DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOB

WATER- SUPPLY PAPER 239

THE

QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS 

OF ILLINOIS

BY

W. D. COLLINS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1910

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction............................................................. 5

Outline of report.--.-....-....-.....-.-....-..-.............-.....-.. 5

Need of investigation................................................. 6

Previous work .............. ........................................ 6

Cooperative work..................................................... 7

Acknowledgments.................................................... 8

Physical features ......................................................... 8

Topography.................._...._.-.........-._.....-.-.-.--.--.--. 8

Hydrography ................................ .^-........... .......... 9

Climate. ....^........................................................ 9

Geology .......--...-.-....--.....-.-.-.-..-.-.-.....-......--..-..-. 10

Economic features........................................................ 11

Population.......................................................... 11

Agriculture .......................................................... 12

Mines ............................................................... 12

Manufactures ........................................................ 13

Surface water supply ..................................................... 15

Quality of waters..................................................... 15

Collection of samples............................................. 15

Analytical methods............................................... 15

Results .......................................................... 17

Detailed investigations......_......................-..........-....... 17

Lake Michigan................................................... 17

Reservoirs....................................................... 19

Rock River ...................................................... 20

Illinois River drainage basin....................................... 25

General statement............................................ 25

Chicago drainage canal........................................ 25

Desplaines River.............................................. 26

Kankakee River.............................................. 26

Fox River.................................................... 28

Vermilion River...................... ........................ 30

Sangamon River.............................................. 31

Illinois River................................................. 33

Kaskaskia River.................................................. 38

Muddy River .................................................... 40

Mississippi River................................................. 41

Wabash River system............................................. 49

Wabash River................................................ 49

Vermilion River.............................................. 49

Embarrass River............................................. 50

Little Wabash River.......................................... 51

Cache River...................................................... 52

Ohio River....................................................... 53
4 CONTENTS.

Surface water supply Continued. Page.

Municipal supplies.................................................... 53

Wells............................................................ 53

Surface supplies .................................................. 54

Untreated waters............................................. 54

Purification.................................................. 54

Industrial uses of water............................................... 57

General statement......-.-.-..-.....--...--.......---..----..-... 57

Laundry water...... ............................................ 57

Steam-boiler water................................................ 58

Softening..-...........--...-....-.-.-.-,-.-...-....--...-..-.-.. 59

Conclusions.......................................................... 61

Analytical tables........-...-...--..-. ............................... 62

Index................................................................... 91

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Map of Illinois showing location of sampling stations.............. 14

II. Diagrams showing composition of material carried by Illinois waters. 16

III. Diagrams showing relative amounts of dissolved and suspended

material carried by Illinois waters.............................. 18
THE QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS,

By W. D. COLLINS.

INTRODUCTION.

OUTLINE OF REPORT.

This report furnishes the means of stating with fair accuracy the 

quality of water which may be found at any point along the larger 

streams within or bordering the State of Illinois. It also includes 

some explanation of the variations in the quality of the water at 

different times and places. The natural and economic features 

which determine the character of the streams are considered in a 

general way. The larger drainage divisions are described briefly. 

A short account of the distribution of population and principal industries of the State shows how these are affected by the streams and 

how they influence the quality of water in the streams. Methods of 

collecting and analyzing samples of water are described. The surface waters of the State were represented by samples taken at 27 

different points. Each river is discussed in detail with reference to 

its source, course, discharge, and quality of water. The cities located 

on it are considered with reference to their use of and their effect on 

the water. Short chapters on municipal supplies and industrial 

uses of water save needless repetition in discussing the value of the 

water of each river. It is shown that the only large suppUes of water 

in the State are surface waters. Nearly all the surface waters are 

so polluted as to be unfit for domestic use without purification. 

They usually contain such dissolved mineral matter and so much 

suspended material as to be unsuitable for many manufacturing 

purposes, but by proper treatment they may be rendered safe for 

drinking and suitable for all industrial uses. The proper purification 

of surface waters is in the greater part of the State the only way to 

obtain a large supply of satisfactory water. If in some way the flow 

of all streams might be regulated and kept more uniform, the increased 

uniformity in quality of the water would make much easier the problem of proper treatment.

The average amount of water used each day in cities of the United 

States varies from 50 to 150 gallons per capita. Of this the amount 

used for drinking is not much over one-half gallon. It is of the
6 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

greatest importance that this one-half gallon shall be free from the 

germs of disease, notably typhoid fever, and shall be reasonably 

clear and reasonably free from taste. This is all thr.t is required to 

make this one-half gallon a satisfactory water. For many uses, as 

sprinkling streets, flushing sewers, etc., almost nothing is required in 

the way of purity. There is left for consideration a large number of 

other uses in which the value of the water depends on the amount 

and kind of mineral matter it contains. For use in laundries, in 

steam boilers, in textile works, and for the same kind of work at 

home, the best water is one which is clear, is free from iron, and contains only a moderate amount of other mineral matter.

NEED OF INVESTIGATION.

In time past the attention of those concerned with the quality of 

water has been directed very largely to the question of its fitness for 

drinking, but within the last few years corporations1 and communities have awakened to a realization of the great waste occasioned by 

the industrial use of unsuitable waters. The railroad? of the country 

are spending thousands of dollars every year in treating their boilerfeed waters so as to render them less injurious to their boilers, the 

money thus spent being saved many times over in decreased cost of 

repairs and increased life of locomotive boilers. Many laundries find 

it profitable to install expensive apparatus for softening water, rather 

rather soften it with soap. Water must be purified for use in many 

woolen mills, breweries, and other establishments, while in some 

cities the whole city supply is softened.

In planning a waterworks system for home, factory, or municipality, it is not enough to know whether the water is safe for drinking. 

To determine the best water for all purposes, it is necessary to know 

the amount and character of the mineral matter it contains. Without such knowledge, no estimate can be made of the cost of purifying 

the water and making it suitable for drinking and for industrial 

uses. For most well waters a single analysis is enough to give a 

very accurate idea of the water which may be found in a given well, 

but the quality of the water in a stream varies so much that an opinion 

based on the results of an examination of a single sample of water from 

a given river would nearly always be very different from an opinion 

based on the results of a series of analyses, where the samples were 

taken regularly for some time.

PREVIOUS WORK.

A large amount of work had been done on the quality of river 

waters in Illinois before the beginning of this report. In Water-Supply Paper 194° M. O. Leighton has given a digest of the testimony

o Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 

No. 194,1907.
INTEODUCTION. 7

in the suit of the State of Missouri against the State of Illinois and 

the sanitary district of Chicago. As evidence in this case, results 

were presented from several thousand analyses of samples of water 

from Illinois River and its tributaries, with many analyses of Missouri and Mississippi water. The analyses made at that, time were 

not analyses of the mineral constituents, but were mainly determinations of the amounts of certain substances present in very small 

quantities, usually less than 1 per cent of the total material dissolved 

in the water. These results merely indicated the purity of the water 

as regards sewage contamination and have little value for determining the value of the water for any use other than for drinking.

The Illinois State Water Survey, organized in 1895, 1 as made a 

great many analyses of Illinois waters, but most of them have been 

for the purpose of determining the purity of waters for domestic 

use. Many analyses of the mineral content of waters have been 

made by the State Water Survey, but these are mainly of well waters.

The railroads of the State have made many partial analyses of 

all sorts of waters in their efforts to obtain for locomotive boilers 

those that are least injurious. The samples of the river waters are 

selected usually at random or in the driest seasons. Txms, with a 

very large number of partial analyses available, it was not possible 

to learn definitely just what might be expected in the way of water 

at any point on any river in the State.

COOPERATIVE WORK.

As part of an investigation 0 of the quality of surface waters in the 

United States, the waters of the State of Illinois were studied as one 

unit. A cooperative agreement for one year was entered into July 

1, 1906, between the United States Geological Survey, the State Water 

Survey of Illinois, the engineering experiment station of the University 

of Illinois, and the State Geological Survey of Illinois. Thir agreement 

called for the investigation of mineral and organic constituents of the 

surface and ground waters of the State, together with experimental 

work on the action of waters in steam boilers, the purification of waters 

for industrial and domestic use, and other similar problems. Edward 

Bartow, director of the State Water Survey of Illinois, was designated as administrative director of the investigations to be carried 

on under the agreement. The writer was assigned to the investigation of surf ace waters, and began work in Illinois July 16, 1906. The 

points for the collection of samples had already been decided by 

the board of control of the cooperative work, consisting of M. O. 

Leighton for the United States Geological Survey, Edward Bartow 

for the State Water Survey, L. P. Breckenridge, Arthur N. Talbot, 

and Samuel W. Parr for the engineering experiment station, and

a Dole, R. B., Quality of surface waters in the United States, Part I: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 236,1909.
8 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

H. Foster Bain for the State Geological Survey. Arrangements 

were made at once for the collection of daily samples at 26 stations 

on rivers and at reservoirs, Doctor Bartow engaging collectors at 

the stations in the northern part of the State and the writer arranging 

for the collections on the rivers in the central ard southern parts. 

Owing to lack of funds the United States Geological Survey was 

unable to renew the agreement for another year, so that the analytical 

work after June 30, 1907, was carried on by the other parties to the 

cooperation. This report gives the results of analyses of these samples of water, together with such other material as is necessary to 

make the figures of value.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The analyses of river waters were made in the laboratory of the 

Illinois State Water Survey by the writer until April 18, after which 

time they were made by Mr. C. K. Calvert. Other analyses have 

been obtained from the United States Geological Snrvey laboratories 

engaged in similar investigations in 1906-7. In the descriptive 

matter free, use has been made of various publications of the Weather 

Bureau and the Bureau of the Census, and especially of the works of 

Palmer 0 and Leverett 6 on the waters of Illinois.

PHYSICAL FEATURES.

TOPOGRAPHY.

Illinois is a flat State. It is the lowest of the North-Central States, 

having a mean elevation of 600 feet, whereas that of neighboring 

States is from 700 to 1,100 feet. c In general, it slopes from north to 

south, with no pronounced changes in elevation. The most prominent ridge in the State is the Ozark uplift, in the southern part of the 

State, crossing from a point near Shawneetown, on the Ohio, to Grand 

Tower, on the Mississippi. This strip of elevated land, hardly 10 

miles wide, stands about 300 feet above the neighboring tracts. The 

main features of the surface over the greater part of the State are due 

to the deposits of material left by the glaciers which once covered 

the State nearly to the Ozark uplift. In the lower portion, as far 

north as St. Louis, the drift is so thin as to exert little influence on the 

streams, but in the region north from St. Louis nearly all the stream 

courses are through this glacial drift. The elevations in this section 

show the amount of cutting which has been done by the streams.

a. Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1904. 

6 Leverett, Prank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 38.1899. 

c Leverett, Frank, The water resources of Illinois: Seventeenth Ann. Bept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 

1896, p. 703.
PHYSICAL FEATURES. 9 

HYDROGRAPHY.

Except for the run-off of about 6,000 square miles ri Wisconsin 

and about 3,000 square miles in Indiana and water from Lake Michigan equivalent to the drainage of 6,000 to 7,000 square miles, the 

rivers of Illinois carry only water precipitated within the boundaries 

of the State. Nearly all the drainage of the State is to the west and 

south into Mississippi River, but a small area is drainec1 by streams 

flowing to the southeast into Wabash and Ohio rivers.

Rock River drains about 5,000 square miles in Wisconsin and a 

somewhat larger area in the northeastern part of Illinois. It discharges into the Mississippi at Rock Island.

Illinois River has the largest drainage basin in the State. The Chicago drainage canal and Desplaines, Kankakee, Fox, Vermilion, Mackinaw, Spoon, and Sangamon rivers all discharge into the Illinois, 

which carries into the Mississippi at Grafton the drainage from nearly 

half the State. The direct drainage into the Mississippi is small.

Kaskaskia and Muddy rivers drain the western half of the area 

from a little above St. Louis to the Ozark uplift.

Cache River is the largest stream draining the are.0, below the 

Ozark ridge. The eastern half of the State, as far north as Champaign County, is drained into the Wabash through Vermilion, 

Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Each of these streams will 

be considered in detail as regards the amount of flow, the quality of 

the water, and the value of the stream as a source of supply. Owing 

to the thorough cultivation of the land, the stream flovr throughout 

the State is highly variable. There is nearly always a period of low 

water in the heated term, when the evaporation and absorption are 

greatest. During the winter, when the precipitation is light, the 

streams have another period of low water. The greatest floods occur 

in the early spring with the thawing of the ground, melting snow, and 

heavy rains. There is often a later flood in June and a slight rise 

above the normal in the early fall.

CLIMATE.

On account of the uniform elevation of the State, the climate is 

very largely determined by the latitude. The mean annual temperature decreases regularly from 58° at Cairo to 48° at Chicago. The 

mean temperature at Springfield is 52°. The summers are hot and 

the winters cold, the range of temperature being from about 105° to 

 20° F. The average annual rainfall is 36.5 inches. For the southern section the average is 39 inches, for the central district 36 inches, 

and for the northern district 34 inches. The period from August 1, 

1906, to July 31, 1907, was one of exceptional rainfall, the average
10 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

for the State being 44.2 inches, 7.7 inches more than the mean annual 

rainfall. In every month of this period, except February, the rainfall in the State was nearly equal to or greater than the average. 

Table 1 shows the average temperature and rainfall for each month 

of the period.

TABLE 1. Average temperature and precipitation in Illinois, by months, August, 1906,

to July, 1907 a

Date.

1906.

October

1907.

April ..................................................

July...................................................

Temperature.

Average.

°F. 

76.3 

70.8 

54.1 

40.4 

32.7

31.1 

29.8 

47.9 

44.2 

56.7 

68.4 

7.1). 7

Departure 

from the 

mean of several years.

"F.

+2.4 

+ 3.8 

 .0 

- .1

+2.7

+4.8 

+3.3 

+8.3 

-7.6 

-6.1 

-3.1 

.0

Precipitation.

Average.

Inches. 

4.01 

5.10 

1.71 

3.91 

3.09

5.69 

.55 

3.11 

2.76 

4.05 

4.47 

5.75

+ 7.8 44.20

Departure 

from the 

mean of several years.

Inches.

+0.85 

+ 1.86 

- .47 

+ 1.28 

+ .87

+3.22 

-1. 66

_ _ 27

- !io

+ .05 

+ .38 

+ 1.89

+ 7.70

a Monthly Weather Review, U. S. Weather Bureau. 

GEOLOGY.

All except the extreme southern part of Illinois is covered by 

glacial drift. This mantle varies in thickness from a few feet at the 

southern extremity to about 200 feet in the northern part of the 

State. It is made up of clay, gravel, and sand, with bowlders and in 

some sections layers of soil buried some distance below the surface. 

Alden,0 in a study of this material in southern Wisconsin, made many 

analyses of the pebbles. He collected from 50 to 200 pebbles at 

random in a given region, divided them into groups according to 

the different kinds of rock represented, and calculated the percentage 

of each kind. In nearly every lot he found that over two-thirds of 

the pebbles were of some form of limestone very high in magnesium. 

With the exception of the rapid run-off immediately after a rain, the 

greater part of the water flowing in the rivers of Illinois has come 

through this glacial drift. The high magnesium content of the drift 

would account for the fact that the waters flowing in these streams 

contain a larger proportion of magnesium than do the waters of many 

other rivers.

a Alden, W_. C., The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 34, 

1904.
ECONOMIC FEATURES. 11

The glacial drift is a source of water supply for many of the inhabitants of Illinois. Over large areas in the north-central part of the 

State deep wells in the drift furnish an abundant supply of water. 

Beneath the drift the most important geologic division in the State 

is the Pennsylvanian series. This contains the coal which makes up 

so large a part of the natural wealth of Illinois. In the coal-bearing 

portions of the State there is very little underground water. Wells 

10 to 20 feet deep furnish individual supplies, but cities have to rely 

on reservoirs which impound the drainage of small areas. The important water-bearing rocks are too deep to be easily reached, and where 

water has been found it has contained so much dissolved mineral matter that it has proved unsatisfactory.

In the northern part of the State two water-bearing formations are 

available as sources of supply the St. Peter sandstone, of Ordovician 

age, and the older, deeper-lying Potsdam sandstone. The St. Peter 

sandstone appears at the surface in southern Wisconsin and dips 

rapidly to the south. It is a porous bed, and the water reaching it in 

southern Wisconsin is absorbed and transmitted southward. Where 

not drawn on too heavily, this water will rise nearly to tie surface in 

Illinois when tapped by wells. Wells obtaining water from the St. 

Peter sandstone are about 1,000 to 1,500 feet deep, those farthest 

south being generally the deepest. In the northern part of the State, 

at depths of 2,000 to 2,500 feet, water is found in the Potsdam sandstone, which is the surface rock over much of central and northern 

Wisconsin. The thickness of this sandstone is not known, but it 

furnishes an abundant supply of water. The various limestone 

deposits between the St. Peter and Potsdam sandstones and above 

the St. Peter sandstone are used in only a few places as a source of 

water supply. As the Potsdam and St. Peter sandstones appear to 

be shallow-water or shore deposits they contain varying quantities 

of salts, so that in some places the waters that they yield are briny. 

At some places the St. Peter sandstone will furnish better water, 

while at others the Potsdam will do so.

ECONOMIC FEATURES.

POPULATION.

The distribution of population in Illinois is largely dependent on 

the surface water supplies. At the time of the census of manufactures in Illinois in 1905 all but 1 of 11 cities with 20,000 or more 

inhabitants were situated on Lake Michigan or on some of the larger 

rivers of the State. Of 21 cities with populations between 8,000 

and 20,000 only 7 were not situated on a large river or the lake. 

This concentration of population in the cities located on streams 

and the lake may be due in part to the advantages of such locations
12 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

in the way of cheap transportation and power, but that factor can 

not be of great importance, for at the present time very little water 

power is utilized in the State, and transportation by water is of 

importance to very few cities. In all these cities, on the other 

hand, a large amount of water is used for manufacturing purposes, 

and the abundant supply available in such locations is undoubtedly 

one of the chief causes of their growth. Supplies of water from 

sources other than rivers and lakes are usually so small as to limit 

the population served by them to a low figure, beyond which increase 

is scarcely possible. This fact will always count strongly in favor 

of the river and lake cities in the establishment and extension of 

manufacturing plants and the increase of population necessary for 

conducting them.

AGRICULTURE.

On account of the richness of the soil the wealth of Illinois is very 

largely derived directly or indirectly from agricultural pursuits. The 

greater part of the State is covered with a rich black loam, which is 

especially well suited for growing corn. The southern part of the 

State does not have so rich a soil as the northern and central parts and 

produces somewhat more varied crops. The climate is favorable for 

raising cereals. In 1900 Illinois produced nearly 70 per cent of all 

the corn grown in the United States, 7 per cent of the wheat, and 22 

per cent of the oats. This excessive production of corn accounts in 

some measure for the extent of the distilling industry in the State. 

The magnitude of the dairy business naturally follows from the great 

fertility of the soil. Many large dairy farms are necessary to supply 

Chicago and the other cities with milk and butter. In addition to 

supplying the demand within the State, the dairies of Illinois produce 

large quantities of butter and condensed milk, which are shipped to 

many different points in the United States.

MINES.

In addition to the wealth derived from the ground by growing 

plants, Illinois has a large store of mineral wealth under the ground 

in the foim of coal, with smaller amounts of oil and lead and zinc ores 

and large amounts of undeveloped material, such as clays.

Nearly three-fourths of the State is underlain by productive coal 

measures. The working of the coal mines has, in soire places, a very 

noticeable effect on the streams draining the mining regions. The 

effect of the mine drainage on streams in Pennsylvania has been carefully studied by M. O. Leighton. a In Illinois there are no such serious

a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 

No. 108,1904.
ECONOMIC FEATURES. 13

changes in the character of the streams. This is in some measure due 

to the facts that the mine regions of the State have less complete 

systems of drainage and that no large streams from outside flow 

through them. The effect of the sulphuric acid from the mine drainage may easily be seen in the analyses of the water from Muddy 

River at Murphysboro (Table 37). Here the value of the SO4 radicle 

varies from 24 to 186 parts per million at different times of the year. 

The variation in the value of the SO4 radicle in the water of the Mississippi at Chester was from 36 to 81 parts. The great variation in 

the character of the water coming from mining regions makes such 

water unsafe to use in steam boilers and very difficult to treat for 

purification either for drinking or for boiler use.

A large amount of limestone is quarried in the State. This industry 

has no effect on the water supplies.

Recently large amounts of oil have been produced in the southeastern part of Illinois, and the opening of the oil wells has had the 

usual effect on the streams. Similar conditions have been studied 

by Bowman ° in the Indiana oil fields. Embarrass River, which 

drains the oil fields, has been affected by the salt wr.ter from the 

wells. In Indiana some streams have been so polluted by the waste 

waters from oil wells that they have been abandoned as sources of 

municipal supply.

MANUFACTURES.

As a manufacturing State Illinois has many great advantages. 

Its central location makes easy the procuring of raw materials and 

the distribution of manufactured products. The transportation 

facilities of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are of great value. 

Additional improvements in river courses may in time greatly increase the ease of marketing the output of the factories of the State. 

Illinois is very well covered by railroads which furnish transportation for raw and manufactured materials. The railroads are so 

numerous and the State so centrally located that they made the 

manufacture and repair of cars and general railroad-shop construction the twelfth industry in importance in the State at the census of 

1905. As already mentioned, the natural wealth of the soil furnishes 

material for the manufacture of liquors, dairy product?, and a small 

fraction of the meat products of the State.

The largest industry in Illinois is slaughtering and meat packing. 

In 1905 Illinois produced one-third the total value of meat products 

of the United States, 85 per cent of this amount being produced in 

Chicago. The other leading cities in this industry were Peoria and

a Bowman, Isaiah, The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 113,1905.
14 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

East St. Louis. The nuisance resulting from the slaughtering industry in Chicago was a large factor in bringing about the construction of the Chicago drainage canal, the operation of which has had 

a marked effect on the amount and quality of water flowing in 

Illinois River.

Next in importance is the iron and steel industry. The extensive 

supply of coal makes it possible to take advantage of the ease with 

which iron ore can be procured and to build up the great industrial 

centers for the manufacture of iron and steel products. The leading 

cities in this industry were Chicago, East St. Louis, and Joliet. 

Twenty-seven establishments reported the use of 334 steam engines 

of 155,348 total horsepower, or an average of 5,743 horsepower for 

each establishment. To furnish feed water and condenser water 

for over 5,000 horsepower would require more than the whole supply 

of many small cities dependent on underground waters. Although 

there are several other requirements that migl t be important 

enough to be determining factors in the location of such plants, the 

need of water is enough in itself, and in Illinois the necessary supply 

of water can be obtained only from a large stream or lake.

Foundry and machine-shop products are next in value to the iron 

and steel products. The establishments are located in about the 

same places as the iron and steel mills, and are the next largest users 

of steam power.

The next industry in importance is the manufacture of distilled 

and malt liquors. Of eleven distilleries in the State, six are located 

in Peoria. These six produced in 1905 nearly 78 p°,r cent of all the 

distilled liquors produced in the State and 32 per cent of the total 

quantity produced in the United States. The chief product is 

whisky, made from corn, which is grown in great abundance throughout the State. The manufacture of malt liquors is not so concentrated, extensive establishments being located in most of the large 

cities.

The waste materials from distilleries and breweries in great part 

find their way finally to the rivers. In some places they are discharged directly into the streams; in others they are fed to cattle and 

thus indirectly furnish a large amount of organic matter to the 

streams.

The manufacture of clothing, flour and gristmill products, agricultural implements, railroad cars, furniture, and some of the other 

more important products is less influenced by and has less influence 

on the waters of the State.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL 

CHICAGO DRAINAGE. CANAL

MAP OF ILLINOIS SHOWING SAMPLING STATIONS.
16 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

Dissolved solids were obtained by weighing the residue from th 

evaporation in platinum of 500 cubic centimeters of filtered water.

Silica, iron, and aluminum were separated frori the total residu 

in the usual manner. The silica was weighed and volatilized wit' 

hydrofluoric acid. As a rule the iron and aluminum precipitate wa 

dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the iron determined colorimetric 

ally with potassium sulphocyanide and by comparison with perma 

nent standards.

Calcium and magnesium were determined in half the filtrate fror 

the iron and aluminum precipitate. The calcium was precipitate 

as oxalate, dissolved in sulphuric acid, and titrated hot with potassiur 

permanganate. Magnesium was precipitated as ammonium-mag 

nesium phosphate; after standing overnight the precipitate wa 

washed and dissolved in dilute nitric acid. This solution was mac1 

alkaline to methyl orange with ammonia and nitric acid added t' 

make it barely acid. Sodium acetate was then added and the phos 

phoric acid titrated with uranium nitrate, with potassium ferrocya 

nide indicator. In some of the early analyses the addition of tb 

phosphate was made in alkaline solution. Thes? precipitates ma? 

have contained more phosphate radicle than the amount correspond 

ing to ammonium-magnesium phosphate. In such a case titrating 

the phosphoric acid would give too high a value for the magnesium

Sulphate and alkalies were determined in the other half of the 

filtrate from the iron and aluminum precipitate. The sulphate was 

precipitated and weighed as barium sulphate. The sodium anc 

potassium were weighed as chlorides after the removal of magnesium 

calcium, and barium by barium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide 

and ammonium carbonate. Sodium and potassium were not separated.

Nitrate was determined by the phenol-sulphonic acid method.

Chlorine was determined by evaporating 100 cubic centimeters 

of filtered water down to 25 cubic centimeters, adding potassiurr 

chromate, and titrating with silver nitrate solution. The strength 

of silver nitrate solution was such that 1 cubic centimeter represented 

5 parts per million of chlorine.

Carbonates and bicarbonates were determined by titration with 

fiftieth-normal acid potassium sulphate solution, using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. No sample during the first twc 

months was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein, so its use wai 

discontinued throughout the rest of the year, except for occasiona 

samples, none of which was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein

For the first month all the analytical work was cT one by the writer. 

After that time assistance was furnished by the State Water Survey. 

Until April 1, 1907, all the titrations and color comparisons and most
LAKE MICHIGAN. 17

of the weighings were made by the writer. Much of the other work 

was done by assistants without much knowledge of chemistry, but 

with considerable skill in manipulation. C. K. Calvert conducted the 

analytical work from April 20, 1907, till the completion of the analyses 

of the samples collected July 31, 1907.

RESULTS.

The results of the analyses are given in Tables 19 to 45, each table 

containing all the analyses for one station with the averages for the 

year and average gage readings for stations where gages were maintained. Table 46 contains the averages for the year for all the 

stations. Plate II shows graphically the composition of the dry 

residue from the evaporation of filtered water and Plate III the relative amounts of dissolved and suspended matter. The analytical 

results are expressed as radicles that is, elements or combinations of 

elements which take part in chemical reactions as if they were elements. Although no one can state positively how theee radicles are 

combined in the water, and the general opinion is that to a considerable extent they are uncombined, nevertheless the metallic or basic 

radicles, as calcium, magnesium, and sodium must be present in quantities equivalent to the total quantity of acid radicles chlorine, nitrate, 

sulphate, and bicarbonate radicles. In a careful analysis the sum of 

the radicles as determined minus the half-bound carbonic acid will 

be nearly equal to the weight of the residue at 180° C. On account of 

the large number of analyses made in a short time and the amount 

of work done on them by persons who were not chemists, many of 

the analyses when completed would show that they did not represent 

accurately the character of the water. Many analyses were not complete on account of the small number of daily samples received during 

the ten-day period. The omission of analyses or determinations in 

the tables of results is due largely to failure to receive the samples, 

though some samples were lost in the laboratory and a few determinations have been rejected because they show very clearly that they are 

erroneous.

DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS.

LAKE MICHIGAN.

Drainage. Lake Michigan receives the drainage of only a very 

small portion of Illinois. The amount of water carried from the lake 

by the Chicago drainage canal is much greater than that received 

from the small area of the State draining into the lake. The greater 

part of the drainage into the lake enters from Michigan and Wisconsin. The total area of the Lake Michigan drainage basin is estimated

28987 IRR 239 10 2
18 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLirOIS.

at 68,000 square miles, of which 22,400 square miles is lake area. 

Thus, if the rainfall were uniform over the whole basin, about onethird of the water reaching the lake would be pure rain water. This 

would cause a notable dilution of the water fed to th°, lake by streams 

emptying into it. To a certain extent the effect of this dilution is 

counteracted by the greater evaporation from the lake surface than 

from the surrounding land.

Municipal supplies. Along the shore of the lake are situated establishments furnishing over one-half the manufactured articles produced in the State. Most of these industries are located in Chicago, 

but there are important factories at Evanston, Waukegan, and other 

cities along the shore. The leading position of Chicago as a manufacturing center is due in large measure to her excellent railroad facilities, but the lake transportation is of importance to certain industries. 

Hardly any other source in Illinois would supply enough water for the 

manufactories bordering the lake, and no other source could offer water 

of so good a quality except in comparatively small quantity. More 

water is used from Lake Michigan than from any other single source 

in Illinois. The cities of Chicago, Evanston, Fort Sheridan, Highland 

Park, Lake Forest, North Chicago, Pullman, Waukegan, West 

Hammond, and Winnetka, with a total population of 3,000,000, draw 

their municipal supplies from the lake. All along th°, lake front there 

is a supply of underground water at depths of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, but 

in many places this water, while safe to drink, contains so much 

dissolved mineral matter as to render it unfit for most industrial 

uses. This deep-well supply, however, is not sufficient for any large 

community.

Quality of water. In the past there has been danger in the use of 

the lake water for drinking because the intakes were too near the 

shore and sewage was allowed to flow into the lake. The opening of 

the Chicago drainage canal was a great advance in keeping the water 

of the lake pure, and there is now a steady effort to prevent pollution. 

As the lake water is sufficient for any community end is almost the 

best water available in the State for industrial uses, it naturally 

follows that all the cities and States located on the lake have a vital 

interest in keeping the water pure enough for domestic use.

The water of Lake Michigan has been so carefully studied in former 

years that no analyses were made for this report. The character of 

the lake water is nearly constant, so that one analysis is as good as a 

large number.

Certain determinations were made on the Chicago city supply for 

a number of years in connection with work on the Chicago drainage 

canal. Analyses were made of samples collected each week from
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Reservoir 

at Cartter

Reservoir 

at Marion

Reservoir 

atCy

Kankakee River 

Rock Rfyer at Kankakee 

Rock River at Sterling 

Reservoir at Ro :kfor 

at Joppa

Fox River 

at Ottawa

Fox River 

at Elgin

Vermilion River 

at Streator

Sangamon River Sangamon River

at Decatur Sangamon River at atu.caiui at6Springfie]d Chandlervile

Illinois River 

at Lasalle Illinois River Illinois River 

at Peoria at Kampsville

Kaskaskia River 

at Carlyle

Mississippi River 

at Chester

Vermilion River 

" 'at Danville i 

t oston La

Embarrass River

it Little Wabash River 

at Carmi "e

Cache River 

at Mounds

Mississippi River

Mississippi River 

at Moline

LEGEND

Dissolved 

solids

Suspended 

matter

Vertical scale

100 200 300

Parts per million

DIAGRAMS SHOWING RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED MATERIAL 

CARRIED BY ILLINOIS WATERS.

BESEEVOIES. 19

January 4, 1897, to December 26, 1900. The average values for 

dissolved solids and chlorine for the years stated were as follows: a

TABLE 2. Partial analyses of Chicago city water supply. 

[Parts per million.]

Period.

1897. ..............................................................................

1898. ..............................................................................

1900. ..............................................................................

D'ssolved 

solids.

136. 6

137.6

132.0

132.2

136.4

Chlorine.

2.9

3.2

3.1

3.3

2.1

These results would indicate that the amount of mineral matter in 

the water of Lake Michigan at Chicago does not vary much from year 

to year. Below is given an analysis by Long of the mineral content 

of the lake water:

Analysis of Lake Michigan water.*>

Parts per 

million.

Silica (SiO2 )................................................... 5.2

Iron (Fe)..................................................... .24

Calcium (Ca)................................................... 32

Magnesium (Mg).............................................. 11

Sodium and potassium (Na+K)................................. 2. 3

Carbonate radicle (CO3 ) c . ...................................... 73

Sulphate radicle (SO4)......................................... 7.2

Chlorine (Cl).................................................. 2. 3

With the exception of certain small reservoirs, no supply of water 

in the State contains less dissolved mineral matter than the lake 

water. Most of the waters used in the State contain twice as much 

of material that will form scale in steam boilers, and nearly all are 

much more turbid than the lake water as delivered to the consumers 

in the cities where it is used.

RESERVOIRS.

Distribution and use. Throughout the greater part of southern 

Illinois there is no abundant supply of water. Individual needs are 

met by shallow wells, which are liable to fail in dry weather and 

which do not furnish enough water for large communities. In this 

section of the State there is no underground water that is available 

and suitable for domestic and industrial use. Thus municipalities 

not located on streams of good size have been compelled to obtain

o Long, J. H., Chemical investigations of water supplies of Illinois, 1888-89.

& Long, J. H.,op. cit., 1885, p. 7.

« Probably present as the bicarbonate radicle; equivalent to 148 parts HCOj.
20 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

their supplies through the use of impounding reservoirs. Eleven 

cities, with a population of 26,000, obtain their city supplies from 

such reservoirs.

Samples. Through the kindness of R. S. Charles, division engineer 

of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, at Salem, 111., arrangements were made for the collection of samples from reservoirs used as 

sources of locomotive feed water. Collections were made at Cartter, 

Marion, Cypress, and Joppa. Some difficulty wr-s experienced in 

obtaining samples regularly from Marion; and a? the water from 

Marion was much the same as that from the other three reservoirs, 

collections at this station were discontinued after March 20, 1907.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from these 

four reservoirs are given in Tables 19, 20, 21, and 22. All four furnish 

a very satisfactoiy water for boiler purposes. The greater part of 

the time they contain large amounts of finely divided yellow or brown 

silt, which is very difficult to remove by any method of filtration. 

This is the same material that is found in the v^ater from Little 

Wabash, Muddy, and Cache rivers. Marion is located in the midst of 

a mining section, a fact that probably accounts for the high value for 

sulphate in the analysis of the water from the Marion reservoir. For 

use in boilers or in any place where the color and turbidity do not 

detract from the value of the water, the water from the reservoirs at 

Cartter and Joppa is considerably better than that from Lake Michigan. These natural reservoirs give the softest water obtainable in 

the State, except that from carefully constructed artificial reservoirs.

ROCK RIVER.

Drainage. Rock River rises in Wisconsin, between the upper Fox 

and the south end of Lake Winnebago, and flows in a southwesterly 

direction till it enters the Mississippi near Rock Island. The length 

of the. river is nearly 300 miles and the drainage area approximately 

11,000 square miles. About half the length and drainage area are in 

Wisconsin. In the upper part of the drainage basin there are numerous lakes and swamps, which tend to equalize the discharge of the 

river throughout the year. Practically all of the course of the, river is 

in glacial drift. (See p. 10.) In Illinois the banks of the river expose 

the Silurian and Ordovician formations down to r,nd including the 

St. Peter sandstone. The uniform character of the bed makes an 

even distribution of fall throughout its course. From its source to 

the point where it empties into the Mississippi there is a fall of 340 

feet, making an average slope of 1.2 feet to the mile. The greatest 

fall in Illinois for any considerable distance is from Oregon to Sterling 

and Rock Falls, a distance of 36 miles, in which the average slope is 

1.31 feet to the mile. In Wisconsin there is one stretch of 30 miles 

with an average slope of 1.9 feet to the mile. Locally there are even 

higher grades.
HOCK KIVER. 21

There have been many power developments along the river, and 

some of the power is utilized at the present time. For the sake of 

the power users, the flow is regulated to a certain exten t at some of 

the lakes in Wisconsin. The discharge of Rock River has been 

studied at various points in order to determine the available water 

power. During the period covered by the analyses in this report the 

only gagings made were at Rockton, where the United States Geological Survey has maintained a gage since October 1, 1906. Gage 

readings had been made at Rockton during parts of several previous 

years, but the station was discontinued July 1, 1906, so that during 

the months of August and September, while samples were being collected for analysis, no gage readings were taken. From the gage 

readings and rating table of the Geological Survey discharges were 

calculated for each day from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. The 

average discharge at Rockton for that period was 4,4SO cubic feet 

per second. As Rockton is about halfway down the drainage basin 

from the source of the river, the average discharge into the Mississippi 

was probably from 8,000 to 9,000 second-feet.

Industrialuses. Rockford, the largest city on Rock River, is situated 

about 20 miles south of the Wisconsin line. Its chief industries are the 

manufacture of furniture, hosiery and knit goods, agricultural implements, foundry and machine-shop products, and glucose. 0 Other cities 

of over 1,000 inhabitants situated on Rock River, mostly at waterpower sites, are Byron, Oregon, Dixon, Sterling, Rock Falls, and 

Prophetstown. Sterling and Rock Falls, being just across the river 

from each other, form one community for many purposes, such as 

water supply. At nearly all these cities some water power is used for 

manufacturing, but all the large establishments depend to a certain 

extent on the use of steam power.

Municipal supplies. The municipal water supplies for all the cities 

along Rock River are obtained from wells, most of them from 1,000 to 

2,000 feet deep. Analyses by the State Water Survey cf samples of 

water from these wells show the mineral content to be much the same 

as that of the river water. These well waters are free from the turbidity and sewage pollution of the river water, so that the only reason 

for changing from the underground to surface supply would be an 

insufficient supply of the former. As the cities along the river increase in population and in manufacturing establishments the time 

may come when the underground supplies will not be sufficient. In 

such cases the river water can be so purified as to make an acceptable 

supply.

Samples. To determine the quality of water in Rock River samples were obtained at Rockford and Sterling, the largest cities on the 

river in Illinois. At each place a 4-ounce bottle was filled with river

a Census of Manufacture, 1905, Illinois; Bull. U. S. Bureau Census, No. 52.
22 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

water and mailed to the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey 

at Urbana every day for a year, beginning August 1, 1906. Samples 

of the river water at Rockford were furnished by Fred H. Gregory, 

chief engineer of the waterworks. The waterworks pumping station 

is located on the river bank; and the daily sample? were collected 

from the circulating pump that furnishes water for the condensers.

The samples of water at Sterling were collected by C. A. Yohn, chief 

engineer of the Illinois Straw Products Company, of Pock Falls. The 

plant of this company is run partly on water power, but some steam 

power is used at all times, as the water power is not sufficient. The 

sample bottles were filled from a pump taking water from the river 

just outside the wheelhouse. Owing to the breakage and loss of bottles in the mails and to accidents in the laboratory, several analyses 

were not completed or seemed too irregular for use. The analyses 

completed in a satisfactory manner are given in Tables 23 and 24, 

together with average values for the year.

Quality of water. For the sake of comparison with one another and 

with analyses from other rivers, the average analyse? for the year at 

Rockford and Sterling are given in Table 3 in the form used by Clarke.a 

This form of expression shows the percentage composition of the dry 

residue from the evaporation of filtered water from the river.

TABLE 3. Average percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Rock River water, 

August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907.

Carbonate (CO3 ) ................................................................

Sulphate (SO4 ) .................................................................

Chlorine (Ci). ...................................................................

Silica (SiO2 ) ....................................................................

Rockford.

49.6

8.8

1.8

1.6

18.0

10. 0

4.0

6.0

.2

100.0

250

Sterling.

48.4

9.4

2.1

10.1

4.5

5.6

.2

100.0

267

These analyses show that the composition and amount of dissolved 

mineral matter are much the same at the two cities 60 miles apart. As 

is usually the case where a river flows through a populated region with 

manufacturing cities, the amounts of sodium, chlorine, and sulphate 

increase, as does the total amount of dissolved material. The most 

striking difference in the water at the two places is in the turbidity 

and suspended matter, the values for which are twic^ as great at the 

lower station as at the upper one. The greatest variation between different samples from the same, station are in the turbidity and suspended matter. Rivers in general grow more turl^d toward their

oClarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 330,1908.
BOCK RIVER. 23

mouths, but at any place the turbidity may be due to local causes 

and not really represent the general condition of the river. If the 

figures for the average analysis for either Rockford or Sterling were 

taken to represent the average quality of the water at any point along 

the river in Illinois, the error would hardly amount to 10 per cent, 

which for any industrial purposes might be neglected.

To show the connection between the stage of the river and the 

quality of the water, use has been made of the discharges calculated 

from the United States Geological Survey gage heights. Although 

the distance by river from Rockton to Rockford, where the water 

samples were collected, is about 13 miles, the discharge at Rockford 

is probably not very different from that at Rockton. In order to 

study the variations in amount of mineral matter carried past Rockford in solution, the amount in tons per twenty-four hours has been 

calculated for each ten-day period. These values are given in Table 4.

TABLE 4. Discharge of and dissolved solids in Rock River at Rockford.

Date.

Discharge 

(secondfeet), a

Dissolved solids.

Parts per 

million.

Tons per 

24 hours.

190G.

October 1-October 8................................................ 638

October 10-October 18............................. ............... 532

October 20-October 29.............................................. 711

November 1-November 8........................................... 847

November 10-November 19......................................... 712

November 20-November 29......................................... 1,990

December 1-December 10........................................... 2,329

December 11-December 20.......................................... 1,603

December 21-December 31.......................................... 1,451

1907.

January 1-January 10............................................... 6,401

January 11-January 20.............................................. 5,839

January 21-Januarv 30.............................................. 12,200

February 10-February 18........................................... 5,970

February 19-February 28......................................... . 6,561

March 2-March 10........................................... ..... 3,590

March 11-March 20................................................. 4,427

March 21-March 31................................................. 5,716

April 1-April 10.................................................... 9,433

April 11-April 20....... ........................................... 7,648

April 21-April 30....... ........................................... 5,136

May 1-May 10...................................................... 4,630

May 11-May 20..................................................... 2,941

May 21-Mav 31..................................................... 4,303

June 2-June 10..................................................... 5,613

June 11-June 20.................................................... 6,029

June 21-June 30........................................... .. ..... 4,075

July 1-July 10...................................................... 4,202

July 11-July 20............................................ ........ 5,278

July 21-July 31..................................................... 7.655

i

Average...................................................... j 4,430

243

296

281

286

287

274

256

295

320

218

228

173

261

194

233

230

243

223

246

266

275

306

268

268

275

283

243

239

247

418

485

540

652

550

1,470

1,610

1,270

1,250

3,760

3,590

5,680

4,610

3,430

2,250

2,750

3,750

5,660

5,070

3,680

3,430

2,430

3,250

4,050

4,470

3,110

2,750

3,400

5,030

257 2,910

a Calculated from measurements made at Rockton.

The average discharge at Rockford for the period from October 1, 

1906, to July 31, 1907, was 4,430 cubic feet per second. The average discharge at Rockton, calculated from observations of the 

United States Geological Survey for a number of years, is 4,900 

cubic feet per second. The average discharge at Sterling, calculated
24 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

in the same manner, is 6,600 cubic feet per second. The average 

amount of dissolved mineral matter carried past Pockford from 

October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was 2,910 tons per twenty-four 

hours. The amount of dissolved matter carried past Rockford 

annually, calculated from the figures for the average flow throughout a year and the average value of the dissolved matter for a year, 

as given in Table 4, is 3,300 tons per twenty-four hours, and the 

amount carried past Sterling is 4,760 tons per twerty-four hours. 

The average amount of suspended matter varies more than the 

dissolved matter. It is probable that the variation in amount of 

suspended matter is not uniform throughout the river but is largely 

dependent on local conditions.

The amount of dissolved matter in parts per million is the least 

variable of the three quantities given in Table 4. This shows, as 

might be expected, that during times of high water the river has 

a smaller amount of dissolved mineral matter in a given amount of 

water. This reduction is not proportional to the increase in the 

flow, because an increase in flow above the normal is not caused 

wholly by water free from mineral matter. In times of high flow 

much of the water in the river has not been on or in the ground for 

any considerable time, and therefore has not dissolved much mineral 

matter. Nevertheless it is not pure rain water.

Consideration of the amounts of dissolved solids and the discharges for the different periods at the two stations show that these 

quantities are both more variable at Rockford than at Sterling. It 

is characteristic of normal rivers to be more variab1 ^ in flow and 

in quantity of water near their sources than farther downstream, 

where the larger number of tributaries tend to equalize the flow 

and quality of the water.

Summary. The water of Rock River is a good average water for 

Illinois. It is not safe for drinking, but could be made so. The 

turbidity is of such a nature as to be easily removed by moderate 

storage, leaving a clear water. The magnesium is high, but the 

magnesium and calcium are present almost wholly as carbonate or 

bicarbonate, so that the softening of the water for laundry purposes 

is a simple matter. The water forms little scale when used in steam 

boilers; washing out once a week with a good stream of water will 

keep most boilers free from it. All these things and more might 

also be said for the well waters in the Rock River valley, but the 

well waters can not be obtained in great abundance by merely running a few feet of pipe out from a pump, as those of the river can be. 

The easily available supply of satisfactory industrial vrater from the 

river will be a large factor in saving the more potable underground 

water and in increasing the amount of manufacturing carried on 

in the cities located on the river.
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 25

ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 

GENERAL STATEMENT.

Illinois River drains nearly one-half the State. The direct drainage into the river is small, nearly all of its flow coming from large 

tributaries. The tributaries and their drainage areas are given in 

the following list:

Area of drainage basins of tributaries of Illinois River.a

Square miles.

Desplaines River................. 1, 392

Kankakee River................ 5,146

Fox River...................... 2, 700

Vermilion River................. 1, 317

Mackinaw River................ 1, 217

Spoon River.................... 1, 870

Square miles. 

Rangamon River................ 5, 670

Crooked Creek................... 1, 385

Macoupin Creek................. 985

Smaller tributaries.............. 6, 232

27,914

CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL.

Since the compilation of Cooley's report the apparent area of the 

Illinois River drainage basin has been increased by about 6,000 square 

miles. This is the area which, under normal conditions in Illinois, 

would furnish the amount of water which reaches Illinois River 

through the Chicago drainage canal. Thus it is evident that the 

drainage canal is one of the largest tributaries of Illinois River.

Owing to the fact that the drainage canal furnishes water from Lake 

Michigan, with a considerable amount of added material from the 

Chicago sewage, it exerts an effect on the quality of the water which 

is more than proportional to its drainage area. With this added 

material, the total dissolved mineral matter in the water of the drainage canal was found by Palmer to be about 163 parts per million, 

this value being obtained as the average of a number of analyses 

made on samples collected about every other day for a period of three 

months after the opening of the drainage canal. Although this is 

considerably more than the 133 parts per million usually found in 

Lake Michigan water, it is very much lower than the average for the 

other tributaries of the Illinois which have been examined in this 

work, the average solids in each of these other tributaries being over 

250 parts per million. In connection with the analyses made at 

Peoria, the effect of the drainage canal on the character of the water 

can be more clearly shown. It was proved to the satisfaction of the 

courts that the canal exercised no injurious effect upon the quality 

of Mississippi River water at St. Louis. On the other hand, it was 

shown that the quality of the water in Illinois River is improved 

throughout almost all of its course by the addition of the Lake Michigan water, even with the Chicago sewage it carried.

aCooley, L. E., 1889. The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineerirg, Illinois State 

Board of Health
26 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

DESPLAINES RIVER.

Drainage. Illinois River is formed by the union of Desplaine, 

and Kankakee rivers. Desplaines River rises in Kenosha County 

Wis., and flows southward about as far as Chicago, where it turns tr 

the south west, continuing in this direction till it joins the Kankakee 

The length of the river is about 90 miles. It drairs a narrow strip o 

land parallel to Lake Michigan, with an area of 1,392 square miles.

Municipal supplies. The cities along the Desplaines River obtaii 

their water supply from, deep wells, except that Joliet derives part o 

its supply from Hickory Creek. It is not likely that the water fron 

Desplaines River can ever be used for municipal supply, except in it; 

upper course.

From a point below Chicago the Desplaines is paralleled by the ok 

Illinois and Michigan canal and the new Chicago drainage canal 

The Illinois-Michigan canal has always carried a large volume o 

Chicago sewage. Power from this canal is used at many places b^ 

allowing the water to flow from the canal to the river, thus contaminating the river water. At Lockport the Chicago drainage canal enters 

Desplaines River, and as the flow of the drainage c^.nal is often largethan the other flow of the river, the character of the river water a 4 

Joliet is that of a diluted sewage.

Quality of water. In the preparation of this report no samples were 

taken from Desplaines River. From the likeness between the waters 

of Fox and Rock rivers, which drain the same geologic formations as 

those drained by Desplaines River, it is probable that the water o 

the Desplaines is very similar to that found in the Fox and Rock, ir 

which calcium and magnesium carbonates are the chief constituents 

of the dissolved mineral matter. The water of the Desplaines shou]/ 

be fairly satisfactory for industrial uses where cleanliness is not a 

requisite. There is considerable turbidity throughout the course c 

the river, and after it has received contamination from the Chicago 

sewage it contains a large amount of offensive organic matter which 

would make it of no value for many industrial purposes.

KANKAKEE RIVER.

Drainage. Kankakee River is, next to the drainage canal, the 

largest component of the upper Illinois River. It drains an area of 

3,200 square miles in its 85 miles of length in Indiana. The remainder 

of its 140 miles of length and 5,300 square miles of drainage area are 

in northern Illinois. a The ordinary low-water discharge is given in 

the Tenth Census as 1,300 cubic feet per second. A large portion of 

the area drained in Indiana and some of the area drained in Illinois 

is swamp land. This has a tendency to make the discharge more unia Greenleaf, J. L., Water power of the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries: Tenth Census, 1887, 

p. 130.
ILLINOIS EIVEE DRAINAGE BASIN. 27

form and, as a consequence, to produce greater uniformity in the 

amount and character of the dissolved mineral matter.

Municipal supplies. The largest city on the river is Kankakee, 

where filtered river water is used for the municipal suppl}T . The city 

of Wilmington also obtains its supply of water from the river. 

Momence, Bradley, and the smaller cities along the river find a sufficient amount of water in wells in the limestone or in the glacial drift. 

The manufacturing carried on in the cities along Kankal'ee River is 

of such a nature that the quality of the river water is not much 

affected by it. Sewage is discharged into the river by the various 

cities, making necessary some sort of purification before tl:e water can 

be considered safe for domestic use.

Samples. Through the kindness of Mr. C. H. Cobb, superintendent 

of waterworks at Kankakee, arrangements were made for the daily collection of samples from Kankakee River. During the first part of the 

period covered by this report samples were obtained by dipping them 

from the river, but after February 19, 1907, samples were taken from 

the pump which draws water from the river for the waterworks. 

These samples from the pump were collected and mailed by Mr. A. L. 

Straley. The analyses of composite samples, together with the average for the year, are given in Table 25.

Quality of water. In the section of Indiana drained by Kankakee 

River are extensive beds of marl that is very nearly pure calcium 

carbonate. The surface rock in the northern part of Indiana and the 

portion of Illinois drained by the Kankakee is more nearly a pure 

limestone than the magnesian limestone in the areas drained by 

Rock, Fox, and Desplaines rivers. This character of the rock affects 

the composition of the water, as may be seen by comparison of the 

average analyses of Rock and Fox rivers with the average of Kankakee River. At the four stations on Rock and Fox rivers the average 

percentage of magnesium is 10.1, and the average ratio of magnesium 

to calcium is nearly 0.6. At Kankakee the magnesium is only 7.5 

per cent of the total dissolved solids and is less than 0.4 of the calcium. 

The Kankakee water contains a larger percentage of sulphate than 

most of the Illinois waters. This constituent makes it a less desirable 

water for boiler purposes, as it is more liable to form a hard scale.

The comparative uniformity in amount of dissolved material in the 

river water is shown by the fact that the average difference between 

the values for total solids and the mean value is only 6.4 per cent of 

the mean value, whereas the average difference for the other rivers of 

the State is 11 per cent of the mean value. Owing probably to the 

storage in swamps and the consequent slow delivery to tb°s river, the 

turbidity and suspended matter at Kankakee are very much less 

than are found in most of the other rivers of the State. This lower 

turbidity makes the water simpler to treat when it is to be purified 

for domestic use.
28 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

FOX RIVER.

Drainage. Fox River rises in Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee 

and flows southward and then south westward into Illinois, joining 

Illinois River at Ottawa, 35 miles below the mouth of Kankakee 

River. The region drained by Fox River is almost entirely covered 

with glacial drift containing much magnesian limestone. The total 

area of the drainage basin is about 2,500 square mile?1 , all but a small 

portion of which is in Illinois. Several lakes in Wisconsin, of which 

Geneva and Fox lakes are the largest, discharge into the river. 

They regulate its discharge to a certain extent, but not enough to 

keep it from being highly variable in Illinois.

Water power. The Fox has less fall in Wisconsin than in Illinois. 

In the last 47 miles of its course there is a fall of 136 feet, and in the

5 miles above Ottawa, where it enters the Illinois, the average fall is

6 feet to the mile. There is, therefore, a large amount of water 

power available along the river, much of which is utilized. The 

feeder from a point above Dayton to the Illinois and Michigan canal 

at times takes almost the whole flow of the river, and on this account 

power from the river can not be utilized below this point. Several 

cities are located at power sites along the river, though the water 

power now in use is very little compared with the r.mount of steam 

power used in the factories of the larger cities.

Municipal supplies. Elgin is probably the most widely known of 

the cities on Fox River. Besides the manufacture of watches and 

watch cases, there are here several plants that turn out cooperage, 

foundry, and machine-shop products. A large amount of general 

manufacturing is carried on at Aurora. The leading industry is the 

manufacture and repair of cars and other railroad rolling stock.

The greater part of the water used in manufacturing along Fox 

River is used in the production of power, largely in steam engines. 

For the production of steam and for condenser use the river water is 

as good as any other supply that can be as easily obtained. It is also 

abundant. The industrial establishments discharge into the river 

very little material which has any noticeable effect on the character 

of the water.

Part of the city water supply of Elgin is taken from Fox River, the 

rest of it being obtained from deep wells. Analyses by the Illinois 

State Water Survey indicate that the well water is somewhat better 

in quality than the average river water.

Elgin is about the lowest town on the stream which could use the 

river water as a source of municipal supply. All the cities below 

Elgin discharge sewage into the river, making it difficult to purify the 

water sufficiently for domestic use. Fortunately, throughout the 

course of the river there is an abundant supply of water in deep rock 

and in the glacial drift.
ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 29

Samples. Samples from which analyses were made for this report 

were obtained through the kindness of Mr. R. R. Parkins, chief engineer of the Elgin waterworks. Samples were collected deily from the 

pump drawing water from the river for the filter plant. Analyses of 

the composite samples of the water from Elgin are given in Table 26.

At Ottawa, near the junction of Fox and Illinois rivers, samples were 

collected from Fox River daily from August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. 

These samples were taken by Mr. M. P. Lannigan, punper for the 

Rock Island Railroad. The samples were collected from the pump 

at the watering station of the railroad. Analyses of the composite 

samples obtained at Ottawa are given in Table 27.

Quality of water. Estimates made from figures by Cooley give the 

average discharge of Fox River at Elgin as 1,100 cubic feet per second. This value makes a discharge at Elgin of 860 tons of dissolved 

mineral matter and 68 tons of suspended matter per twenty-four 

hours. As calculated from Copley's figures, the average discharge at 

Ottawa is 1,900 cubic feet per second. This gives a value of 1,720 

tons of dissolved mineral matter and 450 tons of suspended matter 

carried at Ottawa each twenty-four hours. For the sake of comparison, the percentage composition of the average residue from the 

evaporation of filtered river water at Elgin and Ottawe, is given in 

Table 5.

TABLE 5. Percentage composition of residue of Fox River water at Elgin and Ottawa.

Chlorine (Cl) ........................................................................

Nitrate (NO3) ......................................................................

Calcium (Ca) .......................................................................

Silica (SiOs) ........................................................................

Elgin.

46.8 

13.5 

1.8 

.9 

18.1 

10.6 

3.9 

.1 

4.3

100.0

282

Ottawa.

41.4 

18.7 

2.4 

1.5 

18.4 

9.8 

4.3 

.1 

3.4

100.0

326

The percentage composition shows that the character of the water 

at Elgin and Ottawa is very much the same, the differences being 

such as usually occur in a river passing through an inhabited region 

containing cities of considerable size. The percentages of sulphate, 

chlorine, and sodium are slightly increased and the percentage of 

carbonate is decreased at the lower point. The salinity that is, 

the amount of mineral matter dissolved in the water is decidedly 

increased. As may be seen by comparison of Tables 26 and 27, the 

turbidity and suspended matter are very much greater at Ottawa 

than at Elgin. Even with this increase, however, Fox River at 

Ottawa is usually a fairly clear stream. The suspended matter of
30 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

Fox River water is not difficult to remove, so that filtration of th 

water would not be attended by any special difficulties. The wate 

at Ottawa is not so variable in character as that at Elgin. Th 

average difference between the mean value for dissolved solids ar 

the individual values is 8.2 per cent of the mean value at Elgin; a 

Ottawa it is only 7.3 per cent. The difference between the maximur 

and the minimum values for dissolved solids at Elgin is 50 per cen 

of the mean value; the difference at Ottawa is 42 per cent. Thi 

greater uniformity in the character of the water downstream i 

characteristic of most rivers.

As mentioned above, the drainage basin of Fox River contains 

large amount of glacial drift made up very largely of magnesium 

bearing limestones. This characteristic of the soil and subsoil i 

shown in the character of the water. Except Rock River, none o 

the rivers examined has so large a percentage of magnesium as Fo: 

River. The proportion of magnesium to calcium is about the sam 

for Fox and Rock rivers, but the percentage of sulphate in the Fo: 

is larger than in the Rock. This, together with the larger amount o 

dissolved mineral matter, would make the water of Fox River les 

desirable than that of Rock River for many purposes., The differ 

ence between them, however, is not very great. To soften Fo: 

River water and make it perfectly satisfactory for boiler use am 

for use in laundries would require only a small amount of compara 

tively inexpensive chemicals.

VERMILION RIVER, a

Drainage. Vermilion River rises in the Blocmington morain' 

system, at the reentrant angle in southeastern Livingston and westerr 

Ford counties, 6 and flows in a northwesterly direction till it meet; 

the Illinois at Lasalle. The drainage area is about 1,410 square miles 

The country is fertile and well cultivated. The slope of the river i; 

very moderate and the flow is exceedingly irregular. It is said tha 

at times there is less flow at the mouth than at Pontiac, 20 miles uj 

the river.

Municipal supplies. Pontiac and Streator both obtain thei 

municipal supplies from the river. In each place the water is treatec 

with coagulant and filtered. At times of low water the whole flow o 

the river is utilized at Streator.

Samples. For this report samples were collected through tb' 

kindness of Mr. R. D. Huggans, superintendent of the Streator Aque 

duct Company. During the first part of the period samples wer 

taken directly from the intake pump. Later a screen was put in ove. 

the mouth of the intake pipe for the sake of lessening the turbidity o

a Not to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into V"abash River. 

&Leverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 38, 1889.
ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 31

the water as delivered to the filters, and after this daily samples were 

dipped up directly from the river. The analyses made of the composite samples from Streator are given in Table 28.

Quality of water. The quality of the water at Streator varies more 

than the water of average streams in Illinois. The amount of dissolved mineral matter is also higher than in most of the rivers. Like 

that of the other rivers in the northern part of the State, the water 

contains a large amount of magnesium. The value for the sulphate 

is also higher at Streator than at any of the other stations in the 

northern part of the State. The water of Vermilion Ri^er is not so 

satisfactory for domestic or industrial use as that of many other 

streams in Illinois.

SANGAMON RIVER.

Drainage. Sangamon River rises in the Bloomington morainic 

system in eastern McLean County. It drains an area of 5,670 square 

miles, which is mainly rolling prairie. In the first 10 miles the river 

has a fall of 120 feet and in the remaining 170 miles of its length a fall 

of 300 feet. This fall is unevenly distributed, the river having many 

stretches of almost still water and other stretches of rapid flow. On 

account of the variability of the flow and the fact that through most 

of the course of the river its bed is in gravel and sand, there is almost 

no water power developed.

Municipal supplies. Springfield is the largest city on Sangamon 

River. The population of Decatur, the next in size, i-* only twothirds that of Springfield, but the value of articles manufactured at 

Decatur in 1904 was over a third greater than the value of those 

manufactured at Springfield. None of the leading industries in 

either city is largely dependent on water for any purpose except the 

generation of power. The effect on the river of wastes from the 

factories is negligible as compared with the effect of the sewage from 

all the cities along the river. The municipal water supplies of Decatur 

and Springfield are obtained from the river. At Decatur the water 

is impounded by a dam, treated with a coagulant, and filtered. At 

Springfield part of the supply is pumped directly from the river and 

the remainder is obtained from filter galleries near the river.

The turbidity of Sangamon River is usually somewhat high at all 

points. This turbidity is not difficult to remove, and at Decatur the 

water is treated and furnishes a very satisfactory supply. At Springfield, where it has been used without treatment, it is not very inviting 

to drink nor cleansing when used for washing. Like most Illinois 

river waters, that of the Sangamon contains enough salts of calcium 

and magnesium to form a considerable amount of scale when used in 

boilers and to make it unsatisfactory for laundry purpose?. It is not 

likely, however, to form much hard scale in boilers if they are prop-
32 QUALITY OP SUEFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS.

erly cared for, and the expense of treating it so as to make it suitable 

for laundry purposes is not very great.

Samples. For the preparation of this report samples of water 

were collected at Decatur, Springfield, and Chandlerville. The 

collections at Decatur were made by Mr. Fred Litterer, chief engineer 

of the city waterworks; those at Springfield by Mr. Gus Obert, 

chief engineer of the city waterworks; and those at Chandlerville 

from the river at the crossing of the highway bridge, northeast of 

town, by Messrs. J. W. Martin and John Madden and Miss Bessie 

Long. The bottles were filled by dipping the water from the stream 

and pouring into the bottles, until April 20, 1907, after which time 

the bottles wT ere let down with a sinker and filled under the surface. 

Many collections were omitted at both Springfield r,nd Chandlerville. 

It was difficult to determine the reasons for the onissions at Springfield. The omissions at Chandlerville were due in part to high 

water, which at one time covered the bridge from which samples 

were usually collected. Other omissions were due to illness of one 

of the collectors.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from Decatur, 

Springfield, and Chandlerville are given in Tables 29, 30, and 31, 

together with averages for the year. The percentage composition 

of the dry residue from river water at these three points is given 

in Table 6.

TABLE 6. Percentage composition of dry residue from Sangcmon River water.

Carbonate (CO3 ). .........................................................

Sulphate (SO*) ....................................................... ...

Chlorine (Cl) .............................................................

Nitrate (NO3 ) ........................................................ ...

Calcium (Ca) .............................................................

Silica (SiO2 ) ..............................................................

Decatur.

44 7

11.9

1.8

2.9

18.7

8.8

4.7

.1

6.4

295

Springfield.

43 7

2.7

1.2

18.7

8.6

5.8

5.8

278

Chandlerville.

2.7

18.4

8.8

5.3

.2

5.3

282

This shows that the water for the year is much the same throughout 

the length of the river. The dissolved mineral matter in Sangamon 

River is not very different in character from that in the other tributaries of the Illinois. The Sangamon water resembles the water of 

the northern tributaries more than that of the Kankakee. Owing in 

part to the fact that the Sangamon receives a number of large tributaries along its course, there is no particular relation between the 

samples at the different points of collection. The analyses at 

Decatur are probably of more value than those from Springfield and 

Chandlerville.
ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN.

ILLINOIS RIVER.

33

Samples. On Illinois River itself daily collections of water were 

made at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville. At Lasalle collections 

were made by Mr. James Brotherton at the Illinois Central pumping station. This pumping station is south of the city, at the point 

where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses the river, and is above 

the point of discharge of the Lasalle sewage. It is probable that at 

this locality the water of various tributaries is well mixed. The 

stream at Lasalle is made up of water from Desplaine?, Kankakee, 

Fox, Vermilion, and Little Vermilion rivers, together with the 

flow from the Chicago drainage canal.

From Lasalle to Peoria no tributaries of any considerable size 

enter the river. In consequence, the quality of the water at Peoria 

is not very different from that at Lasalle. At Peoria samples were 

collected from the bridge across the river near the Peoria waterworks by Mr. Alfred Barton in bottles let down with a sinker and 

filled under the surface.

Between Peoria and Kampsville a number of tributaries enter 

the river. The largest of these is the Sangamon, the average discharge of which is about one-fifth of the discharge of the Illinois 

at Kampsville. The other tributaries entering between Peoria and 

Kampsville are Mackinaw River, Spoon River, and Crooked Creek. 

Collections at Kampsville were made by Mr. Ira Davidson, samples 

being obtained by dipping the water from the surface of the river 

midway across the stream. This method of collecting is subject 

to errors which have been previous!}^ discussed.

Quality of water. The analyses of composite sampler made from 

the daily samples at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville are given in 

Tables 32, 33, and 34, together with average values for the year. 

The percentage composition of the dry residue from the filtered 

water at each of these stations is given in Table 7.

TABLE 7. Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Illinois River water.

Chlorine (Cl) .............................................................

Lasalle.

37.0

18.6

4.8

2.4

18.6

8.1

5.9

.1

4.5

100.0

270

Peoria.

36.7

18.1

4.9

2.9

18.5

7.9

6.4

.1

4.5

100.0

265

Kampsville.

38.5

16.3

5.8

1.7

18.2

7.8

7-0

.1

4.6

100.0

258

28987 IRR 239 10-
34 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

When these results are all taken together, it is evident, as would 

be expected, that the water at Lasalle and Peoria is almost the same; 

though the suspended matter is less at Peoria, probably owing to 

the facts that the river at Peoria has a very slugg:sh flow and that 

at the middle of Peoria Lake where the samples were collected 

opportunity had been afforded for the settling of the suspended 

matter.

Illinois River water is not so high in carbonates r,s other waters of 

the State, and is higher in sulphates. It also has a larger percentage 

of chlorine than the average waters in the State. This increase in 

sulphates and chlorine is probably due largely to the effect of Chicago sewage, as the tributaries above Lasalle have much lower percentages of chlorine. The variation in quality of the water is much 

less in the upper Illinois than in other streams in the State. At 

Kampsville the average variation in dissolved solids is 10 per cent 

of the mean value, and the range from maximum to minimum is 65 

per cent of the mean value. As before stated, this is probably due 

in part to the method of collecting the samples. As the samples are 

taken just above the dam, it is possible that a 1 igh rainfall with 

quick run-off in the immediate vicinity of the point of collection 

would cause a dilution of the upper layer of water which would be 

much greater than the dilution of the whole flow of the stream. 

The widest difference from the average value of the dissolved solids 

is in one sample where the value was very low at a time of high 

turbidity.

Discharge. The discharge of Illinois River at Lasalle has been 

measured at various times and gage readings have been taken by 

different branches of the government service. During the period 

covered by this report gage heights have been read by the Weather 

Bureau. From these readings and from the ratirg table prepared 

from a few discharge measurements made by the United States Geological Survey in 1903, discharge measurements have been calculated for each of the days when collections were made. Owing to 

the fact that the relation between the Weather Bureau gage and the 

United States Geological Survey gage had to be determined by reference to Chicago datum and Memphis datum, with various corrections to be applied, the discharge measurements ar3 probably not as 

accurate as those at Peoria, where the United States Geological Survey was maintaining a gage during the course of the analytical work.

The discharge measurements computed from measurements at 

Lasalle, together with the dissolved solids for each ten-day period, 

are given in Table 8, which shows also the amount of dissolved material carried by the river each twenty-four hours. The average variation in the discharge at Lasalle is 30 per cent of the mean value for 

the discharge. The average variation in the solids is 6.9 per cent of
ILLINOIS EIVEE DRAINAGE BASIN. 35

the average value. The average variation in the dissolved material 

carried by the river is 33 per cent of the mean value.

TABLE 8. Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois River at Lasalle.

Date.

Discharge 

(secondfeet).

1906.

August 1-August 10................................................ ,100

August 11-August 20...............................................' , ItiO

August 21-August 30............................................... ,580

August 31-September 9............................................. ,560

September 10-Septembe.r 19........................................ ,150

September 20-September 29........................................ ,190

September 30-October 7............................................ ,860

October 10-October 19.............................................. ,350

October 20-October 28.............................................. ,410

October 30-November 8............................................ .400

November 9-November 19.......................................... ,360

November 20-November 30......................................... 9,950

December 1-December 10........................................... 11,900

December 11-December 20.......................................... 13,430

December 21-December 31.......................................... I 12,580

1907.

January 1-January 10...............................................! 15,970

January 11-January 20.............................................. 21,500

February 1-February 9............................................. 25,280

February 10-February 18........................................... I 20,140

February 19-Feliruary 28........................................... 18,370

March 1-March 10.. .1.............................................. 12,970

March 11-March 20................................................. 14,960

March 21-March 28................................................. 14,860

April 2-April 10.................................................... 19,300

April 11-April 20................................................... 14,900

April 21-April 30................................................... 11,640

May 1-May 10...................................................... 14,990

May 11-May 20..................................................... 12,650

May 21-May 31..................................................... 14,730

June 1-June 10....... ............................................. 15,390

June 11-June 20................................................... J 14,350

June 21-June 30.................................................... 12,210

July 1-Julv 10...................................................... 11,160

July 11-July 20..................................................... 19,650

July 23-July 31..................................................... 14,550

Average...................................................... 12,820

D' 'solved solids.

Parts per 

million.

265

262

252

235

221

241

284

260

268

275

276

300

320

284

311

296

298

289

311

273

274

257

272

299

344

266

272

300

279

307

276

276

256

255

Tons per 

day.

5,070

5,060

5,150

4,790

4,260

4,670

6,020

5,160

5,350

5,480

5,470

8,060

10,280

10,290

10,560

12,740 

17,280 

19,700 

16,880 

13,520

9,590 

10,380 

10,910 

15,610 

13, S20

8,360 

10,990 

10,250 

11,080 

12,740 

10,680

9,100

7,700 

13,500 

11,400

9,770

The discharge of the river at Peoria has been carefully measured 

for a long series of years. During the period covered by this report 

daily gage readings were made by an observer of the United States 

Geological Survey. A rating table for the river at Peoria has been 

prepared to cover this period. From this rating table and the gage 

measurements the discharge of the river at Peoria has been calculated for each day when samples were collected. Thes°, have been 

averaged into ten-day periods corresponding to the composite samples. From the average discharge in second-feet and the value in 

parts per million of the dissolved solids, as determined by evaporation of the filtered water, the amount of dissolved material carried 

past the gaging station at Peoria by the water of Illinois River each 

twenty-four hours has been calculated. The figures p.re given in 

Table 9, together with the average values. The average variation 

in discharge at Peoria was 35 per cent of the mean valu^ of the dis-
36 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS.

charge. The average variation of the dissolved solids was 6.3 per 

cent of the mean value. The average variation in the amount of 

material carried by the river was 36 per cent of the mean value.

TABLE 9. Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois River at Peoria.

Date.

1906.

August 1-August 9................................................. fi,SCO

August 31-September 9............................................. 8,18'>

September 10-September 19........................................ 7,470

September 20-September 29........................................ 7,110

September 30-October (J............................................ S, 300

October 10-October 19.............................................. 7,990

October 20-October 29.............................................. 7,68°

October 30-November S............................................ 7,770

November 9-November Hi.......................................... 7,720

November 20-November 30......................................... 9,420

December 1-December 10.......................................... 12,160

December 11-December 20......................................... In, 270

December 21-December 31......................................... 14,210

1907.

January 1-January 10.............................................. 15,760

January 11-January 20............................................. 23.120

January 21-Januarv 31............................................. 44,620

February 1-February 9............................................. 33,130

Februarv 10-February 18........................................... 23,050

February 19-February 28........................................... 20,119

March 1-March 10...^.............................................. 18,140

March 11-March 20................................................. 18,000

March 21-March 31................................................. 20,270

April 1-April 10.................................................... 24, 570

April 11-April 20................................................... 21, 510

April 21-April 30................................................... 17,210

May 1-May 10...................................................... 17,700

May 11-May 20..................................................... 21, 510

May 21-May 30..................................................... 17,210

June 1-June 10..................................................... 20,430

June 11-June 20.................................................... 19,950

June 21-June 30.................................................... 17,890

July 1-July 10...................................................... 15,4fiO

July 11-July 20..................................................... 22,531

July 21-July 31...............--.-.-.......-...-----.....-....--.... 22.481

Average...................................................... 16,901

Discharge

(second -

feet).

Dissolved solids.

Parts per 

million.

Tons per

266

245

260

249

279

233

264

250

259

310

293

294

310 

309 

J*j3 

242

275

275

279

275

272

272

304

271

276

289

283

277

290

272

270

257

257

271

4,880

5,390

5, 220

4, 260

5,580

6,000

4,780

5,510

5,200

6,580

10,180

12,060

11,280

13,150

19,260

26,800

21,600

17,070

14,900

14,130

13,800

14,830

17,250

17,650

12,580

12,900

16,750

13,100

15,250

15,600

13,100

11,250

15,620

15,560

Variation in quality. In the flow of an ordinary river it is usual 

to expect the lowest value for the dissolved solids, the highest value 

for the suspended solids, and the highest value for the discharge to 

come at about the same time. In times of low water the river is 

fed largely by springs or by water which reaches the river through 

infiltration from the sides and through the bed. This ground water 

is naturally clear, and by reason of its passage through the ground 

has dissolved a considerable amount of mineral matter. In times of 

storm a large proportion of the water which falls drains immediately 

into the river. As it runs quickly over the surface of the ground it 

picks up loose material, so that upon entering the stream it carries 

a large load of suspended matter, while it has had time to dissolve 

very little. This makes the water of the stream high in turbidity 

and low in dissolved solids. On this account one would expect that 

the amount of dissolved material carried by a given point in a river
ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 37

would be much less variable than the discharge of the river. If, in 

time of flood, the discharge of the river is five times the low-water 

discharge, the amount of dissolved material carried by the river will 

rarely be five times as great. On the other hand, the volume of 

four times the low-water flow which has been added to the low-water 

flow is not pure water. Therefore the amount of dissolved material 

carried by the river will be very much greater than the amount 

carried in low water. Rock River at Rockford (see p. 23) is an illustration of a normal river.

Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria shows very decidedly the effect 

of the Chicago drainage canal in maintaining the uniformity of 

quality of water. Although the values for the average variation in 

discharge at these two points are 30 and 35 per cent, respectively, 

the variations in amount of material carried are 33 and 36 per 

cent. This indicates that the water of Illinois River in time of 

flood has a tendency to carry more dissolved material than at times 

of low flow. This results from the fact that nearly on°-half of the 

low-water flow of Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria is furnished 

by the Chicago drainage canal, which contains on the average about 

160 parts per million of dissolved solids. This, combined with 

an equal volume of low-water flow from Desplaines, For, Kankakee, 

and Vermilion rivers, gives a resulting water which is still low in dissolved solids, although the other tributaries carry probably over 300 

parts per million. The average amounts of dissolved solids carried 

by three of these rivers are as follows: Fox, 335 parts per million; 

Kankakee, 288 parts; Vermilion, 325 parts. It is probable that the 

natural water of the Desplaines carries about the same amount of 

dissolved solids as the other tributaries. Even the high-water flow 

of these tributaries carries much more dissolved solids than the 

Chicago drainage canal. Thus it comes about that in many cases 

a rise in the river is accompanied by an increase in the proportion 

of dissolved solids, which makes the amount of material carried past 

a given point increase faster than the discharge.

These results at Peoria and Lasalle show one benefit of the Chicago 

drainage canal, which has possibly been overlooked in considering 

the many changes which have resulted from its opening. One of the 

objections to the use of river water for industrial purposes or for a 

municipal supply, where it is necessary to treat the water, is that the 

variation in character of the water from day to day and from season 

to season is so great that any treatment of the water based on the 

results of only a few examinations is liable to be unsatisfactory for a 

great part of the time. Any change in quality of the water will 

require a change in treatment, and some river waters are so variable 

in quality that it would be useless to attempt to treat them without 

expert chemical supervision; it would be necessary to test the water
38 QUALITY OP SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

each day and apply the chemicals in amounts determined by these 

tests. For a uniform water, such as a deep-well water or many 

ground waters, a single analysis suffices to deterrrine the kind of 

treatment and the amount of each chemical necessary to add, thus 

making it possible to handle a water-purification plant with much 

less expense for supervision. A river water as const ant in character 

as the Illinois at Peoria and Lasalle, however, might be given an 

average treatment that is, a treatment based on the results of an 

average analysis, such as are given in this report. This treatment 

would probably be better than a varying treatment determined from 

day to day by a person not very skilled in chemical manipulation.

Municipal supplies. Illinois River water is not used for municipal 

supply, but a very large amount of it is used by various manufacturing establishments along the river. Practically all the cities on 

the river are able to obtain a supply of underground water which has 

almost the same mineral content as the river water and at the same 

time is free from pollution. It is doubtful if the time will ever come 

when Illinois River water will be looked upon with favor as a source 

of municipal supply. The large amount of sewage in the Chicago drainage canal would make people hesitate to undertake the purification 

of the water. As was shown in the investigations in connection with 

the lawsuit over the drainage canal,0 a large amount of organic matter 

enters the river at Lasalle, Peoria, and Pekin more, at the time of 

Palmer's investigations, than that entering through the Chicago 

drainage canal. It is possible that in the lower part of the river 

the water might be used safely for municipal supply, provided it were 

properly purified.

KASKASKIA EIVEE.

Drainage. Kaskaskia River rises in the Champaign morainic 

system, immediately west of Champaign, gradually descends from 

an elevation of 730 feet to 542 feet, and enters the Mississippi above 

Chester in Randolph County. About 590 square miles of comparatively level area are drained by the river in its length of 180 miles. 6

Because of its variations in flow Kaskaskia River has never been 

used to any great extent as a source of power. At Carlyle, during 

the year covered by this report, there was a rise of 23 feet in the river. 

In the summer time it often runs nearly dry in some parts of its 

course. A careful survey has been made by the Illinois State Geological Survey, with the object of determining a method of treatment 

of the Kaskaskia River bottoms so as to reclaim a large amount of 

land which is now flooded so frequently as to render it practically 

useless for agricultural purposes. If this land is reclaimed, the discharge of the river will be more variable than at present.

a Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1902. 

JLeverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 38,1889.
KASKASKIA EIVEE.

Municipal supplies. Vandalia and Carlyle are supplied with water 

from Kaskaskia River. Shelbyville formerly obtained its supply 

from the river, but now takes water from wells in the gravel near the 

river. This water, intercepted on its way to the river, has much the 

same character as that of the river and is free from turbidity. In 

the river water at Shelbyville the turbidity averaged over 100 parts 

per million during the year covered by this report.

Samples. Daily samples were collected from the river at Shelbyville by Mr. Isaac Nutt, engineer of the Shelbyville Water Company, 

by dipping water from the river at a point directly opposite the waterworks. An old dam, partly destroyed, crosses the river at this point, 

and the water was dipped from a broken place in this dam, through 

which the stream flows rapidly. Through the kindness of Mr. 

Chester, superintendent of the water company, a gag?/ was erected 

on the river near the waterworks and daily readings taken from it.

At Carlyle, about 70 miles down the river from S'helbjTville, samples 

were collected from the pump at the waterworks, the intake pipe of 

which extends about 400 feet upstream. Mr. George Schilling, 

superintendent of waterworks, collected the samples. A gage was 

fastened to a tree near the bank of the river and readings of the 

height of the water were made daily after November 3, 1906.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from Shelbyville and Carlyle are given in Tables 35 and 36. The percentage 

composition of filtered water at Shelbyville and Carlyle is given in 

Table 10.

TABLE 10. Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Kaskaskia River water.

Shelbyville. Carlyle.

Sodium and potassium (Na+K)

45.4

12.0

2.0

2.4

18.7

9.2

4.6

.1

5.6

42.1

13.7

2.8

1.9

18.9

8.0

S.6

.2

100.0 100.0

Salinity, parts per million.

Kaskaskia River water is a typical Illinois water. There is no very 

great difference in the character between the samples at the two stations, the range in dissolved solids being about the same at each. 

The average variation, however, is greater at Carlyle, being 11 per 

cent of the mean value, while at Shelbyville it is only 7.8 per cent. 

The water is more suitable for boiler use than for laundr^s. It forms 

very little or no hard scale in boilers when they are cleaned often 

enough. Treatment with lime alone in the proper quantities would 

very much improve the quality of the water for laundry work.
40 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

MUDDY RIVER.

Drainage. Muddy River drains an area of nearly 2,400 square miles 

in the low district north of the Ozark uplift. The lower 20 miles of 

the course of the river is in the Mississippi River bottoms. The drainage basin is decidedly level, and there is only a slight fall in the river 

from its source to the mouth. The flow is very unsteady, the range 

in height at Murphysboro during the year covered by this report being 

31 feet.

Samples. Daily samples of water were collected from the intake 

at the waterworks at Murphysboro by Mr. H. C. Stagner, chief engineer. A gage was placed on the river in November, 1906, and readings were taken at the time of the collection of the samples.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from the 

Muddy are given in Table 37, together with averages for the year and 

gage readings. The percentage composition of the dry residue is 

given in Table 17 (p. 53).

The water of Muddy River is the most variable in character of all 

those examined for this report. This may be due, in some measure, 

to the different characteristics of the tributaries, but it is probably 

due more to contamination by mine drainage, the variations being 

very much the same as those noted by M. O. Leighton," of the United 

States Geological Survey, in his careful study of the influence of mine 

drainage on Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. From the low 

value of the bicarbonate occurring at certain times with very high 

values for the sulphates, it is probable that at times the water'from 

the Muddy is actually acid. If the water were acid for one or two 

days out of the ten on which the daily samples were collected to make 

a given composite, the composite sample might easily be slightly 

alkaline.

Like the other streams in the southern part of the State, Muddy 

River carries a large amount of very fine suspended matter. Much 

of this material, which seems to be really suspended matter and not 

color, can not be held by any ordinary method of filtration, but by 

the use of a coagulant the water may be rendered perfectly clear and 

almost colorless. This finely divided suspended matter accounts, in 

part, for the fact that the values for silica in Muddy River are very 

high. In nearly every sample where the silica wr,s high there was 

left after treatment with hydrofluoric acid a residue, amounting to 1 

to 5 parts per million, which was insoluble in hydrochloric acid and 

not volatilized by hydrofluoric acid. Several of these residues were 

analyzed by fusing them with acid sodium sulphg.te and making a 

complete analysis of the fused mass. The precipitate with ammonia, 

that is, the iron and aluminum, on ignition weighed in every case

a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 

No. 108,1904.
MISSISSIPPI EIVEE. 41

almost exactly the same as the original silica residue. The iron in 

this insoluble residue was usually a very 3inall proportion of the whole. 

This would indicate that the finely divided matter is ?,n aluminum 

silicate.

In analyzing similar waters at the Washington laboratory, alumina 

cream was used for clarifying the samples and removed the suspended 

matter without affecting the silica dissolved in the water. A number 

of experiments were made to compare the effect of tre treatment 

using alumina cream with that of the Berkefeld filter, and the filtrates 

from the two treatments were found to give the same results on analysis. It was found necessary in these experiments to use alumina 

cream in clarifying the sample on which the determination of bicarbonates was made. If this method of analysis had been adopted on 

all rivers of southern Illinois, the results would have been more 

uniform and would have represented more accurately the material 

dissolved in the water. They would also have shown the kind of 

water that would have been obtained by the use of p, mechanical 

filtration plant.

Municipal supplies. In the section of Illinois drained by Muddy 

River there is no large supply of satisfactory underground water. 

According to analyses a by the Illinois State Water Survey, water 

from the municipal supply at Carbondale, which is obtained from 

deep wells, contained at different times from 1,200 to 2,400 parts per 

million of dissolved matter, about three-fourths of which was common 

salt. In addition, there are enough salts of magnesium and calcium 

to make the water about as hard as that of the Muddy. This, of 

course, makes it undesirable for domestic use. With such water in 

the wells the only chance for a sufficient municipal supply lies in the 

use of a river water, even though its quality is much inferior to that 

of most of the rivers of northern Illinois, where well waters are used 

almost exclusively.

Water such as that, of Muddy River can be purified only by careful 

treatment with some coagulant and proper filtration. For much of 

the year water from the Muddy can be clarified only by the use of 

aluminum sulphate with lime, but the amount of lime required will 

vary greatly from day to day. In softening the water for use in 

steam boilers or in laundries, the proper amounts of chemicals to be 

added can be determined only by tests on each lot of water treated.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

Municipal supplies. Mississippi River forms the western boundary 

for the whole State of Illinois. The cities of Moline, Rock Island, 

Quincy, Alton, East St. Louis, and Cairo, located on the river, are 

important manufacturing centers. The first five of these and two

a Bartow, Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois: Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21,1907.
42 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

smaller cities obtain water from the river for municipal supply. In 

this way about 125,000 persons use the river water. On the opposite 

bank in Iowa and Missouri are more cities that use the river water 

and serve many more consumers. The magnitude of the wT hole river 

as compared with the stretch flowing past Illinois makes it necessary 

in this report to discuss merely the quality of the v^ater in the part 

of the river bounding the State. The river as a whole is discussed 

in a paper by R. B. Dole."

At the cities where the river furnishes the supply of water for 

domestic use some method of purification is used. Much of the suspended matter is removed by sedimentation in storage basins, and 

commonly a coagulant is used with filtration.

Samples. Daily samples were collected at Quincy and Chester for 

a year, beginning August 1, 1905, and at Moline for half a year, 

beginning February 1, 1907. Collections were made by the superintendents of the waterworks, Mr. Magnus Olsen, at Moline, and 

Mr. F. J. Brinkoetter, at Quincy. In both these places samples were 

collected from the pump taking water from the river for the filter 

beds. At the southern Illinois penitentiary, at Chester, Mississippi 

River water is pumped from the river to a small reservoir and 

thence distributed through the grounds. Through the kindness of 

the warden, Mr. James B. Smith, samples were collected each day 

from the intake pump.

Quality of water. Analyses of composite samples, made up of ten 

daily samples for each of these stations, are given in Tables 38, 39, 

and 40. As would be expected, the suspended matter and dissolved 

matter both increase in amount as one goes down the river. The 

percentage composition of dry residue from the filtered water is given 

in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Percentage composition of dry residue of filtered Mississippi River water.

Sulphate (SO4 ) ......................................

Chlorine (Cl) ........................................

February 1 to July 31, 1P07.

Moline.

42.3 

13.6 

2.1 

1.0 

18.7 

7.3 

5.7 

9.0 

.3

100.0

177

Quincy.

42.9 

12.9 

1.9 

1.2 

19.1 

7.7 

5.2 

8.8 

.3

100.0

194

Chester.

32.1 

22.7 

3.3 

1.4 

17.6 

6.3 

7.8 

S. 6 

.2

100.0

256

August 1, 1906, to 

July 31, 1907.

Quincy.

43.2 

12.6 

2.2 

1.1 

18.1 

8.0 

5.5 

9.0 

.3

100.0

199

Chester.

33.2

21.8 

3.8 

1.0 

17.1 

6.2 

8.2 

8.5 

2

100.0

258

a The quality of surface waters in Mississippi River basin: Proc. Illinois Water-Supply Assoc., 1910.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 43

As the samples at Moline were collected during six months only, 

the average at Quincy and Chester has been calculated for this 

period, and the percentage composition is given for the six months 

as well as for the whole year.

The percentage composition does not change much between Moline 

and Quincy. The only tributaries of any considerable ?ize entering 

the river between these points are Des Moines and Rock rivers. The 

water of Des Moines River does not differ very much in quality from 

that of the Mississippi at Moline, though it contains a somewhat larger 

amount of dissolved solids and a somewhat smaller proportion of 

magnesium. Rock River carries about the same amount of dissolved solids as Des Moines River, but the proportion of magnesium 

is very much higher than in either the Des Moines or the Mississippi 

at Moline.

Between Quincy and Chester the main tributaries are Illinois and 

Missouri rivers. Illinois River water is not very different from that 

of the Mississippi at Quincy, though it probably contains a smaller 

amount of dissolved material, a larger amount of chlorine, and a 

somewhat higher percentage of magnesium. But the water of Missouri River is very different from that of Mississippi River at Quincy 

or that of Illinois River at its mouth. Missouri River carries a very 

much larger amount of dissolved material which contains a much 

higher percentage of sulphate and a correspondingly lower percentage 

of carbonate. It has a Somewhat higher proportion of chlorine. 

The sodium is decidedly higher, while the magnesium is lower and the 

calcium slightly lower than at Quincy. As the flow of the river at 

Chester is on the average about one-half Missouri River water and 

the other half upper Mississippi and Illinois River water, these characteristics of Missouri River water make themselves felt in the character of the Mississippi water at Chester.

Variations at Quincy. Discharges of Mississippi River at Quincy 

have been calculated by using Weather Bureau gage readings at 

Hannibal, Mo., together with a rating table prepared by Herman 

Stabler from various discharge measurements by the U. S. Engineer 

Corps and the United States Geological Survey. In Table 12 are 

given the discharges at Hannibal, the dissolved solids at Quincy, and 

the discharge of dissolved material in tons per twenty-four hours 

calculated from these figures. The average variation in discharge 

was 32 per cent of the mean value; the average variation in dissolved 

solids was 8.6 per cent of the mean value, and the average variation 

in amount of dissolved solids per day was 30 per cent of the mean 

value. The fact that the amount of solids per day does not vary as 

much as the discharge is due to the fact that in times of high discharge the proportion of dissolved solids is usually lower than in 

times of low discharge.
44 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLTNOIS.

TABLE 12. Dissolved solids in Mississipjn River at Quincy.

Date.

Dissolved solids. 

Discharge 

(secondfeet) a- Parts per

1906.

August 1-August 10................................................ 54,000

August 11-August 20............................................... 65,000

August 21-August 30............................................... 58,000

August 31-September 9............................................. 56, OCO

September 10-September IS......................................... 59,000

September 20-September 2J................ ........................ 59,000

September 30-October 9............................................ 60, OCO

October 10-October 18............................................. J 52, OCO

October 20-October 31..............................................! 43, OCO

November 1-November 8.......................................... J 47, OCO

November 9-November 19.......................................... I 58, OCO

November 20-November 30......................................... 59, OCO

December 1-December 10...........................................1 67, OCO

December 11-December 20........................................... 51,OCO

December 21-December 25.......................... ............... 28, OCO

1907.

January 2-January 10............................................... 58, OCO

January 11-January 20.............................................. 62,OCO

January 21-January 31.............................................. 100, OC^

February 2-February 9............................................. 40,000

February 10-Fobruary 18........................................... I 48,000

February 19-February 28........................................... 59,000

March 1-March 10../............................................... 65,000

March 12-March 19................................................. 73,000

March 21-March 31................................................. 78,000

April 1-April 10.................................................... 108,000

April 11-April 20................................................... 158.000

April 21-April 30................................................. ..' 141,000

May 1-May 10......................................................| 97,000

May 11-May 20.....................................................! 80.000

May 21-May 31.....................................................' 86,000

June 1-June 10......................................................! 82,000

June 11-June 20..................................................... 117,000

June 21-June 30......................-......-.-.-...............-...! 97,000

July1-July 10..................................................... .1 88,000

July 11-Ju'ly 20.....................................................> 143,000

July 21-July 31..................................................... 160,000

Average-.................................................... ! 77,000

million.

224

192

197

213

187

196

200

213

220

223

185

196

217

190

244

210

237

203

218

239

207

188

192

193

180

144

170

176

213

176

188

200

218

227

211

239

204

Tons per 

24 hours.

37,600

38,600

30,800

32,200

29,800

31,200

32,400

29,900

25,500

28,300

28,900

31,200

39,200

26,200

18,400

32,800

39,600

54,800

23,500

30,900

33,000

33,000

37,800

40,600

52,400

61,300

64.600

46,000

45,800

40,800

41,600

63,100

57,000

53,800

81,400

103.200

41,600

a At Hannibal, Mo.

In studying the analyses at Quincy and Moline, together with 

analyses made in the Iowa City laboratory of the Survey 0 on samples 

of water from Minnesota River at Shakopee and Des Moines River 

at Keosauqua, it is seen that there is an increase in dissolved solids 

at Quincy and Moline in the latter part of June and July, at a time 

of high flow. Minnesota River has a drainage area of about 16,000 

square miles, between one-fifth and one-sixth the drainage area of 

Mississippi River at Moline. The rise in the Mississippi at Moline 

and Quincy in June and July, 1907, was to a considerable extent due 

to high water from the Minnesota. As the average value for dissolved solids of the Minnesota during this period was over 400 parts 

per million, this fact would account for the increase in these solids 

at Moline and Quincy concord antly with the increase, in the discharge.

a Dole, R. B., Quality of surface water of the United States, pt. 1: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 236, 1909.
MISSISSIPPI EIVEE. 45

Variations at Chester. Discharges of Mississippi River at Chester 

have been assumed to be equal to the discharge at St. Louis. It is 

probable that the discharge at Chester is from 1 to 3 per cent higher 

than at St. Louis, but no rating table was easily obtainable for the 

river at Chester, whereas a fairly satisfactory rating table was obtained for St. Louis. From the Weather Bureau gage readings and 

a rating table which was prepared by Stabler, discharge measurements were calculated for the river at St. Louis for each ten-day 

period covered by the analyses. In Table 13 these figures are given, 

together with the dissolved solids in parts per million and the amount 

of dissolved solids carried by the river at Chester.

TABLE 13. Dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Chester.

Dissolved solids.

Date.

1906.

August 21-August 30. ..............................................

September 30-October 9 ............................................

October 10-October 19. .............................................

October 22-October 31 ..............................................

1907.

February 21-February 28. ..........................................

March 11-March 20 .................................................

March 21-March 30. ................................................

April 15-April 20. ..................................................

April 22-April 29. .................................................

May 21-Mav 31 .....................................................

June 21-June 29.. ...................................................

July 21-Julv 31 ....................................................

Discharge

(secondfeet). a

140, 000

155, 000

117,000

156, 000

112,000

f>9,000

96,000

119,000

71,000

374, 000

124, 000

ISO, 000

216,000

203,000

225, 000

257, 000

279, 000

214, 000

281,000

329, 000

334, 000

320, ODD

317,000

484,000

194, 000

Parts per 

miH'on.

320

237

245

OKfi

228

266

01 A

254

271

271

2"

304 °66

257

297

°56

293

296

294

304

250

270

Tons per 

24 hours.

121, 000

102, 600

78,400

95, 800

80, 400

73, 400

81,800

81, 500

76,600

224,000

92,600

147. 900

149,500

130,000

205, 600

192, 400

168,800

235, 200

266, 700

260,000

326,200

140, 300

o At St. Louis.

The average variation in discharge of the Mississippi at Chester is 

40 per cent of the mean value of the discharge; the average variation 

in dissolved solids is 8.5 per cent of the mean value, and the average 

variation in the solids carried per day is 41 per cent. It is unusual 

that the solids carried per day should vary more than the discharge,
46 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

for this would indicate that in times of high water there was more 

material dissolved in the river than in times of low water. In order 

to see if this could be accounted for, calculations were made as to the 

amount of dissolved material carried by each of the three component 

streams making up the Mississippi at Chester. For this purpose 

monthly average gage heights and discharge measurements were computed by Mr. Stabler.

The volume of upper Mississippi water reaching Chester was 

assumed to be measured by discharges at Hannibal, Mo., which correspond to the analyses at Quincy, 111. No discharge measurements 

are available for the Illinois below Peoria, and as the drainage area 

of Illinois River at its mouth is very much greater than at Peoria, the 

proportional effect of Illinois River would not be at all accurately 

represented by taking discharges at Peoria. Estimates by Cooley,0 

however, indicate that the discharge of the Illinois into the Mississippi 

is probably about 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria, and therefore 

in the calculations 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria was used as representing the amount of Illinois water reaching Chester, while the 

analyses at Kampsville were used as representing its quality. The 

amount of Missouri River water reaching Chester was represented by 

the discharge measurements at St. Charles, Mo. In Table 14 are 

given these discharges for each month, together with the sum of the 

three discharges and the discharges as calculated for Mississippi 

River at St. Louis. It will be seen that in general the sum of the 

three discharges is somewhat greater than the estimated discharge 

of the Mississippi at St. Louis. It is not likely, however, that the 

proportional error is very serious.

TABLE 14. Discharges of Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers at points stated. 

[In thousands of second-feet.]

Date.

1906.

1907.

April. . ........................................

July. ..........................................

Mississippi 

River at 

Hannibal.

70

58

50

56

47

71

133

88

102

128

Illinois 

River at 

Kampsville. &

12

13

14

14

24

47

OC

31

34

35

Missouri 

Rivr at 

St. Charles.

84

63

52

51

39

87

63

QQ

96

118

191

225

Sum.

166

116

121

110

205

155

206

237

388

Mississippi 

River at 

St. Louis.

151

111

102

157

242

aCooley, L. E., The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineering, Illinois State Board of 

Health, 1889. 

& 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria.
MISSISSIPPI KIVEE. 47

In Table 15 is given the percentage of the discharge at Chester 

which is furnished by each river; the average value for the dissolved 

solids in these rivers; one one-hundredth of the product of these two 

figures, which shows the contribution of each river to the dissolved 

solids in Mississippi River at Chester; the sums of these three components; and the value for dissolved solids at Chester as obtained 

by averaging the values for the three composite samples of each 

month. The figure for May is of almost no value, as samples were 

not received during the first twenty days of that month and only one 

analysis was made during the month.

It is evident that this method of calculating the dissolved solids 

in Mississippi River water at Chester does not give the correct result, 

the value being higher than those found. This would indicate a 

possible lack of complete mixing of Missouri River with Mississippi 

River at the point where the samples were collected. Another 

explanation would be the undue influence of Kaskaskia Piver, which 

enters a short distance above Chester. The drainage area of Kaskaskia River is not over 3,000 miles, so that its contribution to the 

flow of the Mississippi is almost negligible. If, however, its water is 

not thoroughly mixed with the other water coming down the Mississippi, the samples collected at Chester might have too large a proportion of Kaskaskia River water. In order to determine this point, 

curves were plotted showing (1) dissolved solids calculated from the 

analyses and discharges of upper Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri 

rivers; (2) dissolved solids as found by analysis at Chester; (3) dissolved solids as found in the Kaskaskia at Carlyle. It appears from 

inspection of these curves that the dissolved solids found at Chester 

follow very closely the dissolved solids as calculated. The variations from the curve of calculated values are the same as the variations in the values for the dissolved solids in the Kaskaskia. The 

greatest difference between the calculated and determined values is 

only about 8 per cent of the former. Inspection of Tab] e 15 shows 

that in the latter part of the year Missouri River furnished a very 

large proportion of the flow at Chester. The dissolved solids from 

Missouri River are very much higher than the average value for dissolved solids in Mississippi River. This then would cause an increase 

in dissolved solids in Mississippi River at the same time that the 

discharge increased. Thus when the discharge is doubled the 

amount of dissolved matter carried by the stream is more than 

doubled, as the water contains in each cubic foot much, more than 

the average amount of dissolved matter.
48 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 15. Composition of and average solids in Mississippi River at Chester.

Date.

1900.

1907.

July... ........................

Percentage of discharge at Chester.

Mississippi 

River at 

Hannibal, 

(a)

42.2 

43.3 

43.1 

46.3 

42.7

34.6 

31.6 

35.0 

50.2 

37.1 

31.2 

33.0

Illinois 

River at 

Kampsville.

(b)

7.2 

9.7 

12.1 

11.6

21.8

22.9 

27.8 

17.0 

13.6 

13.1 

10.4 

9.0

Missouri 

River at 

St. Charles, 

(c)

50.6 

47.0 

44.8 

42.1 

35.5

42.5 

40.6 

48.0 

36.2 

49.8 

58.4 

58.0

Dissolved solids (parts per million).

Mississippi 

River at 

Quincy. 

(d)

204 

199 

211 20' 

217

217 22' 

19" 

16.5 18,7 

203 

23'}

Illinois 

River at 

Kampsville. 

(e)

263 

236 

297 

263 

301

247 

206 

232

286 

289 

288 

261

Missouri 

River at 

Ruegg, Mo.

(f)

375 

429 

403

325 

337 

317 

370 

311 

338 

307

Date.

1900. 

August. .......................

September ...................

November. ..........

December. ............

1907.

May............. ......

July..........................

Dissolved solids (parts per million).

Mississippi River at Chester.

Calculated.

Upper 

Mississippi 

River 

water. 

/axd\ 

\ 100 / 

(g)

86.0 

86.1 

90.8 

93.0 

92.7

75.0

69.8 

66.8 

82.8 

69.7 

63.0 

77.8

Illinois 

River 

water. 

/bxe\ 

\ 100 / 

(h)

18.9 

22.9 

35.9 

30.5 

65.6

56.5 

57.2 

39.4 

38.9 

37.8 

30.0 

23.5

Missouri 

River 

water. 

(cXf\

\iooJ

(i)

168 

181 

144

138 

137 

152 

134 

155 

198 

178

Sum. 

(g+h+i

2?5 

304 

302

270 

264 

258 

256 

262 

2PO 

279

By analysis.

267 

255

267 

293 

279

251 

265 

254 

269 

(293) 

282 

283

Kaskaskia 

River at 

Carlyle.

237 

261 

223 

245

256

191 

259 

235 

280 

264 

221 

264

It is evident from inspection of the tables that Mississippi River 

above the Missouri is not remarkably turbid as compared with other 

streams of the Middle West. Its turbidity averages about the same 

as that of other rivers in Illinois. At Chester the turbidity resembles 

that of the Missouri. Usually the suspended matter causing this 

turbidity is composed of fairly large particles which quickly settle 

so that the water can be clarified easily by mere sedimentation. At 

times, however, the turbidity is caused by material so fine that it is 

exceedingly difficult to filter. This excess can be recognized in the 

analyses by the high values for silica. It is probable that in most
WABASH RIVER SYSTEM. 49

samples where the value for silica is over 25 parts per million, the 

excess over this figure is due to suspended matter which was not 

removed by filtration. On account of the large proportion of sulphate in Missouri River water, Mississippi River water below the 

mouth of the Missouri is much less satisfactory for industrial purposes, even after purification. Above the Missouri, Mississippi River 

water is of much the same quality as most ground and stream waters 

throughout Illinois.

WABASH RIVER SYSTEM.

The drainage basin of Wabash River has an area of over 33,000 

square miles. It extends westward from western Ohio across the 

central portion of Indiana and southward to Ohio River. It embraces 

on its west side a considerable portion of southeastern Illinois. 

Drainage from Illinois into Wabash River is carried by Vermilion, 

Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Bonpas River drains a small 

area between Embarrass and Little Wabash rivers.

WABASH RIVER.

Municipal supplies. The Wabash forms the boundary of the State 

on the east and south for a distance of nearly 200 miles by river. 

Its water is usually rather turbid and probably contain^ more dissolved mineral matter than well waters which may be obtained along 

its banks. For these reasons it is not likely to be used as a source 

of supply, except for communities too large to find a sufficient quantity in wells. There are not many large cities in Illinois directly on 

the river. Grayville and Mount Carmel, however, obtain their water 

supplies directly from it.

VERMILION RIVER.a

Drainage. Vermilion River drains an area of about 1,500 square 

miles in northern Illinois. The river rises in the Eloomington 

morainic system at the reentrant angle in Ford and Livingston counties, only a few miles from the source of the other river of the same 

name, which flows northward to the Illinois. From its source Vermilion River flows east and southeast, entering the Wabash in 

Indiana. In the last 10 miles of its course it receives very little 

drainage, except from the immediate vicinity of the stream. Its 

flow is not very rapid and the discharge is somewhat irregular.

Municipal supplies. The municipal supply of Danville, 111., is 

obtained from North Fork of Vermilion River and is purified by 

filtration after the use of a coagulant.

Samples. The samples of raw river water were collected by Mr. 

William Van Steenberg, engineer of the Danville Water Company.

a Not to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into Illinois R! ver. 

28987 IRR 239 10 4
50 QUALITY OF STJEFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from Danville are given in Table 41, together with the average for the year.

The water of Vermilion River at Danville is very much like that 

obtained from other rivers draining the part of Illinois covered by 

glacial drift. The variations in dissolved solids from time to time 

are not very great. The average variation for the year was 8.4 per 

cent of the mean value for the dissolved solids. The percentage composition of the water does not vary much with variations in the 

amount of dissolved solids. The suspended matter is usually of such 

character that it can be easily removed by filtration. Analyses of 

ground water from drift along the course of Vermilion River show 

that for most industrial purposes there is not mudi choice between 

the water from the river and that from wells.

EMBARRASS RIVER.

Drainage. Embarrass River drains an area of about 2,000 square 

miles in eastern Illinois. Its source is in the Champaign morainic 

system, immediately south of Champaign, and it flows a little east of 

south until it enters Wabash River about 6 miles below Vincennes. 

The flow is very variable. It is said that at times the river goes 

almost dry at Lawrenceville, 8 miles above its mouth.

Municipal supplies. The cities of Charleston, Greenup, and Newton obtain their water supply from the Embarrass. At none of these 

places is the water purified.

Samples. Daily samples were collected for the year at Charleston 

and at Lawrenceville. At Charleston the samples were obtained 

from the pump taking water directly from the river for municipal 

supply. The intake at the pumping station is about 240 feet south 

of the pump, near the middle of the river. Collections were made by 

Mr. James Winkleblack and Mr. Louis Strodbeck, engineers at the 

waterworks.

At Lawrenceville samples were collected for part of the year by 

Mr. C. H. Arnold, superintendent of the Lawrenceville Water Company. The supply for the city is obtained from deep wells, and the 

samples furnished by Mr. Arnold were obtained by dipping the water 

from the river near the waterworks. For a time the collection of 

samples at Lawrenceville was omitted, owing to a change in the 

superintendent of the waterworks, but after Octolx ?r 12, 1906, samples were collected by Mr. Perry Barnhouse at the pumping station 

of the Big Four Railway from the pump which takes water direct 

from the river.

Quality of water. Analyses made on the composite samples from 

Charleston and Lawrenceville are given in Table? 42 and 43. The 

percentage composition of the dry residue from th°, filtered water at 

these two stations is given in Table 16.
WABASH KIVEB SYSTEM. 51 

TABLE 16. Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Embarrass Hirer water.

Sulphate (SO<).. . ...............................................................

Chlorine (Cl) ....................................................................

Calcium (Ca). . ..................................................................

Silica (SiOs).. . ..................................................................

Charleston.

45.0

11.4

1.8

2.8

18.8

8.9

4.8

6.3

.2

100.0

271

Lawrenceville.

34.5

12.6

12.6

15.8

6.8

10.0

6.1

.3

100.0

278

The water of Embarrass River at Charleston is very much like 

all the river waters in the section of Illinois covered by the glacial 

drift. On account of the fact that the drainage basin above Charleston is somewhat thinly populated, the proportion of sodium and 

chlorine is lower than in most of the streams of the State. It is 

probable that the character of the water remains fairly constant 

through its course down to a point a short distance above Lawrenceville.

The water from the river at Lawrenceville is entirely different 

from that at Charleston, the change consisting almost wholly of a 

large increase in sodium and chlorine. Table 43 shows that its percentage composition also varies very much throughout the year. 

This may be due in large measure to the effect of the water draining 

from oil wells above Lawrenceville. The beginning of the great 

activity in the oil industry in southern Illinois occurred during the 

time covered by these analyses. If the river continues to receive 

waste waters from the oil wells it will be of very little value as a 

source of supply either for municipal use or for manufacturing.

LITTLE WABASH RIVER.

Drainage. Little Wabash River drains 3,000 square miles in southeastern Illinois, entering the Wabash 8 miles in a direct line from the 

latter's junction with the Ohio. From its source in the Shelbyville 

morainic system, in southwestern Coles County, it flows slightly west 

of south for 50 miles and then east of south to its mouth, a distance 

in a direct line of about 75 miles. Its largest tributary is Skillet 

Fork, which has a drainage area of about 1,000 square miles and a 

length in a straight line of about 65 miles; it enters the Little Wabash 

from the west just above Carmi.

Municipal supplies. The cities of Efnngham and Carmi are supplied with water from the Little Wabash. No analyses were made 

of the water at Efrmgham, but an analysis by the Illinois S+ate Water
52 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

Survey a indicates that it resembles the river waters of northern Illi 

nois. The water at Carjni is pumped from the river to a standpipe 

from which it is distributed through the mains.

Sam,pies. Samples were collected from the river at Carmi by Mr 

Samuel Morgan, engineer of the waterworks.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from Carm 

are given in Table 44. The percentage composition of the dry residu 

is given in Table 17.

The quality of water at Carmi is exceedingly variable, probabl; 

owing in some measure to the influence of Skillet Fork, the drainag 

basin of which is typical of southern Illinois. The average variatic' 

in dissolved solids at Carmi is 17 per cent of the mean value, and th 

range from maximum to minimum is 73 per cent of the mean value.

During the greater part of the time water from Little Wabas1 

contains a large amount of finely divided material which can not b 

removed by any simple filtration. On account of the small amount 

of calcium and magnesium in the water it is very satisfactory fo 

use in steam boilers or for any other purpose where the turbidity an< 

iron do not cause inconvenience.

CACHE RIVER.

Drainage. Although Ohio River once discharged wholly or in par 

through the Cache Valley, the region now drained by Cache Rive 

has an area of only about 600 square miles, comprising the great par 

of the State south of the Ozark ridge. There are extensive swamp 

in the drainage basin of Cache River, but it is nevertheless subjec 

to floods of considerable magnitude.

Samples. Daily samples were collected and daily gage height 

read by Mr. J. F. Anderson at the Illinois Central pumping static' 

where the railroad crosses the river below Mounds.

Quality of water. Analyses of the composite samples from Mound 

are given in Table 45. In Table 17 is given the percentage composi 

tion of an average analysis for each of the three rivers draining th 

southern part of the State. Although the Muddy differs from th 

other two more than they do from each other, still the similarity o 

the three waters is evident from a study of the percentage composi 

tion. They all contain a much larger percentage of sodium salts tha' 

the rivers of northern Illinois. The proportion of magnesium t 

calcium is very much less than in the northern rivers. The Mudd; 

contains more sulphate than carbonate on account of the min 

drainage referred to on page 40. The proportion of silica in thes 

streams is much larger than that in the northern rivers. Part of thi 

silica is not actually in solution in the water but is in the fine! 

divided suspended matter which was not removed. In the sum of th

oBartow, Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois'. Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21,1907.
MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 53

radicles, which is given in Table 17 as salinity, no account is taken of the 

material insoluble in hydrochloric acid and not volatilized by hydrofluoric acid, although this amounted in many samples to as much 

as five parts per million. On this account the salinity is noticeably 

lower than the values obtained for the dissolved solids.

With the exception of the waters of some reservoirs or ponds, certain shallow wells, and Lake Michigan, these river waters are the 

softest in the State and are thus excellent for use in steam boilers. 

The large amount of iron, which can not be removed without a 

coagulant, makes the waters unsatisfactory for laundry us^.

TABLE 17. Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered river water in southern

Illinois.

Carbonate (OO3 ). . .................................................

Chlorine (Cl) .......................................................

Nitrate (NO3 ) ......................................................

Silica (Si02 ) ........................................................

Muddv 

River at 

Murphy sboro.

17.1

35.0

6.2

1.0

I9 2

5.6

9.9

11.5

1.5

100.0

206

Little 

Wabash 

River at 

Carmi.

27.5

20.3

4.7

1.3

12.6

5.8

9.5

16. 5

1.8

1CO.O

158

Cache 

River at 

Mounds.

31.1

14.0

5.0

1.5

14.0

4.4

11.1

10. 2

2.7

100.0

136

OHIO RIVER.

Ohio River is used as a source of supply by the cities of Golconda 

and Metropolis, and at one time furnished part of the municipal supply of Cairo. No analyses were made in Illinois of water from Ohio 

River, as it has been extensively studied at a number of places, especially Cincinnati and Louisville, where it is used as a source of city 

supply. It is the usual turbid, hard water of a stream entering the 

Mississippi from the east. Where well water can be obtained along 

its shores, it is usually much better than the river water, so that the 

only use for the river water is in cities too large to be supplied by

wells.

MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES.

It is usually believed that any community with a population of 

over 1,000 should have a common water supply. Mary cities in 

Illinois with less than 1,000 inhabitants have municipal supplies, 

while only a few with more are without one, and most of these are 

considering the question of installing a waterworks system.

WELLS.

For individual supplies wells have long been the most satisfactory 

source. In Illinois these may be shallow wells 15 to 30 feet deep,
54 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS.

wells in drift 70 to 150 feet deep, or wells in rock 500 to 2,000 feet 

deep. Probably the number of supplies from shallow wells is greater 

than that of all other kinds put together. The rumber of persons 

served by such wells is, however, not over half the population of the 

State, for very few large supplies are obtained from this source.

Over a great part of the State wells 70 to 150 feet deep furnish 

an abundant supply of water. In many places this water is of such 

a nature that on exposure to the air it becomes turbid and furnishes opportunity for the growth of microscopic organisms which 

give unpleasant tastes or odors to the water. The city supplies at 

Champaign and Bloomington are of this type. Water from shallow 

wells is subject to pollution, and in any fairly densely populated 

community almost certain to be unsafe for drinking, but wells deep 

in the drift give a water that is perfectly safe.

A number of individuals and several cities obtain a supply of 

water from deep wells in rock. At most of the cities, as Sterling, 

Rockford, and Elgin, this water, in addition to being perfectly safe 

to drink, contains less dissolved mineral matter tl an surface water? 

or shallow well waters in the same neighborhood. These deep-well 

waters may be drawn upon at a normal rate for a very long time 

without showing any loss of head, but nearly everywhere the quantity which can be obtained, even by increasing the number of wells, 

is decidedly limited. This has driven many cities to adopt surface 

water as a source of supply.

SURFACE SUPPLIES. 

UNTREATED WATERS.

Almost any surface water in Illinois is sure to be polluted and dangerous to use for drinking. The largest user of surface water in the 

State is the city of Chicago, which is supplied by water from Lake 

Michigan. This water has in times past been so seriously polluted 

as to have a decided effect upon the death rate of the city, but within 

the last few years improvements have been made which render it 

reasonably safe. The intakes have been extended so that water is 

pumped from a distance of 2 to 4 miles from the shore, making it 

probable that the water will be free from any accidental small pollution which may reach the lake. The opening of the Chicago drainage 

canal removed practically all the Chicago sewage from Lake Michigan. 

A few cities obtain supplies from reservoirs fed by springs or smal 

streams with an uninhabited drainage basin, and these supplies, with 

careful supervision, may be kept free from contamination.

PURIFICATION.

By far the greater number of Illinois cities of lar^e size obtain theii 

water supplies from surface waters which are badly polluted. Fortunately for the health of the community, most cf these sources o:
MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 55

supply furnish a" water of high turbidity, which must be removed to 

make the water attractive in appearance. In many places this turbidity is caused by particles of extremely small size, often of a size 

comparable with that of bacteria, and any process which will effectively remove them will at the same time remove the bacteria which 

may be dangerous. In several cities where no purification of the 

water is attempted, the municipal supply is not used for domestic 

purposes.

Sedimentation. The simplest method of purification of a turbid 

water is mere sedimentation. If a number of the surface waters of 

Illinois are subjected to sedimentation for a few days a large proportion of the suspended matter will be removed, but for most waters of 

the State mere sedimentation is not likely to prove satisfactory. 

The suspended matter consists of particles so small that they settle 

very slowly, and to allow sufficient time for satisfactory sedimentation would require the building of very large storage reservoirs. The 

amount of land necessary for these reservoirs, together with the cost 

of construction, makes this method out of the question for the clarification of the water.

Sand filtration. At a few places in Illinois purification of the water 

is accomplished by means of slow sand filtration. If a water is comparatively free from turbidity, slow sand filtration is a very effective 

method of purifying it. Ordinarily turbidity and bacteria are very 

effectively removed and the effluent is clear and safe for drinking. 

The changes in the mineral content of the water caused by filtering 

through a layer of sand and gravel 3 to 6 inches deep are, however, 

not of any consequence.

Mechanical filtration. Illinois waters very rarely lend themselves 

to treatment by slow sand filtration, on account of the fineness of their 

suspended matter, and to meet the needs of water of tlN is class the 

process known as mechanical filtration has been devised. In this 

process the water is treated with a certain amount of some chemical 

or chemicals which will form a large, flaky precipitate or, as it is 

called, coagulant. The water with this precipitate is then flowed 

upon a filter of coarse sand, through which it filters very rapidly, giving 

an effluent perfectly clear and fairly free from bacteria. In this process the filters soon become clogged with the precipitate which holds 

the bacteria and suspended matter of the water. Therefore after 

running a short time the supply of water is shut off and clear filtered 

water is forced,back through the sand to wash away the film of precipitate from the top. This process wastes some of the pure filtered 

water. One disadvantage of this form of treatment is that it requires 

much more expert attention than a slow sand filter. Another disadvantage is that, as sometimes operated, the effluent from a mechanical filtration plant is much less satisfactory than the untreated water 

for many industrial uses.
56 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

Some of the early mechanical filtration plants accomplished the 

removal of silt and bacteria by the addition of no chemical except 

aluminum sulphate, which, reacting with the calcium and magnesium 

bicarbonates of the water, would give a precipitate of aluminum 

hydroxide. This precipitate is the best coagulant hnown. It carries 

down with itself all the finely divided suspended matter, much of the 

color of the water, and a very large proportion of the bacteria.

With a water deficient in bicarbonates, it is sorretimes difficult to 

obtain a satisfactory precipitate by the addition of aluminum sulphate 

alone. In the early days of mechanical filtration about the only 

directions furnished by those who erected the plants were that when 

the water was clear a small amount of alum should be added and that 

when the water became turbid a larger amount should be uspd. At 

the time when analyses were being made for this report difficulty was 

experienced at the Kankakee waterworks in obtaining satisfactory 

clarification for the water, which was at a very high stage. a Aluminum sulphate was being added to the water at the rate of about 14 

grains to the gallon. From analyses of the composite samples from 

 Kankakee River at this time, however, it was evident that all the 

bicarbonates in one gallon of water would combine with only about 2 

grains of alum, leaving for the consumers the other 12 grains which 

was being added to the water. Thus the aluminum sulphate was 

being wasted, the water was rendered less valuable to the consumers, 

and it was not clarified in a satisfactory manner. At present the 

Kankakee River water is being treated before filtration with lime and 

sulphate of iron in such proportions as to improve the character of 

the water for industrial purposes, and at the saire time to make it 

clear and safe for drinking.

Softening. For a number of years the Mississippi water at Quincy 

has been treated with lime and sulphate of iron in such proportions as 

materially to decrease its hardness. If the water is thus softened the 

amount of scale-forming materials will be so much decreased that with 

care in operation there will be much less scale formed than with the 

untreated water. In some studies which have Hen made by the 

Illinois State Water Survey 6 it has been pointed out that the cost 

of partial softening is in many cases a very small proportion of the 

cost of softening to the greatest possible extent; and it is probable 

that with proper management most of the surface waters of Illinois 

that are used for municipal supply could be softened to such an extent 

as to increase their value materially without adding very much tc 

their cost. No municipality in Illinois attempts to remove the

a Mr. Cobb, superintendent of the waterworks, has described this experience in a paper read before th 

Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors. See Eng. News, vol. 59, p. 119.

b Bartow, E., and Lindgren, J. M., Some reactions during water treatment: Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., vol 

29,p. 1293.
INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. 57

permanent hardness from water, the softening consisting merely in 

adding to the water more lime than is necessary to combine with the 

sulphate of iron or aluminum which is used to furnish the coagulant 

for clarification.

INDUSTRIAL USES OP WATER. 

GENERAL STATEMENT.

Of the water used in Illinois, where the amount and character of 

the dissolved mineral matter are of great importance, by far the 

largest quantity is used in the production of steam pover. Many 

other extensive uses, however, require water of the same quality as 

is needed for the generation of steam; for instance, in slaughtering 

and preparing meat products much hot water of that grade is required. 

Laundry work can not be well done with a water containing a large 

amount of calcium or magnesium salts, or with water that is not 

clear and free from iron. The quality of distilled and malt liquors 

depends very largely on the kind of water used in the treatment of 

the grain. Calcium sulphate is said to have a beneficial effect, but 

large quantities of sodium or calcium chloride are supposed to be 

injurious. Of course a clear water free from organic matter is to be 

desired. The distilleries in Illinois generally use well water. The 

manufacturers of soap, candles, glucose, leather, and several minor 

products all require certain degrees of purity in the water used. In 

the manufactured iron, steel, and foundry products, on the other 

hand, the chief requirement in the way of water is for power. In 

general, the best water for industrial use is clear, soft water.

LAUNDRY WATER.

Very few river waters of Illinois are suitable for laundry work 

without some form of purification. Those in the northern part of 

the State are hard and most of those in the southern part, where 

some river and reservoir waters are soft enough to be used, are turbid 

and contain much iron. For individual family washing the problem 

is easily solved in all parts of the State, as the rainfall is great enough 

to furnish a supply of rain water at all times of the year if a cistern 

of sufficient capacity is constructed and the rain collected on the 

roof is stored in the cistern.

This method, however, is not usually possible for laundries which, 

in Illinois, must nearly always soften their water supply in some 

manner, whatever its source. To use enough soap to soften the 

water and then make a suds is very expensive and usually unsatisfactory. The calcium and magnesium in the water form insoluble 

soaps which are not easy to remove from the clothes and vdiich make 

spots when the articles are ironed. Many laundries soften the water
58 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

by the liberal use of lye and other chemicals which are applied in no 

very definite amounts. The most satisfactory and economical 

method for softening ordinary Illinois waters for laundry use is by 

a plant such as is used for treating boiler-feed water. Where such a 

plant has been properly installed and has been managed with ordinary care, the saving in soap or softening chemicals has paid for the 

plant in a few years, leaving the improvement in the laundering as 

clear gain.

STEAM-BOILER WATER.

The census of manufactures of Illinois for 1905 gives the amount of 

steam power used in the State for manufacturing as 651,578 horsepower. This does not include the power generated by locomotives 

nor a large amount of steam generated for heating.

It is not easy to figure the amount of water used in the different 

forms of steam production. The railway locomotive uses up the most. 

The less efficient types of stationary engines waste much steam and 

condense little to be fed to the boiler again. Steam-heating plants, 

on the other hand, condense their steam and return, it to the boiler, 

very little fresh water being added. In manufacturing the practice 

varies, ranging from one extreme, where, as in a locomotive, no steam 

is condensed, to the other extreme, where, as in a heating plant, 

practically all the steam is condensed and used over again.

Troubles in a steam boiler where hard water is used are very largely 

dependent on the amount of fresh water put into the boiler. Many 

feed waters contain small amounts of carbonates or bicarbonates and 

large amounts of chlorine with much magnesium and cause serious 

corrosion of the shells and tubes of boilers. Such waters are usually 

best treated by the method outlined below for softening hard waters. 

A very few surface waters are corrosive. These are found mainly near 

the coal mines, where the water is made acid by the mine drainage. 

Unless the acidity is too great it may be corrected by the use of soda 

ash, but the best remedy is to avoid water that receives mine drainage.

Nearly all the waters used in Illinois for the production of steam 

contain large amounts of salts of calcium and magnesium, which cause 

much trouble in boilers, forming, unless very carefully watched, a considerable amount of scale. If a water contains enough carbonate and 

bicarbonate to combine with all the calcium and magnesium present, 

the calcium and magnesium are separated in a flocculent form when 

the water is fed into a boiler and heated. This material, together with 

the material suspended in the water, falls to the bottom of the boiler 

as a soft sludge and may be blown out from time to time. None of 

the waters that have been analyzed in the preparation of this report, 

however, contain enough carbonate and bicarbonate to combine 

with all the calcium and magnesium. As a result, when a boiler using
INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. 59

any of these waters is run for some time, calcium ard sulphates 

accumulate to such an extent that calcium sulphate is precipitated 

on the shell or the tubes of the boiler. This precipitate serves as 

a cement and makes a hard coherent mass out of the soft sludge 

formed by the precipitation of the carbonates, bicarbonates, and suspended matter. This suspended matter, which is often as much as the 

dissolved material in the water, causes the river waters to form much 

more scale than would be formed by a clear water containing the same 

dissolved mineral matter.

SOFTENING.

At many small power plants water in steam boilers is treated with 

so-called boiler compounds. These compounds are many and 

greatly varied in character. Their most valuable constituent is soda 

ash; some compounds contain sugar, tannin, and various other organic substances. Very few of these compounds are any better than 

plain soda ash and many are worse. Their only advantage is in preventing the formation of hard scale, for, with or without their use, the 

salts of calcium and magnesium will accumulate in the form of sludge 

and must be blown out.

In a good many plants, especially in some of moderate size, the 

water, before reaching the boiler, is purified to a certain extent simply 

by heating. This causes a separation in the heater of a considerable 

proportion of the substances which would otherwise be separated in 

the boiler. This method is not a great improvement over using the 

water without any purification, the main difference being that the 

sludge has to be removed from the feed-water heater rather than from 

the boiler. Sometimes the water in its passage through the heater 

is treated with sodium carbonate or soda ash; when properly conducted this process insures the removal of practically all the calcium and magnesium, leaving nothing to go into the boiler that can 

form hard scale.

The best steam-boiler practice is to so soften the water that no 

calcium and magnesium salts can be precipitated within the boiler. 

To accomplish this purpose the cold water is usually treated with 

lime and soda ash, which are dissolved in water either separately or 

together and mixed in definite proportion with the water to be 

treated. In ordinary water-softening practice it is customary to 

add a quantity of lime equivalent to the calcium and magnesium 

present in the water as bicarbonates, and soda ash equivalent to all 

the calcium and magnesium not present in the form of bicarbonates. 

A further quantity of lime is added equivalent to all the magnesium 

present, whether as bicarbonate or as some other salt. Still more 

lime is added to unite with the excess of carbon dioxide in the water 

above the amount necessary to form bicarbonates. Other factors, as
60 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF TLLIFOIS.

the presence of sodium bicarbonate, iron, aluminurr, and other substances, affect the amount of chemicals to be added, tut the treatment 

outlined above has proved satisfactory with many Illinois surface 

waters. If the dosing is properly done, practically all the lime and 

magnesium are precipitated, settling to the bottom of the tank in 

which the reaction is carried out. The clear water is then perfectly 

satisfactory for use in a boiler. It still contains enough salts of calcium and magnesium to prevent corrosion, but not enough to form 

any scale if the boiler is blown off reasonably often. River waters in 

Illinois carry so much suspended matter that it is well worth while to 

go to some expense to keep it out of a boiler.

In order that the different waters which have been studied for this 

report may be compared as to their value for the production of steam, 

the cost of softening has been calculated from the average analysis of 

the water from each station. In Table 18 are given the results of this 

calculation, showing the amount of lime and the amount of soda ash 

needed to soften 1,000 gallons of the water. The cost is figured on 

the basis of 0.3 cent a pound for pure lime (CaO) and 1.2 cents a pound 

for pure sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ). Commercial lime and soda ash 

can easily be bought at prices enough below these to offset the difference in amount of pure CaO and Na2CO3 . The figures form an approximate measure of the value of the water for steaming purposes. 

There is a great difference between the cost of 0.27 cent per 1,000 gallons for Lake Michigan or 0.16 cent for Cache River and the. cost of 

over 1 cent for Vermilion River at Streator or Fox Piver at Ottawa. 

The range from 0.6 cent to 1.1 cents per 1,000 gallon^ will, however, 

include the river waters which are most used. The rise from about 

0.4 cent at Moline and Quincy to 0.65 cent at Chester shows the great 

influence of Missouri River on the quality of the Mississippi River 

water.

The actual cost of softening 1,000 gallons of ws.ter from any of 

these rivers would of course be much more than is given in the table, 

for it must include depreciation of the plant, interest on the investment, and expense of operation. These items depend, however, more 

on the size of the installation than on the quality of the water. In 

a few places the great variability in quality causes a slight increase 

in the cost of operation by requiring special care to make the doses 

of chemicals correspond to the variations in the water, but it is more 

usual to allow this variation in quality to appear in the over or under 

treatment of the water, the dose remaining the same.
CONCLUSIONS. 

TABLK 18. Cost of softening Illinois surface voters.

61

Source.

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Vermilion River (of Illinois River) ....

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Do.................................

Little Wabash River. ..................

Station.

Elgin.......................

LaSalle.....................

Chemicals requi-ed per 

thousand gallons.

Lime 

(CaO).

Pounds. 

0.78 

.20 

.35 

.39

L45 

1.53 

1.23 

1.60 

1.67 

1.48 

1.52 

1.41 

1.46 

1.20 

1.16 

1.16 

1.51 

1.20 

.51 

.83 

.98 

.98 

1.41 

1.41 

1.11 

.51 

.44

Soda ash

(Na2C03 ).

Pounds. 

0.03 

.08 

.26 

.16 

.06 

.07 

.16 

.48

.'49 

.52 

.21 

.23 

.20 

.42 

.40 

.31 

.21 

.22 

.47 

.10 

.10 

.29 

.34 

.19

!l4 

.02

Cost per 

thousand 

gallons.

Cents. 

0.27 

.16 

.41 

.31 

.14 

.52 

.64 

.94 

.80 

1.09 

1.07 

.71 

.69 

.68 

.87 

.83 

.72 

.70 

.62 

.71 

.37 

.41 

.64 

.83 

.65 

.63 

.32 

.16

CONCLUSIONS.

1. Compared with surface waters of the United States as a whole, 

the surface waters of Illinois are fairly uniform in quality throughout 

the State.

2. The best large supply of water in the State is Lake Michigan.

3. Water in the reservoirs and rivers of the southern part of the 

State is softer than that of northern rivers. The turbidity is less in 

the northern rivers and is much more easily removed than that of 

the southern streams.

4. None of the river waters are clear enough to furnish a satisfactory city supply without treatment. Treatment which will clarify 

the water and give it a pleasing appearance can be made to yield from 

most rivers a water safe for drinking.

5. The value for industrial use of nearly all the surface waters may 

be greatly increased by softening.

6. The daily and seasonal variations in quality render necessary 

careful daily supervision to insure the best results in s.nj form of 

purification.

7. The quality of Illinois River water is made more uniform by the 

operation of the Chicago drainage canal.

8. The impounding of flood waters for the purpose of regulating the 

discharge of the rivers would greatly improve the quality of the water.
62 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

The turbidity would be decreased, and the variations in amount of 

dissolved material would be much less. The extreme values occur in 

the times of very high and very low water, which would be eliminated 

by the impounding.

ANALYTICAL TABLES.

TABLE 19. Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Cartter, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 25 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 2 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 11 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Mean

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 13 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 18 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

Per ct. of anhydrous residue...

>,

"2 

2

a

EH

120 

50 

60 

30 

30 

60

30 

50

30 

100 

50 

105 

100 

50 

40 

40 

50

120 

100 

100 

70 

90

120 

140

100 

90 

65

35

72

Suspended matter.

44 

19 

25 

18 

15 

23

16 

19

17 

53 

26 

36 

23 

34 

15 

30 

29

51 

65 

31

27 

29

80

27

71 

70 

25

16

33

of fine- Coefficient 

ness.

0.4 

.4 

.4 

.6 

.5 

.4

.5 

.4

.6 

.5 

.5 

.3 

.2 

.7 

.4 

.8 

.6

.4 

.6

'."l

.2

. 7

. 7 

.8 

.4

.4

. 0

).Silica (SiO2

12 

7.4 

5.8 

7.6 

9.2 

5.4

11

7.2

9.6 

13 

14 

28 

26 

15 

16 

21 

17

19 

18 

20 

21 

23

11 

29

27 

17 

26

14

16 

20.0

(Fe). Iron 

0.40 

.50 

.55 

.05 

.12 

.10

.25 

.50

1.6 

2.0 

1.6 

.08 

1.7 

1.5 

1.2 

2.3 

2.5

2.1 

4.5 

1.9

2.6 

2.8

.74 

11

2.8 

3.2 

3.2

1.0

1.9 

a3.4

(Ca). Calcium 

13

4.6 

11 

8.0 

8,1 

11

11

9.1

6.4 

11 

6.8 

5.0 

9.2 

8.5 

7.4 

6.1 

7.0

7.4 

7.7 

9.6 

7.9 

12

8.5 

11

14 

12 

10

9.8

9.0 

11.4

(Mg). Magnesium 

6.1 

4.6 

5.7 

 3.8 

3.8 

4.0

7.6 

4.5

2.4 

5.3 

4.9 

3.6 

3.5 

3.5 

2.2 

2.6 

1.7

3.5 

3.3

2.8 

2.6 

2.7

2.7

2.7

3.2 

2.7 

1.9

4.2

3.6 

4.5

Sodium andpotas- 

(Na+K). sium 

7.1 

14 

5.5 

5.0 

5.7

8.1

8.2

11

8.6 

6.8 

8.0 

12 

7.6 

9.6 

12 

11

12 

10 

9.5

8.7 

6.5

11 

6.9

9.2 

5.5 

6.9

6.0

8.6 

10.8

radicle Carbonate 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

,0

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0

.0 

.0 

0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

20.8

radicle Bicarbonate 

(HC0 ).3

45 

2£ 

46 

30 

29 

32

47 

39

31

35 

41 

36 

25 

32 

27 

30

27 

25 

37

27 

22

27 

20

35 

51 

44

46

34

o "o

1 

aSC8 v-'

1

CQ

20 

11 

16 

10 

12 

11

17

18

17 

17 

19 

10 

21 

17 

18 

18 

17

19 

19 

21 

17

27

15 

18

14 

14 

14

14

16 

20.0

radicle Nitrate 

(N0»).

3.2 

1.8 

3.0 

2.0 

1.6 

2.0

2.0 

1.5

2.0 

3.0 

2.5 

3.0 

2.0 

1.5 

2.7 

1.0 

1.4

2.5 

3.0 

1.5 

1.7 

1.0

3.0 

1.2

2.4 

3.0 

1.6

1.7

2.1

2.6

(Cl). Chlorine 

8.2 

1.2 

2.5 

2.0 

2.0 

3.0

3.0 

4.5

8.7 

4.0 

3.2 

4.0 

5.0 

3.7 

5.0 

8.0 

6.0

7.5 

6.5 

6.0 

5.8 

4.5

7.0 

7.0

5.5 

7.8 

6.3

7.3

. 5.2 

6.5

 O1

30

EH

103

62 

82 

64 

67 

68

81 

76

66 

93 

82 

106 

122 

89 

95 

93 

90

89 

100 

118 

100 

99

83 

128

117 

100 

116

83 

92
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 63

TABLE 20. Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Marion, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From To 

!

'

Aug. 1 Aug. 10

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 11

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 14

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 11

Dec. 25

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Feb. 24

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21 .._.._. 

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 6

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 8

Oct. 19

Oct. 31

Nov. 6

Nov. 19

Nov. 22

Dec. 14

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Feb. 27

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Mean. ...........

Per ct. of anhydrou. residue

a

i 3

a

"2

s

^

30

135

148

40

50

20

30

10.0

30

20

60

115

157

174

240

315

70

100

97

13

B

ft

3TJl

18

47

59

27

16

16

21

11

14

9.4

26

41

56

A

S

o

.2 fi

G

o

0

0.6

.3

.4

.7

.3

.8

.7

1.1

.5

.5

.4

.4

.4

72 1 .4

81 ! .4

160

22

73

43

.5

^^

O

2

ca

3

55

15

^

s

fi

g

0.80

8. 0 .14

5. 2 .12

6. 0 .05

5.2 .60

4.8 .10

7.2; .16

3.2| .06

11

26

5.0

16

18

24

25

.3 21

. 7

.5

19

13

9 6

.30

.05

.12

.70

2.2

2.2

3:6

2.5

1.1

"of

0

1

"~a

O

18

17

13

16

14

17

18

18

21

17

15

12

16

14

8.1

12

17

2. 0 , 15

.93

a 1 0

15

11.2

"So

^**

|

"33




1

^

12

& .

HM-j-

§16 "5"

.11 13' 

OJ

22

7.1 15

7.9 17

10

10

8.4

7.0

10

12

13

4.9

4.3

5. 2

11

2.9

5.2

6.9

8.9

8.2

6.1

20

12

11

16

20

20

18

13

11

21

17

15

12

18

1

 3 

ca

*H .

05 O

gS

o

ca O

05 [3

i

" X %

1°

o ]r{ "I"

o

3

0.0 75

.0 55

.0 43

.0 51

.0 62

.0 55

.0 46

.0 62

.0 77

.0 103

.0 46

.0 46

1

H -1 .

05°

-«£.

1-3EC

51

"3

1(H .

oo

03 5-

43

 '

^

0.5

40 1. 8

3'3 1.0

3? 1. 7

3<3 .6

35 3.5

41 .6

4i 1.0

50 .5

44 1.0

43 1.2

31 3.5

.0 26 40 1.5

.0 ...... 4^ 2.0

s~^

'§I

3

7.7

8.0

6.5

8.0

8.0

8.0

9.0

10

11

9.5

7.5

4.5

6.5

13

.0 45, 30 3.0 4.5

.0 31! 42 3.0 5.2

.0 201 85 1.7

27 .0 29 74 2.5

17

12.6

.0

18 7

i

51 45

33.4

13

9.3

1.7

1.3

8.3

6.1

-3

1

-3"S

^

179

150

113

127

124

122

129

132

142

139

112

121

129

174

124

149

172

185

140
64 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 21. Mineral analyses of water frmi reservoir near Cypress, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 20 

Oct. 31 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 21 

Dec. 2 

Dec. 12 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct. 

drous

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 26 

Nov. 8 

Nov. IS 

Nov. 31 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

of anhyTurbidity.

150 

125

110 

100 

50 

127 

108

60 

70

290

620 

270 

165 

100

90 

450 

375 

55 

112 

110 

220 

150

170 

95 

80 

30 

30 

30

155

Suspended matter.

60 

62

37 

43 

38 

94 

47

30 

42

138

72 

47 

19

65 

105 

46 

55 

46 

26 

72 

154

123 

66 

36 

31 

17 

16

59

Coefficient offineness.

0.4 

.5

.3

.4 

.8 

.7 

.4

.5 

.6

.5

.3 

.3

. 2

.7 

.2 

.1 

1.0 

.4 

. 2 

.3 

1.0

.7 

.7 

.4 

1.0 

.6 

.5

.5

O

02

c3

_O

02

12 

6.2

6.4 

8.6 

7.0 

14 

25

18 

11

45

37 

72 

45 

6.0

41 

59 

62 

61 

43 

52 

25 

8.6

12 

15 

17 

13

7.2 

8.4

29 

19.7

Iron (Fe).

0.80 

.14

.60 

.10 

.06 

.35 

2.0

1.1

.8

4.9

8.0 

13 

2.0 

2.0

(Ca). Calcium 

19 

19

17 

17 

18 

24 

20

25 

24

16

10 

14 

14

7

8.4 

7.8 

16 

9.1 

14 

.4 

7.41 

.52

.38 

1.3 

.18 

.50 

.18 

.41

3.7

11 

16 

14 

16 

14 

16 

17 

15

22 

23 

26 

23 

25 

27

18 

12.2

(Mg). Magnesium 

11

8.8

10 

6.5 

8.7 

1.8 

13

14 

7.6

6.9

5.1 

6.1 

5.2 

3.0

5.9 

5.2 

2.0 

5.3 

5.2 

5.2 

5.8 

4.6

9.3

7.9 

6.4 

5.8 

6.4 

7.4

7.0

4.8

Is 

"§'« ll

02

21 

13

10 

7.9 

13 

18 

22

19 

18

9.1

13 

15 

14 

11

9.8 

11 

13 

11 

12 

11 

14 

9.8

18 

9.9 

4.3 

7.4 

6.3 

11

13

8.8 _. _

Carbonate radicle 

(CO,).

0.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.6

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

22.4

Bicarbonateradicle 

(HC0 ).8

121 

81

78 

75 

77 

59 

62

92 

66

34

51 

54 

47 

54

32 

47 

47 

47 

47 

42 

74 

57

64 

79 

97 

80 

97 

104

67

"o 

-3

03 

t-t .

03'-' 

02

27

29

26 

28 

24 

64 

46

50 

53

34

29 

37 

36 

19

33

28 

28 

38 

31 

29 

40 

34

34 

20

27 

24 

26 

26

33 

°2 4

Nitrate radicle 

(NO,).

0.3

.7

.5 

3.4 

.9 

1.5 

2. 5

1.5 

3.0

2.5

4.5 

5.0 

2.0 

3.5

3.2 

2.3 

3.0 

1.6 

1.7 

1.8 

2.6 

3.4

2 2 

LO 

2.0 

2.0 

1.3 

1.4

2. 2 

1.5

(Cl). Chlorine 

7.7 

6.0

7.0 

6.0 

7.0 

9.0 

9.5

9.5 

9.5

6.5

6.5 

4.7 

7.2 

5.3

6.8 

8.5 

7.5 

6.0 

6.0 

5.5 

6.5 

6.8

6.5 

7.'0 

4.8 

6.0 

5.5 

6.0

6.8 

4.6

Total solids.

152 

122

119 

132 

118 

182

187

182 

165

185

156 

241

189 

89

169 

207 

232 

224 

182 

205 

194 

124

164 

149 

145 

136 

137 

140

165

«Fe2O3 .
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 65

TABLE 22. Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Joppa, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 14 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 20 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 22 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 2 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Mean

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 7 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

Turbidity.

135 

140

40

40 

40 

SO

80 

70

128

164 

188 

135 

90 

70 

90 

145 

130 

120 

120 

115

112 

120

170 

300 

100 

95

116

Suspended matter.

43 

49

Coefficient offineness.

0.3

26 .6

22 .6 

25 .6 

30 .4

30 .4 

23 .3

46

87 

43 

21 

22 

33 

46 

88 

32 

32 

48 

71

95 

116

160 

318 

131

87

66

.4

.5

.2 

.2 

2

. 5 

.5

.4 

.6

.8 

1.0

.9 

1.1 

1.3 

.9

. 5

Silica (SiO ).2

Iron (Fe).

15

9.8

0.7 

.30

8. 2 .30

9.4 

13 

19

.15 

.6 

.6

15 1.2 

20 3.0

29 | 3. 2

33 

32 

31 

34 

28 

32 

35 

28 

56 

40 

8.0

19 

10

11 

15

7.8 

19

22 

22.8

4.4 

6.5 

4.2 

6.4 

3.2 

8.4 

7.8 

7.8 

7.6 

9.9 

5.6

1.9

.95

.34 

1.6 

.44 

3.2

3.5 

«5.2

(Ca). Calcium 

7.4

8.7

12

14 

16 

14

14

8.5

9.2

7.0 

9.6 

6.8 

7.4 

7.0 

17 

6.6 

10 

10 

7.9 

10.0

7.0 

14

'So

s 

1C3

a

Sodium andpotassium (Na+K).

6.6 1 10.0

4.4 11

5.3

8.3 

6.7 

5.8

4.2 

3.8

4.9

3.0 

0.87 

4.8 

2.6 

2.4 

3.0 

5.5 

0.86 

3.5 

3.3 

4.0

2.1 

3.7

9.4 

10.0 

12 

12

10 

10.4

4.8 

2.6 

2.7 

4.8

4.0 

4.1

9.9

8.8 

14 

13

10 

14

11

12 

12 

7.6 

6.2 

13 

4.9 

9.5 

9.5 

7.6 

7.1 

5.4

Carbonate radicle 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0

Bicarbonate radicle 

(HC0 ).3

46 

43

.0 56

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

6.8 .0 

9.3 .0

7.0

5.5 

2.5 

6.8

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

9. 0| . 0 

9.3 22.0

58 

70

77

49 

56

4i 

1

37

27

37 

27 

25 

40 

30

22 

30

66 

49 

49 

41

43

Sulphate radicle 

(S0 1.4

16 

15

14

14 

20

22

24 

20

18

24 

20 

18 

9.7 

23 

24 

39 

22 

19 

16 

29

Nitrate radicle 

(N0 ).3

2.7 

3.0

3.0

3.0 

2.0

1.8

1.5 

1.5

1.2 

2.5 

3.0 

6.0 

1.2 

1.2 

1.4 

2.3 

1.2 

0.9 

0.8

19 1.6 

18 1.3

16 0.3 

14 0.6 

14 0.6 

14 3.0

19 1.9 

19. 7 2. 0

Chlorine (Cl).

4.5 

6.5

5.0

4.0 

4.5 

4.3

3.5 

3.2

3.7 

4.5 

4.0 

7.0 

4.7 

3.0 

4.8 

4.2 

3.4 

3.5 

3.5

3.8 

5.8

3.0 

4.8 

6.0 

3.5

4.3

4.5

Total solids.

98 

96

87

94 

102

127

96 

104

121

129 

133 

112 

129 

110 

130 

138 

163 

158 

129 

130

89 

72

74 

82 

73 

99

111

28987 IRR 239 10 5
66 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLIFQIS.

TABLE 23 Mineral analyses of water from Rock River near Rockford, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 20 

Nov. 1 

Nov. 10 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct. 

drous

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 8 

Oct. 18 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 29 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 7 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

of anhyK-i 

 +J ' B 

2

3

&H

450 

228 

310 

148 

140 

60 

60 

30

20 

10.0

20 

15 

10.0 

380 

290 

177 

50 

40 

80 

20

270

35.

40 

70 

80 

100 

110 

210 

240 

340

134

Suspended matter.

198 

115 

142 

78 

65 

34 

43 

19

11 

4.0

17 

6.4 

16 

150 

354 

96 

31 

23 

39 

16

270

24

45 

75 

70 

107 

101 

192 

179 

241

92

of Coemcient fineness.

0.4

.5 

.4 

.5 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.6

.6 

.4

.9 

.4 

1.6 

.4 

1.2 

.5 

.6 

.6 

.5 

.8

1.0

.7

1.1 

1.1 

.9 

1.1 

.9 

.9 

.7 

.7

.7

Silica (SiO ).2

14 

22 

19 

20 

6.6 

15 

8.8 

13

13 

11

13 

12 

18 

21 

18 

17 

22 

18 

13 

13

16

8.0

9.2

8.8 

8.6 

8.8 

15 

21 

18 

28

15 

6 0

Iron (Fe).

0.20 

.24 

1.7 

.12 

.50 

.08 

.04 

.07

.05 

.04

.07 

.13 

.14 

1.5

.8 

1.2 

.7 

.26 

1.8 

.25

.39

.16

.15 

.15

.26 

.18 

.17

.78 

.54 

.38

.44 

a 2

Calcium (Ca).

32 

29 

28 

40 

41 

54 

44 

52

53 

55

48 

52 

57 

35 

32 

28 

39 

46 

34 

44

41

50

52 

51 

53 

57 

62 

51 

53 

48

45 

18.0

(Mg). Magnesium 

19 

21 

17 

26 

22 

33 

26 

26

33 

32

Sodium andpotassium (Na+K).

11 

11 

11 

7.9 

11 

18 

10.0 

13

12 

7.5

32 9.5 

32 13 

34 14 

19 16 

18 10 

14 11 

23 12 

25 9.0 

17 9.2 

26 ( 7. 9

20 7.6

36 4.8

22 

27 

29 

33 

29 

20 

24 

24

25 

10.0

8.2 

11 

8.2 

7.7 

9.2 

7.6 

7.2 

11

10 

4.0

Carbonate radicle 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

49 6

Bicarbonateradicle 

(HC0 ).3

187 

174 

161 

253 

272 

215 2~9 

3'5

370 

3<4

231 

3<0 

317 

184 

2' 8 

139 

234 

205 

176 

227

208

2)4

2>J

2?7 

237 

272 

23' 

230 

253 

226

252

<s "3

1 

S g

c«^ s,

 3

tK

17 

21 

16 

22 

18 

15 

16 

17

19 

21

21 

25 

34 

28 

30 

17 

30 

21 

19 

22

24

24

25 

23 

25 

25 

19 

18 

13 

20

22

8.8

Nitrate radicle

(N0 ).3

3.0 

3.6 

2.5 

3.5 

3.6 

4.0 

4 0 

4.0

5.0 

3.5

4.0 

4.0 

4.0 

4.0 

4.0 

3.0 

3.5 

5.5 

4.5 

7.0

2.8

2.5

9.0 

3.2 

3.6 

4.0 

3.0 

6.0 

6.0 

2.5

4.1

Chlorine (Cl).

5.5 

2.5 

6.0 

4.5 

4.5 

5.5 

4.5 

5.0

4.5 

6.0

5.2 

7.5 

5.5 

3.5 

4.0 

5.0 

5.0 

5.5 

6.0 

5.8

2.8

5.0

3.0 

4.0 

3.0 

3.0 

3.5 

2.5 

3.0 

6.0

4.6 

1.8

2 

1

"3

1

207 

198 

179 

249 

229 

275 

243 

296

286 

287

256 

295 

320 

218 

228 

173 

243 

261 

194 

233

223

266

306 

268 

268 

275 

283 

243 

239 

247

250

a Fe2 O3 .
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 67

TABLE 24. Mineral analyses of ivaterfrom Rock River near Sterling, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 11 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 11 

Oct. 20 

Nov. 1 

Nov. 10 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 12 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 2 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Mean

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 17 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 7 

Oct. IS 

Oct. 28 

Nov. S 

Nov. 10 

Nov. 29 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 19 

Jan. 30 

Feb. 7 

Feb. 17 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

Per ct. of anhydrous residue. . .

Turbidity.

600 

425 

565 

410 

600 

290

144 

216 

100 

30 

60 

50 

50 

20 

280 

187 

210 

45 

40 

60 

60 

90 

110 

240 

80 

75 

55

285 

385 

200 

220 

475 

500 

618

229

Suspended matter.

422 

321 

402 

343 

463 

281

127 

168 

112 

21 

49 

115 

666 

28 

307 

111 

146 

42 

31 

54 

50 

44 

51 

178 

56 

69 

54

Coefficient offineness.

0.7

.8 

.7 

.8 

. 7 

1.0

.9 

.8 

1.1 

.7 

.8 

2.3 

13 

1.4 

1.1 

.6 

.5 

.9 

.8 

.9 

.8 

-5 

. 5 

.7

:!

1.0

277 1.0 

606 .7 

233; 1. 1 

127 .6 

481 1. 0 

969 1.9 

608 1.0

236 1.2

(Si0 ).Silica 2

11 

23 

23 

20 

17 

13

13 

13 

20 

0.8 

13 

17 

8.8 

12 

10 

26 

16 

17 

9.6 

12 

15 

20 

15 

15 

16 

9.6 

16

9.0 

13 

14 

IS 

13 

17 

24

15 

5.6

(Fe). Iron 

0.20 

.12 

2.4 

.12 

.30 

.10

.03 

.03 

.10 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.06 

.22 

.20 

.56 

1.3 

.64 

.40 

.13 

.21 

.14 

.26 

.46 

.20 

.32 

.13

.15 

.57 

.32 

.25 

.30 

.14 

.19

.31

(Ca). Calcium 

40 

30 

30 

49 

47 

50

55 

56 

55 

53 

55 

52 

56 

54 

37 

41 

29 

57 

48 

42 

46 

59 

49 

46 

48 

51 

51

50 

50 

62 

62 

52 

52 

53

49 

18.3

Magnesium (Mg).

25 

18 

17 

31 

23 

31

26 

34 

34 

32 

37 

32 

35 

29 

24 

24 

14 

31 

27 

21 

26 

28 

21 

22 

26 

36 

21

29 

28 

31 

29 

24 

21 

25

27 

10.1

and Sodiumpotas- 

(Na+K). sium 

14 

13 

9.7 

6.2 

15 

5.7

7.7 

10 

18 

10 

10 

9.2 

15 

16 

14 

13 

18 

22 

12 

15 

13 

17 

12 

19 

11 

6.9 

9.8

11 

9.7 

10 

10 

6.6 

7.3 

10

12 

4.5

Carbonate radicle 

(C0 ).8

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

48.4

So^o

225 

158 

153 

264

278 

285

312 

330 

326 

330 

303 

293

350 

227 

245 

139 

285 

235 

213

278 

245 

240 

242 

269 

282

262 

267 

289 

314

277 

248 

255

263

cS

!§, 

&

3

CO

IS 

IS 

13 

19 

19 

17

at radicle N 1er

(N0 ).3

6.0 

3.3 

3.5 

3.5 

2.0 

4.0

22 3.5 

18 3.0 

30 3.0 

24, 0. 4 

26 5.0 

26 2. 5 

33

21 

26 

36 

24 

40 

44 

26 

24 

25 

19 

31 

29 

29 

29

29 

27 

21

19 

21 

IS

25 

9.4

5.0 

4.5 

4.0 

5.0 

1.8 

4.5 

5.5 

6.5 

0.3 

5.4 

4.6 

3.7 

2.4 

6.0

3.8 

3.7 

5.0 

3.6 

5.0 

2.6 

1.7

3.8 

1.4

Chlorine (Cl).

5. 7 

7.7 

4.5 

5.0 

6.0 

5.5

10 

5.5 

6.5 

7.0 

5.0 

6.2

6.5 

5.0 

3.5 

5.2 

11 

16 

5.3 

4.0 

7.5 

3.8 

2.8 

3.5 

5.0 

3.0

3.5 

3.3 

3.0 

5.0 

3.0 

3.5 

5.0

5.5 

2.1

2 

1

 a -jj

0

EH

247 

187 

183 

268 

265 

265

297 

303 

301 

288 

280 

275 

304 

337 

252 

273 

176 

312 

270 

224 

276 

282 

260 

242 

260 

280 

294

260 

271 

299 

287 

253 

244 

255

267
68 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 25. Mineral analyses of water from Kankakee River near Kankakee, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 4 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Oct. 1 

Oct. 11 

Oct. 21 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 21 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 12 

Jan. 13 

Jan. 26 

Feb. 8 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

Jupe 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct 

drou

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 18 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 8 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 14 

Dec. 30 

Jan. 9 

Jan. 12 

Jan. 25 

Feb. 7 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

of anhyTurbidity.

30 

40 

70 

50 

10.0 

30 

50 

20 

30 

10.0 

30 

20

10.0

50

20 

25 

160 

190 

30 

12 

15 

90 

25 

30 

80 

35 

110 

45 

138 

60

50

Suspended matter.

13 

7.6 

28 

26 

16 

13 

40 

14 

19 

4.5 

18 

19

19

38

34 

6.5 

49 

108 

21 

6.4 

12 

43 

16 

29 

73 

28 

102 

43 

103 

44

32

of fine-Coefficient 

ness.

0.4: 24

.5

1.5 

.4 

.8 

.7 

.6 

.4 

.6 

1.0

1.9

.8

1.7 

.3 

.3

'.7 

.5 

.8 

.5 

.6 

1.0 

.9 

.8 

.9 

1.0 

.7 

.8

.7

).Silica (Si02

22 

16 

21 

17 

14 

12 

16 

11 

15 

17 

11 

16

17

19

15 

10 

15 

19 

16 

12 

11 

10 

7.2 

8.4 

19 

8.8 

19 

15 

16 

17

15 

5 4

Iron (Fe).

0.20 

.10 

.07 

.14 

.12 

. 15 !oe

.04 

.06 

.03 

.04 

.05

.34

.44

.19 

.36 

.39 

.46 

.61 

.41 

.30 

.25 

.20 

.34 

.68 

.22 

.45 

.32 

.74 

.34

.27 

a 1 1

Calcium (Ca).

58 

56 

54 

57 

55 

58 

58 

61 

63 

64 

55 

61

55

42

56 

52 

55 

58 

45 

51 

63 

51 

54 

61 

58 

70 

76 

71 

52 

69

58 

20.8

'So

a

£

aS3

a

21 

20

"1

24

27 

18 

22

27 

24 

16 

23

31

16

16 

20 

18 

17 

16 

17 

27 

17 

22 

23 

21 

19 

23

IS 

25

21 

7.5

and Sodium potas- 

(Na+K). sium 

18 

8.5 

17 

14 

12 

16 

16

17 

13 

10 

22

25

11

11 

14 

11 

11 

12 

8.7 

9.3 

9.3 

9.0 

10 

11 

9.6 

6.8 

8.2 

5.5 

8.7

12

radicle Carbonate 

(00»).

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

:8

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

o !o

.0

.0

38 1

radicle Bicarbonate 

(HCOa).

218 

213 

218 

201 

226 

226 

225 

250 

262 

263 

219 

203

180

169

195 

185 

190 

195 

181 

188 

218 

183 

202 

219 

210 

223 

273 

25S 

198 

253

215

s> 

[o

*Ia^

£f "3

03

69 

53 

57 

52 

56 

38 

53 

60 

63 

62 

74 

83

90

Nitrate radicle 

(NOg).

4.0 

3.0 

3.5 

2.0 

0.6 

1.8 

2.0 

1.7 

1.0 

0.6 

4.0 

8.0

8.0

65

68 

71 

73 

61 

43 

42 

65 

53 

55 

58 

58 

40 

42 

4fi 

34 

46

57 

20.5

8.0 

......

......

3.2 

4.0 

4.6 

4.0 

4.0 

3.6 

2.4 

8.8 

6.2 

3.2 

7.2 

4.0 

3.2 

3.5 

6.8 

6.6

4.1

1.5

o,

I 

£

3 

o

4.7 

5.5 

3.5 

4.5 

5.0 

5.5 

5.0 

6.0 

8.0 

4.8 

6.5 

6.0

solids. Total 

329 

273 

326 

283 

289 

286 

28S 

300 

302 

306 

295 

314

10 315

4. 2 [ 252

.. ..1.

5.5 

3.3 

3.0 

4.0 

4.2 

3.5 

3.5 

4.0 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

4.5 

3.0 

3.0 

2.5 

4.0

4.9

1.8

29; 

26( 

30- 

28( 24' 

22( 

291 

25. 

28- 

31 

28 

29 

70

31 

23 

29

28
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 69

TABLE 26. Mineral analyses of ivater from Fox River near Elgin, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 3

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 11

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

Mean

To 

Aug. 10

Aue;. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 8

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 18

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Per ct. of anhydrous residue. . .

^

is

,£

3

61

110

30

50

50

50

40

40

20

30

20

10.0

15

10.0

10.0

5.0

40

50

15

7.0

15

5.0

10.0

25

25

25

20

35

55

35

80

80

50

55

35

34

o>

^

03

-d

OJ -d

ft

3

DD

39

8.4

30

7.0

31

30

20

15

21

10.0

4.4

13

5.2

24

9.6

18

27

10.0

8.4

9.6

6.4

9.8

12

23

21

15

40

55

35

45

53

55

50

31

23

<L

?f{

*!-(

O ,

ti *

a a 'o

<D

0.4

.3

.6

.1

.6

.8

.5

.8

.7

.5

.4

.9

.5

.2

.2

.4

.5

.7

1.2

.6

1.3

1.0

.5

1.0

.8

.8

1.4

1.0

1.0

.6

.7

1.1

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O

03

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26

15

10

12

9.4

9.4

7.0

5.8

8.2

10

6.0

8.6

11

10

9.2

20

14

14

15

12

11

12

11

10

10

11

20

12

11

9.2

16

12

12

17

12

4,3

£.

^

o

HH

0-20

.10

.06

.05

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.03

.03

.08

.05

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.13

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.07

.64

.20

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.13

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.12

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.19

.25

.30

.15

.17

.17

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U,

g

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42

40

44

41

32

43

43

42

51

51

50

57

55

62

65

61

45

53

56

44

45

55

48

54

55

54

56

52

56

61

64

56

56

56

51

18.1

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SUD

^

I

3 35

o

a03

^

36

35

34

34

35

29

34

35

37

35

33

37

27

37

39

20

22

30

31

23

26

21

23

25

34

22

23

29

24

29

33

31

27

29

30

10.6

,

03 .

O C>*

P«

ll

S^ .3 3

0 Z

DD

11

10

19

17

14

10

11

7.7

19

10

13

14

12

8.8

13

18

10

10

8.4

14

13

10

7.7

7.4

11

10

9.0

5.5

5.8

8.4

5.1

10

8,7

6,6

11

3.9

a"o

3

03

SOIflC^

103

O

0.0

.0

.0

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.0

.0

.0

.0

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.0

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.6

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46 8

a

jo

"d

03 .

-So

|w

03

.2

B

283

240

252

291

260

273

254

270

300

316

310

300

300

309

365

309

188

250

231

220

232

245

235

256

267

247

292

234

247

265

272

275

272

273

268

a

jo

'd

03"j

ITfDD

27

f 1

"1

29

29

24

49

31

33

36

3(i

45

51

46

53

51

42

49

42

44

38

40

45

35

43

48

47

50

35

32

29

28

35

26

38

13.5

a

"&

'S

03

«o*

S-i

.rt

^

2.5

3.4

3.0

1.2

1.8

2.0

1.7

1.2

0.6

1.5

1.2

3.0

4.0

2.5

3.5

3.5

2.5

3.0

4.0

4.0

2.7

1.7

1.5

1.7

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.0

2.5

1.5

3.5

2.0

2.7

2.0

2.4

0.9

6

1

3

u

6.0

4.7

7.0

6.5

5.0

6.5

5.0

5.5

7.2

7.5

5.5

7.0

7.5

6.5

5.5

6.0

7.6

6.2

6.0

6.5

4.3

5.0

5.5

5.5

2.3

4.0

3.3

3.5

3.3

3.5

3.0

4.5

2.5

3.3

5.2

1 S

2

1

"3

"o

61

304

270

280

264

234

265

252

265

285

306

289

293

315

348

373

378

249

310

317

265

274

277

258

277

292

304

329

273

292

281

308

291

284

269

290

r "
70 QUALITY OP SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 27. Mineral analyses of water from Fox, River near Ottawa, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 2

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 9

Nov. 21

Dec. 1

Dec. 12

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 28

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov 30

Dec. 9

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 30

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 31

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June. 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

t>)

1

r2

3

^

135

345

105

40

30

155

20

10.0

20

10.0

40

20

15

40

310

40

10.0

7.0

5.0

50

30

10.0

30

20

15

15

15

200

90

95

218

550

300

192

94

Si

^

 a

a

ft

3

O2

91

237

78

03

54

123

14

7.0

6.0

3.4

42

19

A

a<a

"3

-£ y>

_aj 'o a

&3

o

^

0.7

.7

. 7

1.6

1.8

.8

.7

.7

.3

.3

1.0

1.0

16 1.0

54 1.4

241

23

.8

. 6

10. 0 1. 0

8. 0 1. 1

11

73

48

43

36

13

15

15

35

197

81

93

125

542

366

173

87

2. 2

L5

1.0

4.3

-^

O

03

3

O2

13

13

5.0

0.1

0.8

9.4

4.2

7.2

8.6

4.6

12

11

9.2

13

31

21

7.8

10

12

8.8

11

8.0

1.2 12

1.6 21

1.0 7.0

1. 0 8. 2

2. 3 9. 4

1.0 16

.9

1.0

.0

1.0

1.2

.9

1.2

11

8.8

9.2

10

17

13

11

3.4

§

a

Sh- 1

0.15

.14

.07

.10

.09

.06

.07

.06

.06

.02

.07

.11

03

"£,

g

"o

 a

°

47

"3

S

S

103

^

35

41 34

45

43

49

39

32

30

55 31

55 36

60

60

39

39

60 40

67 37

65

.19 72

.16 71

.40

.40

52

46

36

39

Af\ 1U

25

23

. 09 58 31

.15

.05

.09

.22

.15

.19

.92

59

63

60

64

61

63

62

.22 60

.17 62

.43

.32

.28

58

66

61

31

24

29

29

18

30

23

29

22

26

36

31

. 20 67 31

.19

.37

. '.3822

.20

o.l

71 31

Oil 27

72 30

85| 38

60 32

18.4 9.8

§ .

"o kit"

ft^

*& Jt

rf^

fi^

.3 p

o

02

20

20

17

18

10.0

19

15

21

17

10

13

9.5

12

15

15

16

13

12

15

16

8.2

15

9.3

35

9.3

17

8.7

14

12

8.4

5.5

7.9

8.5

9.3

14

4.3

O

'S

03^x.

OJ Q

X2r

03 °

0.0

.0

OJ .-3

T52 *

4^J?

$3 r-.

Is

03

.0

S

278

246

.0

.0

257

275

. 0; 261

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

254

290

a> "3

^3

03

^ ^i.

»s "of " ' 

f3

3"3

02

45

50

43

50

o"3

^

03^'S

CbQ

"a 5,

_^"-1

^

3.0

3.3

2.7

2.4

43 2.5

53

61

320 60

330! 54

5.0

2.0

1.0

1.5

320; 501 0. 6

298

315

311

351

238

204

251

208

244

72' 6. 0

08

75

82

58

49

04

57

70

230| 78

262

.0 250

.0 257

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

41.4

276

264

287

284

257

272

280

277

286

287

275

80

71

69

3.0

0.5

5.5

8.0

7.0

5.5

0.5

4.6

5.4

4.0

6.0

6.0

66 5. 0

50 3. 8

63

54

4.0

4.0

55 5. n

63

50

49

45

60

95

61

18.7

8.8

3.0

9.0

5.0

10

12

4.9

1.5

O

H

§

S

°

12

16

9.5

12

10

8.0

11

12

8.0

9.0

7.0

7.5

8.3

8.7

5.0

5.0

0.5

7.5

8.2

6.0

13

8.2

3.3

ra

2

3

3o

^

33f 29r

2pr

28^ 28"

30"

334

34S

351

332

348

357

37C

40f

30E

27J

334

32£

31E

372

322

33t

331

5.0 361

5.0 31'

6.0 34;

.5.0 34<3

3.8

6.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

6.0

14

7.9

2.4

36C

32C

3 It

32(

30^

37!

41(

33F

a Fe2O3 .
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 71

TABLE 28. Mineral analyses of water from Vermilion River near Streator, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 31

Oct. 10

Oct. 22

Oct. 30

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 2

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 18

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

Jurie 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue. . .

^

2

1

H

40

30

50

60

20

40

50

20

20

20

20

60

110

30

20

280

335

315

25

40

50

100

260

150

35

35

100

80

45

55

85

420

560

70

107

S

Is

a

rs

I~

3

CO

22

16

29

48

15

26

38

23

13

11

10

36

56

33

23

122

235

194

14

30

34

04

87

08

37

28

49

78

32

44

79

415

570

63

78

4

a<o

«*_!

O

'3

6

?O

0.6

.5

.6

.8

.8

.6

.8

.1

.6

.6

.5

.6

.5

1.1

1.1

.4

.7

.6

.6

.8

. 7

.6

.3

.4

1.0

.8

.5

i.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

1.0

.9

.7

O

1

'm

23

13

10

15

9.6

11

5.8

4.6

9.0

9.0

11

17

11

15

17

28

19

20

17

9.4

14

12

19

28

19

9.8

16

11

9.2

9.4

13

16

19

20

14

4.4

fepj

o

^

0.10

.10

.60

.24

.14

.16

.20

.05

.05

.03

.02

.10

.17

.14

.12

. 51-

.72

.36

.17

.22

.09

.32

.30

. 22

.10

. 12

.14

.34

.26

.08

.21

.25

.50

.22

.22

a. 1

a

'o§

 53

O

44

40

39

39

30

43

37

41

47

49

48

55

01

03

67

56

55

46

69

02

57

09

55

57

60

62

60

02

02

74

70

61

50

78

55

17. 1

^^

M

S

1

OJ

§CT

^

30

35

33

28

28

23

23

2s

28

34

33

31

30

32

34

28

20

20

33

29

29

22

20

22

30

38

24

33

35

37

29

25

21

37

29

9.0

ob

fl3 .

ftHH

ll

§ a

fs

CO

c\-r

23

16

is

18

20

22

24

23

20

18

23

18

21

30

14

13

18

13

21

20

11

22

13

8.9

8.7

20

17

12

14

16

10

12

18

5.6

rt u

S3 so*

0

 e

S3

O

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

,0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

0

0

0

0

0

.0

.0

.6

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

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.0

36.9

£

 £H

s <Lt "*ro

-go

.^io

s

248

247

198

105

198

205

190

212

260

213

254

200

280

274

329

257

239

175

278

247

238

245

3, [3

S3"j

H^

Q, "3

m

72

74

64

57

56

56

53

66

60

69

70

64

68

69

86

68

69

56

83

80

74

76

217| 55

245

250

256

237

247

255

276

262

241

200

300

241

86

46

77

72

80

70

76

06

09

50

70

68

21.1

0)

CJ

03

»!

S3G-

^

 *

^

2.5

2.1

2.5

2.5

1.6

1

1

1.7

1.2

.3

.3

7

8

16

10

16

14

14

10

18

17

24

14

28

26

19

4.8

22

28

20

14

13

12

20

12

3.7

|

S d

LH O

2

u

10

14

13

0.0

5.0

8.0

7

10

10

9.3

10.0

9.3

5.5

4.5

5.7

4.0

4.7

5.7

7

7.7

6.5

8.3

6.5

6.5

3.8

5.5

4.5

6.3

4

4

5

6

5

6.5

6.9

2.1

2"3

CB "3

O

^

357

321

280

243

247

254

240

208

294

309

322

317

333

351

397

367

340

285

402

359

335

342

335

363

339

333

351

340

356

368

329

326

273

388

325

a Fe2 03 .
72 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 29. Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Decatur, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

i

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 21

Oct. 1

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 22

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 11

Feb. 20

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21 

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 17

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 8

Feb. 18

Feb. 27

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30 

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

s'

T3

IQ

5

^

240

260

270

117

70

60

20

50

30

20

168

196

30

25

240

220

20

25

20

20

410

100

40

10

30 

100

60

140

95

-S

a

1C

a1Cft

3

02

107

121

106

51

43

40

13

33

19

13

104

110

27

31

144

85

20

22

22

19

336

43

36

10

26 

62

49

128

88

34ol 318

90 63

425

210

126

435

156

07o/

,

a

S

o

.2 3

si

8

o

0.4

. 5

.5

.4

.6

.7

. 6

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.9

1.2

.6

.4

1.0

.9

1.0

1.0

.8

.4

.9

1.0

.9 

.6

.8

.9

.9

.9

.7

1.0

.7

.7

O

03

S

02

26

20

18

17

15

12

10

11

15

11

16

17

29

15

36

40

23

22

21

14

30

20

18

15

13 

17

12

19

16

19

20

18

21

19

6.4

"a?

P^

a

Mg

0.2

.2

.06

.09

.03

.05

.15

.06

.10

.02

.14

.40

.16

.28

.74

1.9

.13

.07

.16

.15

.30

. 22

. 19

.23

.25 

.18

.15

.46

.30

.60

.16

.56

.32

.27

o.l

"S" 

O"X

a

[3

o

46

46

53

61

55

54

53

64

67

50

52

51

58

62

45

42

59

59

60

57

45

53

58

47

55 

55

54

64

53

54

71

47

63

55

18.7

X.

If

^

1

a

a

^

21

20

22

27

24

30

30

35

44

28

25

28

30

30

20

18

28

22

27

29

20

27

26

18

32 

24

28

30

24

21

28

16

24

26

8 8

,

J3^

E^ gt

a §,

 3 1 T3 

02

13

48.8

8.5

13

18

15

21

20

19

Ifi

12

13

21

12

17

15

15

15

15

15

14

15

11

11

9.5 

9.8

12

9.8

14

7.7

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.6

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44.7

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ol

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73

C3 ""^

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A

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223

214

235

305

20

23

25

26

315' 22

283 26

297

353

380

360

240

278

285

314

227

186

290

231

290

192

267

268

252

265 

247

271

218

287

197

280

268

27

21

33

25

39

37

36

42

64

42

43

40

37

40

32

45

42

42

46 

46

38

37

23

26

29

22

45

35

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^£

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4.5

4.8

4.0

4.0

2.5

3.0

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LO

1.0

0.9

8.0

7.0

6.0

8.0

7.0

8.0

12

10

8.0

14

8.0

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14 "ii"

IS

19

12

20

14

9.0

7.0

12

8.5

2.9

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a

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O

8.2

3.5

, 2.7

4.5

10

5.5

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9.0

7.8

8.5

3.5

5.5

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262

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§) £^^

a 

a

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^

233 ....

264 ...

297 ....

j

302

286

275

332

338

324'....

274 ....

283'....

5.5 316....

7.0 332....

3.5

5.5

5.2

8.0

6.5

5.0

5.5

4.5

7.3

4.5

3.2

5.5

5.5

3.7

4.3

2.0

5.0

4.0

4.3

5.4

1 8

8.2

291 10. 0

279 12. 2

319

317

317

325

210

305

287

292

286 

292

288

336

292

240

334

230

326

293

6.9

6.0

6.0

5.9

10.6

7.5

6.9

5.7

5.5 

6.4

6.2

8.6

8.4

7.6

7.3

5.8

7.4

7.4
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 73

TABLE 30. Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Springfield, III. 

[Parts per-million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 11

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 11

Nov. 21

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 6

Oct. 19

Oct. 28

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 19

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrou. residue

_!>>

"2

!S

a

H

180

248

320

163

70

30

100

40

20

10.0

20

182

168

80

20

80

280

20

10.0

30

50

10.0

10.0

8.0

5.0

14

25

12

5.0

20

74

1-4

"S

e

'S

1ft§CO

64

122

123

77

39

22

45

17

6.6

4.6

5.2

122

87

54

36

67

62

40

11

24

46

11

11

10.0

3.6

11

22

11

6.0

22

39

i

a

^

o

"a <u

'3

8

0

0.4

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.7

.4

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. 7

.5

. 7

1.8

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2.0

1.1

.8

.9

1.1

1.1

1.2

.7

.8

.9

.9

1.2

1.1

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O'cO03 

 S

33

17

18

17

20

12

9.6

9.4

21

9.6

19

7.2

19

21

13

30

22

16

20

14

16

12

12

13

18

13

11

13

14

12

19

16

5.8

^,

fea

2M

0.10

.80

1.40

.15

.50

.05

.10

.10

.05

.05

.10

.06

.40

.20

2.8

.20

.50

.15

.20

.09

.17

.15

.11

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.23

.19

.12

.15

.13

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32

o.2

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O

|

1

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44

36

41

51

48

44

51

47

57

59

62

50

53

55

55

47

32

47

54

58

44

56

58

58

56

58

53

54

58

64

52

18.7

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^

§

 jjj 

§

03

3

24

18

24

28

22

23

24

28

33

29

32

25

25

17

29

21

14

23

26

26

21

18

24

25

26

34

20

22

26

25

24

8.6

A

"o CT ft^

^ C8

iiz;

§1.3 § 'o' 

CO

19

13

16

4.9

17

16

15

25

20

19

14

17

15

16

27

18

13

17

16

16

14

11

14

12

13

9.3

12

18

16

is

16

5.8

2

-3

03<- '5

£0"So

1

0.0

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1

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192 24

192 26

203 34

294 28

225 24

2501 36

289

307

315

320

256

270

263

301

257

137

238

257

274

33

33

36

36

36

37

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51

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40

46

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213, 35

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247

267

266

271

257

268

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2.8

1.3

2.0

2.0

0.20

0.10

0.30

2.0

3.0

5.0

7.0

0.10

5.0

0.10

11

6.5

3.0

10

4.0

2.3

1.4

3.4

4.4

5.0

2.8

g"

3 .1-1 t-t

"ft

O

9.7

5.2

8.5

7.0

10

8.5

14

8.5

10

11

13

7. 5

8.0

5.5

6.5

8.7

6.2

7.5

8.5

8.5

5.0

7.0

3.8

4.5

5.0

5.5

5.0

6.3

4.3

......I......

1.0

3 A 

 rl

1.2

5.0

7.5

2.7

2

1

3"o

H

275

222

228

284

271

223

272

277

291

311

315

267

274

278

319

296

193

273

293

305

243

275

279

288

296

289

299

289

292

276

276

FeaO.
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 31. Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Chandlerville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7)

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 24

Nov. 1

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 11

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 23

Oct. 9

Oct. 13

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 18

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar iU. ft! . £i\j 9fi 

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrous

£

i^

2

tH

a

EH

125

115

330

300

160

140

110

50

20

40

270

160

113

155

90

225

50

45

20

30

180

130

60

80

120

jg"3

s

a>

1

:§

02

81

187

170

163

116

105

92

52

11

32

164

94

149

83

73

99

9.0

22

17

28

120

95

39

60

80

124100

200' 180

204

170

350

10

450

248

154

114

106

215

4.2

333

164

102

i

a

S

o

Q pj

56

S

a

0.6

.6

. 5

.5

. 7

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.8

1.0

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.8

.6

.6

1.3

. 5

.8

.4

. 2

. 5

.8

.9

.7

. 7

.6

.8

'.8

c

. £

.6

.6

. 4

. 7

 7

-,

O

3

S

123

18

17

15

18

20

17

14

14

12

7.2

20

16

13

24

22

23

15

17

9.8

10

16

14

16

10

12

10

11

18

14

16

16

14

18

15

5.3

o

PM

a

Sh- 1

0.20

.50

.07

.09

.18

.06

.04

.04

.03

.01

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.22

.72

.49

.40

2.6

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.19

.15

.16

.50

.22

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.61

.11

.23

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.16

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a .2

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r*

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 3

u

54

39

43

50

53

51

56

56

66

64

49

55

58

55

51

25

52

53

52

57

50

49

45

55

53

56

53

49

57

62

63

60

43

52

18.4

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g.

.1-1

3

8)

53

S

26

22

19

24

33

27

33

32

33

32

24

27

28

32

23

7.6

25

24

24

25

24

23

22

30

27

27

27

26

24

20

25

20

17

25

8.8

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p,W

||^ ^-*

ti g

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02

23

11

18

7.4

13

16

20

31

20

16

27

13

14

18

15

7.9

16

14

14

8.8

10.0

11

11

13

10.0

12

16

16

12

20

15

10.0

11

15

5.3

45

1 .

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U

0.0

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44.4

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5

290

182

193

236

320

325

287

295

363

345

260

252

283

306

260

105

234

252

247

237

239

237

274

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®

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±1 S^OQ

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25

26

31

26

32

28

30

33

39

32

42

37

41

38

44

24

36

42

38

51

40

43

40

43

242 40

252

230

235

234

265

40

43

34

35

36

270 28

229 28

182 27

255 36

12.7

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«£ ^ f^i

53 v_^

-w

rt

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1.7

3.4

4.0

2.7

2.0

2.1

1.7

1.5

1.0

0.5

6.0

4.0

4.0

8.0

6.0

5.0

5.5

6.5

6.0

5.0

6.0

20

6.8

9.2

10

10

13

9.2

9.0

6.2

16

6. 2

3.8

6.1

2.2

O

Q?

m

3

o

8.8

5.5

5.0

6.5

7.0

12

9.5

13

11

12

12

7.0

9.0

7.5

6.5

5.5

6.0

8.2

6.7

8.0

8.5

7.0

7.0

7. 5

8.3

7.3

6.3

6.0

5.0

6.5

6.0

5.0

4.5

7.6

2.7

w

2"o

i"o

^

293

231

232

247

317

318

287

295

340

310

266

294

296

318

309

184

272

279

283

266

274

265

309

294

279

316

295

302

298

286

293

259

213

282

^

 a

53 a

So1*"1

Ft 

53

ffi

^

3.7

4.6

4.2

3.6

2.7

2.3

2.7

2.7

2.3

2.7

1.9

3.2

4.4

10.5

9.3

10.7

11.5

15.5

12.8

10.5

9.9

8.5

6.5

11.6

10.4

8.4

7.3

9.3

9.0

9.3

10.1

11.0

8.9

7.3

10.4

11.1
ANALYTICAL TABLES.

TABLE 32. Mineral analyses of water from. Illinois River near Lasalle, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

ToAug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 28

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue

+;

T3

IS

3

^

70

50

235

50

50

110

290

60

40

40

30

100

120

128

174

206

248

15

10

30

100

150

105

40

35

100

48

230

95

280

161

1,610

270

130

159

g *

"3

E

CO

a

3

02

36

25

113

33

32

71

162

30

35

25

20

75

83

72

166

155

250

15

11

22

92

144

168

28

30

63

48

225

70

340

110

1,556

203

103

136

a

S"8

fl 0) .2 &

8

o

0.5

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.5

. 7

.6

.6

.0

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.9

.6

.7

.8

.7

.6

1.0

.8

1.0

1.0

1.1

.7

.9

1.0

1.6

.7

.8

.6

1.0

1.0

.7

1.2

.7

1.0

.8

.8

.8

O

C3

3

03

14

19

25

10

8.4

6.8

13

0.8

9.8

7.8

10

10

13

13

10

15

18

5.0

11

8.0

13

12

18

12

9.4

11

0.0

8.0

13

9.0

16

18

15

15

12

4.5

'a

g o

&

0.50

.10

.05

.03

.30

.07

.20

.09

.04

.02

.12

.00

.12

.32

.12

.10

.30

.28

.08

.13

.22

.26

.38

.15

.20

.31

.80

.27

.38

.38

.50

.15

.18

.13

.21

Q 1

C3

"^

I

"3

o

33

39

38

39

39

42

50

45

51

51

63

57

54

51

53

52

51

52

53

48

51

46

50

56

54

50

52

54

51

59

60

53

53

57

50

18.0

^,

a

.3

I

aC3

a

18

18

19

24

18

17

23

22

23

29

26

27

24

26

23

21

20

22

20

20

19

20

27

27

18

19

22

19

22

24

18

19

21

99

8.1

g

T3 

!R+

If"§'«

03

22

17

20

8.0

15

12

18

18

21

24

25

17

15

16

17

17

11

13

17

14

19

12

13

16

10

12

18

9.5

10.0

12

14

11

13

15

16

5.9

a

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C3 *"£

"So

JTC3

0

0.0

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37.0

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Is

4J f ) C3 W

C M

1"

s

174

170

172

169

171

175

180

200

220

240

224

210

219

195

210

220

206

200

214

195

198

205

205

215

207

208

185

208

213

227

233

197

206

228

203

a1

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5""x.

O

£02 c?'-'

72

V.

41

28

34

30

32

39

49

43

45

53

64

66

72

62

64

68

56

53

51

50

55

57

73

78

52

52

48

49

38

31

37

47

36

34

50

18.6

a

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C3

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t-

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7.0

6.0

1.0

3.0

5.0

7.0

7.0

3.5

4.0

6.0

4.0

6.0

7.0

6.0

7.0

9.0

8.0

8.0

6.5

7.0

10'. 3 2

6.8

7.0

4.0

12

14

9.6

14

0.3

3.6

6.0

7.0

7.0

6.6

2.4

g"

§

s

o

28

20

18

17

18

21

19

7.5

19

16

18

13

14

11

12

9.7

9.2

11

16

13

10.0

9.0

7.0

6.5

10

9.8

14

8.5

8.3

3.0

10

10

9.0

12

13

4.8

in

2"3

tn"3

O

^

265

262

252

235

221

241

284

260

208

275

276

300

320

284

311

296

298

289

311

273

257

272

299

344

266

272

300

279

307

276

276

256

255

288

278
76 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 33. Mineral analyses of water from Illinois River r.ear Peoria, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

Feb. 19 _

ToAug. 9

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Feb. 27

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue

>>

 3

fi

3

H

50

60

30

40

40

40

30

20

10.0

20

20

40

15

30

80

235

149

12

20

45

45

35

35

33

15

20

20

44

30

60

30

60

23

25

JQ *Xt>

%

1H

 d

5 

2c.f,

§

CO

25

29

36

21

26

20

20

9.4

11

17

16

41

13

22

40

73

63

7.6

10.0

36

22

26

20

26

13

21

22

25

19

31

26

50

19

26

3 <rt

o .

CQ

 g oi

'2§ a

e

o

£>

0.5

.5

1.2

.5

.6

.5

.7

.5

1.1

.8

.8

1.0

.9

.7

.5

.3

.4

.6

.5

.8

.5

.7

.6

.8

.9

1.0

1.0

.6

.6

.5

.9

.8

.8

^.

O

S_

C3

3

t»

13

12

20

6.4

8.4

9.8

8.8

14

6.4

8.8

10

11

17

20

21

12

14

11

10

14

6.6

13

13

10

7.4

10

14

8.6

8.0

8.8

11

13

14

11

12

4.5

'a?

&.

a

o

1 i

0.10

.20

.14

.10

.03

.04

.02

.06

.03

.08

.11

.28

.14

.20

.64 "i.'s"

.49

.11

.22

.25

.26

.15

.14

.16

.28

.28

.12

.32

.16

.12

.18

.15

.07

.21

a .1

"3"

o

§

 3

"e3

£>

40

42

45

42

44

46

43

46

48

49

51

54

52

52

50

41

40

49

49

52

52

50

50

53

51

51

52

52

61

58

56

52

55

50

49

18.5

"So

s

'%1

C3

S

20

20

18

18

18

23

19

20

22

22

24

24

24

23

22

17

16

20

21

20

24

22

18

24

18

22

24

22

24

20

23

16

20

20

91 £i

7.9

& .

!£*t

8 §1"a

3 a ^.3

o

ta

28

15

23

15

22

22

21

18

18

18

14

20

20

21

14

18

14

13

19

18

14

19

15

13

12

12

9.8

15

16

15

15

8.7

14

18

17

6.4

OJ

o

T32 .

ll

0

fl&o

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

36.7

"o

1t-l ^

IsO T< £5,

ao

3

182

166

187

177

174

196

190

216

195

185

213

198

229

239

207

139

148

185

180

204

198

195

207

210

233

205

218

224

~"2i7

229

195

209

195

198

.2 "o

 a

C3 h .

s§C3^

fi 

ft 3

CO

21

28

29

24

40

46

35

40

41

52

64

62

59

59

69

50

50

65

60

59

57

59

54

55

53

60

50

43

37

42

39

34

37

57

48

18.1

a> "3

ih .

a;O

*"Z

C3G.

h

 «

£

10.0

4.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

4.0

5.5

7.0

7.0

8.0

10

12

6.0

7.5

7.0

11

11

7.1

12

10

12

15

11

8.0

8.8

9.2

3.2

3.0

8.0

3.5

7.2

6.5

7.0

.s

§£3 '£ 

o

3

o

27

20

19

20

22

20

IS

20

21

18

15

13

12

12

8.7 s'.o 7 5

11

9. b

11

9.5

8.8

7.5

12

9.8

9.5

10.0

8.5

11

10

12

10

8.5

13

7 ( . o ft1 'Q -^

2.9 4.9

OQ

2 "3

 3

-4^

O

H

266

245

260

222

249

279

233

264

250

259

310

293

294

310

309

223

242

275

279

275

272

272

304

271

276

289

283

277

290

272

270

257

257

275

271

....
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 77

TABLE 34. Mineral analyses of water from Illinois River near Kampsville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From To 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10

Aug. 11 Aug. 20

Aug. 21 ] Aug. 30

Aug. 31 I Sept. 9

Sept. 11 ' Sept. 19

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 10

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 28

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 8

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 26

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue

£ ^

2

,0

3

^

105

218

230

147

135

135

218

0)

"§

a g^n

ft

B

,

a

"3

Q; p] '3

s6

o

CO U

72 0. 7

113 .5

120 . 5

89 .6

98

121

184

80! 58

50 24

80

170

290

70

.7

.9

.8

. 7

.5

.9

84 .5

127 . 4

40 35 . 9

40' 51 1.3

290 200 . 7

400 260| . 6

310 220 . 7

200

230

60

70

210

280

60

90

330

130

150

340

495

166

325

238

74

188

133' . 7

1

129, .6

501 .8

62 .9

105 . 5

192 .7

46

62

295

.8

.7

.9

131 1.0

143 1. 0

373

520

165

324

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

196 .8

64 .9

145 -8

O

53

03

CJ

CO

11

12

11

8.2

7.2

8.0

17

9.2

14

6.8

17

19

13

19

25

16

15

11

*£

PM

§

M

0.20

.30

.05

.06

.15

.10

.10

.08

.03

.03

.32

.65

.17

.36

.49

.64

.28

.45

9. 6 .24

14

12

12

11

7.4

4.4

13

7.0

8.8

10

12

13

12

18

15

12

4.6

1.0

.25

.46

.53

.12

.11

.16

.57

.12

.26

.26

.32

.12

.25

.34

.27

a .1

'c? 

O

JH

g 53

"3

U

46

39

44

40

41

44

41

49

47

50

45

46

54

58

51

34

33

34

27

24

52

47

^

s

1'%

I

^

21

19

17

18

20

16

16

24

20

24

20

21

22

30

22

15

15

18

9.1

10.0

20

17

53, 23

54 22

56 28

50 22

49 24

56 24

51! 25

58; 25

68 23

55 21

50 19

54 20

47 20

18. 2 7.8

JUftw

ll^ '

I s

|l

CO

34

20

20

17

15

£

o

 3

C3

F-i .

"3 o

c^

,0

C3

O

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

17 .0

18

42

21

22

16

17

13

18

21

11

17

15

44

18

16

21

15

12

IS

15

18

13

13

17

9.4

16

13

11

18

7.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

£ « «

S "3 ' "3

T3 P£j P£j

£ . c3 1 <3

1+^ ! |_ . I* .

g§ ^o o(5

°H -gS- c=^^

 £ -

C3

O

5

208

185

177

172

181

187

Sf i*8 ^ z

CO ^

31 5.0

30 5.4

33 5.0

34 4.0

29 4.2

30 7.0

170 29 6. 0

226 47 3. 0

221 39 4.0

220| 39 4. 0

. 0 1961 44

. 0 206 52

. 0 226 64

. 0 265 70

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

235

158

150

153

126

114

.0 220

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

38.5

210

223

235

237

208

219

218

223

"244

239

202

219

202

GO

53

42

44

38

30

34

41

38

48

52

47

49

54

44

35

47

34

31

27

42

16.3

6.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

3.5

4.0

3

to

a

o

3

o

24

22

20

20

18

20

17

62

19

21

2"3

"3'o

^

278

262

249

236

228

244

233

341

269

274

12 246

10 ! 269

13 ' 311

11 323

9. 5 298

4. 7 227

6. 5 215

7. 0 5. 7 221

.4' 34 .....

.4' 4.8' 160

3.0 10

3.0 12

6. 0 9. 0

6.0

1.3

4.6

4.0

4.8

4.0

2.5

10

6.5

9.5

10

18

269

266

280

278

299

280

306

8. 3 280

7.3 271

11 > 293

13

8.0 10

6.0 10

1.2 8.0

4.3 15

1.7 5.8

310

281

260

242

267

^

'hri

£

a

HJ 

^

a

to

^

14.8

15.0

15.0

15.1

15.2

14.9

15.2

15.0

15.0

14.8

14.8

15.2

15.7

15.8

15.6

15.7

17.2

22.9

22.0

19.8

19.2

17.9

16.5

16. 1

17.8

20.2

21.3

18.9

16.5

15.8

16.6

17.6

16. 1

15.0

16.5

19.7
78 QUALITY OP SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 35. Mineral analyses of water from Kaskaskia River near Shelbyville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 10

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 22

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 29

Nov. 6

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

* ^j

2

rg

P

^

40

270

204

50

50

40

121

30

20

20

30

195

100

40

30

194

220

20

25

25

100

260

50

10

30

275

80

3"J3

S

r^

a

a

sco

25

149

81

34

41

28

63

31

19

13

15

84

102

45

43

100

101

27

29

26

94

§

cfl

"3 .

D £3 '3

8

§O

0.6

.6

.4

.7

.8

.7

.5

1.0

1.0

.6

. 5

.4

1.0

1.1

1.4

.5

.5

1.4

1.2

1.0

.9

77; .4

31 .6

18 1.8

13 1.6

27 .9

270 1.0

84 1.5

85 1 79 . 9

303

40

415

255

110

377

38

392

208

84

1.2

1.0

.9

.8

. 9

O

02

03

'A

co

9.2

13

16

20

9.6

9.0

33

6.4

14

13

8.8

23

17

18

12

25

14

16

13

14

17

19

17

16

17

16

14

14

16

15

15

18

19

16

5.6

OJ (*<

eo

M

0.10

.30

.60

.11

.30

5

H

9

-2

"ol

o

44

38

47

55

38

. 06) 50

.13

.06

.02

.03

.10

.04

.24

.24

.24

1.0

.36 "."is

.09

.19

.78

.17

.19

.15

.12

.21

.34

.23

.21

.14

.30

.27

.23

a.l

45

42

57

64

63

52

54

56

53

42

34

58

57

57

52

45

55

56

"So

S

|

1

103

^

§ .

^~> "\~A

P^

ll-^

- |

"g'S

CO

23 15

23

24

30

15

15

3.0

23 17

29 24

25

32

28

38

36

29

25

26

26

19

16

28

26

26

27

19

25

25

49 19

54 20

57 28

51 23

67 28

66 28

70 29

59 25

65 1 27

53 26

18. 7 9. 2

17

18

19

23

14

15

13

14

15

10

11

15

"u

^3

03

«j "Su

o

£>

S

o

0.0

.0

.0

.0

[o

T3

03 .

-So

O3g

w ^

1"

0

5

245

233

217

274

.0 .....

.0 289

.0 220

.0 241

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

330

355

345

275

267

.0 267

.0

.0

.0

.0

12 .0

15

19

12

13

10

9.5

8.4

13

9.6

8.9

7.9

9.5

10

14

i q lo

4.6

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

45 4

293

207

153

271

280

280

237

196

260

270

257

257

276

225

"280

304

258

268

3

^3

c3

j*2-

0, "3

3

^

03

tH .

*~" ^

03^

4^ "

02 'A

30

28

22

30

25

26

38

31

0.5

2.1

3.5

2.0

1.2

3.5

.6

1.2

36 .2

37 .3

33 .6

31

38

33

42

42

31

37

40

37

38

46

40

40

40

35

39

28

34

29

34

30

28

262 34

..... 12.0

3.0

7.0

8.0

10

5.5

5.0

£

O,

SfH

3

0

6.2

6.5

2

. .

j3

&§

*Q hWn

w ^

3 §

o A EH

256

243

5. 0 236

S

1.8

2.2

2.4

5.0 279 1.7

10.0 218 1.4

7. 5 286

6.0

6.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

5.3

5.5

6.7

5.5

4.0

5.0

10 4.2

9. 0 7. 0

12

13

12

22

12

9.0

12

15

12

1.1

8.0

2.0

16

8.0

6. 9

2.4

5.2

4.8

6.5

4.3

4.0

3.5

3.8

3.8

2.8

2.8

3.8

6.0

4.5

y. K f,u

2.0

285

252

301

340

334

273

268

285

296

1.4

1.8

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.6

6.5

7.7

7.1

6.1

6.5

258 13. 2

192 12. 0

298

304

297

292

267

281

282

282

290

303

264

313

5.4

4.5

4.4

5.2

9.6

5.8

4.4

3.7

3.7

4.0

4.1

4.2

7.1

5.3

272 4.7

315 3.2

274 4.4

284 5.4

279^

1
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 79

TABLE 36. Mineral analyses of water from Kaskaskia River near Carlyle, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 22 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 21 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 10 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 11 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct. 

drous

ToAug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 8 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 28 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 19 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

of anhyTurbidity.

120 

224 

300 

262 

127 

106

70 

40 

20 

20 

273 

293 

184 

30 

270 

133

40 

50 

37 

110 

350 

140 

90 

10.0 

175 

180 

205 

600 

380

285 

150 

210 

550

184

tH

"cS

a d

 O

a

ft

co

70 

126 

227 

168 

71 

55

46 

29 

12 

13 

113 

178 

133 

36 

108 

34

51 

42 

26 

104 

186 

91 

69 

15 

182 

117 

176 

305 

315 

206 

234 

145 

183 

426

126

Coefficient fine-of 

ness.

0.6 

.6 

.8 

.6 

.6 

.5

.7 

_ 7

. 6 

.6 

.4 

.6 

.7 

1.2 

.4 

% 2

i.3

.8 

.7 

.9 

.5 

.6 

.8 

1.5 

1.0 

.6 

.9 

.5 

.8 

.9 

.8 

1.0 

.9 

.8

.7

). Silica (SiO2

16 

11 

20 

21 

61 

16

13 

14 

17

8.8 

22 

IS 

17 

14 

28 

23

17 

13 

16 

13 

24 

15 

10.0 

11 

12 

21 

12 

15 

15 

15 

16 

17 

16 

17

17 

6 8

£"a

gM

0.20 

.10 

.06 

.07 

.15 

.07

.08 

.8 

.03 

.03 

.18 

.28 

.64 

.20 

2.5 

1.0

.32 

.20 

.08 

.34 

1.1 

.15 

.15 

1.1 

.19 

.66 

.42 

.15 

.47 

.53 

.28 

.16 

.16 

.36

.39 

a 2

(Ca). Calcium 

42 

44 

36 

43 

42 

46

44 

55 

53 

56 

21 

37 

43 

56 

24 

31

39 

51 

55 

47 

28 

40 

54 

57 

49 

42 

44 

45 

29 

46 

57 

61 

52 

44

47 

18 9

Magnesium (Mg).

24 

24 

17 

20 

22 

20

18 

25 

26 

25 

16 

16 

23 

28 

11 

11

18 

21 

23 

21 

8.9 

19 

26 

24 

26 

18 

22 

20 

12 

18 

21 

24 

24 

16

20

c n

Sodium andpotas- 

(Na+K). sium 

15

16 

16 

7.1 

22 

14

17 

24 

15 

20 

13 

17 

16 

16 

15 

14

13 

14 

18 

14 

6.0 

11 

12 

16 

14 

11 

14 

13 

11 

11 

11 

10.0 

12 

11

14

radicle Carbonate 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

42.1

radicle Bicarbonate 

(IIC0 ).3

radicle Sulphate 

(S0 ).4

271 19

218 24

198 

221 

251

23 

25 

26

204 32 

284 29 

270 29 

294 28 

154 24 

205 38 

192 28 

272 45 

116 40 

148 40

175 

224 

260 

203 

119 

180 

210 

274 

217 

178 

213 

208 

116 

198 

255 

265 

245 

194

213

33 

41 

46 

52 

28 

38 

48 

46 

44 

40 

46 

35 

31 

19 

32 

27 

30 

30

34 

13 7

radicle Nitrate 

£o (NO.).

1.7 

0.5 

1.2

0.9 

0.5 

0.6 

0.5 

3.0 

5.5 

5.0 

4.0 

5.0 

5.0

6.0 

6.0 

7.0 

6.0 

3.0 

10 

8.0 

6.0 

3.6 

6.0 

14 

7.0 

3.8 

7.0 

6.0 

8.0 

5.0 

8.0

4.8 

1 9

(Cl). Chlorine 

9.0

7.5

5.5 

6.0 

9.5

12 

7.5 

8.5 

11 

5.0 

11 

6.0 

7.5 

5.0 

4.7

6.0 

6.5 

7.0 

5.8 

7.0 

6.5 

7.3 

7.0 

8.3 

6.0 

7.5 

6.8 

4.8 

3.8 

5.3 

6.0 

7.0 

5.0

6.9

2.8

5"o

"ca

H

273 

235 

204

225

284 

274

233 

273 

268 

269 

198 

225 

251 

291 

200 

213

214 

262 

301 

277 

189 

239 

281 

292 

268 

239 

249 

242 

166 

225 

271 

298 

255 

239

248

Hf'53 

a

M"S 

C3 0> 

bij-Z,

aC3

S

'2."3 

2.3 

4.8 

14.1 

14.7 

9.0 

19.1 

20.0 

21.2 

17. . 5 

8.5 

7.5 

9.2 

17.4 

14.0 

7.2 

5.9 

5.8 

11.2 

10.4

16.8 

14.1

8.4 

5.3 

4.2

9.8
80 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 37. Mineral analyses of water from Muddy River near Murphysboro, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

>>

! is

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 12

Oct. 20

Oct. 31

Nov. 10

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 2

Feb. 11

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21 

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

i *-< To l 3

; H

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 29

Sept. 9

Sepu. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 17

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30 

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean.... ........

Per ct. of anhydrou 3 residue . .

158

730

550

224

445

248

123

80

40

190

728

385

408

290

200

240

185

40

100

290

340

170

100

35

80 

340

190

150

230

435

65

80

210

245

J3'3

S

13

1

a

D

O2

71

§

So

rt 2 .2 &

£

o

O

0.4

241 .3

177 .3

104 .5

249 .6

136 .5

64 .5

42 .5

24 .6

74 .4

612 .8

115 .3

180 . 4

26

49

70

123

19

66

154

276

59

44

18

34 

222

156

124

160

373

31

57

105

129

.9

.2

.3

.7

.5

.7

.4

.6

 i;

o

55

o

3

02

17

28

27

11

17

15

14

23

21

13

16

44

45

33

44

32

29

24

16

37

^

b

a

o

HH

0.10

1.6

5.0

1.7

2.5

0.30

0.7

1.0

0.08

0.15

1.3

5.0

4.0

4.5

4.1

4.5

3.0

1.5

0.55

"5*

o

'3D

 a

o

33

15

17

24

18

21

39

30

34

38

12

17

18

16

9.6

17

19

30

33

4. 9 i 21

32 i 4.9 ' 17

.3 16 5.3 28

.4

.5

.4

.6

.8

.8

.7

.8

.5

.7

.5

19

16

15 

17

18

26

19

20

22

17

39

.5 24

11.5

1.11

0.21

0.8 

2.5

2.20

0.7

1.4

0.83

1.3

0.15

2.8

43

51

46 

24

18

29

14

20

24

31

22

2.1 25

°1 5 12.2

^

8

H

1

M

c3

^

17

15

8.4

11

8.7

11

18

13

16

17

6.3

8.1

4.4

10

4.1

5.2

8.7

15

18

12

6.1

12

22

21

26 

6.9

9.3

12

7.4

10

5.8

12

7.9

12

5.6

|^

+

§<£< Is"

i-s

02

24

22

13

9.5

13

14

25

27

32

27

12

21

17

20

16

15

23

29

30

25

16

17

34

35

31 

18

20

19

11

12

14

16

20

20

9.9

[3

la^^

»O

C3O 

O

"a

o

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

C

|3'i

-Sf? a S

°a

_o

cq

101

75

54

67

43

63

154

88

108

90

31

54

.0 36

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

54

45

35

53

88

89

46

49

79

144

46

.0104 

.0 79

.0 57

.0 72

.0 32

.0 66

.0 78

.0 97

.0 90

.0 72

17.1.....

05 0)

S [3

i-i .

o

"ea^

"ft

3

02

68

49

41

64

41

48

74

89

107

112

28

65

50

70

42

46

72

106

137

93

51

72

120

186

138 

81

61

62

24

38

42

59

45

72

35.0

'i

fH ^

3)O

I-i

 '

^

~

:~,

a

o

3

0

1.0 20

2.1 19

1.0

1.7

2.0

1.5

3.5

1.0

1.0

11

21

11

15

16

15

14

.4 17

1.5' 6.3

2.5 13

4.0 6.8

2.0

3.0

3.0

5.0

3.5

1.7

3.2

1.7

1.6

3.2

1.2

1.1 

1.8

1.8

1.0

5.0

1.5

.6

1.1

.8

2.0

1.0

8.7

5.5

5.5

8.2

17

23

11

6.5

10

19

25

21 

12

8.3

10

7.0

8.0

9.0

13

11

13

6.2

w

2"o

73

o

H

258

189

158

213

150

166

274

247

285

278

115

217

219

204

183

146

218

294

342

252

193

230

339

424

343

229

193

210

122

139

178

206

212

225

1'3

^

a £

a

a

2. 9

15.7

6.6

11.7

10.4

23.3

24.4

19.2

8.2

1.8

3.1

6.2

12.4

7.5

1.8

2. 3

4.2

5.6

7.1

2.8

9.3

18.5

9.6

5.3

4.3

9.6
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 81

TABLE 38. Mineral analyses of water from Mississippi River near Moline, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date ~~(IW)&-T).

From To 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct. 

drou

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

of anhyTurbidity.

15 

20 

70 

65 

GO 

150

55 

25 

20 

55 

100 

90 

145 

210 

185 

372 

350

117

T3 

a

OJ

14 

21 

44 

59 

50 

110

52 

25 

14

54

70 

142 

2SO 

185 

287 

295

100

s

o

'3 

o

0.9 

1.0

.6 

.9

.8 

.8

.9 

1.0 

.7 

1.0 

1.0 

.8 

.9 

1.3 

1.0 

.8 

.8

.9

Silica (SiO ).2

29 

19 

11 

15 

18 

18

ii

8.0 

18 

12 

10 

12 

Ui 

14 

13 

19 

22

16 

9.0

Iron(Fe).

0.32 

'.20

"."38 

.39

. 24 

.23 

.24

. 8

.50 

.34 

.31 

.65 

.31 

. 42 

32

0.39 

aO 3

5

"3 

u

(Mg). Magnesium 

36 19 

41 18 

33 13 

30 13 

32 12 

32 8.4

20 

24 

26 

27 

27 

31 

37 

42 

40 

41 

41

33

18.7

10.0 

11 

8.2 

9.8 

12 

13 

16 

15 

14 

15 

16

13 

7.3

Sodium andpotassium (Na+K).

Carbonate radicle 

(C0 ).3

13 0.0 

7.6 .0 

11 .0 

15 , .0 

11 .0 

18 .0

ii

7.1

8.7 

11 

5.9 

11 

7.7 

6.8 

8.1 

8.6 

10.0

10

5.7

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

42.3

S

'O2

o y 

a

203 

205 

158 

144 

168 

151

9i 

118 

123 

131

116

155 

161 

166 

173 

171

152

' 3

53 

I"

"3

02

2y

21 

19 

15 

23

17 

21 

24 

21 

17 

20 

27 

31 

35 

34

24 

13.6

O

1 .

1.7 

1.7 

2.3 

3.2 

3.0 

4.0

2.2 

1.7 

1.0 

0.4 

1.1 

2.0 

0.4 

1.7 

0.3 

1.8 

i. 7

1.0

Chlorine (Cl).

4. 5 

4.5 

7.0 

> 4.0 

3.8 

4.0

3.5

2.5

i'.3 

2.0 

1.8 

2.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

4.5

3.7 

2.1

Total solids.

241 

219

188 

168 

185 

168

124 

128 

152 

156 

149 

172 

189 

186 

203 

212 

208

179

'3M

53 O 

a

4.4 

3.2

4.8 

5.3 

5.3 

6.6 

9.9 

12.8 

10.3 

7.8 

6.5 

6.8 

7.1 

7.4 

6.6 

6.8 

8.3 

7.7

oFeaO3 .

28987 IRR 239 10-
82 QUALITY OF STJEFACE WATEBS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 39. Mineral analysts of water from Mississippi River near Quincy, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 2

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 18

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 18

Oct. 31

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 25

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

a5

"03

fi 

.Ti T3

2 §

2 ft

H CO

150 104

540

360

245

224

263

144

151

50

30

30

50

25

10.0

200

475

300

96

80

182

110

190

195

250

40

40

45

May 20 55

May 31 165

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

170

250

210

150

400

175

173

287

190

i

c^

«-H

O 

§ 0

o

§U

0.7

O

CO

03 O

53

17

.5 23

5 ^ 9121

168 .7' 17

1491 .7' 16

169 .6 17

76 .5 19

86

41

.fi 15

.8 19

41 1.0 17

27 .9 16

54 1.1 17

24 1.0! 10

24 ! 2.4' 18

125 .6 19

152 .3 26

154 .5 26

^

£ 

a

I

0.10

.20

2.0

.5

.40

.12

.02

.04

.04

.03

.05

.32

.11

.28

1.0

2.2

1.4

44 .4 21 .9

59 .7 30 .44

112 .6 15 .26

110 1. 7

147' .8

177 .9

188 .7

40 1.0

37

45

52

166

171

227

177

135

294

101

119

.9

1.0

.9

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

.9

. 7

.6

.8

16

18

.25

.61

'o? 

O

B

 g

 a

o

38

34

36

31

35

38

38

42

41

35

36

37

35

37

35

36

32

39

41

39

33

35

W)

^5

8

1

1

17

14

17

i .

O C^

ft«! ^ 525

8 d

1-a

CO

16

16

18

13 10

18, 11

21 12

21! 11

19 12

19 14

16 8.0

17 11

19 11

18 13

24 16 iel 16

18

14

17

18

16

9.8

17

8.8

12

8.8

15 12 iel 10

17 .611 34i 14l 13

18 .35 32 13 7.0

14 .22 24 10 7.9

8.4 .281 38 10 12

10 .12

10 .34

15 .7

14 .13

14 .62

16 .32 20 ; .12

24 .66

31 .5

33 13 9. 2

31 11 8. 7

32 16 8. 7

34' 15 6. 9

40' 17 8.4

45' 17 8. 7

44 19 13

40 15 10

45 17

18 .46 36 Ifi

........... 9.0 a. 3 18.1 8.0

15

11

5.5

"o

 3

03FH .

"o

 3

03 .

i g" -P.-

O

03O

3

0. 0 180

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

"3

3

03

^o

J3

ft -3

CO

"3

 3

03

(H .

*H

£

25 1.0

0, 

ffl

a

|

3

u

5.5

16' 23 2.1 5.0

166 23 1 2.0

163 24 2.8

156! 20

162 22

190 20

206

214

174

187

188 m225

218

185

140

22

26

14

27

28

27

39

27

35

25

180 30

205 31

183 22

151

175

19

26

176 26

141 21

121 22

138 24

. 0 163 22

.0 151 32

. 0 158 22

.0 161 19

.0 173 16

. 0 190 28

.0 2C7 37

. Oi 1£3 28

.0

.0

43.2

2C7 30

175 25

12.6

1.8

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

.3

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

3.0

5.5

3.5

2"o

 a

"o 

H

224

£

«

2

a -S

Sw 

CD

a

5.

192 6.

197 5.'

s. t

187 6.(

9.0| 196 5.!

4.5

6.0

6.5

4.3

7.5

3.8

6.2

4.5

6.0

5.0

2. 71 4. 0

2. 7 4. 5

200, 6.(

213 5.;

220

223

185

196

217

190

244

210

237

203

2. 7 5. 2 218

2. 5 5. 0

3.2 6.0

5. 0 3. 3

4. 0 3. 3

5. 0 2. 8

2. 8, 2. 5

239

207

188

192

193

, 180

2. 4 2. 5| 144

1.1 6.5

.9 2.5

2. 0 3. 5

1.4 2. 3

2. 3 2. 5

170

176

213

176

188

1.2 2. 3 200

1.5 3.5, 218

2. 5 3. 0 227

2.4 3.51 211

1.8 3.8 239

2.2 4.4 2ns

1.1' 2.2

4. 4.'

5.'

5.:

6.

5. 2.:

4.,

6.

9.

4.

4..

5.

6.,

7.

7.-

9.

12.

11.

9.

7.

8.

8.

10.

9.

8.

11.

13.

a Fe2O3 .
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 83

TABLE 40. Mineral analyses of water from Mississippi River near Chester, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

 

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 11

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 22

Nov. 1

Nov. 15

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 22

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 21

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

---

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 31

Nov. 9

Nov. 19

Nov. 28

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 19

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 30

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean...........

Per ct. of anhydrou 5 residue

^.~t^

2

B

^

1,400

1,525

1,875

1,650

840

980

766

1,100

530

540

710

634

293

220

194

325

450

850

310

181

587

580

390

800

445

2,000

1,300

1,320

2,300

634

858

oi

oJ

1

 §

BCD 

ft

r§

00

743

705

857

929

560

1,042

615

733

290

377

498

440

228

254

151

235

355

cb

B

t3

"o si

.2 'o a

ig

o

0

0.5

.5

.4

.6

.7

1.1

.8

 I

.5

. 7

. 7

7

!s

1.2

:?

.8

561 i . 7

213

132

496

621

274

649

280

1,788

1,455

1,277

1,807

482

634

.7

. 7

.8

1.1

.7

.7

.6

.8

1.1

1.0

.8

.8

.8

0

bo

C3

S

CO

6.2

27

33

16

24

19

16

19

22

22

24

19

20

17

15

20

20

35

21

23

24

21

34

19

20

23

22

26

25

24

22

8 5

"a?

a

o

h- 1

0.30

03

rH

'3

3

o

a

|

 ^

<3>

1

^

46 1 15

.14 38

.30

.04

.25

40

39

40

.16 47

.05 39

.08 46

.08

.02

53

52

.04 > 53

.20 42

.37 43

1.30

.12

.56

1.1

1.2

1.2

.47

.33

.35

.45

.26

1.2

.13

.41

.26

.18

.14

on 

. oy

a. i

46

52

43

39

35

33

46

47

42

42

38

47

44

59

48

50

47

44

17.1

14

16

13

17

17

17

21

22

19

23

17

19

20 "is"

15

10.0

13

17

16

17

13

13

20

16

16

14

17

14

3 .

IF

ll

||

1

 3 

8

£§

"08 O

o

,O ^ 'w M

£/} \ £}

30

27

17

20

26

19

24

24

25

28

22

15

15

16

24

16

18

18

22

22

23

26

19

19

12

14

24

21

13

21

16 21

6. 2 8. 2

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

CD

o

1 .

lo

o ^

l~

o

5

146

145

145

161

164

167

150

190

236

219

200

180

195

192

.0 241

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.....

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

qq 9

205

175

117

148

189

187

161

146

166

166

156

i78

173

170

166

174

 s

-3

_o

^ CO

"3IT

CO

93

CD

 5

C3

^

"*"* £H s^

" H

^

0.8

52 2.1

47 2.5

55 2.5

48 1.4

55 1.2

4C 1.5

54 2.0

58 1.2

ee i. 5

78 1.7

54 3.5

4f! 2.0

5^ ! 2.0

55 4. 0

52

51

42

3.5

2.5

1.2

36 7. 0

4? 5.0

63 4.0

55! 5. 0

44 3.0

53 4.0

65 2. 0

64

66

628"

54

56

21.8

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.0

5.2

2.7

1.0

0_

4)

.3

0

3

o

ll

9.5

10.0

12

10

16

11

10

12

15

13

10

10

9.5

11

10

7.0

5.7

6.2

12

12

7.5

18

5.8

5.0

7.0

6.5

7.0

7.0

7.5

9. 8

3

0 

. o

2*Q

 3

"o

e

320

237

245

256

249

260

228

266

306

316

310

254

265

271

301

271

260

222

214

277

304

266

257

238

256

284

296

294

304

250

269

a FesO3 .
84 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 41. Mineral analyses of water from Vermilion River near Danville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 2

Aug. 11

Aug. 22

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 30

Nov. 9

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 20

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 29

Nov. 8

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 19

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrou 3 residue

S

a

s

 3

3

3

EH

135

300

425

117

50

142

90

20

10.0

20

161

125

50

40

270

296

90

10.0

45

10.0

7.0

230

160

25

5.0

19

45

25

35

330

65

100

70

460

55

115

1

3

CO

54

147

201

59

38

68

44

18

5.2

7.8

155

78

61

47

258

255

57

6.0

21

12

8.6

164

45

18

4.4

18

25

22

36

251

56

29

68

487

48

82

cb

C

C

"o .

CD O

O

0.4

.5

.5

.5

.8

.5

.5

.9

.5

.4

1.0

.6

1.2

1.2

1.0

.9

.6

.6

.5

1.2

1.2

.7

.3

.7

.9

1.0

.6

.9

1.0

.8

.9

.3

1.0

1.1

.9

.8

O

CO

03

CJ

3

CO

20

18

19

15

13

20

11

12

13

6.2

16

21

12

10.0

19

17

20

15

18

8.4

11

15

15

14

8.6

4.7

18

9.2

11

13

11

14

17

13

17

14

4.9

"a?

a

8

0.40

.5

.20

.10

.30

.12

.07

.04

.10

.03

.05

.06

.17

.24

.37

.6

1.1

.16

.09

.13

.13

.70

.54

.18

.23

1.3

.26

.15

.15

.18

'.5725

.25

.24

.23

.29

o.l

"51

o

1

"ol

O

48

38

36

56

44

49

52

59

63

60

53

56

56

58

39

43

50

62

56

57

49

49

48

55

54

56

50

56

56

50

63

61

65

64

64

54

19.0

Xs

a"s

D

103

^

31

24

15

28

28

24

26

36

36

36

25

26

27

28

22

18

22

27

23

24

23

20

22

25

21

35

18

24

28

26

26

24

25

21

25

25

8.8

w

03 .

£ +

'o'iS if

02

27

11

15

15

8.7

15

18

23

20

21

10.0

12

8.0

14

14

13

13

13

14

14

14

13

9.3

9.3

10.0

8.7

9.5

9.2

9.2

8.1

8.7

8.6

6.7

8.2

8.9

13

4.6

CD 'Q

03

_2o

03O 

O

 e

03

O

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

42.1

£

.£*

03

 SO

cOJw

03

3

272

193

163

241

285

282

270

326

350

330

220

254

236

275

189

190

189

265

240

247

243

180

207

236

242

247

227

243

239

175

250

245

267

221

265

243

CO 'o

-3

03

si03 ^-"-

ft

Bf

CO

39

27

25

36

38

32

 36

41

46

44

CO 'o

13tH X

>H 

+3

rt

&

0.7

2.7

4.5

3.0

.8

1.8

1.2

.6

.3

.6

46 8. 0

47

42

46

67

47

41

47

55

50

39

50

48

44

45

52

45

40

44

37

42

34

37

34

35

42

14.7

14

16

12

12

5.5

16

16

12

16

8.0

12

24

24

19

11

24

24

24

20

16

10.0

16

18

24

12

4.2

§

CDa

3

0

5.7

3.2

4.5

5.0

5.0

7.0

5.0

7.5

6.5

7.5

3.5

4.2

4.8

4.5

4.7

3.0

2"o 

1

o

EH

299

216

222

282

267

264

275

322

342

318

279

302

301

314

254

245

5.0 263

5.2

5.0

5.0

3.8

3.5

4.8

4.0

2.5

3.0

3.8

3.8

3.8

4.2

4.3

3.0

5.0

3.3

4.0

4.5

1.6

330

316

299

279

256

250

266

264

295

274

288

276

230

304

258

301

290

285

281
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 85

TABLE 42. Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River near Charleston, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 22

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Oct. 29

Nov. 11

Nov. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

Mav 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 27

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 28

Nov. 10

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 18

Jan. 31

Feb. 8

Feb. 18

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 30

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean ............

Per ct. of anhydrou 3 residue... ......

jA

|3

rg

3

^

215

268

400

100

214

220

182

70

30

100

200

160

144

224

280

275

100

20

25

25

25

800

100

10.0

8.0

70

20

30

30

200

90

200

80

422

100

155

IH

0

+i

S

o

a

o

ft

§

M

184

172

167

41

78

94

108

42

20

64

178

175

144

361

352

292

106

21

37

31

35

1.014

90

18

10.0

41

15

33

33

162

88

149

65

380

93

140

1

o .

+=> to

C 0

6

8

o

0.8

.6

.4

.4

.4

.4

.6

.6

.7

.6

.9

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.5

L4

1.3

.9

1.8

1.2

.6

.8

1.1

1.1

.8

1.0

.7

.8

.9

.9

. £

O

3

I

3

27

21

22

18

21

17

19

11

10.0

6.4

18

26

13

12

17

30

32

11

19

14

11

18

15

9.0

10.0

11

13

8.2

5.0

16

17

16

20

22

26

17

6 3

X,

S

a

SH-l

0.35

.20

.06

.08

.30

.45

.04

.16

.14

.10

.06

.20

.09

.32

.57

.80

3.6

.15

.13

.08

.26

.24

.23

.26

.16

.45

.12

.16

.50

.36

.34

.23

.15

.26

.21

.34

o.2

"a

S-

|

'o

"3

o

48

39

36

57

38

38

56

58

61

59

37

54

54

57

43

38

41

55

^

bo

a.l"

0

s>03

^

25

18

18

29

20

18

28

31

33

39

22

25

26

31

21

,

ci -

!££+si

-I

 gTB

M

20

12

16

15

7.3

11

28

16

21

16

11

18

11

10.0

13

16| 15

20

24

52 21

54' 23

52 24

45 18

51 25

54

52

49

52

49

50

50

65

24

25

29

24

22

23

24

29

57i 21

66 25

50

64

is ft

21

24

24

8 Q

10.0

8.0

13

14

13

11

15

9.6

9.9

6.3

15

12

10.0

13

7.5

11

13

13

14

13

4.8

o

[3

*-« .

"*2,

,Q

C3

O

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

0

"3

1 -

loIg

03

5

251

182

182

282

190

192

287

315

322

320

24fi

280

. 0' 257

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

45.0

286

219

o"3

^M X,

^O

Is 2-

a 3

M

?1

22

24

28

22

23

27

?6

?2

30

18

?2

26

34

34

200 35

200

253

260

22

33

43

267 33

250

173

242

249

250

225

267

256

250

228

284

281

280

217

270

249

41

39

39

48

34

32

32

35

31

25

32

29

26

27

30

31

11.4

0

 3

-3

M ^

00

»-t

«

^

2.8

2.1

3.5

1.7

1.4

2.5

3.0

1.5

0.5

0.4

5.0

8.0

8.0

8.0

9.0

7.0

3

0

'§a

3

o

7.5

4.2

2.0

5.5

3.5

5.5

5.0

5.0

7.2

7.2

5.3

4.0

5.5

6.0

5.0

4.2

8. Ol 4. 2

6. 0 5. 0

8. 5 5. 0

8.0

8.0

10.0

16

16

14

9.2

12

10.0

10.0

13

6.0

13

18

7.0

10.0

7.6

9 S

5.0

4.5

7.5

4.3

5.5

4.5

5.5

5.5

7.3

4.3

3.8

3.5

4.5

4.5

3.0

3.2

4.9

i ft

w

2

1

"a

"o

^

297

230

226

282

214

212

316

310

291

293

258

283

277

300

236

254

232

271

291

281

289

237

278

269

264

256

285

281

276

267

277

269

312

243

301

270

a FejO|.
86 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 43. Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River necr Lawrenceville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 17 

Sept. 27 

Oct. 13 

Oct. 20 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 14 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 2 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Per ct. 

drou.

To 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 16 

Sept. 26 

Oct. 12 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 18 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

Julv 20 

July 31

of anhyTurbidity.

280 

220 

268 

148

20 

20 

20 

20 

220

103 

214 

161 

159 

45 

12 

8.0 

50 

280 

120

15 

112 

210 

80 

120 

200 

100 

220 

43 

181 

68

118

matter. Suspended 

52 

111 

103 

89

19 

15 

8.0 

7.4 

98

76 

78 

89 

50 

34 

13 

11 

45 

177 

54

13 

54 

109 

44 

94 

107 

70 

128 

41 

123 

60

66

fine- ofCoefficient 

ness.

0.5 

.5 

.4

.6

1.0 

.8 

.4

.4

.7 

.4 

.6 

.3 

.8 

1.1 

1.2 

.9 

.6 

.4

9

!(

.8

.7 

.6 

1.0

.7 

.9

.7

Silica (SiO ).2

24 

15 

17

15

18 

16 

11 

16 

15

21 

20 

31 

25 

14 

11 

18 

14 

22 

19

13

10 

13 

11 

19 

9.2 

18 

18 

17 

13 

15

17 

6.1

"a?

fe

a 

SM

0.30 

.14 

.30 

.20

.08 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.20

.32 

3.7 

1.4 

1.7 

.22 

.13 

.07 

.15

!78

.13 

.32 

.62 

.15 

.30 

.29 

.59 

.90 

.14 

.11 

. 22

.63 

o.3

(Ca). Calcium 

42 

33 

33

59 

55 

60 

72 

66

49 

19 

28 

24 

46 

52 

54 

52 

26 

44

55 

45 

37 

42 

34 

26 

48 

51 

55 

39 

45

44 

15.8

(Mg). Magnesium 

22 

18 

18 

22

19

27 

25 

34 

31

23 

8.5 

16 

9.5 

20 

22 

24 

18 

10.0 

16

26 

24 

12 

17 

15 

9.3 

23 

18 

20 

18 

17

19 

6.8

Sodium potas- and 

(Na+K). sium 

29 

18 

32 

19

49 

43

87 

48 

55

20 

18 

17 

17 

27 

21 

25 

33 

15 

19

28 

29 

22 

31 

17 

13 

17 

19 

20 

28 

15

28 

10.0

radicle Carbonate 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0 ""."6

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

34.5

Bicarbonate radicle 

(HC0 ).3

207 

150 

123 

205

274 

270 

305 

335 

229

227

no

136 

104 

203 

234 

244 

205 

111 

198

240 

243 

143 

183 

141 

91 

187 

190 

231 

158 

170

195

tD "3 

1 . 

S§

n 

303

33 

23 

26 

24

45 

36 

49 

50 

64

46 

27 

36 

30 

43 

44 

54 

29 

38 

39

42 

43 

35 

52 

34 

17 

28 

26 

25 

21 

24

35 

12.6

tD

2 3

C9

cO "S5.

-*J 

£

1.2 

2.4 

1.5

.8

7.0 

.3 

.2 

5.5 

.3

5.0 

2.5 

4.5 

4.0 

2.0 

6.0 

6.0 

4.2 

9.2 

14

3.3 

2.6 

2.4 

3.2 

1.5 

2.7 

2.0 

1.4 

7.0 

2.1 

6.0

3.7 

1.3

(Cl). ine 

13

o

26 

23 

45 

26

64 

61 

114 

75

88

20 

9.5 

9.2

20'" 

24 

32 

46 

14 

16

40 

51 

28 

40 

26 

12 

19 

36 

18 

38 

22

35 

12.6

solids.

£ 

o EH

278 

231 

240 

251

426 

371 

472 

468 

458

308 

166 

205 

174 

268 

284 

342 

342 

192 

274

325 

296 

238 

287 

235 

120 

251 

255 

275 

246 

222

283
ANALYTICAL, TABLES. 87

TABLE 44. Mineral analyses of water from Little Wabash River near Carmi, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date 

(1906-7).

1 

From To 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 20 

Oct. 30 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 20 

Dec. 1 

Dec. 12 

Dec. 21 

Jan. 1 

Jan. 11 

Jan. 21 

Feb. 1 

Feb. 10 

Feb. 19 

Mar. 1 

Mar. 11 

Mar. 21 

Apr. 1 

Apr. 11 

Apr. 21 

May 1 

May 11 

May 21 

June 1 

June 11 

June 21 

July 1 

July 11 

July 21

Mean

Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 18 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 7 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 9 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31

Per ct. of anhydrous residue. .

E-i

20 

40 

144 

142

90 

127

70 

30

430 

182 07'^

151 

220 

94 

60

40 

35 

100 

330 

145 

00 

60

140

155

155 

220 

110 

120 

160

135

Suspended matter.

9.2 

25 

55 

60

38

64

23 

19

170 

68 

109 

77 

67 

10.0 

21

20 

29 

94 

198 

34 

26 

26

Coefficient offineness.

0.5 

.6 

.4 

.4

.4

.5

.3 

.6

.4

.4 

.4 

.5 

.3 

.9 

.4

.5

.8 

.9 

.6

.4 

.4

110 

125

no

143

65 

100 

84

.8 

.8

.7 

.7 

.6 

.8 

. 5

68 ' .5

O 

02 

a

X

38 

22 

28 

38

is

19

30 

26

18 

27 

39 

39 

31 

35 

17

21 

15 

24 

25 

48 

24 

19

25 

18

26 

22 

14 

15 

33

26 

16.5

Iron (Fe).

0.20 

.20 

.25 

.32

.30 

.35

2.0

.7 

1.5 

3.7 

3.7 

9.9

".40

2.8 

.9 9 2 

1 9 

6.5 

2.3 

1.3

1.1 

.74

1.1 

4.9 

1.6 

.19 

1.7

2.0 

ol.8

(Ca). Calcium 

27 

31 

23 

21

23 

16

24

13 

17 

15 

16 

7.8 

10. 0 

11

25

32 

28 

8.5 

15 

36 

36

(Mg). Magnesium 

15 

16 

8.3 

13

13 

10

9.3 

14

4.0 

9.1 

3.8 

5.3 

6.2 

3.8 

5.2

9.6 

12 

15 

6.7 

6.7 

15 

17

21

22

19 

20 

IS 

18 

14

20 

12.6

11

7.9

Sodium andpotas- 

(Na+K). sium 

18

14 

14

15 

14

ai

16

6.4 

16 

15 

16 

15 

13 

10.0

16

25 

19 

18 

14 

17

12 

11

7.7 10.0 

4. 81 12 

3.9 8.1 

6.4 11 

4.8 10.0

9.1 15 

5. 8 9. 5

Carbonate radicle 

(C0 ).3

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.6

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.6

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

27.5

Bicarbonate radicle 

(HC0 ).3

171 

160 

97 

91

95 

76

93 

118

39 

69 

52 

64 

54 

51 

44

ios

126 

104 

57 

69 

126 

153

86 

74

64 

102 

80 

83 

53

88

o "o 

 5

2^

J03^-"

f3

Sf "3

02

19 

26 

25 

22

24

21

32

44

19 

33 

23 

38 

26 

31 

30

42 

51 

74 

35 

38 

51 

52

43 

30

14 

24

22 

22 

19

32 

20.3

Nitrate radicle 

(N0 ).8

0.8 

1.9 

1.5

1.5

2.0 

1.5

.6 

.9

3.0 

3.5 

2.5 

2.5 

6.0 

1.2 

4.0

2.0

1.5 

3.0 

1.5 

2.7 

2.8 

1.8

2.5 

1.2

1.5 

2.4 

i:7 

1.2 

1.5

~. 1 

1.3

(Cl). Chlorine 

12 

14 

6.3

5.5 

9.0

6.5 

11

1.0 

8.8 

6.5 

5.5

4^0 

5.5

7.5 

16 

11

7.3 

6.0 

8.0 

8.3

9.0

7.0

5.5 

6.0 

6.0 

6.5 

5.0

7.5 

4.7

solids. Total 

219 

211 

174 

163

147 

138

188 

187

111 

153 

185 

184 

140 

159 

138

193 

219 

239

187 

240 

227 

236

182 

151

149

if4 

137 

150

176

^> 

A be

a

Btto 

CS 4* ta^. 

1

"i."3

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.6 

6.4 

4.5 

8.4 

7.5 

17.1 

19.8 

26.0 

21.6 

5.8 

0.9 

3.5 

11.8 

22. 3 

5.8 

1.9 

1.8 

3.7 

2.7 

3.1 

8.8 

9.8 

4.7 

2.0 

1.7

Fe2 03.
88 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS.

TABLE 45. Mineral analyses of water from Cache Pdver near Mounds, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]

Date

(1906-7).

From 

Aug. 1

Aug. 11

Aug. 21

Aug. 31

Sept. 10

Sept. 20

Sept. 30

Oct. 10

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Nov. 15

Nov. 22

Dec. 1

Dec. 11

Dec. 21

Jan. 1

Jan. 11

Jan. 21

Feb. 1

Feb. 10

Feb. 19

Mar. 1

Mar. 11

Mar. 21

Apr. 1

Apr. 11

Apr. 21

May 1

May 11

May 21

June 1

June 11

June 21

July 1

July 11

July 21

To 

Aug. 10

Aug. 20

Aug. 30

Sept. 9

Sept. 19

Sept. 29

Oct. 9

Oct. 19

Oct. 31

Nov. 8

Nov. 21

Nov. 30

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 31

Jan. 10

Jan. 20

Jan. 31

Feb. 9

Feb. 17

Feb. 28

Mar. 10

Mar. 20

Mar. 31

Apr. 10

Apr. 20

Apr. 31

May 10

May 20

May 31

June 10

June 20

June 30

July 10

July 20

July 31

Mean............

Per ct. of anhydrous residue . .

 3

3

H

210

220

155

130

40

40

155

168

273

90

50

182

112

50

40

20

175

100

290

130

340

55

45

145

125

195

149

65

103

160

134

CD

I

 a

1

PI

BCO

94

75

61

64

15

42

68

58

175

20

152

53

35

23

34

12

93

36

73

48

84

34

30

117

125

78

73

38

76

102

66

CD

a

^

o

cu p3

1

CD 

O

0.4

.3

.3

.5

.4

1.0

.4

. J

.6

.2

3.0

. j

f £

. i

.8

.6

.5

.4

.1

.t

.6

. 7

.8

1.0

. 4

. 5

.6

.7

.6

.6

O

5

a

3

CO

4.6

20

31

10

9.2

22

26

f>0

23

22

28

39

29

24

23

19

21

33

43

21

24

18

10.0

12

22

11

18

20

15

24

22

16.2

CD

a

St t

0.20

1.0

.60

.17

.26

.19

. 25

.80

2.8

3.2

2.8

6.5

5.2

2.8

2.5

4.8

4.9 "i's"

7.4

2.6

3.4

1.5

1.5

.58

.56

3.8

4.5

.20

2.6

2.5

«2.7

"c?

O

3

1

O

26

18

22

22

33

42

19

19

9.7

9.7

9.2

8.3

12

12

13

15

14

12

15

16

18

16

23

28

16

20

25

24

23

25

19

14.0

^

M 

g.

8

aa

S

10.0

7.4

7.0

9.1

13

8.7

3.8

4.5

3.6

3.0

6.4

3.1

4.0

6.3

3.7

5.C

3.9

5.4

1.5

4.0

5.6

6.3

8.5

5.8

3.5

5.3

9.0

8.5

5.9

 <D

ci .

§,£

6 §2;a"

3 3

IS -55

CO

13

29

38

20

17

25

39

37

11

7.4

14

17

11

14

12

11

8.2

13

7.0

9.0

8.7

9.0

6.9

19

7.0

8.6

3.9

6.2

8.8

9. 0 13

6.0 15

4.4 11.1

 3

^

CDQ

1"

|

8

o

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

31.1

CD

£

13

CO »

^p«o

8

.2

ffl

121

93

90

94

159

211

108

85

59

41

59

72

CD CD I

 3

a

£

CS V-'

S 3

coO

»H

"ft *>

"3 "2

co A

4.3

20

35

14

.....

27

44

43

35

14

18

17

19

62 18

66 19

58 22

74 13

70 1G

42 15

57 9.2

64 16

69 15

94 13

96 12

104 36

52 12

69 27

94 17

85 11

97 9.7

100 10.0

85 19

..... 14.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

.7

.6

1.5

2.0

1.2

3.0

2.7

1.2

2. t

2 4

3.5

1.0

G.O

1.2

2.4

1.2

7.0

.6

1.5

1.0

.b

1.4

1.3

8.0

2.0

.7

2.1

1.5

0

eg

a

o

2

0

7.2

5'. 6

15

6.5

7.0

19

23

14

6.0

3.0

3.0

3.7

4.7

4.0

4.5

6.7

5,5

3.0

4.0

1"3

^

'S

'S

&« C3 jOJ

1 g

H S

1661 ....

141 ....

211

139

190

284

244

229

129

126

117

170

142

121

129

115

121

13&

169

3.8 119

3. 3 125

4. 5 138

4. 5 118

13 .....

4.0 92

5.3 100

3. 0 140

4. 5, 131

4.5J 116

1

10. 0 158

6. 8, 149

5.0... .

3.8

7.4

8.4

3.2

2.9

3.0

8.5

5.2

7.7

11.5

17.3

23.6

24.5

19.4

13.4

7.3

8.8

15.8

17.5

10.1

5.0

G.O

9.2

14.8

10.3

11.7

18.8

16.2

8.2

7.1

11.6
ANALYTICAL TABLES. 89

TABLE 46. Average quality of waters of some rivers in Illinois. 

[Parts per million.)

Source and location of 

sampling station.

Reservoir, Cartter, 111. ... 

Reservoir. Marion, 111. ... 

Reservoir , Cypress, 111. . . 

Reservoir, Joppa, 111. .... 

Rock River Rockford, 

111......................

Rock River, Sterling, 111.. 

Kankakee River, Kankakee, 111.................

Fox River, Elgin, 111..... 

Fox River, Ottawa, 111. . . 

Vermilion River (of 1111-

Sangamon River, Decatur, III.................

Sangamon River, Springfield 111................

Sangamon River, Chandlerville, 111.. ..........

Illinois River, Lasalle, 111. 

Illinois River, Peoria, 111. 

Illinois River, Kampsville, 111................

Kaskaskia River, Shelbyville, 111................

Kaskaskia River, Carlyle,Ill.................

Muddy River, Murphysboro, 111................

Mississippi River, Moline, 111....... ..........

Mississippi River,

Mississippi River. Chester, 111 .................

Vermilion River (of Wabash), Danville, 111. .... 

Embarrass River, 

Charleston, 111..........

Embarrass River, LawLittle Wabash River. 

Carmi, 111. .............

Cache River, Mounds, 111.

Turbidity.

72 

97 

155 

116

134

229 

50

34 

94

107

126

74

154

159 

43

188

110

184

245

117

173

858

115 

155

118

135

134

Suspended matter.

33 

43 

59 

60

92

236 

3?

23

87

78

87

39

10?

136 

26

145

84

126

123

106

119

034

82 

140

66

68

66

of fineness. Coefficient 

0.5 

.5 

.5

. 5

7

1.2

.7

.7 

1.2

,7

7

.8

7

.8 

.8

9

7

.5

.9

8

.8 

.9

7

5

.6

(SiO ).Silica 2

16 

13 

29

22

15

15 

15

12 

11

14

19

16

15

12 

12

12

16

17

?4

16

T«

22

14 

17

17

9fi

22

(Fe). Iron 

1.9 

.93 

3.7 

3.5

.44

.31

.27

.15 

.20

.22

.27

.32

.32

.21 

.21

.27

.23

.39

2.1

.39

.46

.39

.29 

.34

.53

2.0

2.5

(Ca). Calcium 

9.0 

15 

18 

10

45

49

58

51 

60

55

55

52

52

50 

49

47

53

47

25

33

36

44

54 

51

44

19

(Mg). Magnesium 

3.6 

8.2 

7.0 

4.0

25

27 

21

30 

32

29

26

24

25

22 

21

20

26

20

12

13

16

16

25 

24

19

9 1

6.0

and potassium Sodium 

(Na+K).

8.6 

17 

13 

9.0

10

12 

12

11 

14

18

14

16

15

16 

17

1 S

13

14

20

11

21

13 

13

15

radicle Carbonate 

(COs).

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0

.0

radicle Bicarbonate 

(HC0 ).3

34 

51 

67 

43

252

263 

215

208 

275

">41

247

255

203 

198

262

213

152

175

243

CO

85

radicle (SO ).Sulphate 4

10 

45 

33 

19

22

25 

57

38 

61

68

35

37

36

50 

48

42

34

34

79

24

OC

Kc

42 

31

35

00

19

radicle (NO ).Nitrate 3

2.1 

1.7 

2.2 

1.9

4.1

3.8 

4.1

2.4 

4.9

12

8.5

3.4

6.1

6.6

7.8

4 3

6.9

4.8

9 fi

1 fi

2.2

9 7

12 

7.6

t 7

2.1

2.1

(Cl). Chlorine 

5.2 

8.3 

0.8 

4.3

4.6

5.5 

4.9

5.2 

7.9

6.9

5.4

7.5

7.6

13 

13

15

5.6

6.9

13

3.7

4.4

9 8

4.5 

4 9

oc

7 ^

6.8

solids. Total 

92 

140 

165 

111

250

267 

288

290 

335

375

293

276

282

278 

271

279

248

225

179

9g9

281

283

176

149

INDEX.

A. Page.

Acknowledgments to those aiding............ 8

Agriculture, data on......................... 12

Alden, W. C., on glacial drift................ 10

Alton, water supply of....................... 41-42

Analyses, charts showing.................... 1C, 18

tables giving............................ G2-89

Anderson, J. F., work of.................... 52

Arnold, C. II., work of ...................... 50

B.

Barnhouse, Perry, work of.................. 50

Barton, Alfred, work of...................... 33

Bartow, Edward, work of................... 7-8

Bicarbonates, data on....................... 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Bloomington, water supply of............... 54

Boilers, water for...............'........... 6,58-59

water for, analyses of.................... 7

Brinkoetter, F. J., work of................... 42

Brotherton, James, work of.................. 33

C.

Cache River, description of.................. 9,52

water of, analysis of.................. 53,88,89

quality of........................... 52-53

samples of........................... 52

softening of.......................... 61

Cairo, water supply of....................... 53

Calcium, data on... ........................ 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Calvert, C. K., work of...................... 8,17

Carbonates, data on......................... 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Carbondale, water supply of................. 41

Carlyle, water at, analysis of .......... 39,48,79,89

water supply of.......................... 39

Carmi, water at, analyses of................. 87,89

water supply of.......................... 51-52

Cartter, reservoir at, water from ............. 20, 61

reservoir at, water from, analyses of....... 62,89

Champaign, water supply of................. 54

Chandler ville, water at, analysis of....... 32.74,89

Charleston, water at, analyses of.......... 51,85,89

water supply at......................... 50

Chester, water at................ 42-43,45-49,83,89

water at, analysis of............... 42,45,48,83

Chicago, water supply of.................. 18-19,54

water supply of, analyses of.............. 19

Chicago drainage canal, description of........ 25

effects of................................. 37

water of, solids in........................ 25,37

Page. 

Chlorine, data on............................ 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Cities, water consumption of................. 5-6

Climate, character of......................... 9-10

Coal, character and distribution of........... 11

Coal-mine drainage, effect of, on water....... 12-13

Collins, W. D., work of.................. 7-8,16-17

Cooperation, board for control of............. 7-8

plan of.................................. 7-8

Culture, description of....................... 11-14

Cypress, water at............................ 61

water at, analyses of..................... 64,89

D.

Danville, water at, analyses of............... 84,89

water supply of.......................... 49

Davidson, Ira, work of...................... 33

Decatur, water at, analysis of............. 32,72,89

water supply of.......................... 31

Des Moines River, water of, quality of....... 43

Desplaines River, description of............. 26

municipal supplies from................. 26

water of, quality of...................... 26

Dissolved matter. See Solids, dissolved.

Distilleries. See Liquor business.

Drift, glacial, distribution of................. 10

wells in.................................. 11

Drinking, water used for.................... 5-6

Dry residue, composition of.................. 17

composition of, chart showing........... 16

E.

East St. Louis, water supply of.............. 41-42

Economic features, description of............ 11-14

Effingham, water supply of.................. 51

Elgin, water of, analysis of ............ 29-30,69,89

water supply of.......................... 28

Embarrass River, description of............. 50

municipal supplies...................... 50

pollution of.............................. 13,51

water of, analyses of............... 51,85-86,89

quality of............................ 50-51

samples of........................... 50

softening of.......................... 61

F.

Filtration, processes of....................... 55-56

Fox River, description of.................... 28

discharge of.............................. 29

municipal supplies from................. 28

powers on............................... 28

91
92 INDEX.

Page. 

Fox River, water of, analyses of....... 29, G9-70,89

water of, quality of................... 29-30,37

samples of........................... 29

softening of.......................... 61

G. 

Geology, description of...................... 10-11

Glacial drift, distribution of................. 10

See alsn Drift. 

Golconda, water supply of................... 53

Greenup, water supply at................... 51

Gregory, F. H., work of..................... 22

H. 

Hydrography, description of................ 9

See also particular streams.

I. 

Illinois River, description of................. 9,25

discharge of.......................... 34-36,4G

water of, analyses of.................. 75-77,89

quality of........................ 33-34,43

variation in..................... 30-38

samples of.......................... 33

softening of.......................... 61

See also particular tributaries. 

Illinois State Geological Survey, cooperation

with............................ 7

Illinois State Water Survey, analyses by..... 7,16

cooperation with........................ 7

Indiana, oil-well pollution in................. 13

Industries, character and distribution of.... 13-14

pollution from........................... 13-14

water used in............................ 6

essentials of....................... 6,57-61

See also Laundries; Boilers; Softening. 

Iron, data on................................ 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Iron industry, water demands of............. 14

J. 

Joppa, reservoir at, water from.............. 20,61

reservoir at, water from, analyses of..... 65,89

K. 

Kampsville, water at, analyses of...... 33,48,77,89

Kankakee, water at, analyses of............. 68,89

water supply of......................... 27

Kanlrakee River, description of.............. 26-27

municipal supplies from................. 27

water of, analyses of..................... 68,89

quality of........................... 27,37

samples of........................... 27

softening of.......................... 61

Kaskaskia River, description of............. 9,38

municipal supplies from................. 39

reclamation on.......................... 38

water of, analyses of............... 39,78-79,89

quality of........................... 39,48

samples of........................... 39

softening of.......................... 61

L.

Lake Michigan, analyses of.................. 19

drainage to.............................. 17-18

municipal supplies from................. 18

water of, quality of...................... 18-19

softening of.......................... 61

underground water near................ 18

Lannigan, M. P., work of.................... 29

Lasalle, water at...................... 33-38,75,89

water at, analyses of .................... 33,75

dissolved solids in................... 35

Laundries, water for....................... 6,57-58

Lawrenceville, water at, analyses of...... 51,86,89

Leighton, M. O., on Illino-'s rivers........... 6-7

I -iquor industry, pollutior from............. 14

water for................................ 57

Litterer, Fred., work of..................... 32

Little Wabash River, description of......... 51

municipal supplies of.................... 51-52

water of, analysis of.................. 53,87,89

quality of........................... 52

samples of........................... 52

softening of.......................... 61

Long, Bessie, work of....................... 32

M. 

Madden, John, work of...................... 32

Magnesium, data on......................... 62-89

determination of........................ 16

prevalence of, in surface water .......... 10,30

Manufactures, character and distribution of.. 13-14

See also Industries.

Map of Illinois, showing location of stations.. 14 

Marion, reservoir at, water of................ 20,61

reservoir at, water of, analyses of........ 03,89

sampling at............................. 15

Martin, J. W., work of...................... 32

Meat industry, pollution f-om............... 13-14

Mechanical nitration, methods of............ 55-56

Metropolis, water supply of................. 53

Michigan, Lake. See Lake Michigan.

Mine drainage, effects of.................. 12-13,40

Minerals, contamination by................. 6

Mines, character and distribution of......... 12-13

Minnesota River, water of, quality of........ 44-45

Mississippi River, discharge of............... 44,46

municipal supplies from................. 41-42

water of, analyses of.................. 81-83,89

samples of........................... 42

softening of.......................... 61

Missouri River, discharge of................. 46

water of, quality of...................... 43

Moline, sampling at......................... 15

water at................................. 44

analysis of........................ 42,81,89

water supply of......................... 41-42

Morgan, Samuel, work of.................... 52

Mounds, water at, analyses of ............ 53,88,89

Muddy River, description of................ 9,40

municipal supplies from................. 41

water of, analysis of-................. 53,80,89

quality of..................... 40-41,52-53

samples of........................... 40

softening of.......................... 61

Municipal supplies, need of.................. 53

See also Wells; Surfaces supplies; particular cities. 

Murphysboro, water at, analyses of....... 53,80,89

N. 

Nitrates, data on............................ 62-89

determination of........................ 16

Nutt, Isaac, work of......................... 39
INDEX. 93

O. Page.

Obert, Gus, work of......................... 32

Ohio River, municipal supplies from......... 53

water of, quality of...................... 53

Oil well drainage, effect of, on water........ 13,51

Olsen, Magnus, work of..................... 42

Ottawa, water at, analysis of.......... 29-30,70,89

Ozark uplift, description of.................. 8

P.

Pennsylvanian series, character and distribution of........................... 11

Peoria, water at....................... 33-38,70,89

water at, analyses of..................... 33,76

dissolved solids in................... 36

Pollution, data on.......................... 7

prevalence of............................ 5

Pontiac, water supply of.................... 30

Population, data on......................... 11-12

Potassium. See Sodium and potassium. 

Potsdam sandstone, character and distribution of........................... 11

wells in................................. 11

Precipitation. Sec Rainfall.

Purification, methods of..................... 55-57

practicability of......................... 5

Q. 

Quincy, water at......................... 42-44,48

water at, analysis of............ 42, 44, 48,82,89

water supply of..................... 41-42

R.

Rainfall, amount of......................... 9-10

Reservoirs, character and distribution of..... 19-20

water of, analyses of..................... 20

quality of........................... 20

Rivers. See Streams; particular streams. 

Rockford, water at, analyses of.............. 66,89

water at, dissolved solids in............. 23-24

quality of........................... 21-24

residue from......................... 22

Rock Island, water supply of................ 41-42

Rock River, description of................. 9,20-21

discharge of............................. 21,23

industries on............................ 21

municipal supplies from................. 21

power on................................ 21

water of, analyses of.................. 66-67,89

quality of........................ 22-24,43

samples from........................ 21-22

softening of.......................... 61

Ruegg, Mo., water at, quality of............ 48

S.

St. Peter sandstone, character and distribution of........................... 11

wells in................................. 11

Samples, analysis of, methods of............. 15-17

analysis of, results of................. 17,62-89

collection of............................. 15

Sand filtration, use of....................... 55

Sangamoii River, description of............. 31

municipal supplies from................. 31-32

water of, analyses of............... 32,72-74,89

quality of........................... 32

samples of........................... 32

softening of.......................... 61

Page. 

Schilling, George, work of................... 39

Sedimentation, use of........................ 55

Shelby ville, water at, analyses of.......... 39,78,89

water supply of.......................... 39

Silica, data on............................... 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Sodium and potassium, data on............. 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Softening, processes of................. 56-57,59-61

processes of, cost of...................... 60-61

Solids, dissolved, data on.................... 62-89

determination of......................... 16

relation of, to suspended matter, chart

showing......................... 18

Springfield, water at, analyses of......... 32,73,89

water supply of.......................... 31

Stagner, H. C., work of...................... 40

Steam boilers. See Boilers.

Steenberg, W. V., work of................... 49

Sterling, water at, analyses of................ 67,89

water at, dissolved solids ir............. 23-24

quality of........................... 21-24

residue from......................... 22

Straley, A. L., work of...................... 27

Streams, descriptions of...................... 9

Streams, flow of............................. 9

water of, quality of. See S irface waters.

softening of.......................... 60-61

Streator, water at, analyses of............... 71,89

water supply of.......................... 30

Strodbeck, Louis, work of................... 50

Sulphates, data on.......................... 62-89

determination of......................... 16

Surface waters, conclusion on................ 61-62

purification of........................... 54-57

quality of.......................... 9,10,15-17

analyses of.......................... 62-89

charts showing...................... 16,18

determination of................... 6,15-17

See also particular waters. 

Suspended matter, data on.................. 62-89

determination of......................... 15

relation of, to dissolved matter, chart

showing......................... 18

T.

Tables, analytical, on surface waters......... 62-89

Temperature, records of..................... 10

Topography, outline of...................... 8

Turbidity, data on.......................... 62-89

determination of......................... 15

removal of............................... 55-56

U.

University of Illinois, cooperation with...... 7

Urbana, laboratory at....................... 15

Vandalia, water supply of................... 39

Vermilion River (of Illinois R'ver), description of........................... 30

municipal supplies from................. 30

water from, analyses of.................. 71,89

quality of........................... 31,37

samples of........................... 30

softening of.......................... 61
INDEX.

Page.

Vermilion River (of Wabash River), description of...................... 49

municipal supplies from................. 49

. water of, analyses of..................... 84,89

quality of........................... SO

samples of........................... 49

softening of.......................... 61

W.

Wabash River, description of.... 

See also particular tributaries.

49

Page. 

Wells, character and distribution of.......... 53-54

municipal supplies from................. 54

water of, character of.................... 54

determination of..................... 6

Winkleblack, James, work of................ 50

Yohn, C. A., work of.

o
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

LE

Kankakee River, Fox ^iv

Rock River

at 

Sterling

at 

Kankakee

Rock River

at 

Rockford

Reservoir

at 

Reservoir Cypress

at 

Marion

Reservoir

at 

Cartter

Reservoir

at 

Joppa

Fox River

at Vermilion River 

Ottawa at

Streator

Silica

<s;o2>

Nitrate Sodium and Chlorine 

radicle potassium 

< N°3> (Na+K)

(Cl) 

Vertic

Sangamon River:

at 

Decatur

Sangamon River 

Sangamon River at

at Chandlerviile 

Springfield

Parts p

Kaskaskia River

at 

Shelbyville

Illinois River

at Illinois River 

Lasalle at

Peoria Illinois River

at 

Kampsville Kaska

Ca

U

DIAGRAMS SHOWING COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL CARRIED BY ILLINOIS