Characteristics

of Pharmacists

United States

Demographic and employment characteristics of licensed

pharmacists in 1978-79 are described. Information is

presented on their geographic distribution and supply, their

practice settings, the number of hours and weeks worked,

and the attraction of women and minorities into the

profession. Information is also presented on those licensed

pharmacists who are inactive in their profession.

Data From the National Health Survey

Series 14, No. 28

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-1823

U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services

Public Health Service

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Md.

January 1984
Copysfght Information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be

reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is

appreciated.

suggestedatatbn

National Center for Health Statistics, P. H. Davis and G. G. Kapantais:

Characteristics of pharmacists, United States. vital and Hea/th

Statistbs. Series 14,No. 28. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 64-1823. Public Health

Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1984.

Library of Congress CaWoging in Pubkation Data

Davis, P. Hannah.

Characteristics of pharmacists, United States.

(Vii and health statistics. Series 14, Data from the national health survey;

no. 28) (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 84-t 823)

Supt. of Dots. no.: HE 20.6209: 14/28

1. Pharmacists-Employ merit-United States. 2. Pharmacists—Supply and

demand-United Stales. 3. Pharmacieta-United State-Statistics. 4. United

States-Statistics, Medical. L Kapantais, Gloria. Il. Title. Ill. Series. IV. Series:

DHHS publketion; no. (PHS) 84-1823.

RS67.U6D38 1983 331,7’616151 ‘0973 83-600193

ISBN 0-8406-0279-0

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Go~ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
National Center for Health Statistics

Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P. H., Director

Robert A. Israel, Deputy Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph. D., Associate Director for Analysis

and Epidemiology

Garrie J. Losee, Associate Director for Data Processing and

Services

Alvan O. Zarate, Ph. D., Assistant Director for International

Statistics

E. Earl Bryant, Associate Director for Interview and

Examination Statistics

Robert L. Quave, Acting Associate Director for Management

Gail F. Fisher, Ph. D., Acting Associate Director for

Program Planning, Evaluation, and Coordination

Monroe G. Sirken, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Vital and Health

Care Statistics

Alice Haywood, Information OfEcer

Vital and Health Care Statistics Program

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director

G. Gloria Kapantais, Assistant to the Director for Data Policy,

Planning, and Analysis

The 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists was financed

in part by the Bureau of Health Professions, Health

Resources Administration.
. . . ..

Introaucuon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supply of pharmacists . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Attraction of women and minorities into the profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employment setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hours and weeks worked and services rendered as a partial measure of productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The inactive pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendixes

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111.Definitions of certain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textfigure

Percent distribution of active pharmacists by age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of text tables

A,

B.

c.

D,

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60 years of age and over and replacement ratios, by

geographic regions: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by principal forms of employment, according to sex:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists and standard deviations, by sex and age: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to sex: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to age: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to sex and age: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principal

forms ofemploymenc United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, standard deviations, and percent distribution by employment

settings, according to whether primary or secondagv United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activities

performed, and number by race: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race:

United States, 1978-79, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists by sex, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to sex:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

2

3

4

5

10

13

14

33

38

42

2

2

3

3

4

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

Ill
N. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview,

according to principal forms of employment: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 10

0. Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacists by age, according to sex: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic region

anddivision: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...12

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than

0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less than

500 where numbers are rounded to

thousands

* Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision (more than 30-

percent relative standard error)

# Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirements
Characteristics of

Pharmacists

By P. Hannah Davis, formerly with the Division of Health Care

Statistics, and G, Gloria Kapantais, Office of Vital and Health

Care Statistics

Introduction

Between May 1977 and June 1979, the National Center

for Health Statistics conducted an inventory of all licensed

pharmacists in the United States. The data were collected

through two separate but parallel mechanisms.

The first was the Cooperative Health Statistics System. 1

Those States with a Cooperative Health Statistics System

manpower component contract collected data on pharmacists

and submitted to the National Center for Health Statistics

a specified set of data elements, using standardized processing

specifications. (For information on the Cooperative Health

Statistics System and the data set, see appendix I.) The

National Center for Health Statistics had an individual contract

with each State in the Cooperative Health Statistics System,

usually with the State health department. All contractors

within the System developed their own questionnaires for

distribution in their States. The questionnaires were required

to include all of the items specified by the Center and usually

had the wording and format suggested by the Center.

The second mechanism through which the data were

collected used a single contractor, the American Association

of Colleges of Pharmacy, to collect the same items in those

States not collecting data through the Cooperative Health

Statistics System. Identical questionnaires provided by the

Center were mailed out in all of these States. A copy of

this questionnaire appears in appendix II, with further definition of terms provided in appendix III. The questionnaire,

a prototype of the individual questionnaires developed in

the 23 Cooperative Health Statistics System States, was used

to collect data in 27 States and the District of Columbia

by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Similar

data collection methodologies were used by both the Cooperative Health Statistics System State contractors and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy to ensure uniformity

of data and to permit the statistics from both mechanisms

to be merged into a single national data file.

To ensure accurate data a number of procedures for

editing and processing the data were performed. In addition,

duplicate records of pharmacists holding licenses in more

than one State were removed. This was necessary because

pharmacists were surveyed and counted in each State in

which they were licensed. The procedures for processing

and editing the data and for removing duplicate records are

discussed in appendix I.

States have license renewal dates at varying times of

the year. In addition, some States have biennial license renewal

cycles. These caused up to a 2-year delay in beginning

the questionnaire mailout in some States. The questionnaire

mailout spanned 2 years in order to coordinate each State’s

mailout with its license renewal period because it was thought

that pharmacists would be more likely to complete and return

questionnaires enclosed in the same envelope with license

renewal forms.

Because of contractual obligations with the Center, some

Cooperative Health Statistics System States submitted pharmacist data tapes for 2 consecutive years, each tape representing

an annual data collection in their States. In these cases the

later data tape was chosen for inclusion in the 1978-79 Survey

of Licensed Pharmacists. The data collection period represented by this later tape was a date prior to June 1979,

except for Oregon. Later tapes were selected not only because

they provided more recent, up-to-date information, but also

because they were usually of a higher quality because of

the experience gained by the State contractor in data collection

and in assembling at least one earlier tape for the Center.

It should be noted that although this report and the

Survey of Licensed Pharmacists are labeled 1978-79, not

all States collected data for the national file during these

2 years. The large majority (80 percent of the States) collected

the data in 1978-79, while remaining data were collected

during 1977 or 1980. The appendix table shows the particular

year of each State’s survey data.

1
Supply of pharmacists

In 1978-79 there were 160,664 licensed pharmacists in

the United States. The activity status of 27,417 of them

was unknown; for those of known status 112,335 or 84

percent were known to be active, and 20,912 or 16 percent

were known to be inactive (table 1).

As seen in table 2, the percent of active pharmacists

out of the total number of licensed pharmacists drops as

age increases. Ninety-five percent of pharmacists under 30

years of age were active: whereas only 79 percent of pharmacists 60-64 years of age were active. The largest decline

occurred among female pharmacists, although at every age

a smaller percent of licensed female pharmacists than of

male pharmacists were active. Reasons for inactivity for both

sexes are discussed later in this report.

Pharmacists between 30 and 59 years of age are often

in their prime years of professional practice. Within these

ages, 9 out of 10 licensed male pharmacists were active

in the profession, compared with 8 out of 10 female pharmacists. Their activity rate was about 11 percent lower than

that of males. A 1973-74 study of pharmacists showed that

at that time approximately the same proportion of male pharmacists were active in their profession as in 1978-79, but

only 6 out of 10 female pharmacists were active in 1973-74.2

The 1978-79 data show that 21 percent of active pharmacists were under 30 years of age, while 12 percent were

60 years and over (text figure). There seem to have been

enough young pharmacists going into the profession to replace

the older pharmacists who would be most likely to leave.

In 1978-79, the largest group of pharmacists were 30-39

years of age (29 percent). Fifty percent of the active pharmacists responding in the survey were under 40 years of age.

Table A shows replacement ratios—the percent of pharmacists under 30 years of age divided by the percent 60

years of age and over. This ratio indicates whether there

is a sufficient supply of pharmacists entering the profession

(as measured by those under 30 years of age) to replace

those most likely to be leaving (as measured by those 60

years and over). A value of 1.0 indicates that there are

equal proportions of pharmacists under 30 years of age and

60 years and over. A value of less than 1.0 means that

there is only that proportion of young pharmacists for every

pharmacist 60 years of age and over. Conversely, a value

greater than 1.0 indicates that there are proportionately more

young pharmacists to replace those most likely to be leaving.

A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates growth in the profession.

In 1978-79, the Northeast had 1.12 pharmacists under 30

years of age for every pharmacist 60 years of age and over.

40

g 30 [ 28.9

21.2 20.7

171

1

5.1

7.0

1

Under 30 30-39 40-49 “ 50-59 60-64 65 and over

Age in years

Text figure. Percent distribution of active phsnnscists by age United

States, 1978-79

Thus, for every 8 pharmacists who were most likely to

leave the profession within 5 years, 9 new pharmacists had

recently entered the profession. The South had the largest

ratio of young to old pharmacists-2.56 pharmacists under

30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 years and over.

For each of the four regions, there was more than one pharmticist under 30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 yews

of age and over.

The age composition of active pharmacists in each State

is presented in table 3.

TableA. Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60

years of age and over and replacement ratios, by geographic regions:

United States, 1978-79

Active pharmacists

Under 30 years 60 years of age Replacement

Geographic region of age and over ratio’

Percent

Northeast . . . . 18.3 16.3 1.12

North Central . . 23.6 12.8 1.84

South . . . . . . 23.0 9.0 2.56

West . . . . . . 17.3 11.5 1.50

lThe percent of pharmacists under 30 years of age dwided by the percant 60 years of age

and over.

2
Attraction of women and minorities

into the profession

In recent years, the Federal government has been interested in tissimilating women and minorities into various health

protkssions, including pharmacy. The Comprehensive Health

Mmpmver Training Act of 1971 (PL 92-157) is one vehicle

the government has used to encourage the entry of women

tind minorities into the health field. Section 799A of the

Act prohibited health profession schools, including schools

of phtirmacy, from discriminating against applicants for admission on the basis of sex. Section 772 of the Act authorizes

speciul project grants to schools of pharmacy that increase

admissions and enrollment of qualified minority or low income

students, The impact of the Act is primarily seen in the

197t3-79 statistics, having affected students in fiscal years

1972-74. Although the legislation is only one of many factors

contributing to the entry of women and minorities into the

phtirmticy profession, it nevertheless played a role in their

increased representation.

In 1976 two other Acts were passed related to increasing

female imd minority participation in health professions, including phitrmticy. They are the Health Professions Assistance

Act (PL 94-484) and the Indian Health Care Improvement

Act (PL 94-437). The impact of these Acts is not discussed

here because the Iegisltition occurred too recently to affect

the dutu collected in 1978-79.

Women have made moderate headway in moving into

the phtirmticy profession in the last 5 years. In 1978-79

there were 18,115 female pharmacists who were known to

be tictive, accounting for 16 percent of the supply of active

phurmitcists of known sex (table 4).

In 1979 tidult women (21 years of age and over) accounted

for 53 percent of the U.S. adult resident population, and

the ptirticipation rate for women 16 years of age and over

in the civilitin labor force was 52 percent. 3 When the proporticm of women pharmacists are compared with their proportimml representation in these areas of society, they continue

to remtiin underrepresented in the profession despite large

gains in recent years. Nevertheless, female representation

is higher in pharmacy than in many other health professions.

For exumple, in medicine women are 11 percent of the

ncm-Federd physicians .4 Only 4 percent of the active podiatrists tind 3 percent of the active optometrists are female.6

Thus, tilthough the proportion of women pharmacists is below

the number of females in the general population and labor

force, the profession has a higher female representation than

mtiny other health fields.

There is a large difference by sex in the principal form

of employment of pharmacists (table B). The percent of

fcmtile stuff pharmacists is twice as large as the percent

of mules (69 versus 34 percent, respectively). Nearly 95

percent of women pharmacists are salaried (either as managers,

wsisttint rnwmgers, or staff pharmacists); only two-thirds of

the men we. (“Other” is excluded from the calculation since

it is not known whether these pharmacists are salaried or

self-employed, )

Table B. Number and percent distrib~”on of active pharmacists by

principal forms of employment according to sex United States,

1978-79

Male Female

Principal form of Percent Percent

employment Number distribution’ Number distribution’

All principalforms

of employment . . 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 18.4 421 2.5

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,984 10.3 474 2.8

Manage~ . . . . . . . . . . . 27,277 31.3 3,531 21.2

Staff pharmacist . . . 29,711 34.1 11,440 66.6

Othefl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,191 6.0 771 4.6

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 6,926 . . 1,478 . . .

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

‘Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.

31ncludes assistant managers

41ncludes volunteers,

There is also a difference by sex in the average number

of hours worked by pharmacists. The average number of

hours worked per week by female pharmacists is lower than

that of males at every age (table C). The trend for males

is one of slightly increasing hours per week from 44 to

48 hours until 50 years of age, after which the number

of hours declines slightly and then rapidly descends at 65

years of age to 29 hours. For females, the lowest average

number of hours worked (except for the 65 years and over

age group) occurs between 30 and 49 years of age, which

are the years in which mean hours worked increase for men.

It is interesting to note that the standard deviations of mean

hours increase consistently by age for males, indicating more

variability in the hours worked as the age of the respondents

increase. Thus, for the male pharmacists 65 years of age

and over the relatively large standard deviation indicates

that many may work a considerable number of hours more

than or less than the average of 29 hours per week. For

the younger pharmacists under 30 years of age the low standard

deviation indicates much less variability and suggests that

many are working close to the average of 44 hours per

week. The coefficients of variation (the standard deviation

divided by the mean) are higher for women than for men

at every age (except 65 and over). This indicates greater

proportional variability in their work schedules than in men’s.

Table C. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists and

standard deviationa, by sex and age United States, 1978-79

Male Female

Mean Standard Mean Standard

Aae hours deviation hours deviation

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 12.2 35.8 12.6

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 44.3 8.4 39.3 9.5

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 10.1 32.6 13.7

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 10.8 33.6 14.1

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 11.3 34.9 13.4

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 13.2 35.7 13.9

65 years and over . 28.9 17.7 27.8 16.6

3
Summarizing, it appears that women pharmacists participate in the work force differently than men do. They are

more likely than men to be salaried, and to work fewer

hours per week. From 50 to 65 years of age their average

hours increase slightly. They also have (proportional to the

mean) more variability than men have in their hours worked,

indicating a more diverse pattern of labor force participation.

“The inactive pharmacist” section discusses one of the

foremost reasons that women pharmacists sometimes do not

participate in the labor force at all—homemaker responsibilities. These responsibilities may also account for the irregular

participation in the work force of women pharmacists.

Minorities

In 1979 there were 5,016 active minority pharmacists,

who constituted 5 percent of the practicing profession (table

5). Nearly two-thirds of the minority pharmacists were Asian,

and approximately one-third were black. Asians were represented in the profession by approximately twice the percent

of their representation in the U.S. resident population.7

The number of pharmacists who indicated they were

of Hispanic origin is shown by State in table 6. In 1978-79

nearly 2 percent of practicing pharmacists were of Hispanic

descent. These pharmacists have an age distribution similar

to that of pharmacists who were not Hispanic (table 7).

However, pharmacists of Hispanic origin had a larger female

representation than non-Hispanic pharmacists. Twenty-seven

percent of the Hispanic pharmacists were women compared

with 16percent of the non-Hispanic pharmacists (table 8).

While approximately half the U.S. black population is

located in the South,7 two-thirds of the active black pharmacists received their pharmaceutical education there (table 9).

Since only 31 percent of all active pharmacists graduated

from pharmacy schools located in the South, black pharmacists

had more than double the average proportion graduating from

southern schools of pharmacy. American Indians also had

a disproportionate percent of active pharmacists with southern

alma maters42 percent. They were also above average

in the percent graduating from schools of pharmacy located

in the West—29 percent compared with an average of 13

percent for all pharmacists. However, these percents coincide

with the geographic distribution of American Indians, approximately half of whom are located in the West and one-quarter

in the South.8

Asians had the highest proportional representation of

graduates from western schools of pharmacy, 53 percent

compared with the 13-percent average for all pharmacists.

This is not unexpected since approximately 60 percent of

the U.S. Asian population is located there.9 Asians were

also well above the average in foreign graduates, with 15

percent educated abroad, compared with only 1 percent for

all pharmacists.

Pharmacists of Hispanic origin had their greatest representation in southern schools of pharmacy, from which 46 percent

received their first pharmacy degrees. Their lowest representation in the United States, 7 percent, was from schools in

the North Central. Approximately one-third of the Hispanic

population is located in the South and 7 percent in the

North Central.7

Ten percent of the Hispanic pharmacists received their

basic professional education outside the United States, compared with 1 percent of all pharmacists. Although there was

a high concentration of foreign trained graduates among Hispanic as well as among Asian pharmacists, altogether there

were only 953 active pharmacists who stated in the 1978-79

survey that they were trained outside the continental United

States. This low number alleviates concern about the effect

of foreign training on pharmacists practicing in the United

States and about the relevance of the curriculum in other

countries to health problems here.

Employment setting

In 1978-79, 38,417, or 39 percent of the pharmacists

known to be active practiced in independent community pharmacies as their prima~ settings (table 10). The independent

community pharmacy was the most popular work setting.

The chain pharmacy, which 28,413 or 29 percent of the

pharmacists cited as their primary practice setting, was the

second most popular setting. Third was hospitals, with 25,119

or 26 percent of the pharmacists. These three employment

settings accounted for 94 percent of all active pharmacists.

Sex

There were differences in the employment settings of

the pharmacists by sex. In 1978-79, 42 out of every 100

male pharmacists practiced in independent community pharmacies, compared with 26 per 100 female pharmacists (table

Table D. Number and percent distributionof active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to aex United States, 197&79

Male Female

Primary employment Both Percent Percent

setting sexes Number distribution’ Number distribution’

Allsettingsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0

Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . 38,405 34,258 41.5 4,149 28.4

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,423 24,355 29.5 4,088 25.8

Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . 3,968 3,090 3.7 878 5.6

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,551 1,061 1.3 490 3.1

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,602 14,107 17.1 5,495 34.9

Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . 2,476 2,332 2.8 144 0.9

College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,288 1,099 1.3 189 1.2

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,553 2,219 2.7 334 2.1

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,007 11,639 . . . 2,368 . . .

~Pereentsmaynotaddto 100,0 because of rounding.

2Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.

4
D). Female pharmacists were proportionally twice as prevalent

in hospitals as males, 35 percent compared with only 17

percent. This is partially related to the fact that female pharmacists we generally younger than male pharmacists (85 percent

of the women were under 50 years of age, compared with

68 percent of the men) and more younger pharmacists work

in hospitals than do older pharmacists. Likewise, older pharmticists constituted larger proportions of those practicing in

independent community pharmacies. The settings with regard

to the age of the pharmacist are discussed in the next section.

Women were also represented in greater proportions than

men were in clinics or medical building pharmacies, and

in nursing homes

Age

The percent of pharmacists practicing in independent

community pharmacies increased directly with age, beginning

with 24 percent of the active pharmacists under 30 years

of agc and going up to 67 percent of those in the category

65 years of age and over (table 11). The opposite trend

can be seen by age in chain pharmacies. There was a constant

decrease in the proportion of pharmacists working in chain

phitrmacies as the age categories increased. For the “under

30” age group, 37 percent cited the chain pharmacy, while

tit the level of 65 years of age and over, only 15 percent

did so. Hospitals were the second most popular setting for

phtirmticists under 30 years of age. Thirty percent practiced

in one. This contrasts to the 14 percent of pharmacists 40-64

yews of age who were employed in hospitals. Only 8 percent

of the pharmacists who were 65 years of age and over

worked in hospitals.

It is important to examine, for each practice setting,

the percent of pharmacists who were in the age group 60

years and over, because they were the ones who within

tht next 5 years would be most likely to leave the profession.

Ovmdl, they made up 12 percent of the active pharmacists.

They constituted 17 percent of the pharmacists working in

independent community pharmacies. With the expansion of

chuin phw-mucies at the expense of the independent community

phurmticies and the eventual possible retirement of 1 in every

6 independent community pharmacists, it appears that independent community pharmacies may eventually close or be taken

over by chtiin pharmacies. 2 If, on the other hand, a demand

still exists for pharmacists in the independent community

pharmticies, the free market mechanism should work in attracting young pharmacists to them.

Two other settings had at least 11 percent of the pharmacists in the potential retirement age group. They were nursing

homes with 12 percent 60 years of age and over and clinics

or medical building pharmacies, with 11 percent. However,

for these two settings, there is a movement among young

phmmacists into these practices. More than 50 percent of

the pharmacists in both these settings were under 40 years

of tigc. The percents drop considerably from 40 years of

tige to 59. As the proportion of the U.S. population who

we of nursing home age continues to rise, the openings

for ncw phtirmacy graduates in nursing homes and in hospitals

should continue to grow.

Race

The independent community pharmacy was the primary

setting for two-fifths of white pharmacists (table 12). Asians

had the smallest relative proportion in this setting, 16 percent.

However, they formed the largest proportion of any race

in hospitals, with 42 percent. This is not surprising since

women and younger pharmacists tend to practice in hospitals,

and Asians have more female pharmacists and pharmacists

under 30 years of age than any other race has.

Black Americans and American Indians had similar distributions by employment setting. Approximately one-fourth

practiced in independent community pharmacies, 28 percent

in chain pharmacies, and approximately 30 percent in hospitals

and nursing homes.

There was no significant difference in the percent of

pharmacists in independent community pharmacies by Hispanic descent (table 12). A slightly above average percent

of pharmacists of Hispanic origin did indicate that they practiced in chain pharmacies.

Principal form of employment

Table 13 indicates the principal forms of employment

of active pharmacists by the States where they worked. In

1978-79, 64 percent of the workforce of pharmacists was

composed of “employees.” These were assistant managers,

staff managers, and staff pharmacists. The approximately

5 percent of pharmacists who designated “other” (including

volunteers) is not included in the percent for self-employed

or salaried, since it is not known in which group they fit.

Hours and weeks worked and

services rendered as a

partial measure of productivity

This section discusses hours worked per week, activities

performed, and weeks worked during the 12-month period

prior to interview. To make a complete and meaningful analysis of productivity, it would be necessary to include the

topics of absenteeism, movement in and out of the labor

force, number of patients or patrons served, and quality

of care andlor services. Since data on these topics were

not available from the 1978-79 survey, they are omitted

from this report. Without a full discussion of all these factors,

totally reliable conclusions regarding productivity by selected

demographic characteristics cannot be reached. Nevertheless,

the available data on age, sex, race, and employment setting

can provide some valuable insight into their relationship with

productivity. It is only necessary that caution be exercised

when interpreting or generalizing the relationships between

variables, since such correlations may be dependent on concomitant variables for which data are not available.

Hours worked

In 1978-79 pharmacists worked an average of 43 hours

per week, compared with an average of 45 hours in an

earlier 1973-74 study.2 Men in 1978-79 worked 45 hours

while women tended to practice more on a part-time basis,

working 36 hours per week. The same pattern had been

5
Table E. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by totsl hours worked per week, according to age: United Ststes, 1978-79

Total hours

All active

Age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A[lages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

23,604

32,264

23,096

19,059

5,649

7,844

819

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

13,453

1,770

3.030

1;781

1,727

916

4,157

72

13.1

8.2

10.2

8.4

9.9

18.0

58.1

Number

52,129

14,704

15,765

9,232

8,069

2,443

1,741

175

Percent distribution

50.8

67.8

53.0

43.6

46.3

48.0

24.3

37,049

5,225

10,960

10,153

7,638

1,726

1,261

84

36.1

24.1

36.8

46.0

43.8

34.0

17.6

9,704

1,905

2,509

1,930

1,625

562

685

488

. . .

. . .

. . .

,,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

‘Percents maynotsddto 100.0 because of rounding.

Table F. Percent dstnbution ofacttie pharmacists bytotalhourawo~ed

perweek, according tosex and age United States, 1978-79

Total hours

All active More

Sex and age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 than 45

Male Percent distribution

Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.6 49.6 40.8

Under30years . . . . . . 100.0 4.1 66.1 29.8

30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 4.0 53.9 42.1

40-49years . . . . . . . , 100.0 4.2 43.5 52.2

50-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 6.9 46.1 47.1

60-64years. . . . . . . . 100,0 16.7 46.1 35.2

65years and over . . . . 100.0 58.0 24.3 17.8

Female

Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 31.4 57.2 11.4

Under 30 years . . . . . . 100.0 16.6 71.3 12.1

30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.0 48.3 8.7

40-49years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.4 44.4 12.1

50-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 38.4 48.3 13.4

60-64years. . . . . . . . 100.0 35.9 47.2 16.9

65years and over . . . . 100.0 60.6 25.8 13.6

‘Percents mayrmt add to 100.0 because of rounding.

revealed in the 1973-74 study, when men worked an average

of46hoursand women worked 34hours.

Only about 1 in 8 pharmacists (13 percent) worked 35

hours or less per week. And nearly 3 in 8 (36 percent)

worked 46 hours or more per week (table E). Thus, half

the pharmacists worked 36 to 45 hours per week. Among

pharmacists aged40 to 49, nearly half (48 percent) worked

more than 45 hours per week.

A larger percent of female than of male pharmacists

practiced 36 to 45 hours per week (57 percent versus 50

percent). However, 41 percent of the men indicated that

they worked more than 45 hours per week, whereas only

6

11 percent of the women worked that many hours

(table F). This large difference in percents by sex in the

46-hour and over work week was true in each age category

except for those 65 years and over, in which category 18

percent of the male pharmacists and 14 percent of the female

pharmacists worked 46 hours or more per week. In the

other age categories the differences in percents by sex ranged

from an 18 percentage point difference in the under 30 yew-s

of age and in the 60-64 years of age groups to a 40 percentage

point difference in the 40-49 years of age group. The work

week of the male pharmacist was clearly longer than it was

for the female pharmacist, at every age.

The most productive pharmacists in terms of hours worked

per week were sole owners and partners, since 82 percent

and 65 percent, respectively, worked 46 hours or more per

week (table G). This compares with only 13 percent of

the employee or staff pharmacists having a work week of

this length. About 1 in every 4 staff pharmacists practiced

less than a full work week (under 36 hours).

Male sole owners worked more hours per week than

female sole owners did. Eighty-two percent of the men worked

46 hours or more compared with 63 percent of the women.

Only 3 percent of the male sole owners worked 35 or fewer

hours per week; for women it was 14 percent (table 24).

Among staff pharmacists, 15 percent of the men and only

6 percent of the women had a work week of more than

45 hours. Nineteen percent of the male staff pharmacists

and 38 percent of the women worked 35 or fewer hours.

Employment as a staff pharmacist is one of the forms of

practice in which women are able to work part time. Eight

out of 10 female pharmacists working part-time were employed

as staff pharmacists.

As mentioned earlier, pharmacists had a total average

work week of 43 hours. On the average they spent 42 hours

per week (table H), or 98 percent of their time in their

primary practice setting, the work location in which they
Table G. Number and percent distributionof active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principalforms of employment

United States, 1978-79

Total hours

Principal form All active

of employment pharmacists 1-35 3645 More than 45 Unknown

Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,458 591 2,654 6,045

Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

168

30,806 1,417 18,718 10,262 413

Slaffpharmaclst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,152 9,800 25,297

Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,020 1,235

5,982 976 2,486 2,230

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

270

8,465 328 556 361 7,200

Percent distribution

Allprlncipalformsofemployment . . . . . . . . 100.0 12.9 50.9 36.2 . . .

Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.4 15.1 81.6

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 6.4 28.8

Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65.1 . . .

100.0 4.7 61.6 33.8

Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

100.0 24.0 63.4

Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.6 . .

100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2 . . .

‘Includes asslslant managers,

‘Includes volunlccrs

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

Table H. Mean hourawotied perweek byactive phamacists, standard deviationa, andpercent tistnbution byemployment seRings, accordngto

whether primary orseconda~ United States, 1978-79

Primary employment setting Secondary employment setting

Employment Percent Standard Percent Standard

setting distribution’ Mean hours deviation distribution’ Mean houd deviation

Allsetflngs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 42.3 17.4 100.0 7.6 5.8

Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Clinic ormedlcal building pharmacy . . . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hospdal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . .

Collegeofpharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Olhsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39.1

28.9

4.0

1.8

19.9

2.5

1.3

2.6

44.2

42.7

39.4

35.9

39.1

43.3

43.3

40.3

15.5

9.4

12.2

12.4

6.3

8.5

13.1

10.7

17.3

6.4

7.1

37.1

15.2

0.6

4.6

9.6

8.8

9.7

6.6

5.3

9.8

6.5

11.1

8.5

5.5

6.2

6.4

5.0

6.8

6.9

7.9

6.6

Number

Number ofactive pharmacistsa. . . . . . . . . . 112,335 . . . . . . 13,160 . . . . . .

‘Percents may not add to 100,0 because of rounding.

'Mean hours worked perweek precalculated forphamacists with asecondaw emDlovment seNinq, ~lsexcludes from themean all Dhamaciskwitionlvl Dractice settma, There fore. the mean

hdursworhed perweeh lntheprima~ seHingcannot beaddsd tothemean hours worked perwee~in theseconda~ seningin order t60btain total hours ~ofi~dperweek. -

‘Includes 14,065 pharmacists with unknown employment settings.

spent the maximum hours in an average week (see survey

qucsticmntiire item 23b in appendix II, and see

uppcnctix HI.) The remaining average of 1 hour was spent

in their secondary practice setting (the work location in which

they spent the second largest number of hours) and in any

tidditiond ptwctic esettings.Only 13percent of the pharmacists

had a secondary setting. Pharmacists who had one spent

tin avemge of 8 hours per week there. (This excludes the

zero hours spent in a secondary setting by pharmacists with

just onc practice setting. Only pharmacists with a secondary

setting tire included in the average. Therefore, the 8 hours

ctinnot be tidded to 42 hours in the primary setting to yield

total average hours worked per week. One hour per week

is the average length of time spent by all pharmacists in

a secondwy or additional practice setting. It includes the

zero hours spent in a secondary setting by the 87 percent

of the pharmacists who had only one setting. )

The most popular secondary setting was the nursing home

(table 15). Slightly more than one-third of the pharmacists

with asecondary setting designated itastheirs. On the average,

they spent 5 hours per week there.

Pharmacists whose primary setting was a college of pharmacy were most likely to have a secondary setting (table

15). Nearly 30 percent cited one. with 38 percent of them

specifying a hospital. About one quarter of the pharmacists

whose primary practice setting was a nursing home also

had a secondary setting, which 25 percent of the time was

the independent community pharmacy. Only 15 percent of

the independent community pharmacists had a secondary setting, which was a nursing home in over half of the cases.

7
Pharmacists with more than one setting worked 6 hours

longer per week than pharmacists with only one setting.

The pharmacist who spent time in more than one setting

had a 49-hour work week (with a standard deviation of

12) compared with his single-practice-setting colleagues, who

worked 43 hours per week (also with a standard deviation

of 12).

no significant differences in hours worked in each activity

by race when employment settings were held constant.

As would be expected, the primary activity of pharmacists

was dispensing prescriptions; 75 percent of the pharmacists

reported this as their primary service (table K).The next

most mentioned primary activity was administration, as reported by 13 percent. Black pharmacists had the largest

representation in administration as a primary activity (16

percent), while 13 percent of the white pharmacists reported

this as their primary activity.

The mean number of hours worked by pharmacists ranged

from 42 hours in the West to 45 hours in the South (table

16). In the Northeast, white and black pharmacists worked

3 hours more per week than American Indians and Asians.

Asians spent 3 hours more than black pharmacists dispensing

prescriptions and 5 hours fewer in administrative work. Otherwise, the hours they spent in each activity were nearly identical. American Indians spent more hours than any other race

did in providing information to prescribers and patients. This

Activities performed

The average pharmacist had a work week of 43 hours

and spent 24 hours or 56 percent of it dispensing prescriptions

(table J). Most of the remaining hours were spent providing

information to patients and to prescribers (4 and 3 hours,

respectively) and in administrative functions (7 hours). The

large standard deviations associated with these mean hours

indicate wide variability in the hours spent by pharmacists

in these activities.

Table J indicates that, within each activity, differences

in hours by race were negligible. In addition, there were

Table J. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activities performed, and number by race:

United States, 1978-79

All American

races White Black Indian

Primary

Asian

Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean

activity

Standard Mean Standard

hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation

All activities. . . . . . . . . . 43 13 44 13 43 11 43 11 42 10

6

9

5

13

6

4

3

5

Providing information

to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . :

Providing information

to patients . . . . . . . . .

Dispensing prescriptions .

Teaching andlor research

Manufacturing . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

7

6

10

3

8

5

10

3

7

6

11

3

7

6

9

3

5

4

24

1

1

2

i

5

14

6

3

4

6

4

24

1

1

2

1

5

14

6

3

4

6

5

24

2

1

1

1

6

15

7

4

3

5

6

22

1

1

1

1

6

14

6

4

4

6

5

23

2

1

1

1

Number of Number

active pharmacists’ . . . 112,335 62,062 1,571 127 2.847

3IncludesSOpharmacistsof other races, 10,040 pharmacistsof unknown race, and 15,6oS pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.

Table K. Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race United States, 1978-79

Primary All American

activity racesl White Black Indian Asian Other

Number

Number of pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 82,062 1,571 127 2,847 60

Percent distribution?

All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . 3.1 2.9

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 3.9 4.6 5.0

12.6 12.9 16.0 11.8 9.6 16.2

Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 4.8 7.1 3.8

Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.0

74.9 75.2 68.5 70.9 74.7

Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . .

71.2

2.5 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.7 1.2

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.9

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 3.1 1.2

~lncludes pharmacists of unknown race.

‘Includes 15,608 pharmacists with unknown prima~ activities.

3Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

8
may be have been because as minority pharmacists they

functioned more as a resource for health care, serving partially

in the capacity of physicians, having assumed an information

disseminating and drug counseling function that otherwise

would have been performed by physicians. This may have

been especially true if these pharmacists practiced in an

tires where they served their own people. However, this

dit’tkrenm in hours for providing information appears to be

significant only in the Northeast.

A greater percent of male pharmacists indicated administrative functions as their primary activity than did female

pharmacists (14 percent versus 8 percent). Conversely, 78

percent of the female pharmacists cited dispensing prescriptions as their primary activity compared with 74 percent

of the men (table L). Aside from those two activities, there

is no difference by sex in the activities represented as primary

by pharmacists.

Providing information to patients and prescribers was

tin important activity for pharmacists. However, more pharmacists under 40 years of age said that providing information

Table L. Number of active pharmaciata by sex, and percent diatnbution

by primary activity, according to sex United States, 1978-79

Primary Both

activity sexes Male Female

Number of Number

active pharmacists’ . . . . 96,724 81,279 15,445

Percent dktribution2

All activities . . . , . . . . . . 100,0 100.0 100.0

Providing Information

to prescribers . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.1 3.3

Administration . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.6 7.6

Providing information

to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.7 3.8

Dispensing prescriptions . . . 74.9 74.3 78.3

Teaching and/or

research . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.5 2.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 0.7

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 1.0 0.6

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.2 3.6

1Excludes pharmacistsof unknown sex and pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.

2PercmVsmay not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

was a primary activity than did older pharmacists

(table M). Teaching and research were also more popular

for pharmacists under 40 years of age than for older ones.

Fifty-eight percent of the younger group were involved in

these activities, while only 50 percent of the active pharmacists

were under 40 years of age. Retailing and administrative

functions, however, were less popular as primary activities

for pharmacists under 40 years of age than they were for

older practitioners.

This breakdown by age supports a trend that has been

noted in recent literature, that pharmacists are emerging into

more medically professional roles. ‘0 The data on age and

activity indicate that younger pharmacists are less represented

in retailing and administrative work and are more highly

represented in the areas of providing information to prescribers

and patients, and in research.

Weeks worked

Only 10 percent of pharmacists indicated they worked

less than 11 months (less than 48 weeks) a year (table 17).

Four out of 5 pharmacists indicated they worked 52 weeks

per year (including paid vacation and sick leave). There

is little difference in the distribution of weeks worked for

pharmacists between 30 and 64 years of age. However, pharmacists under 30 years of age tended to work fewer weeks,

with slightly less than 3 out of 4 working the entire year.

New graduates beginning practice part way through the year

lower the average weeks worked for this age group. Pharmacists 65 years of age and over had the largest difference

in weeks worked from their younger counterparts. Only 6

out of 10 of them worked all 52 weeks. They also had

the largest proportion working less than 11 months per year.

These differences are probably due to two factors. First,

pharmacists retiring who are 65 years of age and over stop

working part way through the year, thereby reducing the

average weeks worked for the entire age group. Second,

pharmacists in that age group may actually cut down on

the weeks they work, even when continuing to work a full

week. They may take longer vacations or limited leaves

of absence.

Table M. Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity United States, 1978-79

Age

Primary All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 years

activity pharmacists years years years years years and over

Number Percent distribution

All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,424 100.0 21.6 29.5 20.6 16.8 4.8 6.7

Providing information

to prescribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,015 100.0 25.9 29.0 18.3 16.4 5.1 5.3

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,192 100.0 11.9 33.7 26.1 18.6 4.8 5.0

Providing information

to patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,733 100.0 32.4 26.0 16.7 11.7 4.0 7.3

Dispensing preacriptiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,256 100.0 22.6 28.7 20.0 Ie.7 4.9 7.1

Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,377 100.0 21.3 36.6 21.0 14.8 3.5 2.4

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 100.0 20.3 30.1 19.6 17.8 6.3 5.8

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 100.0 16.1 25.9 19.4 19.7 7.6 11.3

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 100.0 26.4 28.5 17.0 17.6 5.0 5.4

tExcludespharmaclstaof unknown aga and pharmacistswith unknown activities.

~Percentsmay not add to 100,0 because of rounding.

9
Table N. Number and percent distributionof active pharmaciata by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview, according to principalforma of

employment United Ststea, 1978-79

Weeks worked

Principal

form of All active

employment pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown

Number

All principal forms of employment . . . . . . 112,335 10,249 10,085 80,931 11,070

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 463 1,391 14,025

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

611

9,458 305 910 7,913

Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

330

30,808 1,668 2,532 25,736

Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

872

41,152 6,401 4,424 28,474 1,653

Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 166 40 93

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

5,615 767 582 3,890

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

356

8,465 459 206 600 7,000

Percent dkdributionz

Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.7 9.9 80.3 .,.

Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.9 8.8 88.3

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,..

100.0 3.3 10.0 86.7

Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 5.6 8.5 66.0

Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 16.3 11.3 72.4

Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.,.

100.0 55.5 13.4 31.1

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,..

100.0 15.0 11.1 74.0 . . .

1Includes assistant managera.

‘Percents maynot add to 100. Obecauaeof rounding.

Female pharmacists were more likely than male pharmacists were to work less than 11 months per year. Twenty

percent worked less than 48 weeks compared with only 8

percent of the men. A difference by sex existed in all age

groups. Approximately two-thirds of the female pharmacists

worked full 52-week years. The percent increases gradually

unti165yearsof age.

Table N indicates that the number of weeks worked

per year is related to the principal form of employment.

Sole owners and partners worked at least 11 months per

year (97 percent of each worked 48 weeks or more). Approximately 7 out of 8 indicated they worked all 52 weeks per

year. Managers and assistant managers, although salaried,

worked nearly as many weeks as sole owners and partners.

Ninety-five percent of the managers and assistant managers

worked at least 48 weeks per year, and 86 percent worked

all 52 weeks.

The inactive pharmacist

Inactive pharmacists were 16percent ofalllicensedpharmacists of known activity status. They represent a potential

source of manpower because they are trained and licensed

and may at anytime enter or return to the profession. There

are additional pharmacists who were trained but who no

longer are licensed and thus are not counted in the pool

of potential pharmacists. These may include pharmacists who

have given up their licenses because they are working in

another field. Since the focus ofthisreport islicensedpharmacists, the inactive pharmacists discussed in this section are

all licensed.

The 20,912 known inactive pharmacists who were surveyed in 1978-79 are distributed by their State of residence

and reason for inactivity in table 18.

10

Interms ofpotential pharmaceutical resources, 12percent

of the inactive pharmacists were seeking work in the protkssion. An additional 8 percent were homemakers. Less than

half the inactive pharmacists (45 percent) said they were

retired (table 19). Theactual unemployment rate intheprofession was less than 2 percent. That figure is based on the

number of inactive pharmacists seeking work relative to the

total number of licensed pharmacists. This is an especially

low unemployment rate because it includes pharmacists who

are in transition between jobs, new graduates seeking positions, and women who have decided to return to the labor

force but who have not yet found employment in the profession.

Pharmacists under 30 years of age were the largest group

seeking work in the profession. More than a quarter of them

were either unemployed or working in another field, and,

in either case, looking for work in the profession. For each

age group between 30 and 60 years approximately 15 percent

of the inactive pharmacists were seeking a position in pharmacy. For job hunters 60-64 years of age, the percent currently

unemployed was comparable to the percents unemployed for

those in the age categories between 30 and 60 years. The

percent of those 60-64 years of age who were working in

another field and seeking work in pharmacy dropped to htilf

of the percents of the comparable groups in the lower age

categories. Evidently, the unemployed pharmacist who was

near retirement age still looked for work, but if he was

working in another field, he was less likely to still be seeking

a job as a pharmacist.

Fewer than half of the inactive pharmacists were 65

years of age or over (table O). Nearly one-fourth were under

40 years of age. Pharmacists under 40 years of age were

inactive in the profession for the most part because thty

were working in other fields and were not seeking work
in pharmacy or because they were homemakers. The youngest

phtirmacists (under 30 years of age) also tended to be unemployeci and seeking work in the profession. These were

pmbtibly the newly licensed pharmacists just starting out

and looking for a job. Nearly half of the inactive female

pharmacists were under 40 years of age. Approximately half

of them were inactive because they were homemakers. Homemaker responsibilities were virtually nonexistent as a reason

for irmctivity among male pharmacists.

At every age, a much higher percent of men than of

women were employed in other fields and were not seeking

work w phtirmacists. The difference in the percents is striking.

Table O. Number and percent diatnbution of inactive pharmacists by

age, according to sex United States, 1978-79

Both Sex

Age sexes Male Female unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . .

65 years and over . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . .

20,912

1,371

3,316

2,673

2,395

1,478

9,023

656

Number

16,997 3,845

713 654

2,252 1,063

2,025 645

1,821 569

1,274 203

8,331 847

581 64

70

4

1

3

5

1

45

11

Percent distribution’

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . 6.8 4.3 17.3 . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . 16.4 13.7 26.1 . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.3 17.1 . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . 11.8 11.1 15.0 . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . 7.3 7.8 5.4 ...

65 years and over . . . . 44.5 50.7 17.1 . . .

1Percentsmaynotaddto 100.0 because of rounding,

Almost 6 out of every 8 men 30-39 years of age were

inactive for this reason. compared with 1 in 8 women. At

40-49 years of age, approximately 4.5 times as many men

as women stated this as their reason for inactivity. Female

pharmacists were more likely than male pharmacists were

to be seeking work in the profession because they were

unemployed rather than because they were working in other

fields.

The distribution of inactive pharmacists by age was quite

different for men than it was for women. One-half of the

male pharmacists were 65 years of age or over compared

with only 17 percent of the women. Conversely, nearly onefifth of the inactive female pharmacists were under 30 years

of age compared with 4 percent of the men. This disparity

is partially related to the overall age composition of female

pharmacists. Since two-thirds of all the licensed female practitioners (regardless of activity status) were under 40 years

of age, it is not surprising that nearly half the inactive female

pharmacists were also under 40. However, 42 percent of

all the men were under 40 years of age (see table 2), and

less than one-fifth of the inactive men were in that age

group.

It appears that in the younger age groups, fewer female

pharmacists worked in the profession than men did, either

because they could not find employment or because they

chose not to (for reasons such as being homemakers). In

the older groups, it is not clear whether female pharmacists

had a smaller percent inactive because they were working

or because they had given up their licenses.

In tables P and Q the activity status for those pharmacists

not reporting activity status is imputed by apportioning the

27,417 pharmacists with unknown activity status into

categories in the same ratio as occurred among the 133,247

pharmacists whose activity status is known. Of the resulting

135,449 active pharmacists, the largest number was located

Tsble P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic region and division: United States,

1978-79

U.S. resident

Active population Active pharmacists

pharmacists, in thousands,

Geographic region and division

per 100,000 people,

1978-79’ 197/# 1978-79

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Middle AtlanUc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Central,..........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

East Norfh Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Atlantlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

East South Central, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135,449

31,426

8,482

22,944

35,695

24,673

11,022

43,932

20,937

8,845

14,150

24,142

7,064

17,078

254

222,095

49,244

12,303

36,942

58,538

41,509

17,028

73,003

35,682

14,395

22,725

41,311

10,746

30,565

. . .

61.0

63.8

69.0

62.1

61.0

59.4

64.7

60.2

58.3

61.4

62.3

56.4

65.7

55.9

. . .

‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of phannaasts with unknown activdy status (S4.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional active

pharmacmls) Data entrias lncreasa proportionally.

“AsofJulyl .DatafromU S.Bureauo fthsCensua: PreHminay eatimateaof theintercensal population of States: 1970 to1980, Series l, Washington

%mludes pharmacistsworking In US. territories and foreign countries.

NOTE: Seeappendlx lllfor States included ineachgeograpKc region anddvision.

11
Table Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States, 1978-79 

Geographic region 

and age Number 

Percent Geographic region 

distribution and age Number 

Percent 

distribution 

All regions South 

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,449l 

Northeast 

All ages ................ 

Under 30 years ............ 

30-59 years .............. 

60 years and over .......... 

Unknown ............... 

North Central 

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,695 100.0 

Under 30 years ............ 

30-59 years .............. 

60 years and over .......... 

Unknown ............... 

31,426 

5,689 

20,385 

5,089 

253 

8,399 

22,620 

4,564 

113 

-I 00.0 

18.3 

65.4 

16.3 

. . . 

23.6 

63.6 

12.8 

All ages ................ 

Under 30 years ............ 

30-59 years .............. 

60 years and over .......... 

Unknown ............... 

West 

All ages ................ 

Under 30 years ............ 

30-59 years .............. 

60 years and over .......... 

Unknown ............... 

Foreign2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 

43,932 

10,001 23.0 

29,561 68.0 

3,913 9.0 

457 . . . 

24,142 100.0 

4,149 

17,093 

2,749 

151 

100.0 

17.3 

71.2 

11.5 

. . . 

‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of pharmacists with unknown activity status (84.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional active 

pharmacists.) 

*Includes pharmacists working in U.S. territories and foreign countries. 

NOTE: See appendix III for States included in each geographic region. . 

in the South (43,932). Despite this large number, the South 

remained slightly below the national average of 61 active 

pharmacists per 100,000 population (table P). Of the divisions, 

New England had the highest ratio of active pharmacists 

per 100,000 population (69.0), while the Pacific had the 

lowest ratio (55.9). 

Differences in the age composition of active pharmacists 

in the four regions of the United States are shown in 

table Q. The Northeast had the largest proportion of pharmacists 60 years of age and over, while the South had the 

smallest proportion of pharmacists this age. The South and 

North Central regions had the most young pharmacists (under 

30 years of age). 
References

‘National Center for Health Statistics: The Cooperative Health Statistics Systcm, its mission and program. Vital and Health Skzds~ics.

Series 4-No. 19, DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 77-1456. Health Resources

Administration, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr.

I977

2Burcuu of Health Manpowec Pharmacy Manpower Resources.

DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 78-36. Health Resources Administration.

‘U.S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States,

191%( 101st edition). Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office.

1980, tublcs 33 and 654, pp. 29 and 395.

4Cmrtw for Health Services Research and Development: Physician

Distribution and Medical Licensure in the U.S., 1979. Chicago.

American Medical Association, 1980.

‘Nitimml Center for Health Statistics, P.H. Zytnick, K. W. Stant,

and J. P. Barbano: Podiatry workforce, characteristics of the provision

of patient care, United States, 1974. Vital and Health Statistics.

Swim 14-No. 22. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-1817. Public Health

Scrvicc. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1979.

(lNational Centtr for Health Statistics: 1978-79 National SurveY

of Optometrists. Division of Health Care Statistics. Unpublished

data.

7U.S. Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of Population, Supplementary Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-5 I-3.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.

su s Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of population, SuPPlemen- . .

taq Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-51 -3.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981, table 1.

9U. S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United

States, 1980 (101 st edition). Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1980, table 45, p 38.

‘“Medicine: More than just pill counters. Time 118, (15):95, Oct.

12, 1981.

1INational Center for Health Statistics, R. Biggan Procedww for

Unduplication of Pharmacy and Optometry Data. Working Paper

Series. No. 9. Public Health Service, Feb. 1982.

‘zNational Center for Health Statistics: Data on Licensed Pharmacists,

by State, 1977-80. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 82-1153. Public Health

S&vice. Washington.

Oct. 1981.

U.S. Government P~nting Office, Sept. and

13
Listof detailed tables

1.

2.

3.

4,

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Number of licensed pharmacists, by activity status and

work State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of licensed pharmacists

by activity status, according to sex and age: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by age and work State:

United States, 1978-79..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work State:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by race and work State:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by Hispanic origin and

work State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

age, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

sex, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

geographic region of pharmacy school of graduation, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,

1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by employment setting

and work State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

primary employment setting, according to age: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

22

23

24

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

primary employment setting, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . 24

Number of active pharmacists, by principal forms of

employment and work State: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...25

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

total hours worked per week, according to principal forms

of employment and sex: United States, 1978-79 . . . M

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

secondary employment settings, according to primwy employment settings: United States, 1978-79 . . . . , . . 27

Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists. w-d

standard deviations, by race, geographic region (with

number of pharmacists), and activities performed: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2x

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by

selected weeks worked in year prior to interview, according

to sex and age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . 29

Number of inactive pharmacists, by mason for inactivity

and State of residence: United States, 1978-79 . . . . 30

Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacists

by reason for inactivity, according to sex and age: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31

14
Table 1. Number of licensed pharmaciata, by activity status and work State United Statea, 1978-79

All Activi& St#US

licensed

Work State’ pharmacists Active Inactive Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DiskictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Norih Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreigncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

160,664

2,495

232

2,189

1,666

14,631

2,414

2,605

375

732

6,856

3,956

400

716

8,002

3,892

2,265

1,561

2,393

3,106

647

3,234

5,144

6,e61

2,939

1,697

3,708

699

1,472

493

571

5,800

875

13,435

3,269

604

6,501

2,464

1,966

8,943

857

2,054

611

3,213

9,360

1,004

307

3,177

3,141

1,082

3,224

396

106

240

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

268

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,986

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

408

3,568

709

7,5e4

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,818

409

2,577

6,514

767

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

20,912

144

32

498

246

1,643

394

358

36

56

1,251

340

43

101

832

416

285

250

196

279

88

450

827

809

347

185

701

131

257

69

84

797

136

,879

319

104

618

302

228

,479

149

215

93

309

27,417

24

76

64

14

5,090

518

457

134

121

1,191

1,154

99

141

2,174

411

314

138

398

1,174

22

709

54

66

65

11

55

94

12

97

79

1,435

30

3,972

38

76

1,661

688

364

1,474

4

21

109

327

1,066

161

36

44e

467

136

447

61

17

75

1,778

56

60

96

105

26

30

91

. . .

. . .

7Forinactive pharmac(atalhe work State ia the place of residence. Forpharmaciataof unknown actwtyatatuathe work State sthe State of residence, mail, or ficensure

15
G Table2. Numhrand per&ntdstnb@"on ofhcensed phamacists byacfwi~s@tus, awoting tosexand ag& United Sates, 1978-79

All licensed phamracists Male Female Sex unknown

Activity status Activity status Activity status Activi& status

Age Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30yeara . . . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . .

65years and over . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .

160,664

24,975

35,580

25,769

21,454

7,127

16,667

26,892

112,335

23,804

32,264

23,096

19,059

5,649

7,844

819

20,912

1,371

3,316

2,673

2,395

1,476

9,023

656

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 15.7

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 100.0 94.5 5.5

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.7 9.3

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.6 10.4

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.6 11.2

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.3 20.7

65 years and over . . . . . . 100.0 46.5 53.5

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.5 44.5

27,417 133,474

16,644

29,337

25,569

16,976

6,525

15,832

27,417 23,591

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

94,156 16,997

15,931 713

27,065 2,252

20,544 2,025

17,155 1,821

5,251 1,274

7,501 6,331

691 581

84.7 15.3

95.7 4.3

92.3 7.7

91.0 9.0

90.4 9.6

80.5 19.5

47.4 52.6

54.3 45.7

Number

22,319 26,147

6,316

6,223

3,185

2,465

600

989

22,319 4,367

Percent distribution

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

18,115

7,664

5,160

2,540

1,696

397

342

116

82.5

92.1

82.9

79.7

76.9

68.2

34.6

64.4

3,645

654

1,063

645

569

203

647

64

17.5

7.9

17.1

20.3

23.1

33.8

65.4

35.6

4,187 1,043

13

20

15

13

2

46

4,187 934

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

62

9

19

12

8

1

1

12

47.0

69.2

95.0

60.0

61.5

50.0

2.2

52.2

70 911

4

1

3

5

1

45 -

11 911

53.0 . . .

30.8 . . .

5.0 . . .

20.0 . . .

38.5 . . .

50.0 0..

97.6 . . .

47.6 . . .
Table 3. Number of active pharmaciata, by age and work State United Statea, 1978-79

All

Age

active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 years

Work State pharmacmts years years years years years and over Unknown

All areaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlasissippl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri .,,,........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . ...*... . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode laland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . ., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Waahlngton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WestVkglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

258

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,986

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

408

3,568

709

7,564

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,818

409

2,577

6,514

787

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

23,604

506

30

274

302

1,344

199

372

26

86

468

607

44

85

1,069

629

494

295

558

526

163

335

678

1,490

556

369

747

103

265

74

111

443

172

1,097

699

124

969

351

232

1,210

221

528

131

619

1,557

109

41

656

420

269

610

74

9

34

32,264

767

45

423

496

2,564

496

396

50

153

1,055

891

69

134

1,536

886

503

306

496

576

129

626

914

1,433

726

516

790

142

364

96

126

883

211

1,986

896

125

1,077

548

447

1,380

117

562

93

859

2,292

225

69

789

692

258

645

78

23

63

23,096

488

23

324

256

1,829

278

427

69

108

1,108

463

54

105

949

588

272

233

327

254

96

444

698

1,214

496

236

500

88

223

59

82

994

119

1.852

“558

80

927

220

316

1,286

160

295

93

463

1,188

176

38

526

553

152

511

46

23

39

19,059

416

19

343

242

1,315

295

317

41

123

935

354

44

111

744

590

222

203

284

206

76

357

762

1,088

425

224

396

66

165

41

38

648

109

1.321

514

61

757

212

236

,119

116

275

51

353

971

187

30

422

575

160

415

27

21

15

5,849

86

1

107

40

369

119

110

9

35

272

78

11

21

283

200

84

46

46

36

18

146

315

297

129

53

133

26

84

30

14

216

37

461

106

13

212

60

87

331

41

62

20

99

233

43

14

102

174

37

104

9

4

6

7,844

55

5

149

89

395

109

142

7

49

361

63

12

17

416

165

85

117

84

46

39

154

384

458

157

76

382

24

100

23

32

377

57

835

123

19

249

79

77

648

46

95

20

133

255

40

14

125

145

43

258

7

1

1

819

29

1

7

1

62

6

26

3

1

215

6

4

1

19

7

6

3

4

9

16

13

112

6

36

5

2

5

2

4

5

7

4

12

14

2

11

4

1

16

3

1

1

51

16

7

5

13

10

1

4

3

6

7

17
Table 4. Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work Stat& United Statea, 1978-79

All

active Sex

Work State pharmacists Male Female unknown

Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ssoufi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewHampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mr9inia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~sconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

256

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,986

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

406

3,566

709

7,584

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,818

409

2,577

6,514

767

211

2,633

2,569

920.

2,747

244

89

165

94,158

1,992

92

1,369

1,262

6,534

1,224

1,488

166

421

3,782

2,049

196

398

4,173

2,512

1,370

1,031

1,529

1,338

475

1,719

3,691

4,991

2,135

1,305

2,542

396

1,003

283

358

3,138

610

6,741

2,393

334

3,478

1,232

1,094

5,031

560

1,508

305

2,138

5,319

703

185

2,099

1,985

745

2,370

181

61

122

18,115

335

32

256

164

1,358

277

302

39

132

621

410

62

76

820

551

295

160

268

316

62

355

572

995

391

196

409

76

200

44

50

429

97

843

515

90

723

242

301

958

144

310

104

436

1,192

84

26

533

560

175

377

62

27

43

62

2

6

1

2

11

3

3

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

4

1

1

1

3

3

1

4

1

1

18
Table 5. Number of active pharmacist, by race and work State: United States, 1978-79

All

active American Race

Work State DhaM7aCktS White Black Indian Asian Other unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois................’. . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlchlgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WestVlrglnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LLS. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

258

474

4,996

3,065

1,886

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,986

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

406

3,568

709

7,584

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

i ,396

5,990

704

1,818

409

2,577

6,514

767

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

90,422

2,230

101

1,502

1,310

5,671

1,344

1,640

163

266

179

2,215

104

435

4,433

2,625

1,546

1,112

1,706

1,456

501

1,784

3,489

5,004

2,419

1,424

2,758

446

1,151

268

351

3,173

596

6,754

2,748

402

3,892

1,333

1,280

142

665

1,749

360

2,397

5,711

665

194

2,445

2,174

895

2,653

222

26

83

1,730

36

11

9

116

7

14

1

173

4

47

140

36

2

2

9

69

1

84

13

141

5

26

76

5

47

2

98

36

61

13

2

5

3

32

24

278

65

15

4

6

5

1

I 44

2

1

3

1

25

4

1

1

1

1

2

1

4

2

4

1

3

9

2

5

1

1

2

3

2

3

1

3

25

4

1

1

2

13

2

5

2

3,048

7

4

39

10

1,408

34

6

4

28

2

23

119

7

177

22

10

6

1

31

54

35

79

16

22

20

10

11

2

40

12

334

12

36

9

63

5

6

6

2

19

125

23

22

110

1

18

1

1

9

94

1

24

1

1

1

1

3

1

3

1

1

11

3

1

1

1

8

1

6

1

11

7

3

2

16,897

52

18

71

96

654

112

128

36

87

4,229

178

34

31

241

181

105

66

79

74

35

171

712

750

85

26

90

25

37

47

55

306

93

386

113

21

207

94

41

5,838

27

29

26

134

376

99

16

99

258

20

63

21

53

72

19
Table 6. Number of active pharmaciata, by Hispanic origin and work Stat= United States, 1976-79

All

active Origin

Work Sfafe pharmacists Hispanic Non-Hispanic urrkno wn

Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arksnsas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

258

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,986

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

408

3,566

709

7,564

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,618

409

2,577

6,514

787

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

1,671

13

58

210

26

10

2

7

227

16

2

37

15

4

8

5

40

3

12

3

2

1

6

21

1

5

6

3

18

86

135

4

1

20

12

71

1

5

523

4

2

13

5

5

22

1

86,481

2,275

103

1,456

1,326

6,998

1,362

1,657

187

466

2,460

2,279

222

438

4,683

1,547

1,116

1,721

1,542

503

1,695

3,555

119

41

1,468

2,636

444

1,157

276

353

3,332

528

7,120

2,776

394

3,989

1,366

94

5,708

671

30

377

2,449

5,611

665

195

98

2,475

896

31

217

28

91

24,183

39

21

115

100

690

114

123

16

82

1,707

167

36

34

276

221

115

69

73

73

31

166

705

5,865

2,485

25

93

29

41

45

52

218

95

329

130

29

193

94

1,302

211

32

1,768

32

123

380

118

14

2,535

81

19

2,716

22

39

73

20
Table 7. Idumber and percent distributionof active pharmacists by age, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1978-79

Age

Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 years

Race and Hispanic origin Total years years yeara years years and over Unknown

Allactiwpharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

Whit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AmericanIndian, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic origin

Hispanic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hlspanlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Mian... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

90,422

1,730

144

3,048

94

16,897

1,671

66,481

24,183

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

23,604

18,683

344

33

941

27

3,576

366

17,572

5,664

21.2

20.7

19.9

22.9

30.9

26.7

22.0

20.4

32,264

26,299

577

42

1,230

42

4,074

460

25.175

6;609

26.9

29.1

33.4

29.2

40.4

44.7

26.7

29.2

Number

23,096 19,059

16,564 15,436

346 325

25 30

502 286

10 12

3,649 2,968

399 313

17,672 14,824

4,625 3,922

Percent distribution’

20.7 17.1

20.6 17.1

20.0 18.6

17.4 20.8

16.5 9.4

10.6 12.6

23.9 16.7

20.7 17.2

5,649

4,637

60

7

59

1

665

49

4,490

1,110

5.1

5.1

3.5

4.9

1.9

1.1

2.9

5.2

7,644

6,638

76

7

26

2

1,091

61

6,399

1,364

7.0

7.4

4.5

4.9

0.9

2.1

3.6

7.4

619

165

654

1

149

669

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

‘Percents may nol add to 100.0 becauee of rounding.

21
Table8. Numkrand percent tistnbution ofacfwe phamaciata bysex, according toraceand Mspanic origin: United SWtea, 1978-79

Sex

Race and Hispanic origin Total Male Female unknown

Number

All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.335 94,158 18,115 62

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90,422

1,730

144

3,048

94

16,897

76,672

1,212

127

2,099

77

13,971

13,750

518

17

949

17

2,864 62

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,671

86,481

24,183

1,224

72,892

20,042

447

13,586

4,082

3

59

Percent distribution

63.9 16.1

,..

Allactwe pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0

Race

,..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

84.8 15.2

70.1 29.9

88.2 11.6

68.9 31.1

81.9 18.1

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

73.2 26.8

84.3 15.7

. . .

. . .

Table9. Numhrand percent dstnbution ofactive pharmacists bygeograpMc region ofphamacy schmlof gmduation, according toraceand Hiapnic

origin: United States, 1978-79

Geographic region of pharmacy school

North Us. Foreign

Race and Hispanic origin Total South West Norlheast Central territory country Unknown

Number

All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 33,041

90,422

1,730

144

3,046

94

16,897

1,671

86,461

24,183

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

31,280

27,198

1,128

60

359

19

2,516

720

25,907

4,653

30.7

31.2

66.6

42.2

11.9

20.4

45.7

31.1

13,126 25,350 52 901 6,585

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1

,183

62

41

,615

34

191

18,018

170

10

199

16

8,937

196

30,516

327

31

403

16

1,748

104

29

1

22

36

295 3,183

7 35

2

446 24

6 1

143 5,340

364 157 94

11,254

1,508

23,920 21,517 4

1,234 11,420 12

727

17

3,152

5,339

Percent distribution’

All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 24.9 32.4 0.1 1.0 ,..

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.8

3.7

28.9

53.4

36.6

23.1

13.5

20.6 35.0 0.0

10.0 19.3 0.1

7.0 21.8

6.6 13,3

17.2 17.2

12.4 8.6 2.3

28.7 25.8

0.3

0.4

14.8

6.6

10.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

‘Percents may not add to 100. O because of rounding.

22
Table IO. Number ofactive phamacists, byemplo~ent setingand woWState United States, 1978-79

All Independent

active community Chain Pharmaceutical

Work State pharmacists pharmacy pharmacy Hospital manufacturer Other Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DlstrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . .,, .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewJarsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Caroling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington, . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WestVkglnia, .,, ..,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

US.territories, .,...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

256

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,966

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

406

3,566

709

7,584

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,616

409

2,577

6,514

787

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

38,417

1,142

26

216

706

2,091

511

900

40

86

1,279

945

34

196

1,720

809

706

497

748

614

204

521

1,791

1,961

968

692

1,129

204

485

83

171

1,702

252

3,214

1,089

182

1,350

529

496

523

256

770

189

1,011

2,073

186

115

748

679

336

1,106

116

6

8

28,413

580

30

435

269

1,908

402

323

88

109

1,294

638

61

137

1,300

1,097

381

294

481

475

154

724

725

1,538

494

246

811

115

227

122

92

576

157

1,431

964

66

1,491

393

365

1,109

125

498

64

652

2,194

204

37

982

500

296

677

54

3

5

25,119

335

40

384

308

2,720

360

314

33

195

879

529

90

86

1,366

568

376

256

397

366

83

448

767

1,454

500

232

754

94

239

64

73

538

154

1,805

523

125

849

364

325

1,066

158

295

108

570

1,442

146

35

550

493

208

795

33

23

80

2,477

20

19

5

149

23

34

14

5

44

35

4

5

167

279

17

16

20

34

1

23

86

203

34

13

79

4

14

2

3

324

7

351

46

5

68

12

10

66

8

21

4

36

85

14

2

21

14

2

8

1

5

13

3,844

51

4

41

40

277

28

59

6

63

98

65

7

12

91

86

63

32

44

56

7

179

123

111

51

21

93

20

57

5

7

127

34

271

55

19

111

53

44

635

24

72

15

87

166

55

3

64

88

29

48

17

2

6

14,065

199

22

552

98

753

156

160

24

95

820

230

42

36

332

226

123

98

109

108

86

180

791

719

4ao

297

86

37

181

51

62

301

105

512 “

235

27

213

123

156

2,671

133

162

29

219

554

182

19

268

795

49

111

23

50

71

23
Table 11. Number and percent distributbn of active pharrneobta by primary empbyment setting aocording to agrx United State& 197S-79

Age

All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 years

Primaiy employment setting pharmacists years years yeare years years and over Unknown

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Clinic ormedical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

38,408

28,423

3,968

1,551

19,603

2,476

1,288

2,553

14,065

100.0

39.1

28.9

4.0

1.6

19.9

2.5

1.3

2.6

23,604

4,994

7,755

834

447

6,306

206

294

349

2,419

100.0

23.6

36.6

3.9

2.1

29.6

1.0

1.4

1.6

32,284

9,235

9,086

1,241

458

6,980

882

457

718

3,407

100.0

32.0

31.5

4.3

1.6

24.2

2.4

1.6

2.5

23,096 19,059 5,649

9,300 8,045 2,426

5,439 3,993 1,083

814 847 179

270 185 61

2,743 2,320 649

775 582 158

224 217 58

653 527 162

2,878 2,543 695

Percent distribution’

100.0 100.0 100.0

46.0 48.7 51.0

26.9 24.2 22.4

4.0 3.9 3.8

1.3 1.1 1.3

13.6 14.0 13.6

3.8 3.5 3.3

1.1 1.3 1.2

3.2 3.2 3.4

7,844

4,279

990

245

128

538

67

36

138

1,423

100.0

66.6

15.4

3.8

2.0

8.4

1.0

0.6

2.2

819

129

97

8

2

67

6

4

6

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

.,.

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding,

Tabb 12. Number and percent distrib@.onof active pharmacists by primsry amptoyment setting according to race and Hispanic origix Un.RedStateq

197s-79

Race

All

Hispanic or@in

Primary active American Nonemployment setting pharmacists White Black Indian Asian Other Unknown Hispanic Hispanic Unknown

Allseftings . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy. . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .

Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . . . . . .

College of pharmacy . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy . . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .

Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . .

Nursing Home . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . . . . . .

College of pharmacy . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

38,408

28,423

3,968

1,551

19,603

2,476

1,288

2,553

14,065

100.0

39.1

28.9

4.0

1.6

19.9

2.5

1.3

2.6

90,422

35,110

24,200

3,341

667

16,379

2,298

1,052

1,759

5,616

100.0

41.4

28.5

3.9

0.8

19.3

2.7

1.2

2.1

1,730

401

451

151

3

486

36

38

35

129

100.0

25.0

28.2

9.4

0.2

30.4

2.2

2.4

2.2

144

36

39

10

3

38

4

2

3

9

100.0

28.7

28.9

7.4

2.2

28.2

3.0

1.5

2.2

Number

3,048 94

476 20

790 25

234 8

31

1,223 32

48

37

47

162 9

Percent distribution’

100.0 100.0

16.5 23.5

27.4 29.4

8.1 9.4

1.1

42.4 37.6

1.7

1.3

1.6

16,897

2,365

2,918

224

647

1,445

90

159

709

6,140

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1,671

486

516

88

18

343

20

16

32

152

100.0

32.0

34.0

5.8

1.2

22.6

1.3

1.1

2.1

86,481

31,044

22,592

3,196

1,347

15,564

2,040

1,058

2,238

7,420

100.0

39.3

28.6

4.0

1.7

19.7

2.6

1.3

2.6

24,183

6,878

5,335

682

186

3,696

416

214

283

8,493

.,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

,..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1Percents may net add to 100.0 because of rounding,

24
Table 13. Number of active pharmaciata, by principalforma of employment and work Stattx United Stateq 1978-79

All

active Sole Assistant Star? Employment

Work State pharmacists owner Partner manager Manager pharmacist Other’ unknown

All areas, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi ..,..........,.. . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WeatVirglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Forelgncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,627

1,426

7,898

1,502

1,790

205

555

4,414

2,462

258

474

4,996

3,065

1,666

1,193

1,799

1,655

537

2,075

4,263

5,9e6

2,527

1,501

2,952

474

1,203

327

406

3,56S

709

7,564

2,912

424

4,202

1,474

1,396

5,990

704

1,618

409

2,577

6,514

787

211

2,633

2,569

920

2,747

244

89

165

16,490

406

15

147

309

1,000

209

270

26

29

547

404

16

e4

719

305

315

247

266

302

93

16e

599

750

250

374

461

99

230

40

62

635

116

1,120

422

102

505

256

206

1,111

71

262

100

454

956

127

39

270

366

140

393

47

2

2

9,456

231

4

38

163

521

110

160

9

19

300

260

2

63

464

219

177

121

255

126

37

133

191

440

64

169

231

37

103

14

28

371

34

1,015

340

17

323

129

113

489

49

175

34

287

477

44

30

234

170

83

316

15

2

21,295

31i

33

357

246

1,437

293

275

4e

90

983

443

75

e4

914

734

282

226

352

331

104

401

721

197

336

205

675

80

174

73

68

642

137

1,333

742

67

983

333

227

1,320

121

337

63

397

1,3e5

140

42

505

332

240

421

42

20

38

9,513

147

6

I3e

85

463

61

117

11

a

415

329

9

24

427

459

72

88

201

113

13

220

265

714

94

68

322

33

71

13

21

223

45

464

328

35

638

153

66

712

39

199

22

261

445

41

10

302

116

97

168

21

5

12

41,152

9e3

43

653

448

3,461

642

764

60

243

1,300

720

109

i65

2,044

887

643

396

534

597

221

643

1,418

2,233

1,131

526

I,038

175

416

138

169

1,240

254

2,e45

840

153

i,397

445

634

1,788

300

586

144

896

2,586

332

70

1,081

899

300

1,239

85

9

27

5,962

61

5

6e

72

405

56

87

17

53

225

131

15

23

211

301

86

53

104

105

15

173

167

e8

451

62

99

26

75

5

13

268

33

492

95

31

203

69

90

380

29

118

24

6S

301

66

5

113

139

35

111

16

3

21

8,465

1e6

16

226

103

611

111

117

14

70

664

175

32

31

217

160

91

62

67

79

54

137

902

684

201

57

106

24

134

44

47

189

88

315

145

19

153

67

60

190

95

161

22

192

362

37

15

128

548

25

99

18

48

65

‘Includes volunteers.

25
Table 14. Number and~r@nt tistnbutin ofactive phamacists bytoblhours woked~rwee~ amtingto principalfomsofemplo~ent and sex:

United States, 1978-79

Total hours

Principal form of All active

employment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

All principal forms of employment Number

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,158 8,323 42,787 35,193 7,855

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,115 5,128 9,341 1,855 1,791

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2 1 1 58

Sole owner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 463 2,330 12,655 401

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 58 90 256 17

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Partner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sex unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,458

8,984

474

591

444

147

2,654

2,534

120

6,045

5,854

191

168

152

16

Manager’

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30,808

27,277

3,531

1,417

1,019

398

18,716

16,227

2,489

10,262

9,671

591

413

360

53

Staff pharmacist

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41,152

29,711

11,440

1

9,600

5,396

4,204

25,297

19,038

6,259

5,020

4,398

622

1,235

879

355

1

Othe~

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,982

5,191

771

976

735

241

2,486

2,166

320

2,230

2,055

175

270

235

35

Employment unknown

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,465

6,926

1,478

61

328

246

80

2

553

492

63

1

381

360

20

1

7,200

5,828

1,315

57

Percent distribution= All principalformsof employment

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

50.8

49.6

57.2

36.1

40.8

11.4

13.1

8.8

31.4

. . .

. . .

. . .

Sole owner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

3.4

3.1

14.4

15.1

14.9

22.3

81.6

62.1

63.4

. . .

. . .

. . .

Partner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

6.4

5.0

32.1

28.6

28.7

26.2

65.1

66.3

41.7

. . .

.,.

4..

Manager’

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f 00.0

100.0

100.0

4.7

3.8

11.4

61.6

60.3

71.6

33.6

35.9

17.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

Sse footnotes at end of table.

26
Table 14. Number andpercent dstribution ofactive phamacists bytotal hours worked perweek, accordng topnncipal forms ofemployment and sex

United States, 1978.79-Con.

Total hours

Principal form of A// actwe

employment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

Staff pharmacist Percent distribufiona

Bolh sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 24.1 63.4 12.6

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 18.7 66.0 15.2

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 37.9 56.5 5.6 . . .

Othe#

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 14.8 43.7 41.5

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 32.7 43.5 23.6 . . .

‘Includes assistant managers.

,’lncludcm volunteers,

lPmctmtsmayrrotaddto 100, O because of rounding,

Table 15, Number andpercent tistfibution ofactive phamacists byseconda~ emplo~ent setings, acwrting topnma~employment seMngs:

United Statea, 1978-79

Secondary employment setting

All Independent Clinic or College

active None or community Chain medical building Nursing .Pharmaceutical of

Pr[maryemployment setting pharmacists unknown pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy home Hospital manufacturer pharmacy Other

Allsi?ltings . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .

Champharmacy . . . . . . . . .

Cltmc or medical

building pharmacy . . . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . , . . . . . .

College of pharmacy . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetlmgs . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chcunpharmacy . . . . . . . .

Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . . . .

Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceullcal

manufacturer . . . . . . . . .

Collegeorpharmacy . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

36,417

28,413

3,970

1,551

19,596

2,477

1,290

2,554

14,065

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

99,943

32,932

26,207

3,071

1,146

16,574

2,205

919

1,824

14,065

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

2,262

. .

480

169

101

1,118

155

92

147

. . .

16.9

. .

21.8

18.8

24.9

37.0

57.0

24.8

20.1

1,183

386

79

108

40

3e6

52

31

99

. . .

6.8

7.0

3.6

12.0

9.9

12.8

19.1

8.4

13.6

Number

937 4,878

301 3,168

176 881

. . . 299

29

200 427

5 2

27 19

199 82

. . . .

Percent distribution’

7.0 36.4

5.5 57.8

8.0 40.0

. . . 33.3

7.2 . . .

6.6 14.1

1.8 0.7

7.3 5.1

27.3 11.2

2,194

1,557

330

202

66

193

28

142

76

. . .

16.4

21.1

15.0

22.5

16.3

6.4

10.3

38.3

10.4

75

25

13

6

2

14

. . .

5

10

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.5

0.5

. . .

1.4

1.4

616

69

38

46

12

393

9

. . .

49

. . .

4.6

1.3

1.7

5.1

3.0

13.0

3.3

. . .

6.7

1,247

379

209

69

155

291

21

55

68

. . .

9.3

6.9

9.5

7.7

38.3

9,6

7.7

14.6

9.3

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding

27
Table 16. Mean houwwo*ed ~rweekby ativephamacists, andatandard &viations, byrace, geqraphm regrnn(tih number ofphamatish), and

activities performed United States, 1978-79

All races White Black American Indian Asian

Geographic region Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard

and activity hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation

Northeast

(23,994 pharmacists)

Allactivifies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information topafients . . . . . . . . . .

Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Central

(30,042 pharmacists)

Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information topatients . . . . . . . . . .

Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South

(35,689 pharmacists)

Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . .

Dispensingprescripfions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West

(17,611 pharmacists)

Allactivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing informationto patients . . . . . . . . . .

Oispensingprescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

3

8

4

22

2

1

2

1

43

3

8

4

24

1

1

2

1

45

2

7

4

26

2

1

2

1

42

3

7

5

22

1

1

2

2

13

. . .

-..

. . .

.-.

-..

---

---

.-.

13

. . .

. . .

.-.

---

. . .

. . .

---

. . .

12

. . .

..-

. . .

.-.

. . .

.-.

---

. . .

13

. . .

-..

. . .

..-

-..

---

-..

.-.

43 13 43 12 40 17 40 7

7 19 3 8

2 4 3 6

7 9 5 5

21 15 24 12

0 1 2 8

1 2 2 5

2 2 1 2

0 0 1 3

3

8

4

22

2

1

2

1

6

11

6

14

7

4

6

6

3

8

5

20

2

1

2

2

7

13

5

15

8

5

5

7

13 44

5 3

11 9

5 4

14 25

6 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

12

6

13

6

15

4

5

3

4

42 10 42 9

4 4 3 5

9 11 6 10

5 5 4 6

18 12 23 13

1 3 8

2 8 1 4

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 5

43

3

8

4

24

1

1

2

1

45 12 43 11 45 10 43 10

2

7

5

26

1

1

2

1

5

10

5

14

5

3

4

6

3

6

5

24

2

1

1

1

6 3 5 3 5

10 7 9 4 8

6 6 5 5 6

14 25 14 26 13

7 1 4 2 6

3- 1 1 4

3 2 5 1 2

6 1 3 1 5

42 13 42 12 42 13 41 10

3

7

5

23

1

1

2

2

6

10

5

13

6

3

4

7

4

7

5

21

1

1

1

1

7

10

6

15

5

3

2

6

4 5 3

5 8 5

5 6 5

21 14 22

3 10 1

1 2 1

1 1 1

3 10 2

6

9

5

13

5

3

3

6

28
Table 17. Number andpercent distributionofactive pharmacists byselected weeks worked inyearprior tointewiew, according tosex andage United

Statea, 1978-79

Weeks worked

All active

Sex and age Pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown

Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover ...,..... . . . . . . .

Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

23,604

32,264

23,096

19,059

5,649

7,844

819

10,249

3,356

2,240

1,142

1,032

486

1,945

46

10,065

2,336

2,784

1,938

1,596

482

916

31

80,931 11,070

15,547

24,285

17,891

14,690

4,096

4,238

184

2,363

2,955

2,125

1,739

585

745

558

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearaandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94,156

15,931

27,085

20,544

17,155

5,251

7,501

691

7,030

1,823

1,278

791

803

437

1,659

39

6,061

1,487

2,219

1,645

1,371

448

865

26

70,004

11,073

21,139

16,287

13,452

3,636

4,056

161

1,548

2,449

1,821

1,529

530

701

465

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,115

7,664

5,160

2,540

1,896

397

342

116

3,216

1,535

961

351

229

49

66

7

2,004

649

565

293

227

34

31

5

10,926

4,474

3,146

1,604

1,238

260

181

23

1,967

806

488

292

202

54

44

81

Sex unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1 1 60

Percent distribution’ Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 10.1

100.0 15.6

100.0 7.6

100.0 5.4

100.0 6.0

100.0 9.6

100.0 27.4

10.0

11.0

9.5

9.2

9.2

9.5

12.9

79.9

73.2

82.9

85.3

64.8

60.9

59.7

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82.3 . . .

77.0 . . .

65.8 . . .

87.0 . . .

86.1 . . .

81.2 . . .

59.6 . . .

100.0 8.2

100.0 12.7

100.0 5.2

100.0 4.2

100.0 5.1

100.0 9.3

100.0 27.3

9.5

10.3

9.0

8.6

8.6

9.5

13.0

Female

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 19.9

100.0 22.4

100.0 20.6

100.0 15.6

100.0 13.5

100.0 14.3

100.0 28.9

12.4

12.4

12.1

13.0

13.4

9.9

10.4

67.7 . . .

65.2 . . .

67.3 ..<

71.4 . . .

73.1 . . .

75.8 . . .

60.7 . . .

lPercents maynot add to 100.0 because of rounding,

29
Table 18. Number ofinaotiie pharmacists, byreason forinactivity and Stete of residence United States, 1978-79

Reason for inactivity

Unemployed Working in another field

Not Not

All Seeking seeking Seeking seeking

inactive work in work in work in work in

State of residence pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20,912

144

32

498

246

1,643

394

356

36

56

1,251

340

43

101

632

416

285

250

196

279

86

450

627

809

347

165

701

131

257

89

64

797

136

1,879

319

104

618

302

228

1,479

149

215

93

309

1,088

161

36

448

467

136

447

61

17

75

7,879

24

10

237

119

620

192

140

12

25

564

102

19

38

343

136

115

66

87

101

35

138

360

12

101

55

316

61

104

31

3e

295

38

932

68

20

218

111

80

648

45

64

38

85

332

49

19

147

151

65

209

25

3

18

1,469

12

2

35

7

93

25

29

1

2

66

29

3

4

49

13

16

10

10

9

3

23

57

34

8

50

9

12

6

4

69

7

240

13

11

66

7

26

101

23

le

6

25

50

10

3

37

43

5

53

4

1

8

272

6

1

4

1

36

6

6

1

9

3

1

2

7

8

5

5

2

3

1

2

5

4

3

7

1

1

13

17

15

2

12

7

3

26

3

1

27

3

4

5

1

1

2

576

7

1

10

8

53

5

14

3

21

9

1

2

23

11

9

2

4

8

1

13

20

12

5

15

2

13

3

2

17

4

54

15

7

7

10

9

57

10

6

1

8

35

2

13

26

3

12

1

2

4,5e7

46

11

73

47

367

72

74

9

12

144

85

10

29

171

98

55

54

38

80

16

149

180

29

75

51

138

26

71

6

10

217

29

379

69

30

136

82

70

392

28

67

17

79

323

51

4

121

112

25

84

16

5

21

1,397

9

2

16

4

109

17

28

10

2

49

29

2

8

77

52

19

21

19

22

8

20

21

6

27

17

25

11

18

6

5

56

1

81

40

7

89

16

26

116

11

15

5

37

84

5

3

36

53

15

33

3

2

4

1,322

6

2

21

20

121

21

17

1

2

54

33

2

6

44

28

14

20

14

31

5

38

62

7

47

16

5

17

2

1

33

5

67

55

9

35

17

17

103

4

35

7

28

91

13

1

59

29

17

24

3

1

12

3,410

32

3

102

40

244

56

50

3

9

324

60

5

14

118

70

52

52

22

25

19

87

127

755

46

31

153

14

15

74

23

97

52

109

24

18

53

52

17

36

25

10

16

49

146

30

4

31

48

5

31

9

5

8

llrr a few States this was phrased as “in training in pharmacy.”

30
Table 19. Number andpercent dstribution ofinactive phamacists byreaaon forinactivw, according tosexandag= United States, 1978-79

Reason for reactivity

Unemployed Working in another field

Not Not

All Seeking seeking Seeking seeking

inactive work in work in work in work in

Sex and age pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown

Both sexesz

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Both sexesz

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

576

70

148

126

126

36

68

2

1,469

247

281

21 e

257

131

326

9

1,045

118

154

141

197

117

310

6

424

129

127

77

60

14

16

1

8.4

21.4

9.8

9.6

12.4

10.3

4.4

7.3

19.9

7.9

6.2

12.5

10.6

4.5

13.1

23.1

13.9

14.0

12.3

8.4

3.1

272

72

54

52

43

15

35

1

4,567

283

1,510

1,27e

875

268

313

80

4,187

203

1,396

1,196

783

240

292

77

400

60

114

82

92

28

21

3

1,397

224

553

300

214

41

52

13

35

3

8

4

5

2

12

1

1,362

221

545

296

209

39

40

12

1,322

267

304

235

247

120

136

11

1,033

167

220

194

214

104

127

7

20,912 3.410

1,371

3,316

2,673

2,395

1,478

9,023

656

16,997

713

2,252

2,025

1,821

1,274

8,331

5el

3,845

654

1,063

645

569

203

647

64

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

7,879

9

17

56

305

663

6,403

425

7,282

7

11

41

249

601

5,984

369

586

2

6

15

56

62

415

30

45.0

0.8

0.6

2.5

14.8

52.0

87.3

51.1

1.2

0.6

2.4

15.8

54.3

87.7

18.1

0.4

0.7

2.7

11.5

37.1

81.4

219

449

408

327

204

,6L36

115

,745

120

194 476

46

34

35

33

11

34

1

49

128

106

98

32

62

301

308

242

167

1,510

97

78 99 269 607

95

147

97

81

36

137

14

26

20

17

10

4

1

21

20

20

28

4

6

100

64

41

33

16

11

4

Percent distribution3

1.6 3.3

6.2 6.1

1.9 5.2

2.3 5.6

2.1 6.1

1.2 2.8

0.5 0.9

26.2 8.0 7.6 . . .

19.4 23.2 . . .

19.3 10.6 . . .

13.2 10.4 . . .

10.4 12.0 . . .

3.2 9.4 . . .

0.7 1.9 . . .

22.8

52.7

56.4

42.3

21.0

4.3

1.4 3.3 29.4

7.8 8.3 34.2

1.7 6.6 71.6

2.0 6.2 69.7

2.1 6.2 49.6

1.0 2.9 21.7

0.5 0.9 4.3

0.2 7.2

28.2

11.3

11.3

13.6

9.4

1.9

. . .

0.5

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

42.1

39.5

59.5

54.0

42.8

23.4

7.8

8.9

17.9

9.2

7.5

6.6

9.6

2.2

2.4 3.1 12.4

4.6 3.8 10.7

2.2 2.2 12.4

3.1 3.6 15.0

2.0 5.7 18.8

2.4 2.4 16.8

0.2 1.2 4.1

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1In a few States this wss phrased as “in training in pharmacy:

%cludes 70 Inactive pharmacist of unknown SSX.

.$Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding

31
Appendixes

Contents

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33

Cooperative Health Statistics System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Minimum data ~et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Response rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Data editing and processing procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Removing duplicate records.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...35

Period of data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Consistency of data between NCHS national and State reports and reports published by individual States . . 36

II. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...38

111. Definitions ofcertain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42

Appendix table

Year of data collection, contractor conducting Survey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State:

United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

32
Appendix 1

Technical notes on methods

Cooperative Health Statistics System

In response to aneedfor demographic and practice data

on health professions personnel, the National Center for Health

Statistics established the manpower component of the Cooperative Health Statistics System (CHSS). This system was designed to decentralize the collection of data from the FederaI

to the State level. The data were then to be transferred

from each State in the system to the Center. CHSS never

fully developed to provide health manpower data in all States,

and eventually this component of the system was terminated.

While it was in operation it provided data on pharmacists

for those States that were participating in the system at

the time of the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists.

The remaining States’ data were collected via a contract

with the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

(AACP). The appendix table shows the contractor used in

each State.

Appendix table. Year of data collection, contractor conducting Suwey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State United States, 1978-79

Data collection Percent response

State year Contractor’ rate2

All States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DWictofColumbla. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . .,, . .,,....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Norlh Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

1978

1979

1979

1979

1979

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1979

1978

1977

1978

1979

1978

1977

1977

1979

1978

1979

1978

1978

1978

1979

1978

1978

1979

1978

1978

1978

1978

1977

1978

1978

1978

1979

1980

. . .

CHSS

AACP

CHSS

CHSS

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

CHSS

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

AACP

CHSS

AACP

CHSS

CHSS

CHSS

CHSS

CHSS

AACP

CHSS

AACP

CHSS

AACP

AACP

AACP

CHSS

AACP

AACP

AACP

CHSS

84

91

82

82

93

89

85

85

82

89

79

75

89

87

77

93

89

92

86

63

90

64

100

92

95

86

96

92

97

97

68

82

93

76

96

94

80

79

79

See footnotes at end of tabls.

33
Appendix table. Year ofdatacollection, contractor conducting Suweyof Ucensed Phamacista, and response rate, by State UnitedStates,

1978-79-Con.

Data collection Percent response

State year Contfactorl rat$

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 CHSS 81

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 93

1978

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 100

1977

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AACP 90

1978

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 89

1979 AACP 83

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 75

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...” ““”””””””

1978 AACP 89

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::::::

1978 CHSS 97

1978

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 90

1979 CHSS 99

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 84

1978 AACP 84

lCHSS— the Cooperative Health Statistics System,

AACP-theAmerican AasocistmnofCollegea of Pharmacy.

2Prior to the remova[ of duplicate records.

Minimum data set

As part of CHSS, a uniform minimum data set was

developed bythe Center in consultation with other producers

and users of health manpower data. The minimum data set

consisted of a core of basic data on 13 health occupations.

Foreach occupation there was tobean additional occupationspecific set of data elements included in the minimum data

set. Pharmacy was one of the occupations for which an

additional data set was developed.

For the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists this

minimum data set for pharmacists was the basis for the

development of the data collection instrument. Data items

on the individual questionnaires developed by each State

participating in CHSS were to be identical. However, because

legislative and administrative requirements varied among the

States, the order of the questions and the wording or the

format in approximately half the States’ questionnaires departed from the Center’s model. Inafewcases, State legislation prevented the collection of certain data items considered

sensitive, such as race. In addition, States were permitted

to exclude from the questionnaire items for which data were

already available from their State licensing board records.

They were also allowed to include on their questionnaires

other questions for their own information which were not

part of the minimum data set. All the minimum data set

items were included in the questionnaire used fordatacollection by AACP, which appears in appendix II. The use of

the minimum data set as the basis for all questionnaires

resulted in data that could be merged to produce a national

file of pharmacists.

Responserate

An important factor in the validity of the data is the

response rate. The lower the response rate, the more chance

there is for bias to be injected into the survey results since

the respondents may not be representative of the entire group

of pharmacists. For this survey, the individual CHSS contractorsprovided the Center with thequestionnaire response rates

for each of their States. These are provided in the appendix

table.

Questionnairemailout

In each State the contractor (either the AACPor CHSS

State agency) worked in collaboration with the State licensing

board to send the questionnaires to all Iicensed pharmacists.

In most States the questionnaires were mailed with license

renewal applications sent out by the State licensing board.

The completed questionnaires were returned to the contractor,

where they were coded (and also keytaped, in CHSS States).

Followup questionnaires to nonrespondents were mailed out

directly by the contractors. Followup mailings were supposed

to occur until an 80-percent response rate in each State

was reached. As many as four mailings were made to nonrespondents in some States in an effort to achieve the 80-percent

response rate. The overall questionnaire response rate was

84 percent (appendix table).

Calculation

The questionnaire response rate for each State is based

on the number of respondents (out of the universe that received

questionnaires) who returned a questionnaire after completing

oneormore items called forinthe data collection instrument.

In some CHSS States, information that was part of the minimum data set, already available in State licensing botird

records, was notrequired to beasked foron the questionnaire

but wasprovided directly from the existing records. Because

of this data, records of nonrespondents contained data that

otherwise would have been missing. When data are available

on nonrespondents, the data are used in this report without

distinction for response status. Thus, while a CHSS State’s

response rate is based on the number of returned questionnaires

containing one or more completed data items, in reality there

may be additional records with usable data that are not counted

toward the response rate.

In States where data were collected through AACP there

is also a slight adjustment of the definition of the response

rate. The universe that received questionnaires constitutes

34
the denominator of the response rate calculation. However,

that number is not the same as the actual total number

of licensed pharmacists in the States involved. In States

where data were collected through AACP the contractor was

not notified of new addresses. As a result, a very small

number of licensed pharmacists dld not receive copies of

the questionnaire. The response rate then in non-CHSS States

is not based on the entire universe of licensed pharmacists,

as it is in CHSS States, where contractors were notified

of address changes and the rosters remained up-to-date. In

non-CHSS Stiates the response rate is a function of the number

of licensed pharmacists who received questionnaires. However. even if some pharmacists were excluded from the response-rate calculation because they did not receive questionnaires, they remain on the State roster as licensed pharmacists

and are counted in this report.

It is impossible to reflect accurately the true universe

of licensed pharmacists because a very small fraction of

pharmacists died during the data collection period. This attrition, however, is theoretically offset by the small number

of newly licensed pharmacists who missed being surveyed.

Item nonresponse

If some pharmacists are known to be active but no

other information about them is available, they appear in

the unknown cells of the variables in question in the tables

on active pharmacists. If a datum is missing in a table

und [he pharmacists are active, they appear in the “unknown”

column or row for that variable only. To save space in

a few of the tables, the number of pharmacists who belong

in tin “unknown” column or row are footnoted rather than

listed in the table.

For records where there were item nonresponses but

sufficient other data from which to impute missing data,

imputations were performed. These imputations were limited

to the following data items: year of birth, year of graduation,

sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,

and activity status. These are discussed more extensively

in the next section, “Data editing and processing procedures.”

There was no extrapolation made from records having data,

to fill in other records missing those data items.

Dataeditingand

processingprocedures

As the survey in each State was completed, a data tape

was created, At the National Center for Health Statistics

all data on the tape were subjected to computer range and

logic test procedures, which were set up to flag inconsistencies

ml errors. The mistakes flagged were corrected through

procedures established to handle common problems among

Skmes, through ad hoc routines to correct specific problems,

or by contacting the contractor for clarification or even for

resubmitted of the data.

Rtinge tests were used to check that the codes for data

were correct. For example, a zip code of 00000 was not

acceptable. Either the correct code would be found and inserted

or a missing data code would be used. Logic tests were

used to check for consistency between data items. When

a pharmacist’s weekly hours spent in each activity or employment setting (see appendix II, questionnaire items 23a, 23b,

and 23) did not add to the total hours worked per week

or did not agree with each other, the items were flagged

as inconsistencies. The hours were corrected in some cases

by proportionally adjusting the detail of activity or employment

setting. If, however, the sum of the hours by activity matched

the corresponding sum of hours by employment setting, the

total hours were changed to equal the sum of the detailed

hours. Similarly, a person whose year of birth was given

as 1940 could not have a year of graduation of 1950. One

of the variables would be adjusted using other available

information such as years active in pharmacy practice. If

no determination could be made, missing data codes were

substituted for these data items.

Missing information for year of birth, year of graduation,

sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,

and activity status were imputed from other known data

within the record. When year of birth was missing, it was

derived from a formula using year of graduation and type

of first degree held. If year of graduation was missing but

year of birth was available, and the pharmacist held a first

basic pharmacy degree, year of graduation was imputed using

the average age at graduation for pharmacists in the file.

On the rare occasion that sex was missing, it was determined

from first name. If there was no first name or the name

was ambiguous, it remained missing. When Hispanic origin

was asked on the questionnaire and respondents answered

race and left Hispanic origin blank, it was imputed that

they were not of Hispanic origin. It was imputed that pharmacists had or did not have a first basic degree in pharmacy

when the item “first degree held” was inconsistent with other

data items. The determination of whether or not a pharmacist

held a degree was based on year and school of graduation

and year of birth. When activity status was missing, it was

imputed on the basis of the respondent’s age, of weeks

worked during the past year, andior of whether or not the

respondent named a primary location of work.

Removing duplicate records

The 51 State tapes (including the District of Columbia)

submitted through CHSS and AACP, when merged into a

national data file, contained the total number of pharmacist

licenses held in the country. Although this number is interesting and useful, from a national perspective it is far more

important to focus on the number of individual health practitioners as the unit of analysis. Shortage area designation,

adequacy of supply, and minority assimilation (to name some

functions) depend on individuals and their work locations;

and multiple counting of the same individual is not acceptable.

Thus, it was necessruy to remove duplicate records of pharmacists licensed in more than one State and to derive a national

data file in which each pharmacist would be counted only

once.

Before passage of the Privacy Act of 1974 (PL 93.579),

the primary tool for removing duplicate records of individuals

licensed in more than one State was the social security number.

35
But as the public became concerned about the potential invasion of privacy made possible by the development of high

speed computers and the linking of various data systems,

the Privacy Act was passed to protect confidentiality of records. The Act, among other things, established stringent

conditions on the use of the social security number. Section

7(b) states the following:

Any Federal, State, or local government agency which requests

an individual to disclose his Social Security number shall inform

that individual whether that disclosure is mandatory or voluntary,

by what statutory or other authority such number is solicited,

and what uses will be made of it.

The effect of this provision was twofold. All manpower

questionnaires had to comply with Section 7(b) above. Second,

many State CHSS contractors were totally prohibited from

asking for social security numbers by executive decree or

through State legislative action. The net effect of the Privacy

Act was to make it virtually impossible to collect or to

use social security numbers as a means for purging the pharmacy file of duplicate records. Therefore, an alternative

method to remove duplicate records was devised.

A unique identifier for each record was produced by

extracting selected data from the record. The data were drawn

from variables that remain relatively constant. The most valuable variables used in this process were name, date of birth,

year of graduation, school name, residence, and work location.

The identifiers that resulted from this linkup of variables

were then computer matched. The computer reaching process

was done using four different sorts of the records. These

sorts were required to assure that even records with miscoded,

erroneous, or missing data would be matched with another

record from the same individual. Thus, even though date

of birth, use of first name, and so forth are subject to

errors due to interpretation of handwriting, keypunching, and

so forth, the procedures for deletion allowed these records

to be linked with others in the file if such matching records

existed.

The computer comparisons of records with matching identifiers resulted in the detection of duplicate and even multiple

records of the same pharmacists. These extraneous records

were deleted. The record chosen to be kept for each pharmacist

was the one from the State in which he or she was working.

If that datum was missing or the pharmacist was working

in more than one State, other criteria for selecting the record

to retain were used. This process resulted in the creation

of the “unduplicated” file. ‘1 The total number of pharmacist

records prior to the removal of duplicate and multiple records

was 207,169. The “unduplication” process yielded a total

of 160,664 records, one for each licensed pharmacist, regardless of the number of States in which licenses were held.

NOTE A list of referencesfollows the text.

Period of data collection

As may be seen in the appendix table, 30 States and

the District of Columbia, or 61 percent. had data collections

occurring during 1978; and 14 States, or 27 percent, in

1979. Five of the remaining States’ data collection occurred

in 1977, and only one State had a 1980 data collection.

The year of each State’s data collection shown in the

appendix table represents the time during which the bulk

of a State’s data collection occurred. This is the year in

which the respondent completed the questionnaire, and it

is usually the year in which the license was due to be

renewed. If the license renewal deadline was in January

of the following year, the year of that State’s data collection

was still considered to be the earlier year, since usually

the questionnaires were filled out in November and December,

and the data provided on the questionnaire represented the

pharmacist in the earlier year.

The year of data collection for each State was used

in calculating the pharmacist’s age as it appears in the age

tables throughout this report. For example, a pharmacist from

New York with a year of birth of 1939 would be counted

as 38 years old (New York’s year of data collection was

1977), whereas a pharmacist in California with the same

year of birth would be counted as 40 years old (California’s

year of data collection was 1979). The calculation was done

this way because it is important to match a pharmacist’s

characteristics with his actual age at the time he provided

the information for the questionnaire.

Consistency of data between NCHS

national and State reports and

reports published by individual States

This report contains data on all licensed pharmacists

in the Nation. The text and tables generally deal with all

known active pharmacists. This subset of pharmacists was

obtained after editing and processing each State’s data, merging them into a national file, and removing duplicate records.

The data for each State that appear in the detailed tables

in this report differ from the data included in the 1978-79

pharmacist State reports published by the National Center

for Health Statistics, using the same original data, ‘z The

data in the State reports were edited and processed in the

same way as the data for the national report, but the State

reports included only pharmacists who were active and working in the State of licensure or inactive with an in-State

mailing address. The data for the national report include

pharmacists who remain after duplicate records were removed.

This results in different numbers of pharmacists in the same

State.

Furthermore, while the State reports placed all pharmacists according to the criterion that they be working in their

Iicensure States, the national report allocated pharmacists
by work States (including military personnel who might not original data are the same, the editing and processing differ,

have been licensed in the State in which they were working), the descriptive constraints on the data may differ, and the

w defined in appendix III. Thus, variation exists between State focuses only on pharmacists licensed therein, not by

the national and State reports published by the National Center work State as in this report. Furthermore, the States may

for Health Statistics. In addition, some of the CHSS States have collected additional data items on the pharmacists that

have published their own individual State reports describing were not submitted to the Center. Therefore, they may have

the results of their data collections. Again, although the data analyses for their State for which no national data exist.

37
Appendix II

Survey questionnaire

HRA-T57

12-76 DEPARTMENT OF HE ALTH, ED UCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

O.M. B. No. 68-S-76025

APPROVAL EXPl RES 3/31/79

Health Resources Acim!mstrat, on

National Center for Health Statrst, cs

PHARMACY MANPOWER INFORMATION PROJECT

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF PHARMACY

lN’FOR\f. \IION Ri, S’I’RIC’I’l Ohi S: ‘l’his survq i, I>ci]lg c{mcfucteci under the authority 01 the following legislation:

● IIed(h Services Resewch, Health Statistics and \[ccfical Libraries .’w[ ot 1974 (P. I.. 93-3.53) Sec. 306(b)(l)(e), 42 U.S.

Code 242k; .%c. 308(a) (2)( fl), .42 LT.S. Cocft W?m

● Comprehensive IIedth. hlanpowcr ‘1’raininq .1{ I 01 1971 IP. I.. 92-157, Sec. 772) 42 LI.S. Code 295 f-2

● Emergency f{ealth Personnel /\ct ,Imendmen[s of 1972 IP. I.. 92-585) SC( 329t’b)( I ), 42 U.S. Code 254h

● ]Nationd Health Planning and Resources [>evelopmtmt ,\ct ot 1974 (P.1,. 93-641 ) SW 151 3( b)(1 )(D), 42 U.S. Code

3001-2, Sec. 15?2(b)(7)(;\), 4? lJ, S, Code ?-l?d

Afl [he information vou supply will be made ataild]le t,] tbe State I.lt ensing Board in wblch you m-c currently licensed, Data

{Lithot{t individu. il identifiers suc b ,M name or adciress will be made ~vailahle in non-aggregated form to agencies wi

Oqmrtment W ‘he of llealtb, Education, and Welfare. Any additional or turther release of information or publication will be m the

form of ~ggregatc.d st:~tistic al data in which individuals are grouped intc categories such as age. Return of this questionnaire

wknowledgcs your ~qreemcnt to the uses, and releases by N’CI{S as described herein.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTIC;lPA”rlON

DO NOT

WRITE

IN THIS

SPACE

PART I: The information in this section will be published or released only in summary

DO NOT

WRITE

form such that individuals will be combined into groups.

IN THIS

SPACE

1. NAME

la. lHll THIHII~ lb. Generational Identifier: $,~~.$~~~j”

21-40 Last

SR JR Ill

““~

Id. Middle Initial ❑ 44-59 F,m 60

I

I

2, PREVIOUS NAME: If your name has been changed due to court order, marriage,

divorce, etc., please provide the name under which you were previously licensed in

the State for which you are completing this form, in questions 2a.-2d.

2a.~~,-~],,,,,,lj,jllj 1 2b. Generatio-lal Identifier: ~~~j~~j~ ‘f

61-80 Last SR JR Ill

‘c”~

2d. Middle Initial

n

84-99 F(rst 100

3. MAILING ADDRESS

–~

‘a”~I@ImnIl

101-150 Street Address

~~

Street Address–Continue

<

‘b” ~ 151166 C,ty Name ‘7’::::::::- 167-168 m

3d. ZIP Code

~ 169-173 J

38
DO NOT 

WRITE 

IN THIS 

SPACE 

4. DATE QF BIRTH I I 1 I I 1 f 

Month Day Year 174-179 

5. BIRTHPLACE: N ame of State or foreign country 

6. PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE: N ame of State or foreign country. 

7. PRINCIPALPLACE OF WORK IN PHARMACY: Name of State or foreign country. 

823. For PHARMACY-Are you licensed by one or both States you listed in Question 6 or 7? 

q YES 

1 

I 

I El NO 

1 

I 

b. Are you currently residing or working in the State for which you are 

completing this questionnaire? 

I (Please con tinuc 

I with item 9) 

q YES cl NO 1 

I 

(Please continue with 

Question 9) 

9. Please indicate below where you were working in pharmacy one year ago. 

If you were not working in pharmacy one year ago, please check this box. u 

State or foreign country County 

City ZIP Codelm201-205 I ’ ’ ’ ’ J 

10. SE XI (Circle applicable number) 

1 Male 2 Female 

12. SPANISH ORIGIN OR DESCENT: 

(Circle applicable number) 

1 Mexican American or Chicano 

2 Puerto Rican or Boricua 

3 Cuban 

4 Central or South American 

5 Other Spanish 

6 No Spanish origin or descent 

1 I. CO LO R 0 R RACE : (Circle applicable number) 

1 Caucasian or White 

2 Negro or Black 

3 American Indian/Native American 

4 Oriental or Asian 

5 Other (Please specify): 

PART II: The information in this section will be published or released without individual identifiers such as name or address to agencies within the Department of Health, 

Education, and Welfare. 

- 

I 

13. In what year did you receive your first professional pharmacy degree and what was the 

exact name of the pharmacy school at the 

time of your graduation? 

Year 19 m 

209-210 

Name of pharmacy school at time of 

graduation 

14. Indicate your first college of pharmacy 

degree. (Circle only one number) 

1 No college or pharmacy degree (Skip to item I7/ 

2 Ph.C., Ph.G., Pharm.D. (Prior to 1940) 

3 B.S., or B.Pharm., four-year program 

4 B.S., or B.Pharm., five-year program 

5 Pharm.D., six-year program 

211-217 

HRA-T57 

12-76 

-- __--- __.- ___--_ ----- 

Page 2 

DO NOT 

WRITE 

IN THIS 

SPACE 

I I I I 

180-182 

1 1 1 I 

183-185 

I I I I 

194-196 

39 
30 NOT

NRITE

N THIS

;PACE

HRA-T57

12-76

15, Indicate your formal advancedtraining in

pharmacy beyond the first professional

degree. (Circle (1) YES Or (2) NO for items. thr. h)

a. 1 YES 2 NO

b. 1 YES 2 Nc)

c. 1 YES 2 NO

d. 1 YES 2 NO

e. 1 YES 2 NO

f. 1 YES 2 NO

g. 1 YES 2 NO

h. 1 YES 2 NO

Advanced training (If NO, skip to

ltcm 17)

Residency in hospital pharmacy

Residency in clinical pharmacy

Post B.S. Pharm.D.

Master of Science

Ph.D. or D.SC.

Other (Please specify):

17. How many years have you been active in

pharmacy since initial Iicensure. (Exclude

periods of inactivity of six months or more.

years m

230-231

19. Are you currently working in pharmacy

practice or pharmacy related activities for

one or more hours per week? (e.g., retafling

pharmaceutical research, teaching, management in pharmacy related firm, etc.)

1 YES (Plcrrsc contim[e with item 20) +

2 NO

+

19b. If NO, which of the following best

describesyour present status?

(Circle only one number)

1 Retired

2 Unemployed and seeking work in pharmacy

3 Unemployed and not seeking work in pharmacy

4 Working in another field and seeking work in

pharmacy

5 Working in another field and not seeking work

in pharmacy

6 Home maker

7 Other (Please specifs: disabled, etc.)

19c. What was the last month and year that

you worked in pharmacy practice or

pharmacy related activities?

Month

236-237

m ‘few

23e-239 m

16a. Have you been awarded an advanced dewee

in pharmacy?

1 YES

I

16b. Pleaseindicate below your

major area of concentration.

(Circle only one number)

01 Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)

02 Hospital Pharmacy

03 Clinlcal Pharmacy

04 Pharmacognosy

05 Pharmacology

06 Pharmacy Admmistration

07 Pharmaceutical (Medicinal)

Chemistry

oa Other (Please specify]:

18.

2 NO

(Please continue

with itcm 17)

During the past 12 months, how many

weeks did you work in pharmacy practice

or pharmacy related activities? (Include

paid vacation and sick leave.)

weeks

232-233 m

20. Principal place of work in pharmacy.

(city)

(County)

(State]

ZIP Code ~]

250-254

21. Which of the following best describesyour

principal form of employment in this

profession? (Ci.cl. only one number)

1 Sole owner-manager

2 Partner

3 Manager (Chief, Director, etc.) -Employee

4 Assistant Manager (Ass’t. Chief, Ass’t. Director;

etc.) -Employee

5 Staff pharmacist–Employee

6 Unpaid worker (volunteer)

7 Other, (Please specify):

22, Do you have a formal consultant arrangement with a health care facility?

(Circle appropriate number)

1 YES 2 NO

Page 3

DO NOT

WRITE

IN THIS

SPACE

I

240-243

11

244-246

I II

247-249
DO NOT

WRITE

[N THIS

SPACE

.—

RA.T57

2.76

23, In an average week, how many hours do you work in pharmacy practice or pharmacy related

activites?

. . ..s m257-258

23a. In an average week, how many hours are

soent in each of the followina tv~es of

Providing information to prescribers

and institutional clients (e.g., nursing

homes, hospitals) on sick room supplies,

surgical

related items

appliances, and other health

259-260 m

Administrative, managerial

261-262 m

Providing information to patients on

prescriptions and nonprescription

drugs, and other health related

activities

Dispensing of prescriptions

Teaching andlor research (pharmacy

related

Manufacturing andlor bulk compounding

Retailing of nonhealth related merchandise

Other (Please specify):

263-264

m

265-266 m

m

267-268

ml

269-270

271-272 m

m

273-274

23b. In an average week, how many hours are

spent in pharmacy practice or pharmacy

related work in each of the following

employment settings? ~

Independent community pharmacy

(one outlet)

Small chain community pharmacy

(2-1 1 outlets)

l-w!+? chain communitv pharmacv

(More than 11 outlets)

Clinic or medical building pharmacy

Nursing home

Private hosp#tal

Government hosp!tal (includes State,

county, local government, and military)

Other government (e.g., FDA, State

boards of pharmacy)

Pharmaceutmal manufacturer

Pharmaceutical wholesaler

Col Iege of Pharmacy

Other (Please specil.v):

275-276 m

m

277-278

279-280

281-282

283-284 m

285-2a6

m

287-288

289-290

291-292

293-294 m

295-296 m

m

297-29a

COMMENTS:

Page 4

>0 NOT

IVRITE

IN THIS

5PACE

41
Appendix Ill

Definitionsof certain terms

used in this report

All data items used in this report are defined in the Geographic region arzddivision are defined as follows:

same way as those in the questionnair~ (appendix II).

Practice or employment settings are combined as follows:

● Chain pharmacy: small or large chain community pharmacy.

. Hospital: Government or other hospital.

Active pharmacists are placed in their work State. When

work State was missing from a record, the foIlowing hierarchy

was used for determining the State in which to place the

pharmacist: (1) residence State when it equaled mail State,

(2) Iicensure State when it equaled residence or mail State,

(3) mail State, and (4) licensure State.

Inactive pharmacists are placed in their residence State.

Mail State is used when data on residence State are missing.

If both States are missing, licensure State is used.

Geographicregionanddivkion

Northeast

New England . . . . . . . . . .

Mid-Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . .

North Central

East North Central . . . . . . .

West North Central . . . . . .

South

East South Central . . . . . .

West South Central . . . . . .

West

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statesincluded

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode lsIand, and Connecticut

New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,

and Wisconsin

Minnesota, lowa, Miesouri, North

Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas

Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama,

and Mississippi

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,

and Texas

Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,

Utah, and Nevada

Washington, Oregon, Alaska,

California, and Hawaii

42
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

sERIES 1.

SERIES 2.

SERIES 3.

SERIES 4.

SERIES 10.

SERIES 11.

SERIES 12.

SERIES 13.

programs and Collection Procedures-Reports describing the

general programs of the National Center for Health Statistics

and ltS fJffiCeS and divisions and the data collection methods

used. They also include definitions and other material necessary

far understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Researct+Studies of new statistical methodology including experimental tests of new survey

methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical and Epidemiokrgical Stucfiee-Reports presenting

analytical or Interpretive studies based on vital and health statistics, canying the analysis futther than the expository types of

repcrrts in the other series.

Documents and Committee Reports-Final reperk of major

committees concerned with vital and health statistics and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and

revised birth and death certificates.

Data From the National Heafth Interview Survey-Statistics

on Illness, accidental injuries, disability, use of hospital, medical,

dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, all

based on data collected in the continuing national household

interview survey.

Data From the National Heatth Examination Survey and the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Data from

dtrect examination, testing, and measurement of national samples

of the civilian noninstitutionalized population provide the basis

for (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific

diseases m the United States and the distributions of the population

with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.

Data From the Inatiiutionatiiad Population Surveye-DsconSnued In 1975. Reports from these surveys ere included in Series

13,

Data on Health Resources Utiliition-Statistics on the utilization of health manpower and facilities providing long-term care,

ambulatory care, hospital care. and family planning services.

SERIES 14.

SERIES 15.

SERIES 20.

SERIES 21.

SERIES 22.

SERIES 23.

Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Faciiiiie*Statistlcs on the numbers, geographic distribubon, and characteristics

of health resources mcludmg physicians, denbsts, nurses, other

health occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Data From Special Surveye-Statstica on health and health-reIated topics collected m special surveys that are not a parf of

the continuing data systems of the National Center for Health

Statistics.

Data on Mortatii-Various statistics on mortality other than

as included m regular annual or monthly reports. Special analyses

by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and time series analyses; and stabsbcs on characteristics

of deaths not available from the vital records based on sample

surveys of those records.

Data on Natetii, Marriage, and Divorc+Var[ous statiska

on natahty, marriage, and dworce other than as included m regular

annual or monthly reports. Special anaylses by demograp!mc

variables: geographic and time series analyses: studies of ferbhty;

and statistics on characterisbcs of births not available from the

wtal records based on sample surveys of those records.

Data From the National Monthty and Natatii Surveys-Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these eample surveys based on

vital records are included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.

Data From the National Survey of Family Growth-Statistce

on fertility, family formation and cfksolubon, family planning, and

related maternal and infant health topics derived from a periodic

suwey of a natlomvide probabMy sample of ever-married women

15-44 years of age.

For a list of titles of reports published in these senea, write to:

Scientific and Technical Informabon Branch

National Center for Health Statist@

Public Health Service

Hyattsvllle, Md. 20782

301-436-NCHS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND

HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

National Center for Health Statistics

3700 East-West Highway

Hyaffsvilla, Maryland 20782

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