COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-10-00398-CR

CODY LEROY MOORE APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

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FROM THE 97TH DISTRICT COURT OF MONTAGUE COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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Introduction

Appellant Cody Leroy Moore appeals his conviction for manufacturing 

more than 400 grams of methamphetamine.

2

 We affirm.

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.

2See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(a), (f) (West 2010).
2

Background Facts and Procedural History

On March 12, 2009, the Montague County Sheriff’s Department dispatched 

Deputies Jonathan Cheshire and Lee Phariss to investigate a suspicious odor 

reported near East RC Road in rural Montague County. When the deputies

reached the area, Cheshire detected a strong odor that he recognized from his 

training and experience as ether. He and Phariss tracked the odor to a metal 

travel trailer wedged inside a garage at the only residence in the area. The 

residence appeared empty, but there was a light on inside the trailer and the 

surrounding area smelled strongly of ether. Cheshire knew from his training and 

experience investigating clandestine drug labs that ether was associated with the 

illicit production of methamphetamine. Cheshire’s supervisor, Chief Deputy J.T. 

Mitchell, had instructed all officers in the department to alert him whenever they 

encountered a potential drug lab. Cheshire called Mitchell, and when Mitchell

arrived the officers approached the trailer and knocked on the door. Appellant 

emerged from within the trailer with his hands in the air. Cheshire asked him if 

he had been manufacturing methamphetamine, to which Appellant replied that 

he was ―cooking dope.‖

Upon hearing footsteps within the trailer, the officers opened the door and 

they discovered Cara Jane Walker hiding inside. They asked her to step out and 

as she exited the trailer, they saw through the doorway materials consistent with 

methamphetamine production inside. While Mitchell and Phariss detained 

Appellant and Walker, Cheshire drove into Bowie to get a search warrant. Upon 
3

his return, the officers executed the warrant, seizing from the trailer components 

of a full-scale methamphetamine lab and containers of the drug in liquid and 

powdered form. Subsequent analysis determined that the containers held over

1000 grams of methamphetamine. Appellant was arrested and charged with 

manufacture of a controlled substance. In a recorded interview, he confessed to 

officers that he had been making methamphetamine in the trailer and that he had 

manufactured the drug numerous times before.

On March 31, 2009, the trial court appointed attorney Lee Ann Marsh 

(Counsel) to represent Appellant. In letters to the trial court dated May 14, 2009, 

and January 6, 2010, Appellant asked for a new lawyer, claiming that Counsel 

had a ―conflict of interest‖ because he thought she was representing ―someone 

else . . . associated with [his] cases,‖ she advised him to tell the state what he 

knew about other manufacturers; his family told him she thought seeking a bond 

reduction was futile, and the State’s offer was ―outrageous.‖ The trial court 

denied each of these requests and explained in a letter to Appellant dated 

January 7, 2010, that although Appellant could discharge his attorney if he had 

hired one, he could not terminate appointed counsel. In a letter to the trial court 

filed on January 11, 2010, Appellant stated that he wanted to ―fire‖ Counsel

because he had been ―informed‖ that she would not seek a bond reduction for 

him and she had not responded to his letters.

On June 22, 2010, the day set for trial, Counsel asked the trial court to

grant a continuance and also to allow her to withdraw. In support of the former, 
4

Counsel cited her four-and-a-half-day hospital stay earlier that month, asserting

that because of it she had had insufficient time to prepare for trial. In support of

the latter, she cited Appellant’s desire for the trial court to appoint a different 

lawyer. The trial court denied the motion for continuance.

Appellant testified in support of the motion to withdraw that he had found 

another lawyer whose personality was more compatible with his and that he 

believed that this lawyer could negotiate a better plea-bargain agreement for him 

and generally provide better representation than Counsel. He further testified 

that the other lawyer had agreed to take his case and that his family would have 

the funds to hire the lawyer ―tomorrow.‖ The trial court denied the motion and 

seated the venire.

During the guilt-innocence phase of Appellant’s trial, the trial court 

admitted State’s Exhibit 41, a DVD recording of Appellant’s sheriff’s office 

interview in which he confessed to having manufactured methamphetamine in 

the trailer on East RC Road. In response to Counsel’s objections and with the 

State’s assent, the trial court excluded portions of State’s Exhibit 41 during guiltinnocence on the grounds of unfair prejudice. After both sides had rested and 

closed, the jury returned a verdict of guilty.

During the punishment phase, State’s Exhibit 41 was published in its 

entirety over Counsel’s objection citing unfair ―surprise.‖ The jury assessed 

Appellant’s punishment at sixty years’ confinement and the trial court imposed 

sentence accordingly. Appellant filed a motion for new trial that included an 
5

affidavit from a juror concerning the outcome of the trial. The motion was

overruled by operation of law.

Motion to Withdraw

In his first point, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion 

by not allowing his court-appointed attorney to withdraw and appointing him a 

new lawyer on the day of trial.

The parties agree that Appellant has no right to an appointed counsel of 

his choice. See Thomas v. State, 550 S.W.2d 64, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). 

And Appellant concedes that the trial court had no duty to search for an attorney 

until it found one suiting Appellant’s liking. See Malcolm v. State, 628 S.W.2d 

790, 791 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982); Rogers v. State, 488 S.W.2d 833, 

834 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973). Appellant also agrees with the State that criminal 

defendants unhappy with their court-appointed attorneys have the burden of 

proving to the trial court that they are entitled to a change, the burden includes 

requesting a hearing, and personality conflicts and disagreements concerning 

trial strategy are typically not valid grounds for withdrawal. See King v. State, 29 

S.W.3d 556, 566 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Hill v. State, 686 S.W.2d 184, 187 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1985); Stovall v. State, 480 S.W.2d 223, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972).

Appellant did not request a hearing, so apart from his testimony that we 

have outlined above, there is little, if anything, in the record to assist our review

of his claim that the trial court erred by not allowing Counsel to withdraw and 

appointing another lawyer. Despite this handicap, Appellant insists that in
6

Watkins v. State, 333 S.W.3d 771 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, pet. ref’d), the Waco 

Court of Appeals carved out an exception to the court of criminal appeals’ 

requirement that defendants wanting a new lawyer must ask for a hearing and 

substantiate their claims with evidence on the record. Appellant urges that his 

case is distinguishable because he ―identified particular concerns with his 

counsel that if found to be true by the trial court would have been reasonable 

grounds for new counsel.‖

Whether he did or not, however, we do not read Watkins to carve out any

exception to clear precedent issued from the court of criminal appeals that 

requires a defendant to ask for a hearing and present evidence to substantiate 

his claims. In King v. State, about mid-way through the trial, the appellant filed a 

pro se motion requesting that he be allowed to discharge his retained attorney 

and employ new counsel. 511 S.W.2d 32, 34 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). Neither

the appellant nor his counsel made any effort to present evidence in support of 

his motion. Id. The appellant claimed on appeal that the trial court had 

improperly refused to conduct a hearing to determine whether the appellant was 

justified in his desire to discharge his retained attorney. Id. The court of criminal 

appeals rejected the claim:

Appellant’s contention is without merit. Upon presenting his motion 

[for new counsel], appellant had a duty to offer evidence in support 

of it, and to preserve the evidence and discussions about the motion 

for review. This was not done. Absent this action, nothing is 

preserved for review.

Id. (footnote and citation omitted).
7

In Watkins, the Waco Court of Appeals held that the appellant’s motions 

did not ―contain any facts or particular allegations that rise to the level of 

adequate cause for the appointment of a different attorney.‖ Watkins, 333 

S.W.3d at 775. Appellant assumes that if the converse were true, i.e. if 

allegations in Watkins’ motions had risen to the level of adequate cause, the 

court would have held that the trial court had abused its discretion. But that was 

not the case in Watkins: The Waco court did not hold that the trial court abused 

its discretion, and the court of criminal appeals’ holding in King requiring 

evidence to justify replacement of trial counsel does not support the leap 

Appellant urges us to make. See King, 511 S.W.2d at 34; Watkins, 333 S.W.3d 

at 775.

Moreover, we agree with the State that Appellant’s complaints on the 

record do not amount to evidence warranting a change in appointed counsel. As 

pointed out by the State, Appellant did not like the idea of using an offer of 

―turning state’s evidence‖ as a negotiating tool, did not like what his family 

apparently told him concerning Counsel’s attitude toward seeking a bond 

reduction, and thought he found another lawyer he liked better who could work a 

better deal for him with the State. None of these complaints persuade us that the 

trial court abused its discretion by refusing to switch lawyers on the day of trial

because none of them are supported by evidence in the record. For instance, 

there is nothing in the record to show that Appellant had any bargaining chips 

other than information he might possess about other manufacturers of illegal 
8

drugs. It appears to us a reasonable negotiating strategy for Appellant to offer 

information at his disposal in exchange for a reduced offer from the State. Nor is 

there any evidence in the record that Counsel’s decision regarding whether to 

seek a bond reduction was inappropriate. Again, as a negotiating strategy, it 

would have been reasonable for Counsel to focus negotiations on convincing the 

State to lower its punishment offer, the ramifications of which were relatively 

long-term, rather than expend goodwill on the relatively short-term matter of 

bond. Furthermore, this issue was moot on the day of trial because Appellant 

had been released on bond. As to Appellant’s testimony that he found another

lawyer whose personality was a better fit, we have already noted Appellant’s 

concessions that personality conflicts do not support granting a motion to 

withdraw. See King, 29 S.W.3d at 566. Moreover, absent support in the record,

Appellant’s belief that new counsel could negotiate a better deal for him appears 

nothing more than speculative wishful thinking.

Although Appellant testified at the hearing on Counsel’s motion to 

withdraw, he did not avail himself of the opportunity to present any evidence to 

support the trial court’s granting the motion. He offered no testimony to 

substantiate his bare allegation that Counsel had a conflict of interest because he 

thought she was ―representing someone else . . . associated with [his] cases.‖ 

His vague and conclusory charge does not amount to any evidence that Counsel 

had a true conflict of interest. We hold that Appellant did not show that he was 

entitled to a different lawyer and that the trial court, therefore, did not abuse its 
9

discretion by not allowing Counsel to withdraw and appointing another lawyer. 

See King, 29 S.W.3d at 566; Childress v. State, 794 S.W.2d 119, 122 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d); Hill, 686 S.W.2d at 187; Stovall, 480 

S.W.2d at 224. We overrule Appellant’s first point.3

Motion for New Trial

In his third point, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion by not hearing Appellant’s motion for new trial.

Appellant timely filed a ―Motion for New Trial and Motion in Arrest of 

Judgment‖ on July 22, 2010. The next day, the State responded with a 

―Controverting Motion,‖ asking that the trial court deny the motion for new trial. 

The parties agree that the trial court did not rule on Appellant’s motion and that it 

was overruled by operation of law.

The trial court’s docket sheet, however, is silent as to whether Appellant 

presented his motion for new trial to the trial court.4 The motion for new trial, on 

 

3As to Appellant’s additional argument regarding denial of Counsel’s 

motion for a continuance, the motion––oral and unsworn––preserved nothing for 

our review. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 29.03 (West 2006); Anderson v. 

State, 301 S.W.3d 276, 277 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Moreover, even if a claim 

had been preserved, it was well within the trial court’s discretion to deny this 

eleventh-hour motion urged solely on the ground that Counsel, who had 

represented Appellant for over a year before trial, was not adequately prepared 

because she had spent a few days in the hospital a couple of weeks before trial.

4

The last notation on the docket sheet is dated June 24, 2010, a month 

before Appellant filed his motion for new trial.
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its face, ―certifies‖ that it was hand-delivered to the trial court’s office on the date 

that it was filed.5

To preserve an issue by motion for new trial, a defendant must present the 

motion to the trial court. Tex. R. App. P. 21.6. The defendant cannot merely file 

the motion for new trial but must ensure that the trial court has actual notice of 

the motion. Richardson v. State, 328 S.W.3d 61, 72 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Carranza v. State, 960 S.W.2d 76, 79 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1998)). The court of criminal appeals has held that the term ―present‖ in this 

context means that the record must show the movant for a new trial sustained 

the burden of actually delivering the motion to the trial court or otherwise bringing 

the motion to the attention or actual notice of the trial court. Stokes v. State, 277 

S.W.3d 20, 21–22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Carranza, 960 S.W.2d at 81 

(Overstreet, J., concurring)). This may be accomplished in several ways,

including for example, obtaining the trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial. 

Id.

In Carranza, the court of criminal appeals expressly overruled Green v. 

State to the extent that Green relied on a notation on a proposed order that could 

not be attributed to the trial court as being sufficient to show presentment. 

 

5Beneath appellate counsel’s signature on the motion for new trial appears 

a ―Certificate of Presentment.‖ It states, ―By signature above, I hereby certify that 

a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing has been hand-delivered to 

the Office for the 97th Judicial District Court of Montague County, on this day,

July 22, 2010.‖
11

Carranza, 960 S.W.2d at 80 n.6 (overruling Green v. State, 754 S.W.2d 687 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1988)). On the other hand, in Stokes, the court of criminal 

appeals held that it could be presumed that an unsigned notation on the docket 

sheet—as opposed to a pleading prepared and filed by the defendant’s 

counsel—was made by the trial court or by someone authorized to act on the trial 

court’s behalf. Stokes, 277 S.W.3d at 24.

This case is more like Carranza than Stokes. The docket sheet is silent on 

the issue. It does not bear any notation concerning the motion for new trial, 

signed or otherwise. There is no indication in the record from the trial court or 

from anyone authorized to act on the trial court’s behalf that the motion was 

actually presented to the trial court. The only indication that the trial court had 

actual notice of Appellant’s motion for new trial appears on the face of the motion

where appellate counsel certified that it was hand-delivered to the office of the 

trial court. A party’s certification obviously cannot be attributed to the trial court 

or to someone authorized by the trial court. Given the precedents from the court 

of criminal appeals, we cannot rely upon appellate counsel’s certification, 

standing alone, to show that Appellant has met his burden to prove that the 

motion was actually presented. See Stokes, 277 S.W.3d at 21–22; Carranza, 

960 S.W.2d at 80.

Finally, there is no indication that Appellant requested a hearing. Although 

the motion itself makes reference a number of times to a hearing to be held, it 
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contains no fiat for setting a hearing, and the record otherwise is devoid of any 

evidence that Appellant attempted to obtain the trial court’s ruling on the motion.

Accordingly, we hold that the record is insufficient to show that Appellant 

presented his motion for new trial to the trial court and we overrule his third point. 

See Carranza, 960 S.W.2d at 80; Richardson, 328 S.W.3d at 72; Washington v. 

State, 271 S.W.3d 755, 756 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d).

Effectiveness of Counsel

In his second point, Appellant claims that Counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance. To prevail on this point, Appellant must show by a preponderance of 

the evidence that Counsel’s representation fell below the standard of prevailing 

professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for 

Counsel’s deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Strickland 

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Salinas v. 

State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 

59, 62–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1999); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 770 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1999).

In evaluating the effectiveness of counsel under the first prong, we look to 

the totality of the representation and the particular circumstances of each case. 

Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. The issue is whether Counsel’s assistance was

reasonable under all the circumstances and prevailing professional norms at the 

time of the alleged error. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688–89, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. 
13

Review of Counsel’s representation is highly deferential, and we indulge a strong 

presumption that her conduct fell within a wide range of reasonable 

representation. Salinas, 163 S.W.3d at 740; Mallett, 65 S.W.3d at 63.

Rarely does the record on direct appeal position an appellate court to fairly 

evaluate the merits of an ineffective assistance claim. Salinas, 163 S.W.3d at 

740; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813–14. ―In the majority of cases, the record on 

direct appeal is undeveloped and cannot adequately reflect the motives behind 

trial counsel’s actions.‖ Salinas, 163 S.W.3d at 740 (quoting Mallett, 65 S.W.3d 

at 63). To overcome the presumption of reasonable professional assistance, 

―any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the 

record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.‖ Id. (quoting 

Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813). It is not appropriate for us to simply infer 

ineffective assistance based upon unclear portions of the record. Mata v. State, 

226 S.W.3d 425, 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). And we are very reluctant to

denounce a lawyer as ineffective absent an opportunity for the lawyer to explain 

his or her actions on the record. See Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 391 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2005) (holding that inquiry into counsel’s conduct—failure to ask any 

questions during voir dire and exercise of peremptory challenges on jurors who 

had already been excused—was needed to determine whether performance was 

deficient).
14

For these reasons, the court of criminal appeals and this court have often 

stated that ineffective assistance claims are usually best addressed by a postconviction writ of habeas corpus. See Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 49 n.1 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814 & n.6; Ex parte Torres, 943 

S.W.2d 469, 475–76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Lopez v. State, 80 S.W.3d 624, 630 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002), aff’d, 108 S.W.3d 293 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); 

Ramirez v. State, No. 02-08-00396-CR, 2009 WL 3490875, at *1 n.4 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth Oct. 29, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication).

The case before us is yet another example where this is true. Specifically, 

Appellant claims that Counsel’s performance was deficient because she failed to 

adequately prepare for trial, failed to adequately object to inadmissible evidence 

at the punishment phase, and failed to present evidence that Appellant did not 

have a criminal history at the time of trial. He argues that these deficiencies 

created a harmful atmosphere, put him in no-win situation, placed ―highly 

prejudicial, uncorroborated evidence‖ before the jury, and—based on an affidavit 

submitted by one juror—affected the jury’s punishment decision.

Although Appellant filed a motion for new trial raising ineffective 

assistance, as discussed above, he did not present his motion to the trial court so 

that the trial court could have set a hearing that would have allowed Counsel to 

explain any trial strategy upon which her decisions may have been based. We 

are not required to indulge in speculation concerning Counsel’s decision-making 
15

processes or to imagine reasons why she acted or failed to act in a particular 

manner. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Lopez, 

80 S.W.3d at 630. When the record is silent as to an attorney’s reasons for 

performing or failing to perform in the manner alleged, we cannot conclude that 

the attorney’s performance was deficient. See Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771; 

Lopez, 80 S.W.3d at 630. Appellant has failed to properly present his motion for 

new trial and obtain a setting for a hearing that would have allowed for the 

development of the issue and a ruling by the trial court. As a result, there is no 

record before us upon which we might consider this issue. Because there is no 

record to show Counsel’s reasons for acting or failing to act in the manner 

challenged by Appellant, we hold that Appellant has failed to establish that 

Counsel’s representation was ineffective. See Lopez, 80 S.W.3d at 630. His 

claim, therefore, fails on Strickland’s first prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

688–89, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s second point.
16

Conclusion

Having overruled all of Appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment.

LEE GABRIEL

JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; McCOY and GABRIEL, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH

Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: August 25, 2011