GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 809 

Status of Surface-water Modeling 

in the U.S. Geological Survey 

Status of Surface-\1\/ater Modeling 

in the U.S. Geological Survey 

By Marshall E. Jennings and Nobuhiro Yotsukura 

G E 0 L 0 G I C A L S U R V E Y C I R C U L A R 809 

1979 
United States Department of the Interior 

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary 

Geological Survey 

H. William Menard, Director 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Jennings, Marshall E. 

Status of surface-water modeling in the U.S. Geological Survey. 

(Geological Survey circular 809) 

Bibliography: p. 7-17. 

1. Hydrology-Mathematical models. 2. Water, Underground-Mathematical models. 

3. United States. Geological Survey. I. Yotsukura, Nobuhiro, joint author. 

II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Circular ; 809. 

QE75.C5 no. 809 [GB656.2M33 J 557.3'08s [551.4'9'0184] 79-17745 

Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, VA 22202 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract ----------------------------------------- 1 

Introduction --------------------------------------- 1 

Surface-water modeling activities before 1970 ----------------------- 2 

Recent developments ----------------------------------- 3 

Current surface-water modeling activities ------------------------- 4 

References before 1970 ---------------------------------- 7 

Recently published selected references--------------------------- 11 

Specialized hydraulics---------------------------------- 11 

Flow routing ------------------------------------- 12 

Sedimentation ------------------------------------ 13 

Water quality------------------------------------- 13 

Surface exchange ----------------------------------- 14 

Coupled stream-aquifer system ---------------------------- 15 

Physical hydrology ---------------------------------- 15 

Statistical hydrology --------------------------------- 16 

Management and operations------------------------------ 16 

Miscellaneous hydrologic studies --------------------------- 17 

TABLE 

Page 

TABLE 1. Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey------------- 5 

III 

Status of Surface-water Modeling 

in the U.S. Geological Survey 

By Marshall E. Jennings and Nobuhiro Yotsukura 

ABSTRACT 

The U.S. Geological Survey is active in the development 

and use of models for the analysis of various types of surfacewater problems. Types of problems for which models have 

been, or are being developed, include categories such as the 

following: (1) specialized hydraulics, (2) flow routing in 

streams, estuaries, lakes, and reservoirs, (3) sedimentation, 

(4) transport of physical, chemical, and biological constituents, (5) surface exchange of heat and mass, (6) coupled 

stream-aquifer flow systems, (7) physical hydrology for rainfall-runoff relations, stream-system simulations, channel geometry, and water quality, (8) statistical hydrology for synthetic streamflows, floods, droughts, storage, and water 

quality, (9) management and operation problems, and 

(10) miscellaneous hydrologic problems. Following a brief review of activities prior to 1970, the current status of surfacewater modeling is given as being in a developmental, verification, operational, or continued improvement phase. A list of 

recently published selected references, provides useful details 

on the characteristics of models. 

INTRODUCTION 

One of the primary missions of the U.S. 

Geological Survey is to conduct basic and applied 

research in the problems related to land-water environments. The research is conducted to improve understanding of natural land-water 

system processes such that quantitative predictions of system response to stress, either natural 

or man-made, can eventually be accomplished. 

Surface-water modeling based on a deterministic, statistical, or qualitative framework 

represents a large segment of continuing Survey 

research in land-water problems, although use of 

the terminology "surface-water problem" 

sometimes is arbitrary because of the integral 

1 

nature of the hydrologic system involved. 

Surface-water models include not only those 

models which traditionally have been defined as 

rational representations of natural surface-water 

processes by use of hydraulic, hydrologic and 

geologic principles, but also those models which 

have recently been developed in order to cope 

with a rapidly expanding spectrum of surfacewater problems. For example, systems-analysis 

models have become important tools for solving 

such problems as watershed management and 

gaging network design. 

Surface-water models are used by researchers 

and field hydrologists alike; by researchers to advance scientific knowledge of natural processes 

and systems, and by field hydrologists to provide 

predictive information for managers and planners. As management tools, surface-water models 

are being increasingly relied upon by decision 

makers who must plan under an "alternative 

futures" concept. 

The purpose of this report is to summarize the 

current status of surface-water modeling in the 

Geological Survey following a brief, but fairly 

complete, review of modeling activities before 

1970. Two lists of references are attached for the 

reader interested in more details, namely, 

"Recently published selected references" including those published after 1970, and "References 

before 1970". The recently published references 

list the published work as of mid-1978. The references before 1970 list the work done through 

1969; however, publication of a few reports was 

delayed as late as 1973. 
SURFACE-WATER MODELING ACTIVITES 

BEFORE 1970 

Surface-water research within the Survey prior 

to 1930 was rather limited. Examples include a 

rainfall-runoff relations study by Rafter (1903), 

weir experiments by Horton (1906, 1907), a study 

of ice effects on stream flow by Hoyt (1913), and 

sediment-transport experiments by Gilbert 

(1914). The period between 1900 and 1940, however, was significant in that the Survey was 

actively engaged in the task of establishing 

nation-wide gaging networks and of improving 

stream-gaging techniques (Corbett and others, 

1943). 

An expanded water-data base provided by the 

Survey contributed greatly to a solid growth of 

hydrologic knowledge; this growth was essential 

in assessing long term trends and in evaluating 

basin-wide characteristics for many surface-water 

problems. During the period between 1930 and 

1950, statistics-based hydrology established itself as a distinct surface-water discipline, paralleling the more classic and deterministic hydraulics. 

Hydrologic models developed in this period include those for rainfall-runoff relation (Hoyt and 

others, 1936), flood hydrograph analysis (Jarvis 

and others, 1936; Langbein, 1940, 1944), and 

watershed characterization (Langbein and others, 

1947). 

Beginning in the early 1950's, unprecedented 

expansion and diversification took place in surface-water modeling. The summary of modeling 

work after 1950 may be conveniently presented 

by following each specialized field studied by a 

more or less cohesive group of researchers. 

The study of evaporation and heat exchange in 

lakes and reservoirs is a field where mathematical 

models, successfully developed through an extensive study of Lake Hefner (U.S. Geological Survey, 1954), have had a long-standing impact on 

later activities within and without the Survey 

(Harbeck, 1955, 1962; Harbeck and others 1959; 

Koberg, 1964; Hughes, 1967). 

Another field with notable modeling accomplishment in the early 1950's is that of the hydraulics of flow through weirs, culverts, and bridge 

constrictions (Kindsvater and others, 1953; Carter, 1957; Tracy, 1957; Davidian and others, 

1962; Kindsvater, 1964). Models for channel 

boundary roughness and resistance were also 

2 

developed by this group (Tracy and Lester, 1961; 

Barnes, 1967). 

Sediment transport has long been the subject 

of interest at the USGS. Early efforts (Love and 

Benedict, 1948); Hains and others, 1952; Colby 

and others, 1953; Colby and Hembree, 1955) were 

succeeded after the late 1950's by extensive 

flume experiments and theoretical analyses of 

highly stochastic transport mechanics (Simons 

and Albertson, 1961; Colby, 1964; Nordin, 1963; 

Guy, 1964; Nordin and Beverage, 1965; Simons 

and others, 1965; Guy and others, 1966; and Williams, 1967). Note that the above listing represents a small portion of research outcomes in this 

particular field, which, in the last 20 years, grew 

to be almost independent of other surface-water 

hydraulics studies. Until the early 1970's, most 

sedimentation studies where carried out in Fort 

Collins, Colo., in cooperation with Colorado State 

University. The Fort Collins unit also conducted 

research in dispersion and reaeration problems 

and functioned as a focal point of surface-water 

research and training. 

Channel morphology and watershed characteristics are very closely related to sediment transport as well as to extreme flows. Modeling of 

these processes expanded drastically since the 

early 1950's (Leopold and Maddock, 1953; W olman, 1955; Leopold and others, 1960; Leopold 

and Miller, 1956; Leopold and Wolman, 1957; 

Bagnold, 1960, 1966; Brush, 1961; Wolman and 

Brush, 1961; Leopold and others, 1966; Kilpatrick and Barnes, 1964; Langbein and Leopold, 

1966, 1968; Simons and Richardson, 1966; Leopold and Langbein, 1962; and Scheidegger and 

Langbein, 1966). Regionalized hydrologic and 

morphologic characteristics were reported by 

Troxell and others, 1954; Culler, 1961; Hadley 

and Schumm, 1961; Schumm, 1960, 1963; Kennon and Peterson, 1960; and Peterson, 1962. On 

reservoir storage problems, early works (Langbein and others, 1951; Culler and Peterson, 1953) 

were later succeeded by more probablistic models 

(Langbein, 1958; Riggs and Hardison, 1973; Hardison, 1968). 

In view of current environmental concerns, it is 

also significant that concepts of ecology, conservation, and water management were introduced 

by Survey researchers in the late 1950's (Leopold, 

1958, 1959, 1960a-b; Langbein, 1959; and N ace, 

1960). 
Analysis of flood and drought frequency and 

magnitude started in the late 1940's (Langbein, 

1949; Dalrymple, 1950; Carter, 1951). Because of 

the perennial importance and high priority of this 

problem among surface-water problems, intensive efforts of the Geological Survey were invested in the analyses by means of statistical treatment of data and empirical correlation with 

watershed variables (Dalrymple, 1960; Benson, 

1962, 1964; Mitchell, 1962; Hardison and Martin, 

1963; Hardison, 1969; Reid and others, 1968; 

Cruff and Rantz, 1965; Riggs, 1965). Efforts were 

also directed toward close cooperation with other 

Federal, state, and local government agencies. 

The outcome of this cooperation was a series of 

Water Supply Papers, 1961-1689, published between 1963 and 1968 explaining regionalized 

flood frequency prediction methods (Green, 1964; 

Tice, 1968; Speer and Gamble, 1964, 1965; Barnes 

and Golden, 1966; Wiitala, 1965; Patterson, 

19646, 1965, 1966; Patterson and Somers, 1966; 

Patterson and Gamble, 1968; Matthai, 1968; 

Butler and others, 1966; Young and Cruff, 1967; 

Bodhaine and Thomas, 1964; and Hulsing and 

Kallio, 1964). Introduction of probability theories 

and statistical information theory contributed 

substantially to the advancement of mathematical aspects of extreme flow statistics (Matalas, 

1963; Matalas and Jacobs, 1964; and Fiering, 

1963). 

Use of high-speed digital computers by Survey 

researchers became popular in the early 1960's. A 

large number of old and new problems, which 

hitherto were unapproachable, became solvable 

by means of numerical simulations and experiments in both hydraulic and hydrologic specializations. In deterministic modeling, numerical 

techniques were developed for the solution of 

transient flow of estuaries (Baltzer and Shen, 

1961; Lai, 1965; and Baltzer and Lai, 1968), for 

solutions of solute transport in upland streams 

(Yotsukura and Fiering, 1964), and for the simulation of rainfall-runoff processes on small watersheds (Dawdy and O'Donnell, 1965). In stochastic 

modeling, probabilistic numerical experiments 

became important tools for advancing synthetic 

hydrology and systems-analysis research 

(Matalas, 1967, 1968; Matalas and Gilroy, 1968; 

Kirby, 1969). 

Awareness of new surface-water problems was 

probably as significant as the introduction of 

3 

digital computers in inducing another marked 

expansion of Survey modeling activities in the 

early 1960's. Research efforts began in new problems such as estuarine discharges (Rantz, 1963; 

Dempster and Lutz, 1968; Cummings, 1968; 

Peterson and Carlson, 1968 ), transport and reaction of water-quality constituents (Sayre and 

others, 1963; Glover, 1964; Kennedy, 1965; Pickering and others, 1965; Fischer, 1967, 1968; Carrigan, 1968; Sayre and Chang, 1968; Pickering, 

1969; and Godfrey and Frederick, 1970), statistical analysis of water-quality constituents (Dawdy 

and Feth, 1967; Moore, 1967; Steele, 1968; and 

Collings, 1969), stream reaeration (Langbein and 

Durum, 1967; Durum and Langbein, 1966), timeof-travel (Searcy and Davis, 1961; Bauer, 1968), 

flow under ice (Carey, 1967), urban hydrology 

(Harris and Rantz, 1964; Leopold, 1968; Dawdy, 

1969; Vice and others, 1969), glacial hydrology 

(Meier, 1969), and gaging network design and error analysis (Leopold, 1962; Carter and others, 

1963). 

In concluding this brief summary of surfacewater modeling before 1970, note that many modeling activities after 1970 are continuous and 

identifiable with those established earlier and 

previously described. With recent improvements 

in data transmission and computer utilization, 

however, modeling activities after 1970 have 

shifted substantially toward mathematical or 

quantitative descriptions. 

Documentation and standardization of model 

utilization in field problems have been important 

activities of Geological Survey research. Earlier 

standardized procedures for general surfacewater techniques were purblished as WaterSupply Paper 1541 (U.S. Geological Survey, 

1960a) and those for flood-flow techniques as 

Water-Supply Paper 1543 (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 1960b). Starting in 1967, the TWRI 

(Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations) 

series has represented the most convenient form 

of publishing standardized techniques which were 

derived from models and tested for field and office applications. 

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 

Several changes affecting the conduct of water 

research took place in the early 1970's. Nearly all 

Geological Survey field offices obtained access 
to Survey central computers through terminals. 

The field offices thus became equipped with the 

capability of handling data and models routinely 

and in close cooperation with research specialists. 

Another change was the opening of the GCHC 

(Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center) near Bay St. 

Louis, Miss., in 1971. The GCHC absorbed almost all of the research and instrumentation activities previously held at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., and at Columbus, Ohio. 

The GCHC facilities, including a 300-feet-wide 

outdoor flume and a modern instrument shop, became the Geological Survey national core for hydraulic experiments and instrumentation. The 

initiation of remote sensing activities in the Survey is also a notable recent development, in which 

application of earth-satellite technology is expected to provide a cost-effective means of automatic 

data collection and transmission from widely 

scattered gaging stations. 

One major characteristic of recent surfacewater modeling is the emphasis on water quality 

problems which arose in connection with environmental pollution. Problems such as deoxygenation, thermal loading, pesticide pollution, and 

aquatic eutrophication have begun to impose an 

unprecedented degree of interdisciplinary cooperation among various research specializations. Studies of water-quality assessment in major river basins were begun with the assessment 

of the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The success of this study lead to two subsequent projects, namely, the Yampa River basin, Colorado 

and Wyoming, and the Chattahoochee River 

basin, Georgia, and to a continuing program of 

such studies at field level. Specialized waterquality approaches such as tracer technology applied to reaeration determination and waste 

transport simulation in estuaries were developed 

and refined. 

Some phases of research in water quantity were 

subjected to new evaluations. An extensive evaluation of the streamflow data collection program1 

indicated that the existing program was not providing homogeneous data for regulated streams. 

Mathematical models of stream systems were 

'Benson, M. A., and Carter, R. W .. 1973, A national study of the streamflow 

data-collection program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2028, 44 p. 

4 

developed to reflect the effect of regulation, storage, diversion, and management practices on 

streamflow. The expansion and implementation 

of numerical rainfall-runoff models were started 

on a nationwide scale. In addition to providing 

tools for flood-frequency analysis on small, rural 

streams, rainfall-runoff modeling has been expanded to address problems of hydrologic consequences of land-use such as energy development 

and urbanization. Such models include both quantity and quality components. 

Because of the preponderance of computerbased modeling in the 1970's, a series of computer-program user manuals was started as U.S. 

Geological Survey Computer Contributions. 

These are available through the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. 

CURRENT SURFACE-WATER MODELING 

ACTIVITIES 

The current status of surface-water modeling, a 

continuing research activity of U.S. Geological 

Survey, is summarized in table 1. Investigators 

listed in the table are those who have been actively engaged in research between 1970 and 1978, 

and publications include only those published 

after 1970. In order to facilitate comparative reference, table 1 is prepared in the same format as 

that in the companion report for ground-water 

modeling. 2 

Some comments are in order regarding the 

classification of phases of modeling activity. 

Models in the "developmental" phase are those in 

an active stage of conceptualization and formulation. To state that a model is in the "verification" 

phase means that tests are being made to determine how satisfactorily model output represents, 

quantitatively and qualitatively, a natural physical process. Verification involves direct comparison of observed and model-computed responses 

based on a few sets of input data. Data used in 

the calibration of a model normally is not included in observed response data for verification. 

Because of the above reason, statistics-based 

'Appel, C. A., and Bredehoeft, J.D., 1976, Status of ground-water modeling in 

the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 737, 9 p. 
TABLE I.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey 

[Principal investigators can be located at U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, National Center, Reston, Virginia 22092] 

Channel roughness ---------- Turbulence and diffision --------

Flow through bridges and culverts---

Conduit flow -------------

Time-of-travel-------------

Flow over dams ------------

Streams and estuaries-one dimensional Finite element------------

Finite difference-----------

Characteristics method ------- Linearized equation ---------

Estuaries and bays-two dimensional Finite element------------

Finite difference-----------

Characteristic method-------- Estuaries and bays-three dimensional Finite element------------ Finite difference----------- Stratified flows ------------ Lakes and reservoirs Water balance------------

Circulation ------------- Dam break -------------

Erosion----------------

Alluvial channels -----------

Bedload----------------

Suspended load ------------

Water-quality parameters and processes Chemical --------------

Biological--------------

Water quality transport Streams 

Dissolved oxygen, conservatives and nonconservatives --------

Excess temperature ---------

Natural temperature --------

Developmental 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Phase of activity 

Verifi· 

cation 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Operational 

Continued 

improvement 

Principal U.S. Geological 

Survey investigators 

Specialized Hydraulics 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

D. L. Collins, V. R. Schneider. N. Yotsukura, F. A. Kilpatrick R. S. McQuivey, T. N. Keefer. 

V. R. Schneider, L. A. Druffel. 

J. Davidian. 

F. A. Kilpatrick, J. F. Wilson, Jr. 

D. L. Collins. 

Flow Routing 

R. T. Chen~, J. K. Lee, R. L. Coo ey, L. H. Smith. X R. A. Baltzer, R. W. Schaffranek, C. Lai, J. P. Bennett, G. A. Lutz. X C. Lai, C. L. Chen. X V. B. Sauer, T. N. Keefer. 

R. T. Cheng, W. G. Gray, D. P. Lynch, J.P. Bennett, R. A. Walters. X R. A. Baltzer, R. W. Schaffranek, R. T. Cheng. 

C. Lai, C. L. Chen. 

R. T. Cheng. R. A. Baltzer, R. T. Cheng, E. R. Holley. 

T. H. Thompson, K. M. Waddell. 

~: I g~tfe'l, T. N. Keefer, C. L. Chen. 

Sedimentation 

H. P. Guy, D. G. Fricke!. 

T. Maccock, Jr., C. F. Nordin, J. P. Bennett, R. H. Meade, G. P. Williams. C. F. Nordin, R. H. Meade, W. W. Emmett, D. W. Hubbell. W. W. Emmett, C. F. Nordin, J. P. Bennett. 

Water Quality 

V. C. Kennedy, B. F. Jones, J. D. Hem, E. A. Jenne, H. V. Leland, E. Calander, I. K. Barnes. 

X M. E. Jennings, D. W. Stephens, H. V. Leland, J. G. Cloren, D. J. Schultz. 

X M. E. Jennings, J. P. Bennett, D.P. Bauer. 

X N. Yotsukura, H. E. Jobson, A. P. Jackman, D.P. Bauer. 

E. J. Pluhowski, T. D. Steele. 

5 

Recently published selected 

references 

Yotsukura and Cobb (1972), Nordin and Sabol (1974), Weiss (1971), 

McQuivey and Keefer (1976), Yotsukura and Sayre (1976). Schneider and others (1976), Schneider and Druffel (1975). 

Smoot, Davidian, and Billings 

(1974). 

Eikenberry and Davis (1976), Martens (1974). Collins (1976), Collins and Wires (1975). 

Cooley and Syed Afaq Moui (1976), and Smith and Cheng (1976). Bennett (1975), 1977), Lutz, 

Hubbell, and Stevens (1975). 

Lai and Onions (1976). Sauer (1973), Keefer and McQuivey 

(1974), Jennings and Keefer (1977), Keefer (1974). 

Gray (1976). 

Baltzer (1972), Leendertse (1970), Liu (1974), Schaffranek and Baltzer (1975). 

Lai (1976), 1977). 

Liu and Nelson (1977). 

Holley and Waddell (1976). 

Thompson (1972, 1974), Waddell and Fields (1976). 

Cheng (1977). 

Glass, Keefer, and Rankl (1976), Keefer and McQuivey (1976), Chen and Druffel (1977). 

Guy (1976), Frickel, Shown, and Patton (1975). Maddock (1976), Nordin and Rund~uist (1973), Nordin (1971), Rat bun and Kennedy (1976). Emmett and Seitz (1973), Nordin and Rathbun (1971). 

Jennings and Land (1977), Bennett (1974), Nordin and McQuivey 

(1971). 

Kennedy (1971), Brown (1976), Hem and Steele (1975), Jenne and Avotins (1975), Leland (1976), 

Jones, Kennedy, and Zellweger 

(1974). 

Jennings and Bauer (1976), 

Stephens and Jennings (1976). 

Bauer and Bennett (1976), Zand and Kennedy (1976), Bauer and Jennings (1975), Jennings and Bryant (1974). Jobson (1973, 1977), Jobson and Yotsukura (1972), Jackman and Yotsukura (1977), Bauer and Yotsukura (1974), Bauer and MacKenroth (1974). Pluhowski (1970), Steele (1974). 
TABLE 1.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey-Continued 

Estuaries and bays-conservatives and nonconservatives --------

Tracer simulation studies -------

Lakes-----------------

Water-quality simulation Intensive river-quality investigations 

Willamette River Basin, Oregon --

Chattahoochee River Basin, 

Georgia--------------

Urban stormwater quality-------

Evaporation and radiation-------

Evapotranspiration ----------

Reaeration --------------

Finite difference------------ Finite element------------- Linearized equation ----------

Flood-way analysis ----------

Stream systems simulation ------

Synthetic streamflows 

Markov processes ---------- Fractional Gaussian Noise------- ARIMA processes---------- Flood-flow frequency Flood frequency methods-large and small streams----------

Urban flood frequency--------

Low-flow frequency ----------

Storage potential -----------

C~~~~~~~~~~!~~~-----

Water-quality statistical analysis ---

Developmental 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Phase of activity 

Verifi· 

cation 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Operational 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Continued 

improvement 

X 

X 

Principal U.S. Geological 

Survey investigators 

E. A. Prych, W. C. Haushild, D. H. Peterson, T. J. Conomos, N. Yotsukura, R. L. Cory, J. L. Glenn, J.P. Bennett. 

N. Yotsukura, F. A. Kilpatrick 

D. B. Adams. 

D. A. Rickert, W. G. Hines, S. W. McKenzie. 

R.N. Cherry, R. L. Faye. 

H. C. Mattraw, M. E. Jennings, S. W. McKenzie, R. A. Miller, T. Ross. 

Surface Exchange 

X H. E. Jobson, A.M. Sturrock, A. P. Jackman, N. Yotsukura. 

X R. L. Hanson, T. E. A. Van Hylckama, R. M. Myrick, F. A. Branson. X R. E. Rathbun, D. W. Stephens, D. J. Shultz. 

Coupled Stream-Aquifer System 

X 

X 

T. J. Durbin, G. F. Pinder. E. A. Prych. A. F. Moench, L. F. Land, R. R. Luckey. 

Physical Hydrology 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

J. 0. Shearman, G. W. Edelen, 

Jr., E. J. Kennedy. 

V. B. Sauer. G. H. Leavesley, R. W. Lichty, J. M. Knott, K. W. Lee, T. J. Durbin. 

J. 0. Shearman, J. T. Armbruster, W. Harry Doyle, Jr., I. C. James, II. 

Statistical Hydrology 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

6 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

N.C. Matalas, J. R. Slack. J. R. Slack. J. T. Armbruster. 

W. H. Kirby, W. 0. Thomas, Jr., R. W. Lichty, P. H. Carrigan, 

Jr., E. E. Schroeder. S. L. Johnson, D. G. Anderson, M. E. Jennings, V. B. Sauer, G. R. Dempster, Jr., H. G. Golden. 

H. C. Riggs, J. T. Armbruster, M. E. Moss. H. C. Riggs, C. H. Hardison. 

E. R. Hedman, H. C. Riggs, D. 0. 

Moore, A. G. Scott. 

D. M. Thomas, H. C. Riggs, M. E. Moss. 

T. D. Steele, E. J. Gilroy, N.C. Matalas, R. 0. Hawkinson, D. J. Lystrom. 

Recently published selected 

references 

Prych, Haushild, and Stoner (1976), Haushild and Prych (1976), Peterson and others (1971 ), Conomos and Peterson (1975), 

Yotsukura, Cory, and Murakami (1972). 

Yotsukura and Kilpatrick (1973), 

Kilpatrick and Cummings (1972). Adams (1975). 

Rickert, Hines, and McKenzie (1976), Hines and others (1977). 

Jobson and Keefer (1978), Cherry and others (1978). 

Miller, Mattraw, and Jennings 

(1978), Jennings and Do;r.le 

(1978), McKenzie and Miller (1976), Barnes and Jennings 

(1977). 

Sturrock (1977), Jobson (1973), 

Yotsukura, Jackman, and Faust (1973), Jobson (1972). Hanson and Dawdy (1976), Van Hylckama (1975), Branson and Shown (1975). Bennett and Rathbun (1972), Essen and Rathbun 0976), Rathbun, 

Shultz and Stephens (1975). 

Durbin (1974), Pinder and Sauer (1971). 

Moench, Sauer, and Jennings 

(1974), Land (1977), Luckey and Livingston (1975). 

Shearman (1976), map reports and analyses available for most states. 

Sauer (1970). 

Boning (1974), Lee, Kapple, and Dawdy (1975), Durbin (1974), 

Dawdy, Lichty, and Bergman 

(1972), Hauth (1974), Wibben 

(1976), Carrigan (1973). Burns and James, II (1972), 

Shearman and Swisshelm (1973), Armbruster (1977), Jeffcoat and others (1976), Krug (1976). 

Mejia, Dawdy and Nordin (1974). 

Schroeder (1974), Thomas and Corley (1977), Kirby (1973). 

Johnson and Sayre (1973), Anderson (1970), Jennings and Mattraw (1976), Sauer (1974), 

Dempster (1974). 

Riggs (1972), Armbruster (1976), Hardison and Moss (1972). 

Riggs and Hardison (1973). 

Hedman and Kastner (1974), Riggs and Harenberg (1976), Scott and Kunkler (1976). 

Thomas and Benson ( 1970), Riggs 

U973), Flippo (1976). 

Steele and Matalas (1974), Steele, 

Gilroy and Hawkinson (1974), 

Blakey, Hawkinson, and Steele 

(1972), Steele (1972, 1973). 
TABLE 1.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey-Continued 

Phase of activity 

Developmental 

Verification 

Operational 

Continued 

improvement 

Principal U.S. Geological 

Survey investigators 

Recently published selected 

references 

Management and Operations 

Gaging network design 

Network analysis ----------

Socioeconomic analysis --------

National stream quality accounting network---------------

River-basin assessment, Yampa River, 

Colorado and Wyoming -------

Satellite data relay ----------

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X X 

X 

M. E. Moss, D. E. Burkham, N. C. Matalas, E. J. Gilroy, P. H. Carrigan, Jr. I. C. James, II, M. E. Moss, M. R. Karlinger, E. D. Attanasi. 

J. F. Ficke, R. 0. Hawkinson, T. D. Steele, J. C. Briggs. 

T. D. Steele, D. P. Bauer, D. A. Wentz. 

R. W. Paulson, W. G. Shope. 

Moss and Dawdy (1973), Carrigan and Golden (1975), Moss Moss (1976). 

Moody (1973), James (1973), Attanasi (1973), Attanasi, Close and Lopez (1975). 

Hawkinson, Ficke, and Saindon 

(1977). 

Bauer, Steele, and Anderson (1978). 

Paulson (1976). 

Miscellaneous Hydrologic Studies 

Remote sensing Water management and ecologic prediction-------------- X X X 

Snow hydrology------------ X X X 

Isotope hydrology----------- X 

Fishery studies ------------ Strip mining effects ---------- X X X X X 

Glacial hydrology ----------- X X X 

models, which generally make use of all available 

data, cannot be subjected to verification. 

Models listed in the "operational" phase are 

ready to be applied to field problems and are 

documented in some form. In many 

"operational" models, additional efforts are being made to improve accuracy, flexibility, or convenience of application. This phase is defined as 

"continued improvement." 

Many investigators other than those listed in 

table 1 are, or have been, involved in the particular modeling activity. The investigators listed in 

table 1 can be located through the U.S. Geological 

Survey, Water Resources Division, National Center, Reston, Virginia 22092. 

The "recently published" references in table 1 

provide useful details on the characteristics and 

capabilities of the subject model. These as well 

as additional references are given in the list "Recently published selected references.'' The list is 

not meant to be exhaustive of all publications. In 

particular, the references in the categories of 

''Sedimentation,'' '' Statistical Hydrology,'' and 

"Management and Operations" represent a very 

limited portion of documents and publication 

available in these specialized fields. 

7 

A. L. Higer, V. P. Carter, M. E. H1ier, Coker, and Cordes (1976), 

Jennings. iger, Cordes, and Coker (1976), 

Jennings and O'Neil (1976). G. H. Leavesley, W. V. Tangbom, Meier (1975), Tangbom and M. F. Meier, L.A. Rasmussen. Rasmussen (1977). T. B. Coplen. R. P. Novitzki. Novitzki (1976), 

G.G~·t.u;!J~r?· H. Leavesley, Lusby and Toy (1976), Leavesley (1977). 

M. F. Meier, S. M. Hod~, R. M. Rasmussen and Campbell (1973), 

Krimmel, W. V. Tang m, L. R. Hodge (1976), Krimmel, 

Mayo. Tangbom, and Meier (1972), Meier and others (1971). 

REFERENCES BEFORE 1970 

Bagnold, R. A., 1960, Some aspects of the shape of river 

meanders: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

282-E, p. E135-E144. 

___ 1966, An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-1, p. 11-137. 

Baltzer, R. A., and Lai, C., 1968, Computer simulation of unsteady flows in waterways: American Society of Civil 

Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 94, n. HY 4, 

p. 1083-1117. 

Baltzer, R. A., and Shen, ,T ., 1961, Flows of homogeneous 

density in tidal reaches: U.S. Geological Survey open-file 

report, 35 p. 

Barnes, H. H., Jr., 1967, Roughness characteristics of natural channels: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1849, 213 p. 

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1966, Magnitude and 

frequency of floods in the United States-Part 2-B, 

South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, 

Ogeeche River to Pearl River: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1674, 409 p. 

Brush, L. M., Jr., 1961, Drainage basins, channels, and flow 

characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-F, p. 

F145-F181. 

Butler, E. B., Reid, J. K., and Berwick, V. K., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 

10, The great basin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1684, 256 p. 
Carey, K. L., 1967, Analytical approaches to computation of 

an ice-covered stream: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 575-C, p. C200-C207. 

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1968, Radioactive waste dilution in the 

Clinch River, eastern Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 433-G, p. G1-G9. 

Carter, R. W., 1951, Floods in Georgia, frequency and magnitude: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 100, 127 p. 

___ 1957, Computations of peak discharge at culverts; 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 376, 25 p. 

Carter, R. W., Anderson, W. L., Isherwood, W. L., Rolfe, K. 

W., Showen, C. R., and Smith, Winchell, 1963, Automation of streamflow records: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 474, 18 p. 

Colby, B. R., 1964, Discharge of sands and mean-velocity relationships in sand-bed streams: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 462-A, p. Al-A47. 

Colby, B. R., and Hembree, C. H., 1955, Computations of 

total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, 

Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1357, 187 p. 

Colby, B. R., Matejka, D. Q., and Hubbell, D. W., 1953, Investigations of fluvial sediments of the Niobrara River near 

Valentine, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

205, 57 p. 

Collings, M.R., 1969, Temperature analysis of a stream: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-B, p. 

B174-Bl79. 

Corbett, D. M., and others, 1943, Stream-gaging procedure, 

a manual describing methods and practices of the 

Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 888, 245 p. 

Cruff, R. W., and Rantz, S. E., 1965, A comparison of' 

methods used in flood-frequency studies for coastal basins in California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1580-E, p. El-E56. 

Culler, R. C., 1961, Hydrology of the upper Cheyenne River 

basin: Part A, Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in upper Cheyenne River basin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1531, 198 p. 

Culler, R. C., and Peterson, H. V., 1953, Effect of stock reservoirs on runoff in the Cheyenne River basin above Angostura Dam: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 223, 33 p. 

Cummings, T. R., 1968, Salt-water encroachment in the 

South Edisto River estuary, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1586-I, p. 11-119. 

Dalrumple, Tate, 1950, Regional flood frequency: Highway 

Research Board Report 11-13, p. 4-20. 

Dalrymple, Tate, 1960, Flood-frequency analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1543-A, p. AI-ABO. 

Davidian, Jacob, Carrigan, P. H., Jr., and Shen, John, 1962, 

Flow through openings in width constructions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1369-D, p. 

D91-D122. 

Dawdy, D. R., 1969, Considerations involved in evaluating 

mathematical modeling of urban hydrologic systems: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-D, p. 

Dl-D18. 

Dawdy, D. R., and Feth, J. H., 1967, Applications of factor 

analysis in study of chemistry of groundwater quality, 

Mojave River Valley, California: Water Resources Research, v. 3., no. 2, p. 505-510. 

8 

Dawdy, D. R., and O'Donnell, T., 1965, Mathematical models 

of catchment behavior, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 91, no. HY4, p. 

123-137. 

Dempster, G. R., Jr., Lutz, G. A., 1968, Water-discharge determinations for the tidal reach of the Willamette River 

from Ross Island Bridge to Mile 10.3, Portland, Oregon: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1586-H, p. 

Hl-H32. 

Durum, W. H., and Langbein, W. B., 1966, Water Quality of 

the Potomac River estuary at Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 529-A, 9 p. 

Fiering, M. B., 1963, Use of correlation to improve estimates 

of the mean and variance: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 434-C, P. C1-C9. 

Fischer, H. B., 1967, Transverse mixing in a sand-bed channel: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 575-D, p. 

D267-D272. 

__ 1968, Methods for predicting dispersion coefficients in 

natural streams, with application to lower reaches of the 

Green and Duwamish Rivers, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 582-A, 27 p. 

Gilbert, G. K., 1914, The transportation of debris by running 

water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 86, 

263 p. 

Glover, R. E., 1964, Dispersion of dissolved or suspended 

materials in flowing streams: U.S. Geololgical Survey 

Professional Paper 433-B, p. Bl-B32. 

Godfrey, R. G., and Frederick, B. J., 1970, Steam dispersion 

at selected sites: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 433-K, p. K1-K38. 

Green, A. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States-Part 1-A, North Atlantic slope basins, 

Maine to Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1671, 260 p. 

Guy, H. P., 1964, An analysis of some storm-period variables 

affecting stream sediment transport: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 462-E, p. E1-E46. 

Guy, H. P., Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V., 1966, Summary of alluvial channel data from flume experiments, 

1956-61: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

462-I, p. 11-I96. 

Hadley, R. F., and Schumm, S. A., 1961, Hydrology of the 

upper Cheyenne River basin-Part B, Sediment sources 

and drainage-basin characteristics: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1531-B, p. B137-B197. 

Hains, C. F., Van Sickle, D. M., and Peterson, H. V., 1952, 

Sedimentation rates in small reservoirs in the Little Colorado River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1110-D, p. D129-D155. 

Harbeck, G. E., Jr., 1955, The effect of salinity on evaporation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-A, 

p. A1-A6. 

__ 1962, A practical field technique for measuring reservoir evaporation utilizing mass-transfer theory: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-E, p. 

E101-E105. 

Harbeck, G. E., Jr., Koberg, G. E., and Hughes, G. H., 1959, 

The effect of the addition of heat from a powerplant on 

the thermal structure and evaporation of Lake Colorado 

City, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

272-B, p. B7-B51. 
Hardison, C. H., 1968, Storage to augment low flow: Reservoir Yield Symposium, Water Research Association, 

Buckinghamshire, England, September 21-23, 1968, p. 

D8-7; D8-12. 

___ 1969, Accuracy of streamflow characteristics: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-D, p. 

D210-D214. 

Hardison, C. H., and Martin, R. 0. R., 1963, Low-flow frequency curves for selected long-term stream-gaging stations in Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1669-G, p. G1-G30. 

Harris, E. E., and Rantz, S. E., 1964, Effect of urban growth 

on streamflow regimen of Permanente Creek, Santa Clara 

County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1591-B, p. B1-B18. 

Horton, R. E., 1906, Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 150, 

189 p. 

___ 1907, Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 200, 195 p. 

Hoyt, W. G., 1913, The effects of ice on streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 337, 77 p. 

Hoyt, W. G. and others, 1936, Studies of relations of rainfall 

and runoff in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 772, 301 p. 

Hughes, G. H., 1967, Analysis of techniques used to measure 

evaporation from Salton Sea, California: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 272-H, p. H151-H176. 

Hulsing, Harry, and Kallio, N. A., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 14, Pacific 

slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1689, 320 p. 

Jarvis, C. S. and others, 1936, Floods in the United States, 

magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 771, 497 p. 

Kennedy, V. C., 1965, Mineralogy and cation-exchange capacity of sediments from selected streams: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 443-D, p. Dl-D28. 

Kennon, F. W., and Peterson, H. V., 1960, Hydrology of Cornfield Wash, Sandoval County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-B, p. B45-B103. 

Kilpatrick, ·F. A., and Barnes, H. H., Jr., 1964, Channel geometry of Piedmont streams as related .to frequency of 

floods: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-E, 

p. E1-E10. 

Kindsvater, C. E., 1964, Discharge characteristics of embankment-shaped weirs: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1617-A, p. A1-A114. 

Kindsvater, C. E., Carter, R. W., and Tracy, H. J.,·1953, Computation of peak discharge at contractions: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 284, 35 p. 

Kirby, W. H., 1969, On the random occurrence of major 

floods: Water Resources Research, v. 5, no. 4, p. 778-784. 

Koberg, G. E., 1964, Methods to compute long-wave radiation from the atmosphere and reflected solar radiation 

from a water surface: U.S. Geological Professional Paper 

272-F, p. F107-F136. 

Lai, C., 1965, Flows of homogeneous density in tidal reaches, 

solution by implicit method: U.S. Geological Survey 

open-file report, 38 p. 

Langbein, W. B., 1940, Some channel storage and unit hydro9 

graph studies: Transactions of American Geophysical 

Union, v. 21, p. 620-627. 

__ 1944, Peak discharge from daily records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Bulletin, p. 145. 

__ 1949, Annual floods and the partial duration flood 

series: Transactions of American Geophysical Union, v. 

30, p. 879-881. 

__ 1958, Queuing theory and water storage: American 

Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 84, no. HY5, 24 p. 

__ 1959, Water yield and reservoir storage in the United 

States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 409, 5 p. 

Langbein, W. B., and Durum W. H., 1967, The aeration capacity of streams: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 542, 6 p. 

Langbein, W. B., Hains, C. H., and Culler, R. C., 1951, Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 110, 18 p. 

Langbein, W. B., and Leopold, L. B., 1966, River meanders -

theory of minimum variance: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 422-H, p. H1-H15. 

__ 1968, River channel bars and dunes - theory of kinematic waves: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

422-L, p. L1-L20. 

Langbein, W. B., and others, 194 7, Topographic characteristics of drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 968-C, p. C125-C157. 

Leopold, L. B., 1958, Water and the conservation movement: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 402, 12 p. 

__ 1959, Probability analysis applied to a watersupply problem: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 410, 

18 p. 

-___ 1960a, Conservation and protection: U.S. Geological 

Survey Circular 414-A, p. A1-A5. 

__ 1960b, The challenge of water management: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-B, p. B7-B13. 

___ 1960c, The conservation attitude: U.S. Geological 

Survey Circular 414-C, p. C15-C19. 

___ 1960d, Ecological systems and the water resources: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-D, p. D21-D26. 

___ 1962, A national network of hydrologic bench marks: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 460-B, B1-B4. 

___ 1968, Hydrology for urban land planning - a guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 554, 18 p. 

Leopold, L. B., Bagnold, R. A., Wolman, M.G., and Brush, 

L. M. Jr., 1960, Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular 

channels: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

282-D, D111-D134. 

Leopold, L. B., Emmett, W. W., and Myrick, R. M., 1966, 

Channel and hillslope processes in a semiarid area, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

352-G, p. G193-G253. 

Leopold, L. B., and Langbein, W. B., 1962, The concept of 

entropy in landscape evolution: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 500-A, p. A1-A20. 

Leopold, L. B., and Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1953, The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252, 57 p. 

Leopold, L. B., and Miller J. P., 1956, Ephemeral streamshydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net: 
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-A, p. 

A1-A37. 

Leopold, L. B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 282-B, p. B39-B85. 

Love, S. K., and Benedict, P. C., 1948, Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho, 

1939-40: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1048, 150 p. 

Matalas, N. C., 1963, Probability distribution of low flows: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 434-A, p.· 

A1-A27. 

___ 1967, Mathematical assessment of synthetic hydrology: Water Resources Research, v. 3., no. 4, p. 937-945. 

___ 1968, Optimum gaging-station location: IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Water and Air Resource 

Management, Yorktown Heights, New York, Proceedings, p. 85-94. 

Matalas, N. C., and Gilroy, E. J., 1968, Some comments on 

regionalization in hydrologic studies: Water Resources 

Research, v. 4, no. 6, p. 1361-1370. 

Matalas, N. C., and Jacobs, Barbara, 1964, A correlation procedure for augmenting hydrologic data: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 434-E, p. E1-E7. 

Matthai, H. F., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States-Part 6-B, Missouri River basin below 

Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1680, 491 p. 

Mitchell, W. D., 1962, Effect of reservoir storage on peak 

flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1580-C, p. C1-C25. 

Meier, M. F., 1969, Glaciers and water supply: Journal of 

American WaterWorks Association, v. 61, no. 1, p. 8-12. 

Moore, A. M., 1967, Correlation and analysis of water-temperature data for Oregon streams: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1819-K, K1-K53. 

Nace, R. L., 1960, Water management, agriculture, and 

ground-water supplies: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

415, 12 p. 

Nordin, C. F., Jr., 1963, A preliminary study of sediment 

transport parameters, Rio Puerco near Bernardo, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

462-C, p. C1-C21. 

Nordin, C. F., Jr., and Beverage, J.P., 1965, Sediment transport in the Rio Grande, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 462-F, p. F1-F35. 

Patterson, J. L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States-Part 7, Lower Mississippi River 

basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 

636 p. 

___ 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States-Part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 506 p. 

__ 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States-Paul 6-A, Missouri River basin above 

Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1679, 471 p. 

Patterson, J. L., and Gamble, C. R., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 5, Hudson 

Bay and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1678, 546 p. 

10 

Patterson, J. L., and Somers, W. P ., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 9, Colorado 

River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1683, 475 p. 

Peterson, H. V., 1962, Hydrology of small watersheds in 

western States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1475-1, p. 1217-1356. 

Peterson, D. H., and Carlson, P. R., 1968, Influence of runoff on seasonal changes in salinity in San Francisco Bay, 

California: Transactions of American Geophysical Union, 

v. 49, p. 704. 

Pickering, R. J., 1969, Distribution of radio-nuclides in bottom sediment of the Clinch River, eastern Tennessee: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 443-H, p. 

H1-H25. 

Pickering, R. J., Carrigan, P. H., Jr., Parker, F. L., 1965, The 

Clinch River study- an investigation of the fate of radionuclides, released to a surface stream: U.S. Geological 

Survey Circular 497, 12 p. 

Rafter, G. W., 1903, The relation of rainfall to runoff: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 80, 104 p. 

Rantz, S. E., 1963, An empirical method of determining 

momentary discharge of tide-affected streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1586-D, p. D1-D28. 

Reid, J. K. Carroon, L. E., and Pyper, G. E., 1968, Extensions of streamflow records in Utah: Utah State 

Department of Natural Resources, Technical 

Publication 20, 35 p. 

Riggs, H. C., 1965, Estimating probability distributions of 

drought flows: Water and Sewage Works, v. 112, no. 

5, p. 153-157. 

Riggs, H. C., and Hardison, C. H., 1973, Storage analyses for 

water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, Chap. B2, 

20 p. 

Sayre, W. W., and Chang, F. M., 1968, A laboratory investigation of open-channel dispersion processes for dissolved, suspended, and floating dispersants: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 433-E, 

E1-E71. 

Sayre, W. W. Guy, H. P., and Chamberlain, A. B., 1963, Uptake and transport of radionuclides of stream sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

433-A, p. A1-A35. 

Scheidegger, A. E., and Langbein, W. B., 1966, Probability 

concepts in geomorphology: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 500-C, p. C1-C14. 

Schumm, S. A., 1960, The shape of alluvial channels in relation to sediment type: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 352-B, p. B17-B30. 

___ 1963, A tentative classification of alluvial river channels: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 477, 10 p. 

Searcy, J. K., and Davis, L. C., Jr., 1961, Time of travel of 

water in the Potomac River, Cumberland to Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 438, 12 p. 

Simons, D. B., and Albertson, M. L., 1961. Flume studies 

using medium sand (0.45 mm): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1498-A, p. A1-A76. 

Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V., 1966, Resistance to 

flow in alluvial channels: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-J, p. J1-J61. 
Simons, D. B., Richardson, E. V., and Nordin, C. F., Jr., 1965, 

Bedload equation for ripples and dunes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 462-H, p. H1-H9. 

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 2-A 

South Atlantic slope basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1673, 329 p. 

__ 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United Statese-Part 3-A, Ohio River basin except 

Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p. 

Steele, T. D., 1968, Digital-computer applications in chemical-quality studies of surface water in a small watershed: International Association of Scientific Hydrologic Publications, v. 1, no. 80, p. 203-214. 

Tice, R. H., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States-Part 1-B, North Atlantic slope basins, 

New York to York River: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1672, 585 p. 

Tracy, H. J., 1957, Discharge characteristics of broadcrested weirs: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 397, 

15 p. 

Tracy, H. J., and Lester, C. M., 1961, Resistance coefficients 

and velocity distribution, smooth rectangular channel: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1592-A, p. 

A1-A18. 

Troxell, H. C., and others, 1954, Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, California: 

U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 

1, 13 pls. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Water-loss investigations: 

Lake Hefner studies, technical report: U.S. Geological 

Professional Paper 269, 158 p. 

___ 1060a. A. General introduction and hydrologic definitions; B. Double-mass curves and fitting curves to cyclic 

data; C. Graphical correlation of gaging-station records: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-A, -B, 

-C, 100 p. 

__ 1060b, A. Flood-frequency analysis; B. Storage and 

flood routing: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1543-A, -B, 104 p. 

Vice, R. B., Guy, H. P., and Ferguson, G. E., 1969, Sediment 

movement in an area of suburban highway construction, 

Scott Run basin, Fairfax County, Virginia 1961-1964: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-E, p. 

E1-E41. 

Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States-Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p. 

Williams, G. P., 1967, Flume experiments on the transport of 

a coarse sand: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

562-B, p. B1-B31. 

Wolman, M. G., 1955, The natural channel of Brandywine 

Creek, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 271, 56 p. 

Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L. M., Jr., 1961, Factors controlling the size and shape of stream channels of coarse noncohesive sands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 282-G, p. G191-G210. 

Yotsukura, N., and Fiering, M. B., 1964, Numerical Solution 

11 

to a dispersion equation: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 90, no. HY5, p. 

83-105. 

Young, L. E., and Cruff, R. W., 1967, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part II, Pacific 

slope basins in California-Volume 1, coastal basins 

south of the Klamath River basin and Central Valley 

drainage from the west: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1685, 272 p. 

RECENTLYPUBL~HEDSELECTED 

REFERENCES 

SPECIALIZED HYDRAULICS 

Collins, D. L., 1976, Discharge computations at river controlstructures: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal 

of Hydraulics Division, Proceedings, v. 102, no. HY7, p. 

845-863. 

Collins, D. L., and Wires, H. 0., 1975, Automated gaging of 

streamflow at regulating control structures: International seminar on Modern Development in Hydrometry, Padova, Italy, September 8-13, 1975. 

Eikenberry, S. E., and Davis, L. G., 1976, A technique for 

estimating the time of travel of water in Indiana 

Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-9, 35 p. 

Kilpatrick, F. A., and Cummings, T. R., 1972, A tracer simulation study of potential solute movement in Port Royal 

Sound, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 1586-J, p. J1-J27. 

Martens, L.A., 1974, Time of travel of solutes in Mississippi 

River from Baton Rouge to Point A La Hache, Louisiana: 

Water Resources Technical Report no. 9, State of Louisiana, Department of Public Works, 2 p. 

McQuivey, R. S., and Keefer, T. N., 1976, Convective model 

of longitudinal dispersion: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Proceedings, v. 

102, no. HYlO, p. 1409-1424. 

Nordin, C. F., and Sabol, G. V., 1974, Empirical data on 

longitudinal dispersion in rivers: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations 74-20, 340 p. 

Schneider V. R., Board J. W., Colson, B. E., Lee F. N., and 

Druffel, L.A., 1976, Computations of backwater and discharge at width constructions of heavily-vegetated flood 

plains: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-129,64 p. 

Schneider, V. R., and Druffel, L. A., 1975, Estimating Discharge and stage at width constructions in wide heavilyvegetated flood plains: International Seminar on Modern 

Development in Hydrometry, Padova, Italy, September 

8-13, 1975. 

Smoot, G. F., Davidian, J., and Billings, R. H., 1974, Urban 

storm rainfall runoff-quality instrumentation: 

International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 

publication 112, p. 44-47. 

Weiss, L.A., 1971, Dispersion computation and temperature 

for the Connecticut River estuary by mathematical 

model: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 750-B, 

p. 211-217. 

Yotsukura, N ., and Cobb, E. D., 1972, Transverse diffusion of 
solutes in natural streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 582-C, Cl-C23. 

Yotsukura, N., and Kilpatrick, F. A., 1973, Tracer simulation 

of soluble waste concentration: American Society of Civil 

Engineers, Journal of the Environmental Engineers Division, Proceedings, v. 99, no. EE4, P. 449-515. 

Yotsukura, N., and Sayre, W. W., 1976, Transverse mixing in 

natural channels: Water Resources Research, v. 12, no. 4, 

p. 695-704. 

FLOW ROUTING 

Baltzer, R. A., 1972, Mathematical simulation of the flow 

dynamics and constituent transport in Port Royal 

Sound, South Carolina: Water Resources Commission, 

Columbia, South Carolina, Interim Report. 

Bennett, J. P., 1975, General model to simulate flow in 

branched estuaries: American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Symposium on Modeling Techniques, v. 1, p. 643-662. 

___ 1977, Calibration of branched estuary models: American Society of Civil Engineers, 15th Annual Coastal 

Engineer Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, Proceedings, 

20 p. 

Chen, C. L., and Druffel, L.A., 1977, Dam-break wave computation by method of characteristics and linearized implicit schemes: Dam-Break Flood Routing Model Workshop, Hydrology Committee, U.S. Water Resources 

Council, Washington, D.C., October 18-20, 1977, Proceedings, p. 312-345. 

Cheng, R. T., 1977, Transient three-dimensional circulation of 

lakes: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of 

Engineering Mechanics Division, v. 103, no. EM1, p. 

17-34. 

Cooley, R. L., and Syed Afaq Moui, 1976, Finite element solution of Saint-Venant equations: American Society of Civil 

Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 102, no. 

HY6, p. 759-775. 

Glass, W. R., Keefer, T. N., and Rankl, J. G., 1976, Hydrologic 

effects of hypothetical earthquake-caused floods below 

Jackson Lake, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water Resources Investigations 76-77, 32 p. 

Gray, William G., 1976, An efficient finite element scheme for 

two-dimensional surface-water computation: International Conference on Finite Elements in Water Resources, Princeton University, Proceedings, 10 p. 

Holley, E. R., and Waddell, K. M., 1976, Stratified flow 

in Great Salt Lake culvert: American Society of Civil 

Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 102, no. 

HY7, p. 969-985. 

Jennings, M. E., and Keefer, T. N., 1977, Routing of storm 

water flows through storm drains: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 3, p. 301-305. 

Keefer, T. N., 1974, Desktop computer flow routing: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics 

Division, no. HY7, p. 1047-1058. 

Keefer, T. N., and McQuivey, R. S., 1974, Multiple Linearization flow routing model: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 100, no. HY7, 

p. 1031-1046. 

___ 1976, Two dam break routing models: Symposium on 

12 

Inland Waterways for Navigation: Flood Control and 

Water Diversions, Rivers '76, Colorado State University, 

August 10-12, 1976, Proceedings. 

Lai, C., 1976, Some computational aspects of one-and-twodimensional unsteady flow simulation by the method of 

characteristics: International Symposium on Unsteady 

Flow in Open Channels, University of Newcastle-UponTyne, England. 

___ 1977, Computer simulation of two-dimensional unsteady flows in estuaries and embayments by method of 

characteristics-basic theory and the formulation of the 

numerical method: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-85, 50 p. 

Lai, C., and Onions, C. A., 1976, Computation of unsteady 

flows in rivers and estuaries by the method of characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 

100 p; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22151 as report PB-253 785. 

Leendertse, J. J ., 1970, A water quality simulation model for 

well-mixed estuaries and coastal seas: principles of computation: v. I, RM-6230-RL, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. 

Liu, S. K., 197 4, Stochastic analysis and control of urban 

estuarine water quality systems, estimation and prediction: v. 1, R-1622-NYC, The Rand Corporation, Santa 

Monica, California. 

Liu, S. K., and Nelson, A. B., 1977, A Three-dimensional 

model for estuaries and coastal seas, turbulent energy 

program: v. V, R-2188-0WRT, The Rand Corporation, 

Santa Monica, California. 

Lutz, G. A., Hubbell, D. W., and Stevens, H. H., Jr., 1975, 

Discharge and flow distribution, Columbia River estuary: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 433-P, 31 p. 

Sauer, V. B., 1973, Unit-response method of open-channel 

flow routing: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Proceedings, v. 99, no. HYl, 

Paper 9499, p. 179-193. 

Schaffranek, R. W., and Baltzer, R. A., 1975, Compiling bathymetry for flow simulation models: Modeling 75, Symposium on Modeling Techniques, v. II, American Society 

of Civil Engineers, San Francisco, California. 

Smith, L. H., and Cheng, R. T., 1976, A galerkin-finite element solution of the one-dimensional unsteady flow problem using a cubic hermite polynomial basis function: 15th 

International Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Honolulu, Hawaii, Proceedings. 

Thompson, T. H., 1972, Reservoir bank storage: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution; available only from 

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report 

PB-214 416, 85 p. 

___ 197 4, Computer model for determining bank storage 

at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 833, 16 p. 

Waddell, K. M., and Fields, F. K., 1976, Model for evaluating 

the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great 

Salt Lake, Utah: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water Resources Bulletin 21, 60 p. 
SEDIMENTATION 

Bennett, J. P., 1974, Concepts of mathematical modeling of 

sediment yield: Water Resources Research, v.lO, no. 3, p. 

485-492. 

Emmett, W. W., and Seitz, H. R., 1973, Suspended and bedload sediment transport in the Snake and Clearwater 

Rivers in the vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho- March 1972 

through June 1973: U.S. Geological Survey open-file 

report, 78 p. · 

Frickel, D. G., Shown, L. M., and Patton, P. C., 1975, An 

evaluation of hillslope and channel erosion related to oilshale development in the Piceance basin, northwestern 

Colorado: Colorado Water Resources Circular 30, 37 p. 

Guy, H. P., 1976, Diminution ratios for planning construction 

area sediment controls: National Symposium on Urban 

Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Sediment Control, University of Kentucky, Proceedings, UKY BU111, 386 p. 

Jennings, M. E., and Land, L. F., 1977, Simulation studies of 

flow and sediment transport using a mathematical 

model, Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-14, 65 p. 

Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1976, Equations for resistance to flow 

and sediment transport in alluvial channels: Water 

Resources Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 11-21. 

Nordin, C. {, 1971, Sediment transport - bedload: General 

report, International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics, University of Pittsburgh, Proceedings, Part 4, p. 

472-488. 

Nordin, C. F., and McQuivey, R. S., 1971, Suspended load: 

River Mechanics Institute, Colorado State University, 

Proceedings, chap. 12, v. 1, 31 p. 

Nordin, C. F., and Rathbun, R. E., 1971, Field studies of sediment movement using fluorescent tracers: International 

Symposium on Hydrometry, Koblenz, Germany, p. 

380-393. 

Nordin, C. F., and Rundquist, L.A., 1973, Flume studies with 

fine and coarse sand, a preliminary analysis: Symposium 

on River Mechanics, Asian Institute of Technology, 

Bangkok, Thailand, v. 1, p. 501-512. 

Pluhowski, E. J., 1976, Remote sensing of turbidity plumes 

in Lakes Ontario: American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Journal of Transportation Engineering Division, v. 102, 

no. TE3, p. 4 7 5-488. 

Rathbun, R. E., and Kennedy, V. C., 1976, Transport and dispersion of fluorescent tracer particles for the dune-bed 

condition, Atrisco feeder canal near Bernalillo, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-218, 

368p. 

Rathbun, R. E., and Kennedy, V. C., and Culbertson, J. K., 

1971, Transport and dispersion of fluorescent tracer particles for the flat-bed condition, Rio Grande conveyance 

channel, near Bernardo, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 562-I, 56 p. 

WATER QUALITY 

Adams, D. B., 1975, Predicted and observed temperature and 

water quality changes of lakes and reservoirs: Symposium on International Association of Hydrological Science, Tokyo Japan, Publication no. 117, p. 873-882. 

13 

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Jennings, M. E., 1977, Urban stormwater investigations in progress by the U.S. Geological 

Survey: Symposium on Water Quality Surveys, Metro• 

politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, April 

20-21, 1977, 8 p. 

Bauer, D.P., and Bennett, J.P., 1976, Unsteady state waterquality model: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 110 p.; available only from U.S. Department of 

Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-256 336. 

Bauer, D. P., and Jennings, M. E., 1975, Steady-state segmented dissolved-oxygen model: U.S. Geological Survey 

Computer Contribution, 104 p.; available only from U.S. 

Department ofCommerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report 

PB-241 779. 

Bauer, D.P., MacKenroth, E., 1974, One dimensional stream 

excess temperature analysis: U.S. Geological Survey 

Computer Contribution, 31 p.; available only from U.S. 

Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Virginia 22151 as report PB-238 965. 

Bauer, D. P., and Yotsukura, N., 1974, Two-dimensional excess temperature model for a thermally loaded stream: 

U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, p. 

118-126; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-238 126. 

Bennett, J. P., 1974, Concepts of mathematical modeling of 

sediment yield: Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 

485-492. 

Brown, D. W., 1976, The absorption of lead from solution on 

streambed sediment: MS thesis, Chemistry Department, 

California State University, Hayward, California, 102 p. 

Cherry, R. N., Faye, R. E., Stamer, J. K., Kleckner, R. L., 

1978, Interim report on the intensive river-quality assessment of the upper Chattahoochee River Basin, Georgia: 

Special Symposium on River-Quality Assessments, 

American Water Resources Association, Tucson, Arizona, November 2-3, 1977, Proceedings, 36 p. 

Conomos, T. J., and Peterson, D. H., 1975, Longitudinal distribution of selected micronutrients in northern San 

Francisco Bay during 1972: in Brown, R. L., ed., Workshop in algae nutrient relationships in the San Francisco 

Bay and Delta, The San Francisco Bay and Estuarine 

Association, November 1973, Proceedings, p. 103-126. 

Haushild, W. L., and Prych, E. A., 1976, Modeling coilform 

bacteria and pH of the Duwamish River estuary, King 

County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 76-415, 43 p. 

Hem, J. D., and Steele, T. D., 1974, Water quality in U.S. 

Quadrennial Report to IUGG: Review of Geophysics and 

Space Physics, v. 13, p. 461-468. 

Hines, W. G., McKenzie, S. W., Richert, D. A., and Rinella, 

F. A., 1977, Dissolved-oxygen regimen of the Willamette 

R4ver, Oregon, under conditions of basin-wide secondary 

treatment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 715-1, 52 p. 

Jackman, A. P., and Y otsukura, N ., 1977, Thermal loading of 

natural streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 991, 100 p. 

Jenne, E. A., and Avotins, Peter, 1975, The time stability of 
dissolved mercury in water samples-!. Literature review: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 4, no. 4, p. 

425-430. 

Jennings, M. E., and Bauer, D.P., 1976, Determination of biochemical-oxygen-demand parameters: U.S. Geological 

Survey Computer Contributions, 55 p.; available only 

from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical 

Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as 

report PB-253 739. 

Jennings, M. E., and Bryant, C. T., 1974, Water quality modeling for waste-load allocation studies in ArkansasStream dissolved oxygen and conservative minerals: U.S. 

Geological Survey open-file report, 18 p. 

Jennings, M. E., and Doyle, W. H., Jr., 1978, Deterministic 

modeling of urban storm-water processes, Broward County, Florida: International Symposium on Urban StormWater Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 

Kentucky, July 24-27, 1978, Proceedings 10 p. 

Jobson, H. E., 1973, The dissipation of excess heat from 

water systems: American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Journal of Power Division, v. 99, no. P03, p. 89-103. 

___ 1977, Thermal model for evaporation from open channels: 17th Congress, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Baden Baden, Germany, August 

14-19, 1977, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 95-102. 

Jobson, H. E., and Keefer, T. N., 1978, Thermal modeling of 

highly transient flows in the Chattahoochee River near 

Atlanta, Georgia: Special Symposium on River-Quality 

Assessments, American Water Resources Association, 

Tucson, Arizona, November 2-3, 1977, Proceedings, 31 p. 

Jobson, H. E., and Yotsukura, N., 1972, Mechanics of heat 

transfer in nonstratified open-channel flows, in Environmental impact on rivers (River mechanics Ill): Fort Collins, Colorado, edited and published by H. W. Shen, Chap. 

8. 67 p. 

Jones, B. F., Kennedy, V. C., and Zellweger, G. W., 1974, Comparison of observed and calculated concentrations of dissolved Aland Fe in stream water: Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 4, p. 791-793. 

Kilpatrick, F. A., and Cummings, T. R., 1972, Tracer Simulation of potential solute movement in Port Royal Sound, 

South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1586-J, p. J1-J27. 

Kennedy, V. C., 1971, Silica variation in stream water with 

time and discharge, in Advances in Chemistry, Nonequilibrium Systems in Natural Water Chemistry: American 

Chemical Society, no. 106, p. 94-130. 

Kennedy, V. C., and Malcolm, R. L., 1978, Geochemistry of 

the Mattole River of northern California: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 78-205, 416 p. 

Leland, H. V., 1976, An overview of heavy metals in surface 

waters: 2nd National Conference on Water Reuse: Published by American Institute of Chemical Engineers and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings, 

15 p. 

Luoma, S. N., and Jenne, E. A., 1976, Estimating Bio-availability of sediment-bound trace metals with chemical extractants: in Hemphill, D. D., ed., Trace Substances in 

Environmental Health-X, A symposium, University of 

Missouri, Columbia, p. 343-351. 

14 

McKenzie, S. W., and Miller, T. L., 1976, Basic data on urban 

storm-water quality, Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 76-594, 71 p. 

Mattraw, H. C., and Sherwood, C. B., 1977, Storm-water runoff quality for a residential area, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 

6, p. 823-834. 

Miller, R. A., Mattraw, H. C., Jr., and Jennings, M. E., 1978, 

Statistical modeling of, urban storm-water processes, 

Broward County, Florida: International Symposium on 

Urban Storm-Water Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, July 24-27, 1978. 

Peterson, D. H., McCulloch, D. S., Conomos, T. J., and Carlson, P. R., 1971, Distribution of lead and copper in surface sediments in San Francisco Bay estuary: U.S. 

Geological Survey open-file map. 

Pluhowski, E. J., 1970, Urbanization and its effect on the 

temperature of the streams on Long Island, New York: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 627-D, p. 

D1-D110. 

Prych, G. A., Haushild, W. L., and Stoner, J.D., 1976, Numerical model of the salt-wedge reach of the Duwamish 

River estuary, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 990, 34 p. 

Rickert, D. A., Hines, W. G., and McKenzie, S. W., 1976, 

Methodology for river-quality assessment with application to the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 715-M, M1-M55. 

Steele, T. D., 1974, Harmonic analysis of stream temperature: 

U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution; available 

only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as 

report PB-239 016, 100 p. 

Stephens, D. W., and Jennings, M. E., 1976, Determination 

of primary productivity and community metabolism in 

streams and lakes using diel oxygen measurements: U.S. 

Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 100 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 

22151 as report PB-256 645. 

Yotsukura, N., Cory, R. L., and Murakami, K., 1972, A tracer 

simulation of waste transport in the Muddy Creek -

Rhode River Estuary, Maryland: Chesapeake Science, v. 

13, no. 2, p. 101-109. 

Yotsukura, N., and Kilpatrick, F. A., 1973, Tracer simulation of soluble waste concentration: American Society of 

Civil Engineers, Journal of Environmental Engineers 

Division, v. 99, no. EE4, p. 499-515. 

Zand, S.M., and Kennedy, V. C., 1976, Solute transport and 

modeling of water quality in a small mountain stream: 

U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 4, no. 2, p. 

233-240. 

SURFACE EXCHANGE 

Bennett, J.P., and Rathbun, R. E., 1971, Reaeration in open 

channel flow: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

737, 75 p. 

Branson, F. A., and Shown, L. M., 1975, Soil-moisture stress 

as related to plant-moisture stress in Big Sagebrush: 

Journal of Range Management, v. 28, no. 3, 10 p. 
Esen, I. 1., and Rathbun, R. E., 1976, A stochastic model for 

predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved 

oxygen deficit in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 913, 58 p. 

Hanson, R. L., and Dawdy, D. R., 1976, Accuracy of evapotranspiration rates determined by the water-budget 

method, Gila River flood plain, southeastern Arizona: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-L, 35 p. 

Jobson, H. E., 1972, Effect of using averaged dataq on the 

computed evaporation: U.S. Geological Survey Water 

Resources Research, v. 8, no. 2, p. 513-518. 

___ 1973, Evaluation of turbulent transfer laws used in 

computing evaporation rates: U.S. Geological Survey 

open-file report, 169 p. 

Jobson, H. E., and Yotsukura, N., 1972, Mechanics of heat 

transfer in nonstratified open-channel flows, in Environmental impact on rivers (River mechanics III): Fort Collins, Colorado, edited and published by H. W. Shen, Chap. 

8, 67 p. 

Rathbun, R. E., Shultz, D. J .. and Stephens, D. W., 1975, Preliminary experiments with a modified tracer technique 

for reaeration coefficient measurements: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 75-256, 36 p. 

Rathbun, R. E., Shultz, D. J., Stephens, D. W., and Tai, D. Y., 

1977, Experimental modeling of the oxygen absorption 

characteristics of streams and rivers: International Association for Hydraulic Research, Baden-Baden, Germany, 

August 14-19, 1977, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 483-490. 

Sturrock, A. M., 1977, Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, Calfornia: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 77-74, 42 p. 

Van Hylckama, T. E. A., 1975, Water use by salt cedar as 

measured by the water budget method: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 491-E, p. 1-30. 

Yotsukura, N., Jackman, A. P., and Faust, C. R., 1973, The 

approximation of heat exchange at air-water interface: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research 1.9, 

no. 1, p. 118-128. 

COUPLED STREAM-AQUIFER SYSTEM 

Durbin T. J., 1974, Hydrologic analysis of the Mojave River, 

California using a mathematical model: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water Resources Invesitgations 17-74, 50 p. 

Land, L. F., 1977, Stream-aquifer interaction model: U.S. 

Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 117 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 

22151 as report PB-271 535. 

Luckey, R. R., and Livingston, R. K., 1975, Reservoir release 

routing model for the upper Arkansas River basin of 

Colorado: Colorado Water Conservation Board, Water 

Resources Circular 27, 44 p. 

Moench, A. F., Sauer, V. B., and Jennings, M. E., 1974, Modification of routed streamflow by channel loss and base 

flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research, 

v. 10, no. 5,p. 963-968. 

Pinder, G. F., and Sauer, S. P., 1971, Numerical simulation of 

flood wave modification due to bank storage effects: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 1, 

p. 63-70. 

15 

PHYSICAL HYDROLOGY 

Armbruster, J. T., 1977, Flow routingin the Susquehanna 

River basin: Part I - Effects of Raystown lake on the 

low-flow frequency characteristics of the Juniata and 

lower Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-12, 35 p. 

Boning, C. W., 1974, User's guide for a USGS rainfall-runoff 

model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-33, 

17 sections. 

Burns, A. W., and James, I. C., II, 1972, Computer simulation 

model of the Ipswich River basin: Massachusetts Division of Water Resources, 65 p. 

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1973, Calibration of U.S. Geological Survey rainfall/runoff model for peak flow synthesis-natural basins: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 109 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-226 217. 

Dawdy, D. R., Lichty, R. W., and Bergman, J. M., 1972, A 

rainfall-runoff simulation model for estimation of flood 

peaks for small drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 506-B, 28 p. 

Durbin, T. J ., 197 4, Digital simulation of the effects of urbanization on runoff in the upper Santa Anna Valley: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 

41-73, 44 p. 

Hauth, L. D., 1974, Model synthesis in frequency analysis of 

Missouri floods: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 708, 

16 p. 

Hollyday, E. F., 1976, Improving estimates of streamflow 

characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper929,p. 136-13& 

Jeffcoat, H. H., Jennings, M. E., Collins, 0. L., and Shearman, J. 0., 1976, Lakes Marion- Moultrie stream-system investigatio~: Part II - Simulation studies: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

76-11, 26 p. 

Krug, W. R., 1976, Simulation of streamflow of Flambeau 

River at Fork Falls, Wisconsin to define low-flow characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-116, 14 p. 

Lee, K. W., Kapple, G. W., and Dawdy, D. R., 1975, Rainfallrunoff relation for Redwood Creek above Quick, California: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 14 p. 

Sauer, V. B., 1970, Rainfall-runoff-hydrograph relations for 

northern Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Public 

Works, Technical Report no. 3, 33 p. 

Shearman, James 0., 1976, Computer applications for stepbackwater and floodway analyses, computer program 

E 431 user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 76-499, 103 p. 

Shearman, J. 0., and Swisshelm, R. V., Jr., 1973, Derivation 

of homogeneous streamflow records in the upper Kentucky River basin, southeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 34 p. 

Wibben, H. C., 1976, Application of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model to improve floodfrequency estimates on small Tennessee streams: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 

76-120, 50 p. 
STATISTICAL HYDROLOGY 

Anderson, D. G., 1970, Effects of urban development on 

floods in northern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2001-C, Cl-C22. 

Armbruster, J. T., 1976, Technical manual for estimating lowflow frequency characteristics of streams in the Susquehanna River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-51, 65 p. 

Blakey, J. F., Hawkinson, R. 0., and Steele, T. D., 1972, An 

evaluation of water-quality records for Texas streams: 

U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 54 p. 

Burkham, D. E., and Dawdy, D. R., 1970, Error analysis of 

streamflow data for an alluvial stream, Gila River phreatophyte project: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 655-C, Cl-Cl3. 

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1971, A flood-frequency relation based 

on regional record maxima: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 434-F, P. Fl-F22. 

Close, E. R., Beard, L. R., and Dawdy, D. R., 1970, Objective 

determination of safety factor in reservoir design: 

American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, v. 96, 

no. HY5, p. 1167-1177. 

Dempster, G. R., Jr., 1974, Effects of urbanization on floods 

in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations 60-73, 51 p. 

Flippo, H. N., Jr., 1976, Floods in Pennsylvania: A manual for 

estimation of their magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-391, 113 p. 

Golden, H. G., 1977, Preliminary flood-frequency relations 

for urban streams, metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

77-57, 15 p. 

Hardison, C. H., and Moss, M. E., 1972, Accuracy of low-flow 

characteristics estimated by correlation of base-flow 

measurements, manual of hydrology, Part 2, low-flow 

techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1542-B, p. Bl-B55. 

Hedman, E. R., and Kastner, W. M., 1974, Progress on 

streamflow characteristics as related to channel 

geometry of streams in the Missouri River basin: U.S. 

Geological Survey open-file report, 35 p. 

Jennings, M. E., and Mattraw, H. C., 1976, Comparison of 

the predictive accuracy of models of urban flow and 

water-quality processes: National Symposium on Urban 

Hydrology, Hysraulics, and Sediment Control, Lexington, Kentucky, July 26-29, 1976, 8 p. 

Johnson, S. L., and Sayre, D. M., 1973, Effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations, 

54 p. 

Kirby, W., 1973, Flood estimation in the presence of outliers, 

in International Association for Statistics in the Physical 

Sciences: Symposium on Statistical Hydrology, Tucson, 

Arizona, Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Miscellaneous Publication 1275, 33 p. 

Mejia, J. M. Dawdy, D. R., and Nordin, C. F., 1974, Streamflow simulation, 3, the broken line process and operational hydrology: Water Resources Research, V. 10, no. 21, p. 

242-245. 

Riggs, H. C., 1972, Low-flow investigations: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, 

book 4, chap. Bl, 18 p. 

___ 1973, Regional analysis of streamflow characteristics: 

U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 4, chap. B3, 15 PRiggs, H. C., and Hardison, C. H., 1973, Storage analysis 

for water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chap. B2, 20 p. 

Riggs, H. C., and Harenberg, W. A., 1976, Flood characteristics of streams in Owyhee County, Idaho: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-88, 14 p. 

Sauer, V. B., 197 4, An approach to estimating flood frequency for urban areas in Oklahoma: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations 23-74, 10 p. 

Schroeder, E. E., 1974, Estimating the magnitude of peak 

discharges for selected flood frequencies on small 

streams in east Texas: U.S. Geological Survey, open-file 

report, 25 p. 

Scott, A. G., and Kunkler, J. L., 1976, Flood discharges of 

streams in New Mexico as related to channel geometry: 

16 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-414, 29 p. 

Steele, T. D., 1972, The SYSLAB System for data analysis of 

historical water-quality records (basic programs): U.S. 

Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 150 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 

22151 as report PB-222 777. 

-~-1973, Simulation of major inorganic chemical concentrations and loads in streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey 

Computer Contribution, 150 p.; available only from U.S. 

Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22151 as report 

PB-222 556. 

Steele, T. D., Gilroy, E. J., and Hawkinson, R. 0., 1974, An 

assessment of areal and temporal variations in streamflow quality using selected data from the National Steam 

Quality Accounting Network: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 74-217, 89 p. 

Steele, T. D., and Matalas, N. C., 1974, Principal-component 

analysis of streamflow chemical-quality data: 

International Association for Scientific Hydrology, Symposium on Mathematical Models in Hydrology, Warsaw, 

Poland, July 1971, Proceedings, publication no. 100, p. 

355-363. 

Thomas, D. M., and Benson, M. A., 1970, Generalization of 

streamflow from drainage-basin characteristics: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 197 5, 55 p. 

Thomas, W. 0., Jr., and Corley, R. K., 1977, Techniques for 

estimating flood discharges for Oklahoma streams: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

77-54. 170 p. 

Todorovic, P., and Dawdy, D. R., 1971, Stochastic point rainfall simulation: Mathematical Models in Hydrology International Symposium, Warsaw, Poland, v. 1, p. · 

359-373. 

MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 

Attanasai, E. D., 1973, Systems analysis in water resource 

planning in the USA: Symposium on Computer Uses in 

Water Systems, Reading, England, September 1973, Pro-
ceedings, p. 105-127. 

Attanasi, E. D., Close, E. R., and Lopez, M.A., 1975, Techniques for water demand analysis and forecasting: Puerto 

Rico, a case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 75-94, 95 p. 

Bauer, D.P., Steele, T. D., and Anderson, R. D., 1978, Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa 

River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77-119, 69 p. 

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1975, Optimizing a 

gaging network: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations 30-75, 25 p. 

Hawkinson, R. 0., Ficke, J. F., and Saindon, L. G., 1977, Quality of rivers of the United States, 197 4 water year-based 

on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network 

(NASQAN): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

77-151, 158 p. 

James, I. C., II, 1973, Data requirements for the optimization 

of reservoir design and operating rule determinations: 

Symposium on Design of Water Resources Projects with 

Inadequate Data, Madrid, Spain, 1973, Proceedings, v. 1, 

p. 211-224. 

Moody, D. W., 1973, Application of multi-regional planning 

models to the scheduling of large-scale water resources 

systems development: International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Control of Water Resources 

Systems, Haifa, Israel. 

Moss, M. E., 1976, Design of surface-water data networks for 

regional information: International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Bulletin, XXI, p. 113-127. 

Moss, M. E., and Dawdy, D. R., 1973, The worth of data in 

hydrologic design: Journal of Highway Research, Record 

no. 479, p. 46-51. 

Moss, M. E., and Karlinger, M. R., 1974, Surface-water network design by regression analysis simulation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 

427-422. 

Paulson, R. W., 1976, Use of earth satellites for automation 

of hydrologic data collection: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 756, p. 8-14. 

MISCELLANEOUS HYDROLOGIC STUDIES 

Higer, A. L. Coker, A. E., and Cordes, E. H., 1976, Ecological 

model in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 929, p. 150-152. 

Higer, A. L. Cordes, E. H., and Coker, A. E., 1976, Water 

17 

management model of the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 929, p. 159-161. 

Hodge, S. M., 1976, Direct measurement of basal water pressures: a pilot study: Journal of Glaciology, vol. 16, no. 74, 

p. 205-218. 

Jennings, M. E., and O'Neil, C. P., 1976, Simulation of forest 

changes related to hydrologic variables in the Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations 76-11, 26 p. 

Krimmel, R. M., Tangborn, W. V., and Meier, M. F., 1972, 

Water flow through a temperate glacier: The Role of 

Snow and Ice in Hydrology, Proceedings of the Banff 

Symposium, September 1972, p. 401-416. 

Leaves ley, G. H., 1977, A hydrologic model for predicting the 

impact of energy resource development: International 

Conference on Applied Numerical Modeling, University 

of Southhampton, Southhampton, England, Proceedings, 10 p. 

Lusby, G. C., and Toy, T. J., 1976, An evaluation of surfacemine spoils area restoration in Wyoming using rainfall 

simulation: Earth Surface Processes, v. 1, p. 375-386. 

Meier, M. F., 1975, Application of remote-sensing techniques 

to the study of seasonal snow cover: Journal of Glaciology, vol. 15, no. 73, p. 251-265. 

Meier, M. F., Tangborn, W. V., Mayo, L. R., and Post, Austin, 

1971, Combined ice and water balances of Gulkana and 

Wolverine Glaciers, Alaska and South Cascade Glacier, 

Washngton, 1965 and 1966 hydrologic years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 715-A, 23 p. 

Novitzki, R. P., 1976, Recycling ground water in Wankesher 

County, Wisconsin - resources management for coldwater fish hatcheries: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations 76-20, 60 p. 

Rasmussen, L.A., and Campbell, W. J., 1973, Comparison of 

three contemporary flow laws in a three-dimensional, 

time-dependent glacier model: Journal of Glaciology, v. 

12, no. 66,p. 361-373. 

Rasmussen, L.A., and Tangborn, W. V., 1976, Hydrology of 

North Cascades Region, Washington 1-runoff, precipitation, and storage characteristics: Water Resources Research, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 187-202. 

Tangborn, W. V., and Rasmussen, L.A., 1976, Hydrology of 

the North Cascades region, Washington 2-a proposed 

hydrometeorological streamflow prediction method: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 203-216. 

___ 1977, Application of a hydrometeorological model of 

the south-central Sierra Nevada of California: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 33-48. 

l} U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-689-035/6