[Cite as State v. Cain, 2024-Ohio-2969.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

MADISON COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

Appellee,

 - vs -

CHRISTOPHER W. CAIN,

Appellant.

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CASE NO. CA2023-11-016

O P I N I O N

8/5/2024

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM MADISON COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS

Case No. 2000CR-05-030

Nick Adkins, Madison County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel M. Price and Michael S.

Klamo, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.

Joan Sahl, for appellee.

M. POWELL, J.

{¶ 1} Appellant, Christopher Cain, appeals a decision of the Madison County

Court of Common Pleas denying his application to seal his pardoned conviction.

1

{¶ 2} Appellant was indicted in May 2000 for aggravated arson in violation of R.C.

1. We are disappointed and dismayed by the state's choice not to attend oral arguments.
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2909.02(A)(2). He subsequently pled no contest to one count of third-degree felony

attempted aggravated arson and the trial court found him guilty on September 20, 2000. 

On June 8, 2021, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine granted appellant an unconditional pardon

for his attempted aggravated arson conviction.

{¶ 3} On August 18, 2023, appellant filed an application to seal his pardoned

conviction pursuant to R.C. 2953.33(A)(3). The state filed an objection to the sealing of

the record, and a hearing was held on appellant's application. On October 25, 2023, the

trial court denied appellant's application to seal his pardoned conviction. In doing so, the

trial court relied upon R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b), which provides that "[R.C.] 2953.32 to

2953.34 do not apply to . . . [c]onvictions of a felony offense of violence that is not a

sexually oriented offense." Because attempted aggravated arson is an offense of

violence under R.C. 2901.01(A)(9)(a) and (d) and is not a sexually oriented offense, the

trial court reasoned that appellant was not entitled to seal his pardoned conviction under

R.C. 2953.33. 

{¶ 4} Appellant now appeals, raising one assignment of error:

{¶ 5} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING MR. CAIN'S MOTION TO SEAL

HIS PARDONED CONVICTION.

{¶ 6} The sealing of court records in a criminal case is an act of grace created by

the state. State v. Boykin, 2013-Ohio-4582, ¶ 11. It should be granted only when all the

requirements for eligibility are met, because it is a privilege, not a right. Id. 

{¶ 7} As relevant to this appeal, two statutes govern the sealing of court records

in criminal cases: R.C 2953.32 governs the sealing of an individual's court records of a

criminal conviction; RC 2953.33 governs the sealing of the court records of an individual

who has been found not guilty, who had a criminal complaint, indictment, or information

dismissed, against whom a grand jury has returned a no bill, and since April 4, 2023,
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whose conviction has been pardoned. 

{¶ 8} Prior to 2023, R.C. 2953.31 through 2953.38 governed the sealing of court

records of a criminal conviction. R.C. 2953.36 provided that "sections 2953.31 to 2953.35

of the Revised Code do not apply to any of the following" and then listed the convictions

that precluded sealing. One such conviction was one for an offense of violence. See

former R.C. 2953.36(A)(4). In turn, R.C. 2953.52 governed the sealing of court records

after a not guilty finding, a dismissal of proceedings, or a no bill by a grand jury. R.C.

2953.52 was located in a separate subchapter. The exclusions of R.C. 2953.36 clearly

did not apply to R.C. 2953.52.

{¶ 9} In April 2023, the legislature amended the Ohio Sealing Law in R.C. Chapter

2953. The legislature modified and reorganized the preexisting statutory provisions

regarding the sealing of court records of criminal convictions and the sealing of court

records after a not guilty finding, a dismissal of proceedings, or a no bill by a grand jury. 

The legislature also added a provision allowing the sealing of an individual's court records

when the individual is convicted of an offense and subsequently receives a pardon.2

{¶ 10} R.C. 2953.32 continues to govern the sealing of court records of criminal

convictions. However, the statutory provision prohibiting specific convictions from being

sealed was relocated from R.C. 2953.36 to R.C. 2953.32(A). Likewise, the statutory

provision governing the sealing of court records after a not guilty finding, a dismissal of

proceedings, or a no bill by a grand jury was renumbered from R.C. 2953.52 to R.C.

2953.33, with the addition of a provision allowing the sealing of pardoned convictions in

R.C. 2953.33(A)(3).

2. In HB100, effective September 30, 2021, the legislature enacted R.C. 2967.04(C) which allows the 

governor, in the case of an unconditional pardon, to provide for the sealing of the records related to the 

conviction as a condition of the pardon. R.C. 2967.04(C) does not apply to appellant because he was 

pardoned before September 2021. 
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{¶ 11} As was the case before 2023, a trial court must hold a hearing on a sealing

application, must determine under either R.C. 2953.32 or 2953.33 if the prosecutor filed

an objection to a sealing application and, if so, must consider the prosecutor's objections. 

R.C. 2953.32(C) and 2953.33(B). Under both statutory provisions, the court must also

weigh the applicant's interests in having the records sealed against the legitimate needs,

if any, of the government to maintain the records. R.C. 2953.32(D) and 2953.33(B).

{¶ 12} This appeal deals with the intersection of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b) and

2953.33(A)(3). R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b) provides, "Sections 2953.32 to 2953.34 of the

Revised Code do not apply to . . . [c]onvictions of a felony offense of violence that is not

a sexually oriented offense." R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) provides,

Any person who is granted by the governor under division (B)

of section 2967.02 of the Revised Code an absolute and entire

pardon, a partial pardon, or a pardon upon conditions

precedent or subsequent may apply to the court for an order

to seal the person’s official records in the case in which the

person was convicted of the offense for which any of those

types of pardons are granted. The application may be filed at

any time after an absolute and entire pardon or a partial

pardon is granted or at any time after all of the conditions

precedent or subsequent to the pardon are met.

{¶ 13} The effect of a governor's pardon is a significant aspect of construing the

interplay of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b) and 2953.33(A)(3). R.C. 2967.04(B) provides that "[a]n

unconditional pardon relieves the person to whom it is granted of all disabilities arising

out of the conviction or convictions from which it is granted." "[A]lthough a pardon grants

the recipient relief from any ongoing punishment for the offense and prevents any future

legal disability based on that offense, it does not erase the past conduct. In other words,

what's done is done." Boykin, 2013-Ohio-4582 at ¶ 27. Thus, a pardoned conviction

retains its character as a conviction for purposes of the sealing statutes.

{¶ 14} Appellant argues the trial court erred by denying his application to seal his
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pardoned conviction on the basis of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b) because the sealing of the

records of a pardoned conviction under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is not subject to "the eligibility

requirements of R.C. 2953.32." Stated otherwise, appellant contends that the only

eligibility requirement for sealing records under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is that the applicant

was granted a pardon for the conviction. Citing R.C. 1.51, appellant further asserts that

if the two statutory provisions are in conflict, R.C. 2953.33(A)(3), a special statute, prevails

over R.C. 2953.32, a general statute. R.C. 1.51 provides that

If a general provision conflicts with a special or local provision,

they shall be construed, if possible, so that effect is given to

both. If the conflict between the provisions is irreconcilable,

the special or local provision prevails as an exception to the

general provision, unless the general provision is the later

adoption and the manifest intent is that the general provision

prevail.

{¶ 15} "Under the applicable rule of statutory construction, all statutes relating to

the same general subject matter must be read in pari materia." State ex rel. Gains v.

Rossi, 86 Ohio St.3d 620, 622, 1999-Ohio-213. "Further, in interpreting related and coexisting statutes, [the court] must harmonize and accord full application to each of these

statutes unless they are irreconcilable and in hopeless conflict." Id. In cases of statutory

construction, the court's "paramount concern is the legislative intent in enacting the

statute." Boley v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 2010-Ohio-2550, ¶ 20. To determine

intent, the court looks to the language of the statute and the purpose that is to be

accomplished by the statute and evaluate the statute as a whole and give such

interpretation as will give effect to every word and clause in it. Id. at ¶ 20-21. When the

meaning of a statute is clear and unambiguous, the court applies the statute as written. 

Id. at ¶ 20.

{¶ 16} At the outset, we reject appellant's argument that R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) is a

general statute and R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is a special statute. On the contrary, R.C.
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2953.33(A)(3) is a general statute and R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) is a special statute. R.C.

2953.33(A)(3) applies to the sealing of records of a pardoned conviction without

particularizing the convictions to which it applies. "The common meaning of 'general' is

that which is 'universal, not particularized, as opposed to special.'" State v. Conyers, 87

Ohio St.3d 246, 250, 1999-Ohio-60, quoting Black's Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990). In

contrast, R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) specifies convictions that are ineligible for sealing and

operates as an exception to the R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) general right to have pardoned

convictions sealed. R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) and 2953.33(A)(3) comprise separate aspects of

Ohio's criminal records sealing scheme and should be applied coextensively. 

{¶ 17} Even if, as appellant contends, R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) is construed as a

general statute and R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is construed as a special statute, R.C. 1.51 does

not mandate that R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) be construed as providing an absolute right to the

sealing of records of pardoned convictions.3 R.C. 1.51 applies only in instances where

the general and special provisions are in irreconcilable conflict. West v. Bode, 2020-Ohio5473, ¶ 13 ("A specific statutory provision will prevail over a general one only when the

provisions irreconcilably conflict"). Absent an irreconcilable conflict, "the statutory

construction rule in R.C. 1.51 does not apply" and "special and general provisions should

be construed so as to give effect to both provisions." State v. Knox, 102 Ohio App.3d

147, 149 (9th Dist. 1995); Mechanical Contractors Assn. v. State, 64 Ohio St.2d 192, 196

(1980). 

{¶ 18} R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) and 2953.33(A)(3) are not in irreconcilable conflict as to

invoke application of R.C. 1.51. Applying the exclusions listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) does

3. Based upon our conclusion that R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is a general statute, even if, arguendo, R.C. 

2953.32(A)(1) was construed as a general statute, R.C. 1.51 would be inapplicable here. State v. 

Chippendale, 52 Ohio St.3d 118, 120 (1990) (R.C. 1.51 is inapplicable if both statutes are general).
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not prevent relief under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3). On the contrary, an applicant retains the

right to apply for the sealing of the records of pardoned convictions that are not excluded

by R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). Conversely, if we adopt appellant's argument, then the language

in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) that R.C. 2953.33 is inapplicable to the sealing of the records of the

listed convictions is rendered inert as to R.C. 2953.33(A)(3). By the same token, any

apparent conflict between R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) and 2953.33(A)(3) may be reconciled by

construing these statutes as authorizing the sealing of pardoned convictions not excluded

by R.C. 2953.32(A)(1).

{¶ 19} Moreover, R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) plainly provides that an applicant may not

resort to R.C. 2953.33 for the sealing of the records of certain convictions. Unlike R.C.

2967.04(C), which provides for the sealing of records as a condition of a gubernatorial

pardon "as if the records related to an offense that is eligible to be sealed," R.C.

2953.33(A)(3) does not exempt itself from the operation of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). On the

contrary, to find that R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is exempt from the operation of R.C.

2953.32(A)(1) would require that we imply such an exemption from the statutory

language. Just as it did with R.C. 2967.04(C), the legislature could have exempted R.C.

2953.33(A)(3) from the operation of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). But the legislature did not do so,

and we must presume that the omission is intentional. State v. Radcliff, 2015-Ohio-235,

¶ 25; State v. G.K., 2022-Ohio-2858, ¶ 18. We therefore decline to find such exemption

by implication.

{¶ 20} We now turn to appellant's argument that the sealing of the records of a

pardoned conviction under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is not subject to "the eligibility

requirements of R.C. 2953.32," and that the trial court improperly denied his application

to seal his pardoned conviction pursuant to R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b).

{¶ 21} R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) provides that "Sections 2953.32 to 2953.34 of the
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Revised Code do not apply to" convictions of various itemized offenses. (Emphasis

added.) Plainly, R.C. 2953.33 is one of the statutes declared inapplicable to the sealing

of records of the convictions listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). One of the listed convictions is

a "[c]onviction of a felony offense of violence that is not a sexually oriented offense." R.C.

2953.32(A)(1)(b). Appellant was pardoned for attempted aggravated arson. Such an

offense is a third-degree felony offense, is not a sexually oriented offense as defined

under R.C. 2950.01(A), and is an offense of violence under R.C. 2901.01(A)(9)(a) and

(d). Accordingly, though pardoned, appellant's conviction for attempted aggravated arson

may not be sealed. R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b). 

{¶ 22} Despite the plain language of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1), appellant nonetheless

asserts that the sealing of the records of a pardoned conviction under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3)

is not subject to "the eligibility requirements of R.C. 2953.32" because the only eligibility

requirement for sealing records under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) is that the applicant was

granted a pardon for the conviction.

{¶ 23} However, if R.C. 2953.33 began with the proviso that it did not apply to the

convictions listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1), there would be no doubt that appellant's

attempted aggravated arson conviction could not be sealed under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3). It

makes no difference that exclusion of R.C. 2953.33 relief is found in the previous Revised

Code section. 

{¶ 24} In challenging the trial court's denial of his application for sealing, appellant

also relies upon R.C. 1.11, which provides in part that "[r]emedial laws and all proceedings

under them shall be liberally construed in order to promote their object and assist the

parties in obtaining justice." Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to liberally

construe R.C. 2953.33 to achieve its purpose of transitioning qualified offenders "into

meaningful and productive roles." The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that the
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remedial statutory scheme for the sealing of criminal records "must be liberally construed

to promote their purposes." Rossi, 86 Ohio St.3d at 622, citing Baker v. State, 62 Ohio

St.2d 35 (1980). Citing R.C. 1.49(A), appellant further asserts that the trial court should

have construed any ambiguity in R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) in his favor. "R.C. 1.49 proclaims

that in construing ambiguous statutes the court may consider among other matters the

object sought to be attained by the legislature." State v. Marshall, 60 Ohio App.2d 371,

373 (1st Dist. 1979). However, the trial court did not find that the eligibility language used

in R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) was ambiguous. Moreover, neither R.C. 1.11 nor R.C. 1.49

mandate that clear statutory language, such as that contained in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1), be

ignored.

{¶ 25} Appellant next asserts that the legislature intended to expand the rights of

pardoned offenders to have their records sealed as evidenced by the September 2021

amendment of R.C. 2967.04. R.C. 2967.04(C) provides, "In the case of an unconditional

pardon, the governor may include as a condition of the pardon that records related to the

conviction be sealed as if the records are related to an offense that is eligible to be

sealed." Appellant mischaracterizes R.C. 2967.04(C) as "an automatic sealing

provision." R.C. 2967.04(C) does not provide for "the automatic sealing" of records in a

pardon as evidenced by the legislature's choice of the term "may." Had the legislature

intended that pardoned convictions be automatically sealed, it could have provided so. 

Instead, the legislature invested the governor with discretionary authority to include

sealing of records as a condition of a pardon. Thus, the discretionary language of R.C.

2967.04(C), in conjunction with the ability to seek the sealing of a pardoned conviction

under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3), suggests that the legislature intended that a pardoned

offender's right to apply for the sealing of his records would be subject to the sealing

statutes absent the inclusion of a provision for sealing in the pardon.
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{¶ 26} Appellant next asserts that if the legislature had intended to limit the sealing

of records of pardoned convictions to the eligibility provisions of R.C. 2953.32(A)(1),

"there would have been no need to enact R.C. 2953.33(A)(3)." Citing R.C. 1.47(B) that

in enacting R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) "it is presumed that the entire statute is intended to be

effective," appellant asserts that limiting an offender's right to have the records of his

pardoned conviction sealed by R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) renders R.C. 2953.33(A)(3)

"meaningless and inoperative." However, applying the limitations in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)

to applications for the sealing of the records of a pardoned conviction does not render

R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) meaningless and inoperative. First, not all convictions later pardoned

are prohibited from being sealed. R.C. 2953.33(A)(3) still provides a means for the

sealing of convictions not listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). Second, R.C. 2953.33(A)(3)

serves the important function of clarifying that a pardoned offender retains the right to

seek to have his records judicially sealed in instances where the governor has declined

to include the sealing of the records as a condition of the pardon.

{¶ 27} It is the role of the legislature to address the statutory scheme on sealing

records, even in cases in which gubernatorial pardons are granted. Radcliff, 2015-Ohio235 at ¶ 36. A pardon does not wipe the slate clean, and it is the legislature's role to

determine if the slate is to be wiped clean for all pardoned crimes. Id. "Although the

governor may have the power to issue a pardon, an entitlement to the sealing of court

records is not an automatic result of that pardon, because the maintenance of judicial

records is not within the governor's control." Boykin, 2013-Ohio-4582 at ¶ 31.

{¶ 28} R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) speaks for itself. By its plain language, R.C.

2953.32(A)(1) limits R.C. 2953.33 and bars application to seal records that are governed

by R.C. 2953.33, including pardoned convictions under R.C. 2953.33(A)(3), if the

applicant's conviction is one specifically listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). Pursuant to R.C.
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2953.32(A)(1)(b), the records of a pardoned conviction for an offense of violence cannot

be sealed. When the legislature amended the sealing provisions of R.C. Chapter 2953

in 2023, it was certainly aware of the power of the pardon. It was within its purview to

incorporate statutory provisions that required, or permitted, recipients of gubernatorial

pardon to be eligible to have the records of any convictions sealed. But the legislature

did not do so, and we must presume that its inclusion in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1) of the phrase

"Sections 2953.32 to 2953.34 of the Revised Code do not apply to" specific convictions

was intentional. Radcliff at ¶ 25, citing Madjorous v. State, 113 Ohio St. 427, 433 (1925). 

"[W]hen the General Assembly has plainly and unambiguously conveyed its legislative

intent, there is nothing for a court to interpret or construe, and therefore, the court applies

the law as written." State v. V.M.D., 2016-Ohio-8090, ¶ 16. 

{¶ 29} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not err by denying

appellant's application to seal his pardoned conviction of a felony offense of violence. An

individual is not eligible for the sealing of the records of his pardoned conviction if the

conviction is one listed in R.C. 2953.32(A)(1). Appellant's assignment of error is

overruled.

{¶ 30} Judgment affirmed.

S. POWELL, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.