FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

SEPTEMBER 20, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 07-10559

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 06-00392-CR-T-23-EAJ

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

JOSE REINA-SALAS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(September 20, 2007)

Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
 The appendix to Title 46 containing the subject provisions was repealed effective 6 October 1

2006, and reenacted as 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503, 70506, with no relevant changes. See Pub. L. No. 109-

134, 120 Stat. 1485.

2

Jose Reina-Salas appeals the 135-month sentences imposed following his

guilty plea to conspiring to possess and possession with intent to distribute five or

more kilograms of cocaine while aboard a vessel subject to United States

jurisdiction, in violation of 46 App. U.S.C. §§ 1903(a), (g), (j), 21 U.S.C. 1

§ 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). Because Reina-Salas was held responsible only for the quantity

of drugs with which he was personally involved and failed to show that he was less

culpable than other identifiable participants, the district court did not clearly err in

determining that he did not play a minor or minimal role in the offense. Further,

because the imposition of Reina-Salas’s sentence reflected consideration of many

of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, Reina-Salas has not shown that his sentence at

the low end of the guidelines range was procedurally or substantively

unreasonable. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

Reina-Salas was indicted on and pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to

possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more of a mixture containing

cocaine while aboard a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in

violation of 46 App. U.S.C. §§ 1903(a), (g), (j), and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii),
3

and one count of possession with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more of

a mixture containing cocaine while aboard a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the

United States, in violation of 46 App. U.S.C. §§ 1903(a), (g), and 21 U.S.C.

§ 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). According to the presentence investigation report (“PSI”),

Reina-Salas and codefendants Lino Jaime Holguin-Mero, Ronald Armando LutinSolis, Bernardo Reina-Salas, and Jimmy Riasgos were manning a go-fast boat

carrying 589 kilograms of cocaine when the boat was intercepted by the United

States Coast Guard cutter Boutwell. When confronted by the Boutwell, the

defendants began throwing bales of cocaine into the water and refused to comply

with orders to stop. Ultimately, the Boutwell employed its .50 caliber machine

guns to disable the go-fast boat’s engines. Holguin-Mero was the captain of the

vessel and Lutin-Solis was the drug representative. Jose Reina-Salas and the other

two defendants were crew members. 

In the PSI, the probation officer recommended a base offense level of 38,

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1), a two-level safety-valve reduction, U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1(b)(9), and a three-level acceptance of responsibility reduction, U.S.S.G.

§§ 3E1.1(a), (b), for a total offense level of 33. The recommended guidelines

range was 135-168 months’ imprisonment, with a statutory maximum of life

imprisonment. Reina-Salas objected to the PSI’s failure to assess a mitigating-role
4

reduction, and the probation officer responded that Reina-Salas was not so entitled

because he played a vital role in the conspiracy and was held accountable only for

the drugs related to this particular venture. 

At sentencing, Reina-Salas argued that he should receive a mitigating-role

reduction because he was only a courier who served no real purpose other than to

assist in moving drugs. He asserted that the lowest-level role should be taken as

the starting point. Reina-Salas contended that many other similarly situated

defendants had received sentences lower than the PSI’s recommended range. He

also argued for a guidelines departure based on his financial situation and the

difficulties his family experienced in Colombia. The government responded that

Reina-Salas should not receive a mitigating-role reduction because he was being

held responsible only for the drugs aboard his vessel, the quantity of cocaine

involved was so great, and he was as culpable as the other persons on the go-fast

boat. The district court found that Reina-Salas bore the burden of proving that he

was substantially less culpable than the average participant and that he had failed

to do so. The district court noted that the quantity of drugs could itself be

determinative in this type of case. The district court stated that it considered

sentences in similar cases involving “these ton quantity transports of cocaine” to be

“remarkably consistent.” R3 at 10-11. The district court stated, 
5

Some defendants cooperate; some don’t. Some have reasons to have

their role adjusted upward . . . and some don’t. From time to time for

reasons that are not typical to the cases, but assessed on a case to case

basis by the presiding judge, some atypical allowance will be made

for cooperation, frankly, often due to threats and other complicating

factors involving the defendant or the defendant’s family.

I would note that in the determination of the parity that is

achieved in sentencing that sentencing differences which are

attributable to proper guideline calculations or proper departures are

not “disparities” . . . .

Id. at 11.

Reina-Salas then argued for a below-guidelines sentence, asserting that

similar defendants had received such sentences. He also contended that

defendants in his situation rarely received credit (in the form of a Fed. R. Crim. P.

35 motion) for later cooperation leading to the extradition of other conspirators. 

The district court sentenced Reina-Salas to a term of imprisonment of 135

months on both counts to run concurrently. The district court stated that it had

considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the guidelines, and published policies,

and found that the sentence imposed was sufficient, but not greater than necessary,

to achieve the statutory purposes of sentencing. Reina-Salas objected that the

sentence was unreasonable because “the guidelines calculation is not reasonable.” 

R3 at 17-18. The district court stated that it considered the sentence reasonable at

that 
6

the overwhelming majority of these ton quantity conveyors of high

purity cocaine into the United States are sentenced at or about – at 135

months as a matter of fact. Most of them varying from that only as a

result of cooperation with the United States in a resulting [§] 5K1 or []

some determination with respect to their individual activities while on

the vessel.

Id. at 18.

II. DISCUSSION

Reina-Salas argues that the district court clearly erred in denying him a

mitigating-role reduction because he “was merely a courier,” his “sole task was to

be on the boat which contained the cargo,” he had no role in planning the trip, and

others were involved with the drugs who had superior roles in the conspiracy. 

Appellant’s brief at 8-9. He asserts that, in contravention of United States v.

Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc), the district court

considered neither his role as compared to others in the vessel nor the fact that he

had no role in planning the conspiracy. Reina-Salas contends that the district court

failed to “reconcile” his sentence with those of similarly situated defendants who

received minor-role reductions. Appellant’s brief at 9-10. He further argues that

the lowest-level role should be the starting point for this analysis, and that it

violates § 3553(b)(1) to require the defendant to disprove the “aggravating” factor

of having no role adjustment apply. Id. at 11. Reina-Salas also asserts that we

should follow United States v. Dorvil, 784 F.Supp. 849 (S.D. Fla. 1991), in which
7

the district court found that the crewmen on a vessel importing cocaine were not

crucial to the conspiracy and granted four-level mitigating-role reductions to them. 

“We review the district court’s application and interpretation of the

Sentencing Guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” United

States v. Smith, 480 F.3d 1277, 1278 (11th Cir.), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. June

14, 2007) (No. 06-11901). The district court’s determination of a defendant’s role

in the offense is a factual determination that we review for clear error. Rodriguez

De Varon, 175 F.3d at 937.

A defendant who is “plainly among the least culpable of those involved in

the conduct of a group,” and who has a “lack of knowledge or understanding of the

scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities of others” is entitled to a

four-level reduction for his minimal role. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a), comment. (n.4). A

defendant “who is less culpable than most other participants, but whose role could

not be described as minimal” is entitled to a two-level reduction for his minor role. 

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b), comment. (n.5). The defendant bears the burden of proving a

mitigating role in the offense by a preponderance of the evidence. Rodriguez De

Varon, 175 F.3d at 939.

The district court performs a two-prong test in making a mitigating-role

determination. Id. at 940-45. “First and foremost, the district court must measure
8

the defendant’s role against the relevant conduct for which [he] has been held

accountable.” Id. at 940. “[W]here the relevant conduct attributed to a defendant

is identical to [his] actual conduct, [he] cannot prove that [he] is entitled to a minor

role adjustment simply by pointing to some broader criminal scheme in which [he]

was a minor participant but for which [he] was not held accountable.” Id. at 941. 

“[W]hen a drug courier’s relevant conduct is limited to [his] own act of

importation, a district court may legitimately conclude that the courier played an

important or essential role in the importation of those drugs.” Id. at 942-43. In

addition, the quantity of drugs involved “is a material consideration in assessing a

defendant’s role in [his] relevant conduct.” Id. at 943. In an extreme case, the

quantity of drugs in a courier’s possession may be dispositive in and of itself. Id.

In the second prong, the district court may compare the defendant’s conduct

to that of the other participants in the conduct for which the defendant was held

accountable. Id. at 944. In making this comparison, the district court should

consider other participants only to the extent that they are identifiable or

discernable from the evidence. Id. Additionally, the district court may only

“consider[] those participants who were involved in the relevant conduct attributed

to the defendant. The conduct of participants in any larger criminal conspiracy is

irrelevant.” Id. Even if a defendant can show that his role was less than that of
9

other participants, this “may not be dispositive of role in the offense, since it is

possible that none are minor or minimal participants.” Id.

“In making the ultimate determination of the defendant’s role in the offense,

the sentencing judge has no duty to make any specific subsidiary factual findings. 

So long as the district court’s decision is supported by the record and the court

clearly resolves any disputed factual issues, a simple statement of the district

court’s conclusion is sufficient.” Id. at 939 (citation omitted, emphasis in original);

see id. at 939-40.

The district court did not clearly err in determining that Reina-Salas did not

play a minor or minimal role in the drug-trafficking conspiracy. As Reina-Salas

was a drug courier who was only held responsible for the drugs with which he was

personally involved, the record supports the district court’s conclusion that he

played an essential role in the trafficking of those drugs, see Rodriguez De Varon,

175 F.3d at 942-43. The district court also permissibly considered as a significant

factor the large quantity of cocaine that Reina-Salas was personally responsible for. 

See id. at 943; With regards to the second prong of the Rodriguez De Varon

analysis, the district court properly found that Reina-Salas did not show that he

was substantially less culpable than the average participant. Reina-Salas presented

no evidence as to how his role was different from that of his fellow crewmen, and
10

the conduct of participants in any larger conspiracy was irrelevant, see Rodriguez

De Varon, 175 F.3d at 944.

Further, Reina-Salas’s argument that the district court failed to expressly

discuss his lack of involvement in the planning of the operation or expressly

compare his role to that of his fellow crewmen is misplaced. Because there were

no disputed factual issues and the district court’s ultimate conclusion was

supported in the record, the district court was not required to expressly address

subsidiary factual issues. See id. at 939-40. Likewise, his contention that the

district court erred in placing the burden of proof on him is to no avail, as the

defendant has the burden of proving that he qualifies for a mitigating-role

reduction. See id. at 939. Finally, whether or not other defendants may have

received mitigating-role reductions in other cases is irrelevant to determining

whether the district court clearly erred in its factual finding that Reina-Salas did

not have a mitigating role in this case. See United States v. Aguirre, 204 Fed.

Appx. 796, 798 (11th Cir. 2006) (“We fail to see how findings as to defendants’

roles in a fifteen-year-old case from the Southern District of Florida [Dorvil]—or

even in more recent cases from the Middle District of Florida—have any bearing

on the propriety of a finding in [this] case.”) Thus, the sentencing court did not err

in granting a reduction in sentence for his role in the criminal activity.
11

Reina-Salas also argues that his sentence was unreasonable because he is

responsible for family members, who live in poverty, he will be deported after his

term of imprisonment is completed, he “joined the conspiracy to support his

family, not to carry drugs,” and his family will not be cared for by the Colombian

government while he is in prison. Appellant’s Brief at 13. He asserts that the

district court did not consider (1) that the Colombian government does not have

adequate medical and economic support systems to deal with his family’s financial

situation; and (2) that recidivism was very unlikely. Reina-Salas contends that a

sentence below the guideline range would have been sufficient to comply with the

statutory purposes of sentencing. He further argues that there is an unwarranted

sentencing disparity between himself and other defendants who have received

minor-role reductions and below-guidelines sentences. 

We, pursuant to the Supreme Court’s instructions in United States v.

Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), review a district court’s sentence,

imposed after consulting the guidelines and factors set forth in § 3553(a), for

reasonableness. United States v. Williams, 435 F.3d 1350, 1353 (11th Cir. 2006).

“After Booker, a sentence may be reviewed for procedural or substantive

unreasonableness. A sentence may be unreasonable if it is the product of a

procedure that does not follow Booker’s requirements, regardless of the actual
12

sentence. Additionally, a sentence may be substantively unreasonable, regardless

of the procedure used.” United States v. Hunt, 459 F.3d 1180, 1182 n.3 (11th Cir.

2006). A defendant challenging his sentence bears the burden of establishing that

it is unreasonable. United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005) (per

curiam).

The factors the district court should consider include

(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness

of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just

punishment for the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need to

protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed

educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of

sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent

policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to

avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide

restitution to victims.

Id. at 786; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The weight to be accorded any given statutory

factor is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United

States v. Williams, 456 F.3d 1353, 1363 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. dismissed, ___ U.S.

___, 127 S. Ct. 3040 ( 2007).

The district court is not required “to state on the record that it has explicitly

considered each of the § 3553(a) factors or to discuss each of the § 3553(a)

factors.” United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir. 2005). It is

sufficient that the district court consider the defendant’s arguments at sentencing
 Notably, the presumption of reasonableness in Rita reflects our recognition that the 2

Sentencing Commission’s work with the guidelines is based upon congressional directive to write

the guidelines to comply with the goals in § 3553(a). Compare Rita, ___U.S. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at

2463-65 (based on the Commission’s work, “in the mine run of cases, it is probable that the sentence

is reasonable”), with Talley, 431 F.3d at 787-88 (noting that the Commission’s work furthers

congressional preference to avoid excessive sentencing disparities while maintaining flexibility

where necessary) and Hunt, 459 F.3d at 1184 (noting that many reasons exist to follow the

guidelines in a particular case, including that the Commission has been instructed to consider the

3553(a) factors).

13

and state that it has considered the § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 1330; Talley, 431 F.3d

at 786. Further, the district court need not even explicitly articulate that it has

considered the § 3553(a) factors, so long as the record reflects that the § 3553(a)

factors were, in fact considered. See United States v. Dorman, 488 F.3d 936, 938,

944 (11th Cir. 2007).

The Supreme Court has held that, in reviewing sentences for reasonableness

under § 3553(a), a federal appellate court may apply a presumption of

reasonableness to a district court sentence imposed within the guideline range. 

Rita v. United States, ___U.S.___, ___, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462 ( 2007). 

Nevertheless, we have declined to adopt such a presumption. See Hunt, 459 F.3d

at 1184-85. Instead, a within-range sentence may ordinarily be expected to be

reasonable, but it is not reasonable per se. Talley, 431 F.3d at 786-88. 2

Reina-Salas has not met his burden of showing that his sentence was

procedurally or substantively unreasonable. The district court heard Reina-Salas’s

arguments about sentencing disparities and the financial condition of his family, 
14

and expressly stated that it had considered the § 3553(a) factors, which include the

characteristics of the defendant, the possibility of recidivism, and the need to avoid

unwarranted sentencing disparities, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(C), (a)(6). 

The district court also explicitly considered the guidelines, the published policies

of the United States Sentencing Commission, the typical sentences given to

defendants involved in ton-quantity drug trafficking operations, and the quantity of

drugs involved. R3 at 17-19; 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(4), (a)(5), (a)(6). 

Additionally, Reina-Salas’s sentence of 135 months in prison was at the low end of

the guidelines range and well below the statutory maximum of life imprisonment.

21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1); Talley, 431 F.3d at 788 (stating that we ordinarily expect a

sentence in the guidelines range to be reasonable). Accordingly, Reina-Salas’s

sentence was reasonable.

III. CONCLUSION

Reina-Salas challenges his sentence as unreasonable and contends the

district court erred in failing to conclude that he played a minor or minimal role in

the offense. After careful review of the record and for the reasons stated above,

we AFFIRM.