Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 144 Series L, Quality of Water, 10 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

THE 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE 

IN THE 

NATURAL WATERS OF NEW YORK 

AND NEW ENGLAND 

BY 

DANIEL D. JACKSON 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1905 

Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No.144 Series L, Quality of Water, 10 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

THE 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE 

IN THE 

NATURAL WATERS OF NEW YORK 

AND NEW ENGLAND 

BY 

DANIEL D. JACKSON 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1905 

CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Letter of transmittal .•.......... __ . _____ . _ .. __ ..... _ . _ ... _ .. _. _ .•.••. _ . _ _ _ 7 

Introduction _ . _. _ ..... __ . ___ .. _ .. _ ...................... _. _ .... _ ... _ . _ .. _ 9 

Physiological functions of common salt. .......................... _......... 9 

Salt as an indication of pollution . _ .... _ ....... __ .... _ .......... _ .. _. _. _ .. _ 9 

Salt in the waters of inland States ..... ___ . _. ___ . _. __ . _ .. _ ...... __ ....... _. 10 

Salt in coa.'lt State waters .... _ ........... _ .. _._ ... _ .. _._ ....... _ .•..... _... 10 

Collection of samples .•..... __ ... _ .. __ .. _ .. _ .... _._ ... _._ .. _ .. _._ .. _....... 11 

Solutions required for chlorine determinations .. _ ... _ .. _. ___ .. _. __ . _. _ .• __ .. 11 

Salt solution .... __ ......••. _. _ .. __ . __ .. _. _ . ___ . ___ . _. ____ . _ .. _. _ ... _. 11 

Silver nitrate solution ... __ •...•... __ .... __ .. _ .. _._ ... _ ... _ .... _ .. _.... 11 

Potassium chromate solution . _ ...... _ ... _ ....... _ ............... _ .. _ _ _ 11 

Emulsion of alumina •.•.. __ ......•.. ____ .. _ .. _ ... _ .. _ .......... _ .... _. 11 

Methods of procedure in the determination of chlorine ..... _ ....... _ ..... _._ 12 

Observations on the use of the normal chlorine map _ .. _ .. _ ....... _ .. ___ . _.. 12 

HistOry of normal chlorine work ... _ ......... __ .. _ .. _ .............. _...... 13 

The .isoehlors of Maine .. _ .. _ . ; .... _. _ .. _ .. _. _ ....... _ ........... _ .. _ ... _.. 13 

Chlorine determinations for Maine __ ... _ . _ . ____ .. __ ........... __ .. _ . . . . 14 

The isochlors of New Hampshire ... _ . _. _ .. _ ...• _. _ .. _ ........... _ ..••.. _.. 15 

Chlorine determinations for New Hampshire __ .. _ .......... _ ....... _._. 16 

The isochlors of Vermont .... _ ..••. _ . __ •... _ .• _ .• _ ••............. _ .... _... 18 

Chlorine determinations for Vermont .. _ ....• _ .... _. __ .. _ .......... __ . _ 19 

The isochlors of Massachusetts . _ . __ • _ .. _ .. __ • ___ . _ ... _ . _ . _ ....•... _ .. _. _.. 20 

Chlorine determinations for Massachusetts _ .. _ ............... _. _ ... _. _ _ 21 

The isochlors of Rhode Island ........... _ .. __ ._._._ .. __ .......... _ ..... ___ 22 

Chlorine determinations for Rhode Island._ .. _ •.......... _ ... __ . ___ •... 22 

The isochlors of Connecticut .. __ .. __ . _ .. _. _ .. _. _ .. _ .... _. _ ....... __ .•. __ . _ 22 

Normal distribution of chlorine in Connecticut_._ ..... __ ... _._ ..... _... 22 

Averages of chlorine determinations on which the map is based .••• _. 23 

Chlorine determinations for Connecticut ... _ ....... _ ............• _..... 24 

The isochlors of New York._. __ . __ ._ .. _ .. _ ......... _.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Chlorine determinations for New York. __ ._._ .... _ ................... _. 29 

Index .••••.. __ • _ •. _ .• ___ • _ ..• _____ • _ . _ .• _ . _ . _ •••..••••••.•.••••... ___ • . . 33 

3 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

PLATE I. Normal chlorine map of New England and New York. _________ -_- 12 

II. The normal distribution of chlorine in Maine._____________________ 14 

III. The normal distribution of chlorine in Vermont and New Hampshire. 16 

IV. The normal distribution of chlorine in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 

and Connecticut ______________________________________ . _______ - 20 

V. The normal distribution of chlorine in the State of N ~w York.-_--- 28 

5 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES ·GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

HYDROGRAPHIC BRANCH, 

lVash.z~ngton, .D. a, .Decembe1· 930, 1901,. 

SIR: I transmit herewith a manuscript entitled "The Normal Distribution of Chlorine in the Natural Waters of New York and New 

England,,, by Daniel D. Jackson, and request that it be published in 

the series of Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers. 

There is probably no more important feature involved in the establishment of municipal water supplies in States bordering on or situated 

close to the seacoast than the determination of normal chlorine. The 

availability of any water for such purposes depends largely upon its 

freedom from organic contamination. Chlorine is one of the ingredients of dangerous organic matter, and, as this element is extremely 

stable, it undergoes none of the chemical changes common to the other 

component parts of organic matter, and its determination. furnishes 

reliable and persistent evidence concerning the pollution of any water. 

A certain proportion of the chlorine in a water has its origin in 

natural causes, and has no relation to artificial pollution; therefore, 

in determining the character of a water for domestic purposes, it is 

necessary to consider this natural or normal chlorine, and whenever 

the chlorine present is in excess of the normal the evidence of past 

pollution is complete. 

It has been found, moreover, that (with the exception of local 

' deposits) the normal chlorine in natural waters is derived from the 

salt of the ocean, blown over the land by storms, and that it diminishes 

in amount as the distance from the ocean increases. This decrease is 

so definite that equal amounts of chlorine are found along lines generally parallel to the seacoast, thus affording a basis for the establishment of isochlors. In Massachusetts and Connecticut these lines have 

been located, and for several years the information has proved to be 

of great value to the water-supply interests of those States. The 

accompanying paper extends this information to the remainder of the 

New England States and to New York. 

Very respectfully, 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 

F. H. NEWELL, 

Ohi{f Engineer. 

.Director United States Geological Survey. 

7 

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE IN THE NATURAL 

WATERS OF NEW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND. 

By DANIEL D. ~JACKSON. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Chlorine, a constituent of common salt, is present in nearly all 

natural. waters. Its original sources are mineral salt deposits and 

finely divided salt spray from the sea. This latter is carried with 

dust particles by the wind and precipitated with the rain. All salt 

found in waters not coming from these original sources comes from 

domestic drainage and indicates that the water either is at the present 

time polluted or was polluted and bas since been purified. By a comparison of the salt content of any water under examination with the 

normal chlorine figure for that region the extent of past or present 

pollut:!on may be determined. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COMMON SALT. 

Salt always occurs in drainage from animal sources, because in all 

animal economy a certain fairly definite amount of common salt is 

eaten with the food daily and later expelled from the body in practically the same condition in which it was absorbed. That it plays an 

important role in the blood is indicated by the fact that on an average 

it constitutes about one-half of the total blood ash. It is also found 

that normal gastric juice can not be formed without the presence of 

salt, and that in many other secretions of the body its presence is 

probably a necessity. 

SALT AS AN INDICATION OF POLLUTION. 

The amount of salt in a water is a valuable indication of pollution 

because of the following facts: (1) The animal body expels the same 

amount of salt that it absorbs; (2) this salt is unchangeable in the soil 

and is very soluble in water; (3) it must eventually form a part of the 

drainage and become mixed with the general run-off of the reg·ion in 

which if is expelled. The average amount of salt entering the drainage of any particular district is so constant for each inhabitant that it 

has been claimed that the number of people living on a drainage area 

may be determined with a fair degree of accuracy from the average 

9 
10 OHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND NF.W ENGLAND W A.TERS. [No. 144. 

run-off and the excess of chlorine over the normal. Stearns a estimates 

the chlorine in the run-off of any drainage area not receiving factory 

waste to be increased about one-tenth of a part per million by every 

20 inhabitants per square mile. 

SALT IN THE WATERS OF INLAND STATES. 

All salt in natural unpolluted waters farther inland than Ohio comes 

from mineral deposits. The salt winds from the sea have no effect 

beyond this State, but unfortunately west of this State a large proportion of the natural waters are more or less affected by the salt 

deposits. The underground salt seems to spread over a broad area 

and exerts not only a wide but a variable influence over most of the 

waters. In these inland Btates, while the " normal chlorine" would 

be practically zero the value of the determination of chlorine is in 

most cases vitiated by the variable quantity of salt from mineral 

sources. Determinations of chlorine in samples of water taken above 

and below a city which runs its drainage into the stream examined may 

give the extent of pollution due to the city sewage, but the waters so 

far analyzed in the inland States give indications that the question of 

nmwwl chlorine does not to any great extent enter into sanitary 

problems. 

SALT IN COAST STATE WATERS. 

On the other hand, the coast State waters are practically unaffected 

by this mineral salt, and, while very extensive deposits exist, especially in the State of New York, they are in narrow pockets and exert 

an influence over a very limited area. Except in these pockets the 

mineral salt has apparently been washed into the sea. 

It is found that in the coast States the salt in the natural waters 

which comes from original sources.is practic.ally all brought in by the 

sea winds, and that a certain normal aznount is present in the waters 

of each locality. 

The difference in the normal amount in different localities is due to 

variations (1) in distance from the seacoast, (2) in the amount of rainfall, (3) in the rate of evaporation, ( 4) in the amount of protection 

from ocean winds, and (5) in the direction of the prevailing winds. In 

spite of the great variety of causes which affect the normal chlorine in 

natural waters, the normal for any particular region is surprisingly 

constant. 

The chlorine decreases as waters farther and farther inland are tested, 

so that by connecting with lines on the ~ap localities having the same 

normal we find that these lines of equal chlorine (isochlors) follow in a 

general way the coa.st lines, and as they extend inland are still more or 

a Stearns, F. P., Rept. Mass. State board of health, 1890, pt. I, p. 680. 
UCKSON.] COLLECTION OF SAMPLES .FOR ANALYSIS. lY 

less parallel to the coast. The distance of these lin:es from the coast 

depends chiefly upon the general direction of the wind and the protecting influences of mountains on the coast or of islands neai· the 

mainland. 

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES. 

In order to obtain the normal chlorine lines for any State it is 

necessary to first collect a large nun1her of analyses for chlorine in 

waters taken at different seasons over the entire area to be covered. 

It is evident that near the seacoast, where the variations in chlorine 

within a limited area are greatest, the largest number of data must be 

collected. A large number of samples of water taken from surface 

and ground sources must be obtained. The pond waters usually give 

the best results, and careful inspection of the drainage area of such 

sources g·ives a good idea of whether or not the water is subject to 

pollution. Samples for analysis should be chosen as far from human 

habitation as possible. , 

SOLUTIONS REQUIRED FOR CHLORINE DETERMINATIONS. 

The following solutions are employed in the analysis of water for 

chlorine: 

Salt solution.-A solution of chemically pure fused salt, containing 1 milligram of chlorine in each cubic centimeter is made by dissolving 1.648 grams of the fused sodium chloride in 11iter of distilled 

water free from chlorine. 

Silmm· nitrate sol·ution.-Two and one-half grams of crystalliz;ed 

silver nitrate are dissolved in 1 liter of distilled water free from 

chlorine. To ·this solution water or strong silver nitrate is added 

until b:y actual titration 10 c. e. of it are equivalent to 5 c. c. of the 

standard salt solution. One cubic centimeter of this solution is then 

equivalent to 0.5 milligram of chlorine. 

Potassi,wm cA1·omate solution.-An indicator solution is made by dissolving 50 gra~s of potassium chromate in 1 liter of distilled water 

and then adding sufficient silver-nitrate solution to precipitate all the 

chlorine present and turn the precipitate slightly reddil3h. This is 

alJowed to stand, and (by filtering or decanting) the clear solution is 

then obtained. 

Em·ulsio·n of alumina.-This is made by dissolving 125 grams of 

potassium or ammonium alum in 1 liter of water and precipitating the 

alumina from the boiling solution by ammonia. After precipitation 

the alumina must be washed free from chlorine, sulphate, and ammonia 

by successive treatments, settlings, and decantations with col~ distilled 

water. 
12 O:HLOlUNE IN N:mW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.144. 

METHODS OF PROCEDURE I'N THE DETERMINATION OF 

CHLORINE. 

Pour 25 c. e. of the water to be tested into a white porcelain dish. 

Add about one-half a cubic centimeter of chromate solution and run 

in standard silver· nitrate solution from a burette until the first faint 

reddish tint appears. This is more easily noted if, for comparison, a 

dish containing the same amount of water and chromate is kept beside 

the dish in which the test is made. 

If one or more cubic centimeters of silver nitrate are necessary to 

reach an end point, the test may be made without evaporation, but if 

less is required, then evaporate 250 c. c. to 25 c. c. volume before 

making the test. It may at times be necessary to evaporate more than 

this if the chlorine present is very dose to zero in amount. 

It is best to always titrate with 25 c. c. of the water. In this case 

0.1 c. e. is subtraeted from the results as an indicator error. If more 

than this amount is used in titration. subtract 0.1 c. c. for each 25 c. c. 

of the volume of water titrated. 

If 250 c. c. of water are taken, the number of cubic centimeters of 

silver nitrate solution used to obtain an end point minus 0.1 e. c. multiplied by 2 gives the chlorine in parts per million. 

Example: 250 c. c. are evaporated to a volume of 25 c. c. and ·chroInate solution added. In the titration 3. 5 c. c. of silver nitrate are 

used. Then (3.5-0.1) X 2=6.8. The water then contains 6.8 parts 

per million of chlorine. 

If the sample is highly colored and very turbid, it may be necessary 

to clarify it by treating it with an emulsion of alumina. This is best 

accomplished by bringing the water just to the boiling point, and then 

adding alumina and shaking the emulsion. In a few minutes the clarified water may be decanted. This is allowed to cool and the required 

amount is measured out for titration. 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE NORMAL CHLORINE MAP. 

Having drawn a map of this character for any coa~t State we are 

then able to estimate the pollution in any natural water by the amount 

of chlorine present over the normal. In some instances it is first necessary to ascertain that the chlorine is not from mineral sources. 

It will be seen that the normal chlorine lines are of great practieal 

value both to the chemist and to-the engineer, as they give an index 

from which may be estimated the sanitary quality of most waters analyzed within the coast Stat~s. The chlorine also furnishes information as to the source of deep-seated springs or artesian wells. 

While this chlorine in the general run-off is in direct proportion to 

the population on a drainage area, provided none of the sewage is carried outside of that area, yet waters in this region may have been puri-
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 144 PL. I 

\ 

1 

t\ 

I 1' ~ 

~ I 

n' 72" 71" 70' 69' 68' 67" w 

NORMAL CHLORINE MAP OF NEW ENGLAND AND! NEW YORK. 
JACKSO~.] HISTORY OF NORMAL CHLORINE WORK. 13 

fied before reaching the source from which they are collected. The 

chlorine would still be present, and it is necessary to find from other 

tests whether the pollution is present or past. 

HISTORY OF NORMAL CHLORINE WORK. 

The first map of normal chlorine was made of the State of Massachusetts by the Massachusetts State board of health and published in 

their annual report of 1890. This was followed in 1895 by a normal 

chlorine rnap of Connecticut by the Connecticut State board of health, 

which map was revised in the report of that board for 1892. In 1898 

a normal map of the island of ~Jamaica was published. a A similar map 

was published of Long Island, New York,b in 1900. 

The boards of health and the geological sur-vey~ of many of the States 

have been working on the problem of normal chlorine for some period 

of time, hut it has been found a difficult matter to establish these lines 

without having considerable data from adjoining States. The United 

States Geological Survey has considered it ad-visable, therefore, to 

collect the data from the various States and supplement the observations wherever it is required. In this way a connected map may be 

made for all of the coast States. The map herewith submitted is made 

up in this manner. While slight changes may be necessary as more 

observations are obtained, this map for New York and New England 

is thoroughly practical for sanitary purposes, and ought to be of great 

service in making sanitary surveys within this region. (See Pl. I.) 

THE ISOCHLORS OF MAINE. 

The normal chlorine lines of the State of Maine (Pl. II) have been 

made up from data published by the State boar~cl of health of Maine 

from sanitary surveys made by Mr. M. 0. Leighton, chief of the division of hydro-economics, United States Geological Survey, by Prof. 

N. C. Grover, of the University of Maine, and by the author. 

Maine presents such an extended and irregular coast line that the 

determination of the isochlors is attended with considerable difficulty. 

Irregularities in what would naturally be expected to be the position 

of the lines are in part due to the protecting influence of islands and 

in part to mountains near the seacoast. 

The following list gives the amount of chlorine in those waters 

which have had a bearing, upon the determination of isochlors for the 

State of Maine: 

a Richards, Mrs. E. H., and Hopkins, Arthur T., Techn. Quart., vol. 11, no. 4, Dec., 1898. 

b Whipple, Geo. C., and Jackson, Daniel D., Techn. Quart., vol.13, no. 2, June, 1900, pp. 145-148. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 1 44 PL. II 

N 

• 

c 

0 

c 

10 0 

Scale ofmiles 

10 20 30 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE, IN PARTS PER MILLION, IN NATURAL WATERS OF MAINE. 
14 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND"NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [NO. 14-.l 

Chlm·ine determinations for Maine. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Chlorine. Source. Chlorin·~. 

Androscoggin County: Hancock County: 

Auburn, Lake Auburn .... 2.0 Bar Harbor, Eagle Lake .. r 0 

Curtis Corner, spring ...... 2.0 Brooklin, spring .......... ~ 0 

Lewiston, spring .•........ 2.0 well ................. ~ 6 

well .......• _ ••..• _ .. _ 2.0 Brooksville, spring ....... 60 

Lisbon, spring ........•... 2.5 Bucksport, well .......... 0 

Livermore Falls, spring .... . 8 Castine, spring ........... 0 

Mechanic Fa11s, spring ____ 1.5 Lemoine, spring .......... 0 

water supply ..... _ ... 2.0 Sedgwick, Black Pond .... 8 

Sabattus, spring ..•....... 2.0 spring ..... " ......... fl 8 

Turner, welL .•........... 2.0 spring .... _ . ___ . _ . ___ 6.4 

West Minot, spring ........ 2.0 Upper Pond .......... 6.5 

Aroostook County: Kennebec County: 

Caribou, well ............. . 3 Augusta, welL ...... _ ... _ . 2.0 

Fort Fairfield, spring __ .. _ . 3 Gardiner, spring .......... 3.0 

Fort Kent, spring ...... _ .. . 3 Manchester, well ...•..... 1.5 

Houlton, spring .......... . 4 Monmouth, spring ........ 2.0 

Presque Isle, brook ....... .3 Riverside, spring ........ _ 2.0 

Cumberland County: Waterville, China Lake ... 1.5 

Ash Cove, spring .... __ . __ 6.0 Messalonskie Lake .... 1.2 

Brunswick, spring ....•... 2.8 Messalonskie River ... 1.2 

water supply--------- 4.0 Tobey Stream-~--··--- 1.2 

Deering, spring .......... _ 4.0 West Sidney, spring ....••. 2.0 

East Baldwin, well _. _____ 2.0 Winslow, spring .......... 2.0 

Gray, spring ..... _ ... _ ... 2.5 Winthrop, well ........... 2.0 

Growstown, spring .. __ . __ 5.2 well .. _ ....•..••..••. 2.0 

North Raymond, spring ... 2.0 Knox County: 

Portland, spring .. _. ______ 6.0 Camden, spring ........ _ .. 4.0 

Pownal, spring ....... _. __ 6.0 Rockland, water supply .•. 3.7 

Saccarappa, welL_ ........ 5.0 Thomasville, water supply. 6.0 

. Scarboro, spring ....... _ .. 6.0 Union, spring . _ ....•..... 2.5 

Sebago, lake ..•........... 2.0 Warren, spring .......•... 4.0 

well ..•..•.•........ _ 2.0 Washington, spring .••• _ .. 2.5 

Walnut Hill, well ....... -j 5.0 Lincoln County: 

West Bald win, spring ... __ 1.5 Jefferson, stream .•.••.... 3.0 

West brook, spring •.. _ .••. 4.0 Waldoboro, well_ ....•.•.•. 4.0 

Yarmouth, spring ... __ . __ 6.0 Oxford County: 

Yarmouthville, spring •. __ 5.0 Andover, spring .......... .5 

Franklin County: Canton, well •.•.... _ ... __ . 1.0 

A von, pond ••••.•••.•... _ .8 Dixfield, small brook ..... .8 
JACKSON.] MAINE. 

Chlorine determinations for Maine-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Chlorine. Source. 

Oxford County-Continued. Waldo County-Continued. 

Fryeburg, well ........... 1.0 Unity, reservoir •.. ~ .••... 

Gilead, reservoir .......... .6 Winterport, welL ......... 

Middle dam, Richardson Washington County: 

Lake ........•.•... .6 Baring, Spragues Falls .... Upper dam, spring ........ .5 Calais, spring ............. Welchville, welL ...•..... 1.0 Cherryfield, spring ........ West Bethel, spring ....... .8 Eastport, Chad burn dam ..• 

Penobscot County: Perry dam ........... 

Bangor, spring .. _ ......... 1.5 water supply .....••.. 

Dexter, welL ...•..•...... .7 East Machias, lake .•...... 

Hampden, well ....•...... 2.0 Edmonds, spring •......... 

Old Town, spring ....... _. 1.0 Harrington, spring ........ 

Piscataquis County: Machias, spring .......... 

Greenville, spring ......... .5 York County: 

Guilford, spring ...... __ .. .5 Alfred, well __ ............ 

Sagadahoc County: Cape Elizabeth, well ...... 

Bath, lake ... _ ..•......... 4.0 Cornish, spring ........... 

spring ............. __ 6.0 Eliot, spring. _ .. " . _ ... _ ... 

water supply--------- 4.0 Hollis, welL ...•.......... 

Bowdoinham, spring ..... 4.0 Kennebunk, spring ....... 

Richmond, water supply .. 2.5 well ............ _ .... 

Lebanon, well ............ Somerset County: Limington, spring ........ Pittsfield, spring ...... __ ... 1.0 Lyman, spring ............ The Forks, spring ......... .4 Old Orchard, spring ....... 

Waldo County: Sandford, spring ......•... 

Brooks, welL ............ 3.0 well ................. 

Stockton Springs ... _ .. _ .. 6.0 South Berwick, spring .... 

Swanville, welL .......... 5.0 Springfield, welL._ ....... 

THE ISOCHLORS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

15 

Chlorine. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.3 

4.0 

4.0 

2.4 

3.2 

3.1 

4.0 

4.0 

6.0 

6.0 

2.5 

9.0 

1.5 

4.0 

3.0 

5.0 

6.0 

4.0 

2.0 

3.0 

6.0 

2. 7 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

The New Hampshire isochlors (Pl. III) were drawn from observations obtained by Mr. H. E. Barnard, chemist, New Hampshire State 

board of health, and from the work o:f Mr. M. 0. Leighton and the 

author. 

The outlines :follow the seacoast in a general way, but the inland 

lines {0.4 and 0.5 part per million) are deflected to some extent toward 

the coast by the influence of the White Mountains. The :following is 
• 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 144 PL.. Ill 

Scale of miles 

10 0 10 20 30 40 

I N 

\ 

1} I 

\ 

Q u U ~ G ~0.4 

· // 

• 

0 

0 

~ 

~ f ~ ~ ~ 

~ 

~ ~ 

~ ~ 

s E T T s s A c H u s 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE, IN PARTS PER MILLION, IN NATURAL WATERS OF VERMONT AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
16 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.144. 

an extract from Mr. Barnard's letter on the normal chlorine of New 

Hampshire: 

I am inclosing the results of the chlorine determination of 570 waters, collected 

from 145 different towns. About 200 of these determinations, representing waters 

from the southeastern part of the State, near the coast, were made on samples collected expressly for the chlorine work and are from supplies of known purity. The 

remainder of the examinations were made in the course of our regular work on sanitary water analyses, and the results are selected from over 1,800 analyRes. We feel 

confident that they represent normal chlorines, as they are mainly spring supplies. 

The chlorine factor was not accepted as normal, however, until complete sanitary 

analyses had proved the supply to be entirely free from contamination. 

Some few results represent town supplies, and others are obtained from analyses 

of small mountain streams. The incorporation of the results of analyses of river 

water has been avoided because the chlorine content of an unpolluted river water is 

frequently less than that of the town through which it flows, due, of course, to the 

fact that the river is fed by streams and ponds along the mountains where the 

normal chlorine is low. 

The chlorine content of waters along the coast has been determined carefully and 

is found to dilninish so rapidly that 5 miles will frequently change the isochlor 10 

parts per million. This is, of course, true only near the coast. It may be argued 

that determinations of chlorine in water located directly on the coast have little 

significance because of the liability of change of chlorine content when heavy storms 

sweep in off the sea. I have found that duplicate analyses, made at different seasons, 

showed differences so slight that they were well within the limit of error. Referring to the chlorine map you have drafted, I am surprised that our isochlors agree 

so closely. 

The following list gives the observations which have had a bearing 

upon the determination of normal chlorine lines in the State of New 

Hampshire: 

Chlorine determinations for New Hampshire. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Samples. Chlorine. ,Source. Samples. Chlorine. 

Belknap County: Carroll Co.-Cont'd. 

Belmont. ________ 5 0.73 Lower Bartlett ... -------- 0.5 

Center Harbor ___ 1 . 9 Moultonboro .•... ... ------- .9 

Gilmantown .. _ .. 1 . 75 Mount Pleasant . _ 2 .66 

Laconia .. _ . _____ 4 1.18 Ossipee _______ . __ 2 . 87 

Meredith ____ ... _ 1 1.0 Snowville ... _ .... 2 . 87 

New Hampton ... 8 . 79 Tamworth_._. ___ 2 1.0 

Tilton ___ . _______ 9 1.0 Wakefield . __ ... _ 1 2.5 

Carroll County: W olfboro _______ . 3 . 73 

Bartlett _ . _ ... ___ 1 . 75 Cheshire County: 

Do ________ . _ -------- . 7 Chesham ________ 3 . 72 

Conway_. ____ .. _ 3 . 58 Dublin .... _ .. ___ 5 .93 

Eaton ____ .. __ . __ 1 . 75 Fitzwilliam . _. _ .. 1 1.0 

Freedom ___ . ____ 1 . 75 Do __________ -------- . 7 

Intervale . _ .. _ . __ 1 .5 Harrisville. __ ._._ 3 . 75 
JACKSON.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. 17 

Chlorine detmn·inations jo·r New Hampshire-Continued. 

[Parts p~r million.] 

Source. Samples. Chlorine. Source. 

Cheshire Co. -Cont' d. 

Jaffrey _________ _ 

Jaffrey, East ____ _ 

1Ceene __________ _ 

Do----------

Marlboro • _. __ . __ 

Marlow ________ . 

Monadnock ____ .. 

Nelson _________ _ 

Troy . _ .• __ -- _ ... 

Walpole. __ . __ . __ 

Winchester _____ . 

Coos County: 

Berlin ______ . ___ _ 

Colebrook _ . ____ _ 

Dummer ____ .... 

Errolf . _________ . 

Gorham ____ . __ . _ 

Groveton ___ . _ . __ 

Jefferson ____ .. __ 

Lancaster . _____ . 

Stratford ____ • __ . 

Whitefield. _____ _ 

Grafton County: 

Alexandria . ___ . _ 

Ashland _______ :. 

Bethlehem . ___ .. 

Do------ ___ _ 

4 

7 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

7 

Bridgewater ____ . 1 

Bristol _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 

Cam~~~-~~~~~~~~~-----~~- Do .. __ .. ___ . __ . ____ _ 

Canaan __________ 12 

Do _________ _ 

Franconia _ . ____ _ 1 

Grafton ________ _ 2 

Ilanover ________ _ 8 

Do . ______ .. _ 

Haverhill ______ _ 

IRR 144-05--~ 

0.8 

.87 

. 85 

• 7 

.88 

.5 

1.0 

1. 01 

1.0 

.62 

. 92 

. 75 

.5 

.4 

. 3 

• 75 

.5 

. 39 

.5 

.5 

.43 

.60 

. 7 

. 55 

GrafJ:on Co.-Cont'd. 

Lincoln . _____ . _ . 

Lisbon ____ .. ___ _ 

Littleton ___ .. __ . 

Lyme . ____ - __ - __ 

Orford .• _ ... ____ _ 

Do·---------

Piermont----·---

Pike __ . __ .... -• -

Plymouth-------

Do _________ _ 

V\T arren. ___ • ____ _ 

Woodsville . _ .. __ 

Ilillsboro County: 

Amherst ... _____ _ 

Antrim ____ . ___ .. 

Do ........•• 

Bennington ..... . 

Brookline. ___ . __ . 

Deering __ . __ .. _ . 

Francestown . ___ . 

Goffstown . ___ . __ 

Greenfield _____ .. 

Greenville_. __ .. _ 

Hillsboro _. _. ___ . 

lludson --------- Manchester _____ . 

. 6 Mason ____ . __ . __ . 

. 75 Mount Vernon __ . 

. 77 Nashua _________ _ 

. 6 New Ipswich._._. 

. 65 Peterboro __ . __ . _ 

. 6 Weare ...... __ ---

. 64 Wilton .. __ • __ - _. 

. 7 Merrimack County: 

.5 

. 74 

. 78 

.5 

.6 

Allenstown _____ . 

Andover_ . _ .. ___ _ 

Boscawen._. __ ._. 

.Bradford _ . _____ _ 

Chichester_ ~ ~ -........ 

Samples. Chlorine. 

3 

4 

15 

3 

3 

3 

1 

10 

7 

3 

2 

7 

3 

3 

1 

2 

6 

8 

2 

6 

16 

1 

3 

3 

5 

23 

5 

6 

2 

3 

4 

1 

0.46 

• 75 

. 74 

. 78 

.5 

.82 

.67 

.49 

. 7 

.89 

.77 

.63 

1.0 

1. 01 

.9 

.67 

. 14 

.60 

1.0 

1.5 

. 79 

1.2 

.65 

1. 34 

1.34 

1.0 

1.08 

1.5 

1. 1 

. 97 

1.23 

1.13 

1.5 

.82 

. 88 

.89 

1.0 
18 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND W .ATERA. [No.1441 

C/Uorine determinations for New Hampsh:ire-Continued. 

[Parts pe,. million.] 

Source. Samples. Chlorine. Source. Samples. Chlorine 

-~--

- Merrimack Co.-Con. Rockingham County 

Concord _ ........ 21 1. 28 -Continued. 

Do .......... 1.1 Sandown ........ 2 1.5 ... ----......... 

Danbury ........ 2 . 95 Seabrook .... _ ... 3 9.2( 

Epsom .......... 14 2.~ South Hampton •• 6 4.3 

Franklin ........ 16 1. 03 Stratham ........ 2 6.7 

Henniker ..... ---..... 2 . 73 Strafford County: 

Hill ............. 2 1.0 Barrington ...... 5 2.3( 

Hopkinton ...... 3 1.03 Dover .........•. 13 3.1f 

Loudon --------- 1 . 93 Durham ......... 1 3. 7t 

Pembroke ....... 2 1.5 Farmington ...... 1 2.0( 

Penacook ........ 1 1.1 Gonic ........... 2 1. 68 

Pittsfield ........ 3 1.5 Millton ......•... 1 1. 75 

Salisbury_ ....... 3 1.0 Rochester •...••. 3 2.5 

Suncook ......... 2 1.5 Do ..•...•.•. ........... -......... 1,5 

Sutton ---------- 5 ,85 Salmon Falls ..... 2 2.83 

Warner .... -- .. -.. -.. 12 . 89 Summersworth •• 6 2.6ij

Roekingham County: Sullivan County: 

Atkinson ..••.... 5 3.2 Charlestown ...•. 3 .87 

Auburn ...•.•... 5 1.6 Claremont ..•...• 9 .82 

Exeter .......... -------- 3. 7 Do ..••••..•• -------- . 7 

Do ..... ----· 2 3.25 Cornish •....•... 3 .90 

Hampton ........ --- .. -... -- 6.0 Goshen .......... 1 .6 

Hampstead .. ___ . 6 2.59 Meriden ......... 1 .65 

Londonderry .... 5 1. 75 Newport ...... _ .. 3 .83 

Newmarket._. __ . 4 3.2 Plainfield ........ ---........ -- . 6 

Newton ......... 6 .3.60 Springfield ..... -..... - 1 1.0 

Portsmouth .... _. 6 4.0 Sunapee ......... 11 . 74 

Salem .... _ ... _ .. --- ---... 2.1 Unity ...... _ .... 1 .6 

Salem Depot ..... 8 2.45 Washington .. _ .. 3 .6 

I 

THE ISOCHLORS OF VERJ.YIONT. 

The Vermont isochlors (Pl. III) are drawn from data obtained from 

Mr. C. P. Moat, chemist, Vermont State board of health. It will be 

seen that the isochlors are modified to a considerable extent by the 

Green Mountains, as well a~ by the 'Vhite Mountains in New Hampshire. The following figtues, supplied by Mr. Moat, are not only 

interesting as determinations of normuJ w~t~r~ but also as showing 

the range gf ya,rhttion in these waters; 
J.A.CE;_SON.) VERMONT. 19 

Chlorine determinalions for Yermont. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Samples. Chlorine. Source. Samples. Chlorine. 

Addison County: Lamoille County: 

Bristol .. __ ...•.• 12 0.47 Cambridge _ .... _ 6 0.47 

Lincoln --------- 1 .3 Elmore •. _. ____ ._ 2 .45 

Monkton _ ... _ .. _ 2 .6 Hyde Park------ 3 .57 

Middlebury .. _ .. _ 7 .5 Johnson_ . ___ .... 5 .38 

Shoreham _ . __ ... 1 .3 Morrisville ...... 2 .6 

Vergennes . ___ .• : 2 .5 Orange County: 

Whitin~ _. ______ . 2 .45 Bradford . _ . __ .. _ 4 .6 

Bennington County: Corinth .. _ . _ •... 2 .6 

Arlington .. _·_ .... 6 .5 New bury . _ ... _ .. 2 .65 

Bennington _ ..... 7 .5 Randolph .. _ .... 5 .56 

Dorset .•.... __ . _ . 3 .5 Strafford -------- 2 .45 

Manchester .... __ 11 .5 Rutland County: 

Readsboro------. 6 .52 Mount Tabor ... _ 1 .5 

South Shaftsbury_ 3 .5 Pittsford._._._ •.. 5 .42 

Stamford .. __ ... _ 1 .6 Poultney •••.... _ 4 .42 

Caledonia County: Proctmz. _ •....... 6 ,55 

Barnet ..• _ .. __ .• 1 ,5 Rutland . _ •.••.. _ 7 .47 

Hardwick ...•... 3 . 57 Rutland Center .. 4 ,45 

Lyndonville ..••. 7 .44 Sudbury ...•..... 1 .4 

Lyndon ......... 2 . 5 Wallingford ..... 1 .5 

St. Johnsbury •••• 4 .53 Washington County: 

West Burke ...••. 3 .33 Barre ......••••. 4 .5 

Chittenden County: Berlin .•..•••••.• 2 .4 

Charlotte •.•.•... 1 .5 Cabot ...•••..... 1 .4 

Essex Junction. _ . 2 .6 Duxbury ... _____ 2 .6 

Jericho_ .. _ .. ___ . 1 . 4 Marshfield _____ .. 2 .45 

South Burlington. 1 .5 Middlesex _ . _ . _ .. 4 .4 

Winooski ... ___ ._ 1 .6 Montpelier . _ .... g . 51 

Essex County: Northfield ... __ ._ 9 .49 

Bri~hton . __ . __ • _ 4 .4 Waterbury ...... t) .53 

Canaan .......... 5 .52 Windham County: 

Island Pond _____ 1 .3 Bellows Falls __ • _ 1 .6 

Franklin County: Bratt.leboro. ____ . 1 . 6 

Enosburg. __ .. _ .. 1 .6 Saxtons River _ .. 2 .55 

Fairfield_ ... __ . _ . 1 .6 Stratton .. _ . ____ . 1 .6 

Fairfax ... _ .. __ •. 1 . 3 Townsend __ . _ . __ 1 .6 

Montgomery __ . __ 2 .55 Wilmington ____ . 3 .43 

Ri~hford • _ .. ___ . 4 .6 Windsor County: 

St. Albans _ . __ . _. 2 .55 Barnard ••....... 4 .5 

Swanton. ______ .• {) ,52 Bethel .••••..••• 1 .4 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

0 

I 

I v E R M 0 N T E w H A 

A r 

WATER-SU PPLY PAPER NO. 144 PL. IV 

I 

p. s \ 

CAPE COIJ 

B.AY 

J 

c 

Scale of miles 

10 0 

L 

10 20 30 40 50 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE, IN PARTS PER MILLION, IN NATURAL WATERS OF MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. 
20 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK .AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.144. 

Chlorine determinations jm· Vermont-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Samples. Chlorine. Source. 

Windsor Co.-Cont' d. Windsor Co.-Cont'd. 

Chester ......... 4 0.55 Rochester ...... _ 

Hartford • _ . ___ . _ 5 .56 Royalton ____ ._._ 

Norwich -------- 7 .47 Springfield ______ 

Pomfret ___ . _____ 1 . 7 Windsor -... ---- ... - Plymouth _. _. __ . 1 .6 Woodstock . _ . __ . 

I 

Samples. Chlorine. 

4 0.4 

2 .4 

9 .52 

4 .5 

5 .4 

Besides these observations the following may also be considered in 

estimating the isochlors for this State: 

Chlorine determination.'! for Vermont-Additio'nallist. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Chlorine. Source . Chlorine. 

.Arlington, spring._._ .. _______ . 0.5 Manchester, water supply __ .. __ 0.4 

Barnet, water supply. __ . _______ .5 Middlesex, spring _________ . ___ .4 

Bennington, spring ____ . _ ... ___ .4 Monkton, water supply ________ .5 

Cambridge, spring. __ .• ______ -. _ .4 Morrisville, spring _. _ -'- _. _____ .5 

East Burke, spring _____ .. __ .. _. .5 North Troy, spring ... _________ .5 

Enosburg Falls, spring_ ........ .4 Readsboro, water supply_ ... _ .. .5 

Georgeville, spring just above St. Johnsbury, Stiles Pond. __ .. .5 

State line __ . __ . _ ... _ ........ . 4 Waltham, spring ...•.. __ .. __ .. .4 

Lincoln, spring ... _ ............ .5 

THE ISOCHLORS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

The Massachusetts isochlors (Pl. IV) are practically the same as 

those published by the Massachusetts State board of health in their 

report of 1890. In minor respects these lines have been modified to 

conform with the work in adjoining States. It is only in the isochlor 

of 1 part per million that any material change has been made. This 

line was modified to agree with the work in Connecticut and New 

York. 

The northeast winds sweeping across this State have a tendency to 

drive the chlorine far inland, and it will be seen that most of the lines 

are farther from the coast than would be expected, and that this effect 

is greatest in the most exposed areas. In the western part of the 

'State this is, to some extent, counteracted by the Holyoke Range and 

the Berkshire Hills. 

The following average observations have influenced the establishment of the position of the Massachusetts isochlors: 
JACltSON.j 21 

Chlorine determinations jo1· Massachusetts. 

[Parts per million,] 

Source. 

Berkshire County: 

Cheshire, reservoir ....... . 

Dalton, Egypt Brook ..... . 

lower reservoir ...... . 

Great Barrington, Green 

River ............. . 

Hinsdale, east branch 

Housatonic River .. . 

storage reservoir ..... . 

Lee, lower reservoir. _ . _ .. . 

Lenox, reservoir ......... . 

North Adams, Notch Lake. 

Pittsfield, Pontoosuc Lake. 

Millbrook reservoir ... 

Sackett Brook __ ._._ .. 

Sheffield, spring .... _ ..... 

Stockbridge, Lake A verie .. 

Williamstown, Cold Spring. 

Shennan Spring . _. _ .. 

Bristol County: 

Fall River, Watuppa Lake. 

New Bedford, Acushnet 

reservoir ... _ . _ ..... 

Essex County: 

Andover, spring .... _ .. _ .. 

Danvers, Middleton Pond. 

Haverhill, Crystal Lake._. 

Ipswich, storage reservoir_ 

Methuen, spring. __ .. _ .. _. 

Franklin County: 

Conway, brook._ .. _ .. _._. 

Deerfield, brook_ .• _. ____ . 

Greenfield, Glen Brook ... 

Montague, Lake Pleasant .. 

Northfield, reservoir ..... . 

Orange, reservoir._ ...... . 

Whateley, West Brook._ .. 

Hampden County: 

Chester, Austen Brook res- ervoir ...... _ ... _ . _ 

Chicopee, Cooley Brook 

reservoir .......... . 

Granville, middle branch 

Westfield River ... . 

Ludlow, Chapin Pond ... . 

Chlorine. 

0.6 

. 7 

. 7 

.9 

.81 . 7 

• 7 

. 7 

.6 

.4: 

.9 

. 8 

• 7 

. 7 

.6 

.5 

5.2 

5.3 

2.4: 

3.5 

2. 7 

5.3 

2.0 

. 7 

.6 

1.1 

1.0 

. 7 

.9 

.9 

. 6 

1. 1 

1.2 

1.0 

Source. Chlorine. 

Hampden County-Continued. 

Monson, welL._._ . . . . . . . . 1. 2 

Russell, middle branch 

Westfield River . . . . . 7 

Springfield, Ludlow reser- voir ...... _ . _ . . . . . . 1. 2 

Hampshire County: 

Huntington, east branch 

Westfield River • . . . 1. 0 

middle branch Westfield River . • . . . . . . • . 9 

Middlesex County: 

Ashland, Basin No. 4:...... 2. 3 

Concord, Sandy Pond.·.-.. 2. 5 

Framingham, reservoir_... 2. 3 

Hudson, Gates Pond...... 2. 0 

Pepperell, spring .... _ . _ . . 1. 5 

Sudbury, reservoir........ 2. 2 

Wayland, S~ke Brook... 2. 3 

Nantucket County: 

Nantucket, Wannacomet 

Pond __ . _ . _ .•. _ . • . . 22. 6 

Plymouth County: 

Hingham, Accord Pond_ . . 6. 0 

Lakeville, Long Pond. _ .. _ 4. 5 

Plymouth, Little South Pond _ . _____ . _ ... _ _ 6. 2 

Worcester County: 

~ Ashburnham, storage res- ervoir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 3 

Berlin, Fosgate Brook..... 1. 9 

Clinton, Lyndes Brook. __ . 1. 6 

Holden, Tatnuck Brook... 1. 2 

Leicester, storage reservoir. 1. 2 

Leominster, Haynes reser- voir ...... _ .• __ ••. _ 1. 2 

North Brookfield, Doan 

Pond . . . . . • . • . . . • . . 1. 2 

Rutland, Musquahog Lake. 1. 4 

Southbridge, reservoir.... 1. 3 

Spencer, Shaw Pond...... 1.4 

Sterling, Stillwater River.. 1. 6 

Worcester, Bottomly Pond. 1. 5 

Kent reservoir ... _.... 1. 5 

Tatnuck Brook reser- voir ..... _ ....•.. _ . 1. 3 
22 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.1«. 

THE ISOCHLORS OF RHODE ISLAND. 

The lines of equal chlorine for Rhode Island (Pl. IV) are drawn 

from data furnished by Dr. Gardner T. Swarts, • secretary of the 

Rhode Island State board of health. Observations made in Massachusetts and Connecticut were also of gTeat assistance in defining these 

lines. The following analyses in Rhode Island have influenced the 

determination of their position: 

Chlorine determinations for Rhode Island. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Chlorine. Source. Chlorine. 

Kent County: Providence County-Continued. 

Washington, Carr's pond. __ 2.9 Harrisville, Wallum Pond __ 1.8 

-East Greenwich ___________ 4.0 Foster, spring ____ . ________ 2. 1 

Newport County: Diamond Hill, welL _______ 2.9 

Block Island, Sand's pond._ 30.8 Washington County: 

Providence County: Wakefield, spring _________ 5.4 

Pa wtuxet Valley, reservoir_ 3.4 Rocky Brook _________ 5.8 

Pawtucket supply, Abbott West Kingston, Barber's 

Run _______ -. _---- . -- --- 3.2 pond _______________ 3.2 

Woonsocket, reservoir No. 3 _ 2.2 100-acre Pond. ________ 3.6 

THE ISOCHLORS OF CONNECTICUT. 

The normal chlorine lines in Connecticut (Pl. IV) were established 

by Dr. Herbert E. Smith, chemist, Connecticut State board of health, 

and Dr. Frederick S. Hollis, from whose ar·ticle in the report of the 

Connecticut State board of health for 1902, together with their observations on not·mal waters of the State, the extract quoted below is 

taken. 

Observations since obtained from Doctor Smith· give data for adding the 4, 5, and 6 lines to the map. The strong protecting influence 

of Long Island cuts these lines off on the western coast in a very 

peculiar manner. 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE IN CONNECTICUT. 

In the report of the Connecticut State board of health for 1895 a chlorine map of 

the State was published, which was based on averages of chlorine determinations 

from 38 sources. The origin of chlorine in natural waters and the value of an accurate knowledge of the normal ehlorine of a district, any excess above which is an 

important factor in establishing the degree of contamination, were fully discussed. 

During the seven years that have elapsed since the publication of the map many 

of the sources used in the construction of the isochlorine lines have been reexamined, 

and many new sources have been examined by making monthly or bimonthly 

analyses during one or more years. Much information has been gained also from 
JACKSON.) CONNECTICUT. 23 

the large number of analyses of individ11al samples from different parts of the State, 

a~ in the systematic examination of spring waters. The averages of the chlorine 

determinations from those sources which appear to be free or practically free from 

contamination are used in the construction of the new map. The 71 sources are 

divided, accordin~ to the number of analyses, into three groups and entered alphabetically. * * * Each average is entered on the m.ap, and isochlorine lines are 

drawn indicating the center of the comparatively limited zones in which the chlorine 

agrees with that of the given chlorine line. 

Considerable difficulty was found, as in the case of the earlier map, in locating the 

lines in the eastern part of the State, where there are very few public supplies and 

from which section but few determinations have been made. Samples were analyzed 

monthly from April to S~ptember, 1902, from Wyassup Pond, in North Stonington; 

Beachdale Pond, in Voluntown; Moosup Pond, in Plainfield (the drainage area of 

which extends into Killingly; the Danielson reservoirs, in Killingly, and Crystal 

Pond, between Eastford and Woodstock. These, with previously collected data, 

probably locate the lines with a fair degree of accuracy, and have resulted in lowering the 3 and 2.5 lines considerably and in raising the 2 and 1.5 lines, as compared 

with the earlier map. 

AVERAGES OF CHLORINE DETERMINATIONS UPON WHICH THE MAP IS BASED. 

[Parts per million.] 

SOURCES FROM WHICH TWELVE OR MORE DETERMINATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE. 

Ansonia ..... -- .. -- ..... -....... 2. 8 Kent ________________ 1.6 Ridgefield ----------- 2.2 

Berlin _______________ 1.9 Killingly .. -............ -..... -- .. 2.3 Sey1nour ............. 2.3 

Bethany _______ ... -....... - 2.4 Killingworth. ________ 2.9 Southington .................. 1.7 

BetheL _ . ____________ 1.9 Manchester __________ 1.8 Do-------------- 1.9 

Branford ------------ 4.5 Meriden ____ . ________ 1.9 South Manchester ____ 1.8 

Bridgeport ____ . _____ . 3.7 Middletown ....... -... ---... 2.5 Stamford ------------ 2.3 

Bristol -.. -... -... -- - ... -......... 1.5 Morris _______________ 1.6 , Stonington _____ . _ .. ___ 5.1 

Chaplin - .. -- ... -... -... -..... - 1.9 Naugatuck ___________ 2.0 Thomaston ................. -- ..... 1.6 

Danbury ______ . ______ 2.3 Naugatuck River _____ 1.6 Watertown ... -....... --- .. - 1. 7-

Durham ___________ . _ 2. 7 New Canaan_·------- 2. 7 Waterford ___________ 3.3 

East Haven __________ 4.1 New Milford _________ 1.8 West Hartford ____ ._. 1.5 

Easton ................................. 2.9 North Canaan ________ 1 .... <) West Haven-------- 6.0 

Farmington ______ : ___ 1.8 Norwich _____________ 2.6 Winchester ___ . __ . ___ 1.3 

Goshen ______________ 1.5 Orange ___ . __________ 2.3 Wolcott ................................ 1.9 

Greenwich ________ . __ 3.0 Rockville ___ . ___ . ____ 1.6 Do----- ___ ------ 2.0 

Hamden. __________ . _ 2.4 

SOURCES FROM WHICH SIX: DETERMINATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE. 

Chester _____ . ________ 3.0 Oxford -.... --- .. -.... -...... 1.7 Union _ .. _ . _ .. _ ...... 1.4 

Eastford ________ . ____ 1.8 Do-------------- 2.2 Voluntown ·-· ..... ---- 2. 7 

Moosup. ____ . ___ . ___ . 2.2 Stafford Springs ______ 1.6 West Cornwall ____ .... 1.1 

North Stonington .. ___ 3. 1 Thomaston --- ........... -- .. 1.6 Do------·------- 1.3 

SbURCES FROM WHICH THREE DETERMINATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE. 

East Granby--------· 1.6 New Hartford. ______ . 1.3 Southington--------- 1.9 

East Hartford ________ 2.0 North Canaan. _______ 1.1 Sims bury _____ . ___ . _ . 1.8 

Farmington ____ . _ . ___ 1.9 Portland. ____________ 2.4 Westbrook._. __ .... __ 6.7. Gri~wold ____________ 2.3 Plymouth --- .. ---- .. -.. 1.9 Windsor Locks. ______ 1.5 

Hebron. _____________ 2.6 Salisbury ____________ 0.9 Woodbury ___________ 1.9 

New Canaan _________ 2.7 Shelton. _____________ 3.1 
24 ORLOB.1NE 1N NEW' YOliK ANJ2 NEW ENGLAND WATERS. (No.144. 

Source. 

Ansoniaa ........... .. 

Berlin, Kenmere re!'!-

ervoir (Meriden 

supply) ............ . 

Bethany, Dawson res- ervoir system b ••••• 

Bethel, storage res ... . 

Branford ........... .. 

Bridgeport (Island 

Brook supply) ..... . 

Bristol, storage res. and Poland River .. 

Chaplin, Natchaug River (Willimantic 

supply) ............ . 

Chester, Watrous 

Pondc ............ .. 

Danbury (Kohanza 

supply) ............ . 

East Lake and 

Padanaram res- ervoir ........ .. 

Durham, Lake PisteChlorine deterTni1wtions for Connecticut. 

[Parts per million.] 

'0 ·. ..; ~ ..; >. ill ill ill 

~~ Q) >. '""' 

~ ,Q ..: ,Q ,Q biJ '""' rZ ~ s ill ,Q;::l. s s ~ rZ e Q) <lJ ,Q 

ss ..; >=! ~ >. ~ ill <lJ <lJ rZ .: ,Q ·;::: .: biJ 0. .s ... " >=Jd ... <lJ rZ <lJ rZ A rZ >=! >=! ill <:.> 0 ill 

Z"' ~ >< ...., ~ ~ ~ ~ ...., ...., ~ if.! 0 z .:=! ----------------------------

12 2.8 1897 3.40 3.25 2.80 2. 75 2.64 2.45 3.20 2.30 2.30 2.65 3.00 2.90 

12 1. 9 1899 1. 70 2. 40 1.90 1. 30 1. 70 1. 60 1. 90 1. 70 2.00 1.60 2.40 2.30 

40 2. 95 3. 32 3. 06 2. 98 2. 78 2. 34 2. 24 2. 36 2. 76 2. 85 3. 07 2. 95 

. ....................................... 2.40 ......•... 3.10 

1.80 .......... 1.90 .......... 1.90 .......... 11.90 

1. 60 . . . . . . . . . . 1. 80 . . . . . . . . . . 1. 80 . • . . • . • . . . 2. 90 

.......... 2.40 .......... 2.00 .......... 1.86 .......... 2.60 

~:~ ~:: .2:~ .2:00 .':~ .':~ .':~ .'-.46 .~:~ .~:t:~l':'~ 12 2. 50 2. 40 1. 90 1. 80 1. 80 1. 80 1. 90 1. 70 1. 6011.8012. 2512. 35 

12 4. 60 4. 00 3. 50 6. 30 4. 40 4. 50 3. 9014. 62 4.10 4. 34 4. 70 4. 96 

12 3. 7 1896 3. 90 3. 50 3. 70 3. 70 3. 50 3. 15 3. 20 3. 70 3. 901 3. 50 4. 20 4. 70 

24 1. 5 1895 1. 9 1. 9 1. 8 1. 2 1. 4 1. 5 1. 3 1. 4 1. 3 1. 6 1. 7 1. 4 

1901 2. 06 1. 60 1. 76 1. 50 1.10 1. 06 1.14 1. 34 1. 00 1. 50 1. 60 1. 70 

35 1. 9 1R89 

1890 

1891 

1899 

6 3. 0 1895 

....... 

1.8 

2.0 

1.6 

........ .. ........ 

2.1 1.8 

1.5 ]. 3 

2.10 1.10 

.......... .......... .. ........ 

1. f> 1.6 1.4 

1.8 1.7 1.3 

1.60 1. 70 1. 20 

2. 9 2.8 2.9 

......... 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.3 1.8 

1.8 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.4 

.......... ......... .. ........ ........ ....... . ...... 

1. 60 1.90 2.10 2. 70 3. 70 2. 70 

2.8 3.1 ····· 3. 7 .......••• 

12 2.5 1896 ..... 2.20 ..... 3.20 ..... 2.25 ..... 3.30 ..... 2.20 ..... 2.20 

1900 3. 10 .. .. . 1. 70 .. .. . 1. 80 .. .. . 2. 30 . .. .. 2. 26 .. .. . 3. 46 ..... 

12 2.11896 ..... 2.20 ..... 2.25 ..... 3.30 ..... 2.50 .... ~ 1.90 ..... 1.90 

1900 2. 60 .. . .. 1. 90 .. .. . 1. 90 .. .. . 1. 90 .. . .. 1. 38 .. .. . 2. 06 ..... 

paug d ••.•••• ~...... 12 2. 6 1895 3. 4 2. 7 2. 9 2. 7 2. 5 2. L 2. 5 2. 4 2. 5 2. 8 2. 6 2. 5 

Eastford, Crysta J Pond e •••••••••••••• 

East Granby f ....... . 

East Hartford ....... . 

East Haven, Lake 

Saltonstall (New 

Haven supply) .•... 

6 

5 

3 

36 

1.8 1902 

1.6 1898 

2.0 1897 

4.1 1890 

1891 

1895 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

....... ····- ........ 1. 94 1.84 1. 74 1. 6011.80 . ....... 1.66 .. ...... ......... 

........ ........ ........ ....... 1.6 1.6 1.4 ..... t5 } .... .. .... ........ 1.7 

......... 1.90 ......... ......... ......... 2.00 . ....... ......... .......... .. ....... 2.20 ........ 

. • . • • • . . . . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 6 3. 7 4. 1 3. 9 3. 7 

3. 6 3. 5 3. 5 3. 8 • . . . . 3. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 

............... 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 .............. . 

........................................ 4.10 .......... 4.10 

. • • • . . . . • . 4. 40 . . . . . . . . . . 4. 50 • . . . . . . . . . 4. 20 . . . • . . . . • . 4. 10 

4.00 .......... 4.30 .......... 4.201 .......... 4.30 

.......... 3.90 ..... 1 ..... 4.20 .......... 4.80 .......... 4.70 

........ ~. 4.74 .......... 4.46, .......... 4.66 .......... 4.20 

4.30 4.-0 ................................................ .. 

a Ansonia Water Company. From storage reservoir on Beaver Brook. 

bNew Haven supply. Dawson reservoir is in Woodbridge on West River, and receives water from 

Chamberlain reservoir on Sargent River and from Bethany reservoir, 4 miles above Dawson reservoir on West River. · cSituated partly in Woodstock. Samples by Dr. F. S. Smith from the so1r 'e, which is a small 

natural lake. d Wallingford public supply. eSamples by Dr. H. H. Converse, of Eastford. 

!Samples by Dr. C. M. Wooster, of Tariffville, from a small private reservoir or lake in East Granby. 
JA.Cft.SON.j OONNECTlCtJii. 25 

Chlorine determinations for ·connect'icut-Continued. 

Source. 

Easton, Mill River (Bridgeport supply) 

Farmington ......... . 

Hartford, reser- voir No.4 •...... 

Goshen (Torrington 

supply) .......•..••. 

Greenwich, Rock- woods Pond and Putnam Lake ..... . 

Griswold (Jewett City 

supply) ............ . 

Hamden, Lake Win- tergreen (New Ha- ven supply) •.••.•.. 

Killingworth (Clin-

.... O,.; 

f-<Q;I 

QJ.-. 

.O.A 

a~ ~<11 

12 

3 

12 

12 

36 

3 

38 

5 

17 

<1) 

bll 

~ ,_; Q;l <Xl .... Q;l 

-< :;... ----

2.9 1896 

1.9 1897 

1.8 1898 

1.5 1897 

3.0 1896 

1898 

1901 

2.6 1898 

2.4 1889 

1890 

1895 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

2.3 1895 

1.6 1894 

1900 

[Parts per million.] 

>. >. ,_. ,_. <Xl <Xl ..d := ::l ,... <:.> >. ~ ,Q ,... ·.:: <Xl Q;l <Xl A <Xl ..., ~ ~ -< ~ ----------

3.05 2.40 2.20 2.85 2. 70 

2.70 ............... ....... 

1.84 1.60 1.60 1.90 1.80 

1.60 1. 70 1.15 1.40 1.50 

I 3.84 3.42 3.20 3.30 3.60 

3.50 3.00 2.60 2.60 2.90 

3.34 3. 70 3.50 2.94 2.60 

3.30 ........ ...... .. ..... .. ..... 

.,_; ,_; ,_; Q;l Q;l Q;l 

~ ,Q ..; ,Q ,Q a ,Q 

Q;l a a <1) >. $ Q;l Q;l 

.:: bll A .s .... <:.> 

:= "i3 := Q;l 0 0 Q;l 

..., ..., -< w 0 :z; A --------------

2.60 2.60 2.00 3.00 2.80 3.45 3.55 

........ 1.60 .. .... . ...... 1.25 . .... ..... 

1.80 1.70 1. 70 1.8011.60 1.90 2.30 

1.30 1. 70 1.10 2.10 2.00 1. 4011.50 

3. 75 3.40 3.40 3.80 3.20 3.40 3.40 

2.30 2. 70 2.20 2.40 2.80 3.1Q 3.00 

2.26 2.58 2. 74 2:30 2.00 2. 72 2.10 

~.50 . ...... ····- . ...... 2.10 ....... ...... 

2.0 2.0 2.8 3.3 2.6 

ton supply)......... 12 2. 9 1901 3. 80 3. 70 3. 44 2. 30 2. 74 2. 14 2. 56 3.10 2. 20 3. 40 2. 94 3. 00 

Manchester: 

Storage reservoir. 

Distributing res- ervoir •......... 

Meriden, Merimere reservoir ...•....... 

Middletown, Laurel Brook reservoir .... 

Moosup, Moosup Lakec .............. 

Morrisd ............... 

1900 1. 80 . . . . . 1. 30 . . . . . 1. 60 . . . . . 1. 80 . . . . . 1.18 . . . . . 1. 46 ..... 

1900 1. 70 . . . . . 1. 70 . . . . . 1. 80 . . . . . 2. 10 . . . . . 1. 90 . . . . . 1. 74 ....• 

35 1. 9 1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1. 5 2. 0 2. 0 1. 8 2. 0 

1890 1. 8 2. 0 2. 4 1. 9 2. 3 1. 8 2. 0 1. 8 2.1 1. 9 1. 8 2. 0 

1891 2. 1 2. 1 1. 9 1. 5 2. 4 2. 1 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 

1899 1. 70 1. 70 1.40 1. 50 1. 40 1.10 L30 1. 60 1. 70 1. 80 1. 80 1. 80 

. 35 2.5 1889 ........ ....... ...... ...... ..... ....... ..... 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 

1890 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 

1891 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 1.8 ......... ..... ......... ....... ····· ...... 

1899 2.40 3.00 2.10 2.10 2.40 1. 70 2.40 2.90 2.90 3.30 2.80 3.10 

4 2.2 1902 

. ~~ ;~ . ~~ ~ . ~-· ~~- ~-· ;~ 2.50 ....... 2.16 ....... 2.10 2.10 ...... ...... 

12 1.6 1901 1.56 0.96 1.46 1.58 1.90 1.50 1.90 1. 42 

a Samples by Dr. C. H. Pendleton from a natural spring in the eastern part of Hebron. bSamples in 1896 collected February 26 by Mr. A. B. Prentice from the various reservoirs of the Danielson supply. M1m.ths of 1897 sample collections not given. Samples in 1902 by Mr. G. S. Brown from a tap in Danielson. cSamples by Dr. W. W. Adams, of Moosup. Drainage area partly in Killingly. dBranch of Naugatuck River (Waterbury supply). 
26 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK .AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.144: 

Chlorine determ·inations for Connecticut-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

o. I .. ~ ~ ;..; 

Source. ss ~ ..; ~ 8 ~ :;::i .,:, Cli .,:, ~ ~ .g ~ <1J 

.,.: > ~ !:1 .g = ~ = !:1 - ., ... t 0 ~ 

~.3! ~ ~ I ~ . ~ s ~ ~ ~ 

Z 00 -< "'"' ~ ~ ~ -< ~ _; _; ~ J5 ~ Z A 

N-a-ug_a_t_u_c_k_, -s-to_r_a_g_e_1 __ ---~------- :--

reservoir...... . . . . . . 24 2. 0 1895 2. 2 I 2. 2 2. 0 1. 5 2. 1 1. 9 1. 7 1. 8 2. 0 2. 3 2. 7 2. 2 

1901 2. 52, 3 .• 10 1. 60 1. 66 1. 40 1. 30 1. 86 1. 66 1. 76 2.10 2. 00 2.1~ 

Naugatuck River, 

above Torrington.. 50 1.6 ~~:: -~~~- -~~;· -~~~- -~~;· -~~~- -~~~- -~~~-.-~~~- -~~~- ·;~~- ~:: ~. ~:: 

1895 1. 1 1. 6 1. s 1. 6 1. 5 1. 6 1. 3 1. 6 1. 1 2. o 2. 3 I 2. 1 

1896 1. 801 1. 65 1.40 I. 30 1. 65 1. 55 2. 20 1. 90 2. 30 1. 65 1. 50! 1. 80 

NewCanaan ......... . 

Norwalk, storage reservoir ...... . 

New Hartford: 

South reservoir ... 

-Stone Brook res- ervoir ......... . 

New Milford ......... . 

North Canaan: 

Norfolk supply .. . 

Public supply ... . 

North Stonington, Wyassup Pond b •••• 

Norwich, storage res .. 

Orange, Maltby Lake, (NewHavensupply) 

Oxford: 

Hatter's Springe. 

Towantic Springd 

Plainville ........... . 

Plymouth (Terryville supply) ............ . 

Portland ............ . 

Ridgefield ........... . 

Rockville, Schenipsit Lake ............. .. 

Salisbury (Lakeville 

supplv) ............ . 

3 2. 7' ~::~ . ~-- ~~ ~: :~ -~·- ~~ . ~-- ~~ . ~~ ~~ . ~~ ~~ ~: ~~ . ~-- ~~ . ~~ ~~ ~:~I.~--~~~-~--~~ I I 

35 2. 7 1894 3. 5 3. 0 2. 6 2. 6 2. 4 1. 8 2. 2 2. 2 2. 4 2. 9 3. 3 ,3. 3 

1897 3. 45 3. 40 2. 90 3. 00 2. 70 2. 80 3. 00 2. 50 2. 50 2. 60 2. 90 2. 70 

1900 3. 00 2. 20 2. 70 2.40 2. 20 1. 90 2. 00 2. 50 2. 46 2. 74. ... ·13. 06 

3} 1{1898 1.20 ............... 1.10 ..... ····· ..... 1.70 ..... 1 ••••• 

3 1.

3 

..... 1.50 ............... 1.30 ............... 1.00 ..... 1 .... . 

12 1.8 1897 

3 1.1 1897 

18 1.2 1894 

1900 

6 3.1 1902 

47 2.6 1889 

1890 

1891 

1894 

1899 

2.00 2.30 1. 70 1. 70 1. 70 1. 20 1. 30 1. 60 1. 80 2.10 a3. 60[ 2. 90 

:::' ;:; ;:~ ::~ ·;:;·1 ;:; 1.10 ........ ....... ........ .......... 

1.5 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.2 

1. 20 ......... 1.00 .......... 1.60 . ......... 1. 30 ..... 1. 00 .. --- 1.401 .... . 

. . .. . . . . • . . . .. . 3. 24 2. 74 3. 40 2. 70 3. 40 3. 20 .............. . 

........... -........... -. . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3 2. 0 2. 3 1. 5 2. 5 

2.0 2.5 2.5 

2.8 2.6 2.3 

3.2 2.4 3.3 

2.20 2.50 2.20 

2.8 2.1 

2. 7 2.5 

2.9 3.2 

2.30 1.60 

2. 3 3. 1 2.4 2. 5 2. 7 2. 9 I 3. 4 

2.6 ............................. . 

2. 9 3.1 3. 3 3. 5 2. 5 3. 2 3. 6 

2. 00 2. 20 2. 60 2.10 2. 10 3. 20 2. 40 

20 2. 3 1897 .............. - -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 50 . . . . . . . . . . 2. 90 

1898 1. 90 ..... -- --. 2. 30 ....... --. 2. 00 . . . .. .. . . . 2. 50 

1899 1.30 .......... 1.50 .......... 1.60 ..... 1'""" 1.90 

1900 2.10 .. -..... -- 2. 70 . . . . . . . . . . 3. 00 ..... I--... 3. 06 

1901 1. 78 .. . . . .. . .. 2. 44 . . . . . . . . . . 2. 30 .... - .. • • • 2. 56 

1902 2. 58 2. 66 ................................................. . 

6 1. 7 18951. . • • . . . -- • . . • . . 1. 8 1. 8 1. 5 1. 7 1. 7 1. 9 . . • . . .. . . . • .••• 

5 2. 2 1895 . . .. . . . . . . • . . . . 2. 2 2. 5 2. 0 2. 1 2. 0 • • ........ 1 ......... . 

3 

3 

12 

1. 9 1897 . . • . . 2. 20 ........•. --... . . . • • 1. 90 • • . • • • • • . . 1. 70 ......... . 

1.9 1897 .......... ........ 

2.{ 1897 2.30 

2.24 1901 2. 74 2. 70 

2.30 ........ ....... 

.......... ......... ......... 

2.20 2.10 2.50 

.......... 

....... 

1.50 

1. 60 ••••••••••••••• 1. 70 ••... 

2.30 •·••• •.•.. 2.50 ••••· ..... 

1.80 2.30 2.00 2.14 2.26 2.64 

23 1. 6 1890 .... - . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . • . . . .. . 1. 7 1. 5 1. 5 1. 8 2. 6 

1891 1. 8 1. 1 1. 3 1. 8 1. 5 l. 8 . . . .. . . .. . . .. • • • .. • • .. .. . .. ... 

1900 1.20 1.70 1.30 1.50 1.30 1.30 1.5011.40 1.50 1.30 1.60 1.46 

3 0. 9 1898 . 80 • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 70 .....•.•.•. --.. 1. 30 ••.•••.•.• 

a Not included in average. bSamples by Mr. E. H. Knowles, of North Stonington . . o Samples by Dr. Lewis Barnes from a natural spring located on the west side of Little River Valley, m Oxford. 

d~amples by Dr. Lewis Barnes from a natural spring located about half a mile east of Hatter's 

Sprmg. 
JACKSON.] CONNECTICUT. 27 

Chlm-ine determinations for Connecticut-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. 

---------1------------------------------ Seymour, Fountain 

Water Co. (Ansonia 

supply) •............ 

Shelton .............. . 

Simsbury ............ . 

Southington (New 

Britain supply): 

Roaring Brook ... 

Shuttle Meadow 

Lake ••........•. 

South Manchester: 

12 2. 3 1898 2. 70 2. 601 2. 20 2. 30 2. 20 2. 10 2. 20 2. 40 2. 30 2. 60 1. 80 2. 20 

3 3. 1 1897 . . . • . 2. 90 . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . 3. 30 . . . . • . • . . . 3. 00 ••..•..... 

3 1. 8 1898 . . • • . . . . . . 1. 30 . . . . • . • . . . 2. 00 . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . 2. 10 •.....•..• 

12 1. 7 1899 1. 50 1. 40 o. 70 1. 60 1. 60 1. 80 2. 00 2. 20 1. 70 2. 00 2. 10 '2. 20 

46 1. 9 1889 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. • .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 1. 3 1. 8 2. 0 1. 5 1. 8 

1890 2. 3 2. 5 2. 3 2. 5 2. 3 2. 0 2. 0 1. 8 2. 2 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8 

1891 1. 7 1. 9 1. 6 2. 0 2. 0 1. 6 ................... : ........ .. 

1894 1. 9 .. . .. 1. 9 2. 0 2. 1 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 2. 9 2. 3 2. 1 1. 8 

1899 1. 50 1. 20 1. 40 1. 50 1. 90 2. 70 2. 30 1. 70 1. 90 2. 00 2. 10 2. 10 

Porter reservoir . -~ 

Taylor storage res. 24 1

1900 1.40 ..... 1.50 ..... 1.901 ..... 1.80 ..... 1.90 ..... 2.30 ..... 

1. 8 1894 2.1 1. 5 1. 3 1. 7 1. 6 1. 6 2. 0 2. 2 1. 9 2. 5 2. 3 2.1 

1900 1. 70 .. .. . 1. 50 . .. .. 1. 50 .. .. • 1. 70 .. .. . 1. 58 .. . .. . .. .. 2. 10 

Stafford Springs a..... 6 1. 6 1900 1. 60 .. .. . 1.40 .. .. . 1. 50 . • • • • 1. 50 .. .. . . 9! .. .. . 2. 50 ..... 

St~mford, ;rrinity 1. 24 · .ke,N.Y .......... f {

2.8 l 2.~ 1889 ................................... 1.8 ..... 2.3 12.6 1.8 

Thomaston: 

Storage reservoir. 

Spring b ........ .. 

Unionc .............. . 

Voluntown: 

Beachdale Pondd.

1 

Beach Pond ..... . 

Great Meadow 

Brook ......... . 

M t. Misery Stream 

Waterford, Lake 

Konomoc (New 

London supply) .... 

Watertown, Farm 

Brook (Waterbury supply) ............ . 

Westbrook e ......... . 

West Corn wall: 

Lake! ........... . 

Springu ......... . 

1890 2.5 2.4 2.3 ,.3 2.3 1.8 2.0 ........................ . 

1899 2. 10 1. 50 1. 50 1. 60 1. 90 1. 60 2. 00 2. 70 2. 70 3. 20 4. 00 3. 10 

1894 ..... {

5

· 

8 }4. 4 3.1 5. 4 .. .. . 5. 2 5. 5 .. .. . 5. 7 7. 0 6. 7 6.0 

1900 5. 00 4. 50 4. 30 4. 30 4. 50 3. 60 4. 30 3.10 4. 86 5. 00 5. 30 5. 60 

35 1. 6 1889 .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 1. 0 2. 0 l. 8 1. 8 1. 3 

1890 1. 8 1. 8 1. 4 1. 9 1. 3 1. 1 1. 5 1. 7 1. 7 1. 5 1. 5 1. 8 

1891 1.6 1.3 1 •) 1.6 1.4 1.3 ............................. . 

1894 2. 0 2. 0 2. 1 1. 7 l. 7 1. 4 1. 6 1. 6 1. 9 1. 8 2. 0 2. 6 

12 1. 6 1894 1. 3 1. 3 1. 5 1. 4 1. 5 1. 2 1. 5 1. 6 l. 9 1. 9 2. 0 2. 0 

6 1.4 1895 ............... 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 .............. . 

~~~ 9 2. 7 1896 

1896 

3.3 

3.0 

'1.. 7 

2. 36 2. 54 2. 18 2. 62 2. 90 2. 80 ............. .. 

24 3. 3 1894 3. 8 3. 3 3. 3 3. 5 3. 5 3. 3 3. 5 3. 4 2. 7 3. 7 3. 6 3. 8 

1899 3.10 3. 10 3. 10 2. 90 3. 20 3. 00 3. 30 2. 'i'O 2. 90 3. 10 3. 1013. 20 

35 1. 7 1898 l. 60 1. 20 1. 20 1. 60 1. 50 1. 90 1. 10 1. 60 2. 70 1. 40 1. 40 

1899 1. 20 1. 70 1. 30 1. 20 1. 40 . 90 1. 60 1. 70 1. 90 2. 10 3. 10 2. 50 

1900 1. 90 1. 90 2. 3o 1. 8o 1. 30 1. 10 1. 90 1. soj 1. 64 2. oo 2. 90 1. 60 

5 6. 7 1895 .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. 4. 7 6. 8 7. 1 7.417. 3 .. .. . .. .. .... . 

6 1.1 1895 .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . 9 1.1 1. 2 1.1 1.1 1. 4 .............. . 

6 1. 3 1895 .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. 1. 0 1. 2 1. 3 1. 2 1. 3 1. 8 ............. .. 

a Roaring Brook; part of drainage area in Union. 

bSamples by Dr. R. S. Goodwm from a natural spring located in the western part of Thomaston. 

cSamples by Dr. F. L. Smith, of Stafford Springs, from a small natural lake located in the western part of Union and used as a private water supply . . dSamples by Rev. E. Dewhurst, of Voluntown. 

eSamples by Dr. T. B. Bloomfield from Dies' Pond. 

!Samples by Mr. T. S. Gold from a small natural lake. 

uSamples by Mr. T. S. Gold from a natural spring which is used as a private supply. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 144 PL. V 

() 

N 

0 

N R I 0 

0 T A 

J{ E 

p E N N s L v A N I A 

' \ 

• '< \ 

/ 

- t:J:; 

-, 0 rsJ.. -'l NV 

s 

' ........ ' ........ G ' 0 -F ' y 

Sca.le ofm iles 

1,0 20 30 

A T .A. 

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINE, IN PARTS PER MILLION, IN NATURAL WATERS OF NEW YORK. 
28 CHLORiNE IN NEW YORK AND NEW ENGtAND WATERS. tNo.144, 

Chlorine deterrninations for Connecticut-Continued. 

.... 

ooo 

~Q) <li Cl>- bO Souree. .0~ ~ ss ..: Q) d - ::l d p. Cl> zoo <lj :--< 

West Hartford: 

Reservoir No.1..-~ 11898 No.2... 1898 

No.3... 58 1. 6 1898 

No.5... 1898 

No.6... 1898 

W.Haven,storageres. 12 6.0 1895 

Winchester, High- land Lake and Mad River (Winsted 

[Parts per million.] 

,.; ,.; ,.; 

>. t- Q) Q) Q) 

~ .0 ,.; .0 .0 ~ d .d s Q) 

d ::l .0 s s ::l ~ <:.> >. Q) 

~ Cl> Cl> Q) 

.::: .0 ~ -~ .::: bO "A -8 p. 0 

d Q) d ~ d ::l ::l Q) 0 0 Q) 

...., ~ ~ <lj ~ ...., ...., <lj w Q z A 

1. 70 1. 64 1. 20 1. 70 1. 60 1. 50 1. 90 1.40 . . . . . 1. 20! 1. 80 1. 70 

1. 50 1. 5011. 30 1. 70 1. 60 1. 50 1. 60 1. 10 1. 20 1. 1011. 50 1. 40 

1. 80 1. 50 1.40 1. 70 I. 80 I. 80 2. 00 1. 50 1. 50 1.40 1. 50 1. 50 

1. 60 1. 701 1.40 1. 70 1. 60 1. 50 1. 90 1. 30,1.40 1. 20'..... 1. 50 

1. 24 1. 30 . 90 1. 50 1. .50 1. 50 1. 60 1. 20 1. 40 1. 20 1. 50 1. 40 

6. 6 6. 7 6. 3 5.4 5. 8 5. 8 4. 8 6. 0 14. 7 6. 5 6. 1 6. 8 

supply) ............. 241.3 1895 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 

Windsor Locks....... 3 1.5 ~:~ -~~~ ~::~~-~--~~ -~--~~ -~~~~ -~~~~ ~:~~ .. -.~ .. -.~~ 1:: ----~~ -~~~~ Wolcott, storage res. (Southington sup- ply) ................ 12 1.9 1894 2.5 2.112.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.3 

East Mountain storage res. ( W a- terburysupply). 23 2.0 1889 .................................. 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 

1890 2. 3 1. 5 1. 9 2. 8 2. 3 2. 1 2. 6 2. 3 2. 0 1. 9 2. 0 1. 9 

1891 1. 8 1. 5 1. 8 '2. 2 1. 6 1. 8 -- .... -- .. -.... -.......... -.. -

Woodbury ............ 3 1.9 (a) 1.60 ............... ________ 1.80 •.............. 2.40 ....• 

a No year given. 

THE ISOCHLORS OF NEW YORK. 

New York produces more salt than any other State in the Union, 

and it would be natural to suppose that these salt deposits would affect 

materially a large portion of the waters in this region. Such, however, has not been found to be the case. In this State the salt. beds 

have only a local influence, and normal waters may be found within a 

very narrow range of these deposits. The districts from which salt 

is obtained are, Ithaca, Tompkins County; Le Roy, Genesee County; 

Syracuse, Onondaga County; Warsaw, Wyoming County, and York, 

Livingston County. 

In all of these districts the normal is below 0.4 part per million, and 

a water contaminated by salt from these deposits would in most cases 

be so very much higher in chlorine that it could hardly be mistaken 

for ordinary pollution. 

The determination for the normal chlorine lines of New York State 

(Pl. V) is the result of analyses made by the author at Mount Prospect laboratory. The time of making analyses extended over a period 

of six years, and the results represent many thousand determinations 

of chlorine. The largest number of samples were examined on Long 

Island, Staten Island, and near the coast on the mainland where the 

differences in chlorine were greatest over a limited area. It will be 

seen that the Catskill and Adirondack mountains cause deflections 
JkCKSON.t NEW YORK. 29 

toward the coast in the isochlors. This is due to the precipitation on 

their southern slopes of the moisture in the lower layers of the atmosphere which naturally contain the greater portion of the salt. 

It will also be noted that Long island has a remarkable effect in 

lowering the chlorine on the mainland. The lowest isochlor on the 

mainland is 3 parts per million, whereas if it· were not for the protecting influence of the island it would undoubtedly be 6 parts per million. 

Artesian wells in J\!Ianhattan Borough have been found which have a 

chlorine eontent of as low as 2 parts per million, but these may be 

considered to be below normal aud to consist of water from some 

distanee north of the point from which they were drawn. 

The following is a list of some of the waters which have had an 

influence upon the establishment of the isochlors for New York 

State: 

Chlorine detenninat·ions for New York. 

Source. 

Albany County: 

Cooksburg, Catskill Creek. 

Delaware County: 

East Branch, reservoir .... 

East Branch reservoir, 

Tonnetta Brook .... 

Dutchess County: 

Clinton Hollow, Little 

Wappinger Creek .. . 

Fishkill, Whalen Pond ... . 

Sprout Pond ....... _ .. 

Millerton, W obotuck Creek 

Franklin County: 

Kushaqua, Lake Kushaqua. 

Saranac Lake, lake ....... . 

Saranac River ....... . 

Greene County: 

Ashland, Batavia KilL .... 

East Durham, Catskill 

Creek ............. . 

Prattsville, Scoharie Creek. 

Jefferson County: 

Watertown, water supply . 

Lewis County: 

Boyds Corner reservoir, 

Cold Spring Brook .. 

Do ................. . 

[Parts per million.] 

Chlorine. 

0.4 

1.3 

1.3 

.6 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

.3 

.3 

.3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.3 

1.0 

1.2 

Source. 

Livingston County: 

Sonyea, spring .... __ ..... . 

New York County: 

Williams bridge .....• _~_ .. 

Orange County: 

Middletown, Highland 

Lake ............. . 

Mohegan Lake ...... . 

Tuxedo Park, spring ..... . 

Oswego County: 

Oswego, McKenzies Pond . 

Silver Lake ......... . 

Putnam County: 

Kirk Lake .............. . 

Lake Gilead ............. . 

Middle Branch, reservoir .. 

Rensselaer County: 

Troy, Lake Ida .......... . 

Rockland County: 

Hillburn ................ . 

Suffern, Mahwah River .. . 

Ramapo River ....... . 

Sullivan County: 

Hasbrouck, Neversink 

River ............. . 

Liberty, spring No. L .... . 

Chlorine. 

0.3 

2.2 

1.0 

.9 

1.7 

.3 

.3 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

. 4 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

.6 

.6 
30 CHLORINE IN NEW YORK AND NEW ENGLAND WATERS. [No.l44. 

Chlorine cktermination.s in New rork-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

Source. Chlorine. 

Sullivan County-Continued. 

Liberty, spring No.2...... 0. 7 

No.3...... .6 

Ulster County: 

Grand Hotel, station ..••.. 

Kingston, Esopus Creek .. . 

Oakes, Catskill Creek .... . 

Randall Bridge, Rondout 

Creek ............. . 

Rifton, Black Creek ....•. 

Shokan, Esopus Creek _ ... 

Warren County: 

Glens Falls, Hudson 

River .....•......•. 

Sodom, reservoir •.••..... 

Westchester County: 

Croton Lake ............. . 

Glen Park, pumping station ..•....•..•..•• 

Katonah, Cross River ••••• 

Kensico, reservoir .••••.•• 

Muscoot, reservoir ..•••.•• 

Rye Pond ..•••.....•.•••• 

Tarrytown, spring ....... . 

Yonkers, Grassy Sprain 

reservoir .......... . 

Richmond County, Staten Island: 

Clifton, water supply ..... . 

Richmond, Turnpike station, Crystal WaterSupply Company .. . 

Stapleton, water supply .. . 

Totten ville, water supply .. 

Nassau County, Long Island: 

East Meadow Stream ... _. 

Hempstead, welL ........ . 

stream at source ..... . 

Massapequa, stream ...... . 

Roslyn, well ............. . 

Suffolk County, Long Island: 

Amagansett, well ... _ .... . 

Aqueboque, well .......... . 

.4 

.8 

.4 

. 8 

. 6 

.5 

.4 

1.4 

1.5 

2.2 

1.8 

2.2 

1.5 

2.6 

2.9 

2.8 

6.0 

6.2 

6.0 

6.0 

4.6 

3.0 

3.8 

4.0 

4.6 

16.5 

l6.i 

Source. Chlorine; 

Suffolk County, Long IslandContinued. 

Babylon,pond........... 5.1 

stream .•............. 

stream .............. . 

stream .............. . 

Sumpawampus Creek . 

waterworks ......... . 

well ................ . 

Brookhaven, Connetquot 

River .....•.•...... 

Bridghampton, we 11 1! 

miles southeast of 

station ............ . 

Central Islip, well ....... . 

Deer Park, welL ......... . 

East Moriches, Mastic 

River ............. . 

Great River, Connetquot River ..... _ ...... _. 

Green Lawn, stream ..... . 

Greenport, well .......... . 

Huntington, stream .•.•..• 

town supply ......•.•. 

Kings Park, stream ...••.. 

Islip, Bayshore supply ..•• 

Beaver Brook ....•.•• 

Doxies Stream ....... . 

Orowoc Creek .......• 

Stelleuwerf Stream .. . 

well .......... _ .... __ 

Long Pond .............. . 

Melville, well ............ . 

Mell ville Station, welL ... . 

Manor, stream .......... _. 

well ................ . 

well ................ . 

Moriches, well ........... . 

Medford Station, welL ... . 

Mattituck, pond ......... . 

Montauk, welL .......... . 

Northport, pond ..•....... 

town supply ..•...... 

4.0 

4.0 

4.6 

4.9 

4.8 

5.0 

4.6 

30.8 

4.0 

4.2 

5.0 

4.0 

6. 7 

61.8 

7.0 

6.2 

7.0 

4.4 

4.1 

4.4 

4.4 

4.0 

4.0 

6.0 

4. 7 

4.2 

7.6 

4.9 

6.4 

7.4 

5.1 

12.9 

15.8 

6.0 

6.0 
JACKSON.] NEW YORK. 31 

Chlorine determinations in, New Yo·rk-Continued. 

[Parts per million.] 

- Source. Chlorine. 

I 

Source. Chlorine. 

Suffolk County, Long IslandContinued. 

Suffolk County, Long IslandContinued. 

Patchogue, pond. _________ 4.6 Sag Harbor, welL _________ 17.2 

river _________________ 4.0 Sayville, Edwards Creek. __ 6.8 

Swan Creek . _____ . ___ 4.4 Patchogue supply ___ . _ 5.0 

Tuttle Creek _________ 5.2 Smithtown, stream. _______ 4.2 

water supply _________ 4.4 Selden, Sumpawampus 

well _____ ~.,~~ ~ ________ 6.1 

Creek ______________ 4.6 

Port Jefferson, town supply 4.4 

well _________________ 5.2 

Ronkonkoma, lake. _______ 4.4 Wading River, spring _____ 10.0 

0 

PUBLICATIONS OF UNrrED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

[Water-Supply Paper No. 144.] 

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of ( 1) Annual 

Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, ( 6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, ( 7) Topographic Atlas of United 

States-folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United States-iolios 

thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others 

are distributed fr~. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. 

Most of the abo"Vff'PublicatiouR IDay be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 

m.ay be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 

2 .. Every member of Congress is allotted a certain number, from whom they may 

be obtained, free of charge, on application. 

3. Other copiet; are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 

D. C., from whom they may be had at prices little above cost. 

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 

libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-su-pply Papers treat of a variety of 

subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been c1a~sified 

into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mfneralogy; E, Chemistry and 

physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, ·water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investiga,tions; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. 

Th_is paper is the tenth in Series L, the complete list of which follows. (PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.) 

SERIES L-QUALITY OF WATER. 

WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pls. (Out of stock.) 

WS 22. Sewage irrigation, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pls. (Out of stock.) 

WS 72. Sewage pollution near New York City, by M. 0. Leighton. 1902. 75 pp., 8 pls. 

WS 76. Flow of rivers near New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 108 pp, 13 pls. 

WS 79. Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. 0. Leighton. 1903. 1\)2 pp., 

15 pls. 

WS 103. Review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by E. B .. 

Goodell. 1904. 120 pp. 

WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. 0. Leighton, with an 

introductory chapter on physiographic features, by G B. Hollister. 100!. 76 pp., 4 pls. 

WS 113. Straw board and oil wastes, by R. L. Sackett !tnd Isaiah Bowml!-n. 1905. 52 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 121. Preliminary report on the pollution of Lake Champlain, by M. 0. Leighton. 1905 .. 119 pp., 

·13 pls. 

WS 144. The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England, 

by D. D. Jackson. 1905. 31 pp., 5 pls. 

Corres:r.ondence should be addressed to 

Ttt.E D.IRECTOR, 

June, 1005. 

IRR 144-05--3 • 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY, 

WASHINGTON, D. c. 

. ' . 

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. 

[Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the top of the 

~econd slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the series 

card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first 

entry.] 

Jackson, Daniel D. 

~ . . . The normal distribution of chlorine in the nat-

~ ural water~ New York and New England, by Daniel -Ill 

D. Jackson. Washington, Gov't prin't. off., 1905. 

31, iii p. v pl. (incl. map) 23cm. ( U. S. Geological survey. Water-supply and irrigation paper no. 144) 

Subject series: L. Quality of water, 10. 

1. Chlorine. 2. Water, Composition of. 

Jackson,. Daniel D. 

. . . The normal distribution of chlorine in the nat-

~ ural waters of New York and New England, by Daniel 

:s-

~ D. Jackson. Washington, Gov't print. off., 1905. 

31, iii p. v pl. (incl. map) 23cm. (U.S. Geological survey. Water-supply and irrigation paper no. 144) 

Subject series: Lf Quality of water, 10. 

1. Chlorine. 2. Water, Composition of. 

U. S. Geological survey. 

Water-supply and irrigation papers. 

no. -144. Jackson, D. D. The normal distribution of 

chlorine in the natural waters of New York 

• and. New England. 1905. 

U. S. Dept. of the Interior. 

~ see also = 

~ U. S. Geological survey. ~ III 
.