselor at a local clinic in response to the conduct of Defendants 

Clark and Barrett. One of Plaintiff’s friends testified that Plaintiff was “very 

emotionally distraught and crying” on a weekly basis and that Plaintiff experienced 

anxiety. Although Plaintiff did not attend counseling for her anxiety on a regular 

basis, she testified this was out of fear that such treatment would negatively impact 

her probability of maintaining shared custody of her children. Taking the evidence 

in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, we hold there was more than a scintilla of 

evidence she suffered severe emotional distress as a result of the conduct of 

Defendants Clark and Barrett.

b. Causation

¶ 41 Defendant Barrett further contends the trial court erred in denying her JNOV 

because Plaintiff failed to show a causal link between Defendant Barrett’s conduct 

and Plaintiff’s emotional harm. 

¶ 42 Intentional infliction of emotional distress requires outrageous conduct that is 

intended to cause and does cause severe emotional distress. See Hogan v. Forsyth 

Country Club Co., 79 N.C. App. 483, 487-88, 340 S.E.2d 116, 119-20 (1986) (citation 
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omitted).

The tort may also exist where defendant’s actions indicate 

a reckless indifference to the likelihood that they will cause 

severe emotional distress. Recovery may be had for the 

emotional distress so caused and for any other bodily harm 

which proximately results from the distress itself.

Id. (citation omitted). Stated differently, a defendant is liable for IIED when,

he desires to inflict serious severe emotional distress or 

knows that such distress is certain, or substantially 

certain, to result from his conduct or where he acts 

recklessly in deliberate disregard of a high degree of 

probability that the emotional distress will follow and the 

mental distress does in fact follow.

Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 449, 276 S.E.2d 325, 333 (1981) (cleaned up). 

¶ 43 Defendant Barrett specifically contends Plaintiff failed to show her conduct 

caused severe emotional distress because Plaintiff experienced “stroke-like 

symptoms” and was diagnosed with “migraines and stress” prior to the complained of 

conduct – “posing as Brian Bragg, posting a Craigslist ad, posting a Facebook ad, 

posting a picture on Kik,” all occurred after Plaintiff was hospitalized. 

¶ 44 While the trial court noted Plaintiff’s emotional distress included “stroke-like 

symptoms,” it did not solely rely on such symptoms in finding Plaintiff produced 

evidence of severe emotional distress. Specifically, the trial court noted, “That 

Defendant Barrett’s conduct did cause severe emotional distress to Plaintiff in the 

form of anxiety, sleeplessness, and severe depression and physical manifestations,
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including stroke-like symptoms.” Plaintiff presented evidence that Defendant 

Barrett acted with a disregard to Plaintiff’s emotional state and that there was a high 

possibility of emotional distress in that, while Plaintiff and Defendant Clark were 

attempting reconciliation, Defendant Barrett asked Defendant Clark to partake in in 

vitro fertilization; Defendant Barrett had an affair with Defendant Clark while 

Plaintiff and Defendant Clark were still married; and Defendant Barrett allowed and 

potentially encouraged Plaintiff’s daughter to call her “Mommy.” 

¶ 45 There is no dispute that Plaintiff experienced “stroke-like symptoms” prior to 

the complained of conduct; however, Plaintiff experienced anxiety, hyperventilation, 

and other emotional distress as a result of the conduct of Defendants Clark and 

Barrett. Plaintiff testified her emotional distress was caused by Defendants Clark 

and Barrett messaging her that they would do “everything in [their] power to make 

[her] life miserable” and by discovering fake “Liz Clark” Kik profiles soliciting “no 

strings attached” sexual intercourse. Thus, we hold there was more than a scintilla 

of evidence to find a causal link between the complained of conduct and Plaintiff’s 

emotional distress. 

c. Outrageous Conduct

¶ 46 Next, Defendant Barrett contends Plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence 

of extreme and outrageous conduct by Defendant Barrett, because “[t]he evidence 

showed that Defendant Barrett did not engage with Plaintiff at all.” We disagree.
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¶ 47 “[T]he initial determination of whether conduct is extreme and outrageous is a 

question of law,” to be determined by the court. Johnson v. Bollinger, 86 N.C. App. 

1, 6, 356 S.E.2d 378, 381 (1987) (citing Briggs v. Rosenthal, 73 N.C. App. 672, 676, 

327 S.E.2d 308, 311, cert. denied, 314 N.C. 114, 332 S.E.2d 479 (1985)). Conduct is 

considered extreme or outrageous “when a defendant’s conduct exceeds all bounds 

usually tolerated by decent society.” Watson, 130 N.C. App. at 52, 502 S.E.2d at 19

(citation omitted). Conduct has also been deemed “extreme and outrageous when it 

is so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible 

bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a 

civilized community.” Chidnese v. Chidnese, 210 N.C. App. 299, 316, 708 S.E.2d 725, 

738 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

The liability clearly does not extend to mere insults, 

indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or 

other trivialities. The rough edges of our society are still 

in need of a good deal of filing down, and in the meantime, 

plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and required to be 

hardened to a certain amount of rough language, and to 

occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and 

unkind. There is no occasion for the law to intervene in 

every case where someone’s feelings are hurt. There must 

still be freedom to express an unflattering opinion . . . . 

Id. (citation omitted). In Watson v. Dixon, this Court found sufficient evidence of 

“extreme and outrageous behavior” where the defendant “harass[ed]” the plaintiff, 

and “frightened and humiliated [the plaintiff] with cruel practical jokes, which 
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escalated to obscene comments and behavior of a sexual nature . . . .” 130 N.C. App. 

at 53, 502 S.E.2d at 20.

¶ 48 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, and taking that 

evidence as true, the evidence tends to show that Defendant Barrett began a sexual 

relationship with Defendant Clark while he was married to Plaintiff; conceived a 

child with Defendant Clark while Plaintiff and Defendant Clark were attempting 

reconciliation; and sent at least one email to Plaintiff in which Defendant Barrett told 

Plaintiff she “was a bad mother, that [she was] uneducated . . . [she] was a bad wife,” 

and that Plaintiff came “from an unsuccessful family.” Further, both Defendant 

Barrett and Plaintiff testified Defendant Barrett resided with Defendant Clark and 

had access to the computer from which degrading messages were sent to Plaintiff. 

As Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of evidence of “extreme and outrageous 

behavior,” we hold the trial court did not err in denying Defendant Barrett’s JNOV.

C. Alienation of Affection

¶ 49 Next, Defendant Barrett contends the trial court lacked subject matter 

jurisdiction over the claim of alienation of affection and erred in denying her motion 

for JNOV because there was insufficient evidence of the claim. 

1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

¶ 50 Defendant Barrett contends the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction 

to hear Plaintiff’s alienation of affection claim “[b]ecause alienation of affection is a 
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transitory tort” and Plaintiff failed to show that the injury occurred in North 

Carolina. We disagree.

¶ 51 “Subject matter jurisdiction is conferred upon the courts by either the North 

Carolina constitution or by statute.” Harris v. Pembaur, 84 N.C. App. 666, 667, 353 

S.E.2d 673, 675 (1987) (citation omitted). “Jurisdiction of the court over the subject 

matter of an action is the most critical aspect of the court’s authority to act. Subject 

matter jurisdiction refers to the power of the court to deal with the kind of action in 

question.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Farquhar v. Farquhar, 254 N.C. App. 243, 

245, 802 S.E.2d 585, 587 (2017) (citation omitted). Whether a trial court is vested 

with subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, reviewed de novo. Farquhar, 254 

N.C. App. at 245, 802 S.E.2d at 587 (citations omitted).

¶ 52 Alienation of affection is “a transitory tort because it is based on transactions 

that can take place anywhere and that harm the marital relationship.” Hayes, 246

N.C. App. at 443, 784 S.E.2d at 613 (quoting Jones v. Skelley, 195 N.C. App. 500, 506, 

673 S.E.2d 385, 389-90 (2009)). “Establishing that the defendant’s alienating conduct 

occurred within a state that still recognizes alienation of affections as a valid cause 

of action is essential to a successful claim since most jurisdictions have abolished the 

tort.” Id. (citing Darnell v. Rupplin, 91 N.C. App. 349, 353-54, 371 S.E.2d 743, 746-47 

(1988)). However, “even if it is difficult to discern where the tortious injury occurred, 

the issue is generally one for the jury.” Id. (quoting Jones, 195 N.C. App. at 507, 673 
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S.E.2d at 390); see also Darnell, 91 N.C. App. at 354, 371 S.E.2d at 747.

¶ 53 In Hayes, the plaintiff’s wife had an extramarital affair with the defendant in 

Cancun, Mexico. Id. at 440, 784 S.E.2d at 611. Thereafter, the plaintiff’s wife returned 

to the marital home in North Carolina, and the defendant returned to his residence 

in Indiana. Id. Thereafter, the plaintiff’s wife and the defendant “communicated . . . 

via email, telephone, and text messaging.” Id. The defendant later came to North 

Carolina and took the plaintiff’s wife to Indiana with him. Id. at 441, 784 S.E.2d at 

612. The defendant was found liable for alienation of affection and appealed. Id. On 

appeal, the defendant argued the trial court improperly denied his motion for JNOV, 

because “all of the sexual conduct [between the defendant and the plaintiff’s wife] 

occurred outside North Carolina.” Id. at 443, 784 S.E.2d at 613. This Court held, 

however, that there was more than a scintilla of evidence that “a wrongful and 

malicious act” causing the alienation of the plaintiff and his wife’s affection occurred 

in North Carolina. Id. at 444, 784 S.E.2d at 614-15. 

¶ 54 Here, Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of evidence that the alienation 

of Defendant Clark’s affection occurred in North Carolina. At the time Defendants 

Clark and Barrett met, Plaintiff resided in the couple’s marital home in North 

Carolina; Plaintiff discovered text messages between Defendants Clark and Barrett 

while Defendant Clark was in the couple’s marital home; and Plaintiff testified to a 

sexually explicit photograph Defendant Clark sent Defendant Barrett from the 
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couple’s marital home. Further, although Defendant Barrett invoked her Fifth 

Amendment right whenever questioned about her sexual activity with Defendant 

Clark in North Carolina, “the finder of fact in a civil case may use a witness’s 

invocation of his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination to infer that 

his truthful testimony would have been unfavorable to him.” In re Estate of Trogdon, 

330 N.C. 143, 152, 409 S.E.2d 97, 902 (1991) (citing Fedoronko v. American Defender 

Life Ins. Co., 69 N.C. App. 655, 657-58, 318 S.E.2d 244, 246 (1984)). Therefore, we 

hold Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of evidence that the tortious injury 

occurred in North Carolina.

¶ 55 Defendant Barrett further contends the aforementioned messages and 

photographs remain unauthenticated, and thus are not sufficient evidence to show 

the tortious conduct occurred in our State. However, this assignment of error is 

without merit as N.C. R. Evid. 901(b) permits the authentication of exhibits through 

testimony of a witness with personal knowledge. Here, Plaintiff testified she 

observed the text messages on Defendant Clark’s telephone, took a picture of said 

messages using her cellphone, and matched the phone number of “Jane S.” with that 

of Defendant Barrett. Accordingly, the trial court was vested with subject matter 

jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff’s alienation of affection cause of action.

2. Sufficiency

¶ 56 Next, Defendant Barrett contends the trial court erred in denying her motion 
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for JNOV, because there was insufficient evidence to support each element of 

alienation of affection. We disagree.

¶ 57 As discussed supra, “[a] motion for JNOV ‘should be denied if there is more 

than a scintilla of evidence supporting each element of the non-movant’s claim.’ ” 

Hayes, 246 N.C. App. at 442, 784 S.E.2d at 613 (quoting Shelton v. Steelcase, Inc., 197 

N.C. App. 404, 410, 677 S.E.2d 485, 491, disc. review denied, 363 N.C. 583, 682 S.E.2d 

389 (2009)). To succeed on an alienation of affection claim, a plaintiff must present 

evidence demonstrating “(1) a marriage with genuine love and affection; (2) the 

alienation and destruction of the marriage’s love and affection; and (3) a showing that 

defendant’s wrongful and malicious acts brought about the alienation of such love 

and affection.” Heller v. Somdahl, 206 N.C. App. 313, 315, 696 S.E.2d 857, 860 (2010)

(citation omitted); see also Hayes, 246 N.C. App. at 443, 784 S.E.2d at 613 (citation 

omitted). 

a. Love and Affection

¶ 58 Defendant Barrett specifically argues that “[t]here was no genuine love and 

affection in Plaintiff’s marriage,” because “from the very beginning of their marriage, 

the parties had an unhappy marriage, full of infidelity and arguments.” 

¶ 59 To succeed on an alienation of affection cause of action, “the plaintiff need not 

prove that he and his spouse had a marriage free from discord, only that some 

affection existed between them.” Nunn v. Allen, 154 N.C. App. 523, 533, 574 S.E.2d 
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35, 42 (2002) (citing Brown v. Hurley, 124 N.C. App. 377, 477 S.E.2d 234 (1996)). “The 

marriage need not be a perfect one, but plaintiff’s spouse must have had ‘some

genuine love and affection for him before the marriage’s disruption.” Heller, 206 N.C. 

App. at 315, 696 S.E.2d at 860 (emphasis in original) (quoting Brown, 124 N.C. App. 

at 381, 477 S.E.2d at 23). “Even if a plaintiff’s spouse retains feelings and affections 

for a plaintiff, an alienation of affections claim can succeed.” Id. at 316, 696 S.E.2d at 

861 (citation omitted). 

¶ 60 Here, Plaintiff testified the couple would “try to keep intimacy alive even 

though” the couple often would be separated by distance due to Defendant Clark’s 

Military assignments. While married, Defendant Clark would visit Plaintiff on 

weekends, and the couple would text message and call each other often. Defendant 

Clark “would constantly say, I love you; are you coming over,” and the couple 

continued to have sexual intercourse after their separation. The couple had sexual 

relations when Defendant Clark visited North Carolina while studying at Fort 

Belvoir and continued to have sexual relations after Defendant Clark left the marital 

home. Defendant Clark texted Plaintiff, “I love you” when Plaintiff requested a copy 

of the video of the couple engaged in sexual intercourse. 

¶ 61 Although Defendant Clark testified that he did not love his wife or that there 

were “problems with that love,” Plaintiff need only present “very slight evidence” of 

some love and affection to survive a motion for JNOV. See Hayes, 246 N.C. App. at 
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442-43, 784 S.E.2d at 613 (“A scintilla of evidence is defined as very slight evidence.” 

(citation omitted)). Accordingly, we hold Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of 

evidence of a genuine love and affection between Plaintiff and Defendant Clark. 

b. Alienation of Affection

¶ 62 Defendant Barrett further contends the trial court erred in denying her motion 

for JNOV because “Plaintiff failed to produce evidence that Defendant Barrett 

engaged in actionable unlawful conduct.” 

¶ 63 “The alienation and destruction element [of alienation of affection] is proved 

by showing ‘interference with one spouse’s mental attitude toward the other, and the 

conjugal kindness of the marital relation.” Heller, 206 N.C. App. at 315-16, 696 S.E.2d 

at 860-61 (quoting Jones, 195 N.C. App. at 507, 673 S.E.2d at 390 (citation omitted)). 

“The loss” of affection “can be full or partial and can be accomplished through one act 

or a series of acts.” Id. at 316, 696 S.E.2d at 861 (citing Darnell, 91 N.C. App. at 354, 

371 S.E.2d at 747). “In the context of an alienation of affections claim, a wrongful and 

malicious act has been ‘loosely defined to include any intentional conduct that would 

probably affect the marital relationship.’ ” Hayes, 246 N.C. at 444, 784 S.E.2d at 613 

(quoting Jones, 195 N.C. App. at 508, 673 S.E.2d at 391 (citation omitted)). 

¶ 64 Here, Plaintiff testified Defendant Clark’s behavior began to change after he 

met Defendant Barrett in that he did not travel home to North Carolina as often; he 

was short with her on the telephone; and he did answer his phone or text Plaintiff as 
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often. When Plaintiff could not reach Defendant Clark over the phone, she “traced or 

tracked” his cellphone to Defendant Barrett’s room. Upon confronting Defendant 

Clark about the extramarital affair, Defendant Clark moved out of the couple’s 

marital home and the couple separated. 

¶ 65 Plaintiff presented further evidence that Defendant Barrett knew Defendant 

Clark was married at the time the Defendants met. Regardless of this knowledge, 

Defendant Barrett chose to carry on a sexual relationship and conceive a child 

through in vitro fertilization with Defendant Clark. Defendants Barrett and Clark 

spoke on the phone, text messaged, and sent at least one sexually explicit photograph. 

Thus, we hold Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of evidence regarding the 

malicious or wrongful alienation of affection.

c. Wrongful and Malicious Causation

¶ 66 Defendant Barrett argues that her conduct did not cause the loss of affection 

between spouses because the couple’s extramarital affairs and arguments caused the 

couple to separate. “However, it is well established that while the defendant’s 

conduct must proximately cause the alienation of affections, this does not mean that 

the ‘defendant’s acts [must] be the sole cause of the alienation, as long as they were 

the controlling or effective cause.’ ” Hayes, 246 N.C. App. at 446, 784 S.E.2d at 615 

(citation omitted) (alteration in original); see also Nunn, 154 N.C. App. at 533, 574 

S.E.2d at 42 (citation omitted). 
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¶ 67 Upon meeting Defendant Barrett, Defendant Clark’s behavior within his 

marriage and toward his wife changed. Ultimately, Plaintiff and Defendant Clark 

separated, and Defendant Clark now resides with Defendant Barrett on the property 

he purchased with Plaintiff. Thus, Plaintiff presented a scintilla of evidence 

regarding causation. 

D. Damages

¶ 68 Defendant Barrett further contends the trial court erred in denying her motion 

for JNOV because “[t]he damages awarded to Plaintiff were improper and the 

evidence insufficient.” 

¶ 69 The trial court has discretion to grant a new trial where the jury awards 

“[e]xcessive or inadequate damages appearing to have been given under the influence 

of passion or prejudice.” N.C. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(6). However,

our appellate courts should place great faith and 

confidence in the ability of our trial judges to make the 

right decision, fairly and without partiality, regarding the 

necessity for a new trial. Due to their active participation 

in the trial, their first-hand acquaintance with the evidence 

presented, their observances of the parties, the witnesses, 

the jurors and the attorneys involved, and their knowledge 

of various other attendant circumstances, presiding judges 

have the superior advantage in best determining what 

justice requires in a certain case. 

Worthington v. Bynum, 305 N.C. 478, 487, 290 S.E.2d 599, 605 (1982). 

“Consequently, an appellate court should not disturb a Rule 59 order unless it is 
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reasonably convinced by the cold record that the trial judge’s ruling probably 

amounted to a substantial miscarriage of justice.” Id.

¶ 70 In the context of alienation of affection, 

the measure of damages is the present value in money of 

the support, consortium, and other legally protected 

marital interests lost by her through the defendant’s 

wrong. In addition thereto, she may also recover for the 

wrong and injury done to her health, feelings, or 

reputation.

Hutelmyer v. Cox, 133 N.C. App. 364, 373, 514 S.E.2d 554, 561 (1999) (quoting 

Sebastian v. Kluttz, 6 N.C. App. 201, 219, 170 S.E.2d 104, 115 (1969)). “[T]he 

gravamen of damages in [heartbalm] torts is mental distress, a fact that gives juries 

considerable freedom in their determinations.” Id. (quoting 1 Suzanne Reynolds, 

Lee’s North Carolina Family Law § 5.48(A) (5th ed. 1993)).

¶ 71 In Hayes, the trial court denied the defendant’s Rule 59 motion and determined 

the plaintiff presented sufficient evidence in that he lost the emotional and financial 

support of his wife and the marital home; suffered a diminished household income; 

and was “devastated” emotionally.” 245 N.C. App. at 452, 784 S.E.2d at 618. Here, 

Plaintiff testified she cried frequently, and her friend reported Plaintiff experienced 

anxiety. Due to the discovery of Defendants Clark and Barrett’s relationship, 

Plaintiff was hospitalized for “stroke-like symptoms.” Plaintiff is employed as a 

bartender/server, whereas Defendant Clark holds the rank of Major in the U.S. Army 
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and, accordingly, has a higher earning potential. Plaintiff assumed half of the marital 

debt and cares for the couple’s two minor children, one of whom has special needs. 

Plaintiff further presented evidence of the loss of benefits provided to her as a spouse 

of an active duty servicemember, including medical and life insurance, and Defendant 

Clark’s pension. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding 

$450,000 in compensatory damages was not excessive. 

¶ 72 Defendant Barrett further contends the trial court erred in denying her posttrial motion where the trial court declined to instruct the jury on punitive damages 

for the alienation of affection claim. The trial court, here, instructed the jury 

regarding punitive damages for Plaintiff’s IIED claim. The trial court did not instruct 

the jury on punitive damages in connection with alienation of affection, because, 

under Oddo v. Presser, 358 N.C. 128, 592 S.E.2d 195 (2004), there must be proof of 

sexual relations before the date of physical separation for punitive damages. Contrary 

to Defendant Barrett’s contention, there is no requirement of pre-separation sexual 

intercourse to recover punitive damages for IIED.

¶ 73 Defendant Barrett also argues that the trial court failed to make findings of 

fact regarding all the factors enumerated in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1D-35(2). However, the 

jury is not mandated to consider all factors enumerated in Section 1D-35. The plain 

language of the statute allows the trier of fact to consider the factors, but it is not a 

requirement. Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not err in denying Defendant 
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Barrett’s post-trial motion regarding damages. 

III. Conclusion

¶ 74 After careful review of the record and applicable law, we hold the trial court 

properly exercised subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s alienation of affection 

claim and did not err in either the admission of Ellington’s testimony or denial of 

Defendant Barrett’s motion for JNOV. 

NO ERROR AND AFFIRMED.

Judges TYSON and HAMPSON concur.