Trends in Artist Occupations:
 

1970-1990
 

Prepared by 

Diane C. Ellis and John C. Beresford 

August 1994 

NATIONAL 

ENDOWMENT 

FOR~THE 

ARTS 

ARTS
 

Research Division Report #29
 
PHOTO CREDITS 

American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, photo of student practicing rosemaling 

by Jonas Dovydenas (p. 9) and photo of Harold Sprague by Michael Crummett (p. 12); 

photo of Elizabeth Cotton by Marge Newmark Rosenbaum (p. 14); photo of members 

of Lakambini ("Dances from the Philippines") by Margy McClain (p. 15); photo of Pat 

Carroll as Falstaff by Joan Marcus (p. 17); photo of Michael Bell as Tiny Tim and John 

Lewin as Ebenezer Scrooge by Joe Giannetti (p. 20). 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA 

Ellis, Diane. Trends in artist occupations, 1970-1990 / prepared by Diane C. Ellis and
 

John C. Beresford.
 

p. cm. - (Research Division report / National Endowment for the Arts; #29) 

"August 1994." 

1. Artists-United States-Statistics. 2. Arts, Modern-20th century-United 

States-Statistics. I. Beresford, John C. 1930-. II. Title. III. Series: Research 

Division report (National Endowment for the Arts, Research Division); 29. 

NX504.E45 1994 94-35235 331.12’517’0097309047-dc20 ClP 

Printed in the United States of America 
CONTENTS
 

Foreword .................................................................................................... 5
 

Artist Occupational Data ........................................................................
 7
 

Growth in the Artist Work Force .........................................................8
 ..

Geographic Trends ................................................................................10
 .

Demographic Trends .............................................................................13
 .

Trends among Women and Minority Artists ............................
 14 

Age Trends ........................................................................................15
 

Education Trends ............................................................................16
 .

Full Time Work Last Year ...............................................................
 16
 

Earnings Trends ................................................................................
 18
 

Occupation Profiles ..............................................................................21
 ..


Actors and Directors ......................................................................22
 .

Announcers .......................................................................................

23
 

Architects ..........................................................................................24
 .

Authors ..............................................................................................25
 

Dancers ...............................................................................................26
 

Designers ..........................................................................................27
 .

Musicians and Composers ...........................................................28
 ..


Painters, Sculptors, Craft-Artists and Artist Printmakers 29
 .....


Photographers .................................................................................30
 .

Teachers of Art, Drama, and Music .............................................
 31
 

Artists, Performers, and Related Workers
 

not elsewhere classified ..................................................................
 32
 

Appendix
 

Contents ...........................................................................................A-1
 

Discussion 

Tables:
 

.......................................................................................A-5
 

State Trends in Artists, 1970 to 1990 ......................A-6 to A-17
 

Regional and Metropolitan Data, 1990 ................
 A-18 to A-30
 

National Trends .........................................................A-32 to A-51
 

Technical Issues ...........................................................................A-52
 

Technical Tables .........................................................A-56 to A-76
 
FOREWORD
 

Since its inception in 1975, the Research Division of the National Endowment for the Arts has 

been conducting research on artist occupations. 

Understanding that no one database will address 

all the issues or concerns that arts policymakers, 

administrators and researchers will have about 

artists, the Division has sought a balance in its 

research between several major types of databases: 

Primary data collection efforts concerning 

specific artist groups using surveys designed 

with significant input from the Research Division, the relevant Arts Endowment program, 

and the field. The most recent example is a 

study of choreographers in four cities in which 

mail questionnaire responses from over 500 

choreographers were tabulated and analyzed 

(Research Report #28, Dancemakers). 

Surveys of memberships of artist organizations such as unions, service organizations, etc. 

Analysis of these data are presented in several 

Research Division Reports such as Research 

Division Report #3, Understanding the Employment of Actors, and Research Division Report 

#11, Conditions and Needs of the Professional 

American Theatre. These data are also reported 

in the Division’s Sourcebook of Arts Statistics 

(1987, 1989, and 1992 addendum). 

Tabulation and analysis of secondary data collected by statistical agencies of the Federal 

government such as the Census Bureau. The 

Research Division, for example, has sponsored 

the creation of artist extract files derived from 

each of the last three decennial censuses (1970, 

1980, and 1990) as well as reports analyzing 

geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic 

changes over the past two decades (Research 

Reports #12, #16, #19). 

Each database type has its advantages and 

disadvantages. Primary data collection efforts on 

artist occupations such as the Division’s surveys 

of crafts artists, painters and sculptors, or choreographers, offer the following advantages: 

1) The method used to define the artist group can 

be specifically tailored to the project, such as 

identifying artists by where they sell or perform their work. 

2) Similarly, the questionnaire can be designed to 

collect only the information most critical to the 

particular group/subject under study. 

The disadvantages of primary data collection 

efforts include: 

1) Substantial amounts of time and money are 

required for the data collection itself. 

2) For cost reasons, data are typically collected for 

only a limited number of geographic locations 

and, thus, national estimates are not possible. 

3) These studies are often done on a one-time-only 

basis and, thus, trend analysis is not possible. 

In comparison, membership surveys such as 

those conducted by unions or service organizations have the following advantages: 

1) Depending on the size of the organization and 

its membership, the survey can represent a 

very significant number of artists. 

2) The content of the questionnaire is often detailed and includes many issues relevant to the 

study of the artist labor force. 

The disadvantages of this type of data set are: 

1) Because the results represent a unique universe of members, they are not comparable to 

other occupations or other studies that cover 

different groups or universes of artists. 

2) The accessibility of the data may be limited for 

researchers outside the organization that collected the data, since it was not collected by a 

public agency. 
The Federal databases have these advantages: 

1) Provide national estimates for artist occupations which are consistent with and directly 

comparable to data for other occupations. 

2) Trend data is available because of the regular 

intervals of collection. 

3) Inexpensive to obtain relative to primary data 

collection because the cost of data collection is 

borne by individual Federal statistical agencies. 

4) Generally, sample sizes are larger than for 

individual artist group surveys and, thus, permit a more detailed analysis of survey results. 

This source, however, has the following disadvantages: 

1) Federal surveys such as the decennial census 

ask only about the primary (one in which they 

work the most hours) occupation of the respondent; therefore, artists who work more hours in 

another job are counted as employed in that 

occupation and not their arts occupation. 

2) Limited utility in addressing arts-related 

issues because the survey instrument is not 

designed to elicit information specific to artists 

such as income from artistic activity or working conditions of artists. 

The Research Division has sponsored the 

preparation of a report entitled, "Using the 1990 

Census Artist Extract Files of the National 

Endowment for the Arts," to assist potential researchers in understanding the contents of the 

artist extract data files and the research and analysis using the data that has been reported on to 

date. Copies can be obtained through contacting 

the Research Division of the National Endowment for the Arts (1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, 

NW, Room 511, Washington, DC 20506). 

This trend report on decennial census statistics continues these efforts to make the results of 

the largest of the Federal databases on artists 

available to arts administrators, policymakers, 

and researchers. The 1990 census occupational 

statistics became publicly available in the form of 

the Public Use Microdata sample files in June of 

1993. 

This report examines a variety of characteristics of the artist population in 1990 and compares 

them to the 1980 and 1970 census results. Some 

very significant changes have occurred over that 

time period. Artists have become more geographically diverse over the two decades. As the report 

notes, growth among artist occupations has substantially outdistanced that for the labor force as 

a whole and for all professional occupations, of 

which artists account for about one-tenth. 

Incomes for artists, however, lag significantly 

behind those for other professionals of equivalent 

education and training. 

Clearly, the decennial census information 

cannot answer the full breadth of questions or 

issues concerning artists, but when examined in 

the context of other databases such as the more 

specialized surveys of specific groups of artists or 

membership organization surveys, a more complete picture of the artist population begins to 

emerge. 

TOM BRADSHAW 

DmEcroR, R~EARCH DIVISION 
Artist Occupational Data
 

Recording and measuring demographic trends require researchers to 

label, categorize, and summarize to such an extent that the diversity and 

creativity of the group under study is sometimes missing in the results. 

Before the numbers are presented, it is useful to examine these artist labels 

to better understand the people who are the subject of this report. 

The data presented here are from large samples of the 1970, 1980, and 

1990 U.S. Censuses of Population and Housing. Persons in the samples 

answered questions on occupation. To be classified as an artist in the census, 

the person’s most recent job at which they worked the most hours would 

have had to be an artist job. In effect, the data presented here are about 

people whose primary occupation was in the arts when they responded to 

the census. 

When people fill out the census sample questionnaire, they give their 

own occupation description. Hundreds of occupation descriptions provided by artists are classified into broad occupational titles by the Census 

Bureau. Eleven of these titles were selected by the National Endowment for 

the Arts for this study. They are shown in the box at the right. 

Designers account for more than one-third of the artists in the eleven 

occupations. Some of the nearly 100 detailed occupations included for 

designers are: art director, clothes designer, color consultant, merchandise 

displayer, floral decorator, graphic designer, industrial designer, interior 

designer, set designer, window dresser, and many others. The author 

occupation, which grew considerably in the last decade, includes people 

who are fiction writers, lyricists, playwrights, poets, script writers, speech 

writers, humorists, and many others. The musician/composer occupation 

ranges from band directors to bell ringers. The category of painters, sculptors, craft-artists and artist printmakers covers a broad range of visual 

artists in over 50 occupations. 

The 1990 and 1980 censuses used the same classification system for 

occupations. In 1970 artists were defined in a similar manner but with 

somewhat different results. These differences were removed in a special 

reclassification study made by the Census Bureau in 1984. In it, the 1970 

occupations match the 1980 and 1990 definitions. 

The data summarized in this report and its appendixes are estimates 

based on samples from the census. In the census some people are missed. 

Some people leave items blank. Sometimes errors are made when occupation is coded or when data are entered into computers for processing. The 

census samples have these errors and also have errors that result from the 

use of a sample instead of a full census. The estimates in this report contain 

any errors present in the census sample data. 

There is more information on data sources, universes, and sampling 

error in Appendix II, Technical Issues. 

Artist Occupations
 

Selected for Study
 

Actors and Directors
 

Announcers
 

Architects
 

Authors
 

Dancers
 

Designers
 

Musicians and Composers
 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-Artists,
 

and Artist Printmakers
 

Photographers
 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music
 

In Higher Education
 

Artists, Performers, and Related
 

Workers not elsewhere classified
 

7 
 

Growth in the Artist Work Force
 

The 1990 U.S. census counted 1,671,278 artists, an increase of 54% 

since 1980 and an increase of 127% since 1970. In the twenty years between 

1970 and 1990 the percentage increase for artists (127%) was greater than for 

all professionals (89%). (Professionals include a range of specialty occupations such as engineers, lawyers, scientists, health professionals, and teachers, as well as artists.) The percentage increase for artists was also much 

greater than the increase for the entire labor force (55%). The chart below 

shows the number of artists, 1970 to 1990, superimposed on a trend line for 

all professionals and the total labor force. The number of professionals is 

divided by 10 and the number in the labor force is divided by 100 to better 

illustrate the comparisons. 

Size of
 

Labor Force
 

1,800,000 

1,600,000 

1,400,000 

1,200,000 

1,000,000 

800,000 

600,000 

400,000 

200,000 

0 

1970 1980 1990 

During the 1970 to 1980 decade artist occupations grew 47%. They 

increased 54% in the following decade. Artists now make up a larger 

proportion of the U.S. labor force than they did in 1970, representing under 

one percent of the U.S. labor force in 1970 and increasing to 1.4% by 1990. 

Designers continue to be the largest artist occupation with over a half 

million people. They account for over one-third of all artists. Teachers of art, 

drama and music in higher education were the only artist occupation to 

show a decrease in numbers from 1980 to 1990. However, there was an 

increase from 1980 to 1990 in the numbers of teachers in higher education 

who did not report their academic specialty. This group probably includes 

some who could have reported their specialty as teacher of art, drama, and 

music. (See Appendix II, Technical Issues, for details.) 

Percent Increases 

1970 - 1990 

Artists 

127% 

Professional Occupations 

89% 

Labor Force 

55% 

Size of Artist
 

Occupations in 1990
 

Number % 

Designers 596,802 35.7 

Painters, Sculptors, 

Craft-artists & Artist 

Printmakers 212,762 12.7 

Architects 156,874 9.4 

Musicians & Composers 148,020 8.9 

Photographers 143,520 8.6 

Actors & Directors 109,573 6.5 

Authors 106,730 6.4 

Artists not elsewhere 

classified 93,421 5.6 

Announcers 60,270 3.6 

Dancers 21,913 1.3 

Teachers of Art, Drama 

and Music 21,393 1.3 

Total Artists 1,671,278 100.0 

Source: Appendix Table 20 

8 
The major factor in the dramatic increase in the growth of 

artists is the designer occupation. Designers increased 76%, more 

than a quarter million people, during the 1980-90 decade. It was 

authors, however, who had the highest growth rate of any artist 

occupation between 1980 and 1990, more than doubling in size to a 

population of 106,730. Between 1970 and 1990, authors grew five 

times faster than the U.S. labor force. 

Looking over the 20-year period of 1970 to 1990, authors, 

dancers, architects and actors/directors had the highest percentage 

growth, as shown in the chart below. Growth in the author occupation was particularly strong during the 1980-90 period. Musicians 

and composers grew a relatively strong 41% during the 1970’s, but 

stopped growing during the 1980’s. Teachers of art, drama and 

music were the only other artist occupation that failed to keep pace 

with labor force growth, losing 32% of their workforce in the 1970’s 

and 25% in the 1980’s. By 1990 there were only half the number of 

art, drama and music teachers there were in 1970. 

Size of Percentage Increase/ Labor Force Decrease 1970 to 1990 

600,000 Designers (+156%) 

450,000 

300,000 

275,000 

250,000 

225,000 Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists, 

200,000 & Artist Printmakers (+145%) 

175,000 

150,000 Architects (+192%)

Musicians and Composers (+49%) 

125,000 Photographers (+112%) 

100,000 Actors and Directors (+ 173%)Authors (+285%) 

75,000 

Artists, Performers & Related Workers, n.e.c. (+76%) 

Announcers (+132%) 

50,000 

25,000 Dancers (+196%) 

Teachers of Art, Drama & Music (-49%) 

1970 1980 1990 

Source: Appendix Table 22 
 

Geographic Trends 

Regions. Over the last two decades there have been changes in where 

artists live and practice their art. Like the rest of the U.S. labor force, the 

trend among artists has been larger population growth in the South and 

West regions of the country than in the Midwest and Northeast. In 1970 the 

two northern regions had over half of all artists, but by 1990 the South and 

West claimed 55%. 

WEST MIDWEST In 1990 California and New 

NORTHEAST York dominate all states 

in numbers of artists. 

Over one-fourth of all artists 

live in those two states. 

The South and West
 

regions have 55%
 

of the nation’s artists.
 

Source: Appendix Table 13 

NUMBER OF ARll~l~ 

m 100,000 or more 

~ 25,000 - 99,000 

~ 10,000 - 24,999 

[~ under 10,000 

The percentage growth of artists is much higher than the percentage 

growth of the labor force in all regions. The greatest disparity is in the 

Midwest, where artist occupations grew by 48% between 1980 and 1990 

while the total labor force grew by only 8%. The chart below shows this 

disparity in the four regions. The West and South had the highest growth 

rates for artists at 60%. Their total labor force grew at less than half that rate. 

(Appendix Table 13.) 

Percent
 

Increase
 

from 60 Since 1970 the artist labor 1980 50 to 1990 force has grown more than 

40 the total labor force

in all regions. 30 

20 

10 

NORTHEAST MIDWEST : : SOUTH WEST~: 

REGION 

Source: Appendix Table 13 

~ Artist Labor Force I Total Labor Force 

*West region includes Alaska and Hawaii 

10 
Metropolitan Areas. Metropolitan areas have a disproportionate share of 

artists. These highly populated areas contain 79% of the nation’s labor force 

and 88% of the nation’s artists. They have over 90 percent of the nation’s 

actors/directors, architects, and dancers. (Appendix Table 14.) 

Less than 10% of the nation’s metropolitan areas have 50% of the 

nation’s artists. They total 30 metropolitan areas and their respective artist 

population sizes are shown in the map below. New York City and Los 

Angeles-Long Beach, California lead all metropolitan areas in total numbers 

of artists. These 30 metropolitan areas are identified in Appendix Table 16. 

over 11S,000 artists 

~) 30,000 to 114,999 artists 

 ̄ 11,000 to 29,999 artists 

"no m m In Ihe range of 51,000 to 114,000 lusts 

Western metropolitan areas as a group have the highest percentage of 

artists in their labor force. (Appendix Table 14.) Santa Fe, New Mexico leads 

all other metropolitan areas with the highest percentage of artists for its 

labor force size. Over 3% of its labor force are in artist occupations. It is 

followed by Norwalk, Connecticut; New York, New York; San Francisco, 

California; Stamford, Connecticut; Los Angeles-Long Beach, California; 

Boulder-Longmont, Colorado; Sarasota, Florida; Santa Cruz, California; 

and Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, California. (Appendix Table 17.) 

Santa Fe has a higher percentage of the painters/sculptors/craftartists/printmakers occupation for its labor force size than any other 

metropolitan area. It also has a high proportion of authors. Norwalk and 

Stamford have high proportions of designers in their labor forces. (Appendix Table 18.) 

Half of All Artists
 

in the United States live
 

in 30 metropolitan areas.
 

Source: Appendix Table 16 

11 
States. The top ten ranked states for total numbers of artists are: California, 

New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, and Massachusetts. Florida and Texas have moved up in rank among 

the top ten over the 1970 to 1990 period. Over half of the artists in any 

occupation live in the top three to ten states. 

Obviously if there is a large labor force in a state, then the size of its 

artists labor force is also likely to be large. To better understand how well 

artists are represented in a particular state, it is useful to examine the 

percentage of artists within a state’s labor force. Although California leads 

in total numbers of artists with over 285,000 in 1990, it is New York state that 

has the highest percentage of artists in its labor force. More than 2% of New 

York’s labor force work in artist occupations. California is second with 

1.92%. The other top ten states in proportion of artists in their labor forces 

are Hawaii, Massachusetts, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington, New 

Mexico, Vermont, and Nevada. (Appendix Table 1.) 

Between 1980 and 1990 Massachusetts moved from 1 lth to 4th place in 

the percentage rankings. Connecticut, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire also moved up significantly in the rankings. Nevada dropped from 4th 

to 10th place; Alaska dropped from 9th to 28th. West Virginia remained in 

50th place in both 1980 and 1990 with one artist for every 144 workers. By 

comparison, New York state has one artist for every 49 workers. Much of 

these differences are the result of the largest artist occupation -- designers 

-- concentrated in New York and California. Twenty-six percent of all 

designers live in these two states. (Appendix Table 7.) 

The map below shows the states where specific artist occupations have 

the highest or second highest percentages in state labor forces. 

NY 

MA Among all the states, 

New York has the highest 

percentage of artists in its 

labor force. Other states 

have higher percentages for 

specific artist occupations. 

Source: Appendix Tables 1-11 

Other Artists 

12 
 

 

Demographic Trends
 

This section describes trends in female and minority composition of artist occupations, age, education, labor 

force status, and earnings. The table below shows the relative size of the artist population compared to all 

professional occupations and the labor force. (See definition of "labor force" in Appendix, Technical Issues.) 

Comparative Number of Persons in Artist Occupations, Professional Occupations, 

and All Occupations, by Sex, 1970, 1980 and 1990 (in millions) 

.5 .2 .7 14 .9 .7 

mm ~ mm
 ~ )
 

ARTIST OCCUPATIONS 

7.7 8.9 

6.2 6.0 4.9 3.9 

PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS 

66.4 

59.8 

56.0 

49.5 

30.3 

ALL OCCUPATIONS 

MALES FEMALES 

1970 

MALES 

1980 

FEMALES MALES FEMALES 

1990 

Source: Appendix Tables 13 and 14 

13 
 

 

Trends among Women 

and Minority Artists 

There were large gains in the numbers of women artists during the 1970 

to 1990 period. While women made up only 31% of artists in 1970, by 1990 

they were 44%, with over 740,000 women identified in artist occupations. 

Numbers of men and women artists grew impressively during the period, 

but the percentage increase for women was more than double that of men. 

Despite these gains, women artists as a group are not as well represented in their field as their counterparts in all professional occupations, 

which are now 54% female and 46% male. The graph below illustrates 

changes in percent of women in artist occupations, compared with professional occupations, from 1970 to 1990. 

Dancers 

70% --

Designers 

Professional Occupations Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists & Artist Printmakers 50% Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 

Artists, Performers & Related Workers, n.e.c. 

Authors 

40% Actors & Directors 

Musicians & Composers

30% Photographers 

Announcers 20% 

Architects 

lO% Source: Appendix Table 21 

o 1970 1980 1990 

Black artists continue to be underrepresented in the artist labor force. Growth in Numbers of Artists 

Blacks make up 4.6% of all artists, compared with 7.4% in all professionalby Race and Hispanic Origin 

occupations, and 10.4% in the total labor force. Although the number of from 1980 to 1990 

Black artists increased by 63% during the 1980-90 decade, their proportion 

Number of the artist labor force showed little change during this period. 

Hispanic artists make up 5.5% of artists, which is higher than their 4%
 1980 1990 % growth

participation in all professional occupations, but lower than their 8%
 BLACK 47,212 76,777 62.6% 

WHITE 997,696 1,499,635 50.3% participation in the total labor force. The proportion of Hispanics amongOTHER RACES 40,685 94,865 133.2% artists increased between 1980 and 1990. 

Artists of other minority races make up nearly 6% of the artist laborHISPANIC 41,840 91,927 119.7% 

force, which is an increase over 1980, and higher than their participation in 

Source: Appendix Tables 20 and 21 all professional occupations. 

14 
Age Trends 

The median age of artists was 36.6 years in 1990. This is similar to the 

whole labor force (36.7 years) but younger than all professionals (40.2 

years). (The post World War II generation, the baby boomers, are such a 

large fraction of the labor force that as they grow older, the median age of 

the labor force increases.) Artists increased their median age by 3.2 years 

from 33.4 in 1980 to 36.6 in 1990. During this period the median age of the 

labor force increased by only 1.6 years. 

As a group, artists are younger than people in other professional 

occupations. Dancers and announcers are a lot younger. The charts below 

show these age relationships. 

Percent of Population Age 35 & Over 

~°/o 

Professional Occupations 60% 

~°/o 

~/o	 Artist Occupations 

~% 

1970 1980 1990 

Source: Appendix Table 23 

Authors and teachers are the oldest artists, with median ages around 

42 years. The youngest artists are dancers, averaging 26.3 years of age. 

Between 80% and 85% of dancers are under age 35. This occupation is also 

overwhelmingly female (about 80%). 

Announcers are the next youngest, averaging just over 30 years of age. 

Two-thirds of all announcers are under age 35. The announcer occupation 

is overwhelmingly male (about 80%). 

There is little difference in ages between male and female Median Ages 

artists overall, with males averaging about 37 years of age and 26.3 Dancers females averaging 36 in 1990. This is similar to current trends in 30.5 Announcers other occupations. Only two artist occupations have substantial 35.3 Artists not elsewhere classified 

age differences between men and women. Among architects, 35.6 Actors & Directors 

there is a six-year age gap -- men average 39 and women 35.6 Photographers average 33. Musicians and composers are one of the few artist 36.3 Musicians & Composers 

occupations where women are older with an average age of 41 36.3 Designers 

compared to 35 for men. 37.6 Architects 

38.0	 Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 

& Artist Printmakers 

41.9 Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 

42.2 Authors 

36.6 All Artists 

39.2 All Professional Occupations 

36.7 Total Labor Force 

Source: Appendix Table 26 

15 
Education Trends 

In 1990, 79% of all artists had attended college. This is up considerably 

from 1970 when only 55% had some college. However, most artists are still 

not as well educated as all professionals, over 91% of whom had some 

college in 1990. Nonetheless, a considerably higher percentage of artists 

attended some college than the 52% of the labor force as a whole who 

attended some college. Teachers, architects, and authors are artist occupations whose members average over 90% with some college. Dancers are least 

likely of all artists to attend college, with less than half attending. 

Source: Appendix Table 24 

Full Time Work Last Year Percent Working Full Time 

1980 1990 Change 

The vast majority of artists said that they Actors & Directors 41.0 45.6 + 4.6% 

worked the year before the census. This ranged Announcers 43.7 43.8 + 0.1% 

from 85% for female dancers to 97% for male Amhitects 68.8 71.5 + 2.7% 

architects. There is more variation among artists Authors 34.7 39.5 + 4.8% 

in the percentage who worked full time (35 or Dancers 17.3 17.0 - 0.3% 

more hours per week) and full year (50 or more Designers 50.0 50.9 + 0.9% 

weeks). For example, architects tend to have full Musicians & Composers 16.4 23.9 + 7.5%

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 43.2 44.3 + 1.1% time work readily available. In 1990 nearly 72% of & Artist Printmakers them reported working full time, compared to 17% Photographers 48.6 50.2 + 1.6% 

full time for dancers. Overall, slightly less than Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 24.4 22.7 - 1.7% 

half (46%) of all artists reported in the 1990 census Other Artists 31.7 30.7 - 1.0%

that they worked full time the year before, a figure Total Artists 42.8 46.0 + 3.2% slightly below that for all professional occupations Male Artists 52.9 55.7 + 2.8% at 49%. The table at right shows these differences. Female Artists 28.7 35.0 + 6.3% Females in most occupations are less likely 

than males to work full time. Among artists, 35% of Total Professionals 46.3 49.3 + 3.0% 

females work full time, compared to 56% of males. Male Professionals 64.0 63.8 - 0.2% 

The male and female differences for each artist Female Professionals 30.3 37.5 + 7.2% 

occupation are shown in Appendix Tables 27 and Source: Appendix Table 27 

28. 

16 
What is more interesting in these data is the degree to which full time 

work for artists increased over the decade 1980-1990. Musicians and 

composers were much more likely in 1990 to be working full time than they 

were in 1980, although less than one in four now has full time work. Authors, 

architects, and actors/directors were also better off in 1990 for full time work 

than they were in 1980. Overall, artists had a 3% increase in full time 

employment between 1980 and 1990, slightly better than the increase for all 

professional occupations. Female artists had a 6% increase in full time 

employment, compared to 3% for male artists. 

Percent Working Full Time 

70 

60 Male Professionals 

50  ̄  ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Male Artists 

40 Female Professionals 

30 Female Artists 

20 

10 

0 

1980 1990 

Sours: Appendix ~ble 28 

Artists are more likely than other types of professionals to be selfemployed.’ Almost one-third of male and female artists are self-employed, 

compared to 15% of male and 6% of female professionals. The artist 

occupations vary on the extent of self-employment. About 60% of male and 

female authors are self-employed. Most of the other artist occupations have 

between 20% and 50% self-employed. 

17 
Earnings Trends
 

During the decade between 1980 and 1990 artist earnings generally 

showed gains when adjusted for inflation. As a group, artists had earnings 

gains of about 11% for men and 20% for women. These gains were similar in 

scale to those for all professional occupations, as shown in the graph below. 

When looking at individual artist occupations, however, it is apparent that 

only a few occupations did very well, while the majority of artist occupations 

did not experience such substantial gains. 

Median Earnings for Full-time Artists 

and Professionals, 1979 and 1989 

$50,000 

~ Male Professionals 

$40,000 

$30,000  ̄  ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Male Artists

~ Female Professionals 

 ̄  ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Female Artists $20,000 

$10,000 

0 

1979 1989 

Source: Appendix ~ble 29 

Authors had the highest gains between 1979 and 1989. Even when 

adjusted for inflation, authors’ median earnings grew by 31% for males and 

by 41% for females. Musicians and composers also did well during the 

decade, even though their median earnings continue to be among the lowest 

in the arts. Median earnings for musicians and composers grew by 27% for 

females and by 11% for males. Female designers, actors / directors, announcers, and architects also had substantial earnings increases. The artist occupations that had none or negative income gains were in the categories of male 

actors/directors, male painters/sculptors/craft-artists/printmakers, and 

female teachers. Data for dancers are not presented here because there are 

too few cases for statistical reliability. 

The earnings data were compiled for full year, full-time workers. This 

controls for the amount of work performed, so that data for males and 

females and the various occupations are comparable. However, it also 

reduces significantly the number of artists included because of the small 

proportions working full-time in several of the occupations, (see page 16).* 

Earnings are the sum of wage and salary earnings, self-employment 

earnings, and farm earnings. Persons with zero earnings are not included; to 

have earnings, an artist must have worked during the reference year. For 

these reasons, the total number of artists with earnings is different from the 

total artist labor force. Earnings do not include interest, dividends, royalties, 

trust fund payments, or rent. They also do not include income from public 

assistance, retirement, disability, Society Security, unemployment compensation, and certain other sources. 

*The data are further limited to artists in households, to allow comparison with the household 

income data that follow. Artists in households account for about 99% of all artists. 

18 
The table at right shows the most recent (1989) earnings 

data for artists, rank-ordered by occupations with the highest Median Earnings of Full-time Artists 

earnings. Architects had the highest median earnings of all by Occupation and Sex, 1989" the artist occupations at $40,110 per year for males and $29,451 

for females. As shown in the table, artists in most occupations 

earn considerably less than the average for all professional 

workers. In 1989 the average artist had earnings of $31,124 for 

men and $20,825 for women. 

Many people think of artists in terms of the few who 

become rich and famous. This stereotype of artists was examined to see whether any occupations have a high percentage 

of people in high income brackets. The highest bracket available in these data is $100,000 or more median earnings per 

year. As might be expected, the actor/director occupation has 

the highest percentage in this group M 8% of male and 4% of 

female actors/directors earn $100,000 or more. Teachers and 

dancers were least likely to be in this income bracket. 

Male-Female Differences 

Although women made substantial earnings gains in 

certain artist occupations during the 1980’s, the overall figures show little progress in equaling the earnings of male 

artists. In 1979, women artists who worked full time, full year 

earned 62% of male artists. Ten years later in 1989 this 

increased only slightly to 67% of male earnings. This situation 

is nearly identical to the general labor force and to all professional occupations, where women also earn about two-thirds 

of what men earn. 

The designer occupation is largely responsible for these 

discrepancies. This occupation is by far the largest of all artist 

occupations and has the lowest ratio of female-male earnings. 

Women designers earn only 63% of their male counterparts. 

The radio-television announcer occupation and the actor/ 

director occupation show the greatest equity for women, with 

MALES 

Architects $40,110 

All Professional Occupations 40,095 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 34,982 

Authors 33,837 

Designers 32,549 

Actors & Directors 32,077 

Photographers 25,456 

Other Artists 25,310 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 

& Artist Printmakers 24,320 

Musicians & Composers 22,988 

Announcers 21,424 

Dancers 16,623 

All Male Artists 31,124 

FEMALES 

Architects $29,451 

Actors & Directors 28,032 

All Professional Occupations 27,580 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 25,316 

Authors 25,101 

Designers 20,394 

Announcers 19,325 

Other Artists 19,193 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 

& Artist Printmakers 18,762 

Musicians & Composers 18,653 

Photographers 17,381 

Dancers 15,623 

earnings at about 90% of male earnings. All Female Artists 20,825 

* For percent of each occupation working full time, see page 16. 

Source: Appendix Table 29 

Household Income 

Household income data show the full extent of resources that support 

artists. These data clearly show that differences among artist occupations 

and between male and female artists diminish for household income. The 

exception is the dancer occupation which is largely female and has median 

household income well below the norm for artists. The large male-female 

differences in individual earnings do not repeat themselves for household 

income. Indeed, median household income for female artists is higher than 

that for male artists in several occupations (see Appendix Table 33c). 

During the 1980’s artist household income showed gains of about 15% 

when adjusted for inflation. These gains were nearly identical to those for all 

professional occupation households, as shown in the graph on the next page. 

As with individual earnings, author households had the largest gains. 

Announcer and dancer households had very small gains. 

19 
Median Household Income, 

1979 end 1989 

$60,000 Male Professionals 

Female Professionals $50,000 ~ =  ̄ = Male Artists i Female Artists $40,000  ̄  ̄ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,  ̄ ~ ~ ~ -~ -~ 

$30,000 

$20,000 

$10,000 

0
 

1979
 

The table at right shows the most 

recent (1989) income data for artist households. Median household income is $44,523 per year. 

In male artist households, the 

figure is slightly higher at 

$45,212, while female artist 

households are $43,626. ’Architects lived in households with 

the highest median income of all 

the artist occupations at $56,773 

per year. As seen in the table, 

most artists live in households 

with lower incomes than the 

average for all professional 

occupations. 

1989 

Source: Appendix ~ble 33 

Median Household Income
 

by Occupation and Sex of Artist, 1989
 

MALES 

Architects $56,952 

All Professional Specialty Occupations 54,701 

Authors 50,710 

Actors & Directors 49,087 

Designers 47,688 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 47,500 

Photographers 42,338 

Other Artists 40,125 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 

& Artist Printmakers 39,943 

Musicians & Composers 34,770 

Announcers 34,103 

Dancers 32,316 

Total Male Artists 45,212 

FEMALES 

Architects $55,639 

Authors 50,915 

All Professional Specialty Occupatlbns 50,025 

Actors & Directors 49,438 

Designers 44,308 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music 43,895 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists 

& Artist Printmakers 42,367 

Musicians & Composers 41,099 

Other Artists 40,819 

Photographers 39,412 

Announcers 36,906 

Dancers 29,196 

All Female Artists 43,626 

Source: Appendix II, Table 8 

20 
Occupation Profiles 

1990 

Characteristics of the eleven artist occupations are summarized on 

the following pages. The chart below shows the relative size of each 

artist occupation for 1970, 1980 and 1990. 

The chart illustrates the large size of the designer occupation relative 

to the other artist groups. By 1990, designers comprise one-third of total 

artists. The numbers of teachers of art, drama and music in higher 

education have actually shrunk between 1970 and 1990. There are only 

half as many teachers in 1990 as there were in 1970. It was the only artist 

occupation to decrease in size. 

The population size chart is repeated on the following pages for each 

artist occupation to help readers keep in mind the relative size of each 

artist group. Refer also to the chart on page 13 which shows the 

proportion of the artist population to all professional workers and the 

total labor force. 

1980 

Dancers 

1970 

21 
Actors and Directors 

High growth. 40,201 In 1990 there were 109,573 actors and directors counted 

in the U.S. Census. They represent 6.6% of all artists and .089% of the 

labor force. The number of actors and directors increased by 63% since 

1980. This is a larger percentage increase than the average for all 

artists. 1970 

Women and minorities gaining. In 1990, 38% of actors and directors 

were women. This compares with 54% women for all professional 

occupations. However, female actors and directors increased 81% 

from 1980 to 1990, compared to a 48% increase for professional 

occupations. Minorities are making gains in the actor/director occupation. Blacks and other races had a greater percentage gain than 

whites from 1980 to 1990. Minorities now represent about 11% of 

actors and directors. 

Median age in 1990 was 35.6, about the same as the average for artists 

and younger than professional occupations. 

Education increasing. Education levels among actors and directors 

are increasing. Over 89% have some college. 

Full year, full time work increasing. Actors and directors are more 

likely now than in 1980 to be working the full year with full time work. 

50% of males and 40% of females work full year and full time. Between 

1979 and 1989 female actors and directors increased their full year, full 

time work from 28% to 40%, the largest net percentage gain in full year, 

full time among all artists. 

High earnings. Actors and directors who are working full year, full 

time are relatively well paid compared to other artist occupations. In 

1989 their median full year, full time earnings were $32,077 for males 

and $28,032 for females. It is important to remember, however, that 

over half (54%) of actors and directors worked less than full year, full

time. Female actors and directors gained $4,430 in earnings during the 

1980’s decade, second in gains only to female authors. Median household income for all actors and directors was $49,229 in 1989. 

Actors & Directors in 1990 

Labor force ............................................. 109,573
 

Percent women .......................................... 38.1%
 

Percent minority races .............................. 10.5%
 

Median age ...................................................35.6
 

Percent with some college ........................... 89%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 46%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $32,077
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $28,032
 

67,180 109,573 

1980 1990 

22 
Announcers
 

Modest gains in population. Announcers are one of the smallest 

groups among artist occupations with about 60,000 people in 1990.

They represent 3.6% of all artists and .049% of the labor force. Their 

population increase during the 1980’s was a modest 28%. 

25,942 

1970 

46,986 

1980 

60,269 

1990 

Mostly male, females making slight gains. In 1990, 79% of announcers were men. This compares with 46% men for all professional 

occupations and 56% men for all artist occupations. 

Minority gains. The announcer occupation has a slightly higher

proportion of blacks than professional occupations. Blacks and other 

races had a greater percentage gain than whites from 1980 to 1990. 

Youthful occupation. The average announcer was only 26.9 years old 

in 1980 and 30.5 years in 1990. This is much younger than the median 

age for artists which is 36.5 years. 

Education increasing. Announcers with some college increased from 

62% to 71% during the 1980’s. This is still much below the college 

attendance for all professionals. 

Full time workers unchanged. The percentage of full year, full time 

workers was about the same in 1979 and 1989 at 46% for males and 35% 

for females. 

Median earnings unchanged for full year, full time males but 

substantially increased for full year, full time females. Among male 

announcers, there was almost no change in median earnings from 

1979 to 1989 when adjusted for inflation. Male announcers have 

among the lowest earnings of males in any artist occupation at $21,424. 

Earnings for female announcers are also relatively low at $19,325, but 

their earnings increased by 16% over the decade. Median household 

income for announcers in 1989 was $34,570. 

Announcers In 1990 

Labor force ............................................... 60,269
 

Percent women .......................................... 20.8%
 

Percent minority races .............................. 12.8%
 

Median age ................................................... 30.5
 

Percent with some college ........................... 71%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 44%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $21,424
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $19,325
 

23 
Architects
 

High growth rate. Architects were the third largest of the artist 

occupations in 1990 with 156,874 people, which represents over 9% of 

the artist labor force. They had a relatively large increase of 46% 

between 1980 and 1990. 

53,670 107,693 156,874 

Lowest female percentage. Females were 4% of architects in 1970 and 

15% by 1990. The number of female architects more than doubled from 

8,950 in 1980 to 23,662 in 1990. The 15% participation by women is still 

the lowest of all the artist occupations and very low compared to the 

45% female participation for all professional occupations in 1990. 

1970 1980 1990 

Blacks under-represented. Architects have the lowest percentage of 

blacks of any artist occupation, with less than 3% black in 1990. 

However, during the decade of the 1980’s blacks and other races grew 

at a faster rate than whites. 

Median age for architects is 37.6, slightly above the average for all 

artists and slightly below the average for all professional occupations. 

More educated. Nearly 95% of architects have some college. This is 

higher than the average for professional specialty occupations and 

higher than any other artist occupation except for art, drama and 

music teachers in higher education. 

Full time work high. The percent of full year, full time workers is 

higher than any other artist occupation -- 75% for males and 53% for 

females. 

Highest earnings of all full year, full time artists. Median 1989 

earnings for architects are higher than any other artist occupation and 

higher than the average for professional occupations. Males earned 

$40,110 and females earned $29,451. 

Architects in 1990 

Labor force .............................................
 156,874
 

Percent women .......................................... 15.1%
 

Percent minority races ................................ 9.5%
 

Median age ................................................... 37.6
 

Percent with some college ........................... 95%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 72%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $40,110
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $29,451
 

24 
Authors
 

Highest growth rate. During the 1980’s there was a surge in people 27,752 

identifying themselves as authors. The population more than doubled 

to 106,730 in 1990. Authors had the greatest percentage gain in 

numbers of all the artist occupations. Authors are now 6.4% of artists 

and .087% of the labor force. 

Males and females near parity. Along with the large growth in 1970 

authors, the occupation evened out on gender lines, so that by 1990 

there was about a 50-50 split between males and females, compared to 

70% male in 1970. 

Modest minority gains. Authors have a relatively low proportion of 

blacks at 3%. However, blacks and other non-white authors had a 

greater percentage gain than white authors from 1980 to 1990. 

Oldest artists. Authors had the the highest median age of all artists at 

42.2 years in 1990. 

Education level high. The proportion of authors with some college is 

high at 94%. This is slightly higher than the proportion for all professional occupations. 

Average proportion of full time workers. Authors were more likely 

in 1990 to be working full time, full year than they were in 1980. About 

40% are full time, full year. This is about average for artist occupations, 

but below average for all professional occupations. 

Large increasses in earnings. Not only were there more people 

working as authors, but they made more money in 1989 than they did 

a decade earlier. Even when adjusted for inflation, median earnings 

grew by 41% for full year, full time female authors and by 31% for full 

year, full time male authors. No other artist occupation had such high 

gains. Women authors earned $25,101 in 1989 and men authors earned 

$33,837. These figures are still below the medians for all professional 

occupations. The household income for authors is second highest

among artist occupations at $50,798. 

Authors in 1990 

Labor force .............................................
 106,730
 

Percent women .......................................... 49.5%
 

Percent minority races ................................ 5.6%
 

Median age ................................................... 42.2
 

Percent with some college ........................... 94%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 40%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $33,837
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $25,101
 

45,748 106,780 

1980 1990 

25 
1990 

Dancers
 

Population increasing. Dancers have one of the smallest population 

sizes among artist occupations. The Census counted 21,913 dancers in 

1990. They represent 1.3% of all artists and .018% of the labor force. 1970 1980 Between 1980 and 1990, the number of dancers increased by 66%. This 

is above average for artists. 

Mostly women and mostly young. The dancer occupation is overwhelmingly female, although the trend is toward more males. In 1970, 

81% of dancers were female; by 1990 77% were female. They are the 

youngest of artists with an extremely young median age of 26 for 

women and 26.9 for men. 

More minorities. Dancers have higher proportions of blacks, other 

minority races, and Hispanics than other artist occupations. About 

15% of dancers are of minority races and more than 7% are Hispanic. 

Less education. Dancers are least likely of all artists to have attended 

college, with 49% reporting in 1990 that they had some college. This 

compares with 79% for all artists. 

Few full time workers. Dancers hage the lowest percentage of full 

year, full time workers among all artists. Only 17% work full time and 

this figure has not changed since 1980. Male dancers are only slightly 

more likely to work full time than females -- 20% of males and 16% of 

females work full time. 

Lowest earnings of all artists. The full year, full time earnings of both 

female and male dancers were substantially below those of other artist 

occupations. Females averaged $15,623 and males averaged $16,623 

in 1989. Households with dancers also have the lowest median 

income of all artist households. The median income for dancer households in 1989 was $29,920. 

Dancers In 1990 

Labor force ...............................................
 21,913
 

Percent women .......................................... 76.7%
 

Percent minority races .............................. 14.8%
 

Median age ................................................... 26.3
 

Percent with some college ........................... 49%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 17%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $16,623
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $15,623
 

26 
Designers
 

Largest artist occupation. Designers continue to be the largest artist 

occupation with 596,802 people in 1990. They are 36% of all artists and 

about half of one percent of the total U.S. labor force. Designers added 

more than a quarter million people to their ranks during the 1980"s, a 

relatively high growth of 76%. 

Majority female. In 1980 the designer occupation was 50% female, 

but by 1990 a greater percentage of women came into the occupation

and made it 55% female and 45% male. 

Minorities under-represented. Designers have a low proportion of 

blacks at 3.6%. Blacks and other minority races had greater percentage 

gains than whites from 1980 to 1990. 

Age and education similar to all artists. Median age for designers is 

36.3. Because designers make up more than one-third of all artists, 

they tend to represent the norm for all artist categories on age and 

education. Over 75% of designers had some college in 1990. 

Half Work Full Time. In 1989, 51% of designers worked full year, full 

time. Male designers were much more likely than female designers to 

have full employment. Males averaged 67% and females averaged 

39%. 

Average earnings for full year, full time workers, but women much 

lower than men. Male designers had median earnings of $32,549 and female designers earned $20,394 in 1989. These are average earnings 

for artists, but well below the medians for professional occupations. 

The gap between male and female earnings is the largest of any artist 

occupation, with women designers earning 63% of their male counterparts. However, male designers had median earnings increase by only 

3% between 1979 and 1989, while female designers saw a 20% increase. The increase for men was considerably below that for males in 

other artist occupations and below professional specialty occupations, but the increase for women was similar to rate increases for 

women in other occupations. Median income for designer households 

in 1989 was $45,873. 

Designers in 1990 

Labor force ............................................. 596,802
 

Percent women ..........................................55.5%
 

Percent minority races ................................ 9.8%
 

Median age ...................................................36.3
 

Percent with some college ........................... 74%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 51%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $32,549
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $20,394
 

232,890 338,374 596,802 

1970 1980 1990 

27 
Musicians and Composers
 

Slow Growth. Musicians and composers are the fourth largest artist 

occupation with 148,020 people in 1990. They represent 8.9% of all 

artists. After growing 41% during the 1970’s, the musician/composer 

occupation slowed its growth during the 1980’s, increasing by only 5% 

between 1980 and 1990. 

99,533 140,556 198,020 

Female percentage low. Over two-thirds of musicians/composers 

were men in 1990. Women have actually lost ground in this field since 

1970 when they represented 35% of the work force. Their participation 

dropped to a low of 30% in 1980 but they are now regaining strength 

and made up 33% of the occupation in 1990. 

1970 1980 1990 

Strong minority participation. More than 12% of musicians and 

composers are from minority races and 6.5% are Hispanic. This is 

higher than most artist occupations and higher than professional 

occupations. Blacks and other minority races increased their numbers 

more than whites did from 1980 to 1990. 

Substantial aging, females older. The median age for musicians/ 

composers increased from 30.4 to 36.3 from 1980 to 1990. This is one of 

the few artist occupations where females are older than males. Female 

musicians/composers are nearly five years older than their male 

counterparts, with median ages of 40.6 for women and 35.5 for men. 

Education increasing. Musician/composer education increases are 

similar to those for all artists. Over 75% had some college in 1990. 

Full time work increasing, but still very low. Musicians and composers were more likely to be working full year, full time in 1990 than 1980, 

although less than one in four had full year, full time work. Males 

increased from 20% full time in 1980 to 29% in 1990. Females increased 

from 8% to 15%. 

Good earnings increases but still low. Median earnings grew by 27% 

for females and 11% for males between 1979 and 1989, but the 

occupation still has the third lowest earnings of the artist occupations 

at $22,988 for men and $18,653 for women. Median household income 

was $36,653. 

Musicians and Composers in 1990 

Labor force ............................................. 148,020 

Pement women ..........................................32.8% 

Percent minority races .............................. 12.5% 

Median age ...................................................36:3 

Percent with some college ........................... 75% 

Percent working full year, full time ...............24% 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $22,988 

Median earnings -- females .................. $18,653 

28 
 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-Artists 

and Artist Printmakers 

Second largest artist occupation. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists and 

artist printmakers are the second largest of the artist occupations with 

212,762 people in 1990. They make up 12.7% of all artists and .174% of 

the total labor force. The occupation has had strong growth over the 

past twenty years. They increased by 39% between 1980 and 1990. 

Slightly higher proportion of females. In 1990 about 52.5% of 

painters were female. This was similar to the percentage for all 

professional occupations and higher than the 44% for all artists. 

Minority gains. Blacks and other minority races made up about 9% of 

this occupation in 1990, about average among artist occupations. 

Blacks and other minority races had a greater percentage gain in 

numbers than whites during the 1980’s. 

Females slightly older. Painters have a median age of 38 and females 

are slightly older than males -- 38.4 to 37.5. 

Education increasing. Education levels for this occupation are similar 

to those for all artists, with about 80% reporting in 1990 the completion 

of some college. 

Full time work above average. In 1989, 56% of male and 36% of female 

painters worked full time, full year. Painters are about average among 

artists on this measure. 

Earnings declined for males. Of all full year - full time artist categories, male or female, only male painters had a decrease in earnings 

from 1979 to 1989. The decrease of $806 lowered their inflationadjusted earnings to $24,320 in 1989. Female painters increased 

median earnings 10% over the decade to $18,762. Both male and 

female painters have earnings well below the average for artists and 

professional specialty occupations. The median household income 

for this occupation in 1989 was $41,159. 

Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists & 

Artist Printmakers in 1990 

Labor force ............................................. 212,762
 

Percent women .......................................... 52.5%
 

Percent minority races ................................ 9.1%
 

Median age ...................................................38.0
 

Percent with some college ........................... 80%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 44%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $24,320
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $18,762
 

86,849 153,162 212,762 

1970 1980 1990 

29 
Photographers
 

A growing occupation. There were 143,520 photographers in 1990, 67,588
 

8.6% of all artists. The number of photographers grew 52% since 1980,
 

which was average for artist occupations but above average for the
 

general labor force.
 

Mostly male, but female participation growing. In 1990, 30% of
 

photographers were women. This compares with 54% women for all
 1970 professional occupations and 44% for all artist occupations. The 

proportion of females in the occupation is growing, however. They 

made up only 24% of photographers in 1980. The total number of 

women photographers nearly doubled between 1980 and 1990. 

Minority gains. The proportion of photographers from minority 

races is about average for the artist occupations at 11%. About 6% are 

of Hispanic backgrounds. Blacks and other minority races had a 

greater percentage gain than whites from 1980 to 1990. 

Average age. The median age for photographers is 35.6, similar to all 

artists but younger than all professional occupations (39.2). 

Average education. The percentage with some college for this occupation is similar to all artists at 74%. 

Full time workers above average. About half of all photographers 

worked full year, full time in 1989. This is slightly higher than the 

average for all artists. 

Low earnings. Male full year, full time photographers had relatively low median earnings in 1989 of $25,456 compared to over $31,000 for 

all male artists and $40,000 for male professional occupations. Female 

photographers fared even worse. They had the second lowest earnings of any artist occupation (dancers were lowest) at $17,381, compared to $20,825 for all female artists and $27,580 for all female 

professionals. Median household income for photographers was 

$41,257, slightly below the average for artists. 

Photographers in 1990 

Labor force .............................................
 143,520
 

Percent women .......................................... 30.2%
 

Percent minority races .............................. 11.1%
 

Median age ................................................... 35.6
 

Percent with some college ........................... 74%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 50%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $25,456
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $17,381
 

94,762 143,520 

1980 1990 

3O
 
Teachers of Art, Drama and Music
 

Decline in labor force. Teachers of art, drama and music h3 higher 

education are the only artist occupation to lose population. From 1970 

to 1990 the number of teachers was cut in half from 42,000 to 21,000. 

They now represent 1.3% of all artists. This came at a time when the 

rest of the artist population had extraordinary growth at 127% over the 

20-year period. Both male and female teachers decreased in numbers, 

with males dropping 58% and females dropping 35%.* 

Equal numbers of males and females. There were just over 10,000 art, 

drama and music teachers of each sex in 1990, compared to about 

25,000 males and 17,000 females in 1970. 

Low minority representation. Blacks and other minority races made 

up 8.6% of the teacher occupation in 1990. This is lower than the rate 

for all artists and for all professionals. However, blacks showed less of 

a decline in numbers than whites between 1970 and 1990. 

Old and aging. Teachers’ median age of 41.9 is the oldest of any artist 

occupation except for authors and it is older than the average for 

professional occupations (39.2). The median age of teachers increased 

by 5 years between 1980 and 1990. 

Highest education. Not surprising, higher education teachers are the 

best educated of all artists, with 97% completing some college. 

Not full year workers. Less than one in four teachers works full time, 

full year. The percentage of full time, full year male teachers declined 

from 34% to 30% between 1979 and 1989, while full time, full year 

female teachers increased slightly from 15% to 17%. 

High earnings. The median earnings in 1989 of both male and female 

teachers were relatively high at $34,982 and $25,316, respectively. 

Among male artists, this is the second highest paid occupation (architects rank first). Among female artists, this is the third highest paid 

occupation (after architects and actors/directors). Median household 

income of teachers is about average for artists at $45,425. 

*However, the 25% decline from 1980 to 1990 for art teachers is nearly the same as the 

24% decline for all postsecondary teachers who listed their specialty on the census form. 

See Appendix II, Technical Issues. 

Teachers of Art, Drama and Music in 1990 

Labor force ............................................... 21,393
 

Percent women .......................................... 50.5%
 

Percent minority races ................................ 8.6%
 

Median age ................................................... 41.9
 

Percent with some college ........................... 97%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 23%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $34,982
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $25,316
 

42,000 28,385 21,393
 

1970 1980 1990
 

31 
Artists, Performers and Related 

Workers not elsewhere classified 

Large and eclectic. This miscellaneous category of artists represents 53,131 

93,421 people for 1990, 5.6% of all artists. The group increased by 88% 

since 1980, a higher increase than the average for artists. Some of the 

hundreds of occupations that are put into this group include advertising/layout persons, amusement park entertainers, astrologers, calligraphers, circus performers, comedians, entertainers, language trans- 1970 

lators, lecturers, magicians, modelers, show girls, sports announcers, 

and stunt men. In general, this group includes a large number of 

entertainers and performers who have very unusual or unique jobs in 

the arts, as well as people working in artistic jobs that are either too 

vague or too general in description to be classified elsewhere. Despite 

the problems of census classification, this group represents a sizeable 

and growing portion of the artist population. 

Male and female representation nearly equal. In 1990 there was 

almost an equal number of males and females in these occupations. 

High proportion of minorities. Blacks and people of other minority 

races make up over 15% of this artist group, the highest minority 

representation of all the artist occupations. Hispanics make up over 

11%, more than double the average for artists. 

Average age with females older. The median age is 35.3 with females 

at 35.7 and males at 34.9. This is slightly younger than all artists. 

Education near the average. With 72% of this group completing some 

college as of 1990, they were just slightly below the average for artists. 

Below average full time workers. 31% of these artists worked full 

time, full year in 1989, which was well below the average for artists 

(46%). This work level did not change between 1980 and 1990. 

Below average earnings. Males in this category who worked full time, full year earned well below the average for artists at $25,310. Female 

earings of $19,193 were closer to the average for all female artists. The 

median household income was $40,451, slightly below the average for 

all artist households. 

Artists, Performers, and Related Workers 

not elsewhere classified in 1990 

93,421
 

Percent women .......................................... 49.8%
 

Percent minority races .............................. 15.2%
 

Median age ................................................... 35.3
 

Percent with some college ........................... 72%
 

Percent working full year, full time ............... 31%
 

Median earnings -- males ..................... $25,310
 

Median earnings -- females .................. $19,193
 

Labor force ...............................................


49,653 93,421 

1980 1990 

32 
APPENDIX
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

PART I, Detailed Data on State, Regional, and National Trends PAGE 

Section A. Sources, Universes, and Sampling Error 

Data Sources ...............................................................................................................................A-5
 

Universe for Tables 1 to 18 ......................................................................................................

A-5
 

Universes for Tables 19 to 25 ..................................................................................................A-5
 .

Sampling Error ..........................................................................................................................A-5
 .

Rounding ....................................................................................................................................A-5
 

Section B. State Trends in Artists from 1970 to 1990
 

Table 1. All artists ..................................................................................................................A-6
 

Table 2. Actors and directors ..............................................................................................A-7
 

Table 3. Announcers ..............................................................................................................A-8
 

Table 4. Architects .................................................................................................................A-9
 

Table 5. Authors ................................................................................................................... A-10
 

Table 6. Dancers ................................................................................................................... A-11
 

Table 7. Designers ................................................................................................................

A-12
 

Table 8. Musicians and composers .................................................................................A-13
 .

Table 9. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers ........................A-14
 ....


Table 10. Photographers .......................................................................................................A-15
 

Table 11. Teachers of art, drama, and music ....................................................................A-16
 

Table 12. Other artists, performers, and related workers,
 

not elsewhere classified ....................................................................................A-17
 ..

Section C. Regional Trends in Artists from 1970 to 1990 and
 

Metropolitan Distribution of Artists in 1990
 

Table 13.	 Changes since 1970 in regional distribution of artists in the 

United States: 1990 ...............................................................................................

A-18
 

Table 14. Artists by Region for the United States in 1990, 1980, and 1970
 

and for Metropolitan Areas in 1990 ................................................................A-19
 ..

Table 15.	 All Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by Percent 

of U.S. Artists in Each CMSA: 1990 ................................................................A-20
 ..

Table 16. Metropolitan Statistical Areas with Highest Percent of Artists: 1990 ......
 A-21 

Tabl~ 17.	 Metropolitan Areas and Consolidated Metropolitan Areas with a
 

High Percentage of Artists in the Labor Force: 1990 ...................................
 A-22
 

Table 18. Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990 ... A-23
 
PART I, DATA TABLES (Continued)	 PAGE 

Section D. National trends in demographic characteristics 

Table 19.	 All artists, professional occupations, and the labor force by sex,
 

race, Hispanic, age, and years of school completed for the United
 

States: 1990, 1980, and 1970 ................................................................................A-32
 

Table 20. Detailed artist occupations by sex, race, and Hispanic: United States,
 

1990, 1980, and 1970 ............................................................................................. A-34
 

Table 21. Percent distribution of artist occupations by sex, race, and Hispanic:
 

United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 ..................................................................A-35
 

Table 22.	 Percent change from census to census of artist occupations by sex,
 

race, and Hispanic: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 ............................A-36
 

Table 23. Artist occupations by years of school completed and by age: United
 

States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 ................................................................................A-37
 

Table 24. Percent distribution of artist occupations by years of school completed and by age: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 ..............................A-38
 

Table 25. Percent change from census to census in artist occupations by years
 

of school completed and by age: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 .....
 A-39
 

Table 26.	 Artist occupations by median age by sex: United States 1990, 1980
 

and 1970 .................................................................................................................. A-40
 

Table 27.	 Artist occupations by full time or part time work status or by labor 

force or year last worked status, United States: 1980 and 1990 ................ A-41
 

Table 28.	 Percent of artist occupations by full time or part time work status
 

or by labor force or year last worked status, United States: 1980
 

and 1990 ...................................................................................................................A-43
 

Table 29. Earnings in year before the census of artists by sex, for artists with
 

some earnings who worked 50 to 52 weeks, and 35 to 99 hours per
 

week, United States: 1980 and 1990 ..................................................................A-45
 

Table 30. Shift in percent distribution by earnings categories from 1979 to
 

1989 by sex for artists, professional occupations, and the labor
 

force: United States .............................................................................................. A-47
 

Table 31.	 Percent difference in median earnings from 1979 to 1989 between 

males and females and between artists and all professional 

occupations by sex: United States .................................................................... A-48
 

Table 32.	 Changes in median earnings from 1979 to 1989 for artists, 

professionals and the labor force: United States .......................................... A-48
 

Table 33.	 Household income in 1979 and 1989 for artists, professional 

occupations, and the labor force, United States: 1980 and 1990 ............... A-49
 
PART I, DATA TABLES (Continued) PAGE 

Table 33a. Shift in percent distribution by household income categories,
 

1979 to 1989 for artists, professionals, and labor force ............................A-50
 ...


Table 33b. Percent difference in median household income, 1979 to 1989 ............A-50
 .....


Table 33c. Changes in median household income from 1979 to 1989 for all
 

artists and separately for male and female artists ...................................A-51
 ....


Table 33d. Differences in household income between males and females,
 

for artists, professionals, and labor force, 1979 to 1989 ..............................
 A-51 

PART II, Technical Issues and Tables PAGE 

Section A. Technical Issues 

Experienced civilian labor force ...........................................................................................
 A-52
 

Professionals .............................................................................................................................A-52
 

Armed Forces members in civilian occupations in 1990 ................................................
 A-52
 

Art teachers’ decrease from 1970 to 1990 may be a reporting change ....................A-52
 ....


Sample size and special Census Bureau tabulation to provide retrospective
 

comparability with 1970 definitions ................................................................
 A-53
 

Comparability of definitions between censuses ...............................................................
 A-53
 

Data sources for specific demographic subjects ...........................................................A-54
 ....


Sampling error .........................................................................................................................A-55
 

Estimates based on different sample sizes .........................................................................
 A-55 

Section B. Technical Tables 

Table1SE to 12SE. Sampling error estimates for 1990 data by State in Tables 1 to 12
 

Table 1SE. All Artists, Professionals, and Labor Force .................................................A-56
 ..

Table 2SE. Actors and Directors ...........................................................................................A-57
 .

Table 3SE. Announcers ............................................................................................................A-58
 

Table 4SE. Architects ...............................................................................................................A-59
 

Table 5SE. Authors ................................................................................................................... A-60
 

Table 6SE. Dancers ................................................................................................................... A-61
 

Table 7SE. Designers ................................................................................................................ A-62
 

Table 8SE. Musicians and Composers ...............................................................................A-63
 ..
PART II, Technical Issues and Tables (Continued) PAGE 

A-64
 

Table 10SE. Photographers ..............................~ ..................................................................... A-65
 

Table 11SE. Teachers of art, drama and music: post secondary level ..........................
 A-66
 

Table 17SE. Estimate of the Percent of Artists in the Labor Force in each
 

Table 9SE. Painters, Sculptors, Craft-artists, and Artist Printmakers ..........................


Table 12SE. Other artists ........................................................................................................A-67
 

Metropolitan Area in Table 17 ...........................................................................A-68
 

Table 20SE. Artists by sex, race, and Hispanic shown in Table 20 ...........................A-69 ....


Table 23SE. Artists by years of school completed and by age shown in
 

Table 23 ................................................................................................................... A-70
 

Table 29SE. Earnings in year before the census of artists by sex, ~for artists
 

with some earnings who worked 50 to 52 weeks, and 35 to 99 hours
 

per week, United States: 1980 and 1990 .........................................................A-71
 .

Table 34. Universes for Tables 19-26 and Table 33 showing derivation of
 

Table 33 universe ..................................................................................................A-72
 

Table 35. Comparison of weighted counts of artists by sex from 1980 and
 

1990 census samples of 16.7%, 5% and 1% ...................................................A-73
 .

Table 36. Universe changes between 1980 and 1990 for earnings and household income tables ...............................................................................................

A-74
 

Table 37. Armed Forces persons in households in 1990 who worked full-time
 

full-year in 1989 by artist: Ur~ited States .........................................................
 A-75
 

Table 38. Number of postsecondary teachers by subject, 1990 and 1980 ................. A-76
 
Data Sources. 

State and regional trends and metropolitan area 

distribution in 1990: 

Census of Population and Housing, 1990: Equal 

Employment Opportunity (EEO) File on CDROM, prepared by the Bureau of the Census, 

Washington, D.C.: The Bureau, 1992. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Data User Services Division, Equal Employment Opportunity Special 

File, Machine Readable Data File, Washington 

D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 1982 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Detailed Occupation of 

the Experienced Civilian Labor Force by Sex for 

the U.S. and Regions: 1980 and 1970, Washington D.C.: GPO, 1984 

U.So Bureau of the Census, Characteristics of the 

Population: Detailed Population Characteristics, 

1980 Vols. 1N-52, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1984 

National demographic trends: 

Census of Population and Housing, 1990: Public Use 

Microdata Samples U.S., prepared by the Bureau 

of the Census, .Washington: The Bureau, 1992 

Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Public Use 

Microdata Samples U.S., prepared by the Bureau 

of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 1983 

Constance F. Citro and Deirdre A. Gaquin, Artists in 

the Workforce: 1950 to 1985, National Endowment 

for the Arts, 1987. 

See Part II, Technical Issues, for discussion of sources in relation 

to specific topics. 

Universe for Tables I to 18: 

The universe refers to the kinds of persons counted 

in the tables. Tables 1-18 include all employed persons and unemployed persons with recent civilian 

work experience. The Census Bureau calls these persons the "experienced civilian labor force." We label 

 ̄ them as the "labor force" for convenience. The 1980 

and 1990 "labor force" totals in these tables are 

slightly smaller than experienced civilian labor force 

in census printed reports but match the experienced 

civilian labor force totals in the Census Bureau’s 

Equal Employment Opportunity data files. 

Universes for Tables 19 to 25: 

Table 19, 20, 21, 22. Persons in the labor force: 1970, 

1980, 1990 

Table 23. Persons in labor force and labor reserve: 

1980, 1990 (Consists of persons who worked any time 

up to five years before the census.) 

Table 24. Persons who worked 50 to 52 weeks, 35 

hours a week or more the year before the census, with 

some earnings, and who were in households: 1980, 

1990 

Table 25. Persons in households, and in labor force: 

1980, 1990 

Sampling Error: There are many sources of error in 

census data. These are discussed in some detail in 

technical documentation accompanying the data 

sources and in Using the Census Professional and Artist Extract Files, a report available from the National 

Endowment for the Arts. Sampling error is one part 

of total census error that can be measured. Sampling 

errors for many of the tables in Appendix I appear 

in Appendix II, Technical Issues. The sampling error 

tables are indicated with the letters "SE" after the 

table number. 

Rounding. Detail may not add to total because of 

rounding in percentage tables. 
Table 1. All artists by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force 

in 1990 

% 1980-90 Force 

in 1980 

% 1970-80 Force 

in 1970 

% 

United States 1,671,278 1.365% 53.9% 1,085,693 1.050% 47.3% 736,960 0.923% 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Florida 

Illinois 

285,633 

183,360 

96,001 

85,161 

75,822 

1.924% 

2.061% 

1.180% 

1.390% 

1.321% 

2 

1 

26 

14 

19 

62.0% 

32.5% 

55.3% 

76.3% 

50.2% 

176,321 

138,424 

61,802 

48,302 

50,467 

1.559% 

1.746% 

0.944% 

1.152% 

0.932% 

3 

1 

21 

10 

22 

62.6% 

28.3% 

76.7% 

93.5% 

22.5% 

108,437 

107,916 

34,969 

24,960 

41,211 

1.362% 

1.458% 

0.816% 

0.993% 

0.900% 

3 

2 

21 

10 

16 

Pennsylvania

New Jersey 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Massachusetts 

65,327 

56,713 

56,305 

55,412 

51,412 

1.140% 

1.390% 

1.076% 

1.235% 

1.593% 

29 

13 

33 

21 

4 

50.7% 

55.3% 

41.6% 

50.2% 

59.6% 

43,363 

36,510 

39,768 

36,888 

32,223 

0.817% 

1.044% 

0.809% 

0.884% 

1.150% 

32 

14 

33 

23 

11 

23.4% 

27.3% 

22.8% 

24.4% 

37.1% 

35,137 

28,686 

32,378 

29,660 

23,499 

0.748% 

0.967% 

0.767% 

0.862% 

0.985% 

29 

12 

27 

18 

11 

Virginia 

Georgia 

Washington 

Maryland 

North Carolina 

42,419 

37,707 

37,296 

35,686 

34,091 

1.345% 

1.158% 

1.540% 

1.383% 

1.007°/~ 

17 

27 

7 

15 

36 

71.2% 

85.5% 

62.3% 

70.0% 

65.8% 

24,775 

20,330 

22,974 

20,990 

20,561 

1.009% 

0.826% 

1.192% 

1.025% 

0.750% 

16 

29 

7 

15 

38 

62.4% 

72.6% 

83.0% 

22.5% 

62.7% 

15,253 

11,776 

12,553 

17,135 

12,640 

0.866% 

0.654% 

0.941% 

1.080% 

0.617% 

17 

37 

13 

5 

41 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Tennessee 

Wisconsin 

Connecticut 

31,169 

28,478 

28,202 

27,985 

27,453 

1.353% 

1.136% 

1.181% 

1.117% 

1.542% 

16 

31 

24 

32 

6 

59.7% 

50.3% 

59.2% 

51.9% 

59.5% 

19,512 

18,951 

17,714 

18,429 

17,211 

0.982% 

0.844% 

0.864% 

0.818% 

1.113% 

18 

25 

24 

31 

12 

50.5% 

33.5% 

67.0% 

38.4% 

28.4% 

12,967 

14,199 

10,607 

13,320 

13,404 

0.850% 

0.772% 

0.698% 

0.753% 

1.034% 

19 

25 

33 

28 

7 

Colorado 

Indiana 

Arizona 

Oregon 

Louisiana 

27,327 

26,289 

24,421 

19,539 

16,732 

1.585% 

0.949% 

1.425% 

1.394% 

0.940% 

5 

40 

11 

12 

41 

52.4% 

50.7% 

74.1% 

48.5% 

30.5% 

17,930 

17,439 

14,023 

13,157 

12,825 

1.255% 

0.684% 

.1.189% 

1.065% 

0.741% 

5 

45 

8 

13 

39 

102.9% 

34.8% 

112.6% 

88.5% 

59.9% 

8,838 

12,941 

6,597 

6,978 

8,019 

1.028% 

0.617% 

1.032% 

0.836% 

0.659% 

9 

40 

8 

20 

36 

Alabama 

South Carolina 

Kentucky 

Oklahoma 

Iowa 

16,597 

15,354 

14,550 

13,554 

13,358 

0.898% 

0.911% 

0.872% 

0.930% 

0.955% 

45 

43 

47 

42 

39 

40.9% 

61.2% 

39.3% 

31.5% 

42.2% 

11,779 

9,526 

10,446 

10,308 

9,395 

0.728% 

0.684% 

0.695% 

0.770% 

0.686% 

40 

46 

42 

35 

44 

47.9% 

82.9% 

52.2% 

49.7% 

35.8% 

7,965 

5,209 

6,863 

6,884 

6,917 

0.641% 

0.527% 

0.604% 

0.713% 

0.615% 

39 

48 

43 

32 

42 

Kansas 

New Mexico 

Hawaii 

Utah 

Nevada 

13,181 

10,315 

10,223 

9,773 

9,430 

1.076% 

1.524% 

1.872% 

1.264% 

1.464% 

34 

8 

3 

20 

10 

40.6% 

58.6% 

51.4% 

66.8% 

44.9% 

9,377 

6,505 

6,753 

5,858 

6,507 

0.837% 

1.200% 

1.559% 

0.948% 

1.541 % 

26 

6 

2 

20 

4 

33.4% 

83.1% 

84.2% 

60.1% 

111.4% 

7,031 

3,553 

3,667 

3,659 

3,078 

0.795% 

1.044% 

1.248% 

0.920% 

1.477% 

24 

6 

4 

14 

1 

Mississippi 

Arkansas 

New Hampshire 

Maine 

Nebraska 

8,736 

8,290 

7,487 

7,452 

7,150 

0.791% 

0.785% 

1.227% 

1.221 % 

0.894% 

48 

49 

22 

23 

46 

41.9% 

51.6% 

99.6% 

96.6% 

26.2% 

6,155 

5,468 

3,751 

3,790 

5,666 

0.616% 

0.585% 

0.828% 

0.765% 

0.764% 

48 

49 

28 

36 

37 

60.9% 

63.5% 

51.6% 

74.6% 

39.3% 

3,826 

3,344 

2,474 

2,171 

4,068 

0.508% 

0.488% 

0.813% 

0.570% 

0.688% 

49 

50 

22 

45 

34 

Rhode Island 

Idaho 

West Virginia 

6,935 

5,351 

5,071 

1.333% 

1.137% 

0.695% 

18 

30 

50 

53.2% 

66.9% 

20.1% 

4,527 

3,207 

4,223 

0.992% 

0.773% 

0.566% 

17 

34 

50 

44.9% 

73.9% 

36.6% 

3,124 

1,844 

3,091 

0.807% 

0.681% 

0.537% 

23 

35 

47 

Vermont 4,462 1.488% 9 88.6% 2,366 0.979% 19 47.9% 1,600 0.917% 15 

Montana 4,424 1.181% 25 49.2% 2,966 0.833% 27 59.7% 1,857 0.715% 31 

Delaware 3,332 1.021% 35 45.6% 2,288 0.822% 30 36.1% 1,681 0.769% 26 

Alaska 

South Dakota 

3,102 

3,008 

1.158% 

0.900% 

28 

44 

44.4% 

52.4% 

2,148 

1,974 

1.181% 

0.635% 

9 

47 

202.5% 

37.6% 

710 

1,435 

0.725% 

0.578% 

30 

44 

North Dakota 2,981 0.987% 37 51.2% 1,972 0.687% 43 70.7% 1,155 0.541% 46 

Wyoming 2,149 0.977% 38 34.1% 1,602 0.708% 41 89.8% 844 0.654% 38 

District of Columbia** 9,082 2.625% 45.4% 6,247 1.975% 29.3% 4,830 1.392% 

° To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of all artists for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the number 

of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 1SE do not overlap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-6 
Table 2. Actors and directors by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 109,573 0.089% 64.1% 66,782 0.064% 67.1% 39,969 0.050% 

California 31,753 0.214% 2 53.0% 20,751 0.183% 2 131.4% 8,966 0.113% 1 

New York 19,658 0.221% 1 29.5% 15,180 0.191% 1 94.6% 7,800 0.105% 2 

Florida 4,563 0.074% 11 117.0% 2,103 0.050% 11 81.6% 1,158 0.046% 12 

Illinois 

Texas 

4,433 

4,047 

0.077% 

0.050% 

9 

28 

95.2% 

65.5% 

2,271 

2,445 

0.042% 

0.037% 

21 

27 

25.9% 

55.8% 

1,804 

1,569 

0.039% 

0.037% 

22 

29 

New Jersey 3,362 0.082% 6 88.3% 1,785 0.051% 10 23.3% 1,448 0.049% 9 

Massachusetts 2,913 0.090% 3 111.5% 1,377 0.049% 13 36.1% 1,012 0.042% 14 

Pennsylvania 2,760 0.048% 30 88.9% 1,461 0.028% 37 10.1% 1,327 0.028% 44 

Michigan 2,276 0.051% 26 87.0% 1,217 0.029% 34 22.8% 991 0.029% 43 

Virginia 2,193 0.070% 14 68.7% 1,300 0.053% 8 97.6% 658 0.037% 26 

Maryland 

Ohio 

2,142 

2,086 

0.083% 

0.040% 

5 

40 

109.2% 

63.6% 

1,024 

1,275 

0.050% 

0.026% 

12 

42 

17.6% 

1.0% 

871 

1,262 

0.055% 

0.030% 

5 

40 

Georgia 1,925 0.059% 21 116.5% 889 0.036% 29 46.2% 608 0.034% 33 

Washington 1,803 0.074% 12 93.2% 933 0.048% 14 70.9% 546 0.041% 17 

Minnesota 1,530 0.066% 17 96.4% 779 0.039% 23 37.4% 567 0.037% 27 

Connecticut 1,457 0.082% 7 75.1% 832 0.054% 6 31.6% 632 0.049% 10 

Tennessee 1,392 0.058% 23 154.0% 548 0.027% 39 12.5% 487 0.032% 37 

North Carolina 1,382 0.041% 38 94.1% 712 0.026% 41 29.0% 552 0.027% 46 

Colorado 1,317 0.076% 10 91.4% 688 0.048% 15 70.3% 404 0.047% 11 

Missouri 1,314 0.052% 24 89.1% 695 0.031% 31 17.8% 590 0.032% 36 

Wisconsin 1,167 0.047% 32 82.3% 640 0.028% 35 29.6% 494 0.028% 45 

Oregon 1,139 0.081% 8 115.3% 529 0.043% 19 38.5% 382 0.046% 13 

Arizona 1,092 0.064% 20 79.3% 609 0.052% 9 83.4% 332 0.052% 7 

Indiana 963 0.035% 48 49.3% 645 0.025% 45 17.5% 549 0.026% 47 

Louisiana 882 0.050% 29 80.7% 488 0.028% 36 9.7% 445 0.037% 30 

South Carolina 705 0.042% 36 107.4% 340 0.024% 46 34.4% 253 0.026% 49 

Alabama 701 0.038% 43 141.7% 290 0.018% 49 -22.0% 372 0.030% 39 

Kentucky 691 0.041% 37 68.9% 409 0.027% 38 22.5% 334 0.029% 41 

Oklahoma 663 0.045% 33 89.4% 350 0.026% 40 -7.4% 378 0.039% 23 

Iowa 553 0.040% 41 11.7% 495 0.036% 28 32.4% 374 0.033% 34 

Kansas 489 0.040% 39 33.2% 367 0.033% 30 9.2% 336 0.038% 24 

Arkansas 463 0.044% 35 94.5% 238 0.025% 43 11.2% 214 0.031% 38 

New Mexico 435 0.064% 19 70.6% 255 0.047% 16 49.1% 171 0.050% 8 

Nevada 427 0.066% 18 41.9% 301 0.071% 4 71.0% 176 0.084% 3 

Utah 399 0.052% 25 52.9% 261 0.042% 20 63.1% 160 0.040% 19 

Hawaii 392 0.072% 13 51.9% 258 0.060% 5 59.3% 162 0.055% 4 

Mississippi 366 0.033% 49 76.0% 208 0.021% 47 6.7% 195 0.026% 48 

Rhode Island 359 0.069% 15 82.2% 197 0.043% 18 48.1% 133 0.034% 32 

Maine 358 0.059% 22 141.9% 148 0.030% 33 33.3% 111 0.029% 42 

Nebraska 296 0.037% 46 5.3% 281 0.038% 26 16.1% 242 0.041% 18 

West Virginia 288 0.039% 42 52.4% 189 0.025% 44 2.2% 185 0.032% 35 

Montana 253 0.068% ~ 16 56.2% 162 0.045% 17 57.3% 103 0.040% 20 

Alaska 233 0.087% 4 56.4% 149 0.082% 3 263.4% 41 0.042% 15 

New Hampshire 229 0.038% 44 358.0% 50 0.011% 50 -52.4% 105 0.035% 31 

Idaho 211 0.045% 34 32.7% 159 0.038% 25 43.2% 111 0.041% 16 

Vermont 140 0,047% 31 48.9% 94 0.039% 24 36.2% 69 0.040% 21 

South Dakota 121 0.036% 47 -26.7% 165 0.053% 7 79.3% 92 0.037% 28 

North Dakota 113 0.037% 45 0.0% 113 0.039% 22 39.5% 81 0.038% 25 

Wyoming 111 0.050% 27 164.3% 42 0.019% 48 -38.2% 68 0.053% 6 

Delaware 80 0.025% 50 -5.9% 85 0.031% 32 73.5% 49 0.022% 50 

District of Columbia** 948 0.274% 138.2% 398 0.126% 71.6% 232 0.067% 

* To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of actors and directors for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of 

the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 2SE do not ovedap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-7 
Table 3. Announcers by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

(State detail in EEO file state records adds to 60,270; U.S. summanj record shows 60,269) 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 60,270 0.049% 28.3% 46,986 0.045% 81.1% 25,942 0.033% 

California 

Texas 

New York 

Florida 

Pennsylvania 

5,583 

4,632 

3,729 

2,793 

2,627 

0.038% 

0.057% 

0.042% 

0.046% 

0.046% 

45 

23 

42 

38 

37 

40.1% 

41.8% 

38.6% 

21.8% 

46.5% 

3,986 

3,267 

2,690 

2,293. 

1,793 

0.035% 

0.050% 

0.034% 

0.055% 

0.034% 

43 

31 

44 

28 

45 

65.1% 

1!7.5% 

36.8% 

108.6% 

39.3% 

2,415 

1,502 

1,966 

1,099 

1,287 

0.030% 

0.035% 

0.027% 

0.044% 

0.027% 

39 

31 

42 

14 

41 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Georgia 

North Carolina 

2,315 

2,215 

2,071 

1,770 

1,741 

0.040% 

0.042% 

0.046% 

0.054% 

0.051% 

43 

41 

36 

26 

32 

27.4% 

20.2% 

24.7% 

43.2% 

12.3% 

1,817 

1,843 

1,661 

1,236 

1,551 

0.034% 

0.038% 

0.040% 

0.050% 

0.057% 

46 

42 

39 

30 

23 

73.2% 

80.5% 

81.9% 

68.4% 

81.2% 

1,049 

1,021 

913 

734 

856 

0.023% 

0.024% 

0.027% 

0.041% 

0.042% 

47 

45 

43 

21 

18 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Indiana 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

1,717 

1,580 

1,416 

1,373 

1,361 

0.054% 

0.066% 

0.051% 

0.060% 

0.054% 

25 

13 

33 

19 

27 

20.5% 

34.6% 

28.6% 

53.6% 

19.8% 

1,425 

1,174 

1,101 

894 

1,136 

0.058% 

0.057% 

0.043% 

0.045% 

0.050% 

18 

20 

36 

35 

29 

108.3% 

78.4% 

98.0% 

96.1% 

87.5% 

684 

658 

556 

456 

606 

0.039% 

0.043% 

0.027% 

0.030% 

0.034% 

26 

17 

44 

40 

33 

Missouri 1,342 0.054% 29 23.7% 1,085 0.048% 32 87.7% 578 0.031% 38 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

1,255 

1,214 

0.071% 

0.047% 

10 

34 

26.8% 

45.4% 

990 

835 

0.057% 

0.041% 

21 

38 

111,5% 

45.0% 

468 

576 

0.038% 

0.036% 

27 

30 

New Jersey 1,161 0.028% 49 85.8% 625 0.018% 50 58.2% 395 0.013% 50 

Massachusetts 1,158 0.036% 47 36.9% 846 0.030% 48 50.8% 561 0.024% 46 

Washington 1,132 0.047% 35 23.7% 915 0.047% 33 76.0% 520 0.039% 24 

Kentucky 

Alabama 

Arizona 

1,096 

969 

966 

0.066% 

0.052% 

0.056% 

14 

31 

24 

25.5% 

-17.5% 

45.0% 

873 

1,174 

666 

0.058% 

0.073% 

0.056% 

17 

6 

24 

97.5% 

128.8% 

138.7% 

442 

513 

279 

0.039% 

0.041% 

0.044% 

25 

20 

15 

Colorado 924 0.054% 28 5.7% 874 0.061% 14 144.8% 357 0.042% 19 

Iowa 918 0.066% 15 10.3% 832 0.061% 15 70.1% 489 0.043% 16 

Oklahoma 853 0.058% 20 3.6% 823 0.062% 12 157.2% 320 0.033% 35 

Kansas 798 0.065% 16 13.0% 706 0.063% 10 98.3% 356 0.040% 22 

Arkansas 761 0.072% 9 31.0% 581 0.062% 11 112.8% 273 0.040% 23 

Oregon 738 0.053% 30 4.5% 706 0.057% 22 91.3% 369 0.044% 13 

South Carolina 730 0.043% 39 -6.0% 777 0.056% 26 129.2% 339 0.034% 32 

New Mexico 705 0.104% 4 79.8% 392 0.072% 7 50.8% 260 0.076% 3 

Mississippi 667 0.060% 18 -1.8% 679 0.068% 8 74.1% 390 0.052% 11 

Connecticut 567 0.032% 48 16.9% 485 0.031% 47 66.7% 291 0.022% 48 

West Virginia 541 0.074% 7 24.9% 433 0.058% 19 126.7% 191 0.033% 34 

Nebraska 467 0.058% 21 7.9% 433 0.058% 16 101.4% 215 0.036% 29 

Montana 457 0.122% 2 57.0% 291 0.082% 5 67.2% 174 0.067% 5 

North Dakota 449 0.149% 1 34.4% 334 0.116% 1 79.6% 186 0.087% 1 

Nevada 436 0.068% 12 68.3% 259 0.061% 13 83.7% 141 0.068% 4 

Hawaii 408 0.075% 6 69.3% 241 0.056% 27 156.4% 94 0.032% 37 

South Dakota 353 0.106% 3 35.8% 260 0.084% 4 79.3% 145 0.058% 7 

Maine 349 0.057% 22 25.1% 279 0.056% 25 37.4% 203 0.053% 10 

idaho 341 0.072% 8 21.8% 280 0.067% 9 75.0% 160 0.059% 6 

Utah 283 0.037% 46 1.1% 280 0.045% 34 40.7% 199 0.050% 12 

New Hampshire 262 0.043% 40 45.6% 180 0.040% 40 55.2% 116 0.038% 28 

Alaska 229 0.085% 5 11.7% 205 0.113% 2 286.8% 53 0.054% 9 

Vermont 203 0.068% 11 97,1% 103 0.043% 37 7.3% 96 0.055% 8 

Wyoming 133 0.060% 17 -30.7% 192 0.085% 3 82.9% 105 0.081% 2 

Delaware 129 0.040% 44 53.6% 84 0.030% 49 20.0% 70 0.032% 36 

Rhode Island 121 0.023% 50 -30.5% 174 0.038% 41 145.1% 71 0.018% 49 

District of Columbia** 232 0.067% 2.2% 227 0.072% 56.6% 145 0.042% 

*	 To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of announcers for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the 

number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 3SE do not overlap. 

** included to complete the United States. 

A-8 
Table 4. Architects by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

Increase 

1980-90 

1980 of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

Increase 

1970-80 

1970 of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 156,874 0.128% 45.7% 107,693 0.104% 100.7% 53,670 0.067% 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Florida 

Illinois 

28,301 

15,661 

8,847 

8,109 

7,841 

0.191% 

0.176% 

0.109% 

0.132% 

0.137% 

4 

7 

22 

15 

13 

60.3% 

80.2% 

13.8% 

52.9% 

40.4% 

17,652 

8,691 

7,775 

5,302 

5,583 

0.156% 

0.110% 

0.119% 

0.127% 

0.103% 

5 

17 

12 

9 

21 

128.9% 

41.3% 

157.5% 

181.9% 

71.2% 

7,710 

6,151 

3,019 

1,881 

3,262 

0.097% 

0.083% 

0.070% 

0.075% 

0.071% 

5 

13 

17 

14 

16 

Massachusetts 6,515 0.202% 2 70.8% 3,815 0.136% 8 67.5% 2,278 0.096% 6 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Virginia 

6,501 

5,598 

4,948 

0.113% 

0.137% 

0.157% 

21 

12 

9 

48.4% 

83.1% 

75.6% 

4,380 

3,057 

2,817 

0.083% 

0.087% 

0.115% 

29 

27 

15 

66.4% 

66.5% 

91.2% 

2,632 

1,836 

1,473 

0.056% 

0.062% 

0.084% 

25 

22 

12 

Ohio 4,789 0.092% 29 36.6% 3,505 0.071% 36 68.8% 2,077 0.049% 33 

Washington 

Maryland 

Georgia 

Michigan 

Connecticut 

4,695 

4,432 

3,802 

3,445 

3,164 

0.194% 

0.172% 

0.117% 

0.077% 

0.178% 

3 

8 

20 

38 

6 

49.1% 

97.7% 

73.4% 

8.7% 

73.2% 

3,148 

2,242 

2,193 

3,170 

1,827 

0.163% 

0.109% 

0.089% 

0.076% 

0.118% 

4 

18 

25 

34 

14 

110.7% 

43.1% 

118.4% 

66.0% 

33.5% 

1,494 

1,567 

1,004 

1,910 

1,369 

0.112% 

0.099% 

0.056% 

0.055% 

0.106% 

2 

4 

26 

27 

3 

Colorado 

Minnesota 

North Carolina 

Missouri 

Arizona 

3,080 

2,715 

2,562 

2,457 

2,437 

0.179% 

0.118% 

0.076% 

0.098% 

0.142% 

5 

19 

39 

24 

11 

12.4% 

37.0% 

34.2% 

26.3% 

36.5% 

2,741 

1,982 

1,909 

1,945 

1,786 

0.192% 

0.100% 

0.070% 

0.087% 

0.151% 

2 

22 

38 

28 

6 

267.9% 

97.6% 

125.9% 

95.9% 

230.7% 

745 

1,003 

845 

993 

540 

0.087% 

0.066% 

0.041% 

0.054% 

0.085% 

10 

21 

37 

29 

11 

Indiana 1,968 0.071% 43 49.9% 1,313 0.051% 47 67.7% 783 0.037% 39 

Wisconsin 1,965 0.078% 35 28.5% 1,529 0.068% 40 108.9% 732 0.041% 36 

Tennessee 

Oregon 

Hawaii 

1,942 

1,873 

1,461 

0.081% 

0.134% 

0.268% 

32 

14 

1 

22.8% 

6.8% 

66.4% 

1,581 

1,753 

878 

0.077% 

0.142% 

0.203% 

33 

7 

1 

176.9% 

134.7% 

149.4% 

571 

747 

352 

0.038% 

0.089% 

0.120% 

38 

8 

1 

Louisiana 1,337 0.075% 40 -12.8% 1,533 0.089% 26 113.5% 718 0.059% 23 

South Carolina 1,323 0.078% 34 18.7% 1,115 0.080% 31 211.5% 358 0.036% 41 

Kansas 1,223 0.100% 23 4.6% 1,169 0.104% 20 90.4% 614 0.069% 18 

Alabama 1,140 0.062% 46 -0.4% 1,145 0.071% 37 165.7% 431 0.035% 44 

Oklahoma 1,054 0.072% 42 19.5% 882 0.066% 42 74.3% 506 0.052% 32 

Kentucky 

New Mexico 

1,051 

842 

0.063% 

0.124% 

44 

16 

35.4% 

23.3% 

776 

683 

0.052% 

0.126% 

45 

10 

118.6% 

170.0% 

355 

253 

0.031% 

0.074% 

46 

15 

Iowa 815 0.058% 48 2.4% 796 0.058% 44 103.6% 391 0.035% 43 

Utah 739 0.096% 26 7.7% 686 0.111% 16 157.9% 266 0.067% 20 

Mississippi 693 0.063% 45 47.4% 470 0.047% 48 76.0% 267 0.035% 42 

Arkansas 624 0.059% 47 29.5% 482 0.052% 46 121.1% 218 0.032% 45 

Rhode island 623 0.120% 18 103.6% 306 0.067% 41 44.3% 212 0.055% 28 

Nebraska 621 0.078% 36 4.0% 597 0.080% 30 75.6% 340 0.058% 24 

Maine 595 0.097% 25 68.1% 354 0.071% 35 237.1% 105 0.028% 48 

New Hampshire 558 0.091% 30 110.6% 265 0.059% 43 65.6% 160 0.053% 31 

Nevada 538 0.084% 31 37.9% 390 0.092% 24 406.5% 77 0.037% 40 

Vermont 455 0.152% 10 52.7% 298 0.123% 11 88.6% 158 0.091% 7 

Idaho 431 0.092% 28 -12.2% 491 0.118% 13 305.8% 121 0.045% 34 

Alaska 325 0.121% 17 -3.0% 335 0.184% 3 285.1% 87 0.089% 9 

West Virginia 307 0.042% 49 26.9% 242 0.032% 50 108.6% 116 0.020% 50 

Delaware 301 0.092% 27 56.8% 192 0.069% 39 27.2% 151 0.069% 19 

Montana 276 0,074% 41 -26.0% 373 0.105% 19 230.1% 113 0.044% 35 

North Dakota 233 0.077% 37 4.0% 224 0.078% 32 255.6% 63 0.029% 47 

Wyoming 175 0.080% 33 -18.2% 214 0.095% 23 214.7% 68 0.053% 30 

South Dakota 114 0.034% 50 -10.2% 127 0.041% 49 130.9% 55 0.022% 49 

District of Columbia** 1,373 0.397% 41.0% 974 0.308% 97.6% 493 0.142% 

* To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of amhitects for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the 

number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 4SE do not ovedap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-9 
Table 5. Authors by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number 

1990* of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 

in 1990 In 1980 

United States 106,730 0.087% 133.3% 45,748 0,044% 64.8% 27,752 

California 23,251 0.157% 2 106.3% 11,272 0.100% 2 123.9% 5,035 New York 14,804 0.166% 1 58.1% 9,361 0.118% 1 68.2% 5,567 Texas 4,753 0.058% 30 219.6% 1,487 0.023% 34 106,2% 721 

Illinois 4,264 0,074% 21 150.7% 1,701 0.031% 25 102.5% 840 

Florida 4,116 0.067% 25 204.4% 1,352 0.032% 22 91.0% 708 

Virginia 4,056 0.129% 5 207.3% 1,320 0.054% 10 44.4% 914 

Massachusetts 4,042 0.i25% 6 165.0% 1,525 0.054% 8 13,2% 1,347 Pennsylvania 3,281 0.057% 32 165.2% 1,237 0,023% 33 74.2% 710 

New Jersey 3,036 0.074% 20 121.6% 1,370 0,039% 18 63.3% 839 

Washington 2,679 0.111% 9 214.4% 852 0.044% 14 90.2% 448 

Maryland 2,391 0,093% 16 176.7% 864 0.042% 17 -38.3% 1,401 Ohio 2,324 0.044% 42 191.6% 797 0.016% 41 20.8% 660 

Minnesota 2,166 0.094% 15 242.7% 632 0,032% 24 3.9% 608 Michigan 2,155 0.048% 38 184.7% 757 0,018% 39 21.3% 624 

Colorado 2,097 0.122% 7 137.8% 882 0.062% 5 177.4% 318 

Connecticut 2,085 0.117% 8 138.8% 873 0,056% 7 -17.5% 1,058 Georgia 1,874 0.058% 31 209.8% 605 0.025% 30 149.0% 243 

North Carolina 1,680 0.050% 37 227.5% 513 0.019% 38 0.4% 511 

Arizona 1,578 0.092% 17 216,9% 498 0.042% 16 48.2% 336 

Oregon 1,517 0.108% 11 168.0% 566 0.046% 13 196.3% 191 

Missouri 1,420 0.057% 33 140.7% 590 0.026% 29 27.7% 462 

Wisconsin 1,263 0.050% 35 92.5% 656 0,029% 27 44.8% 453 

Tennessee 1,195 0.050% 36 317.8% 286 0.014% 43 115.0% 133 

Indiana 1,146 0.041% 43 244.1% 333 0.013% 44 -1.5% 338 

New Mexico 886 0.131% 4 164.5% 335 0.062% 4 132.6% 144 

Oklahoma 796 0,055% 34 171.7% 293 0.022% 36 1.4% 289 

Kansas 794 0.065% 26 215.1% 252 0.022% 35 7.2% 235 

Alabama 704 0.038% 44 501.7% 117 0.007% 49 -60.9% 299 

Utah 641 0.083% 18 208.2% 208 0.034% 21 48.6% 140 

South Carolina 635 0,038% 45 87.9% 338 0.024% 31 339.0% 77 

Maine 626 0.103% 12 147.4% 253 0.051% 11 336.2% 58 

Iowa 625 0.045% 41 164.8% 236 0.017% 40 11.8% 211 

Louisiana 606 0.034% 47 87.0% 324 0.019% 37 343.8% 73 

Kentucky 585 0.035% 46 246.2% 169 0.011% 45 98.8% 85 

New Hampshire 585 0.096% 14 179.9% 209 0.046% 12 68.5% 124 

Nevada 461 0.072% 23 80.8% 255 0,060% 6 442.6% 47 

Vermont 418 0.139% 3 349.5% 93 0.038% 19 8.1% 86 

Rhode Island 384 0.074% 22 131.3% 166 0.036% 20 118.4% 76 

Hawaii 379 0.069% 24 62.7% 233 0.054% 9 158.9% 90 

Nebraska 379 0.047% 39 223.9% 117 0.016% 42 51.9% 77 

Montana 359 0.096% 13 128.7% 157 0.044% 15 823.5% 17 

Alaska 293 0.109% 10 142.1% 121 0.067% 3 365.4% 26 

Idaho 287 0.061% 29 127.8% 126 0.030% 26 162.5% 48 

Mississippi 283 0.026% 48 245.1% 82 0.008% 47 -51.2% 168 

Arkansas 252 0.024% 49 186.4% 88 0.009% 46 131.6% 38 

Delaware 203 0.062% 28 174.3% 74 0.027% 28 13.8% 65 

North Dakota 190 0.063% 27 955.6% 18 0.006% 50 80.0% 10 

Wyoming 181 0.082% 19 241.5% 53 0.023% 32 1225.0% 4 

South Dakota 156 0.047% 40 56.0% 100 0.032% 23 1566.7% 6 

West Virginia 112 0.015% 50 93.1% 58 0.008% 48 383.3% 12 

District of Columbia** 1,737 0.502% 84.0% 944 0.299% 20.7% 782 

*	 To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of authors for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s 

of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 5SE do not overlap. 

**	 Included to complete the United States. 

Percent Rank 

of Labor of 

Force % 

In 1970 

0.035% 

0,063% 4 

0.O75% 3 

0.017% 34 

0.018% 31 

0.028% 19 

0.052% 7 

0.056% 5 

0.015% 38 

O.028% 18 

0.034% 14 

0.088% 1 

0.016% 36 

0,040% 11 

0.018% 32 

0.037% 12 

0.082% 2 

0.013% 39 

0.025% 24 

0.053% 6 

0.023% 26 

0.025% 23 

0.026% 22 

0.009% 41 

0.016% 35 

0.042% 9 

0.030% 16 

0.027% 20 

0,024% 25 

0.035% 13 

0.008% 42 

0.015% 37 

0.019% 30 

0.006% 45 

0.007% 43 

0.041% 10 

0.023% 27 

0.049% 8 

0.020% 29 

0.031% 15 

0.013% 4O 

0.007% 44 

0.027% 21 

0.018% 33 

0.022% 28 

0,006% 46 

0.030% 17 

0.005% 47 

0.003% 48 

0,002% 49 

0.002% 50 

0.225% 

estimate of the number 

A-10 
Table 6. Dancers by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

(Caution: There are too few dancers in most states to permit useful comparisons. The state ranking is shown only for comparability in style with other tables in

this appendix.) 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 21,913 0.018% 66.1% 13,194 0.013% 78.2% 7,404 0.009% 

California 2,854 0.019% 12 25.2% 2,279 0.020% 5 24.1% 1,836 0.023% 4 

New York 2.736 0.031% 4 5.2% 2,600 0.033% 4 102.8% 1,282 0.017% 5 

Texas 1,864 0.023% 7 161.4% 713 0.011% 14 195.9% 241 0.006% 23 

Florida 1,803 0.029% 5 120.4% 818 0.020% 6 222.0% 254 0.010% 12 

Nevada 873 0.136% 1 53.7% 568 0.135% 1 113.5% 266 0.128% 1 

New Jersey 813 0.020% 9 77.1% 459 0.013% 11 227.9% 140 0.005% 26 

Michigan 736 0.016% 17 381 °0% 153 0.004% 41 -50.5% 309 0.009% 14 

Ohio 720 0.014% 25 88.0% 383 0.008% 22 16.1% 330 0.008% 16 

Pennsylvania 660 0.012% 32 117.1% 304 0.006% 36 60.0% 190 0.004% 33 

Illinois 627 0.011% 35 57.1% 399 0.007% 28 55.3% 257 0.006% 24 

Georgia 573 0.018% 15 160.5% 220 0.009% 20 111.5% 104 0.006% 22 

Hawaii 523 0.096% 2 18.6% 441 0.102% 2 68.3% 262 0.089% 2 

Washington 471 0.019% 11 130.9% 204 0.011% 17 56.9% 130 0.010% 13 

Virginia 451 0.014% 24 206.8% 147 0.006% 34 81.5% 81 0.005% 27 

Arizona 433 0.025% 6 98.6% 218 0.018% 7 120.2% 99 0.015% 8 

Indiana 414 0.015% 21 43.8% 288 0.011% 13 209.7% 93 0.004% 30 

Maryland 405 0.016% 19 36.4% 297 0.014% 8 76.8% 168 0.011% 11 

Massachusetts 376 0.012% 31 72.5% 218 0.008% 23 105.7% 106 0.004% 29 

North Carolina 369 0.011% 36 99.5% 185 0.007% 31 219.0% 58 0.003% 38 

Colorado 327 0.019% 13 66.8% 196 0.014% 10 84.9% 106 0.012% 9 

Minnesota 282 0.012% 27 89.3% 149 0.007% 26 520.8% 24 0.002% 44 

Missouri 279 0.011% 33 267.1% 76 0.003% 43 28.8% 59 0.003% 35 

Oregon 279 0.020% 10 136.4% 118 0.010% 18 32.6% 89 0.011% 10 

Louisiana 265 0.015% 22 113.7% 124 0.007% 30 27.8% 97 0.008% 15 

Tennessee 252 0.011% 37 65.8% 152 0.007% 27 2940.0% 5 0.000% 48 

Oklahoma 244 0.017% 16 238.9% 72 0.005% 37 28.6% 56 0.006% 21 

Connecticut 215 0.012% 28 30.3% 165 0.011% 16 258.7% 46 0.004% 34 

Wisconsin 214 0.009% 40 24.4% 172 0.008% 24 75.5% 98 0.006% 25 

Alabama 204 0.011% 34 175.7% 74 0.005% 39 146.7% 30 0.002% 41 

Kentucky 198 0.012% 29 4.8% 189 0.013% 12 148.7% 76 0.007% 18 

Kansas 179 0.015% 23 371.1% 38 0.003% 42 -33.3% 57 0.006% 19 

Utah 161 0.021% 8 85.1% 87 0.014% 9 38.1% 63 0.016% 7 

Nebraska 124 0.016% 20 188.4% 43 0.006% 35 168.8% 16 0.003% 40 

New Mexico 123 0.018% 14 355.6% 27 0.005% 38 170.0% 10 0.003% 37 

South Carolina 119 0.007% 41 176.7% 43 0.003% 44 -37.7% 69 0.007% 17 

Arkansas 105 0.010% 38 81.0% 58 0.006% 33 427.3% 11 0.002% 43 

New Hampshire 96 0.016% 18 NA 0 0.000% 47 -100.0% 9 0.003% 36 

Alaska 83 0.031% 3 31.7% 63 0.035% 3 103.2% 31 0.032% 3 

Rhode Island 67 0.013% 26 415.4% 13 0.003% 45 -18.8% 16 0.004% 32 

Iowa 61 0.004% 44 -40.8% 103 0.008% 25 635.7% 14 0.001% 46 

Maine 57 0.009% 39 200.0% 19 0.004% 40 533.3% 3 0.001% 47 

West Virginia 48 0.007% 42 2.1% 47 0.006% 32 193.8% 16 0.003% 39 

Mississippi 29 0.003% 47 -64.6% 82 0.008% 21 645.5% 11 0.001% 45 

Wyoming 26 0.012% 30 NA 0 0.000% 50 -100.0% 22 0.017% 6 

North Dakota 14 0.005% 43 NA 0 0.000% 48 -100.0% 9 0.004% 31 

Delaware 13 0.004% 45 -56.7% 30 0.011% 15 200.0% 10 0.005% 28 

South Dakota 13 0.004% 46 NA 0 0.000% 49 - 100.0% 5 0.002% 42 

Montana 8 0.002% 48 -75.8% 33 0.009% 19 NA 0 0.000% 49 

Idaho 6 0.001% 50 -80.0% 30 0.007% 29 76.5% 17 0.006% 20 

Vermont 4 0.001% 49 33.3% 3 0.001% 46 NA 0 0.000% 50 

District of Columbia** 117 0.034% 24.5% 94 0.030% -23.6% 123 0.035% 

*	 California and New York are essentially the same. Texas and FIodda are also the same. To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of dancers for 

each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence 

limits shown in Table 6SE do not overlap. After California-New York and Texas-Florida, rank differences between adjacent states are most often not statistically significant. 

**	 Included to complete the United States. 

A-11 
Table 7. Designers by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 596,802 0.487% 76.4% 338,374 0.326% 45.3% 232,890 0.292% 

California 92,780 0.625% 2 93.1% 48,036 0.425% 2 54.3% 31,127 0.391% 2 

New York 60,149 0.676% 1 37.2% 43,833 0.553% 1 17.7% 37,236 0.503% 1 

Texas 34,851 0.428% 28 69.3% 20,581 0.314% 13 93.0% 10,663 0.249% 20 

Florida 29,419 0.480% 14 108.6% 14,102 0.336% 9 92.4% 7,330 0.292% 11 

Illinois 28,590 0.498% 11 65.7% 17,255 0.319% 11 26.7% 13,616 0.297% 9 

Michigan 26,009 0.580% 4 75.9% 14,786 0.355% 7 29.4% 11,428 0.332% 4 

Pennsylvania 25,562 0.446% 25 70.6% 14,981 0.282% 22 24.3% 12,051 0.256% 19 

Ohio 23,353 0.446% 24 67.4% 13,949 0.284% 21 20.5% 11,575 0.274% 15 

New Jersey 23,036 0.565% 5 67.8% 13,728 0.393% 4 22.1% 11,240 0.379% 3 

Massachusetts 18,077 0.560% 6 79.2% 10,089 0.360% 6 29.0% 7,821 0.328% 5 

Georgia 

Virginia 

14,790 

14,467 

0.454% 

0.459% 

23 

20 

121.9% 

90.7% 

6,664 

7,588 

0.271% 

0.309% 

26 

14 

76.7% 

51.9% 

3,772 

4,996 

0.210% 

0.284% 

31 

13 

North Carolina 

Washington 

Maryland 

13,752 

12,770 

12,415 

0.406% 

0.527% 

0.481% 

30 

7 

13 

84.0% 

89.7% 

115.9% 

7,472 

6,733 

5,750 

0.273% 

0.349% 

0.281% 

24 

8 

23 

76.9% 

115.9% 

25.4% 

4,225 

3,119 

4,586 

0.206% 

0.234% 

0.289% 

32 

25 

12 

Wisconsin 11,485 0.459% 19 90.7% 6,024 0.267% 27 51.3% 3,981 0.225% 27 

Minnesota 11,382 0.494% 12 87.1% 6,(~83 0.306% 16 62.3% 3,749 0.246% 23 

Connecticut 11,098 0.623% 3 93.2% 5,744 0.372% 5 35.9% 4,227 0.326% 6 

Indiana 10,863 0.392% 32 72.8% 6,287 0.247% 34 40.6% 4,470 0.213% 30 

Missouri 10,365 0.413% 29 81.2% 5,720 0.255% 31 29.7% 4,409 0.240% 24 

Tennessee 9,096 0.381% 34 84.5% 4,929 0.240% 35 47.2% 3,349 0.220% 28 

Colorado 8,875 0.515% 9 89.5% 4,683 0.328% 10 93.9% 2,415 0.281% 14 

Arizona 7,898 0.461% 18 110.3% 3,756 0.318% 12 116.6% 1,734 0.271% 16 

Alabama 6,644 0.359% 38 56.1% 4,256 0.263% 28 66.3% 2,560 0.206% 33 

Oregon 6,575 0.469% 16 73.6% 3,787 0.307% 15 135.4% 1,609 0.193% 34 

South Carolina 

Kentucky 

6,353 

5,652 

0.377% 

0.339% 

35 

39 

105.6% 

72.1% 

3,090 

3,284 

0.222% 

0.218% 

36 

39 

64.9% 

56.1% 

1,874 

2,104 

0.190% 

0.185% 

35 

36 

Louisiana 5,474 0.308% 42 49.7% 3,656 0.211% 41 71.5% 2,132 0.175% 42 

Iowa 5,174 0.370% 37 72.8% 2,995 0.219% 38 46.7% 2,041 0.182% 38 

Kansas 4,575 0.374% 36 65.6% 2,763 0.247% 33 46.3% 1,889 0.214% 29 

Oklahoma 4,066 0.279% 46 22.4% 3,321 0.248% 32 92.3% 1,727 0.179% 40 

Utah 3,572 0.462% 17 94.6% 1,836 0.297% 18 72.2% 1,066 0.268% 17 

Mississippi 3,418 0.309% 41 65.2% 2,069 0.207% 42 78.7% 1,158 0.154% 46 

Arkansas 2,978 0.282% 45 60.5% 1,855 0.199% 44 94.6% 953 0.139% 47 

New Hampshire 2,894 0.474% 15 113.3% 1,357 0.300% 17 50.8% 900 0.296% 10 

Rhode Island 2,713 0.522% 8 47.4% 1,841 0.403% 3 50.5% 1,223 0.316% 7 

New Mexico 2,682 0.396% 31 88.6% 1,422 0.262% 29 69.7% 838 0.246% 22 

Maine 2,618 0.429% 27 177.3% 944 0.191% 46 57.1% 601 0.158% 45 

Nebraska 2,582 0.323% 40 57.2% 1,643 0.221% 37 53.1% 1,073 0.182% 37 

Nevada 2,506 0.389% 33 119.2% 1,143 0.271% 25 139.1% 478 0.229% 26 

Hawaii 2,488 0.456% 22 101.3% 1,236 0.285% 20 40.6% 879 0.299% 8 

Idaho 2,157 0.458% 21 183.8% 760 0.183% 47 65.6% 459 0.169% 43 

West Virginia 1,902 0.261% 48 19.5% 1,591 0.213% 40 53.6% 1,036 0.180% 39 

Vermont 1,526 0.509% 10 143.4% 627 0.260% 30 34.3% 467 0.268% 18 

Delaware 1,434 0.440% 26 79.5% 799 0.287% 19 47.7% 541 0.248% 21 

Montana 1,133 0.303% 43 100.5% 565 0.159% 48 35.2% 418 0.161% 44 

South Dakota 879 0.263% 47 127.7% 386 0.124% 50 20.6% 320 0.129% 48 

North Dakota 784 0.259% 49 75.4% 447 0.156% 49 109.9% 213 0.100% 50 

Wyoming 650 0.296% 44 47.1% 442 0.195% 45 176.3% 160 0.124% 49 

Alaska 608 0.227% 50 67.5% 363 0.200% 43 111..0% 172 0.176% 41 

District of Columbia** 1,683 0.486% 49.9% 1,123 0.355% 27.6% 880 0.254% 

* To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of designers for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the 

number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 7SE do not overlap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-12 
Table 8. Musicians and composers by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 148,020 0.121% 5.3% 140,556 0.136% 41.2% 99,533 0.125% 

California 24,566 0.165% 5 7.2% 22,919 0.203% 4 55.4% 14,752 0.185% 3 

New York 16,296 0.183% 4 -3.2% 16,836 0.212% 3 38.8% 12,132 0.164% 5 

Texas 9,179 0.113% 14 18.9% 7,717 0.118% 16 41.7% 5,445 0.127% 15 

Florida 9,088 0.148% 7 17.8% 7,713 0.184% 6 78.2% 4,328 0.172% 4 

Illinois 6,248 0.109% 17 13.3% 5,514 0.102% 32 7.7% 5,120 0.112% 23 

Pennsylvania 5,287 0.092% 34 -10.3% 5,892 0.111% 21 20.9% 4,873 0.104% 31 

Tennessee 5,271 0.221% 2 37.8% 3,826 0.187% 5 79.7% 2,129 0.140% 10 

Ohio 4,962 0.095% 31 -8.5% 5,424 0.110% 25 23.7% 4,385 0.104% 30 

Michigan 4,569 0.102% 22 -1.5% 4,640 0.111% 20 20.6% 3,847 0.112% 24 

New Jersey 4,181 0.102% 20 -6.7% 4,481 0.128% 13 33.6% 3,354 0.113% 21 

Massachusetts 3,893 0.121% 13 -8.6% 4,257 0.152% 8 70.0% 2,504 0.105% 29 

North Carolina 3,278 0.097% 27 23.6% 2,652 0.097% 36 50.4% 1,763 0.086% 42 

Georgia 3,222 0.099% 24 17.4% 2,745 0.112% 19 75.0% 1,569 0.087% 39 

Virginia 3,110 0.099% 25 20.0% 2,592 0.106% 30 75.5% 1,477 0.084% 43 

Washington 3,036 0.125% 10 -9.8% 3,366 0.175% 7 60.7% 2,095 0.157% 7 

Minnesota 2,919 0.127% 9 6.7% 2,736 0.138% 11 37.9% 1,984 0.130% 12 

indiana 2,436 0.088% 37 9.0% 2,234 0.088% 41 15.5% 1,934 0.092% 35 

Missouri 2,398 0.096% 30 -3.8% 2,493 0.111% 22 25.4% 1,988 0.108% 26 

Maryland 2,318 0.090% 36 -10.5% 2,589 0.126% 15 35.4% 1,912 0.121% 19 

Arizona 2,279 0.133% 8 30.5% 1,747 0.148% 9 69.1% 1,033 0.162% 6 

Wisconsin 2,185 0.087% 38 -9.5% 2,414 0.107% 29 21.0% 1,995 0.113% 22 

Colorado 2,143 0.124% 12 6.4% 2,014 0.141% 10 50.5% 1,338 0.156% 8 

Louisiana 1,962 0.110% 16 3.7% 1,892 0.109% 26 32.4% 1,429 0.117% 20 

Alabama 1,785 0.097% 29 21.6% 1,468 0.091% 39 12.3% 1,307 0.105% 28 

Oregon 1,752 0.125% 11 8.1% 1,621 0.131% 12 50.5% 1,077 0.129% 13 

Connecticut 1,720 0.097% 28 -1.1% 1,740 0.113% 18 49.7% 1,162 0.090% 38 

Oklahoma 1,630 0.112% 15 24.0% 1,314 0.098% 34 25.4% 1,048 0.109% 25 

Kentucky 1,583 0.095% 32 -5.0% 1,666 0.111% 23 53.5% 1,085 0.095% 33 

Nevada 1,552 0.241% 1 -11.3% 1,750 0.415% 1 60.6% 1,090 0.523% 1 

South Carolina 1,437 0.085% 39 27.1% 1,131 0.081% 43 60.2% 706 0.071% 45 

Mississippi 1,173 0.106% 18 30.5% 899 0.090% 40 56.9% 573 0.076% 44 

Hawaii 1,080 0.198% 3 -1.5% 1,097 0.253% 2 76.9% 620 0.211% 2 

Iowa 1,033 0.074% 45 -7.1% 1,112 0.081% 44 13.7% 978 0.087% 41 

Kansas 971 0.079% 43 7.4% 904 0.081% 45 -16.1% 1,078 0.122% 18 

Arkansas 865 0.082% 42 18.8% 728 0.078% 46 58.6% 459 0.067% 47 

New Mexico 711 0.105% 19 2.6% 693 0.128% 14 48.1% 468 0.138% 11 

Nebraska 593 0.074% 44 -22.8% 768 0.103% 31 2.3% 751 0.127% 16 

Montana 557 0.149% 6 68.8% 330 0.093% 38 -17.7% 401 0.154% 9 

New Hampshire 519 0.085% 40 21.8% 426 0.094% 37 185.9% 149 0.049% 50 

Maine 513 0.084% 41 -6.4% 548 0.111% 24 57.9% 347 0.091% 36 

Rhode Island 469 0.090% 35 -4.1% 489 0.107% 28 39.3% 351 0.091% 37 

West Virginia 468 0.064% 47 -10.2% 521 0.070% 49 28.3% 406 0.070% 46 

Utah 439 0.057% 50 -5.0% 462 0.075% 47 97.4% 234 0.059% 48 

Idaho 310 0.066% 46 1.3% 306 0.074% 48 -9.7% 339 0.125% 17 

South Dakota 309 0.092% 33 2.0% 303 0.097% 35 -4.1% 316 0.127% 14 

Vermont 306 0.102% 21 16.8% 262 0.108% 27 187.9% 91 0.052% 49 

North Dakota 305 0.101% 23 6.3% 287 0.100% 33 54.3% 186 0.087% 40 

Alaska 260 0.097% 26 22.1% 213 0.117% 17 126.6% 94 0.096% 32 

Delaware 201 0.062% 48 -15.2% 237 0.085% 42 14.5% 207 0.095% 34 

Wyoming 131 0.060% 49 67.9% 78 0.034% 50 -43.5% 138 0.107% 27 

District of Columbia** 522 0.151% 2.4% 510 0.161% 4.9% 486 0.140% 

*	 To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of musicians and composers for each state, use the corresponding standard error table. One state’s 

estimate of the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 8SE do not overlap. 

**	 Included to complete the United States. 

A-13 
Table 9. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers by state
 

of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

Increase 

1980-90 

1980 of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

Increase 

1970-80 

1970 of Labor 

Force 

of 

% 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 212,762 0.174% 38.9% 153,162 0.148% 76.4% 86,849 0.109% 

California 32,940 0.222% 6 33.6% 24,657 0.218% 4 97.1% 12,507 0.157% 2 

New York 

Texas 

Florida 

23,641 

11,515 

11,275 

0.266% 

0.142% 

0.184% 

3 

30 

15 

11.1% 

36.8% 

90.3% 

21,274 

8,419 

5,926 

0.268% 

0.129% 

0.141% 

2 

24 

20 

38.3% 

136.5% 

127.3% 

15,381 

3,560 

2,607 

0.208% 

0.083% 

0.104% 

1 

27 

15 

Illinois 10,301 0.179% 18 39.5% 7,382 0.136% 22 21.9% 6,055 0.132% 5 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

8,905 

7,355 

0.155% 

0.180% 

27 

17 

39.7% 

31.3% 

6,376 

5,602 

0.120% 

0.160% 

26 

13 

46.3% 

42.1% 

4,359 

3,941 

0.093% 

0.133% 

22 

4 

Ohio 7,070 0.135% 35 31.6% 5,373 0.109% 32 33.1% 4,036 0.096% 21 

Massachusetts 6,576 0.204% 11 37.3% 4,788 0.171% 12 61.2% 2,970 0.125% 8 

Michigan 6,251 0.139% 32 33.0% 4,699 0.113% 31 35.0% 3,482 0.101% 17 

Virginia 

Washington 

5,235 

5,156 

0.166% 

0.213% 

25 

9 

35.0% 

42.4% 

3,878 

3,620 

0.158% 

0.188% 

14 

9 

146.5% 

175.3% 

1,573 

1,315 

0.089% 

0.099% 

24 

19 

Maryland 

Georgia 

Missouri 

4,778 

4,490 

4,305 

0.185% 

0.138% 

0.172% 

14 

33 

23 

33.7% 

76.9% 

45.0% 

3,575 

2,538 

2,968 

0.175% 

0.103% 

0.132% 

11 

35 

23 

78.5% 

90.3% 

58.4% 

2,003 

1,334 

1,874 

0.126% 

0.074% 

0.102% 

6 

29 

16 

Wisconsin 4,247 0.170% 24 53.9% 2,760 0.122% 25 56.3% 1,766 0.100% 18 

North Carolina 4,185 0.124% 39 110.6% 1,987 0.072% 43 94.4% 1,022 0.050% 41 

Colorado 4,087 0.237% 5 45.7% 2,805 0.196% 7 174.5% 1,022 0.119% 10 

M in nesota 4,055 0.176% 21 32.5% 3,060 0.154% 16 84.1% 1,662 0.109% 14 

Connecticut 3,800 0.213% 8 34.0% 2,835 0.183% 10 61.0% 1,761 0.136% 3 

Arizona 3,662 0.214% 7 60.3% 2,284 0.194% 8 223.1% 707 0.111% 13 

Tennessee 3,239 0.136% 34 51.5% 2,138 0.104% 34 132.6% 919 0.060% 35 

indiana 2,904 0.105% 44 31.3% 2,212 0.087% 39 91.7% 1,154 0.055% 38 

Oregon 2,775 0.198% 13 45.3% 1!910 0.155% 15 156.4% 745 0.089% 25 

New Mexico 2,438 0.360% 1 61.0% 1,514 0.279% 1 256.2% 425 0.125% 7 

Louisiana 1,897 0.107% 43 39.8% 1,357 0.078% 40 97.5% 687 0.056% 37 

Alabama 1,878 0.102% 45 54.8% 1,213 0.075% 42 70.8% 710 0.057% 36 

Kansas 1,838 0.150% 29 43.6% 1,280 0.114% 30 61.6% 792 0.090% 23 

Iowa 1,764 0.126% 38 45.8% 1,210 0.088% 38 115.3% 562 0.050% 40 

Oklahoma 1,733 0.119% 42 19.7% 1,448 0.108% 33 112.3% 682 0.071% 31 

South Carolina 1,650 0.098% 46 74.4% 946 0.068% 45 155.0% 371 0.038% 47 

Utah 1,616 0.209% 10 72.6% 936 0.152% 18 102.2% 463 0.116% 11 

Hawaii 1,447 0.265% 4 31.4% 1,101 0.254% 3 226.7% 337 0.115% 12 

Kentucky 1,361 0.082% 48 28.4% 1,060 0.070% 44 97.0% 538 0.047% 44 

Maine 1,226 0.201% 12 110.3% 583 0.118% 28 195.9% 197 0.052% 39 

New Hampshire 1,107 0.181% 16 61.1% 687 0.152% 17 180.4% 245 0.081% 28 

Nevada 974 0.151% 28 94.0% 502 0.119% 27 232.5% 151 0.072% 30 

Nebraska 954 0.119% 41 29.4% 737 0.099% 36 89.0% 390 0.066% 32 

Rhode Island 899 0.173% 22 43.6% 626 0.137% 21 65.6% 378 0.098% 20 

Arkansas 887 0.084% 47 85.6% 478 0.051% 48 77.0% 270 0.039% 46 

Vermont 814 0.271% 2 62.8% 500 0.207% 5 132.6% 215 0.123% 9 

Mississippi 748 0.068% 49 31.2% 570 0.057% 47 192.3% 195 0.026% 49 

Montana 672 0.179% 19 25.8% 534 0.150% 19 240.1% 157 0.060% 34 

Idaho 606 0.129% 36 63.8% 370 0.089% 37 176.1% 134 0.049% 42 

Alaska 472 0.176% 20 29.0% 366 0.201% 6 500.0% 61 0.062% 33 

South Dakota 468 0.140% 31 162.9% 178 0.057% 46 128.2% 78 0.031% 48 

West Virginia 465 0.064% 50 31.0% 355 0.048% 50 25.0% 284 0.049% 43 

Delaware 400 0.123% 40 23.8% 323 0.116% 29 67.4% 193 0.088% 26 

North Dakota 387 0.128% 37 165.1% 146 0.051% 49 198.0% 49 0.023% 50 

Wyoming 348 0.158% 26 102.3% 172 0.076% 41 212.7% 55 0.043% 45 

District of Columbia** 966 0.279% 6.9% 904 0.286% 90.3% 475 0.137% 

* To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers for each state, use the corresponding standard 

error table. One state’s estimate of the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 9SF: do not ovedap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-14 
Table 10. Photographers by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 143,520 0.117% 51.5% 94,762 0.091% 40.2% 67,588 0.085% 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Illinois 

Florida 

22,843 

14,516 

9,091 

6,795 

6,651 

0.154% 

0.163% 

0.112% 

0.118% 

0.109% 

4 

2 

19 

13 

24 

74.9% 

37.7% 

62.9% 

37.9% 

62.3% 

13,060 

10,539 

5,582 

4,929 

4,098 

0.115% 

0.133% 

0.085% 

0.091% 

0.098% 

4 

3 

27 

17 

11 

37.6% 

20.1% 

64.3% 

19.1% 

87.2% 

9,494 

8,775 

3,398 

4,138 

2,189 

0.119% 

0.119% 

0.079% 

0.090% 

0.087% 

3 

4 

22 

11 

13 

Pennsylvania 6,109 0.107% 26 58.3% 3,859 0.073% 36 15.3% 3,347 0.071% 30 

Ohio 

New Jersey 

5,167 

4,741 

0.099% 

0.116% 

35 

15 

22.7% 

51.3% 

4,211 

3,134 

0.086% 

0.090% 

26 

20 

40.2% 

26.8% 

3,003 

2,471 

0.071% 

0.083% 

31 

17 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

4,625 

4,588 

0.143% 

0.102% 

6 

32 

64.1% 

35.6% 

2,818 

3,384 

0.101% 

0.081% 

9 

28 

43.0% 

31.4% 

1,970 

2,575 

0.083% 

0.075% 

20 

27 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Washington 

3,288 

3,186 

3,130 

2,987 

2,935 

0.104% 

0.094% 

0.096% 

0.116% 

0.121% 

29 

41 

38 

16 

11 

49.7% 

65.2% 

86.5% 

42.4% 

62.5% 

2,196 

1,928 

1,678 

2,097 

1,806 

0.089% 

0.070% 

0.068% 

0.102% 

0.094% 

21 

37 

41 

7 

16 

49.9% 

82.4% 

51.9% 

10.7% 

60.8% 

1,465 

1,057 

1,105 

1,894 

1,123 

0.083% 

0.052% 

0.061% 

0.119% 

0.084% 

18 

46 

40 

2 

16 

Colorado 2,681 0.155% 3 72.3% 1,556 0.109% 6 71.9% 905 0.105% 6 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

2,674 

2,640 

2,535 

2,377 

0.112% 

0.105% 

0.110% 

0.095% 

18 

27 

23 

40 

47.2% 

36.5% 

42.2% 

42.4% 

1,816 

1,934 

1,783 

1,669 

0.089% 

0.086% 

0.090% 

0.074% 

22 

25 

19 

34 

82.1% 

32.9% 

30.8% 

36.6% 

997 

1,455 

1,363 

1,222 

0.066% 

0.079% 

0.089% 

0.069% 

38 

23 

12 

34 

Indian? 

Arizona 

2,330 

2,054 

0.084% 

0.120% 

43 

12 

46.0% 

73.5% 

1,596 

1,184 

0.063% 

0.100% 

45 

10 

15.0% 

123.8% 

1,388 

529 

0.066% 

0.083% 

37 

19 

Connecticut 

Louisiana 

2,022 

1,695 

0.114% 

0.095% 

17 

39 

35.9% 

33.0% 

1,488 

1,274 

0.096% 

0.074% 

14 

35 

25.9% 

56.5% 

1,182 

814 

0.091% 

0.067% 

9 

35 

Alabama 1,512 0.082% 45 35.0% 1,120 0.069% 39 49.1% 751 0.060% 42 

Oregon 1,502 0.107% 25 24.9% 1,203 0.097% 12 70.4% 706 0.085% 14 

Oklahoma 1,440 0.099% 36 36.8% 1,053 0.079% 32 29.4% 814 0.084% 15 

Iowa 1,421 0.102% 34 79.9% 790 0.058% 47 38.6% 570 0.051% 47 

Kentucky 1,368 0.082% 44 29.8% 1,054 0.070% 38 39.4% 756 0.067% 36 

South Carolina 1,347 0.080% 46 43.9% 936 0.067% 43 93.0% 485 0.049% 49 

Kansas 1,245 0.102% 33 27.7% 975 0.087% 23 40.1% 696 0.079% 24 

Utah 1,169 0.151% 5 94.5% 601 0.097% 13 66.9% 360 0.091% 10 

Hawaii 968 0.177% 1 60.5% 603 0.139% 1 86.1% 324 0.110% 5 

New Mexico 934 0.138% 7 68.6% 554 0.102% 8 22.6% 452 0.133% 1 

Mississippi 810 0.073% 48 50.0% 540 0.054% 48 76.5% 306 0.041% 50 

Arkansas 753 0.071% 50 29.6% 581 0.062% 46 57.5% 369 0.054% 45 

New Hampshire 720 0.118% 14 213.0% 230 0.051% 50 -7.3% 248 0.082% 21 

Maine 682 0.112% 20 79.9% 379 0.077% 33 71.5% 221 0.058% 44 

Nevada 662 0.103% 31 15.5% 573 0.136% 2 198.4% 192 0.092% 8 

Rhode Island 643 0.124% 10 49.5% 430 0.094% 15 59.3% 270 0.070% 32 

Nebraska 609 0.076% 47 -9.8% 675 0.091% 18 88.0% 359 0.061% 41 

Idaho 594 0.126% 8 77.3% 335 0.081% 30 69.2% 198 0.073% 28 

West Virginia 529 0.073% 49 36.7% 387 0.052% 49 35.8% 285 0.049% 48 

Montana 366 0.098% 37 19.2% 307 0.086% 24 51.2% 203 0.078% 25 

Delaware 361 0.111% 22 61.9% 223 0.080% 31 32.0% 169 0.077% 26 

South Dakota 

Alaska 

351 

333 

0.105% 

0.124% 

28 

9 

66.4% 

66.5% 

211 

200 

0.068% 

0.110% 

42 

5 

44.5% 

217.5% 

146 

63 

0.059% 

0.064% 

43 

39. 

Vermont 

North Dakota 

311 

276 

0.104% 

0.091% 

30 

42 

88.5% 

45.3% 

165 

190 

0.068% 

0.066% 

40 

44 

-0.6% 

23.4% 

166 

154 

0.095% 

0.072% 

7 

29 

Wyoming 245 0.111% 21 33.9% 183 0.081% 29 103.3% 90 0.070% 33 

District of Columbia** 709 0.205% 9.9% 645 0.204% 71.5% 376 0.108% 

* To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of photographers for each state, use the ~orresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the 

number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table lOSE do not overlap. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-15 
Table 11. Teachers of art, drama, and music by state of residence: 1970 to 1990 

(Caution: There are too few teachers of art, drama and music in most states to permit useful comparisons. The state ranking is shown only for comparability in

style with other tables in this appendix.) 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 21,393 0.017% -24.6% 28,385 0.027% -32.4% 42,000 0.053% 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Illinois 

Ohio 

2,389 

1,684 

1,475 

1,123 

1,019 

0.016% 

0.019% 

0.018% 

0.020% 

0.019% 

34 

22 

25 

18 

20 

-25.8% 

-23.3% 

-6.1% 

-22.4% 

-14.1% 

3,219 

2,195 

1,571 

1,448 

1,186 

0.028% 

0.028% 

0.024% 

0.027% 

0.024% 

24 

26 

39 

29 

36 

-25.1% 

-39.6% 

-24.7% 

-38.0% 

-36.8% 

4,295 

3,635 

2,085 

2,335 

1,876 

0.054% 

0.049% 

0.049% 

0.051% 

0.044% 

28 

36 

37 

34 

43 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Florida 

North Carolina 

935 

682 

675 

649 

612 

0.016% 

0.021% 

0.015% 

0.011% 

0.018% 

32 

13 

39 

49 

26 

-26.9% 

-36.7% 

-23.1% 

-20.4% 

-26.6% 

1,279 

1,078 

878 

815 

834 

0.024% 

0.038% 

0.021% 

0.019% 

0.030% 

37 

10 

45 

47 

21 

-37.3% 

-25.1% 

-46.2% 

-28.2% 

-25.8% 

2,039 

1,439 

1,633 

1,135 

1,124 

0.043% 

0.060% 

0.047% 

0.045% 

0.055% 

44 

20 

39 

42 

27 

indiana 

Minnesota 

607 

523 

0.022% 

0.023% 

11 

10 

-15.3% 

-24.0% 

717 

688 

0.028% 

0.035% 

25 

15 

-35.3% 

-31.7% 

1,108 

1,007 

0.053% 

0.066% 

30 

16 

Wisconsin 501 0.020% 17 -34.7% 767 0.034% 16 -42.2% 1,327 0.075% 9 

Virginia 

New Jersey 

481 

480 

0.015% 

0.012% 

37 

45 

-12.7% 

-22.7% 

551 

621 

0.022% 

0.018% 

42 

50 

-34.8% 

-24.5% 

845 

823 

0.048% 

0.028% 

38 

48 

Washington 

Maryland 

Missouri 

Tennessee 

Arizona 

456 

455 

446 

431 

399 

0.019% 

0.018% 

0.018% 

0.018% 

0.023% 

23 

29 

28 

27 

9 

-23.4% 

-3.0% 

-27.8% 

-9.1% 

15.3% 

595 

469 

618 

474 

346 

0.031% 

0.023% 

0.028% 

0.023% 

0.029% 

20 

41 

28 

40 

23 

-36.5% 

-40.6% 

-39.2% 

-40.7% 

-20.1% 

937 

790 

1,016 

799 

433 

0.070% 

0.050% 

0.055% 

0.053% 

0.068% 

14 

35 

26 

31 

15 

Iowa 394 0.028% 5 -24.5% 522 0.038% 11 -39.6% 864 0.077% 6 

Georgia 

Oregon 

Louisiana 

South Carolina 

364 

347 

308 

274 

0.011% 

0.025% 

0.017% 

0.016% 

47 

8 

31 

33 

-24.5% 

-22.5% 

-35.4% 

-37.2% 

482 

448 

477 

436 

0.020% 

0.036% 

0.028% 

0.031% 

46 

13 

27 

18 

-31.1% 

-24.8% 

-29.1% 

12.1% 

700 

596 

673 

389 

0.039% 

0.071% 

0.055% 

0.039% 

47 

12 

25 

45 

Colorado 

Kansas 

Connecticut 

Kentucky 

Alabama 

254 

253 

246 

241 

234 

0.015% 

0.021% 

0.014% 

0.014% 

0.013% 

40 

14 

43 

42 

44 

-53.3% 

-47.2% 

-50.1% 

-25.4% 

-39.8% 

544 

479 

493 

323 

389 

0.038% 

0.043% 

0.032% 

0.021% 

0.024% 

12 

7 

17 

44 

38 

-16.3% 

-29.8% 

-26.7% 

-46.6% 

-31.5% 

650 

682 

673 

605 

568 

0.076% 

0.077% 

0.052% 

0.053% 

0.046% 

8 

5 

32 

29 

41 

Oklahoma 

Mississippi 

Utah 

Arkansas 

Nebraska 

228 

216 

209 

183 

153 

0.016% 

0.020% 

0.027% 

0.017% 

0.019% 

36 

19 

6 

30 

21 

-42.1% 

-15.3% 

-21.7% 

7.6% 

-20.3% 

394 

255 

267 

170 

192 

0.029% 

0.026% 

0.043% 

0.018% 

0.026% 

22 

33 

6 

49 

31 

-33.9% 

-42.4% 

-40.7% 

-47.5% 

-54.6% 

596 

443 

450 

324 

423 

0.062% 

0.059% 

o. 113% 

0.047% 

0.072% 

18 

21 

1 

40 

11 

Idaho 

Maine 

North Dakota 

Vermont 

New Mexico 

134 

133 

117 

111 

106 

0.028% 

0.022% 

0.039% 

0.037% 

0.016% 

4 

12 

1 

2 

35 

-36.5% 

4.7% 

-2.5% 

2.8% 

-55.6% 

211 

127 

120 

108 

239 

0.051% 

0.026% 

0.042% 

0.045% 

0.044% 

3 

32 

8 

4 

5 

36.1% 

-14.8% 

-28.1% 

-30.8% 

-0.4% 

155 

149 

167 

156 

240 

0.057% 

0.039% 

0.078% 

0.089% 

0.071% 

22 

46 

4 

2 

13 

Rhode Island 

New Hampshire 

South Dakota 

Hawaii 

West Virginia 

105 

89 

87 

83 

83 

0.020% 

0.015% 

0.026% 

0.015% 

0.011% 

15 

41 

7 

38 

46 

-7.9% 

-25.2% 

-50.6% 

-46.1% 

-40.3% 

114 

119 

176 

154 

139 

0.025% 

0.026% 

0.057% 

0.036% 

0.019% 

35 

30 

2 

14 

48 

-43.0% 

-31.2% 

-15.0% 

-18.9% 

-60.5% 

200 

173 

207 

190 

352 

0.052% 

0.057% 

0.083% 

0.065% 

0.061% 

33 

23 

3 

17 

19 

Alaska 

Nevada 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Delaware 

82 

72 

68 

44 

5 

0.031% 

0.011% 

0.018% 

0.020% 

0.002% 

3 

48 

24 

16 

50 

17.1% 

-22.6% 

-38.2% 

-74.9% 

-92.9% 

70 

93 

110 

175 

70 

0.038% 

0.022% 

0.031% 

0.077% 

0.025% 

9 

43 

19 

1 

34 

169.2% 

93.8% 

-42.1% 

76.8% 

-42.6% 

26 

48 

190 

99 

122 

0.027% 

0.023% 

0.073% 

0.077% 

0.056% 

49 

50 

10 

7 

24 

District of Columbia** 148 0.043% 5.7% 140 0.044% -33.0% 209 0.060% 

*	 To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of teachers of art, drama, and music at the postsecondary level for each state, use the corresponding 

standard error table. One state’s estimate of the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 11SE do not 

overlap. After California, New York and Texas, rank differences between adjacent states are most often not statistically significant. 

** Included to complete the United States. 

A-16 
Table 12. Other artists, performers, and related workers, not elsewhere
 

classified by state of residence: 1970 to 1990
 

Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank Percent Number Percent Rank 

1990" of Labor of Increase 1980 of Labor of Increase 1970 of Labor of 

Force % 1980-90 Force % 1970-80 Force % 

in 1990 in 1980 in 1970 

United States 93,421 0.076% 88.1% 49,653 0.048% -6.5% 53,131 0.067% 

California 18,373 0.124% 3 116.4% 8,490 0.075% 5 -17.6% 10,300 0.129% 2 

New York 10,486 0.118% 4 100.7% 5,225 0.066% 8 -34.6% 7,991 0.108% 4 

Florida 

Texas 

Illinois 

6,695 

5,747 

3,285 

0.109% 

0.071% 

0.057% 

5 

17 

31 

77.1% 

156.0% 

51.5% 

3,780 

2,245 

2,168 

0.090% 

0.034% 

0.040% 

3 

33 

21 

66.4% 

-18.8% 

-20.7% 

2,271 

2,766 

2,735 

0.090% 

0.065% 

0.060% 

5 

14 

18 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

2,950 

2,700 

0.072% 

0.047% 

16 

38 

79.0% 

49.9% 

1,648 

1,801 

0.047% 

0.034% 

14 

34 

-25.1% 

-22.4% 

2,199 

2,322 

0.074% 

0.049% 

11 

25 

Michigan 

Ohio 

2,637 

2,600 

0.059% 

0.050% 

27 

33 

70.9% 

42.7% 

1,543 

1,822 

0.037% 

0.037% 

28 

27 

-20.8% 

-15.4% 

1,948 

2,153 

0.057% 

0.051% 

20 

23 

Massachusetts 2,555 0.079% 11 80.9% 1,412 0.050% 11 -5.3% 1,491 0.063% 15 

Virginia 

Washington 

2,473 

2,163 

0.078% 

0.089% 

12 

9 

157.3% 

169.7% 

961 

802 

0.039% 

0.042% 

23 

19 

-11.6% 

-2.9% 

1,087 

826 

0.062% 

0.062% 

17 

16 

Man/land 

Georgia 

2,149 

1,767 

0.083% 

0.054% 

10 

32 

72.2% 

63.6% 

1,248 

1,080 

0.061% 

0.044% 

10 

16 

-8.7% 

79.1% 

1,367 

603 

0.086% 

0.033% 

7 

39 

Minnesota 1,689 0.073% 15 132.6% 726 0.037% 30 33.5% 544 0.036% 37 

Arizona 1,623 0.095% 7 74.7% 929 0.079% 4 61.6% 575 0.090% 6 

Colorado 1,542 0.089% 8 62.8% 947 0.066% 7 63.8% 578 0.067% 12 

Missouri 1,512 0.060% 25 82.8% 827 0.037% 29 6.7% 775 0.042% 30 

North Carolina 1,344 0.040% 47 64.3% 818 0.030% 40 30.5% 627 0.031% 44 

Indiana 1,233 0.045% 44 72.9% 713 0.028% 43 25.5% 568 0.027% 47 

Wisconsin 1,220 0.049% 34 84.3% 662 0.029% 41 2.5% 646 0.037% 35 

Tennessee 1,130 0.047% 37 43.0% 790 0,039% 24 41.1% 560 0.037% 34 

Connecticut 

Louisiana 

1,079 

1,051 

0.061% 

0.059% 

24 

26 

48.0% 

48.0% 

729 

710 

0.047% 

0.041% 

13 

20 

-27.3% 

47.0% 

1,003 

483 

0.077% 

0.040% 

10 

31 

Oregon 1,042 0.074% 13 101.9% 516 0.042% 18 10.5% 467 0.056% 21 

Hawaii 994 0.182% 1 94.5% 511 0.118% 2 43.1% 357 0.122% 3 

Nevada 929 0.144% 2 38.0% 673 0.159% 1 63.3% 412 0.198% 1 

Oklahoma 847 0.058% 29 136.6% 358 0.027% 45 -23.5% 468 0.048% 26 

Alabama 826 0.045% 43 55.0% 533 0.033% 36 25.7% 424 0.034% 38 

Kansas 816 0.067% 22 83.8% 444 0.040% 22 50.0% 296 0.033% 40 

South Carolina 781 0.046% 41 108.8% 374 0.027% 44 29.9% 288 0.029% 45 

Kentucky 724 0.043% 45 12.6% 643 0.043% 17 33.1% 483 0.043% 29 

Iowa 600 0.043% 46 97.4% 304 0.022% 49 -28.1% 423 0.038% 33 

Rhode Island 552 0.106% 6 222.8% 171 0.037% 26 -11.9% 194 0.050% 24 

Utah 545 0.070% 18 132.9% 234 0.038% 25 -9.3% 258 0.065% 13 

New Mexico 453 0.067% 21 15.9% 391 0.072% 6 33.9% 292 0.086% 8 

New Hampshire 428 0.070% 19 87.7% 228 0.050% 12 -6.9% 245 0.081% 9 

Arkansas 419 0.040% 48 100.5% 209 0.022% 48 -2.8% 215 0.031% 41 

Nebraska 372 0.047% 40 106.7% 180 0.024% 46 -1.1% 182 0.031% 43 

Mississippi 333 0.030% 50 10.6% 301 0.030% 39 150.8% 120 0.016% 50 

West Virginia 328 0.045% 42 25.7% 261 0.035% 31 25.5% 208 0.036% 36 

Maine 295 0.048% 35 89.1% 156 0.032% 38 -11.4% 176 0.046% 28 

Montana 275 0.073% 14 164.4% 104 0.029% 42 28.4% 81 0.031% 42 

Idaho 274 0.058% 28 97.1% 139 0.033% 35 36.3% 102 0.038% 32 

Delaware 205 0.063% 23 19.9% 171 0.061% 9 64.4% 104 0.048% 27 

Alaska 184 0.069% 20 192.1% 63 0.035% 32 12.5% 56 0.057% 19 

Vermont 174 0.058% 30 54.0% 113 0.047% 15 17.7% 96 0.055% 22 

South Dakota 157 0.047% 39 130.9% 68 0.022% 50 4.6% 65 0.026% 48 

North Dakota 113 0.037% 49 21.5% 93 0.032% 37 151.4% 37 0.017% 49 

Wyoming 105 0.048% 36 105.9% 51 0.023% 47 45.7% 35 0.027% 46 

District of Columbia** 647 0.187% 124.7% 288 0.091% -54.2% 629 0.181% 

*	 To determine the influence of sampling error on the number of artists, performers, and related workers elsewhere classified (other artists), for each state, use the 

corresponding standard error table. One state’s estimate of the number of artists is likely to be statistically different from another if the confidence limits shown in Table 

12SE do not overlap. 

"*	 Included to complete the United States. 

A-17 
Table 13. Changes since 1970 in regional distribution of artists in the
 

United States: 1990 

Labor 

force* 

Artists Percent increase 

over the decade 

Labor Artists 

I’orce 

Growth 

index** 

% of 

artists 

in labor 

force 

In area 

% of US 

artists 

in each 

region 

United States 

1990 

1980 

1970 

122,473,499 

103,718,076 

79,801,605 

1,671,278 

1,085,693 

736,960 

18.1% 

30.0% 

53.9% 

47.3% 

1.00 

1.00 

1.365% 

1.047% 

0.923% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

Northeast 

1990 

1980 

1970 

25,757,736 

22,725,483 

19,993,615 

410,601 

282,165 

218,011 

13.3% 

13.7% 

45.5% 

29.4% 

0.90 

0.91 

1.594% 

1.242% 

1.090% 

24.6% 

26.0% 

29.6% 

Midwest 

1990 

1980 

1970 

29,603,473 

27,364,492 

22,535,875 

341,129 

229,838 

177,282 

8.2% 

21.4% 

48.4% 

29.6% 

1.12 

0.47 

1.152% 

0.840% 

0.787% 

20.4% 

21.2% 

24.1% 

South 

1990 

1980 

1970 

41,030,503 

33,351,979 

23,646,862 

470,565 

293,739 

179,052 

23.0% 

41.0% 

60.2% 

64.1% 

1.04 

1.33 

1.147% 

0.881% 

0.757% 

28.2% 

27.1% 

24.3% 

West 

1990 

1980 

1970 

26,081,787 

20,276,122 

13,625,253 

448,983 

279,951 

162,615 

28.6% 

48.8% 

60.4% 

72.2% 

0.89 

1.35 

1.721 % 

1.381% 

1.193% 

26.9% 

25.8% 

22.1% 

* Includes only persons assigned a specific occupation code in 1990 and 1980. 

** Calculated as Regional (Percent increase in Artists over the decade) minus (Percent increase in the Labor Force over the decade); divided by the National (Percent 

increase in Artists over the decade) minus (Percent increase in the Labor Force over the decade), 

A-18 
 

 

 

Table 14. Artists by Region for the United States in 1990, 1980, and 1970 

and for Metropolitan Areas in 1990 

UNITED STATES: Percent Distribution of Artists by Census Year 

All Actors/ Announ* Architects Authors Dancer= Designers Musicians/ Painters Photog- Teachers Other 

artists directors cars composers et.al. rsphsrs of art artists 

Number of Artists
 

all regions:
 

1990 1,671,278 109,573 60,270 156,874 106,730 21,913 596,802 148,020 212,762 143,520 21,393 93,421
 

1980 1,085,693 67,180 46,986 107,693 45,748 13,194 338,374 140,556 153,162 94,762 28,385 49,653
 

1970 736,960 40,201 25,942 53,670 27,752 7,404 232,890 99,533 86,849 67,588 42,000 53,131
 

Percent of artists
 

all Regions:
 

1990 100% 6.6% 3.6% 9.4% 6.4% 1.3% 35.7% 8.9% 12.7% 8.6% 1.3% 5.6%
 

1980 100% 6.2% 4.3% 9.9% 4.2% 1.2% 31.2% 12.9% 14.1% 8.7% 2.6% 4.6%
 

1970 100% 5.5% 3.5% 7.3% 3.8% 1.0% 31.6% 13.5% 11.8% 9.2% 5.7% 7.2%
 

Northeast
 

1990 100% 7.6% 2.5% 9.7% 7.1% 1.2% 36.0% 8.1% 13.2% 8.4% 1,1% 5.2%
 

1980 100% 7.5% 2.5% 8.1% 5.3% 1.3% 33.0% 12.4% 15.3% 8.2% 2.2% 4.1%
 

1970 100% 5.8% 2.3% 6.8% 4.5% 0.8% 34.8% 11.5% 13.5% 8.6% 4.3% 7.2%
 

Midwest
 

1990 100% 4.5% 4.4% 8.3% 4.9% 1.1% 39.9% 8.5% 13.1% 8.9% 1.7% 4.8%
 

1980 100% 3.9% 5.3% 9.5% 2.7% 0.8% 34.1% 12.5% 13.9% 9.7% 3.4% 4.2%
 

1970 100% 4.2% 3.7% 6.9% 2.6% 0.7% 33.1% 13.9% 12.4% 9.6% 7.1% 5.9%
 

South
 

1990 100% 5.0% 4.8% 9.3% 5.5% 1.5% 35.8% 10.0% 12.0% 8.8% 1.4% 5.8%
 

1980 100% 4.1% 6.3% 10.8% 3.0% 1.1% 31.4% 13.7% 12.6% 9.3% 2.7% 5.0%
 

1970 100% 4.8% 5.2% 7.8% 3.6% 0.8% 30.1% 14.7% 9.7% 9.6% 6.6% 7.1%
 

West
 

1990 100% 8.8% 2.7% 10.1% 7.7% 1.4% 32.2% 8.6% 12.7% 8.3% 1.0% 6.3%
 

1980 100% 9.0% 3.3% 11.1% 5.6% 1.5% 26.7% 13.1% 14.6% 7.9% 2.3% 4.9%
 

1970 100% 7.1% 3.2% 7.7% 4.2% 1.8% 27.3% 14.6% 11.1% 9.0% 5.1% 8.8%
 

METROPOLITAN AREA PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

Labor All Actors/ Announ- Architects Authors Dancers Designers Musicians/ Painters Photog-Teachers Other 

force Artists directors cers composers st. =i. raphers of art, artists 

drama, 

music 

NUMBER 

Total 97,210,626 1,473,197 103,274 45,110 145,641 95,888 20,530 521,625 130,433 185,356 125,928 17,021 82,391 

Northeast 26,975,445 438,988 34,106 9,990 44,206 30,069 5,291 159,348 35,620 57,267 36,931 4,362 21,798 

Midwest" 17,577,970 224,175 9,699 8,974 19,140 10,930 2,890 89,972 19,326 28,645 19,892 3,846 10,861 

South* 30,115,859 399,445 21,320 16,450 40,137 23,124 6,490 139,207 39,870 48,990 35,345 5,071 23,441 

West 22,541,352 410,589 38,149 9,696 42,158 31,765 5,859 133,098 35,617 50,454 33,760 3,742 26,291 

PERCENT 

Total 79.4% 88.1% 94.3% 74.8% 92.8% 89.8% 93.7% 87.4% 88.1% 87.1% 87.7% 79.6% 88.2% 

Northeast 22.0% 26.3% 31.1% 16.6% 28.2% 28.2% 24.1% 26.7% 24.1% 26.9% 25.7% 20.4% 23.3% 

Midwest 

South 

14.4% 

24.6% 

13.4% 

23.9% 

8.9% 

19.5% 

14.9% 

27.3% 

12.2% 

25.6% 

10.2% 

21.7% 

13.2% 

29.6% 

15.1% 

23.3% 

13.1% 

26.9% 

13.5% 

23.0% 

13.9% 

24.6% 

18.0% 

23.7% 

11,6% 

25.1% 

West 18.4% 24.6% 34.8% 16.1% 26.9% 29.8% 26.7% 22.3% 24.1% 23.7% 23.5% 17.5% 28.1% 

* South includes: Midwest includes: 

New Jersey portion of the Wilmington metropolitan area. (From Northeast) Kentucky part of Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN metropolitan area. (From South) Indiana part of Louisville, KY-IN metropolitan area. (From Midwest) Kentucky part of Evansville, IN-KY metropolitan area. (From South) Ohio part of Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH metropolitan areas. (From Midwest) West Virginia pad of the Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV metropolitan araa. Ohio part of Parkersburg-Madetta, WV-OH metropolitan area. (From Midwest) (From South) Ohio part of Wheeling, WVoOH metropolitan area. (From Midwest) 

A-19 
Table 15. All Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs*) 

Ranked by Percent of U,S, Artists in Each CMSA: 1990 

Total United States 

NY-N’ern NJ-Long I., CT-NJ-NY CMSA 

Los Angeles-Anah’m-Riv’side, CA CMSA 

Sen Fran.-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA 

Chicago-Gary-Lake Cty, IL-IN-Wl CMSA 

Phil.-Wil.-Trent., DE-NJ-PA CMSA 

Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH CMSA 

Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI CMSA 

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX CMSA 

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 

Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA 

Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA 

Denver-Boulder, CO CMSA 

Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH CMSA 

Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA CMSA 

Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA CMSA 

Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA 

Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA 

Prov.-Pawtuck.-Fall Riv., MA-RI CMSA 

Hartf’d-New Brit.-Middlet’n, CT CMSA 

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA 

Total in Consolitated areas 

Percent of the United States 

Labor Total Percent of 

force artists U,S. 

artists 

122,473,499 1,671,278 100.00% 

9,252,112 200,920 12.02% 

7,326,510 162,323 9.71% 

3,384,873 66,683 3.99% 

4,130,089 60,810 3.64% 

2,975,053 40,755 2.44% 

2,311,098 40,644 2.43% 

2,290,052 33,422 2.00% 

2,120,064 30,587 1.83% 

1,363,726 24,987 1.50% 

1,901,074 24,603 1.47% 

1,592,796 24,521 1.47% 

1,025,615 17,863 1.07% 

1,343,744 16,252 0.97% 

775,237 13,288 0.80% 

1,033,403 12,699 0.76% 

868,229 11,724 0.70% 

824,047 10,707 0.64% 

596,888 7,279 0.44% 

598,911 7,276 0.44% 

578,044 6,053 0.36% 

46,291,565 813,396 48.67% 

37.80% 48.67% 

* A CMSA consists of two or more adjacent metropolitan areas. There are 20 CMSAs in the United States. 

A-20 
Table 16. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs* and PMSAs**) with the
 

Highest Percent of Artists: 1990 

Labor Total Por¢Qnt of United States 

force artists Labor force Artists 

New York, NY PMSA 4,170,806 123,676 3.91% 7.40% 

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA 4,473,143 119,044 3.65% 7.12% 

Chicago, IL PMSA 3,128,696 50,156 2.55% 3.00% 

Washington, DC-MD-VA MSA 2,259,197 44,241 1.84% 2.65% 

Philadelphia, PA-NJ PMSA 2,428,047 34,174 1.98% 2.04% 

Boston, MA PMSA 1,601,070 31,690 1.31% 1.90% 

Detroit, MI PMSA 2,131,872 30,178 1.74% 1.81% 

San Francisco, CA PMSA 905,138 26,470 0.74% 1.58% 

Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA 1,347,338 25,428 1.10% 1.52% 

Atlanta, GA MSA 1,574,679 24,878 1.29% 1.49% 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-Wl MSA 1,389,347 23,139 1.13% 1.38% 

Houston, TX PMSA 1,704,156 22,717 1.39% 1.36% 

Seattle, WA PMSA 1,096,386 22,115 0.90% 1.32% 

Dallas, TX PMSA 1,409,537 21,775 1.15% 1.30% 

San Diego, CA MSA 1,210~110 21,405 0.99% 1.28% 

Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA 1,382,550 21,063 1.13% 1.26% 

Oakland, CA PMSA 1,096,926 18,495 0.90% 1.11% 

Baltimore, MD MSA 1,246,486 15,834 1.02% 0.95% 

Phoenix, AZ MSA 1,064,754 15,737 0.87% 0.94% 

St. Louis, MO-IL MSA 1,223,120 15,573 1.00% 0.93% 

Denver, CO PMSA 895,271 14,688 0.73% 0.88% 

Miami-Hialeah, FL PMSA 963,431 14,505 0.79% 0.87% 

Tampa-St. Pete.-Clearwater, FL MSA 970,024 13,663 0.79% 0.82% 

Newark, NJ PMSA 974,337 13,129 0.80% 0.79% 

San Jose, CA PMSA 841,783 12,995 0.69% 0.78% 

Riverside-San Bemardino, CA PMSA 1,154,222 12,201 0.94% 0.73% 

Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA 695,813 12,098 0.57% 0.72% 

Pittsburgh, PA PMSA 952,105 11,955 0.78% 0.72% 

Portland, OR PMSA 657,912 11,692 0.54% 0.70% 

Kansas City, MO-KS MSA 818,919 11,329 0.67% 0.68% 

Total in 30 Metropolitan areas 45,767,175 836,043 37.37% 50.02% 

Total in all metropolitan areas 97,210,626 1,473,197 79.37% 88.15% 

A "MSA" (Metropolitan Statistical Area) is an area with an urban core of 50,000 or more persons, usually bounded by the borders of one or more counties, or townships in New England. A MSA is not adjacent to another MSA. 

A "PMSA" (Pdmary Metropolitan Statistical Area) meets the "MSA" definition, except that it is geographically adjacent to another "PMSA." Therefore, in Census 

Bureau and OMB padance about metropolitan areas, it qualifies to be included in a "CMSA" as defined in Table 15. 

A-21 
Table 17. Metropolitan Areas and Consolidated Metropolitan Areas with a 

High Percentage of Artists in the Labor Force: 1990 

Santa Fe, NM MSA 

Norwalk, CT PMSA 

New York, NY PMSA 

San Francisco, CA PMSA 

Stamford, CT PMSA 

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA 

Boulder-Longmont, CO PMSA 

Sarasota, FL MSA 

Santa Cruz, CA PMSA** 

Los Angeles-Anah’m-Riv’side, CA CMSA 

NY-N’ern N J-Long I., CT-NJ-NY CMSA 

Santa Barb.-San. Mar.-Lompoc, CA MSA 

Bloomington, IN MSA** 

Nashville, TN MSA 

Ann Arbor, MI PMSA 

Seattle, WA PMSA 

Boston, MA PMSA** 

San Fran.-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA 

Washington, DC-MD-VA MSA~, 

Danbury, CT PMSA** 

Albuquerque, NM MSA 

Honolulu, HI MSA 

Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA** 

Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA 

Orlando, FL MSA 

Austin, TX MSA 

Fort Collins-Loveland, CO MSA 

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 

Champaign-Urbana-Rantoul, IL MSA** 

Trenton, NJ PMSA 

Portland, OR PMSA 

San Diego, CA MSA 

Total selected metropolitan areas 

Percent of United States 

Total in all metropolitan areas 

Percent of the United States 

Total in United States 

Labor Artists in labor force 

force Number Percent of 

labor force* 

61,886 2,094 3.38% 

74,546 2,481 3.33% 

4,170,806 123,676 2.97% 

905,138 26,470 2.92% 

112,155 3,058 2.73% 

4,473,143 119,044 2.66% 

130,344 3,175 2.44% 

118,368 2,648 2.24% 

123,889 2,747 2.22% 

7,326,510 162,323 2.22% 

9,252,112 200,920 2.17% 

189,331 4,005 2.12% 

55,486 1,147 2.07% 

525,143 10,827 2.06% 

158,180 3,244 2.05% 

1,096,386 22,115 2.02% 

1,601,070 31,690 1.98% 

3,384,873 66,683 1.97% 

2,259,197 44,241 1.96% 

107,239 2,063 1.92% 

241,737 4,616 1.91% 

408,304 7,780 1.91% 

1,347,338 25,428 1.89% 

202,179 3,784 1.87% 

580,287 10,815 1.86% 

427,176 7,960 1.86% 

98,877 1,838 1.86% 

1,363,726 24,987 1.83% 

90,750 1,624 1.79% 

174,554 3,114 1.78% 

657,912 11,692 1.78% 

1,210,110 21,405 1.77% 

41,748,642 938,209 2.25% 

34.06% 56.14% 

97,210,626 1,473,197 1.52% 

79.37% 88.15% 

122,473,499 1,671,278 1.36% 

* Areas selected for this table had 1.77% artists in the labor fome, higher than the average of 1.76% for the sum of all Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas. 

** Areas listed on adjacent lines have about the same percentage of artists in the labor force. See Part II, Technical Issues, Table 17SE. 

A-22 
 

 

Table 18. Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

Labor All Actors/ Announ- Architects Authors Dancers Designers Musicians/ Painters Photog- Teachers Other 

composers et.al rag)hers of arts artists force Adlsts directocs cers 

122,473,499 1,671,278 1 09,573 60,270 156,874 106,730 21,913 596,802 148,020 212,762 143,520 21,393 93,421 Total in United States 

20,530 521,625 130,433 185,356 125,928 17,021 82,391 Total metropolitan areas 97,210,626 1,473,197 103,274 45,110 145,641 95,888 

79.37% 88.15% 94.25% 74.85% 92.84% 89.84% 93.69% 87.40% 88.12% 87.12% 87.74% 79.56% 88.19% Percent of United States 

81,392 57,097 10,439 290,491 68,220 99,829 66,470 7,349 44,712 Total Consolidated metros 46,291,565 813,396 70,647 16,750 

46.09% 46.92% 46.31% 34.35% 47.86% 37.80% 48.67% 64.47% 27.79% 51.88% 53.50% 47.64% 48.67% Percent of United States 

NAME OF METROPOLITAN AREA (MSA = Metropolitan Statistical Area, CMSA = Consolidated MSA, PMSA = Primary MSA) 

Abilene, TX MSA 

Albany, GA MSA 

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA 

Albuquerque, NM MSA 

53,494 

50,161 

449,707 

241,737 

672 

416 

5,477 

4,616 

45 

16 

343 

226 

76 

38 

191 

246 

63 

8 

686 

496 

22 

23 

480 

413 

12 

0 

62 

81 

214 

188 

1,822 

1,322 

95 

44 

409 

347 

70 

30 

736 

830 

49 

28 

399 

410 

17 

5 

69 

27 

9 

36 

280 

218 

Alexandria, LA MSA 

Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ MSA 

Altoona, PA MSA 

Amarillo, TX MSA 

52,628 

347,332 

58,456 

93,467 

455 

3,652 

376 

1,142 

13 

98 

21 

71 

55 

151 

26 

65 

59 

271 

22 

76 

9 

152 

27 

57 

0 

39 

2 

13 

147 

1,668 

179 

365 

61 

276 

38 

106 

41 

495 

33 

161 

59 

333 

23 

161 

0 

35 

0 

25 

11 

134 

5 

42 

Anchorage, AK MSA 

Anderson, IN MSA 

Anderson, SC MSA 

Anniston, AL MSA 

119,300 

62,527 

73,651 

50,618 

1,742 

493 

549 

321 

115 

2 

23 

9 

119 

21 

31 

14 

200 

25 

54 

0 

140 

9 

0 

0 

67 

18 

0 

0 

385 

211 

290 

154 

132 

70 

90 

34 

284 

35 

33 

50 

203 

72 

14 

22 

43 

8 

0 

16 

54 

22 

14 

22 

Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI MSA 

Asheville, NC MSA 

Athens, GA MSA 

Atlanta, GA MSA 

165,229 

88,997 

78,911 

1,574,679 

1,970 

1,179 

1,010 

24,878 

80 

59 

77 

1,409 

65 

49 

91 

725 

137 

117 

47 

3,079 

53 

61 

145 

1,262 

0 

0 

9 

408 

847 

390 

247 

9,732 

171 

180 

107 

1,809 

322 

155 

126 

3,190 

170 

81 

39 

2,027 

39 

13 

73 

125 

86 

74 

49 

1,112 

Atlantic City, NJ MSA 

Augusta, GA-SC MSA 

Austin, TX MSA 

Bakersfield, CA MSA 

163,782 

185,404 

427,176 

235,332 

1,729 

1,646 

7,960 

1,986 

68 

57 

428 

69 

88 

84 

300 

149 

119 

143 

873 

162 

100 

98 

735 

83 

93 

32 

237 

0 

592 

611 

2,277 

686 

183 

174 

905 

175 

238 

178 

913 

247 

116 

150 

625 

203 

0 

19 

181 

40 

132 

100 

486 

172 

Baltimore, MD MSA 

Bangor, ME MSA 

Baton Rouge, LA MSA 

Battle Creek, MI MSA 

1,246,486 

45,637 

250,059 

63,660 

15,834 

552 

3,012 

640 

931 

27 

128 

44 

414 

23 

252 

32 

1,895 

60 

276 

22 

715 

28 

216 

46 

193 

5 

23 

3 

5,815 

139 

1,228 

274 

1,132 

63 

258 

44 

2,314 

98 

269 

65 

1,276 

45 

166 

60 

239 

21 

105 

19 

910 

43 

91 

31 

Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA 

Bellingham, WA MS,&, 

159,132 

64,559 

1,548 

743 

55 

18 

125 

16 

74 

70 

20 

55 

14 

0 

698 

236 

147 

49 

197 

173 

141 

40 

22 

13 

55 

73 

Benton Harbor, MI MSA 

Billings, MT MSA 

78,322 

57,576 

729 

681 

13 

25 

28 

99 

25 

75 

47 

37 

8 

0 

302 

189 

49 

66 

143 

96 

65 

60 

22 

7 

27 

27 

Biloxi-Gulfport, MS MSA 80,325 855 39 58 74 41 7 301 159 45 98 0 33 

Binghamton, NY MSA 

Birmingham, AL MSA 

Bismarck, ND MSA 

130,351 

428,081 

44,077 

1,581 

5,006 

466 

61 

198 

16 

77 

158 

59 

94 

448 

61 

65 

179 

23 

8 

83 

0 

774 

2,086 

117 

139 

516 

14 

164 

580 

108 

92 

498 

39 

20 

20 

14 

87 

240 

15 

Bloomington, IN MSA 

Bloomington-Normal, IL MSA 

Boise City, ID MSA 

55,486 

70,807 

108,531 

1,147 

942 

1,626 

39 

30 

97 

35 

46 

100 

55 

68 

181 

93 

71 

98 

0 

6 

0 

296 

310 

633 

184 

90 

73 

126 

116 

107 

101 

99 

221 

179 

33 

31 

39 

73 

85 
 

Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

labor All Actors/ Announ- Architects Authors Dancers Des~m M~idans/ P~M~s Photo~ ~achem Oth~ force A~sts directors cers ~ml)cmem ~al raphem ~mls 

Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH 

Boston, MA PMSA 

Brockton, MA PMSA 

Lawrence-Haverhill, MA-NH PMSA 

Lowell, MA-NH PMSA 

Nashua, NH PMSA 

Salem-Gloucester, MA PMSA 

Bradenton, FL MSA
 

Bremerton, WA MSA
 

Brownsville-Harlingen, TX MSA
 

Bryan-College Station, TX MSA
 

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA
 

Buffalo, NY PMSA
 

Niagara Falls, NY PMSA
 

Burlington, NC MSA
 

Burlington, VT MSA
 

Canton, OH MSA
 

Casper, WY MSA
 

Cedar Rapids, IA MSA 

Champaign-Urbana-Rantoul, IL MSA 

Charleston, SC MSA 

Charleston, WV MSA 

Chado-Gast.-Rock Hill, NC-SC MSA 

Charlottesville, VA MSA 

Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA 

Cheyenne, WY MSA 

ChicagoGary-Lake Cty, IL-IN-Wl CMSA 

Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA 

Chicago, IL PMSA 

Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA 

Joliet, IL PMSA 

Kenosha, WI PMSA 

Lake County, IL PMSA 

Chico, CA MSA 

Cinci’ti-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA 

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN PMSA 

Hamilton-Middletown, OH PMSA 

Clarksv’le-Hopkinsv’le, TN-KY MSA 

Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH CMSA 

Akron, OH PMSA 

Cleveland, OH PMSA 

Lorain-Elyria, OH PMSA 

2,311,098 40,644 2,456 883 5,757 3,078 

1,601,070 

100,081 

31,690 

912 

2,015 

35 

659 

8 

4,981 

84 

2,548 

15 

208,184 2,665 125 156 181 106 

149,214 1,471 92 20 87 33 

105,274 1,361 44 0 109 149 

147,305 2,545 145 40 315 227 

91,727 1,234 44 59 66 73 

83,734 1,213 49 33 166 152 

96,367 804 32 104 43 16 

59,516 653 30 46 71 76 

578,044 6,053 167 332 482 193 

470,933 5,164 137 305 416 177 

107,111 889 30 27 66 16 

59,319 444 16 1,8 23 8 

75,197 1,179 36 44 75 71 

187,000 1,513 33 52 64 26 

30,260 280 26 34 35 15 

92,440 1,237 33 84 98 45 

90,750 1,624 102 85 58 146 

231,459 2,160 85 111 251 82 

112,292 981 35 65 100 17 

636,872 7,751 366 225 884 308 

68,250 1,074 60 44 136 110 

212,735 2,352 83 160 106 94 

35,027 394 43 14 30 11 

4,130,089 

189,392 

60,810 

2,175 

3,888 

51 

1,327 

81 

6,937 

184 

3,617 

133 

3,128,696 

283,747 

50,156 

2,014 

3,503 

79 

962 

167 

5,857 

180 

2,994 

79 

197,543 1,590 51 18 122 69 

63,849 731 30 51 33 19 

266,862 4,144 174 48 561 323 

77,781 1,222 80 73 108 77 

868,229 

723,990 

144,239 

11,724 

10,340 

1,384 

393 

380 

13 

443 

402 

41 

1,128 

1,042 

86 

543 

474 

69 

64,368 523 16 65 5 0 

1,343,744 

24,112 

16,252 

3,999 

542 

117 

505 

146 

1,499 

362 

654 

154 

890,333 

129,299 

11,167 

1,086 

402 

23 

306 

53 

1,078 

59 

445 

55 

302 

211 

6 

26 

29 

22 

8 

14,107 

10,419 

413 

1,158 

690 

512 

915 

3,095 

2,495 

108 

180 

51 

89 

172 

4,938 

3,771 

78 

323 

214 

266 

286 

3,583 

2,655 

133 

226 

174 

131 

264 

519 

414 

7 

30 

16 

7 

45 

1,926 

1,522 

25 

154 

65 

32 

128 

33 

6 

17 

9 

416 

378 

205 

191 

183 

99 

129 

33 

155 

186 

58 

44 

97 

108 

85 

71 

28 

0 

15 

8 

80 

36 

100 

74 

71 

47 

24 

2,315 

1,915 

400 

601 

510 

91 

818 

716 

102 

599 

514 

85 

98 

81 

17 

377 

346 

31 

9 

0 

38 

0 

221 

491 

662 

36 

36 

103 

185 

8 

82 

190 

195 

52 

25 

99 

201 

53 

0 

31 

8 

8 

6 

39 

49 

13 

6 

8 

35 

16 

436 

479 

716 

332 

76 

116 

269 

127 

177 

267 

329 

99 

166 

158 

189 

120 

20 

125 

21 

7 

96 

80 

72 

63 

53 

7 

11. 

26 

3,105 

254 

941 

128 

741 

21 

239 

16 

870 

192 

267 

62 

808 

115 

306 

48 

78 

24 

35 

0 

313 

111 

110 

16 

501 

20 

433 

25 

5 

7 

11 

23,094 

968 

18,589 

777 

789 

350 

1,621 

4,740 

113 

4,001 

163 

104 

65 

294 

8,415 

329 

6,970 

242 

231 

107 

536 

5,192 

217 

4,242 

186 

119 

48 

380 

715 

24 

569 

41 

47 

9 

25 

2,384 

55 

2,036 

75 

35 

12 

171 

9 343 107 106 141 35 143 

119 

119 

0 

4,746 

4,155 

591 

999 

840 

159 

1,469 

1,275 

194 

987 

843 

144 

249 

213 

36 

648 

597 

51 

7 159 36 128 93 0 14 

267 

106 

153 

8 

6,508 

1,664 

4,369 

475 

1,655 

422 

1,114 

119 

2,179 

486 

1,554 

139 

1,420 

331 

1,009 

80 

276 

48 

185 

43 

747 

163 

552 

32 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

Labor All A~ors/ Annou~ Arch#ects Authom Dmcets Des~m M~idans/ P~n~r ;~og- ~r ~r 

composer ~M raphe~ of arts afti~s 

~r~ A~s~ ~rectors cers 

87 278 191 60 970 252 464 303 0 160

Colorado Springs, CO MSA 185,016 2,894 129

6 253 84 82 114 7 49 

Columbia, MO MSA 60,603 864 74 56 64 75 71 68 246 160 19 1,056 226 359 233 236,308 2,825 261 126 Columbia, SC MSA 50 75 100 22 65 24 312 148 100,764 963 42 61 64 Columbus, GA-AL MSA 468 723,954 9,161 434 298 1,186 491 146 3,479 692 1,051 784 132 

Columbus, OH MSA 107 112 21 104 91 212 129 55 67 504 144 Corpus Christi, TX MSA 155,542 1,548 6 6 13 157 9 42 36 0 13 

Cumberland, MD-WV MSA 43,698 335 0 53 

2,996 295 1,797 2,120,064 30,587 1,370 935 3,032 1,673 533 11,516 2,495 3,945 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX CMSA 1,116 359 8,237 1,701 2,801 2,142 200 1,182 1,409,537 21,775 1,079 586 2,372 Dallas, TX PMSA 854 95 615 291 349 660 557 174 3,279 794 1,144 Fort Worth-Arlington, TX PMSA 710,527 8,812 

252 6 19 11 10 0 107 39 20 25 0 15 

Danville, VA MSA 53,759 220 38 75 91 120 62 62 19 732 203 162 Dav’prt-Rock Is.-Moline, IA-IL 171,158 1,784 2,215 415 830 526 120 242 463,329 5,283 212 125 297 241 60 Dayton-Springfield, OH MSA 84 66 62 178 108 33 578 296 462 144 17 Daytona Beach, FL MSA 164,356 2,028 0 243 23 50 58 12 20 

Decatur, AL MSA 63,068 490 25 23 0 36 25 55,766 371 7 29 13 18 8 124 24 62 52 9 

Decatur, IL MSA 5,930 1,443 2,605 1,506 108 1,078 1,025,615 17,863 981 471 2,104 1,415 222 Denver-Boulder, CO CMSA 49 144 45 414 323 19 1,015 190 523 281 Boulder-Longmont, CO PMSA 130,344 3,175 172 

4,915 1,253 2,082 1,225 59 934 895,271 14,688 809 426 1,690 1,092 203 Denver, CO PMSA 21 116 218,256 2,745 150 171 247 119 33 872 228 499 289 

Des Moines, IA MSA 496 16,470 2,623 3,453 2,612 322 1,631 2,290,052 33,422 1,399 807 2,384 1,225 Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI CMSA 122 257 41 278 328 32 1,061 327 305 345 158,180 3,244 148 Ann Arbor, MI PMSA 897 464 15,409 2,296 3,148 2,267 200 1,374 30,178 1,251 766 2,106 Detroit, MI PMSA 2,131,872 

18 54 44 0 217 48 52 33 0 13 59,953 518 39 Dothan, AL MSA 26 560 5 51 22 22 0 316 7 42 61 8 Dubuque, IA MSA 43,784 144 98 37 92 109,398 1,182 87 120 108 51 10 340 95 Duluth, MN-Wl MSA 37 763 42 70 61 19 0 270 93 54 70 47 

Eau Claire, Wl MSA 68,328 

108 88 842 214 439 330 42 240 237,565 2,867 156 213 195 El Paso, TX MSA 24 75 113 42 25 725 31 64 21 0 18 312 Elkhart-Goshen, IN MSA 83,488 18 0 212 19 36 68 0 15 43,909 415 12 27 8 Elmira, NY MSA 7 20 143 0 3 16 3 0 43 8 9 34 Enid, OK MSA 25,875 

0 503 105 179 173 41 48 130,700 1,314 62 72 86 45 Erie, PA MSA 89 64 123 193 226 46 604 145 269 178 Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA 139,054 2,032 95

37 612 156 166 106 19 99 140,174 1,494 54 137 59 49 Evansville, IN-KY MSA 50 82,875 1,357 79 143 109 94 10 315 150 150 192 65 Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN MSA 358 99 127 115 22 44 104,027 849 6 34 11 28 5 Fayetteville, NC MSA 40 27 15 22 236 51 78 32 30 57,722 652 50 71 Fayetteville-Springdale, AR MSA 25 0 295 30 22 98 0 21 534 0 17 26 Fitchburg-Leominster, MA MSA 53,492 217 225 140 23 98 197,120 1,969 55 151 81 44 10 925 Flint, MI MSA 

13 0 150 94 45 89 29 16 33 40 26 Florence, AL MSA 60,156 535 

8 6 220 12 39 20 3 19 

Florence, SC MSA 54,380 400 22 24 27 242 18 78 98,877 1,838 26 71 170 191 20 552 146 324 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO MSA 237 122 7 552 145 286 151 11 117 150,713 1,893 134 131 Fort Myers-Cape Coral, FL MSA 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

Fort Pierce, FL MSA
 

Fort Smith, AR-OK MSA
 

Fort Walton Beach, FL MSA
 

Fort Wayne, IN MSA
 

Fresno, CA MSA
 

Gadsden, AL MSA
 

Gainesville, FL MSA
 

Glens Falls, NY MSA
 

Grand Forks, ND MSA
 

Grand Rapids, MI MSA
 

Great Falls, MT MSA
 

Greeley, CO MSA
 

Green Bay, Wl MSA
 

Greens.,Wins.-Salem,High Pt., NC
 

Greenville-Spartanburg, SC MSA
 

Hagerstown, MD MSA
 

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA
 

Hartford-New Britian-Middletown, CT CMSA 

Bristol, CT PMSA 

Hartford, CT PMSA 

Middletown, CT PMSA
 

New Britain, CT PMSA
 

Hicko~, NC MSA 

Honolulu, HI MSA 

Houma-Thibodaux, LA MSA 

Houston-Galv’ton-Braz., TX CMSA 

Brazoria, TX PMSA 

Galveston-Texas City, TX PMSA 

Houston, TX PMSA 

Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

Huntsville, AL MSA 

Indianapolis, IN MSA 

Iowa City, IA MSA 

Jackson, MI MSA 

Jackson, MS MSA 

Jackson, TN MSA 

Jacksonville, FL MSA 

Jacksonville, NC MSA 

Jamestown-Dunkirk, NY MSA 

Janesville-Beloit, WI MSA 

Johns. C’y-Kingsp’t-Bris., TN-VA 

Johnstown, PA MSA 

Joplin, MO MSA 

Kalamazoo, MI MSA 

L~or 

f=ce 

~1 

A~s~ 

A~ors/ 

dire:tom 

Annou~ Ar~#ects 

cers 

Authors Da~em Des~ M~ician~ 

composem 

P~s 

~al 

Photograp~m 

~hem 

ofaRs 

108,631 

82,579 

61,945 

192,346 

1,011 

676 

798 

2,292 

47 

28 

0 

63 

83 

129 

50 

97 

98 

48 

42 

207 

93 

28 

42 

85 

17 

0 

35 

24 

366 

170 

292 

1,062 

53 

43 

97 

233 

111 

58 

78 

286 

89 

110 

86 

152 

0 

9 

0 

0 

295,247 

43,807 

99,015 

56,629 

3,037 

288 

1,402 

557 

144 

8 

81 

5 

215 

32 

66 

31 

362 

0 

101 

26 

69 

12 

156 

34 

8 

0 

32 

0 

894 

118 

376 

234 

283 

37 

83 

32 

406 

45 

193 

84 

210 

23 

181 

71 

46 

0 

58 

24 

33,287 

360,649 

33,621 

66,572 

439 

4,446 

450 

560 

32 

127 

58 

35 

76 

188 

11 

13 

32 

302 

0 

30 

8 

142 

6 

30 

0 

16 

8 

2 

114 

2,192 

129 

183 

35 

386 

63 

44 

34 

551 

84 

95 

27 

362 

60 

36 

43 

35 

0 

34 

103,517 

522,162 

333,316 

58,452 

309,348 

1,271 

6,464 

4,318 

592 

2,997 

85 

261 

165 

45 

142 

57 

281 

96 

51 

158 

100 

241 

413 

42 

245 

62 

214 

151 

35 

136 

0 

95 

1 

0 

19 

546 

2,817 

2,015 

202 

1,193 

93 

559 

283 

67 

217 

163 

859 

385 

49 

486 

111 

693 

445 

71 

244 

13 

130 

157 

0 

42 

598,911 

45,554 

419,282 

52,696 

81,379 

7,276 

482 

5,300 

609 

885 

331 

17 

271 

14 

29 

178 

9 

152 

0 

17 

905 

39 

703 

63 

100 

364 

19 

270 

52 

23 

81 

0 

56 

20 

5 

2,888 

222 

2,062 

197 

407 

573 

45 

404 

64 

60 

966 

82 

674 

98 

112 

605 

25 

433 

59 

88 

98 

10 

59 

29 

0 

124,958 

408,304 

72,220 

830 

7,780 

333 

2 

336 

17 

41 

320 

22 

8 

1,244 

16 

38 

312 

18 

13 

451 

32 

458 

1,984 

146 

80 

712 

32 

69 

895 

13 

95 

700 

23 

0 

64 

9 

1,901,074 

90,820 

106,098 

1,704,156 

24,603 

837 

1,049 

22,717 

941 

23 

44 

874 

747 

34 

6 

707 

2,832 

23 

58 

2,751 

1,057 

35 

50 

972 

566 

20 

19 

527 

10,170 

400 

452 

9,318 

1,904 

56 

123 

1,725 

2,762 

127 

130 

2,505 

2,102 

69 

109 

1,924 

245 

0 

7 

238 

128,451 

125,555 

661,445 

56,425 

68,980 

961 

1,547 

8,414 

938 

771 

90 

85 

417 

62 

25 

75 

85 

357 

60 

41 

26 

99 

916 

106 

24 

22 

105 

406 

64 

30 

0 

39 

194 

7 

27 

406 

633 

3,161 

237 

399 

146 

95 

768 

62 

94 

67 

188 

965 

158 

52 

93 

120 

718 

88 

53 

13 

30 

82 

71 

9 

191,686 

37,516 

444,501 

42,162 

66,675 

2,341 

356 

4,561 

347 

419 

164 

20 

232 

16 

19 

157 

68 

248 

18 

47 

333 

14 

481 

6 

12 

73 

0 

245 

26 

5 

11 

0 

35 

43 

0 

796 

90 

1,431 

87 

182 

261 

68 

564 

56 

48 

235 

52 

693 

40 

37 

159 

20 

327 

30 

33 

36 

6 

60 

6 

30 

71,986 

206,862 

98,576 

64,864 

117,483 

741 

1,785 

733 

593 

1,518 

20 

135 

37 

29 

69 

51 

136 

48 

71 

65 

13 

92 

46 

27 

90 

23 

64 

25 

29 

81 

6 

7 

0 

0 

28 

348 

561 

316 

186 

635 

34 

261 

80 

76 

98 

164 

158 

66 

31 

169 

55 

265 

83 

68 

130 

18 

53 

0 

43 

48 

54 

53 

76 

83 

400 

13 

75 

16 

38 

145 

31 

58 

41 

314 

207 

30 

135 

287 

14 

216 

13 

26 

762 

5 

1,277 

50 

51 

1,176 

23 

68 

430 

23 

17 

116 

18 

245 

19 

8 

9 

53 

34 

33 

105 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

Labor 

~e 

All 

A~s~ 

A~org 

directo~ 

Annou~ kch#ects 

cers 

Aulhom D~cers Des~m M~idans/ 

compose: 

PaiMem 

~ 

PhMographe~ ~h~s 

~arts 

Kankakee, IL MSA 

Kansas City, MO-KS MSA 

Killeen-Temple, TX MSA 

Knoxville, TN MSA 

Kokomo, IN MSA 

La Crosse, Wl MSA 

Lafayette, I_A MSA 

Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN MSA 

Lake Chades, LA MSA 

Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA 

Lancaster, PA MSA 

Lansing-East Lansing, MI MSA 

Laredo, TX MSA 

Las Cruces, NM MSA 

Las Vegas, NV MSA 

Lawrence, KS MSA 

Lawton, OK MSA 

Lewiston-Auburn, ME MSA 

Lexington-Fayette, KY MSA 

Lima, OH MSA 

Lincoln, NE MSA 

Little Rock-N. Little Rock, AR 

Longview-Marshall, TX MSA 

Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, CA CMSA 

Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA 

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 

Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA 

Riverside-San B’emardino, CA 

Louisville, KY-IN MSA 

Lubbock, TX MSA 

Lynchburg, VA MSA 

Macon-Warner Robins, GA MSA 

Madison, WI MSA 

Manchester, NH MSA 

Mansfield, OH MSA 

Mcallen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA 

Medford, OR MSA 

Melboume-Titusv’e-Palm Bay, FL 

Memphis, TN-AR-MS MSA 

Merced, CA MSA 

Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA 

Ft. Laud.-Holly.-Pomp. Bch. 

Miami-Hialeah, FL PMSA 

44,985 

818,919 

90,850 

303,549 

47,503 

52,315 

94,726 

66,811 

72,467 

183,981 

221,589 

229,699 

50,115 

57,687 

394,797 

43,224 

41,625 

45,286 

185,645 

72,024 

121,411 

254,178 

74,330 

7,326,510 

1,347,338 

4,473,143 

351,807 

1,154,222 

478,729 

109,118 

70,279 

132,951 

214,471 

82,771 

59,984 

139,126 

67,389 

193,883 

474,544 

72,931 

1,592,796 

629,365 

963,431 

354 

11,329 

777 

3,794 

336 

772 

1,001 

660 

459 

1,620 

2,583 

2,965 

407 

577 

6,675 

753 

400 

434 

2,550 

489 

1,761 

2,778 

589 

162,323 

25,428 

119,044 

5,650 

12,201 

5,621 

1,203 

725 

1,258 

3,671 

864 

423 

915 

937 

2,333 

5,541 

604 

24,521 

10,016 

14,505 

10 

482 

21 

192 

2 

37 

70 

26 

12 

67 

80 

175 

5 

55 

324 

22 

30 

18 

159 

26 

50 

261 

21 

26,200 

1,096 

24,048 

501 

555 

303 

61 

20 

76 

193 

46 

16 

45 

102 

89 

247 

9 

1,653 

490 

1,163 

53 

228 

104 

187 

16 

67 

86 

40 

44 

48 

90 

119 

51 

52 

270 

36 

73 

24 

125 

24 

91 

136 

45 

2,562 

319 

1,660 

132 

451 

246 

77 

66 

132 

139 

18 

42 

62 

34 

97 

235 

41 

668 

322 

346 

32 

1,149 

22 

359 

0 

25 

132 

82 

61 

49 

292 

168 

13 

10 

310 

70 

2 

7 

342 

23 

160 

282 

23 

12,494 

3,398 

7,613 

449 

1,034 

404 

103 

47 

106 

356 

49 

30 

43 

116 

101 

548 

60 

2,749 

873 

1,876 

4 

625 

0 

162 

16 

36 

11 

47 

0 

33 

117 

194 

0 

31 

277 

45 

10 

11 

166 

7 

87 

72 

15 

13,532 

1,347 

11,127 

412 

646 

241 

68 

60 

40 

285 

29 

27 

34 

141 

117 

281 

10 

972 

415 

557 

0 

165 

8 

20 

0 

0 

32 

0 

9 

27 

16 

25 

0 

0 

772 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

8 

43 

0 

1,783 

317 

1,251 

96 

119 

121 

0 

0 

21 

43 

14 

12 

0 

0 

62 

82 

4 

526 

221 

305 

127 

4,105 

240 

1,424 

250 

229 

274 

241 

122 

605 

1,076 

1,012 

157 

150 

1,663 

216 

83 

205 

794 

215 

675 

979 

204 

49,419 

10,071 

32,614 

1,902 

4,832 

2,065 

300 

270 

331 

1,242 

398 

192 

243 

233 

885 

2,055 

222 

8,690 

3,703 

4,987 

41 

708 

118 

439 

33 

100 

86 

55 

43 

155 

110 

250 

74 

30 

1,162 

76 

49 

42 

195 

72 

171 

247 

63 

14,723 

1,536 

11,638 

457 

1,092 

809 

140 

51 

174 

268 

87 

12 

267 

92 

262 

660 

62 

2,704 

1,124 

1,580 

43 

2,048 

86 

532 

0 

123 

79 

42 

58 

226 

406 

435 

30 

127 

617 

151 

71 

62 

273 

25 

253 

328 

83 

16,992 

3,361 

11,464 

812 

1,355 

634 

136 

92 

190 

503 

88 

53 

28 

120 

288 

635 

66 

2,697 

1,226 

1,471 

3 

1,115 

146 

325 

19 

60 

111 

76 

62 

189 

275 

315 

56 

81 

451 

84 

61 

39 

258 

90 

113 

267 

71 

12,693 

2,037 

9,166 

483 

1,007 

504 

160 

80 

91 

367 

118 

34 

116 

60 

207 

499 

70 

1,935 

821 

1,114 

0 

158 

21 

49 

0 

44 

44 

5 

6 

13 

18 

90 

13 

0 

57 

26 

0 

16 

44 

0 

64 

57 

18 

1,046 

275 

625 

39 

107 

65 

63 

11 

33 

77 

0 

0 

10 

0 

38 

97 

0 

109 

28 

81 

41 

546 

11 

105 

0 

51 

76 

46 

42 

208 

103 

182 

8 

41 

772 

27 

21 

10 

174 

7 

89 

106 

46 

10,879 

1,671 

7,838 

367 

1,003 

229 

95 

28 

64 

198 

17 

5 

67 

39 

187 

202 

6O 

1,818 

793 

1,025 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

Midland, TX MSA 

Milwaukee-Racine, Wl CMSA
 

Milwaukee, Wl PMSA
 

Racine, WI PMSA
 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI
 

Mobile, AL MSA
 

Modesto, CA MSA
 

Monroe, LA MSA
 

Montgomery, AL MSA
 

Muncie, IN MSA
 

Muskegon, MI MSA
 

Naples, FL MSA
 

Nashville, TN MSA
 

New Bedford, MA MSA
 

New Haven-Meriden, CT MSA
 

New London-Norwich, CT-RI MSA
 

New Orleans, LA MSA
 

NY-Northern N J-Long Island, CT-NJ-NY CMSA 

Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA 

Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA 

Danbury, CT PMSA 

Jersey City, NJ PMSA 

Mid’sex-Som’set-Hunt’d’n, NJ
 

Monmouth-Ocean, NJ PMSA
 

Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA
 

New York, NY PMSA
 

Newark, NJ PMSA
 

Norwalk, CT PMSA
 

Orange County, NY PMSA
 

Stamford, CT PMSA
 

Norf’k-Vir. B’ch-Newp’t News, VA 

Ocala, FL MSA 

Odessa, TX MSA 

Oklahoma City, OK MSA 

Olympia, WA MSA 

Omaha, NE-IA MSA 

Odando, FL MSA 

Owensbom, KY MSA 

Panama City, FL MSA 

Parkersburg-Madetta, WV-OH MSA 

Pascagoula, MS MSA 

Pensacola, FL MSA 

Peoria, IL MSA 

Labor 

f~ 

All 

A~s~ 

A~ors/

directo~ 

Annou~ Ar~Ee~s 

cem 

Au~ors Dancem Des~ M~idans/ 

~mpose~ 

P~ers 

~al Photog- ~hem mp~ 

51,627 548 6 45 54 13 6 219 72 41 48 19 

824,047 

735,237 

88,810 

10,707 

9,692 

1,015 

467 

432 

35 

370 

359 

11 

896 

868 

28 

473 

420 

53 

145 

145 

0 

4,454 

3,862 

592 

788 

737 

51 

1,673 

1,543 

130 

842 

770 

72 

113 

113 

0 

1,389,347 

212,455 

166,479 

62,472 

23,139 

2,300 

1,352 

629 

1,241 

120 

27 

49 

494 

110 

69 

85 

2,315 

163 

115 

34 

1,835 

98 

45 

20 

255 

35 

17 

15 

8,601 

773 

533 

216 

2,095 

299 

98 

63 

3,016 

324 

186 

44 

1,803 

201 

119 

73 

292 

11 

28 

0 

135,895 

58,833 

70,822 

71,011 

1,499 

739 

614 

1,109 

106 

41 

14 

45 

103 

15 

58 

14 

226 

15 

27 

173 

22 

29 

19 

23 

17 

21 

29 

0 

467 

274 

281 

482 

181 

115 

30 

112 

167 

57 

24 

161 

125 

61 

95 

41 

16 

65 

11 

0 

525,143 

84,843 

285,121 

132,675 

558,685 

10,827 

893 

4,429 

1,888 

6,914 

638 

56 

144 

87 

449 

341 

29 

92 

33 

332 

644 

26 

783 

193 

614 

456 

39 

312 

81 

272 

101 

0 

21 

9 

105 

2,610 

386 

1,629 

930 

1,865 

3,351 

90 

358 

67 

871 

1,190 

118 

540 

245 

955 

856 

104 

331 

137 

818 

123 

0 

62 

6 

106 

9,252,112 

695,813 

243,396 

107,239 

291,300 

200,920 

12,098 

3,132 

2,063 

5,127 

21,620 

813 

128 

113 

469 

3,122 

241 

89 

34 

162 

17,900 

1,131 

244 

155 

429 

15,996 

557 

170 

177 

288 

2,925 

82 

13 

34 

124 

68,941 

4,948 

1,477 

837 

2,037 

17,004 

1,205 

182 

123 

292 

25,591 

1,504 

438 

306 

599 

15,756 

954 

255 

174 

395 

1,349 

85 

12 

10 

30 

579,280 

480,736 

1,382,550 

4,170,806 

7,868 

5,631 

21,063 

123,676 

356 

247 

1,006 

16,983 

94 

106 

483 

1,532 

965 

454 

2,156 

10,200 

407 

219 

1,056 

11,549 

57 

76 

241 

2,124 

3,153 

2,694 

8,384 

37,411 

501 

357 

1,379 

11,666 

1,213 

633 

3,084 

15,058 

594 

543 

1,976 

9,240 

103 

18 

148 

817 

974,337 

74,546 

148,954 

112,155 

13,129 

2,481 

1,594 

3,058 

935 

221 

89 

260 

255 

34 

37 

55 

1,363 

263 

201 

339 

767 

289 

112 

405 

144 

14 

2 

14 

5,277 

879 

586 

1,258 

920 

98 

120 

161 

1,764 

427 

268 

297 

1,141 

195 

126 

163 

106 

0 

0 

20 

627,433 

79,866 

53,518 

478,489 

8,455 

707 

415 

5,485 

454 

10 

33 

324 

376 

37 

47 

258 

814 

42 

24 

508 

412 

36 

7 

342 

209 

5 

27 

167 

3,189 

203 

117 

1,457 

759 

71 

67 

578 

886 

101 

41 

786 

666 

90 

9 

707 

88 

0 

18 

95 

79,560 

318,967 

580,287 

41,818 

1,116 

3,473 

10,815 

276 

24 

170 

815 

12 

45 

148 

273 

0 

208 

420 

879 

29 

64 

209 

385 

0 

11 

99 

422 

0 

254 

1,212 

3,321 

91 

125 

246 

1,278 

47 

184 

484 

1,226 

19 

105 

255 

693 

56 

7 

31 

21 

14 

56,758 

68,735 

51,999 

152,612 

162,751 

625 

618 

606 

1,789 

2,128 

20 

14 

15 

82 

89 

22 

54 

35 

41 

123 

32 

26 

14 

121 

225 

35 

15 

10 

45 

93 

33 

0 

0 

80 

26 

175 

305 

355 

505 

855 

75 

30 

89 

232 

161 

101 

51 

52 

352 

252 

55 

105 

26 

92 

237 

13 

0 

10 

34 

11 

artists 

25 

486 

443 

43 

1,192 

166 

115 

3O 

69 

46 

26 

78 

517 

45 

157 

100 

527 

10,716 

578 

124 

100 

302 

425 

284 

1,150 

7,096 

457 

61 

53 

86 

602 

112 

25 

263 

89 

199 

1,502 

8 

64 

18 

0 

2O5 

56 
0 

A-29 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

San Angelo, TX MSA 

San Antonio, TX MSA 

San Diego, CA MSA 

San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA 

Oakland, CA PMSA 

San Francisco, CA PMSA 

San Jose, CA PMSA 

Santa Cruz, CA PMSA 

Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA 

Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA 

Santa Barb.-San. Mar.-Lompoc, CA 

Santa Fe, NM MSA 

Sarasota, FL MSA 

Savannah, GA MSA 

Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA 

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 

Seattle, WA PMSA 

Tacoma, WA PMSA 

Sharon, PA MSA 

Sheboygan, Wl MSA 

Sherman-Denison, TX MSA 

Shreveport, LA MSA 

Sioux City, IA-NE MSA 

Sioux Falls, SD MSA 

South Bend-Mishawaka, IN MSA 

Spokane, WA MSA 

Springfield, IL MSA 

Springfield, MO MSA 

Springfield, MA MSA 

State College, PA MSA 

Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV MSA 

Stockton, CA MSA 

Syracuse, NY MSA 

Tallahassee, FL MSA 

Tampa-St. Pete.-Clearwater, FL 

Terre Haute, IN MSA 

Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR MSA 

Toledo, OH MSA 

Topeka, KS MSA 

Tucson, AZ MSA 

Tulsa, OK MSA 

Tuscaloosa, AL MSA 

Tyler, TX MSA 

~r 

~me 

All 

AdiOs 

A~m~ 

directors 

Announ- A~hitects ~ A=hom Dancers Ouignem Mus~nd 

­omposem 

Psin~rs 

~.al 

Photo~ 

reph~s 

Teac~rs 

ofarts 

44,992 480 35 40 7 0 7 129 32 99 95 0 

591,797 7,051 340 390 777 360 129 1,990 747 985 676 120 

1,210,110 21,405 870 458 2,970 1,434 256 7,376 1,750 2,847 1,858 198 

3,384,873 

1,096,926 

905,138 

841,783 

123,889 

66,683 

18,495 

26,470 

12,995 

2,747 

3,320 

757 

1,816 

422 

72 

937 

288 

307 

205 

45 

8,770 

2,882 

3,861 

1,026 

185 

6,188 

1,829 

2,542 

1,152 

229 

537 

144 

243 

105 

11 

24,443 

6,219 

8,602 

6,183 

1,198 

5,137 

1,676 

2,200 

600 

201 

8,093 

2,230 

3,434 

1,186 

470 

5,193 

1,358 

1,932 

1,177 

198 

629 

180 

252 

99 

52 

202,179 3,784 214 47 588 282 28 1,433 244 458 285 46 

214,958 2,192 39 45 228 154 6 808 216 315 243 0 

189,331 4,005 196 137 375 368 0 1,283 372 524 407 57 

61,886 2,094 51 52 211 250 2 426 112 704 200 9 

118,368 

112,280 

2,648 

1,201 

92 

71 

62 

102 

144 

128 

231 

76 

25 

19 

1,002 

367 

356 

195 

391 

78 

149 

109 

9 

22 

345,673 3,102 148 184 187 98 20 1,294 293 383 339 48 

1,363,726 

1,096,386 

267,340 

24,987 

22,115 

2,872 

1,300 

1,167 

133 

514 

412 

102 

3,544 

3,349 

195 

1,810 

1,642 

168 

346 

294 

52 

8,678 

7,765 

913 

1,952 

1,597 

355 

3,509 

3,015 

494 

1,738 

1,522 

216 

257 

178 

79 

53,094 467 3 29 14 16 0 176 47 116 17 29 

54,158 577 15 20 4~ 30 0 270 40 69 85 0 

44,709 309 16 12 0 10 0 146 33 27 39 6 

146,294 1,481 78 141 78 24 16 414 230 222 176 6 

57,046 394 26 66 15 14 0 100 51 38 51 0 

68,095 839 49 107 52 55 8 152 94 168 106 21 

123,590 1,221 64 78 106 41 15 454 117 86 140 79 

168,093 2,391 150 100 181 117 48 837 215 262 280 59 

101,353 992 45 46 111 40 10 370 111 102 114 0 

123,348 1,573 89 106 116 101 35 493 156 204 180 14 

266,606 2,810 124 63 207 230 57 1,057 210 470 212 37 

60,932 1,014 72 46 107 87 7 338 79 115 76 30 

58,767 392 0 35 18 0 0 206 48 11 54 12 

212,200 1,401 70 84 141 36 8 548 102 135 125 48 

329,771 4,139 203 258 564 194 17 1,439 432 466 345 18 

124,719 1,787 140 88 124 215 0 462 159 261 146 99 

970,024 

60,215 

13,663 

633 

582 

35 

435 

28 

1,325 

16 

614 

22 

311 

13 

5,028 

298 

1,301 

51 

1,910 

47 

1,275 

75 

97 

32 

52,746 352 0 52 16 0 6 172 46 38 16 6 

299,588 3,313 244 165 247 111 29 1,434 244 320 234 108 

83,514 842 57 51 95 110 12 300 40 91 47 7 

311,010 5,209 284 264 580 324 134 1,407 461 944 386 71 

355,239 3,889 182 174 394 203 77 1,228 528 473 331 38 

69,261 754 28 79 0 49 18 190 107 120 68 68 

71,293 777 20 49 45 19 9 207 167 112 88 19 

Other 

36 

537 

1,388 

3,436 

932 

1,281 

840 

86 

159 

138 

286 

77 

187 

34 

108 

1,339 

1,174 

165 

20 

5 

20 

96 

33 

27 

41 

142 

43 

79 

143 

57 

8 

104 

203 

93 

785 

16 

0 

177 

32 

354 

261 

27 

42 
Table 18. (Continued) Metropolitan Area of Residence for Artists in the United States: 1990
 

L~or All A~ors/ Annou~ Ar~#ects Authors Da~ers Des~m Music~ns/ P~s P~ ~he~ 

rap~ ofa~s f~ce A~s~ dlrecto~ cem ~mpose~ ~al 

142,595 1,111 37 91 88 32 5 476 110 115 104 16 Utica-Rome, NY MSA 9 48 0 8 14 49 30 38 41 0 Victoria, TX MSA 34,354 268 

980 35 62 37 8 0 347 226 8==7 65 33 Visalia-Tulare-Po rterville, CA 131,626 37 21 368 152 130 93 62 Waco, TX MSA 87,538 1,072 65 47 17

5,857 456 12,578 2,569 5,276 3,434 441 Washington, DC-MD-VA MSA 2,259,197 44,241 3,117 1,288 6,395 

Waterbury, CT MSA 116,681 1,035 51 23 112 86 16 417 35 175 85 7 

71,029 794 58 43 40 27 0 348 60 68 95 19 WatedoooCedar Falls, IA MSA 

59,894 485 26 49 26 15 0 170 38 52 59 22 Wausau, Wl MSA 

279 116 911 363 64 2,643 452 835 474 42 West Palm’-Boca Rat.-Delray’, FL 406,613 6,515 

68,163 505 9 70 31 31 6 172 55 43 61 3 Wheeling, WV-OH MSA 114 178 262 142 48 971 254 308 304 39 Wichita, KS MSA 248,757 2,779 17 163 41 43 100 0 Wichita Falls, TX MSA 54,404 571 26 56 51 17

454 7 69 15 27 0 158 49 69 40 2 Williamsport, PA MSA 55,972 0 304 57 144 73 17 Wilmington, NC MSA 63,118 866 85 81 54 12 

2,181 104 36 139 83 30 987 146 277 241 12 Worcester, MA MSA 227,449 72 17 19 0 219 104 57 57 9 Yakima, WA MSA 85,202 715 46 

225,007 1,886 39 82 159 40 2 777 191 312 215 11 York, PA MSA 143 27 18 789 221 241 160 22 Youngstown-Warren, OH MSA 220,365 1,850 55 108 

12 8 18 22 23 155 34 55 32 0 Yuba City, CA MSA 49,451 406 

207 18 17 17 0 0 71 7 16 25 0 Yuma, AZ MSA 41,414 

*Adjoining metropolitan areas are listed under their larger Consolidated area. For example, Salem-Gloucester, MA is listed under Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH. 

sdists 

37 

31 

8~ 

80 

2,830 

28 

36 

28 

336 

24 

159 

57 

18 

39 

126 

115 

58 

66 

47 

36 
 

 

Table 19. All artists, professional occupations, and the labor force by sex, race, Hispanic, 

age, and years of school completed for the United States: 1990, 1980, and 1970 

ARTIST ARTIST OCCUPATIONS 

CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER PERCENT PERCENT CHANGE 

1990 1980 1970 1990 1980 1970 70-90 80-90 70-80 

SEX 

Total 1,671,277 1,085,693 736,960 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 126.8% 53.9% 47.3% 

Male 931,111 674,627 509,938 55.7% 62.1% 69.2% 82.6% 38.0% 32.3% 

Female 740,166 411,066 227,022 44.3% 37.9% 30.8% 226.0% 80.1% 81.1% 

RACE 

Total 1,671,277 1,085,693 736,960 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 126.8% 53.9% 47.3% 

White 1,499,635 997,796 699,564 89.7% 91.9% 94.9% 114.4% 50.3% 42.6% 

Black 76,777 47,212 24,232 4.6% 4.3% 3.3% 216.8% 62.6% 94.8% 

Other 94,865 40,685 13,164 5.7% 3.7% 1.8% 620.6% 133.2% 209.1% 

HISPANIC 

Total 1,671,277 1,085,693 736,960 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 126.8% 53.9% 47.3% 

Hispanic 91,927 41,840 21,115 5.5% 3.9% 2.9% 335.4% 119.7% 98.2% 

Other, not Hispanic 1,579,350 1,043,853 715,845 94.5% 96.1% 97.1% 120.6% 51.3% 45.8% 

AGE 

Total 1,671,277 1,085,693 736,959 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 126.8% 53.9% 47.3% 

16 to 24 years 195,184 192,831 127,986 11.7% 17.8% 17.4% 52.5% 1.2% 50.7% 

25 to 34 years 541,378 394,381 205,784 32.4% 36.3% 27.9% 163.1% 37.3% 91.6% 

35 to 54 years 728,661 358,284 301,115 43.6% 33.0% 40.9% 142.0% 103.4% 19.0% 

55 years and over 206,054 140,197 102,074 12.3% 12.9% 13.9% 101.9% 47.0% 37.3% 

YEARS OF SCHOOL 

COMPLETED 

Total 1,671,276 1,085,693 736,960 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 126.8% 53.9% 47.3% 

Elementary 1 to 8 22,040 25,372 30,294 1.3% 2.3% 4.1% -27.2% -13.1% -16.2% 

Some high school 

High school graduate 

Some college 

82,699 

250,239 

566,565 

69,119 

251,307 

302,404 

77,000 

210,953 

191,208 

4.9% 

15.0% 

33.9% 

6.4% 

23.1% 

27.9% 

10.4% 

28.6% 

25.9% 

7.4% 

18.6% 

196.3% 

19.6% 

-0.4% 

87.4% 

-10.2% 

19.1% 

58.2% 

College graduate 543,407 229,015 111,728 32.5% 21.1% 15.2% 386.4% 137.3% 105.0% 

College postgraduate 206,326 208,476 115,777 12.3% 19.2% 15.7% 78.2% -1.0% 80.1% 

PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS 

CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER PERCENT PERCENT CHANGE 

1990 1980 1970 1990 1980 1970 70-90 80-90 70-80 

SEX
 

Total 16,647,688 12,275,140 8,800,210 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 89.2% 35.6% 39.5%
 

Male 7,706,256 6,247,708 4,897,893 46.3% 50.9% 55.7% 57.3% 23.3% 27.6%
 

Female 8,941,432 6,027,432 3,902,317 53.7% 49.1% 44.3% 129.1% 48.3% 54.5%
 

RACE
 

Total 16,647,688 12,275,140 8,800,210 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 89.2% 35.6% 39.5%
 

White 14,493,629 10,937,561 8,187,362 87.1% 89.1% 93.0% 77.0% 32.5% 33.6%
 

Black 1,237,944 867,345 477,926 7.4% 7.1% 5.4% 159.0% 42.7% 81.5%
 

Other 916,115 470,234 134,922 5.5% 3.8% 1.5% 579.0% 94.8% 248.5%
 

HISPANIC 

Total 16,647,688 12,275,140 8,800,210 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 89.2% 35.6% 39.5% 

Hispanic 662,578 331,429 172,554 4.0% 2.7% 2.0% 284.0% 99.9% 92.1% 

Other, not Hispanic 15,985,110 11,943,711 8,627,656 96.0% 97.3%. 98.0% 85.3% 33.8% 38.4% 

AGE
 

Total 16,647,688 12,275,140 8,800,210 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 89.2% 35.6% 39.5%
 

16 to 24 years 1,165,338 1,277,842 1,339,855 7.0% 10.4% 15.2% 13.0% -8.8% -4.6%
 

25 to 34 years 4,802,858 4,452,193 2,510,375 28.9% 36.3% 28.5% 91.3% 7.9% 77.4%
 

35 to 54 years 8,585,213 4,964,067 3,630,128 51.6% 40.4% 41.3% 136.5% 72.9% 36.7%
 

55 years and over 2,094,279 1,581,038 1,319,851 12.6% 12.9% 15.0% 58.7% 32.5% 19.8%
 

A-32 
 

Table 19. (continued) All artists, professional occupations, and the labor force by sex, race, 

Hispanic, age, and years of school completed for the United States: 1990, 1980, and 1970 

YEARS OF SCHOOL 

COMPLETED 

Total 16,647,688 12,275,140 8,800,210 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 89.2% 35.6% 39.5% 

Elementary 1 to 8 63,261 111,704 161,832 0.4% 0.9% 1.8% -60.9% -43.4% -31.0% 

Some high school 

High school graduate 

Some college 

239,727 

1,125,384 

3,504,338 

274,963 

1,234,879 

2,283,176 

397,423 

1,587,907 

1,740,163 

1.4% 

6.8% 

21.0% 

2.2% 

10.1% 

18.6% 

4.5% 

18.0% 

19.8% 

-39.7% 

-29.1% 

101.4% 

-12.8% 

-8.9% 

53.5% 

-30.8% 

-22.2% 

31.2% 

College graduate 5,871,640 3,227,134 2,437,623 35.3% 26.3% 27.7% 140.9% 81.9% 32.4% 

College postgraduate 5,843,338 5,143,284 2,475,262 35.1% 41.9% 28.1% 136.1% 13.6% 107.8% 

LABOR FORCE ~ 

CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER PERCENT PERCENT CHANGE 

1990 1980 1970 1990 1980 1970 70-90 80-90 70-80 

SEX 

Total 122,473,499 104,057,985 79,801,605 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 53.5% 17.7% 30.4% 

Male 66,431,987 59,756,221 49,454,750 54.2% 57.4% 62.0% 34.3% 11.2% 20.8% 

Female 56,041,512 44,301,764 30,346,855 45.8% 42.6% 38.0% 84.7% 26.5% 46.0% 

RACE 

Total 122,473,499 104,057,985 79,801,605 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 53.5% 17.7 30.4% 

30.4% 

White 

Black 

Other 

100,993,233 

12,775,917 

8,704,349 

88,959,778 70,957,612 

10,457,064 7,862,984 

4,641,143 981,009 

82.5% 

10.4% 

7.1% 

85.5% 

10.1% 

4.5% 

88.9% 

9.9% 

1.2% 

42.3% 

62.5% 

787.3% 

13.5% 

22.2% 

87.5% 

25.4% 

33.0% 

373.1% 

HISPANIC 

Total 

Hispanic 

Other, not Hispanic 

122,473,499 104,057,985 79,801,605 

9,834,622 5,946,221 3,062,686 

112,638,877 98,111,764 76,738,919 

100.0% 

8.0% 

92.0% 

100.0% 

5.7% 

94.3% 

100.0% 

3.8% 

96.2% 

53.5% 

221.1% 

46.8% 

17.7% 

65.4% 

14.8% 

30.4% 

94.2% 

27.9% 

AGE 

Total 122,473,499 104,057,985 79,801,605 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 53.5% 17.7% 30.4% 

16 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

20,318,353 

35,076,410 

23,111,278 15,768,895 

28,761,627 16,652,692 

16.6% 

28.6% 

22.2% 

27.6% 

19.8% 

20.9% 

28.9% 

110.6% 

-12.1% 

22.0% 

46.6% 

72.7% 

35 to 54 years 

55 years and over 

51,659,322 

15,419,414 

36,888,556 32,881,299 

15,296,524 14,498,718 

42.2% 

12.6% 

35.5% 

14.7% 

41.2% 

18.2% 

57.1% 

6.4% 

40.0% 

0.8% 

12.2% 

5.5% 

YEARS OF SCHOOL 

COMPLETED 

Total 122,473,499 104,057,985 79,801,605 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 53.5% 17.7% 30.4% 

Elementary 1 to 8 

Some high school 

High school graduate 

Some college 

College graduate 

College postgraduate 

5,731,760 

16,362,459 

36,448,113 

36,264,403 

18,101,583 

9,565,180 

8,969,798 14,333,281 

16,794,959 16,955,482 

39,885,426 27,972,352 

19,771,017 10,500,092 

9,916,726 5,611,740 

8,720,059 4,428,659 

4.7% 

13.4% 

29.8% 

29.6% 

14,8% 

7.8% 

8.6% 

16.1% 

38.3% 

19.0% 

9.5% 

8.4% 

18.0% 

21.2% 

35.1% 

13.2% 

7.0% 

5.5% 

-60.0% 

-3.5% 

30.3% 

245.4% 

222.6% 

116.0% 

-36.1% 

-2.6% 

-8.6% 

83.4% 

82.5% 

9.7% 

-37.4% 

-0.9% 

42.6% 

88.3% 

76.7% 

96.9% 

A-33 
Table 20. Detailed artist occupations by sex, race, and Hispanic:
 

United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970
 

OCCUPATION NUMBER BY SEX NUMBER BY RACE NUMBERBY HISPANIC 

and YEAR 

Total Male Female White Black Other Hispanic Not Hisp. 

Actors and directors 

1990 109,573 67,787 41,786 98,110 7,951 3,512 5,386 104,187 

1980 

1970 

67,180 

40,201 

44,049 

26,339 

23,131 

13,862 

61,397 

37,275 

3,916 

2,346 

1,867 

580 

2,243 

1,404 

64,937 

38,797 

Announcers 

1990 

1980 

1970 _ 

60,269 

46,986 

25,942 

47,752 

38,392 

24,291 

12,517 

8,594 

1,651 

52,552 

41,853 

25,069 

5,434 

3,874 

638 

2,283 

1,259 

235 

3,286 

2,019 

453 

56,983 

44,967 

25,489 

Architects 

1990 

1980 

1970 

156,874 

107,693 

53,670 

133,212 

98,743 

51,534 

23,662 

8,950 

2,136 

141,906 

99,131 

50,796 

4,429 

3,013 

1,273 

10,539 

5,549 

1,601 

8,006 

4,353 

938 

148,868 

103,340 

52,732 

Authors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

106,730 

45,748 

27,752 

53,863 

25,409 

19,578 

52,867 

20,339 

8,174 

100,777 

43,533 

27,193 

3,162 

1,247 

448 

2,791 

968 

111 

2,046 

947 

328 

104,684 

44,801 

27,424 

Dancers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

21,913 

13,194 

7,404 

5,097 

3,350 

1,381 

16,816 

9,844 

6,023 

18,649 

10,996 

6,371 

1,632 

1,155 

639 

1,632 

1,043 

394 

1,600 

787 

475 

20,313 

12,407 

6,929 

Designers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

596,802 

338,374 

232,890 

265,299 

169,604 

148,572 

331,503 

168,770 

84,318 

538,400 

314,379 

223,504 

21,204 

10,942 

4,445 

37,198 

13,053 

4,941 

32,296 

13,218 

6,815 

564,506 

325,156 

226,075 

Musicians and composers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

148,020 

140,556 

99,533 

99,409 

99,065 

64,767 

48,611 

41,491 

34,766 

129,428 

126,298 

91,785 

11,166 

9,290 

6,810 

7,426 

4,968 

938 

9,615 

6,192 

3,419 

138,405 

134,364 

96,114 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, 

and artists printmakers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

212,762 

153,162 

86,849 

101,067 

79,445 

52,827 

111,695 

73,717 

34,022 

193,395 

142,209 

83,542 

7,696 

4,896 

1,638 

11,671 

6,057 

1,669 

10,360 

5,625 

2,268 

202,402 

147,537 

84,581 

Photographers 

1990 143,520 100,169 43,351 127,658 8,167 7,695 8,268 135,252 

1980 

1970 

94,762 

67,588 

72,496 

57,597 

22,266 

9,991 

86,695 

64,513 

4,854 

2,072 

3,213 

1,003 

3,750 

2,260 

91,012 

65,328 

Teachers of art, drama, and music* 

1990 

1980 

1970 

21,393 

28,385 

42,000 

10,591 

14,718 

25,310 

10,802 

13,667 

16,690 

19,551 

26,262 

40,226 

924 

1,478 

1,445 

918 

645 

329 

654 

480 

347 

20,739 

27,905 

41,653 

Other artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

93,421 

49,653 

53,131 

46,865 

29,356 

37,742 

46,556 

20,297 

15,389 

79,209 

45,043 

49,290 

5,012 

2,547 

2,478 

9,200 

2,063 

1,363 

10,410 

2,226 

2,408 

83,011 

47,427 

50,723 

Total artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,671,277 

1,085,693 

736,960 

931,111 

674,627 

509,938 

740,166 

411,066 

227,022 

1,499,635 

997,796 

699,564 

76,777 

47,212 

24,232 

94,865 

40,685 

13,164 

91,927 

41,840 

21,115 

1,579,350 

1,043,853 

715,845 

* See Table 38 for details on a 1980 to 1990 decrease of teachers who specify subject taught and an increase of teachers who do not specify subject taught. 

A-34 
Table 21. Percent distribution of artist occupations by sex, race, and
 

Hispanic: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 

OCCUPATION PERCENT DISTRIBUTION 

and YEAR 

Total Male Female White Black Other Hispanic Not Hisp. 

Actors and directors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

61.9% 

65,6% 

65.5% 

38.1% 

34.4% 

34.5% 

89.5% 

91.4% 

92.7% 

7.3% 

5.8% 

5.8% 

3.2% 

2.8% 

1.4% 

4,9% 

3.3% 

3.5% 

95.1% 

96,7% 

96.5% 

Announcers 

1990 100.0% 79.2% 20.8% 87.2% 9.0% 3.8% 5.5% 94.5% 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100,0% 

81.7% 

93.6% 

18,3% 

6.4% 

89.1% 

96.6% 

8.2% 

2.5% 

2.7% 

0.9% 

4.3% 

1.7% 

95.7% 

98.3% 

Architects 

1990 100,0% 84.9% 15.1% 90.5% 2.8% 6.7% 5.1% 94.9% 

1980 

1970 

100,0% 

100.0% 

91.7% 

96,0% 

8.3% 

4.0% 

92.0% 

94.6% 

2.8% 

2.4% 

5.2% 

3.0% 

4.0% 

1.7% 

96.0% 

98.3% 

Authors 

1990 100.0% 50.5% 49.5% 94.4% 3.0% 2.6% 1.9% 98.1% 

1980 100.0% 55.5% 44.5% 95.2% 2.7% 2.1% 2.1% 97.9% 

1970 100.0% 70,5% 29.5% 98.0% 1.6% 0.4% 1.2% 98.8% 

Dancers 

1990 100.0% 23.3% 76.7% 85.1% 7.4°X 7.4% 7.3% 92.7% 

1980 100.0% 25.4% 74.6% 83.3% 8.8% 7.9% 6.0% 94.0% 

1970 100.0% 18.7% 81.3% 86.0% 8.6% 5.3% 6.4% 93.6% 

Designers 

1990 100.0% 44.5% 55.5% 90.2% 3.6% 6.2% 5.4% 94.6% 

1980 100.0% 50.1% 49.9% 92.9% 3.2% 3.9% 3.9% 96.1% 

1970 100.0% 63,8% 36.2% 96.0% 1.9% 2.1% 2.9% 97.1% 

Musicians and composers 

1990 100.0% 67.2% 32.8% 87.4% 7.5% 5.0% 6.5% 93.5% 

1980 100.0% 70.5% 29.5% 89.9% 6.6% 3.5% 4.4% 95.6% 

1970 100.0% 65.1% 34.9% 92.2% 6.8% 0.9% 3.4% 96.6% 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, 

and artist printmakers 

1990 

1980 

100.0% 

100.0% 

47.5% 

51.9% 

52.5% 

48.1% 

90.9% 

92.8% 

3.6% 

3.2% 

5.5% 

4.0% 

4.9% 

3.7% 

95.1% 

96.3% 

1970 100.0% 60.8% 39.2% 96.2% 1.9% 1.9% 2.6% 97.4% 

Photographers 

1990 100.0% 69.8% 30.2% 88.9% 5.7% 5.4% 5.8% 94.2% 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

76.5% 

85.2% 

23.5% 

14.8% 

91.5% 

95.5% 

5.1% 

3.1% 

3.4% 

1.5% 

4.0% 

3.3% 

96.0% 

96.7% 

Teachers of art, drama, and music 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

49.5% 

51.9% 

60.3% 

50.5% 

48.1% 

39.7% 

91.4% 

92.5% 

95.8% 

4.3% 

5.2% 

3.4% 

4.3% 

2.3% 

0.8% 

3.1% 

1.7% 

0.8% 

96.9% 

98.3% 

99.2% 

Other artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

50,2% 

59.1% 

71.0% 

49.8% 

40.9% 

29.0% 

84.8% 

90.7% 

92.8% 

5.4% 

5.1% 

4.7% 

9.8% 

4.2% 

2,6% 

11.1% 

4.5% 

4.5% 

88.9% 

95.5% 

95.5% 

Total artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

55.7% 

62.1% 

69.2% 

44.3% 

37.9% 

30.8% 

89.7% 

91.9% 

94.9% 

4.6% 

4.3% 

3,3% 

5.7% 

3.7% 

1.8% 

5.5% 

3,9% 

2.9% 

94.5% 

96.1% 

97.1% 

A-35 
 

Table 22. Percent change from census to census of artist occupations by
 

sex, race, and Hispanic: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970
 

OCCUPATION PERCENT CHANGE IN THE NUMBERS 

and YEAR 

Total Male Female White Black Other Hispanic Not Hisp. 

Actors and directors 

1970-90 172.6% 157.4% 201.4% 163.2% 238.9% 505.5% 283.5% 168.5% 

1980-90 63.1% 53.9% 80.6% 59.8% 103.0% 88.1% 140.1% 60.4% 

1970-80 67.1% 67.2% 66.9% 64.7% 66.9% 221.9% 59.7% 67.4% 

Announcers 

1970-90 132.3% 96.6% 658.1% 109.6% 751.7% 871.5% 626.0% 123.6% 

1980-90 28.3% 24.4% 45.6% 25.6% 40.3% 81.3% 62.8% 26.7% 

1970-80 81.1% 58.1% 420.5% 67.0% 507.2% 435.7% 346.1% 76.4% 

Architects 

1970-90 192.3% 158.5% 1007.8% 179.4% 247.9% 558.3% 753.2% 182.3% 

1980-90 45.7% 34.9% 164.4% 43.1% 47.0% 89.9% 83.9% 44.1% 

1970-80 100.7% 91.6% 319.0% 95.2% 136.7% 246.6% 363.9% 96.0% 

Authors 

1970-90 284.6% 175.1% 546.8% 270.6% 605.8% 2414.4% 524.5% 281.7% 

1980-90 133.3% 112.0% 159.9% 131.5% 153.6% 188.3% 116.1% 133.7% 

1970-80 64.8% 29.8% 148.8% 60.1% 178.3% 772.1% 189.0% 63.4% 

Dancers 

1970-90 196.0% 269.1% 179.2% 192.7% 155.4% 314.2% 237.0% 193.1% 

1980-90 66.1% 52.1% 70.8% 69.6% 41.3% 56.5% 103.3% 63.7% 

1970-80 78.2% 142.6% 63.4% 72.6% 80.8% 164.7% 65.8% 79.1% 

Designers 

1970-90 156.3% 78.6% 293.2% 140.9% 377.0% 652.8% 373.9% 149.7% 

1980-90 76.4% 56.4% 96.4% 71.3% 93.8% 185.0% 144.3% 73.6% 

1970-80 45.3% 14.2% 100.2% 40.7% 146.2% 164.2% 94.0% 43.8% 

Musicians and composers 

1970-90 48.7% 53.5% 39.8% 41.0% 64.0% 691.7% 181.2% 44.0% 

1980-90 5.3% 0.3% 17.2% 2.5% 20.2% 49.5% 55.3% 3.0% 

1970-80 41.2% 53.0% 19.3% 37.6% 36.4% 429.6% 81.1% 39.8% 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists. 

and artist printmakers 

1970-90 145.0% 91.3% 228.3% 131.5% 369~8% 599.3% 356.7% 139.3% 

1980-90 38.9% 27.2% 51.5% 36.0% 57.2% 92.7% 84.2% 37.2% 

1970-80 76.4% 50.4% 116.7% 70.2% 198.9% 262.9% 148.0% 74.4% 

Photographers 

1970-90  ̄ 112.3% 73.9% 333.9% 97.9% 294.2% 667.2% 265.8% 107.0% 

1980-90 51.5% 38.2% 94.7% 47.2% 68.3% 139.5% 120.5% 48.6% 

1970-80 40.2% 25.9% 122.9% 34.4% 134.3% 220.3% 65.9% 39.3% 

Teachers of art. drama, and music 

1970-90 -49.1% -58.2% -35.3% -51.4% -36.1% 179.0% 88.7% -50.2% 

1980-90 -24.6% -28.0% -21.0% -25.6% -37.5% 42.3% 36.3% -25.7% 

1970-80 -32.4% -41.8% -18.1% -34.7% 2.3% 96.0% 38.5% -33.0% 

Other artists 

1970-90 75.8% 24.2% 202.5% 60.7% 102.3% 575.0% 332.3% 63.7% 

1980-90 88.1% 59.6% 129.4% 75.9% 96.8% 346.0% 367.7% 75.0% 

1970-80 -6.5% -22.2% 31.9% -8.6% 2.8% 51.4% -7.6% -6.5% 

Total artists 

1970-90 126.8% 82.6% 226.0% 114.4% 216.8% 620.6% 335.4% 120.6% 

1980-90 53.9% 38.0% 80.1% 50.3% 62.6% 133.2% 119.7% 51.3% 

1970-80 47.3% 32.3% 81.1% 42.6% 94.8% 209.1% 98.1% 45.8% 

A-36 
Table 23. Artist occupations by years of school completed and by age:
 

United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 

OCCUPATION YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED AGE 

and YEAR 

Total 1-8 9-11 12 13-15 16 17+ Total 16-24 2S-34 36-54 55+ 

Actors and directors 

1990 109,573 314 2,441 9,153 32,587 49,249 15,828 109,573 11,625 42,058 45,963 9,927 

1980 

1970 

67,180 

40,201 

1,013 

1,441 

1,827 

2,744 

9,889 

9,879 

18,686 

13,103 

21,844 

8,232 

13,921 

4,802 

67,180 

40,201 

10,306 

9,330 

28,397 

12,554 

22,321 

13,995 

6,156 

4,322 

Announcers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

60,269 

46,986 

25,942 

540 

870 

242 

5,782 

4,454 

1,937 

11,161 

12,037 

7,719 

27,589 

17,112 

10,474 

13,255 

9,323 

4,177 

1,943 

3,190 

1,392 

60,269 

46,986 

25,942 

18,659 

19,785 

8,960 

21,484 

16,926 

8,567 

16,691 

8,080 

7,114 

3,435 

2,196 

1,302 

Architects 

1990 

1980 

1970 

156,874 

107,693 

53,670 

157 

575 

1,100 

1,144 

3,056 

1,530 

6,639 

8,950 

4,518 

23,126 

14,784 

7,172 

82,522 

20,896 

12,144 

43,287 

59,433 

27,206 

156,874 

107,693 

53,670 

7,204 

9,089 

3,036 

52,734 

41,017 

14,631 

76,093 

42,942 

26,560 

20,842 

14,645 

9,443 

Authors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

106,730 

45,748 

27,752 

323 

618 

406 

1,583 

698 

731 

4,854 

4,027 

4,928 

20,188 

7,954 

7,419 

46,457 

15,150 

8,177 

33,324 

17,303 

6,092 

106,730 

45,748 

27,752 

5,365 

2,432 

1,922 

24,467 

13,356 

7,067 

53,968 

19,256 

13,673 

22,930 

10,704 

5,090 

Dancers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

21,913 

13,194 

7,404 

712 

546 

565 

3,994 

2,400 

1,950 

6,421 

5,031 

2,939 

6,712 

3,011 

1,356 

3,315 

1,334 

367 

759 

869 

226 

21,913 

13,194 

7,400 

8,832 

5,981 

3,643 

8,937 

5,435 

2,628 

3,636 

1,455 

791 

508 

323 

141 

Designers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

596,802 

338,374 

232,890 

9,680 

9,593 

13,556 

33,597 

24,362 

28,641 

110,829 

96,710 

78,579 

228,872 

102,046 

61,837 

178,508 

69,370 

33,504 

35,316 

36,294 

16,772 

596,802 

338,374 

232,890 

65,089 

54,480 

27,772 

199,290 

114,017 

70,834 

265,116 

124,729 

103,807 

67,308 

45,147 

30,476 

Musicians and composers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

148,020 

140,556 

99,533 

3,993 

4,603 

4,408 

9,637 

12,928 

16,852 

22,992 

34,776 

27,768 

49,018 

42,488 

28,390 

38,135 

23,750 

11,641 

24,245 

22,011 

10,474 

148,020 

140,556 

99,533 

17,068 

31,196 

33,031 

46,342 

58,301 

22,893 

61,298 

33,569 

28,831 

23,311 

17,470 

14,778 

Painters, sculptors, 

craft-artists, and 

artist pdntmakers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

212,762 

153,162 

86,849 

2,460 

2,550 

2,455 

8,820 

7,185 

6,687 

32,707 

34,364 

28,675 

84,426 

50,373 

26,791 

65,590 

37,602 

15,575 

18,759 

21,088 

6,666 

212,762 

153,162 

86,649 

22,006 

25,055 

14,665 

65,211 

55,392 

23,342 

96,865 

51,729 

36,568 

28,681 

20,987 

12,274 

Photographers 

1990 143,520 1,545 8,610 28,000 57,960 40,694 6,712 143,520 22,387 46,822 60,610 13,702 

1980 

1970 

94,762 

67,588 

2,054 

3,220 

6,558 

10,298 

28,703 

29,999 

30,580 

16,891 

18,056 

5,341 

8,810 

1,840 

94,762 

67,588 

20,505 

12,700 

33,958 

16,022 

28,427 

28,492 

11,872 

10,375 

Teachers of art, drama, 

and music 

1990 21,393 6 53 586 2,780 4,249 13,719 21,393 1,873 4,756 11,075 3,688 

1980 28,385 214 273 1,305 2,669 4,111 19,813 28,385 2,688 9,449 12,118 4,130 

1970 42,000 136 239 1,638 3,241 4,777 31,969 42,000 4,026 12,692 19,141 6,141 

Other artists 

1990 93,421 2,310 7,037 16,897 33,309 21,433 12,434 93,421 15,076 29,278 37,346 11,721 

1980 

1970 

49,653 

53,131 

2,736 

2,766 

5,374 

5,390 

15,515 

14,312 

12,701 

14,534 

7,582 

7,792 

5,745 

8,337 

49,653 

53,131 

11,314 

8,700 

18,134 

14,555 

13,639 

22,145 

6,566 

7,731 

Total artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,671,277 

1,085,693 

736,960 

22,040 

25,372 

30,294 

82,699 250,239 566,565 543,407 206,326 

69,119 251,307 302,404 229,015 208,476 

77,000 210,953 191,208 111,728 115,777 

1,671,277 195,164 541,378 

1,085,693 192,831 394,381 

738,960 127,986 205,764 

728,661 206,054 

356,284 140,197 

301,115 102,074 

(1970 data obtained by distributing the EEO data totals according to percentages based on a 4% Artist Extract File reported in Artists in the Workforce: 1950 to 

1984, Constance F. Citro and Deirdre A. Gaquin, Appendix Tables D1-1-70, and D1-2-70, National Endowment for the Arts. This source shows how the definition of 

artist occupations changed between 1970 and 1980.) 

A-37 
 

Table 24. Percent distribution of artist occupations by years of school
 

completed and by age: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 

OCCUPATION 

and YEAR 

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION 

Total 

YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED 

1-8 9-11 12 13-1S 16 17+ Total 16-24 

AGE 

2S-34 3S-$4 5S+ 

Actors and directors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

0.3% 

1.5% 

3.6% 

2.2% 

2.7% 

6.8% 

8.4% 

14.7% 

24.6% 

29.7% 

27.8% 

32.6% 

44.9% 

32.5% 

20.5% 

14.4% 

20.7% 

11.9% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

10.6% 

15.3% 

23.2% 

38.4% 

42.3% 

31.2% 

41.9% 

33.2% 

34.8% 

9.1% 

9.2% 

10.8% 

Announcers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

0.9% 

1.9% 

0.9% 

9.6% 

9,5% 

7.5% 

18.5% 

25.6% 

29.8% 

45.8% 

36.4% 

40.4% 

22.0% 

19.8% 

16.1% 

3.2% 

6,8% 

5.4% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

31.0% 

42.1% 

34.5% 

35.6% 

36.0% 

33.0% 

27.7% 

17.2% 

27.4% 

5.7% 

4.7% 

5.0% 

Architects 

1990 

1980 

197O 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

0.1% 

0.5% 

2.0% 

0.7% 

2.8% 

2.9% 

4.2% 

8.3% 

8.4% 

14.7% 

13.7% 

13.4% 

52.6% 

19.4% 

22.6% 

27.6% 

55.2% 

50.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

4.6% 

8.4% 

5.7% 

33.6% 

38.1% 

27.3% 

48.5% 

39.9% 

49.5% 

13.3% 

13.6% 

17.6% 

Authors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

0.3% 

1.4% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

2.6% 

4.5% 

8.8% 

17.8% 

18.9% 

17.4% 

26.7% 

43.5% 

33.1% 

29.5% 

31.2% 

37,8% 

22.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

5.0% 

5.3% 

6.9% 

22.9% 

29.2% 

25.5% 

50.6% 

42.1% 

49.3% 

21.5% 

23.4% 

18.3% 

Dancers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

3.2% 

4.1% 

7.6% 

18.2% 

18.2% 

26.3% 

29.3% 

38.1% 

39.7% 

30.6% 

22.8% 

18.3% 

15.1% 

10.1% 

5.0% 

3.5% 

6.6% 

3.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

40.3% 

45.3% 

51.9% 

40.8% 

41.2% 

35.5% 

16.6% 

11.0% 

10.7% 

2.3% 

2.5% 

1.9% 

Designers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

1.6% 

2.8% 

5.8% 

5.6% 

7.2% 

12:3% 

18.6% 

28.6% 

33.7% 

38.3% 

30.2% 

26.6% 

29.9% 

20.5% 

14.4% 

5.9% 

10.7% 

7.2% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

10.9% 

16.1% 

11.9% 

33.4% 

33.7% 

30.4% 

44.4% 

36.9% 

44.6% 

11.3% 

13.3% 

13.1% 

Musicians and composers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

2.7% 

3.3% 

4.4% 

6.5% 

9.2% 

16.9% 

15.5% 

24.7% 

27.9% 

33.1% 

30.2% 

28.5% 

25.8% 

16.9% 

11.7% 

16.4% 

15.7% 

10.5% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

11.5% 

22.2% 

33.2% 

31.3% 

41.5% 

23.0% 

41.4% 

23.9% 

29.0% 

15.7% 

12.4% 

14.8% 

Painters, sculptors, 

craft-artists, and 

artist printmakers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

1.2% 

1.7% 

2.8% 

4.1% 

4.7% 

7.7% 

15.4% 

22.4% 

33.0% 

39.7% 

32.9% 

30,8% 

30.8% 

24.6% 

17.9% 

8.8% 

13.8% 

7.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

10.3% 

16.4% 

16.9% 

30.6% 

36.2% 

26.9% 

45.5% 

33.8% 

42.1% 

13.5% 

13.7% 

14.1% 

Photographers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

1.1% 

2.2% 

4.8% 

6.0% 

6.9% 

15.2% 

19.5% 

30.3% 

44.4% 

40,4% 

32.3% 

25.0% 

28.4% 

19.1% 

7.9% 

4.7% 

9.3% 

2.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

15.6% 

21.6% 

18.8% 

32.6% 

35.8% 

23.7% 

42.2% 

30.0% 

42.2% 

9.5% 

12.5% 

15.3% 

Teachers of art, drama. 

and music 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.3% 

0.2% 

1.0% 

0.6% 

2.7% 

4.6% 

3.9% 

13.0% 

9.4% 

7.7% 

19.9% 

14.5% 

11.4% 

64.1% 

69.8% 

76.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

8.8% 

9.5% 

9.6% 

22.2% 

33.3% 

30.2% 

51.8% 

42.7% 

45.6% 

17.2% 

14.6% 

14.6% 

Other artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

2.5% 

5.5% 

5.2% 

7.5% 

10.8% 

10.1% 

18.1% 

31.2% 

26.9% 

35.7% 

25.6% 

27.4% 

22.9% 

15.3% 

14.7% 

13.3% 

11.6% 

15.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100,0% 

16.1% 

22.8% 

16.4% 

31.3% 

36.5% 

27.4% 

40.0% 

27.5% 

41.7% 

12.5% 

13.2% 

14.6% 

Total artists 

1990 

1980 

100.0% 

100.0% 

1.3% 

2.3% 

4.9% 

6.4% 

15.0% 

23.1% 

33.9% 

27.9% 

32.5% 

21.1% 

12.3% 

19,2% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

11.7% 

17.8% 

32.4% 

36.3% 

43,6% 

33.0% 

12,3% 

12.9% 

1970 100.0% 4.1% 10.4% 28.6% 25.9% 15.2% 15.7% 100.0% 17.4% 27.9% 40.9% 13.9% 

* (1970 data obtained by distributing the I=EO data totals according to percentages based on a 4% Artist Extract File reported in Artists in the Workforce: 1950 to 

1984, Constance F. Citro and Deirdre A. Gaquin, Appendix Tables D1-1-70, and D1-2-70, National Endowment for the Arts. This source shows how the definition of 

artist occupations changed between 1970 and 1980.) 

A-38 
Table 25. Percent change from census to census in artist occupations by
 

years of school completed and by age: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970
 

OCCUPATION 

and YEAR 

Actors and directors 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Announcers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Architects 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Authors 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Dancers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Designers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Musicians and Composers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Painters, sculptors, 

craft-artists, and 

artist printmakers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Photographers 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Teachers of art. drama, 

and music 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Other artists 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

Total artists 

1970-90 

1980-90 

1970-80 

PERCENT CHANGE IN YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED 

Total 1-8 6.11 12 13-15 16 17+ 

172.6% -78,2% -11.0% -7.3% 148.7% 498.2% 229.6% 

63.1% -69.0% 33.6% -7.4% 74.4% 125.5% 13.7% 

67.1% -29.7% -33.4% 0.1% 42.6% 165.3% 189.9% 

132.3% 122.9% 198.5% 44.6% 163.4% 217.3% 39.5% 

28.3% -38.0% 29.8% -7.3% 61.2% 42.2% -39.1% 

81.1% 259.3% 129.9% 55.9% 63.4% 123.2% 129.1% 

192.3% -85.7% -25.3% 46.9% 222.4% 579.5% 59.1% 

45.7% -72.7% -62.6% -25.8% 56.4% 294.9% -27.2% 

100.7% -47.7% 99.7% 98.1% 106.1% 72.1% 118.5% 

284.6% -20.5% 116.6% -1.5% 172.1% 468.2% 447.0% 

133.3% -47.7% 126.9% 20.6% 153.8% 206.7% 92.6% 

64,8% 52.2% -4.6% -18.3% 7.2% 85.3% 184.0% 

196.0% 26.0% 104.8% 118.5% 394.8% 802.4% 235.6% 

66.1% 30.5% 66.1% 27.6% 122.9% 148.6% -12.7% 

78.2% -3.5% 23.3% 71.2% 121.9% 263.0% 284.3% 

156.3% -28.6% 17.3% 41.0% 270.1% 432.8% 110.6% 

76.4% 0.9% 37.9% 14.6% 124.3% 157.3% -2.7% 

45.3% -29.2% -14.9% 23.1% 65.0% 107.0% 116.4% 

48.7% -9.4% -42.8% -17.2% 72.7% 227.6% 131.5% 

5.3% -13.3% -25.5% -33.9% 15.4% 60.6% 10.1% 

41.2% 4.4% -23.3% 25.2% 49.7% 104.0% 110.1% 

145.0% 0.2% 31.9% 14.1% 215.1% 321.1% 181.4% 

38.9% -3.5% 22.8% -4.8% 67.6% 74.4% -11.0% 

76.4% 3.9% 7.4% 19.8% 88.0% 141.4% 216.4% 

112.3% -52.0% -16.4% -6~7% 243.1% 662.0% 264.8% 

51.5% -24.8% 31.3% -2.4% 89.5% 125.4% -23.8% 

40.2% -36.2% -36.3% -4.3% 81.0% 238.1% 378.9% 

-49.1% -95.6% -77.8% -64.2% -14.2% -11.0% -57.1% 

-24.6% -97.2% -80.5% -55.1% 4.2% 3.4% -30.8% 

-32.4% 57.0% 14.2% -20.3% -17.7% -13.9% -38.0% 

75.8% -16.5% 30.6% 18.1% 129.2% 175.1% 49.1% 

88.1% -15.5% 31.0% 8.9% 162.2% 182.7% 116.4% 

-6.5% -1.1% -0.3% 8.4% -12.6% -2.7% -31.1% 

126.8% -27.2% 7.4% 18.6% 196.3% 386.4% 78.2% 

53.9% -13.1% 19.6% -0.4% 87.4% 137.3% -1.0% 

47.3% -16.2% -10.2% 19.1% 58.2% 105.0% 80.1% 

PERCENT CHANGE IN AGE 

Total 16-24 2S-34 36-$4 55+ 

172.6% 24.6% 235.0% 228.4% 129.7% 

63.1% 12.8% 48.1% 105.9% 61.3% 

67.1% 10.5% 126.2% 59.5% 42.4% 

132.3% 108.2% 150.8% 134.6% 163.9% 

28.3% -5.7% 26.9% 106.6% 56.4% 

81.1% 120.8% 97.6% 13.6% 68.7% 

192.3% 137.3% 260.4% 186.5% 120.7% 

45.7% -20.7% 28.6% 77.2% 42.3% 

100.7% 199.3% 180.4% 61.7% 55.1% 

284.6% 179.1% 246.2% 294.7% 350.5% 

133.3% 120.6% 83.2% 180.3% 114.2% 

64.8% 26.5% 89.0% 40.8% 110.3% 

196.0% 129.8% 240.1% 359.5% 259.8% 

66.1% 47.7% 64.4% 149.9% 57.3% 

78.2% 55.6% 106.8% 83.9% 128.8% 

156.3% 134.4% 181.3% 155.4% 120.9% 

76.4% 19.5% 74.8% 112.6% 49.1% 

45.3% 96.2% 61.0% 20.2% 48.1% 

48.7% -48.3% 102.4% 112.6% 57.7% 

5.3% -45.3% -20.5% 82.5% 33.4% 

41.2% -5.6% 154.7% 16.5% 18.2% 

145.0% 50.1% 179.4% 164.9% 133.7% 

38.9% -12.2% 17.7% 87.3% 36.7% 

76.4% 70.8% 137.3% 41.5% 71.0% 

112.3% 76.3% 192.2% 112.7% 32.1% 

51.5% 9.2% 37.9% 113.2% 15.4% 

40.2% 61.5% 111.9% -0.2% 14.4% 

-49.1% -53.5% -62.5% -42.1% -39.9% 

-24.6% -30.3% -49.7% -8.6% -10.7% 

-32.4% -33.2% -25.6% -36.7% -32.7% 

75.8% 73.3% 101.2% 68.6% 51.6% 

88.1% 33.3% 61.5% 173.8% 78.5% 

-6.5% 30.0% 24.6% -38.4% -15.1% 

126.8% 52.5% 163.1% 142.0% 101.9% 

53.9% 1.2% 37.3% 103.4% 47.0% 

47.3% 50.7% 91.6% 19.0% 37.3% 

(1970 data obtained by distributing the EEO data totals according to percentages based on a 4% Artist Extract File reported in Artists in the Workforce: 1950 to 

1984, Constance F. Citro and Deirdre A. Gaquin, Appendix Tables D1-1-70, and D1-2-70, National Endowment for the Arts. This source shows how the definition of 

artist occupations changed between 1970 and 1980.) 

A-39 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 26. Artist occupations by median age by sex: United States 1990,
 

1980 and 1970
 

OCCUPATION NUMBER BY SEX MEDIAN AGE BY SEX INCREASE IN MEDIAN AGE Median age of sftlm minus snd YEAR (1% ~ampia 1990, 1~0) 1980 to 1990, in yesr~ median of ell profeeelonsls Total Male Female Total Male Femaia Total Male Female Total Male Femaia 

Actors and directors 

1990 109,573 67,787 41,786 35.59 36.70 34.14 2.35 2.70 2.59 -3.62 -3.32 -4.42 1980 67,180 44,049 23,131 33.24 34.00 31.55 -2.94 -3.47 -3.15 1970 40,201 26,339 13,862 na na na 

Announcers 

1990 60,269 47,752 12,517 30.49 31.15 28.69 3.59 3.59 3.69 -8.72 -8.87 -9.87 1980 46,986 38,392 8,594 26.90 27.56 25.00 -9.28 -9.91 -9.70 1970 25,942 24,291 1,651 na 29.40 36.00 

Amhitects 

1990 156,874 133,212 23,662 37.63 39.10 33.11 1.22 2.05 1.04 -1.58 -0.92 -5.45 1980 107,693 98,743 8,950 36.41 37.05 32.07 0.23 -0.42 -2.63
 1970 53,670 51,534 2,136 na 41.20 40.20
 

Authors 

1990 106,730 53,863 52,867 42.20 43.03 41.04 3.26 3.03 3.04 2.99 3.01 2.48 1980 45,748 25,409 20,339 38.94 40.00 38.00 2.76 2.53 3.30 1970 27,752 19,578 8,174 na 41.60 42.50 

Dancers
 

1990 21,913 5,097 16,816 26.29 26.93 26.04 0.79 -0.24 1.04
 1980 13,194 3,350 9,844 25.50 27.17 25~00 -10.68 -10.30 -9.70 1970 7,404 1,381 6,023 na 28.10 25.10 

Designers

1990 596,802 265,299 331,503 36.32 36.95 35.83 1.31 0.90 1.96 1980 338,374 169,604 168,770 35.01 36.05 33.87 -I .17 -I .42 -0.83 1970 232,890 148,572 84,318 na 38.30 36.90 

Musicians and composers 

1990 148,020 99,409 48,611 36.34 35.47 40.58 5.88 5.66 7.14 -2.87 -4.55 2.02 1980 140,556 99,065 41,491 30.46 29.81 33.44 -5.72 -7.66 -1.26 1970 99,533 64,767 34,766 na 29.60 37.90 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers 

1990 212,762 101,067 111,695 38.03 37.45 38.35 4.50 2.01 5.98 -1.18 -2.57 -0.21 1980 153,162 79,445 73,717 33.53 35.44 32.37 -2.65 -2.03 -2.33 1970 86,849 52,827 34,022 na 39.00 35.20 

Photographers 

1990 143,520 100,169 43,351 35.55 37.25 32.38 2.68 2.80 3.55 1980 94,762 72,496 22,266 32.87 34.45 28.83 -3.31 -3.02 -5.87 1970 67,588 57,597 9,991 na 38.60 36.90 

Teachers of art, drama, and music 

1990 21,393 10,591 10,802 41.87 42.90 40.48 5.87 3.40 7.42 1980 28,385 14,718 13,667 36.00 39.50 33.06 -0.18 2.03 -1.64 1970 42,000 25,310 16,690 na 39.00 38.50 

Other artists 

1990 93,421 46,865 46,556 35.26 34.88 35.72 3.30 2.45 4.19 -3.95 -5.14 -2.84 1980 49,653 29,356 20,297 31.96 32.43 31.53 -4.22 -5.04 -3.17 1970 53,131 37,742 15,389 na na na 

Total artists 

1990 1,671,277 931,111 740,166 36.55 36.99 35.99 3.10 3.03 3.40 -2.66 -3.03 -2.57 1980 1,085,693 674,627 411,066 33.45 33.96 32.59 -2.73 -3.51 -2.11 

1970 736,960 509,938 227,022 na 37.30 37.70 

Professional occupations 

1990 16,647,688 7,706,256 8,941,432 39.21 40.02 38.56 3.03 2.55 3.86 

1980 12,275,140 6,247,708 6,027,432 36.18 37.47 34.70 

1970 8,800,210 4,897,893 3,902,317 na 37.80 37.60 

Laborfome 

1990 122,473,499 66,431,987 56,041,512 36.69 36.90 36.45 1.62 1.22 2.25 1980 104,057,985 59,756,221 44,301,764 35.07 35.68 34.20 

1970 79,801,605 49,454,750 30,346,855 na 40.10 39.40 

na=not available. (1970 median ages obtained from a 4% Artist Extract File as reported in Artists in the Workforce: 1950 to 1984, Constance F. Cltro and Deirdre A. Gaquln, Tables IV.1 to IV.5, National Endowment for the Arts. This source shows how the definition of artist occupations changed between 1970 and 1980. These changes and 

differences in calculating medians for 1970 compared with those used for the 1980 and 1990 data in the table, suggest the 1970 medians are approximate comparisons.) 

A-40 
 

Table 27. Artist occupations by full time or part time work status or by 

labor force or year last worked status, United States: 1980 and 1990 

NUMBER 1990 CENSUS YEAR 

WORKED LAST YEAR, LABOR FORCE, YEAR LAST WORKED STATUS 

ALL PERSONS 

WITH OCCUPATION 

CODES BY SEX 

Total labor 

force and 

Worked laat year 

Full year Not full yr. 

full time or full time 

Not worked laat year 

In Labor 

force 

Worked 2-5 

years ego 

resel~e 

MALE 

Actors/directors 73,295 36,770 33,390 1,190 1,945 

Announcers 53,266 24,562 25,561 1,593 1,550 

Architects 143,413 107,422 31,715 1,365 2,911 

Authors 61,985 28,851 27,330 3,701 2,103 

Dancers 6,107 1,273 4,309 284 241 

Designers 294,288 198,059 79,989 5,113 11,127 

Musicians/composers 117,563 34,020 75,527 3,825 4,191 

Painters 113,275 60,857 44,986 3,134 4,298 

Photographers 112,297 65,585 40,702 2,088 3,922 

Teachers art, etc. 11,109 3,304 7,167 133 505 

Other artists 57,303 21,108 31,576 1,987 2,632 

Total artists 1,043,901’ 581,811 402,252 24,413 35,425 

Professionals 8,488,997 5,414,622 2,651,965 109,336 313,074 

Labor force 77,055,897 44,720,226 26,298,294 1,970,199 4,067,178 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 53,963 21,316 28,568 1,013 3,066 

Announcers 14,904 5,305 8,069 589 941 

Architects 27,057 14,389 10,992 603 1,073 

Authors 63,063 20,601 34,891 3,884 3,687 

Dancers 21,996 3,513 15,280 1,178 2,025 

Designers 418,677 165,144 206,002 13,355 34,176 

Musicians/composers 63,839 9,389 48,973 1,788 3,689 

Painters 136,297 49,808 72,283 4,898 9,308 

Photographers 57,529 19,346 31,207 2,267 4,709 

Teachers art, etc. 13,552 2,300 10,212 277 763 

Other artists 59,830 14,851 38,010 2,430 4,539 

Total artists 930,707 325,962 504,487 32,282 67,976 

Professionals 10,473,976 3,928,559 5,664,751 204,593 676,073 

Labor force 70,246,410 28,501,414 32,880,331 2,427,154 6,437,511 

A-41 
Table 27, (Continued) Artist occupations by full time or part time work status 

or by labor force or year last worked status, United States: 1980 and 1990 

NUMBER 1980 CENSUS YEAR 

WORKED LAST YEAR, LABOR FORCE, YEAR LAST WORKED STATUS 

ALL PERSONS 

WITH OCCUPATION 

CODES BY SEX 

Total labor 

force and 

reserve 

Worked last year 

Full year Not full yr. 

full time or full time 

Not worked last year 

In Labor Worked 2-5 

force year8 ego 

MALE 

Actors/directors 50,620 24,660 23,200 1,300 1,460 

Announcers 40,080 18,480 19,780 980 840 

Architects 107,700 76,740 27,120 1,180 2,660 

Authors 28,580 12,240 12,900 1,960 1,480 

Dancers 3,920 760 2,840 140 180 

Designers 183,200 126,680 46,900 3,440 6,180 

Musicians/composers 112,880 22,700 81,840 4,240 4,100 

Painters 88,440 48,480 33,240 2,600 4,120 

Photographers 81,240 46,000 30,120 1,560 3,560 

Teachers art, etc. 16,580 5,640 10,220 180 540 

Other artists 35,960 14,060 19,240 1,080 1,580 

Total artists 749,200 396,440 307,400 18,660 26,700 

Professionals 6,814,000 4,359,000 2,143,000 93,000 219,000 

Labor force 68,322,000 39,491,000 23,487,000 1,532,000 3,812,000 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 29,240 8,120 18,280 980 1,860 

Announcers 10,700 3,720 6,160 420 400 

Architects 10,940 4,900 5,260 280 500 

Authors 26,460 6,860 15,620 1,680 2,300 

Dancers 13,740 2,300 9,500 660 1,280 

Designers 221,000 75,480 115,180 8,240 22,100 

Musicians/composers 54,100 4,620 43,580 1,820 4,080 

Painters 91,680 29,420 50,820 3,760 7,680 

Photographers 32,100 9,080 18,380 1,300 3,340 

Teachers art, etc. 16,340 2,400 12,420 540 980 

Other artists 26,960 5,900 16,480 1,620 2,960 

Total artists 533,260 142,800 311,680 21,300 47,480 

Professionals 7,507,000 2,272,000 4,383,000 169,000 683,000 

Labor force 58,236,000 20,251,000 29,201,000 2,145,000 6,639,000 

A-42 
Table 28. Percent of artist occupations by full time or part time work status or 

by labor force or year last worked status, United States: 1980 and 1990 

ALL PERSONS 

BY SEX 

MALE 

Actors/directors 

Announcers 

Architects 

Authors 

Dancers 

Designers 

Musicians/composers 

Painters 

Photographers 

Teachers art, etc. 

Other artists 

Total artists 

Professionals 

Labor force 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 

Announcers 

Architects 

Authors 

Dancers 

Designers 

Musicians/composers 

Painters 

Photographers 

Teachers art, etc. 

Other artists 

Total artists 

Professionals 

Labor force 

Total labor 

force and 

reserve 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00°/o 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100,00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

100.00% 

1990 CENSUS YEAR: PERCENT 

WORKED LAST YEAR, LABOR FORCE, YEAR LAST WORKED STATUS 

Worked last year Not worked lest year 

Full year Not full yr. In Labor Worked 2-5 

full time or full time force years ago 

50.2% 45.6% 1,6% 2.7% 

46.1% 48.0% 3.0% 2.9% 

74.9% 22.1% 1.0% 2.0% 

48.5% 44.1% 6.0% 3.4% 

20.8% 70.6% 4.7% 3.9% 

67,3% 27.2% 1.7% 3.8% 

28.9% 64.2% 3.3% 3.6% 

53.7% 39.7% 2.8% 3.8% 

58.4% 36.2% 1.9% 3.5% 

29.7% 64.5% 1.2% 4.5% 

36.8% 55.1% 3.5% 4.6% 

55.7% 38.5% 2.3% 3.4% 

63.8% 31.2% 1.3% 3.7% 

58.0% 34.1% 2.6% 5.3% 

39.5% 52.9% 1.9% 5.7% 

35.6% 54.1% 4.0% 6.3% 

53.2% 40.6% 2.2% 4.0% 

32.7% 55.3% 6.2% 5.8% 

16.0% 69.5% 5.4% 9.2% 

39.4% 49.2% 3.2% 8.2% 

14.7% 76.7% 2.8% 5.8% 

36.5% 53.0% 3.6% 6.8% 

33.6% 54.2% 3.9% 8.2% 

17.0% 75.4% 2.0% 5.6% 

24.8% 63.5% 4.1% 7.6% 

35.0% 64.2% 3.5% 7.3% 

37.5% 54.1% 2.0% 6.5% 

40.6% 48.8% 3.5% 9.2% 

A-43 
Table 28. (Continued) Percent of artist occupations by full time or part time work
 

status or by labor force or year last worked status, United States: 1980 and 1990
 

1980 CENSUS YEAR: PERCENT 

WORKED LAST YEAR, LABOR FORCE, YEAR LAST WORKED STATUS 

ALLPERSONS 

BY SEX Total labor 

force and 

Worked laet year 

Full year Not full yro 

full time or full time 

Not worked last year 

In Labor Worked 2-5 

force years ego 

reserve 

MALE 

Actors/directors 100.00% 48.7% 45.8% 2.6% 2,9% 

Announcers 100.00% 46.1% 49.4% 2.4% 2.1% 

Architects 100.00% 71.3% 25.2% 1.1% 2.5% 

Authors 100.00% 42.8% 45.1% 6.9% 5.2% 

Dancers 100.00% 19.4% 72.4% 3.6% 4.6% 

Designers 100.00% 69.1% 25.6% 1.9% 3.4% 

Musicians/composers 100.00% 20.1% 72.5% 3.8% 3.6% 

Painters 100.00% 54.8% 37.6% 2.9% 4.7% 

Photographers 100.00% 56.6% 37.1% 1.9% 4.4% 

Teachers art, etc. 100.00% 34.0% 61.6% 1.1% 3.3% 

Other artists 100.00% 39.1% 53.5% 3.0% 4.4% 

Total artists 100.00% 52.9% 41.0% 2.5% 3.6% 

Professionals 100.00% 64.0% 31.4% 1.4% 3.2% 

Labor force 100.00% 57.8% 34.4% 2.2% 5.6% 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 100.00% 27.8% 62.5% 3.4% 6.4% 

Announcers 100.00% 34.8% 57.6% 3.9% 3.7% 

Architects 100.00% 44.8% 48.1% 2.6% 4.6% 

Authors 100.00% 25.9% 59.0% 6.3% 8.7% 

Dancers 100.00% 16.7% 69.1% 4.8% 9.3% 

Designers 100.00% 34.2% 52.1% 3.7% 10.0% 

Musicians/composers 100.00% 8.5% 80.6% 3.4% 7.5% 

Painters 100.00% 32.1% 55.4% 4.1% 8.4% 

Photographers 100.00% 28.3% 57.3% 4.0% 10.4% 

Teachers art, etc. 100.00% 14.7% 76.0% 3.3% 6.0% 

Other artists 100.00% 21.9% 61.1% 6.0% 11.0% 

Total artists 100.00% 28.7% 58.4% 4.0% 8.9% 

Professionals 100.00% 30.3% 58.4% 2.3% 9.1% 

Labor force 100.00% 34.8% 50.1% 3.7% 11.4% 

A-44 
Table 29. Earnings in year before the census of artists by sex, for artists with some earnings
 

who worked 50 to 52 weeks, and 35 to 99 hours per week, United States: 1980 and 1990
 

PERCENT BY EARNINGS IN 1989 

WORKED FULL Number of Under $7,500 $15,000 S25,000 $3S,000 $S0,000 $70,000 $100,000 Median 

TIME, FULL full year $7,S00 to to to to to to or earnings 

YEAR, 1989 full time 14,999 24,999 34,999 49,999 89,999 99,999 more 1979 

esrners* 

MALE 

Actors/directors 36,822 3.1% 9.6% 21.6% 20.0% 20.3% 11.2% 6.0% 8.3% $32,077 

Announcers 24,571 3.6% 22.6% 32.5% 14.7% 12.3% 6.4% 4.5% 3.3% $21,424 

Architects 107,245 1.9% 2.9% 11.8% 22.1% 30.2% 17.6% 6.8% 6.7% $40,110 

Authors 28,890 11.2% 7.6% 16.3% 16.7% 21.7% 13.2% 5.4% 7.8% $33,837 

Dancers** 1,273 3.1% 37.0% 31.0% 20.0% 2.9% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% $16,623 

Designers 197,675 2.6% 7.4% 19.4% 25.5% 25.8% 12.5% 4.2% 2.6% $32,549 

Musicians/composers 36,143 8.2% 17.2% 29.1% 19.3% 12.4% 7.5% 3.2% 3.1% $22,988 

Painters 60,433 9.0% 14.0% 28.1% 21.0% 16.0% 7.2% 2.4% 2.3% $24,320 

Photographers 66,562 5.7% 14.1% 27.7% 24.1% 16.2% 6.8% 2.6% 2.7% $25,456 

Teachers art, etc. 3,304 0.5% 2.1% 14.8% 32.3% 32.1% 13.9% 4.2% 0.0% $34,982 

Other artists 21,629 8.4% 16.3% 24.0% 19.8% 14.3% 9.6% 3.6% 4.0% $25,310 

Total artists 584,547 4.5% 9.8% 21.2% 22.5% 22.1% 11.5% 4.4% 4.0% $31,124 

Professionals 5,484,889 1.5% 4,3% 13.2% 20.1% 28.3% 16.9% 7.2% 8.6% $40,095 

Labor force 45,249,794 2.9% 12.5% 25.8% 23.1% 19.6% 9.2% 3.6% 3.3% $28,522 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 21,257 1.9% 11.1% 28.4% 24.3% 18.2% 8.7% 3.8% 3.7% $28,032 

Announcers 5,305 4.5% 28.6% 34.3% 12.0% 13.2% 4.6% 1.9% 1.0% $19,325 

Architects 14,300 2.0% 6.0% 27.2% 33.5% 23.1% 6.0% 1.8% 0.6% $29,451 

Authors 20,481 11.2% 12.2% 26.0% 23.4% 18.2% 5.0% 1.7% 2.2% $25,101 

Dancers** 3,445 10.9% 34.5% 29.0% 18.6% 3.9% 1.9% 1.0% 0.0% $15,623 

Designers 164,067 8.7% 22.8% 31.8% 18.4% 11.7% 3.9% 1.7% 1.0% $20,394 

Musicians/composers 9,730 12.6% 22.8% 35.7% 15.7% 8.1% 2.4% 1.3% 1.4% $18,653 

Painters 49,595 15.1% 20.1% 37.5% 17.5% 6.0% 2.1% 1.2% 0.5% $18,762 

Photographers 19,428 10.1% 29.6% 37.4% 13.9% 6.0% 1.8% 0.7% 0.6% $17,381 

Teachers art, etc. 2,254 3.0% 10.8% 35.3% 29.5% 17.7% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% $25,316 

Other artists 14,855 11.9% 24.1% 29.7% 19.4%. 9.0% 3.3% 1.6% 1.0% $19,193 

Total artists 324,717 9.4% 20.8% 32.3% 19.3% 11.6% 3.9% 1.7% 1.1% $20,825 

Professionals 3,928,275 2.3% 10.5% 28.1’% 31.6% 20.3% 4.7% 1.5% 1.1% $27,580 

Labor force 28,456,430 5.2% 26.8% 38.0% 18.3% 8.3% 2.2% 0.7% 0.5% $19,086 

*	 Includes armed forces in households for 1990. See discussion of Armed Forces in Part II, Technical Issues Introduction and Table 37. 

**	 The median earnings and the 1979 to 1989 change in earnings are not useful because of the relatively few number of cases and the size of the sample.
 

See discussion in Part II, Technical issues, Table 29SE.
 

A-45 
 

 

 

 

Table 29. (Continued) Earnings in year before the census of artists by sex, for artists with some
 

earnings who worked 50 to 52 weeks, and 35 to 99 hours per week, United States: 1980 and 1990
 

PERCENT BY EARNINGS IN 1979" 

WORKED FULL 

TIME, FULL 

YEAR, 1979 

Number of 

full year 

full time 

Under 

$7,500 

14,999 

$7,500 

to 

24,999 

$1S,000 

to 

34,999 

$25,000 

to 

49,999 

$35,000 

to 

69,999 

$50,000 

to 

99,999 

$70,000 

to 

more 

$100,000 

or 

1979 

Median 

earnings 

earnera 

MALE 

Actors/directors 24,560 3.0% 8.1% 22.7% 20.9% 17.6% 13.8% 5.7% 8.1% $32,118 

Announcers 18,260 3.3% 21.0% 36.1% 17.5% 9.2% 6.5% 3.6% 2.7% $21,135 

Architects 76,540 2.0% 4.2% 14.0% 25.7% 25.9% 16.3% 6.6% 5.4% $36,805 

Authors 12,140 17.5% 12.2% 17.1% 16.5% 13.8% 11.7% 4.3% 6.9% $25,815 

Dancers** 740 8.1% 10.8% 37.8% 18.9% 13.5% 8.1% 0.0% 2.7% $21 867 

Designers 126,280 3.1% 7.2% 20.7% 28.6% 24.8% 11.1% 3.0% 1.5% $31 822 

Musicians/composers 22,380 10.0% 19.5% 31.4% 19.1% 9.2% 6.1% 2.5% 2.2% $20 781 

Painters 48,280 8.0% 11.8% 27.9% 25.2% 16.3% 6.3% 2.4% 2.0% $25 126 

Photographers 45,780 7.2% 12.5% 31.1% 25.7% 14.7% 5.9% 1.4% 1.5% $24 247 

Teachers art, etc. 5,620 3.2% 3.2% 16.4% 28.1% 35.2% 12.8% 0.7% 0.4% $33 722 

Other artists 13,720 8.5% 17.9% 24.1% 22.9% 13.7% 7.0% 2.6% 3.4% $23 833 

Total artists 394,300 5.0% 9.7% 22.9% 25.1% 20.2% 10.5% 3.6% 3.0% $27 961 

Professionals 4,343,000 2.2% 4.5% 14.1% 24.2% 27.8% 15.0% 5.7% 6.5% $37,246 

Labor force 40,068,000 3.7% ~0.3% 24.9% 27.1% 20.6% 8.4% 2.8% 2.3% $28,921 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 8,080 6.4% 11.9% 34.2% 25.2% 12.9% 4.7% 3.0% 1.7% $23 692 

Announcers** 3,660 7.1% 36.6% 33.3% 12.6% 6.6% 1.6% 1.6% 0.5% $16 636 

Architects 4,880 5.3% 11.9% 28.7% 35.2% 14.8% 2.9% 0.4% 0.8% $25 448 

Authors 6,800 24.4% 17.1% 25.9% 13.5% 12.1% 4.4% 0.9% 1.8% $17 833 

Dancers** 2,300 18.3% 35.7% 24.3% 13.9% 3.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.9% $13 625 

Designers 74,760 9.3% 30.9% 32.9% 16.3% 6.5% 3.0% 0.7% 0.4% $17 060 

Musicians/composers 4,560 21.1% 29.8% 28.1% 11.8% 6.6% 1.8% 0.0% 0.9% $14 700 

Painters 29,160 14.3% 23.2% 42.9% 13.8% 4.3% 0.9% 0.3% 0.3% $16 989 

Photographers 8,940 11.0% 33.8% 39.8% 10.3% 2.5% 2.0% 0.4% 0.2% $15 8O4 

Teachers art, etc. 2,360 5.1% 11.9% 31.4% 35.6% 14.4% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% $25 143 

Other artists 5,820 14.8% 34.0% 30.2% 14.1% 4.8% 1.7% 0.0% 0.3% $15 167 

Total artists 151,320 11.4% 27.3% 34.5% 16.4% 6.7% 2.5% 0.7% 0.5% $17 328 

Professionals 2,253,000 3.1% 12.5% 43.1% 29.3% 9.1% 1.9% 0.6% 0.4% $22,503 

Labor force 20,144,000 6.0% 34.4% 40.9% 13.7% 3.7% 0.8% 0.2% 0.2% $16,600 

*	 1979 earnings were adjusted in the tabulation process to match 1989 earnings using a factor of 1.675676. 

**	 The median earnings and the 1979 to 1989 change in earnings are not useful because of the relatively few number of oases and the size of the sample. 

See discussion in Part II, Technical issues, Table 295E. 

A-46 
Table 30. Shift in percent distribution by earnings categories from 1979 to 1989 by sex for
 

artists, professional occupations and the labor force: United States 

Under $7,S00 $15,000 $25,000 $3S,000 $SO,O00 $70,000 $100,000 

$7,500 to to to to to to or 

14,999 24,999 34,999 49,999 69,999 99,999 more 

MALE 

Acto rs/di recto rs 0.1% 1.4% - 1.1% -0.9% 2.7% -2.5% 0.3% 0.2 % 

Announcers 0.3% 1.6% -3.7% -2.8% 3.1% -0.1% 0.9% 0.6% 

Architects -0.1% -1.3% -2.2% -3.5% 4.2% 1.4% 0.2% 1.3% 

Authors -6.2% -4.6% -0.8% 0.3% 7.9% 1.5% 1.1% 0.9% 

Dancers -5.0% 26.2% -6.8% 1.0% -10.6% -4.1% 2.0% -2.7% 

Designers -0.5% 0.2% -1.3% -3.1% 0.9% 1.3% 1.2% 1.2% 

Musicians/composers -1.8% -2.3% -2.3% 0.2% 3.2% 1.4% 0.7% 0.9% 

Painters 1.0% 2.2% 0.2% -4.3% -0.3% 0.9% -0.0% 0.3% 

Photographers -1.4% 1.7% -3.4% -1.6% 1,5% 0.9% 1.2% 1.1% 

Teachers art. etc. -2.7% -1.1% -1.6% 4.2% -3.1% 1.1% 3.5% -0.4% 

Other artists -0.1% -1.6% -0.1% -3.1% 0.6% 2.6% 1.0% 0.6% 

Total artists -0,5% 0.1% -1.7% -2.7% 1.9% 1.0% 0.8% 1.0% 

Professionals -0.7% -0.2% -0.9% -4,1% 0.5% 1,8% 1.4% 2.0% 

Labor force -0.8% 2.2% 0.9% -4.0% -0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors -4.5% -0.8% -5.8% -0.9% 5.3% 4.0% 0.8% 1.9% 

Announcers -2.6% -8.0% 1,0% -0.6% 6.6% 3.0% 0.2% 0.5% 

Architects -3.4% -5.9% -1.5% -1.8% 8.3% 3.1% 1.3% -0.3% 

Authors -13.2% -4.8% 0.1% 9.9% 6.1% 0.6% 0.8% 0.4% 

Dancers -7.3% -1.1% 4.7% 4.7% 0.4% -1.5% 1.0% -0.9% 

Designers -0.6% -8.1% -1.1% 2.0% 5.2% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 

Musicians/composers -8.5% -7.0% 7.6% 3.9% 1.5% 0.7% 1.3% 0.6% 

Painters 0.7% -3.1% -5.5% 3.8% 1.8% 1.2% 0.8% 0.2% 

Photographers -0.9% -4.2% -2.5% 3.6% 3.6% -0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 

Teachers art, etc. -2.1% -1.0% 4.0% -6.0% 3.3% 2.7% -0.8% 0.0% 

Other artists -2.9% -9.9% -0.6% 5.3% 4.2% 1.6% 1.6% 0.7% 

Total artists -2.0% -6.5% -2.2% 2.9% 4.9% 1.4% 1.0% 0.6% 

Professionals -0.9% -2.0% -15.0% 2.3% 11.2% 2.8% 0.9% 0.7% 

Labor force -0.8% -7.7% -2.8% 4.6% 4.7% 1.4% 0.4% 0.2% 

A-47 
 

 

 

Table 31. Percent difference in median earnings from 1979 to 1989 between males and females 

and between artists and all professional occupations by sex: United States 

Difference between All Professionals (median or change) 

Male Female Female.male difference Reduction and each occupation 

change 

89-79 

change 

89-79 1979 1989 

of malefemale Males 

1979 1989 

Change 

79-89 

Females 

1979 1989 

Change 

79-89 

difference 

Actors/directors -0.1% 18.3% -35.6% -14.4% 21.1% -16.0% -25.0% -9.0% 5.0% 1.6% -3.4% 

Announcers 1.4% 16.2% -27.0% -10.9% 16.2% -76.2% -87.1% -10.9% -35.3% -42.7% -7.5% 

Architects 9.0% 15.7% -44.6% -36.2% 8.4% -1.2% 0.0% 1.2% 11.6% 6.4% -5.2% 

Authors 31.1% 40.8% -44.8% -34.8% 10.0% -44.3% -18.5% 25.8% -26.2% -9.9% 16.3% 

Dancers -23.3% 14.7% -59.0% -6.4% 52.6% -71.9% -141.2% -69.3% -65.2% -76.5% -11.4% 

Designers 2.9% 19.5% -85.4% -59.6% 25.8% -17.8% -23.2% -5.4% -31.9% -35.2% -3.3% 

Musicians/composers 10.6% 26.9% -41.4% -23.2% 18.1% -79.2% -74.4% 4.8% -53.1% -47.9% 5.2% 

Painters -3.2% 10.4% -47.9% -29.6% 18.3% -48.2% -64.9% -16.6% -32.5% -47.0% -1’4.5% 

Photographers 5.0% 10.0% -53.4% -46.5% 7.0% -53.6% -57,5% -3.9% -42.4% -58.7% -16.3% 

Teachers art, etc. 3.7% 0.7% -34.1% -38.2% -4.1% -10,4% -14.6% -4.2% 10.5% -8.9% -19.4% 

Other artists 6.2% 26.5% -57.1% -31.9% 25.3% -56.3% -58.4% -2.1% -48.4% -43.7% 4.7% 

Total artists 11.3% 20.2% -61.4% -49.5% 11.9% -33.2% -28.8% 4.4% -29.9% -32.4% -2.6% 

Professionals 7.6% 22.6% -65.5% -45.4% 20.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 

Labor force -1.4% 15.0% -74.2% ;49.4% 24.8% -28.8% -40.6% -11.8% -35.6% -44.5% -8.9% 

Note: 1979 earnings were adjusted in the tabulation process to match 1989 earnings using a factor of 1,675676, 

Table 32. Changes in median earnings from 1979 to 1989 for artists, professionals and the labor 

force: United States 

(1979 earnings were adjusted in the tabulation process to match 1989 earnings using a factor of 1.675676.) 

Dollar change Percent change 

Males Females Males Females 

Actors/directors ($40) $4,340 -0.1% 18.3% 

Announcers $289 $2,688 1.4% 16.2% 

Architects $3,305 $4,002 9.0% 15.7% 

Authors $8,022 $7,267 31.1% 40.8% 

Dancers ($5,044) $1,998 -23.3% 14.7% 

Designers $927 $3,334 2.9% 19.5% 

Musicians/composers $2,208 $3,953 10.6% 26.9% 

Painters ($806) $1,773 -3.2% 10.4% 

Photographers $1,209 $1,577 5.0% 10.0% 

Teachers art, etc. $1,260 $173 3.7% 0.7% 

Other artists $1,477 $4,027 6.2% 26.5% 

Total artists $3,163 $3,497 11.3% 20.2% 

Professionals $2,849 $5,078 7.6% 22.6% 

Labor force ($399) $2,486 -1.4% 15.0% 

A-48 
 

Table 33. Household income in 1979 and 1989 for artists, professionals, and the labor force,
 

United States: 1980 and 1990 

(1979 income intervals and values were adjusted to 1989 inervals and values using a factor of 1.675676.) 

OCCUPATION 

NUMBER 

Persons in 

households 

in labor force 

Under 

$1 S,000 

$1SK 

to 

24,999 

PERCENT BY INCOME, 1979 

$2SK $3SK $S0K $65K 

to to to to 

34,999 49,999 64,999 94,999 

to 

124,999 

$95K $125K 

or 

more 

Median 1979 household 

income of occupation category 

Total Male Female 

Actors/directors 66,584 12.3% 15.2% 15.5% 17.9% 12.6% 12.6% 5.3% 8.5% $40,192 $40,456 $39,476 

Announcers 45,266 15.1% 19.7% 17.8% 18.5% 11.3% 11.4% 3.3% 2.9% $33,313 $34,582 $27,143 

Architects 107,276 5.9% 8.4% 15.1% 24.0% 18.1% 17.6% 6.1% 4.8% $47,432 $47,921 $42,050 

Authors 45,389 14.8% 13.9% 15.1% 17.0% 13.0% 12.4% 5.8% 8.0% $39,930 $38,844 $40,611 

Dancers 12,911 25.0% 19.9% 15.6% 15.8% 11.0% 8.3% 2.5% 1.9% $28,046 $27,429 $28,333 

Designers 336,675 9.7% 13.1% 16.4% 23.8% 16.6% 13.7% 3.7% 3.1% $41,408 $42,323 $40,243 

Musicians/composers 136,874 19.9% 19.0% 17.7% 17.8% 11.0% 9.4% 2.7% 2.5% $31,088 $29,405 $35,191 

Painters  ̄ 151,927 13.8% 16.3% 16.8% 21.5% 13.9% 11.0% 3.5% 3.2% $36,649 $35,849 $37,725 

Photographers 93,537 13.3% 16.4% 17.8% 22.7% 14.4% 10.6% 2.9% 2.0% $36,401 $36,425 $36,303 

Teachers art, etc. 27,547 12.2% 12.2% 18.0% 24.4% 17.2% 11.2% 2.9% 2.0% $38,909 $39,786 $37,143 

Other artists 48,285 16.1% 16.0% 15.8% 20.1% 13.7% 10.5% 4.6% 3.2% $36,382 $35,231 $38,552 

Total artists 1,072,330 12.6% 14.7% 16.6% 21.5% 14.7% 12.4% 3.9% 3.6% $38,779 $39,022 $38,352 

Professionals 12,129,648 6.8% 10.4% 14.8% 25.2% 18.2% 16.2% 4.4% 4.0% $45,248 $46,779 $43,417 

Labor force 102,761,352 10.9% 15.1% 18.6% 24.2% 15.1% 11.5% 2.7% 1.9% $37,792 $39,032 $36,190 

NUMBER PERCENT BY INCOME, 1989 

OCCUPATION 

Persons in 

households 

in labor force 

Under 

$15,000 

$15K 

to 

24,999 

to 

34,999 

$25K 

to 

49,999 

$35K 

to 

64,999 

$50K 

to 

64,999 

$65K 

to 

124,999 

$95K $125K Median 1979 household 

or income of occupation category 

more Total Male Female 

Actors/directors 108,736 8.1% 10.9% 12.6% 19.0% 15.0% 16.1% 8.4% 9.9% $49,229 $49,087 $49,438 

Announcers 58,307 15.2% 17.9% 17.6% 19.4% 12.2% 10.4% 3.5% 3.9% $34 570 $34,103 $36,906 

Architects 156.609 3.4% 5.9% 11.4% 20.4% 19.2% 23.4% 8.2% 8.0% $56 773 $56,952 $55,639 

Authors 105104 9.4% 9.9% 12.6% 17.2% 15.0% 17.7% 8.0% 10.3% $50 798 $50,710 $50,915 

Dancers 21 636 22.2% 17.8% 16.5% 16.7% 10.9% 10.5% 2.9% 2.4% $29 920 $32,316 $29,196 

Designers 593 481 7.8% 11.2% 14.8% 21.7% 17.1% 16.2% 5.6% 5.5% $45 873 $47,688 $44,308 

Musicians/composers 144 738 15.2% 15.9% 16.0% 20.3% 13.0% 12.0% 3.9% 3.7% $36 653 $34,770 $41,099 

Painters 211 240 10.5% 13.5% 15.7% 22.2% 15.7% 13.5% 4.5% 4.4% $41 159 $39,943 $42,367 

Photographers 141 780 10.0% 12.8% 16.5% 22.7% 15.4% 13.9% 4.2% 4.5% $41.257 $42,338 $39,412 

Teachers art, etc. 20 832 10.8% 10.7% 12.2% 22.1% 18.1% 17.3% 4.9% 3.9% $45.425 $47,500 $43,895 

Other artists 91,882 13.3% 13.2% 15.8% 20.1% 14.1% 14.9% 4.4% 4.3% $40,451 $40,125 $40,819 

Total artists 1,654,338 9.5% 11.9% 14.7% 20.9% 16.0% 15.7% 5.6% 5.7% $44,523 $45,212 $43,626 

Professionals 16,487,640 5.2% 7.9% 12.2% 21.4% 19.1% 20.5% 7.1% 6.7% $52,090 $54,701 $50,025 

Labor force 121,271,716 10.3% 14.0% 16.6% 22.5% 15.6% 13.7% 4.1% 3.3% $40,507 $41,439 $39,360 

A-49 
Table 33a. Shift in percent distribution by household income categories, 1979 to 1989 for
 

artists, professionals, and occupations civilian labor force 

Under 

$15,000 

$15K 

24,999 

$25K 

34,999 

$35K 

49,999 

$50K 

64,999 

$65K 

94,999 

$gSK 

124,999 

$12SK 

more 

Actors/directors -4.2% -4.4% -2.9% 1.2% 2.4% 3.5% 3.1% 1.4% 

Announcers 0.1% - 1.8% -0.2% 0.9% 1.0% - 1.0% 0.1% 0.9% 

Architects -2.5% -2.5% -3.7% -3.6% 1.1% 5.8% 2.1% 3.2% 

Authors -5.4% -4.1% -2.5% 0.2% 2.0% 5.3% 2.1% 2.3% 

Dancers -2.8% -2.1% 0.9% 0.9% -0.0% 2.2% 0.4% 0.6% 

Designers -1.9% -1.9% -1.7% -2.0% 0.6% 2.6% 2.0% 2.4% 

Musicians/composers -4.7% -3.0% -1.7% 2.5% 2.0% 2.6% 1.2% 1.2% 

Painters -3.3% -2.8% -1.1% 0.7% 1.8% 2.5% 1.0% 1.2% 

Photographers -3.3% -3.6% -1.3% -0.0% 1.0% 3.4% 1.3% 2.5% 

Teachers art, etc. -1.3% -1.5% -5.8% -2.3% 0.9% 6.2% 2.0% 2.0% 

Other artists -2.8% -2.8% -0.0% -0.0% 0.4% 4.4% -0.2% 1.0% 

Total artists -3.2% -2.9% - 1.9% -0.6% 1.3% 3.3% 1.7% 2.1% 

Professionals -1.6% -2.5% -2.6% -3.8% 0.9% 4.3% 2.7% 2.7% 

Labor force -0,6% -1.0% -2.1% -1.7% 0.5% 2.2% 1.4% 1.4% 

Table 33b. Percent ~lifference in median household income, 1979 to 1989 

PSO and PSO & PSO & Famale-male Female 

artist artist artist difference male 

diff: 

1979 

diff: 

1989 

change 

89-79 

1979 

89-79 

1989 change 

Actors/directors -12.6% -5.8% 6.8% -2.5% 0.7% 3.2% 

Announcers -35.8% -50.7% -14.9% -27.4% 7.6% 35.0% 

Architects 4.6% 8.2% 3.6% -14.0% -2.4% 11.6% 

Authors -13.3% -2.5% 10.8% 4.4% 0.4% -3.9% 

Dancers -61.3% -74.1% -12.8% 3.2% -10.7% -13.9% 

Designers -9.3% -13.6% -4.3% -5.2% -7.6% -2.5% 

Musicians/composers -45.5% -42.1% 3.4% 16.4% 15.4% -1.0% 

Painters -23.5% -26.6% -3.1% 5.0% 5.7% 0.8% 

Photographers -24.3% -26.3% -2.0% -0.3% -7.4% -7.1% 

Teachers art, etc. -16.3% -14.7% 1.6% -7.1% -8.2% -1.1% 

Other artists -24.4% -28.8% -4.4% 8.6% 1.7% -6.9% 

Total artists -16.7% -17.0% -0.3% -1.7% -3.6% -1.9% 

Professionals 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -7.7% -9.3% -1.6% 

Labor force -19.7% -28.6% -8.9% -7.9% -5.3% 2.6% 

A-50 
 

 

 

Table 33c. Changes in median household income from 1979 to 1989 for all artists and
 

separately for male and female artists.
 

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME 

TOTAL MALE FEMALE 

197~ 1989 GAIN 1979 1989 GAIN 1979 1989 GAIN 

Actors/directors $40,192 $49,229 $9,036 $40 456 $49 087 $8,631 $39,476 $49,438 $9,962 

Announcers $33,313 $34,570 $1,257 $34 582 $34103 ($479) $27,143 $36,906 $9,764 

Architects $47,432 $56,773 $9,341 $47 921 $56 952 $9,031 $42,050 $55,639 $13,589 

Authors $39,930 $50,798 $10,869 $38 844 $50 710 $11,866 $40,611 $50,915 $10,304 

Dancers $28,046 $29,920 $1,875 $27429 $32 316 $4,887 $28,333 $29,196 $863 

Designers $41,408 $45,873 $4,465 $42 323 $47 688 $5,365 $40,243 $44,308 $4,065 

Musicians/composers $31,088 $36653 $5,564 $29 405 $34 770 $5,365 $35,191 $41 099 $5,9o8 

Painters $36,649 $41 159 $4,510 $35 849 $39 943 $4,094 $37,725 $42 367 $4,643 

Photographers $36,401 $41 257 $4,856 $36 425 $42 338 $5,913 $36,303 $39 412 $3,109 

Teachers art, etc. $38,909 $45 425 $6,515 $39786 $47.500 $7,714 $37,143 $43 895 $6,752 

Other artists $36,382 $40 451 $4,069 $35,231 $40,125 $4,894 $38,552 $40 819 $2,268 

Total artists $38,779 $44 523 $5,744 $39,022 $45,212 $6,190 $38,352 $43 626 $5,274 

Professionals $45,248 $52,090 $6,842 $46,779 $54,701 $7,922 $43,417 $50,025 $6,608 

Laborforce $37,792 $40,507 $2,715 $39,032 $41,439 $2,408 $36,190 $39,360 $3,170 

Table 33d. Differences in household income between males and females, for artists, 

professionals and the labor force, 1979 to 1989 

MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES 

Male household Male gain ARTIST MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME CHANGE FROM 1979 TO 1989 

income minus female Household DOLLARS PERCENT 

household income income Total Male Female Total Male Female 

1979 1989 79 to 89 

Actors/directors $980 ($351) ($1,331) $9,036 $8,631 $9,962 22.5% 21.3% 25.2% 

Announcers $7,439 ($2,803) ($10,242) $1,257 ($479) $9,764 3.8% -1.4% 36.0% 

Architects $5,871 $1,314 ($4,558) $9,341 $9,031 $13,589 19.7% 18.8% 32.3% 

Authors ($1,767) ($205) $1,562 $10,869 $11,866 $10,304 27.2% 30.5% 25.4% 

Dancers ($905) $3,119 $4,024 $1,875 $4,887 $863 6.7% 17.8% 3.0% 

Designers $2,080 $3,381 $1,301 $4,465 $5,365 $4,065 10.8% 12.7% 10.1% 

Musicians/composers ($5,786) ($6,329) ($542) $5,564 $5,365 $5,908 17.9% 18.2% 16.8% 

Painters ($1,875) ($2,424) ($549) $4,510 $4,094 $4,643 12.3% 11.4% 12.3% 

Photographers $122 $2,926 $2,804 $4,856 $5,913 $3,109 13.3% 16.2% 8.6% 

Teachers art, etc. $2,643 $3,605 $962 $6,515 $7,714 $6,752 16.7% 19.4% 18.2% 

Other artists ($3,321) ($694) $2,627 $4,069 $4,894 $2,268 11.2% 13.9% 5.9% 

Total artists $670 $1,586 $916 $5,744 $6,190 $5,274 14.8% 15.9% 13.8% 

Professionals $3,362 $4,676 $1,314 $6,842 $7,922 $6,608 15.1% 16.9% 15.2% 

Labor force $2,842 $2,080 ($762) $2,715 $2,408 $3,170 7.2% 6.2% 8.8% 

Note: Numbers enclosed in parentheses are losses. 

A-51 
PART II, Technical Issues
 

Experienced civilian labor force. The "experienced 

civilian labor force" consists of all employed persons 

and those unemployed with recent civilian work 

experience. We call this the "labor force" in this 

Appendix. 

The data lines for "labor force" in tables for 1970 

are for the "experienced civilian labor force," as 

defined above. In 1980 and 1990 the data lines for 

"labor force" contain all persons assigned a specific 

occupation code in the Census Bureau’s Equal 

Employment Opportunity (EEO) summary data 

files. These files contain slightly fewer persons than 

the "experienced civilian labor force," as shown 

below on the line labeled "EEO Civilian Labor Force." 

We used the EEO estimates for 1990 and 1980 because 

they provide artist data based on a 16.7% sample, 

the largest sample available. 

Universe 1990 1980 

Civilian Labor Force 123,473,450 104,449,817 

Experienced Civilian 

Labor Force 123,044,450 104,057,985 

EEO Civilian Labor Force 122,473,499 103,718,076 

To have an artist or other professional occupation a person must have had experience in that 

occupation. Therefore the persons in specific occupations are always in the "experienced civilian labor 

force." For example, the data lines for artist occupations and all professional occupations in 1970, 1980, 

and 1990 are for the "experienced civilian labor force" 

in all tables except those for persons who worked 

the year before the census. 

Professionals. Data for "Professionals" appear in 

most tables. The Census Bureau refers to this occupation group as "Professional Specialty Occupations." Artists are included in "professionals." 

Examples of other kinds of professionals are mining 

engineers, physicists and astronomers, physicians, 

dentists, optometrists, registered nurses, physical 

therapists, social workers, editors and reporters, 

lawyers, and athletes. 

Armed Forces members in civilian occupations in 

1990. The 1990 census was the first since 1940 to 

code the occupation of the military Occupations that 

were similar to civilian jobs were classified to the 

civilian categories found in the Classified Index of 

Industries and Occupations. The Census Bureau refers 

to these civilian jobs held by armed forces members 

as "military occupations."1 

Armed forces persons appear with civilian 

artist occupations in Part I, Table 29, showing earnings of full-year full-time household members. 

Table 37 shows the number and percent of each 

artist category in the armed forces. About 9 percent 

of male musicians and female art teachers and 

artists, not elsewhere classified are in the armed 

forces. In all other artist occupations the armed forces 

percentage is negligible or zero. The 1980 data in 

Table 29 are not strictly comparable with the data 

for 1990 because armed forces members in households are not in the 1980 universe but they are in 

the 1990 universe. 

Art teachers’ decrease from 1970 to 1990 may be a 

reporting change. Teachers of art, drama, and music 

in higher education were the only artist occupation 

to show a decrease in numbers from 1980 to 1990. 

However, there was an increase from 1980 to 1990 in 

the numbers of teachers in higher education who 

did not report their academic specialty. This group 

probably includes some who would have reported 

their specialty as teacher of art, drama, and music. 

In fact, the 25% decline from 1980 to 1990 for art 

teachers is nearly the same as the 24% decline for 

all postsecondary teachers who listed their teaching 

specialty on the census form. The details are shown 

in Table 38. 

Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing Guide, Part A., Text, 1990 CPH-R-1A, Superintendent of Documents, 

Washington D.C., September 1992. Pg. 14 

A-52 
Sample size and special Census Bureau tabulation 

to provide retrospective comparability with 1970

occupation definitions: Tables 1-19 show occupation group totals in 1990 and 1980 calculated from 

16.7% samples. (Some publications refer to the 16.7% 

samples of 1980 and 1990 as 19% samples because of 

the effect of 50% sampling done in places of less than 

2,500 population.) The 1970 data in Tables 1 to 12 

come from a 20% sample. 

Precise national comparisons between 1970 

artist occupations with those for 1980 and 1990 may 

be made only with special tabulations prepared 

by the Census Bureau in 1984. This is because the 

definition of detailed occupation categories changed 

between 1970 and 1980. To obtain historical comparability between 1970 and later years the Census 

Bureau made adjustments to 1970 20% sample 

tabulations known as the "sixth count". 

A sample of 120,000 1970 records (about .15% 

of the labor force)~was recoded into 1980 categories 

and tabulated. The results of the .15% sample were 

used to created adjusted numbers. The adjusted 

numbers appear in U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

Detailed Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor 

Force by Sex for the U.S. and Regions: 1980 and 1970, 

PC80-$1-15, Washington D.C.: GPO, 1984. That 

report provides the 1970 artist totals used in Table 

19. The printed state reports from the 1980 census, 

Characteristics of the Population: Detailed Population 

Characteristics, PC-l-D, provide data that compare 

1970 and 1980 occupation at the state level, as used 

in Tables 1-12. 

Comparability of occupation definitions between 

censuses. 

1980 and 1990. The artist occupations are the same in 

1980 and 1990 in data from censuses for those years. 

The detailed components of each artist occupation 

appear in 1990 Census of Population and Housing, 

Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, 1990 

CPH-R-4. GPO, Washington, D.C., 20402, April, 1992. 

Although the Census Bureau considers the 

artist occupations as essentially the same for the 

two censuses, in fact there were some minor 

changes in a few of the detailed job titles included or 

excluded in the artist categories for each census. 

These minor changes, as well as the detailed components for 1990, appear in the report, Using the 

Census Artist Extract Files of the National Endowment 

for the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, 

Research Division, Washington D.C., 1994. 

1970 and 1980. The adjustments described above, 

based on recoding a sample of 120,000 1970 records, 

had a major effect on the 1980 occupations listed below. 

Actors/directors 

Architects (male only) 

Designers 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and 

artist printmakers 

Photographers (male only) 

Teachers of art 

Artists, not elsewhere classified 

The changes affecting these occupations are 

described in detail in Constance F. Citro and Deirdre 

A. Gaquin, Artists in the Workforce, 1950 to 1985, 

Research Division, National Endowment for the 

Arts: Washington, 1987, Appendix B. The authors 

drew on "unpublished charts showing Detailed 

Occupation sorted by 1970 and 1980 codes." They 

then developed their own charts to trace changes 

since 1950. Consult Artists in the Workforce, 1950 to 

1985, Appendix B, for definitive details. 

Direct comparisons can be made from printed census data sources for the 1980 occupations listed below. 

Announcers 

Authors 

Dancers 

Musicians/composers 

A-53
 
Data sources for specific demographic subjects. 

Sex, race, and Hispanic sources. 

Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Detailed 

Occupation and years of School Completed by 

Age, for the Civilian Labor Force by Sex, Race, and 

Spanish Origin: 1980, Supplementary Report 

PC80-$1-8, Washington, D.C., GPO, 1983. (Members of the labor force without recent experience, 

needed for subtraction, were obtained from 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Data User Services 

Division, Equal Employment Opportunity 

Special File, Machine Readable Data File, Washington D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 1982.) 

Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Detailed
 

Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor Force
 

by Sex for the United States and Regions: 1980 and
 

1970, Supplementary Report, PC80-$1-15,
 

Washington, D.C., GPO, 1984.
 

Age and Education sources. 

EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE: 1990 

Census of Population and Housing, 1990: 

Public Use M(crodata Samples, prepared by the 

Bureau of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 

1992. Percentages based on tabulations of the 

1% sample. 

PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS: 1990 

ARTISTS: 1990 National Endowment for the Arts, 

1990 Artists Extract File based on the Census of 

Population and Housing, 1990: Public Use 

Microdata Samples, prepared by the Bureau of 

the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 1992. Percentages based on tabulations of the 1% sample 

for professional specialty occupations and a 

5% sample for artists. 

EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE: 1980 

PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS: 1980 

Census of Population and Housing, 1980: 

Public-Use Microdata Sample A, United States, 

prepared by the Bureau of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 1983. Percentages based on 

tabulations of a 1% sample. 

ARTISTS: 1980 Artist occupation totals are from 

the EEO Special Files (19 percent sample). Percentages for the Age and Years of School 

Completed distributions were applied to the 

occupation totals. The percentage calculations 

were based on tabulations of the National 

Endowment for the Arts, 1980 Artist Extract 

File, 5 percent version, based on the Census of 

Population and Housing, 1980: Public-Use 

Microdata Sample A, United States, prepared by 

the Bureau of the Census, Washington: The 

Bureau, 1983. 

EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE: 1970 

PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS: 1970 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, Subject Reports, PC(2)-7A, Occupational 

Characteristics, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1973 

ARTISTS: 1970 Artist occupation totals are from U.S. 

Bureau of the Census, Detailed Occupation of the 

Experienced Civilian Labor Force by Sex for the 

U.S. and Regions: 1980 and 1970, Washington 

D.C.: GPO, 1984. Percentages for the Age and 

Years of School Completed distributions were 

applied to the occupation totals. The percentage calculations used Constance F. Citro and 

Deirdre A. Gaquin, Artists in the Workforce, 

1950 to 1985, Research Division, National 

Endowment for the Arts: Washington, 1987, 

Appendix Tables D-1-70 and D-2-70. Citro 

and Gaquin based their tables on the National 

Endowment for the Arts, 1970 Artist Extract File, 

"State" and "Neighborhood" versions combined 

for a 4 percent sample; based on the Census of 

Population and Housing, 1970: Public-Use 

Microdata Sample, United States, prepared by 

the Bureau of the Census, Washington: The 

Bureau, 1973. 

A-54 
Weeks and Hours Worked, Earnings, 

and Household Income 

The data for these tables were tabulated for 1980 

and 1990 only. All the tables were prepared for 

males and females separately. 

EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE: 1990 

and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, 

1990: Public Use Microdata Samples, prepared 

by the Bureau of the Census, Washington: The 

Bureau, 1992. Percentages based on tabulations 

of a 1% sample. 

PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS: 

1980 Census of Population and Housing, 1980: 

Public-Use Microdata Sample A, United States, 

prepared by the Bureau of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 1983. Percentages based 

on tabulations of a 1% sample. 

ARTISTS: 1990 and 1980 National Endowment for 

the Arts, 1990 Artists Extract File based on 

the Census of Population and Housing, 1990: 

Public Use Microdata Samples, prepared by the 

Bureau of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 

1992. Percentages based on tabulations of the 

5% sample. 

NationalEndowment for the Arts, 1980 Artist Extract 

File, 5% version, based on the Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Public-Use Microdata 

Sample A, United States, prepared by the Bureau 

of the Census, Washington: The Bureau, 1983. 

Sampling error. Standard error calculations for 

Tables 1-12 and 17 are based on the 1990 16.7% 

sample. Calculations for Tables 20, 23, and 29 are 

based on the 1990 5% sample. These calculations 

appear in this section as Table 1SE, 2SE, and so on. 

(Note that the data for 1970 in these tables have 

been adjusted by use of a .15 percent sample as 

described on page A-51. The Census Bureau gives 

no guidance on standard error calculations for the 

adjusted 1970 data. The size of the sample affects 

the size of the standard error. For example, compare 

artists in Table 1SE and Table 20SE.) 

Table 29SE provides confidence intervals for 

median earnings in Table 29. In Table 29SE the one 

standard error dollar range of confidence limits is 

the range of median earnings that would be expected 

in 68 percent of all samples drawn exactly as the 

PUMS sample for 1979 or 1989 workers. The two 

standard error dollar range of confidence limits is 

the range of median earnings that could be expected 

for 95 percent of all samples. 

If both the positive and negative one standard 

error confidence interval estimate for median earnings of an artist category, male or female, exceeded 

10% of the median earnings estimate for the artist 

category in Table 29, then "**" appears after the name 

of the artist category in Table 29. 

Users may decide how to interpret median 

earnings values in different contexts. For standard 

error calculations, the size of the base (column 1, 

Table 29 and 29SE) is critical. A small base makes 

for a large standard error. For earnings median confidence intervals, the distribution of earners from 

which the median is derived is also critical. These 

distributions are summarized in the percent distribution columns of Table 29. Where earnings are 

concentrated in one interval (e.g. teachers and architects), the median is useful, even when the base is 

small (teachers). Where the majority of earners are 

divided between several intervals (e.g. announcers 

and authors), the median is less useful, depending 

on the size of the base and the width of the dollar 

range of confidence limits shown in Table 29SE. 

The median earnings intervals were calculated 

based on $2,000 earnings intervals using the approximate method described in Census of Population 

and Housing, 1990: Public Use Microdata Sample U. S. 

Technical Documentation, page 3-4. 

The size of the base of dancers with full year 

full time work is very small. We suggest that the 

estimates of dancer median earnings be considered 

suggestive. They can not be compared with other 

artists" median earnings with precision. Dancers’ 

one standard error dollar range confidence limits, 

lower and upper, exceed 10% of the median 1979 

and 1989 earnings of both male and female dancers. 

This situation also holds for the 1979 median earnings of female announcers. 

Estimates based on different sample sizes: The 

comparisons in Table 34 show variations in the 

labor force universe estimates by sample size. The 

table shows how the household universe was derived 

for Table 33 in Part I.~ Table 35 compares weighted 

totals from samples of 16.7%, 5%, and 1% for artists 

in the labor force, by sex, for 1980 and 1990. 

A-55
 
Table 1SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 1.
 

United States 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Florida 

Illinois 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

Georgia 

Washington 

Maryland 

North Carolina 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Tennessee 

Wisconsin 

Connecticut 

Colorado 

Indiana 

Arizona 

Oregon 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

South Carolina 

Kentucky 

Oklahoma 

Iowa 

Kansas 

New Mexico 

Hawaii 

Utah 

Nevada 

Mississippi 

Arkansas 

New Hampshire 

Maine 

Nebraska 

Rhode Island 

Idaho 

West Virginia 

Vermont 

Montana 

Delaware 

Alaska 

South Dakota 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

District of Columbia 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

122,473,499 

14,848,035 

8,897,589 

8,135,729 

6,128,028 

5,741,017 

5,730,165 

4,079,835 

5,231,697 

4,487,741 

3,228,380 

3,154,629 

3,256,181 

2,421,652 

2,580,750 

3,384,572 

2,303,132 

2,506,769 

2,386,976 

2,504,359 

1,780,734 

1,724,397 

2,769,606 

1,713,175 

1,401,355 

1,779,167 

1,848,965 

1,685,399 

1,669,361 

1,458,156 

1,398,500 

1,224,774 

676,690 

546,140 

773,123 

644,180 

1,104,496 

1,056,596 

610,417 

610,559 

799,516 

520,197 

470,700 

729,336 

299,860 

374,534 

326,209 

267,900 

334,219 

302,143 

219,906 

345,953 

All Artists 

one standard 

error* 

3,445 

1,420 

1,137 

826 

778 

734 

682 

635 

633 

628 

604 

549 

518 

514 

503 

493 

471 

450 

448 

446 

441 

440 

433 

416 

372 

345 

344 

331 

322 

311 

309 

306 

270 

269 

264 

259 

250 

243 

231 

230 

226 

222 

195 

190 

178 

177 

154 

149 

147 

146 

124 

252 

Range of estimate for all artists; 

Lowest 

95 of 100 samples** 

Highest 

1,664,388 1,678,168 

282,792 288,474 

181,086 185,634 

94,348 97,654 

83,606 86,716 

74,354 77,290 

63,963 66,691 

55,444 57,982 

55,038 57,572 

54,157 56,667 

50,205 52,619 

41,321 43,517 

36,671 38,743 

36,268 38,324 

34,679 36,693 

33,105 35,077 

30,228 32,110 

27,578 29,378 

27,306 29,098 

27,092 28,878 

26,571 28,335 

26,447 28,207 

25,414 27,146 

23,588 25,254 

18,794 20,284 

16,041 17,423 

15,909 17,285 

14,692 16,016 

13,905 15,195 

12,932 14,176 

12,741 13,975 

12,568 13,794 

9,774 10,856 

9,685 10,761 

9,246 10,300 

8,913 9,947 

8,236 9,236 

7,803 8,777 

7,025 7,949 

6,992 7,912 

6,698 7,602 

6,491 7,379 

4,961 5,741 

4,690 5,452 

4,106 4,818 

4,069 4,779 

3,024 3,640 

2,805 3,399 

2,715 3,301 

2,689 3,273 

1,901 " 2,397 

8,577 9,587 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-56 
Table 2SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 2,
 

Actors and Directors
 

United States 

California 

New York 

Florida 

Illinois 

Texas 

New Jersey 

Massachusetts 

Pennsylvania 

Michigan 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Ohio 

Georgia 

Washington 

Minnesota 

Connecticut 

Tennessee 

North Carolina 

Colorado 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Oregon 

Arizona 

Indiana 

Louisiana 

South Carolina 

Alabama 

Kent ucky 

Oklahoma 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Arkansas 

New Mexico 

Nevada 

Utah 

Hawaii 

Mississippi 

Rhode Island 

Maine 

Nebraska 

West Virginia 

Montana 

Alaska 

New Hampshire 

Idaho 

Vermont 

South Dakota 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

Delaware 

District of Columbia 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

122,473,499 

14,848,035 

8,897,589 

6,128,028 

5,741,017 

8,135,729 

4,079,835 

3,228,380 

5,730,165 

4,487,741 

3,154,629 

2,580,750 

5,231,697 

3,256,181 

2,421,652 

2,303,132 

1,780,734 

2,386,976 

3,384,572 

1,724,397 

2,506,769 

2,504,359 

1,401,355 

1,713,175 

2,769,606 

1,779,167 

1,685,399 

1,848,965 

1,669,361 

1,458,156 

1,398,500 

1,224,774 

1,056,596 

676,690 

644,180 

773,123 

546,140 

1,104,496 

520,197 

610,559 

799,516 

729,336 

374,534 

267,900 

610,417 

470,700 

299,860 

334,219 

302,143 

219,906 

326,209 

345,953 

Actors and directors 

one standard 

error* 

888 

478 

376 

181 

179 

171 

156 

145 

141 

128 

126 

124 

123 

118 

114 

105 

102 

100 

100 

97 

97 

92 

91 

89 

83 

80 

71 

71 

71 

69 

63 

59 

58 

56 

55 

54 

53 

51 

51 

51 

46 

46 

43 

41 

41 

39 

32 

30 

29 

28 

24 

83 

Range of estimate: Actors and directors 

Lowest 

95 of 100 samples** 

Highest 

107,797 111,349 

30,798 32,708 

18,906 20,410 

4,201 4,925 

4,076 4,790 

3,706 4,388 

3,051 3,673 

2,623 3,203 

2,478 3,042 

2,020 2,532 

1,942 2,444 

1,894 2,390 

1,841 2,331 

1,690 2,160 

1,575 2,031 

1,320 1,740 

1,252 1,662 

1,192 1,592 

1,183 1,581 

1,122 1,512 

1,120 1,508 

984 1,350 

958 1,320 

915 1,269 

796 1,130 

723 1,041 

563 847 

559 843 

550 832 

525 801 

427 679 

370 608 

348 578 

323 547 

316 538 

292 506 

286 498 

263 469 

257 461 

256 460 

204 388 

197 379 

168 338 

151 315 

148 310 

133 289 

77 203 

62 180 

56 170 

54 168 

32 128 

783 1,113 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation, (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-57 
Table 3SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 3,
 

Announcers
 

United States 

California 

Texas 

New York 

Florida 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Georgia 

North Carolina 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Indiana 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

Missouri 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

New Jersey 

Massachusetts 

Washington 

Kentucky 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Colorado 

Iowa 

Oklahoma 

Kansas 

Arkansas 

Oregon 

South Carolina 

New Mexico 

Mississippi 

Connecticut 

West Virginia 

Nebraska 

Montana 

North Dakota 

Nevada 

Hawaii 

South Dakota 

Maine 

Idaho 

Utah 

New Hampshire 

Alaska 

Vermont 

Wyoming 

Delaware 

Rhode Island 

District of Columbia 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

122,473,499 

14,848,035 

8,135,729 

8,897,589 

6,128,028 

5,730,165 

5,741,017 

5,231,697 

4,487,741 

3,256,181 

3,384,572 

3,154,629 

2,386,976 

2,769,606 

2,303,132 

2,504,359 

2,506,769 

1,779,167 

2,580,750 

4,079,835 

3,228,380 

2,421,652 

1,669,361 

1,848,965 

1,713,175 

1,724,397 

1,398,500 

1,458,156 

1,224,774 

1,056,596 

1,401,355 

1,685,399 

676,690 

1,104,496 

1,780,734 

729,336 

799,516 

374,534 

302,143 

644,180 

546,140 

334,219 

610,559 

470,700 

773,123 

610,417 

267,900 

299,860 

219,906 

326,209 

520,197 

345,953 

Announcers 

one standard 

error* 

659 

200 

183 

164 

142 

137 

129 

126 

122 

113 

112 

111 

107 

101 

99 

99 

98 

95 

93 

91 

91 

90 

89 

84 

83 

82 

81 

78 

76 

74 

73 

72 

71 

69 

64 

62 

58 

57 

57 

56 

54 

50 

50 

50 

45 

43 

41 

38 

31 

30 

30 

41 

Range of estimate: Announcers 

95 of 100 samples** Lowest Higheet 

58,953 61,587 

5,182 5,984 

4,267 4,997 

3,401 4,057 

2,509 3,077 

2,352 2,902 

2,057 2,573 

1,962 2,468 

1,827 2,315 

1,544 1,996 

1,517 1,965 

1,495 1,939 

1,367 1,793 

1,214 1,618 

1,174 1,572 

1,163 1,559 

1,145 1,539 

1,065 1,445 

1,027 1,401 

978 1,344 

975 1,341 

951 1,313 

918 1,274 

802 1,136 

799 1,133 

761 1,087 

755 1,081 

696 1,010 

646 950 

613 909 

592 884 

585 875 

563 847 

528 806 

439 695 

416 666 

351 583 

342 572 

335 563 

324 548 

300 516 

252 454 

249 449 

242 440 

193 373 

175 349 

148 310 

127 279 

71 195 

68 190 

62 180 

150 314 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor fome and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

"* This is the range within which we would expect a number or pementage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-58 
Table 4SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 4,
 

Architects
 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

United States 122,473,499 

California 14,848,035 

New York 8,897,589 

Texas 8,135,729 

Florida 6,128,028 

Illinois 5,741,017 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 

New Jersey 4,079,835 

Virginia 3,154,629 

Ohio 5,231,697 

Washington 2,421,652 

Maryland 2,580,750 

Georgia 3,256,181 

Michigan 4,487,741 

Connecticut 1,780,734 

Colorado 1,724,397 

Minnesota 2,303,132 

North Carolina 3,384,572 

Missouri 2,506,769 

Arizona 1,713,175 

Indiana 2,769,606 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 

Tennessee 2,386,976 

Oregon 1,401,355 

Hawaii 546,140 

Louisiana 1,779,167 

South Carolina 1,685,399 

Kansas 1,224,774 

Alabama 1,848,965 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 

Kentucky 1,669,361 

New Mexico 676,690 

Iowa 1,398,500 

Utah 773,123 

Mississippi 1,104,496 

Arkansas 1,056,596 

Rhode Island 520,197 

Nebraska 799,516 

Maine 610,559 

New Hampshire 610,417 

Nevada 644,180 

Vermont 299,860 

Idaho 470,700 

Alaska 267,900 

West Virginia 729,336 

Delaware 326,209 

Montana 374,534 

North Dakota 302,143 

Wyoming 219,906 

South Dakota 334,219 

District of Columbia 345,953 

Architects 

one standard 

error* 

1,062 

451 

336 

252 

241 

237 

216 

216 

201 

189 

186 

184 

178 

165 

157 

151 

149 

140 

136 

133 

132 

119 

119 

118 

116 

102 

98 

98 

94 

91 

87 

87 

78 

77 

73 

71 

67 

67 

67 

65 

63 

62 

57 

56 

48 

47 

47 

45 

41 

35 

29 

99 

Range of estimate: Architects 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

154,750 158,998 

27,399 29,203 

14,990 16,332 

8,343 9,351 

7,626 8,592 

7,366 8,316 

6,082 6,948 

6,069 6,933 

5,197 5,999 

4,571 5,325 

4,418 5,160 

4,328 5,062 

4,075 4,789 

3,471 4,133 

3,130 3,760 

2,862 3,466 

2,782 3,378 

2,436 2,994 

2,290 2,834 

2,191 2,723 

2,172 2,702 

1,730 2,206 

1,727 2,203 

1,706 2,178 

1,641 2,105 

1,256 1,666 

1,141 1,533 

1,128 1,518 

1,035 1,411 

959 1,321 

880 1,228 

877 1,225 

686 998 

662 968 

593 885 

552 834 

490 758 

489 757 

487 755 

464 726 

431 685 

414 662 

341 569 

320 542 

228 422 

213 401 

208 394 

187 365 

151 315 

104 246 

57 171 

1,175 1,571 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-59 
Table 5SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 5, Authors
 

1990 

Labor 

Authors 

one standard 

Range of estimate: Authors 

95 of 100 samples** 

Force error* Lowest Highest 

United States 122,473,499 876 104,978 108,482 

California 14,848,035 409 22,433 24,069 

New York 8,897,589 326 14,152 15,456 

Texas 

Illinois 

Florida 

8,135,729 

5,741,017 

6,128,028 

185 

175 

172 

4,383 

3,914 

3,772 

5,123 

4,614 

4,460 

Virginia 3,154,629 171 3,714 4,398 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 170 3,701 4,383 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 154 2,974 3,588 

New Jersey 

Washington 

4,079,835 

2,421,652 

148 

139 

2,740 

2,401 

3,332 

2,957 

Maryland 2,580,750 131 2,129 2,653 

Ohio 

Minnesota 

Michigan 

5,231,697 

2,303,132 

4,487,741 

129 

125 

125 

2,065 

1,916 

1,906 

2,583 

2,416 

2,404 

Colorado 1,724,397 123 1,851 2,343 

Connecticut 1,780,734 122 1,840 2,330 

Georgia 3,256,181 116 1,642 2,106 

North Carolina 

Arizona 

Oregon 

3,384,572 

1,713,175 

1,401,355 

110 

107 

104 

1,460 

1,365 

1,308 

1,900 

1,791 

1,726 

Missouri 2,506,769 101 1,218 1,622 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 95 1,072 1,454 

Tennessee 2,386,976 93 1,010 1,380 

Indiana 

New Mexico 

2,769,606 

676,690 

91 

80 

964 

726 

1,328 

1,046 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 76 645 947 

Kansas 1,224,774 76 643 945 

Alabama 1,848,965 71 562 846 

Utah 773,123 68 505 777 

South Carolina 1,685,399 68 500 770 

Maine 610,559 67 492 760 

iowa 

Louisiana 

1,398,500 

1,779,167 

67 

66 

491 

474 

759 

738 

Kentucky

New Hampshire 

1,669,361 

610,417 

65 

65 

455 

455 

715 

715 

Nevada 644,180 58 346 576 

Vermont 299,860 55 308 528 

Rhode Island 520,197 53 279 489 

Hawaii 546,140 52 275 483 

Nebraska 799,516 52 275 483 

Montana 374,534 51 257 461 

Alaska 

Idaho 

Mississippi 

267,900 

470,700 

1,104,496 

46 

45 

45 

201 

196 

193 

385 

378 

373 

Arkansas 1,056,596 43 167 337 

Delaware 326,209 38 127 279 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

302,143 

219,906 

37 

36 

116 

109 

264 

253 

South Dakota 334,219 34 89 223 

West Virginia 729,336 28 55 169 

District of Columbia 345,953 112 1,514 1,960 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-60 
Table 6SE. Sampling error calculations for 1990 data in Table 6, Dancers
 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

United States 122,473,499 

California 14,848,035 

New York 8,897,589 

Texas 8,135,729 

Florida 6,128,028 

Nevada 644,180 

New Jersey 4,079,835 

Michigan 4,487,741 

Ohio 5,231,697 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 

Illinois 5,741,017 

Georgia 3,256,181 

Hawaii 546,140 

Washington 2,421,652 

Virginia 3,154,629 

Arizona 1,713,175 

Indiana 2,769,606 

Maryland 2,580,750 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 

North Carolina 3,384,572 

Colorado 1,724,397 

Minnesota 2,303,132 

Missouri 2,506,769 

Oregon 1,401,355 

Louisiana 1,779,167 

Tennessee 2,386,976 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 

Connecticut 1,780,734 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 

Alabama 1,848,965 

Kentucky 1,669,361 

Ken sas 1,224,774 

Utah 773,123 

Nebraska 799,516 

New Mexico 676,690 

South Carolina 1,685,399 

Arkansas 1,056,596 

New Hampshire 610,417 

Alaska 267,900 

Rhode Island 520,197 

Iowa 1,398,500 

Maine 610,559 

West Virginia 729,336 

Mississippi 1,104,496 

Wyoming 219,906 

North Dakota 302,143 

Delaware 326,209 

South Dakota 334,219 

Montana 374,534 

Idaho 470,700 

Vermont 299,860 

District of Columbia 345,953 

Dancers 

one standard 

error" 

397 

143 

140 

116 

114 

79 

77 

73 

72 

69 

67 

64 

61 

58 

57 

56 

55 

54 

52 

52 

49 

45 

45 

45 

44 

43 

42 

39 

39 

38 

38 

36 

34 

30 

30 

29 

27 

26 

24 

22 

21 

20 

19 

14 

14 

10 

10 

10 

8 

7 

5 

29 

Range of estimate: Dancers 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

21,119 22,707 

2,567 3,141 

2,455 3,017 

1,632 2,096 

1,575 2,031 

715 1,031 

660 966 

590 882 

576 864 

522 798 

493 761 

445 701 

400 646 

355 587 

337 565 

321 545 

305 523 

297 513 

272 480 

266 472 

230 424 

192 372 

189 369 

189 369 

178 352 

167 337 

160 328 

136 294 

135 293 

127 281 

122 274 

107 251 

93 229 

64 184 

63 183 

60 178 

50 160 

43 149 

34 132 

23 111 

19 103 

16 98 

11 85 

0 58 

0 53 

0 34 

0 32 

0 32 

0 23 

0 19 

0 15 

59 175 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force end doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

*° This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-61 
Table 7SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 7, Designers
 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

United States 122,473,499 

California 14,848,035 

New York 8,897,589 

Texas 8,135,729 

Florida 6,128,028 

Illinois 5,741,017 

Michigan 4,487,741 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 

Ohio 5,231,697 

New Jersey 4,079,835 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 

Georgia 3,256,181 

Virginia 3,154,629 

North Carolina 3,384,572 

Washington 2,421,652 

Maryland 2,580,750 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 

Minnesota 2,303,132 

Connecticut 1,780,734 

Indiana 2,769,606 

Missouri 2,506,769 

Tennessee 2,386,976 

Colorado 1,724,397 

Arizona 1,713,175 

Alabama 1,848,965 

Oregon 1,401,355 

South Carolina 1,685,399 

Kentucky 1,669,361 

Louisiana 1,779,167 

Iowa 1,398,500 

Kansas 1,224,774 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 

Utah 773,123 

Mississippi 1,104,496 

Arkansas 1,056,596 

New Hampshire 610,417 

Rhode Island 520,197 

New Mexico 676,690 

Maine 610,559 

Nebraska 799,516 

Nevada 644,180 

Hawaii 546,140 

Idaho 470,700 

West Virginia 729,336 

Vermont 299,860 

Delaware 326,209 

Montana 374,534 

South Dakota 334,219 

North Dakota 302,143 

Wyoming 219,906 

Alaska 267,900 

District of Columbia 345,953 

Designers

one standard 

error* 

2,068 

815 

656 

500 

459 

453 

431 

428 

409 

406 

360 

326 

322 

314 

302 

298 

287 

286 

282 

279 

273 

255 

252 

238 

218 

217 

213 

201 

198 

193 

181 

171 

160 

157 

146 

144 

139 

139 

137 

136 

134 

134 

124 

117 

105 

101 

90 

79 

75 

68 

66 

110 

Range of estimate: Designers

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

592,666 600,938 

91,150 94,410 

58,837 61,461 

33,851 35,851 

28,501 30,337 

27,685 29,495 

25,146 26,872 

24,706 26,418 

22,535 24,171 

22,224 23,848 

17,357 18,797 

14,139 15,441 

13,823 15,111 

13,124 14,380 

12,165 13,375 

11,818 13,012 

10,911 12,059 

10,811 11,953 

10,534 11,662 

10,305 11,421 

9,820 10,910 

8,585 9,607 

8,371 9,379 

7,422 8,374 

6,207 7,081 

6,141 7,009 

5,926 6,780 

5,249 6,055 

5,078 5,870 

4,789 5,559 

4,213 4,937 

3,724 4,408 

3,252 3,892 

3,105 3,731 

2,686 3,270 

2,606 3,182 

2,434 2,992 

2,405 2,959 

2,344 2,892 

2,310 2,854 

2,238 2,774 

2,221 2,755 

1,908 2,406 

1,668 2,136 

1,317 1,735 

1,231 1,637 

953 1,313 

720 1,038 

634 934 

513 787 

476 740 

1,463 1,903 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1,2 for occupation, (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations,) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-62 
Table 8SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 8, Musicians and
 

Composers 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

United States 122,473,499 

California 14,848,035 

New York 8,897,589 

Texas 8,135,729 

Florida 6,128,028 

Illinois 5,741,017 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 

Tennessee 2,386,976 

Ohio 5,231,697 

Michigan 4,487,741 

New Jersey 4,079,835 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 

North Carolina 3,384,572 

Georgia 3,256,181 

Virginia 3,154,629 

Washington 2,421,652 

Minnesota 2,303,132 

Indiana 2,769,606 

Missouri 2,506,769 

Maryland 2,580,750 

Arizona 1,713,175 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 

Colorado 1,724,397 

Louisiana 1,779,167 

Alabama 1,848,965 

Oregon 1,401,355 

Connecticut 1,780,734 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 

Kentucky 1,669,361 

Nevada 644,180 

South Carolina 1,685,399 

Mississippi 1,104,496 

Hawaii 546,140 

Iowa 1,398,500 

Kansas 1,224,774 

Arkansas 1,056,596 

New Mexico 676,690 

Nebraska 799,516 

Montana 374,534 

New Hampshire 610,417 

Maine 610,559 

Rhode Island 520,197 

West Virginia 729,336 

Utah 773,123 

Idaho 470,700 

South Dakota 334,219 

Vermont 299,860 

North Dakota 302,143 

Alaska 267,900 

Delaware 326,209 

Wyoming 219,906 

District of Columbia 345,953 

Musician,/Composers 

one standard 

error’ 

1,032 

420 

342 

257 

256 

212 

195 

195 

189 

181 

173 

167 

154 

152 

150 

148 

145 

132 

131 

129 

128 

125 

124 

119 

113 

112 

111 

108 

107 

106 

102 

92 

88 

86 

84 

79 

72 

65 

63 

61 

61 

58 

58 

56 

47 

47 

47 

47 

43 

38 

31 

61 

Range of estimate: Musician,/Composers 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

145,957 150,083 

23,726 25,406 

15,612 16,980 

8,665 

8,577 

9,693 

9,599 

5,824 6,672 

4,897 5,677 

4,882 5,660 

4,584 5,340 

4,206 

3,834 

4,932 

4,528 

3,558 4,228 

2,971 3,585 

2,918 3,526 

2,811 3,409 

2,740 3,332 

2,629 3,209 

2,171 2,701 

2,135 2,661 

2,060 2,576 

2,023 2,535 

1,934 2,436 

1,895 2,391 

1,724 2,200 

1,558 2,012 

1,528 1,976 

1,498 1,942 

1,413 1,847 

1,370 1,796 

1,341 1,763 

1,234 1,640 

989 1,357 

904 1,256 

861 1,205 

804 1,138 

707 1,023 

568 854 

462 724 

430 684 

397 641 

392 634 

353 585 

352 584 

327 551 

216 404 

215 403 

212 400 

211 399 

174 346 

125 277 

70 192 

399 645 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force end doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-63 
Table 9SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 9, painters,
 

sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers 

1990 Painters, et. al. Range of estimate: Painters, at. al. 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

210,289 215,235 

31,967 33,913 

22,817 24,465 

10,940 12,090 

10,706 11,844 

9,757 10,845 

8,399 9,411 

6,895 7,815 

6,619 7,521 

6,141 7,011 

5,827 6,675 

4,847 5,623 

4,771 5,541 

4,407 5,149 

4,131 4,849 

3,953 4,657 

3,898 4,596 

3,838 4,532 

3,744 4,430 

3,714 4,396 

3,470 4,130 

3,338 3,986 

2,934 3,544 

2,615 3,193 

2,493 3,057 

2,173 2,703 

1,663 2,131 

1,646 2,110 

1,608 2,068 

1,539 1,989 

1,510 1,956 

1,432 1,868 

1,400 1,832 

1,243 1,651 

1,163 1,559 

1,038 1,414 

929 1,285 

807 1,141 

788 1,120 

738 1,060 

727 1,047 

661 967
 

601 895
 

533 811
 

474 738
 

356 588
 

352 584
 

349 581
 

293 507
 

281 493
 

248 448
 

799 1,133 

Labor 

Force 

United States 122,473,499 

California 14,848,035 

New York 8,897,589 

Texas 8,135,729 

Florida 6,128,028 

Illinois 5,741,017 

Pennsylvania 5,730,165 

New Jersey 4,079,835 

Ohio 5,231,697 

Massachusetts 3,228,380 

Michigan 4,487,741 

Virginia 3,154,629 

Washington 2,421,652 

Maryland 2,580,750 

Georgia 3,256,181 

Missouri 2,506,769 

Wisconsin 2,504,359 

North Carolina 3,384,572 

Colorado 1,724,397 

Minnesota 2,303,132 

Connecticut 1,780,734 

Arizona 1,713,175 

Tennessee 2,386,976 

Indiana 2,769,606 

Oregon 1,401,355 

New Mexico 676,690 

Louisiana 1,779,167 

Alabama 1,848,965 

Kansas 1,224,774 

Iowa 1,398,500 

Oklahoma 1,458,156 

South Carolina 1,685,399 

Utah 773,123 

Hawaii 546,140 

Kentucky 1,669,361 

Maine 610,559 

New Hampshire 610,417 

Nevada 644,180 

Nebraska 799,516 

Rhode Island 520,197 

Arkansas 1,056,596 

Vermont 299,860 

Mississippi 1,104,496 

Montana 374,534 

Idaho 470,700 

Alaska 267,900 

South Dakota 334,219 

West Virginia 729,336 

Delaware 326,209 

North Dakota 302,143 

Wyoming 219,906 

District of Columbia 345,953 

one standard 

error* 

1,237 

486
 

412
 

288
 

285
 

272
 

253
 

230
 

225
 

217
 

212
 

194
 

192
 

185
 

180
 

176
 

175
 

173
 

171
 

171
 

165
 

162
 

153
 

145
 

141
 

132
 

117
 

116
 

115
 

113
 

112
 

109
 

108
 

102
 

99
 

94
 

89
 

84
 

83
 

80
 

80
 

76
 

73
 

69
 

66
 

58
 

58
 

58
 

54
 

53
 

50
 

83
 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-64 
Table 10SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 10,
 

Photographers.
 

United States 

California 

New York 

Texas 

illinois 

Florida 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

New Jersey 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Washington 

Colorado 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

Arizona 

Connecticut 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

Oregon

Oklahoma 

Iowa 

Kentucky 

South Carolina 

Kansas 

Utah 

Hawaii 

New Mexico 

Mississippi 

Arkansas
 

New Hampshire
 

Maine
 

Nevada
 

Rhode Island
 

Nebraska 

Idaho 

West Virginia 

Montana 

Delaware 

South Dakota 

Alaska 

Vermont 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

District of Columbia 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

122,473,499 

14,848,035 

8,897,589 

8,135,729 

5,741,017 

6,128,028 

5,730,165 

5,231,697 

4,079,835 

3,228,380 

4,487,741 

3,154,629 

3,384,572 

3,256,181 

2,580,750 

2,421,652 

1,724,397 

2,386,976 

2,506,769 

2,303,132 

2,504,359 

2,769,606 

1,713,175 

1,780,734 

1,779,167 

1,848,965 

1,401,355 

1,458,156 

1,398,500 

1,669,361 

1,685,399 

1,224,774 

773,123 

646,140 

676,690 

1,104,496 

1,056,596 

610,417 

610,559 

644,180 

520,197 

799,516 

470,700 

729,336 

374,534 

326,209 

334,219 

267,900 

299,860 

302,143 

219,906 

345,953 

Photographers 

orte standard 

error* 

1,016 

405 

323 

256 

221 

219 

210 

193 

185 

182 

182 

154 

151 

150 

147 

145 

139 

139 

138 

135 

131 

129 

122 

121 

110 

104 

104 

102 

101 

99 

98 

95 

92 

83 

82 

76 

74 

72 

70 

69 

68 

66 

65 

62 

51 

51 

50 

49 

47 

45 

42 

71 

Range of estimate: Photographers 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

141,488 145,552 

22,033 

13,870 

8,580 

6,353 

6,214 

23,653 

15,162 

9,602 

7,237 

7,088 

5,690 

4,781 

4,372 

4,260 

4,225 

6,528 

5,553 

5,110 

4,990 

4,951 

2,980 

2,883 

2,830 

2,694 

2,644 

3,596 

3,489 

3,430 

3,280 

3,226 

2,403 

2,397 

2,364 

2,265 

2,115 

2,959 

2,951 

2,916 

2,805 

2,639 

2,071 

1,811 

2,589 

2,297 

1,781 

1,474 

1,303 

2,263 

1,916 

1,721 

1,294 

1,236 

1,219 

1,170 

1,710 

1,644 

1,623 

1,566 

1,150 1,544 

1,056 

986 

1,434 

1,352 

801 1,135 

770 1,098 

657 963 

606 900 

576 864 

642 822 

524 800 

507 779 

477 741 

463 725 

406 652 

263 469 

259 463 

251 451 

235 431 

216 406 

187 365 

161 329 

566 852 

" Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor fome and doubled it to get e proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-65 
Table 11SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 11, Teachers of
 

art, drama and music at the post secondary level.
 

United States 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Florida 

North Carolina 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

122,473,499 

14,848,035 

8,897,589 

8,135,729 

5,741,017 

5,231,697 

5,730,165 

3,228,380 

4,487,741 

6,128,028 

3,384,572 

Teachers of art, et. el. one standard 

error* 

392 

131 

110 

103 

90 

86 

82 

70 

70 

68 

66 

Range of estimate: Teachers of art, et. el. 

95 of 100 samples**

Lowest Highest 

20,608 22,178 

2,127 2,651 1,464 1,904 1,269 1,681 943 1,303 848 1,190 

771 1,099 542 822 

536 814 

512 786 

479 745 

Indiana 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

Virginia 

New Jersey 

2,769,606 

2,303,132 

2,504,359 

3,154,629 

4,079,835 

66 

61 

60 

59 

59 

475 

400 

381 

363 

362 

739 

646 

621 

599 

598 

Washington 

Maryland 

Missouri 

Tennessee 

Arizona 

2,421,652 

2,580,750 

2,506,769 

2,386,976 

1,713,175 

57 

57 

57 

56 

54 

341 

341 

333 

320 

292 

571 

569 

559 

542 

506 

Iowa 

Georgia 

Oregon 

Louisiana 

South Carolina 

1,398,500 

3,256,181 

1,401,355 

1,779,167 

1,685,399 

53 

51 

50 

47 

44 

287 

262 

247 

214 

185 

501 

466 

447 

402 

363 

Colorado 

Kansas 

Connecticut 

Kentucky 

Alabama 

1,724,397 

1,224,774 

1,780,734 

1,669,361 

1,848,965 

43 

43 

42 

42 

41 

168 

168 

162 

158 

152 

340 

338 

330 

324 

316 

Oklahoma 

Mississippi 

Utah 

Arkansas 

Nebraska 

1,458,156 

1,104,496 

773,123 

1,056,596 

799,516 

41 

39 

39 

36 

33 

147 

137 

131 

110 

87 

309 

295 

287 

256 

219 

Idaho 

Maine 

North Dakota 

Vermont 

New Mexico 

470,700 

610,559 

302,143 

299,860 

676,690 

31 

31 

29 

28 

28 

72 

71 

59 

54 

51 

196 

195 

175 

168 

161 

Rhode Island 

New Hampshire 

South Dakota 

Hawaii 

West Virginia 

520,197 

610,417 

334,219 

546,140 

729,336 

27 

25 

25 

24 

24 

50 

38 

37 

34 

34 

160 

140 

137 

132 

132 

Alaska 

Nevada 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Delaware 

267,900 

644,180 

374,534 

219,906 

326,209 

24 

23 

22 

18 

6 

33 

26 

24 

8 

0 

131 

118 

112 

80 

17 

District of ColOmbia 345,953 33 83 213 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation, (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures, 

A-66 
Table 12SE. Sampling error calculations for data in Table 12, Other artists
 

(artists, performers, and related workers not elsewhere classified)
 

United States 

California 

New York 

Florida 

Texas 

Illinois 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Michigan 

Ohio 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

Washington 

Maryland 

Georgia 

Minnesota 

Arizona 

Colorado 

Missouri 

North Carolina 

Indiana 

Wisconsin 

Tennessee 

Connecticut 

Louisiana 

Oregon 

Hawaii 

Nevada 

Oklahoma 

Alabama 

Kansas 

South Carolina 

Kentucky 

Iowa 

Rhode Island 

Utah 

New Mexico 

New Hampshire 

Arkansas 

Nebraska 

Mississippi 

West Virginia 

Maine 

Montana 

Idaho 

Delaware 

Alaska 

Vermont 

South Dakota 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

District of Columbia 

1990 

Labor 

Force 

Other artists 

one standard 

error* 

Range of estimate: Other artists 

95 of 100 samples** 

Lowest Highest 

122,473,499 820 91,781 95,061 

14,848,035 363 17,646 19,100 

8,897,589 275 9,937 11,035 

6,128,028 

8,135,729 

5,741,017 

219 

203 

154 

6,256 

5,340 

2,978 

7,134 

6,154 

3,592 

4,079,835 

5,730,165 

146 

139 

2,659 

2,421 

3,241 

2,979 

4,487,741 138 2,361 2,913 

5,231,697 

3,228,380 

137 

136 

2,326 

2,264 

2,874 

2,826 

3,154,629 

2,421,652 

133 

125 

2,206 

1,914 

2,740 

2,412 

2,580,750 124 1,900 2,398 

3,256,181 

2,303,132 

113 

110 

1,541 

1,469 

1,993 

1,909 

1,713,175 108 1,407 1,839 

1,724,397 105 1,331 1,753 

2,506,769 104 1,303 1,721 

3,384,572 98 1,147 1,541 

2,769,606 94 1,045 1,421 

2,504,359 94 1,033 1,407 

2,386,976 90 950 1,310 

1,780,734 88 903 1,255 

1,779,167 

1,401,355 

87 

87 

877 

869 

1,225 

1,215 

546,140 85 825 1,163 

644,180 82 766 1,092 

1,458,156 78 691 1,003 

1,848,965 77 672 980 

1,224,774 77 663 969 

1,685,399 

1,669,361 

75 

72 

631 

580 

931 

868 

1,398,500 66 469 731 

520,197 63 426 678 

773,123 63 420 670 

676,690 

610,417 

57 

55 

339 

317 

567 

539 

1,056,596 55 309 529 

799,516 52 269 475 

1,104,496 49 235 431 

729,336 49 231 425 

610,559 46 203 387 

374,534 44 186 364 

470,700 44 185 363 

326,209 38 128 282 

267,900 36 111 257 

299,860 35 103 245 

334,219 34 90 224 

302,143 29 56 170 

219,906 27 50 160 

345,953 68 511 783 

* Standard error multiplied by sample design factor of 1.2 for occupation. (We took the labor force and doubled it to get a proxy for state population in the calculations.) 

** This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. 

A-67 
 

Table 17SE. Range of Sampling Error for the Estimate of the Percent of
 

Artists in the Labor Force in each Metropolitan Area shown in Table 17,
 

Range of error for illustrative smaller areas also shown) 

Labor 

Force 

1990 

Total 

Artists 

1990 

One 

standard 

error 

Two SE 

and the 

sample 

Range of results in 95 of 100 samples** 

Estimated number of Estimated percent of 

artists artists in labor force 

total 

artiste 

design 

factor* 

Lowest Highest Lowest Highest 

Total United States 122,473,499 1,671,278 2,881 6,914 1,664,364 1,678,192 1.36% 1.37% 

Total in Metropolitan Areas 97,210,626 1,473,197 2,704 6,489 1,466,708 1,479,686 1.51% 1.52% 

Total in Consolidated Areas 46,291,565 813,396 2,008 4,819 808,577 818,215 1.75% 1.77% 

Santa Fe, NM MSA 61,886 2,094 101 243 1,851 2,337 2.99% 3.78% 

Norwalk, CT PMSA 74,546 2,481 110 265 2,216 2,746 2.97% 3.68% 

New York, NY PMSA 4,170,806 123,676 781 1,873 121,803 125,549 2.92% 3.01% 

San Francisco, CA PMSA 905,138 26,470 361 867 25,603 27,337 2.83% 3.02% 

Stamford, CT PMSA 112,155 3,058 123 295 2,763 3,353 2.46% 2.99% 

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA 4,473,143 119,044 766 1,839 117,205 120,883 2.62% 2.70% 

Boulder-Longmont, CO PMSA 130,344 3,175 125 301 2,874 3,476 2.21% 2.67% 

Sarasota, FL MSA 

Santa Cruz, CA PMSA 

Los Angeles-Anah’m-Riv’side, CA CMSA 

118,368 

123,889 

7,326,510 

2,648 

2,747 

162,323 

114 

117 

896 

275 

280 

2,150 

2,373 

2,467 

160,173 

2,923 

3,027 

164,473 

2.01% 

1.99% 

2.19% 

2.47% 

2.44% 

2.24% 

NY-N’ern NJ-Long I., CT-NJ-NY CMSA 9,252,112 200,920 997 2,392 198,528 203,312 2.15% 2.20% 

Santa Barb.-San. Mar.-Lompoc, CA MSA 189,331 = 4,005 141 338 3,667 4,343 1.94% 2.29% 

Bloomington, IN MSA 

Nashville, TN MSA 

Ann Arbor, MI PMSA 

55,486 

525,143 

158,180 

1,147 

10,827 

3,244 

75 

231 

127 

181 

556 

304 

966 

10,271 

2,940 

1,328 

11,383 

3,548 

1.74% 

1.96% 

1.86% 

2.39% 

2.17% 

2.24% 

Seattle, WA PMSA 1,096,386 22,115 331 794 21,321 22,909 1.94% 2.09% 

Boston, MA PMSA 

San Fran.-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA 

Washington, DC-MD-VA MSA 

1,601,070 

3,384,873 

2,259,!97 

31,690 

66,683 

44,241 

396 

575 

468 

951 

1,379 

1,123 

30,739 

65,304 

43,118 

32,641 

68,062 

45,364 

1.92% 

1.93% 

1.91% 

2.04% 

2.01% 

2.01% 

Danbury, CT PMSA 

Albuquerque, NM MSA 

Honolulu, HI MSA 

107,239 

241,737 

408,304 

2,063 

4,616 

7,780 

101 

151 

196 

243 

363 

471 

1,820 

4,253 

7,309 

2,306 

4,979 

8,251 

1.70% 

1.76% 

1.79% 

2.15% 

2.06% 

2.02% 

Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA 

Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA 

1,347,338 

202,179 

25,428 

3,784 

355 

137 

852 

329 

24,576 

3,455 

26,280 

4,113 

1.82% 

1.71% 

1.95% 

2.03% 

Orlando, FL MSA 

Austin, TX MSA 

Fort Collins-Loveland, CO MSA 

580,287 

427,176 

98,877 

10,815 

7,960 

1,838 

231 

199 

95 

555 

477 

229 

10,260 

7,483 

1,609 

11,370 

8,437 

2,067 

1.77% 

1.75% 

1.63% 

1.96% 

1.97% 

2.09% 

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 1,363,726 24,987 352 844 24,143 25,831 1.77% 1.89% 

Champaign-Urbana-Rantoul, IL MSA 

Trenton, NJ PMSA 

Portland, OR PMSA 

San Diego, CA MSA 

90,750 

174,554 

657,912 

1,210,110 

1,624 

3,114 

11,692 

21,405 

90 

124 

241 

326 

215 

298 

578 

782 

1,409 

2,816 

11,114 

20,623 

1,839 

3,412 

12,270 

22,187 

1.55% 

1.61% 

1.69% 

1.70% 

2.03% 

1.95% 

1.86% 

1.83% 

Illustrative smaller areas: 

Metro A 

Metro B 

300,000 

250,000 

1,000 

800 

71 

63 

170 

152 

830 

648 

1,170 

952 

0.28% 

0.26% 

0.39% 

0.38% 

Metro C 

Metro D 

Metro E 

200,000 

200,000 

200,000 

600 

500 

200 

55 

50 

32 

131 

120 

76 

469 

380 

124 

731 

620 

276 

0.23% 

0.19% 

0.06% 

0.37% 

0.31% 

0.14% 

Metro F 200,000 100 22 54 46 154 0.02% 0.08% 

° The standard error is multiplied by a sample design factor that varies for different types of data collected in the sample. For occupation, the sample design factor is 1.2 or 1.3, 

depending on the state. A multiplier of 1.2 is used in this table. (For the calculations, the labor rome doubled was used as a proxy for the size of each metropolitan area.) 

**	 This is the range within which we would expect a number or percentage to fall in 95 out of 100 samples that followed the census procedures. If the result for two metropolitan 

areas falls in essentially the same range, then the chances are that the difference in the number or percentage between the two metropolitan areas is of no impodance. 

Metropolitan areas grouped together with no space between them are essentially identical in percent of adists in the labor force. Metropolitan areas not grouped together 

may or may not be different, depending on the range of their estimates. 

A-68 
 

Table 20SE. Sampling error estimates for artist occupations by sex, race,
 

and Hispanic: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970
 

ONE STANDARD ERROR (Design f~ctor 1.3, Population size : labor force total) 

Total Male Female White Black Other Hispanic Not Hispanic 

Actors and directors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,875 

1,468 

1,136 

1,475 

1,189 

919 

1,158 

862 

667 

1,774 

1,404 

1,094 

505 

355 

274 

336 

245 

136 

416 

268 

212 

1,828 

1,444 

1,116 

Announcers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,391 

1,228 

913 

1,238 

1,110 

883 

634 

525 

230 

1,299 

1,159 

897 

418 

353 

143 

271 

201 

87 

325 

255 

121 

1,352 

1,201 

905 

Architects 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,243 

1,859 

1,312 

2,067 

1,780 

1,286 

872 

536 

262 

2,133 

1,783 

1,277 

377 

311 

202 

582 

422 

227 

507 

374 

174 

2,185 

1,821 

1,301 

Authors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,850 

1,212 

944 

1,315 

903 

793 

1,303 

808 

512 

1,798 

1,182 

934 

319 

200 

120 

299 

176 

60 

256 

174 

103 

1,833 

1,199 

938 

Dancers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

839 

651 

488 

405 

328 

211 

735 

562 

440 

774 

594 

452 

229 

193 

143 

229 

183 

112 

227 

159 

123 

808 

631 

472 

Designers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

4,367 

3,291 

2,731 

2,916 

2,332 

2,182 

3,258 

2,326 

1,645 

4,149 

3,172 

2,675 

825 

593 

378 

1,093 

647 

398 

1,018 

651 

468 

4,248 

3,226 

2,690 

Musicians and composers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,179 

2,123 

1,787 

1,786 

1,783 

1,442 

1,249 

1,164 

1,056 

2,038 

2,013 

1,716 

599 

646 

468 

488 

399 

174 

556 

446 

331 

2,107 

2,076 

1,756 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, 

and artist printmakers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,611 

2,216 

1,669 

1,801 

1,597 

1,302 

1,893 

1,538 

1,045 

2,490 

2,135 

1,637 

497 

396 

229 

612 

441 

231 

577 

425 

270 

2,547 

2,175 

1,647 

Photographers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,145 

1,744 

1,473 

1,793 

1,525 

1,359 

1,180 

845 

566 

2,024 

1,668 

1,439 

512 

395 

258 

497 

321 

179 

515 

347 

269 

2,083 

1,709 

1,448 

Teachers of art, drama, 

and music 

1990 

1980 

1970 

829 

955 

1,161 

583 

687 

901 

589 

662 

732 

792 

918 

1,136 

172 

218 

215 

172 

144 

103 

145 

124 

106 

816 

946 

1,156 

Other artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,731 

1,262 

1,306 

1,226 

971 

1,101 

1,222 

807 

703 

1,594 

1,202 

1,258 

401 

286 

282 

543 

257 

209 

578 

267 

278 

1,632 

1,234 

1,276 

Total artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

7,275 

5,873 

4,842 

5,447 

4,639 

4,034 

4,860 

3,626 

2,696 

6,896 

5,633 

4,719 

1,570 

1,231 

882 

1,745 

1,143 

650 

1,717 

1,159 

823 

7,075 

5,760 

4,773 

A-69 
 

 

Table 23SE. Sampling error estimates for artist occupations by years of 

school completed and by age: United States, 1990, 1980, and 1970 

ONE STANDARD ERROR (Design factor 1.3, Population size : labor force total) 

Years of school completed Age 

Total 1-8 9-11 12 13-15 16 17+ Total 16-24 25-34 35-54 55+ 

Actors and directors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,875 

1,468 

1,136 

100 

180 

215 

280 

242 

297 

542 

563 

563 

1,023 

775 

649 

1,257 

837 

514 

713 

669 

393 

1,875 

1,468 

1,136 

611 

575 

547 

1,162 

955 

635 

1,215 

846 

670 

565 

445 

373 

Announcers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,391 

1,228 

913 

132 

167 

88 

431 

378 

249 

599 

622 

498 

941 

741 

580 

652 

547 

366 

250 

320 

-211 

1,391 

1,228 

913 

774 

797 

536 

830 

737 

524 

732 

509 

478 

332 

266 

204 

Architects 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,243 

1,859 

1,312 

71 

136 

188 

192 

313 

222 

462 

536 

381 

862 

689 

480 

1,627 

819 

624 

1,179 

1,381 

934 

2,243 

1,859 

1,312 

481 

540 

312 

1,301 

1,147 

685 

1,563 

1,174 

923 

818 

686 

551 

Authors 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,850 

1,212 

944 

102 

141 

114 

225 

150 

153 

395 

360 

398 

805 

505 

488 

1,221 

697 

512 

1,034 

745 

442 

1,850 

1,212 

944 

415 

279 

248 

886 

655 

476 

1,316 

786 

663 

858 

586 

404 

Dancers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

839 

651 

488 

151 

132 

135 

358 

278 

250 

454 

402 

307 

464 

311 

209 

326 

207 

109 

156 

167 

85 

839 

651 

488 

533 

438 

351 

536 

418 

290 

342 

216 

159 

128 

102 

67 

Designers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

4,367 

3,291 

2,731 

557 

555 

660 

1,039 

884 

959 

1,886 

1,761 

1,588 

2,708 

1,809 

1,409 

2,392 

1,492 

1,037 

1,065 

1,079 

734 

4,367 

3,291 

2,731 

1,445 

1,322 

944 

2,528 

1,912 

1,507 

2,915 

2,000 

1,825 

1,470 

1,204 

989 

Musicians and composers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,179 

2,123 

1,787 

358 

384 

376 

556 

644 

736 

859 

1,057 

944 

1,254 

1,168 

955 

1,106 

873 

611 

882 

841 

580 

2,179 

2,123 

1,787 

740 

1,001 

1,030 

1,220 

1,368 

857 

1,403 

1,038 

962 

865 

749 

689 

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, 

and artist printmakers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,611 

2,216 

1,669 

281 

286 

281 

532 

480 

463 

1,025 

1,050 

959 

1,646 

1,271 

927 

1,451 

1,099 

707 

776 

823 

463 

2,611 

2,216 

1,669 

841 

897 

686 

1,447 

1,333 

866 

1,763 

1,288 

1,083 

960 

821 

628 

Photographers 

1990 

1980 

1970 

2,145 

1,744 

1,473 

223 

257 

322 

526 

459 

575 

948 

960 

981 

1,364 

991 

736 

1,143 

761 

414 

464 

532 

243 

2,145 

1,744 

1,473 

848 

811 

639 

1,226 

1,044 

717 

1,395 

955 

956 

663 

617 

577 

Teachers of art, drama, 

and music 

1990 

1980 

1970 

829 

955 

1,161 

14 

83 

66 

41 

94 

88 

137 

205 

229 

299 

293 

323 

369 

363 

392 

664 

798 

1,013 

829 

955 

1,161 

245 

294 

360 

391 

551 

638 

596 

624 

784 

344 

364 

444 

Other artists 

1990 

1980 

1970 

1,731 

1,262 

1,306 

272 

296 

298 

475 

415 

416 

737 

706 

678 

1,034 

639 

683 

830 

493 

500 

632 

429 

517 

1,731 

1,262 

1,306 

696 

603 

529 

969 

763 

684 

1,095 

662 

843 

613 

459 

498 

Total artists 0 0 

1990 

1980 

1970 

7,275 

5,873 

4,842 

842 

902 

1,004 

1,630 

1,488 

1,611 

2,833 

2,836 

2,661 

4,255 

3,109 

2,516 

4,167 

2,709 

1,904 

2,571 

2,590 

1,725 

7,275 

5,873 

4,842 

2,502 

2,482 

2,065 

4,160 

3,551 

2,533 

4,822 

3,389 

3,092 

2,570 

2,122 

1,833 

A-70 
 

Table 29SE. Sampling error estimates for earnings in year before the census of artists by sex, for artists 

with some earnings who worked 50 to 52 weeks, and 35 to 99 hours per week, United States: 1980 and 1990 

WORKED FULL 

TIME, FULL 

YEAR, 1989 

Number of 

full year 

full time 

earnerl 

Median 

earnings 

in 1889 

Median earnings as a percent of 

confidence limits earnings 

-1 SE +1 SE -2 SE +2 SE -1 SE 

Dollar range of 

confidence limits 1989 

+1 SE -2 SE +2 SE 

MALE 

Actors/directors 

Announcers 

Architects 

Authors 

Dancers 

Designers 

Musicians/composers 

Painters 

36,822 

24,571 

107,245 

28,890 

1,273 

197,675 

36,143 

60,433 

$32,077 

$21,424 

$40,110 

$33,837 

$16,623 

$32,549 

$22,988 

$24,320 

2.5% 

3.4% 

1.6% 

4.8% 

11.1% 

0.7% 

4.3% 

2.5% 

3.8% 

3.9% 

0.9% 

2.8% 

29.1% 

0.7% 

4.4% 

2.3% 

4.9% 

6.7% 

3.6% 

7.7% 

21.9% 

1.4% 

6.9% 

5.3% 

7.3% 

9.8% 

1.8% 

5.4% 

53.1% 

1.4% 

7.2% 

4.6% 

$31,273 

$20,705 

$39,455 

$32,205 

$14,784 

$32,316 

$21,991 

$23,710 

$33 291 

$22 250 

$40471 

$34 792 

$21457 

$32 783 

$23991 

$24.884 

$30498 

$19 988 

$38 671 

$31 245 

$12 974 

$32 083 

$21408 

$23 041 

$34,430 

$23,514 

$40,832 

$35,672 

$25,454 

$33,016 

$24,635 

$25,449 

Photographers 

Teachers art, etc. 

Other artists 

66,562 

3,304 

21,629 

$25,456 

$34,982 

$25,310 

1.8% 

6.0% 

3.5% 

1.8% 

8.3% 

4.1% 

3.6% 

10.3% 

20.1% 

4.4% 

16.3% 

10.4% 

$24,998 

$32,893 

$24,415 

$25.914 

$37870 

$26,360 

$24541 

$31 380 

$20 227 

$26,567 

$40,684 

$27,935 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 

Announcers 

Architects 

21,257 

5,305 

14,300 

$28,032 

$19,325 

$29,451 

5.0% 

7.9% 

2.7% 

3.0% 

10.6% 

3.0% 

9.4% 

14.0% 

5.6% 

6.0% 

21.6% 

6.7% 

$26641 

$17 792 

$28 657 

$28,866 

$21,377 

$30,332 

$25,391 

$16,615 

$27,789 

$29,708 

$23,506 

$31,412 

Authors 20,481 $25,101 4.9% 5.0% 8.1% 9.9% $23 881 $26,367 $23,074 $27,579 

Dancers 

Designers

Musicians/composers 

Painters 

Photographers 

Teachers art, etc. 

Other artists 

3,445 

164,067 

9,730 

49,595 

19,428 

2,254 

14,855 

$15,623 

$20,394 

$18,653 

$18,762 

$17,381 . $25,316 

$19,193 

15.3% 

0.8% 

5.4% 

2.0% 

4.5% 

8.5% 

5.5% 

16.2% 

0.6% 

5.4% 

2.0% 

4.4% 

9.5% 

6.1% 

23.4% 

1.3% 

10.9% 

4.1% 

9.0% 

16.7% 

10.2% 

27.2% 

1.3% 

12.1% 

4.1% 

8.4% 

21.1% 

14.5% 

$13 229 

$20 225 

$17640 

$18 381 

$16 600 

$23170 

$18 132 

$18,159 

$20,524 

$19,662 

$19,143 

$18,145 

$27,722 

$20,361 

$11,970 

$20,135 

$16,621 

$18,000 

$15,822 

$21,077 

$17,234 

$19,875 

$20,653 

$20,902 

$19,524 

$18,844 

$30,653 

$21,972 

WORKED FULL 

TIME, FULL 

YEAR, 1979 

Number of 

full year 

full time 

Median 

earnlnga 

in 1979 

Median eamings ae a percent of 

confidence limits earninga 

-1 SE +1 SE -2 SE +2 SE -1 SE 

Dollar range of 

confidence limita 1989 

+1 SE -2 SE +2 SE 

earners 

MALE 

Actors/directors 24,560 $32,118 3.5% 3.8% 7.1% 8.7% $31,003 $33 349 $29 840 $34,924 

Announcers 18,260 $21,135 2.9% 2.9% 6.0% 7.7% $20,527 $21 743 $19 859 $22,761 

Architects 76,540 $36,805 1.6% 1.6% 3.8% 4.1% $36,202 $37404 $35 404 $38,303 

Authors 12,140 $25,815 6.1% 11.9% 15.7% 20.9% $24,233 $28 888 $21 752 $31,200 

Dancers 740 $21,667 16.8% 33.6% 28.9% 72.6% $18,033 $28 950 $15,399 $37,400 

Designers 

Musicians/composers 

126,280 

22,380 

$31,622 

$20,781 

1.0% 

2.5% 

1.0% 

2.5% 

2.0% 

7.5% 

5.2% 

2.9% 

$31,309 

$20,255 

$31 935 

$21 306 

$30996 

$19230 

$33,252 

$21,382 

Painters 48,280 $25,126 2.3% 2.3% 4.7% 5.4% $24,543 $25 708 $23948 $26,485 

Photographers 45,780 $24,247 2.7% 2.2% 5.8% 4.5% $23,594 $24 789 $22849 $25,332 

Teachers art, etc. 5,620 $33,722 4.8% 8.8% 8.5% 13.4% $32,091 $36 679 $30 840 $38,250 

Other artists 13,720 $23,833 7.9% 5.3% 15.3% 9.9% $21,941 $25 100 $20182 $26,182 

FEMALE 

Actors/directors 8,080 $23 692 5.8% 5.7% 10.6% 11.2% $22,307 $25,034 $21 175 $26,335 

Announcers 

Architects 

3,660 

4,880 

$16 636 

$25 448 

10.7% 

3.8% 

11.7% 

4.2% 

18.9% 

8.6% 

20.7% 

8.0% 

$14,853 

$24,483 

$18,575 

$26 521 

$13 486 

$23 271 

$20,078 

$27,479 

Authors 6,800 $17 833 7.7% 12.8% 22.4% 19.9% $16,458 $20 115 $13 833 $21,385 

Dancers 

Designers 

Musicians/composers 

Painters 

2,300 

74,760 

4,560 

29,160 

$13 625 

$17 060 

$14 700 

$16 989 

14.5% 

1.9% 

9.5% 

2.2% 

16.0% 

1.2% 

9.3% 

2.2% 

22.3% 

3.9% 

19.3% 

4.4% 

47.7% 

3.2% 

19.5% 

4.4% 

$11,655 

$16,730 

$13,310 

$16,613 

$15 800 

$17 270 

$16 061 

$17 364 

$10 589 

$16 400 

$11 869 

$16 237 

$20,127 

$17,600 

$17,567 

$17,741 

Photographers 

Teachers art, etc. 

8,940 

2,360 

$15,804 

$25,143 

5.0% 

4.9% 

4.4% 

8.8% 

10.4% 

26.9% 

8.7% 

16.1% 

$15,020 

$23,916 

$16507 

$27 350 

$14156 

$18 375 

$17,172 

$29,182 

Other artists 5,820 $15,167 10.0% 9.6% 17.2% 17.7% $13,657 $16 624 $12 564 $17,848 

A-71 
 

 

Table 34. Universes for Tables 19-26 and Table 33 showing derivation of
 

Table 33 universe.
 

Universe for Tables 19-26 Derived universe for Table 33 

Household % from 5% sample 

multiplied by number from 

15% SAMPLE 5% SAMPLE 15% sample 

COMBINEO H’hld & GQ COMBINED H’hld & GQ HOUSEHOLD ONLY 

in labor force in labor force in labor force 

Total in labor force Total in labor force Total in labor force Total in labor force 

1980 1990 1980 1990 1980 1990 1980 1990 

OCCUPATION 

Actors/directors 67,180 109,573 67,660 108,790 67,060 107,959 66,584 108,736 

Announcers 46,986 60,269 45,360 60,298 43,700 58,335 45,266 58,307 

Architects 107,693 156,874 108,540 157,759 108,120 157,493 107,276 156,609 

Authors 45,748 106,730 45,900 107,383 45,540 105,747 45,389 105,104 

Dancers 13,194 21,913 13,060 22,499 12,780 22,215 12,911 21,636 

Designers 338,374 596,802 338,620 600,810 336,920 597,467 336,675 593,481 

Musicians/composers 140,556 148,020 137,420 149,473 133,820 146,159 136,874 144,738 

Painters 153,162 2~.2,762 151,360 210,404 150,140 208,899 151,927 211,240 

Photographers 94,762 143,520 95,940 145,145 94,700 143,385 93,537 141,780 

Teachers art, etc. 28,385 21,393 29,140 21,338 28,280 20,778 27,547 20,832 

Other artists 49,653 93,421 50,820 93,365 49,420 91,827 48,285 91,882 

Total artists 1,085,693 1,671,277 1,083,820 1,677,264 1,070,480 1,660,264 1,072,330 1,654,338 

Prof. spec. occups 12,275,140 16,647,688 12,318,000 16,564,377 12,172,000 16,405,130 12,129,648 16,487,640 

Occup. labor force 103,718,076 122,473,499 103,206,000 122,086,710 102,254,000 120,888,722 102,761,352 121,271,716 

A-72 
Table 35. Comparison of weighted counts of artists by sex from 1980 and
 

1990 census samples of 16.7%, 5% and 1%.
 

OCCUPATION 

16.7% 

Sample 

Total, 1980 

5% 

Sample 

1% 

Sample 

16.7% 

Sample 

Males, 1980 

5% 

Sample 

1% 

Sample 

Females, 1980 

16.7% 5% 

Sample Sample 

1% 

Sample 

Actors/directors 67,180 67,660 64,700 44,049 45,020 42,200 23,131 22,640 22,500 

Announcers 46,986 45,360 44,500 38,392 36,640 35,300 8,594 8,720 9,200 

Architects 107,693 108,540 112,000 98,743 99,140 102,900 8,950 9,400 9,100 

Authors 45,748 45,900 46,400 25,409 24,900 26,000 20,339 21,000 20,400 

Dancers 13,194 13,060 13,300 3,350 3,200 3,500 9,844 9,860 9,800 

Designers 338,374 338,620 325,500 169,604 168,320 165,300 168,770 170,300 160,200 

Musicians/composers 140,556 137,420 144,600 99,065 96,480 104,100 41,491 40,940 40,500 

Painters 153,162 151,360 153,500 79,445 78,440 77,600 73,717 72,920 75,900 

Photographers 94,762 95,940 93,900 72,496 72,220 72,300 22,266 23,720 21,600 

Teachers 28,385 29,140 28,400 14,718 15,320 14,900 13,667 13,820 13,500 

Other artists 49,653 50,820 54,600 29,356 30,860 30,700 20,297 19,960 23,900 

Total artists 1,085,693 1,083,820 1,081,400 674,627 670,540 674,800 411,066 413,280 406,600 

OCCUPATION 

16.7% 

Sample 

Total, 1990 

5% 

Sample 

1% 

Sample 

16.7% 

Sample 

Males, 1990 

5% 

Sample 

1% 

Sample 

Females, 1990 

16.7% 5% 

Sample Sample 

1% 

Sample 

Actors/directors 109,573 108,790 109,197 67,787 65,622 68,248 41,786 43,168 40,949 

Announcers 60,269 60 298 62,071 47,752 47,614 49,007 12,517 12,684 13,064 

Architects 156,874 157 759 151,731 133,212 134,036 128,996 23,662 23,723 22,735 

Authors 106,730 107 383 108,450 53,863 55,014 54,430 52,867 52,369 54,020 

Dancers 21,913 22 499 22,728 5,097 5,373 4,633 16,816 17,126 18,095 

Designers 596,802 600 810 591,423 265,299 267,778 266,952 331,503 333,032 324,471 

Musicians/composers 148,020 149 473 141,439 99,409 100,451 99,445 48,611 49,022 41,994 

Painters 212,762 210 404 216,849 101,067 100,095 101,414 111,695 110,309 115,435 

Photographers 143,520 145145 141,827 100,169 100,220 97,856 43,351 44,925 43,971 

Teachers 21,393 21,338 23,330 10,591 9,962 12,957 10,802 11,376 10,373 

Other artists 93,421 93,365 92,616 46,865 47,787 45,316 46,556 45,578 47,300 

Total artists 1,671,277 1,677,264 1,661,661 931,111 933,952 929,254 740,166 743,312 732,407 

A-73 
 

Table 36. Universe changes between 1980 and 1990 for earnings and
 

household income tables
 

PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLDS IN LABOR FORCE 

Excludes group quarters. See Part II Text.) 

In labor force = house- Work full year, fell 

hold Income universe time last year" 

PERCENT CHANGE 

1980 minus 1990 

Total In HH Full 

HH+GQ only year 

PERCENT BY YEAR 

(See Part il text.) 

In households Full year, full 

1980 1990 1979** 1989*** 

full 

time 1980 

" only 

1990 

time workers 

1979"* 1999"** 

OCCUPATION 

Acto rs/di rectors 66,584 108,736 32,640 58,079 63.1% 63.3% 77.9% 99.1% 99.2% 44.1% 48.4% 

Announcers 45,266 58,307 21,920 29,876 28.3% 28.8% 36.3% 96.3% 96.7% 46.1% 47.0% 

Architects 107,276 156,609 81,420 121,545 45.7% 46.0% 49.3% 99.6% 99.8% 71.6% 74.0% 

Authors 45,389 105,104 18,940 49,371 133.3% 131.6% 160.7% 99.2% 98.5% 40.1% 44.3% 

Dancers 12,911 21,636 3,040 4,718 66.1% 67.~% 55.2% 97.9% 98.7% 19.9% 19.6% 

Designers 336,675 593,481 201,040 361,742 76.4% 76.3% 79.9% 99.5% 99.4% 55.5% 55.9% 

Musicians/composers 136,874 144,738 26,940 45,873 5.3% 5.7% 70.3% 97.4% 97.8% 17.9% 25.9% 

Painters 151,927 211,240 77,440 110,028 38.9% 39.0% 42.1% 99.2% 99.3% 48.1% 48.6% 

Photographers 93,537 141,780 54,720 85,990 51.5% 51.6% 57.1% 98.7% 98.8% 53.2% 54.2% 

Teachers art, etc. 27,547 20,832 7,980 5,558 -24.6% -24.4% -30.4% 97.0% 97.4% 26.2% 24.4% 

Other artists 48,285 91,882 19,540 36,484 88.1% 90.3% 86.7% 97.2% 98.4% 35.8% 34.1% 

Total artists 1,072,330 1,654,338 545,620 909,264 53.9% 54.3% 66.6% 98.8% 99.0% 47.0% 50.0% 

Professionals 12,129,648 16,487,640 6,596,000 9,413,164 35.6% 35.9% 42.7% 98.8% 99.0% 50.4% 52.9% 

Labor force 102,761,352 121,271,71660,212,000 73,706,224 18.1% 18.0% 22.4% 99.1% 99.0% 53.1% 55.3% 

* Equals the earnings universe, excludes persons reporting zero earnings. 

** For 1979 this universe excludes persons in the Armed Forces living in households. 

*** For 1989 this universe includes persons in the Armed Forces living in households. 

A-74 
 

Table 37. Armed Forces persons in households in 1990 who worked 

full-time full-year in 1989 by artist occupation: United States 

Full-veer full-time ~orior veer. in households census veer 

SEX Total in Armed forces Percent 

OCCUPATION households in Households Armed forces 

MALE 

Actors/Directors 36,822 184 0.50% 

Announcers 24,571 129 0.53% 

Architects 107,245 0 0.00% 

Authors 28,890 348 1.20% 

Dancers 1,273 0 0.00% 

Designers 197,675 277 0.14% 

Musicians 36,143 3,189 8.82% 

Painters 60,433 145 0.24% 

Photographers 66,562 1,429 2.15% 

Art/Teachers 3,304 0 0.00% 

Artists/NEC 21,629 1,015 4.69% 

Total 584,547 6,716 1.15% 

FEMALE 

Acto rs/Dire cto rs 21,257 0 0.00% 

Announcers 5,305 0 0.00% 

Architects 14,300 64 0.45% 

Authors 20,481 0 0.00% 

Dancers 3,445 82 2.38% 

Designers 164,067 640 0.39% 

Musicians 9,730 121 1.24% 

Painters 49,595 240 0.48% 

Photographers 19,428 0 0.00% 

Art/Teachers 2,254 207 9.18% 

Artists/N EC 14,855 1,354 9.11% 

Total 324,717 8,070 2.49% 

A-75 
Table 38. Number of postsecondary teachers by subject, 1990 and 1980
 

MALE TEACHERS FEMALE TEACHERS TOTAL TEACHERS 

Number Percent % change Number Percent % change Number Percent % change 

SUBJECT cbenge |e~e change lees change 

1990 1980 (1990- % 1990 1980 (1990- % 1990 1980 (1990. % 

198~ e~lst 1980/ e~l~ 1980/ artist 

1980) change 1980) change 1980) change 

Earth, environmental, 

marine sciences 889 1,904 -53.3% -25.0% 364 370 -1.6% 19.3% 1,253 2,274 -44.9% -20.1% 

Biological sciences 4,031 6,537 -38.3% -10.0% 2,070 3,114 -33.5% -12.6% 6,101 9,651 -36.8% -12.0% 

Chemistry 4,053 6,671 -39.2% -10.9% 1,393 1,711 -18.6% 2.4% 5,446 8,382 -35.0% -10.2% 

Physics 3,876 4,882 -20.6% 7.7% 556 532 4.5% 25.5% 4,432 5,414 -18.1% 6.7% 

Natural sci. 292 637 -54.2% -25.8% 97 194 -50.0% -29.0% 389 831 -53.2% -28.4% 

Psychology 2,409 3,494 -31.1% -2.7% 2,109 2,326 -9.3% 11.6% 4,518 5,820 -22.4% 2.4% 

Economics 2,650 4,024 -34.1% -5.8% 776 1,008 -23.0% -2.1% 3,426 5,032 -31.9% -7.1% 

History 2,996 4,267 -29.8% -1.4% 1,125 1,333 -15.6% 5.4% 4,121 5,600 -26.4% -1.6% 

Political sci. 752 1,677 -55.2% -26.8% 253 389 -35.0% -14.0% 1,005 2,086 -51.4% -26.6% 

Sociology 905 2,263 -60.0% -31.7% 552 944 -41.5% -20.6% 1,457 3,207 -54.6% -29.8% 

Social sci. ’548 1,301 -57.9% -29.5% 312 708 -55.9% -35.0% 860 2,009 -57.2% -32.4% 

Engineering 6,489 9,719 -33.2% -4.9% 1,288 1,253 2.8% 23.8% 7,777 10,972 -29.1% -4.3% 

Mathematicalsci. 10,639 11,390 -6.6% 21.8% 6,718 5,307 26.6% 47.6% 17,357 16,697 4.0% 28.8% 

Computersci. 2,679 1,842 45.4% 73.8% 1,705 716 138.1% 159.1% 4,384 2,558 71.4% 96.2% 

Medical sci. 1,976 6,891 -71.3% -43.0% 767 2,123 -63.9% -42.9% 2,743 9,014 -69.6% -44.8% 

Health specialties 3,784 2,596 45.8% 74.1% 11,927 16,955 -29.7% -8.7% 15,711 19,551 -19.6% 5.2% 

Business 2,288 4,022 -43.1% -14.8% 2,775 3,594 -22.8% -1.8% 5,063 7,616 -33.5% -8.7% 

Agriculture & forestry 759 3,246 -76.6% -48.3% 302 567 -46.7% -25.8% 1,061 3,813 -72.2% -47.4 

Art, drama and music 10,591 14,78! -0.283 0.0% 10,802 13,667 -21.0% 0.0% 21,393 28,448 -24.8% 0.0% 

Physical education 2,042 5,382 -62.1% -33.7% 2,073 3,626 -42.8% -21.9% 4,115 9,008 -54.3% -29.5% 

Education 747 1,373 -45.6% -17.2% 708 935 -24.3% -3.3% 1,455 2,308 -37.0% -12.2% 

English 10,243 10,538 -2.8% 25.5% 14,033 12,865 9.1% 30.0% 24,276 23,403 3.7% 28.5% 

Foreign language 2,966 4,039 -26.6% 1.8% 7,059 5,915 19.3% 40.3% 10,025 9,954 0.7% 25.5% 

Law 3,158 3,301 -4.3% 24.0% 1,397 811 72.3% 93.2% 4,555 4,112 10.8% 35.6% 

Social work 103 329 -68.7% -40.3% 205 481 -57.4% -36.4% 308 810 -62.0% -37.2% 

Theology 2,001 2,809 -28.8% -0.4% 615 767 -19.8% 1.1% 2,616 3,576 -26.8% -2.0% 

Trade and Industrial 668 2,490 -73.2% -44.8% 602 1,105 -45.5% -24.6% 1,270 3,595 -64.7% -39.9% 

Home economics 94 163 -42.3% -14.0% 499 1,824 -72.6% -51.7% 593 1,987 -70.2% -45.4% 

Totalin specified subjects 84,628 122,568 -31.0% -2.6% 73,082 85,140 -14.2% 6.8% 157,710 207,708 -24.1% 0.7% 

No specified subject: 

Subject not elsewhere classified 8,779 2,565 242.3% 270.6% 4,676 1,402 233.5% 261.9% 13,455 3,967 239.2% 267.5% 

No specified teaching subject 374,022 279,034 34.0% 62.4% 241,046 146,503 64.5% 92.9% 615,068 425,537 44.5% 72.9% 

Total, no specified subject 382,801 281,599 35.9% 64.3% 245,722 147,905 66.1% 94.5% 628,523 429,504 46.3% 74.7% 

Total, specified and 

non-specifiedsubject 467,429 404,167 15.7% 44.0% 318,804 233,04£ 36.8% 57.8% 786,233 637,212 23.4% 51.7% 

A-76 
ISBN 3 16-,345347 X
 

90000
 

9 78016(