LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION 

Curr 

y 

1989 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration · National Environmental, SateiiHe, Data, and Information Service 

National Oceanographic Data Center 
Environmental Impact of Oil Spills in Polar Waters 

May 1989 

The recent oil spill in Alaska (Exxon Valdez, 

March 24, 1989) brought renewed attention to the 

need to know more about the effects of petroleum 

pollution on marine ecosystems. Many studies have 

been done in the past, especially under the aegis 

of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. 

The object of this bibliography is to present an 

overview of materials available on the subject. It 

is not intended to be a comprehensive literature 

review, but rather to be a selective compilation of 

citations retrieved from relevant databases. 

Database (DIALOG) 

1. Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries 

Abstracts (ASFA) File 44 

2. National Technical Information 

Service (NTIS) File 6 

3. Biological Abstracts 

(BIOSIS Previews) File 5 

4. Pollution Abstracts 

File 41 

5. DOE Energy File (EDB) 

File 103 

Yrs. covered 

1978-present 

1980-present 

1980-present 

1975-present 

1983-present 
1. Sources, Fates and Effects of a.-tic ll}dtOCilllxlWI in the llaobm lorlJle ~"lith~ far 

llooitaring stnotegieo. 

Anderson, J. W. ; Neff, J. M. ; Boehm, P. D. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Sequim, WA. Marine Research Lab., 

March 1986. · 

Abstract: Information about polycyclic aranatic hydrocarbons in the Alaskan marine environment is relatively 

sparse. About 300 references were reviewed to create an assessment of the current state of knowledge on sources, 

fates and effects of oil-derived polycyclic arcmatic hydrocarbons in cold marine waters. The objective of the 

report is to critically review what is Jmown about the sources, fates and effects of polyqclic arcaatic 

hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Alaskan marine enviro~nt. The specific areas reviewed are (1) the natural and 

anthropogenic sources of arcmatic hydrocarbons in the Alaskan marine envirorment, (2) the physical, chemical and 

biochemical fates of these ccapounds in mariDe ecosJstems, and (3) the bioaccmnulation and biological effects of 

aranatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms. 

Sponsored by Corvallis EnviroiJDeDtal Research Lab., OR. 

RN: EPA/600/3-86/018. 

liTIS Order Ho.: PB86-168291/X!B. DIALOG liTIS FILE 6 

2. Proclboe crude oil in orcUc - ice, ..tar, and ...u-t --= dogrDt:im ...a iDI:atllc1:i<ml "lith 

"l1crd>1al and larthic ..-mitiea. ~ at: Sppaoiuo 1111 .....,_! Potllltiol of Oilad - Jarthor 

l!l:rrl.ra.mt.8 llallfu (emaa) 10 oct 1!m. 

Atlas, R. M.; Horowitz, A.; Busdosh, M. Dep. Biol., Oniv. Louisville, [Y 40208, USA. Canada. Fish. Res. Board. 

Journal, Vol.35, No. 5, pp. 585-590, 1978. 

Abstract: A variety of in situ orxiels were used to simulate oil spills in different arctic ecosystems. Numbers of 

oil-degrading microorganisns were found to increase after oil contamination. Oil contamination of sediment resulted 

in roortality of indigenous invertebrates. Recolonization of oil-contam:i.Ilated sediments began shortly after oil 

contamination but benthic ccmmmities were significantly different in oil-contaminated sediment cmpared with the 

control, 2 1110nths after oil contamination. Petrolem hydrocarbons were degraded slowly. Ice greatly restricted 

losses of light hydrocarbons. Following initial abiotic losses, biodegradation of oil was limited and did not 

significantly alter the relative percentages of hydrocarbons in the residual oil. The authors concluded that 

petroleum hydrocarbons will remain in arctic ecosystems for prolonged periods after oil contamination. DIALOO ASFA 

file 44 

3. Effects of • - IIOddout and 11!1 oil b1aooat in Bristal Ba} .lluta OSl 1111 rtrbm!ing odult aocb}e .u-m 

<k>corb}nctn>s-lorb. 1 simlniao stud}. 

Bax, N. J. Natl. Marine Fish. Serv., Northwest Alaska Fish. Cent.; Resource Ecology Fish. Management, 7600 Sand 

Point Way NE, Bldg. 4, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. MAR. ENVIRON. RES., Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 177-204, 1987. 

Abstract: The effects of a tanker accide!nt releasing 34000 tons of diesel fuel and a blowout releasing 3000 t/day 

of crude oil ori adult sockeye salm:Jn returning through Bristol Bay, Alaska, were simulated. Parameters in the 

simulation were chosen to maximize possible effects of the oil. Mortalities fran the tanker accident were predicted 

to range frao 2% to 18% of the adults passing through the spill area or 1\ to 5% of the total returning population. 

Fran 3% to 7% of the adults surviving migration through the spill area, or 1% to 2% of the total population, could 

be tainted at or above 0.6 P};XIl of hydrocarbons in the flesh. As many as 30% of the adults returning of ,fishing 

grounds closest to the spill area could be tainted. Effects of the blowout on returning salmon were less severe than those of the tanker accident, with mortalities reaching a maximum of 0.2% of the adults passing through the 

area of the blowout, and no tainting predicted above 0.6 PIXD· DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

4. lataral oil saeps in tbe J.l..ubn ariDe errn.ra::-rt. Final rapart, Becker, P. R.; Manen, c. A. National Ocean 

Service, Anchorage, AK (USA). Ocean Assessments Div., Kay 1988. 

Abstract: This report is a synthesis of information on the marine and coastal oil seeps in Alaska, and on the 

effects of chronic oil pollution on Arctic marine biotic coomunities and ecological processes. Of 29 oil seepage areas reported along the Alaskan coast, 14 have been confirmed as containing actual oil seeps. Large areas of 

coastal seepage have been identified in the central Gulf of Alaska and Arctic regions. When canpared to known 

seepage rates on the California coast, the amount of oil entering the Alaska marine enviroDDEnt fran known coastal 

seeps is probably rather snail. Also, the organic enrichment of the benthic carmunities deoonstrated at California 

seeps might not be as evident at Arctic seeps because of slower rate of oil degradation in the latter. Additional 

hypotheses on the effects of natural seeps on biological camnmities and ecosystems are discussed. 

liTIS Order No.: PB-88-235965/XAB. DIALOO OOE Energy file 103 

5. Prncoedlngo of the lkJLiulbup 1111 Go;mwl Oil Spill J!nc!ellng Held at lilllJJpl Ialm!, Ylzvinia 1111 L- 7-'3, 1979. 

Bishop, J. M. National Oceanic and Atm:>spberic Administration, Washington, DC. Environmental Data and Information 

Service. , February 1980. 

Abstract: A workshop on Government Oil Spill Modeling Activities was convened by the Enviromental Data and 

Information Service (EDIS) of the National Oceanic and Atn:ospberic Administration (NOAA), November 7-9, 1979. The 

meeting was held at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) training facility at Wallops Island, 

VA. The workshop brought together oil spill rodel users and orxielers for the purpose of fostering joint 

cormnmication and increasing understanding of mutual problems. The workshop concentrated on defining user needs, 

presentations on ongoing modeling programs, and discussions of supporting research for these orxieling efforts. 

Specific user recommendations include the development of an oil spill model user library which identifies and 

1 
describes available models. One user concern was the develOJXDent of mdels for the long-term fate and effect of 

spilled oil. 

HTIS Order No.: PBB0-190945. DIALOG HTIS FILE 6 

6. !he BIOS Project-an update. 1983 Ddl Spill Calf11n11011. 

Black:all, P. J.; Sergy, G. A. Environment canada EdiD:Jnton, !lherta. American Petroleum Institute conference on oil spill, February 1983. 

Abstract: The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project, formally begun in March 1980, DOW is entering the ft>Urth and 

final year of the planned field work. The primary objectives of this internationally fUDded project are to: 

determine if the use of chemical dispersants in the artie nearshore will reduce or increase the enviromental 

effects of spilled oil, assess the fate of oil, and ccapare the relative effectiveness of other shoreline 

protection and cleanup techniques. This paper provides an overview of studies sponsored by the BIOS Project during 

the first three field seasons. Highlighted are the E.jor oil releases which involved a toW of 40 cubic meters 

of medi.llll gravity crude oil. In addition, the preliminary results of the pre- and post-spill physical, cheaical, 

and biological studies are presented. The physical program studies predicted the proper tiDe and location for the 

oil releases and m::mi.tored the subsequent physical fate and behavior of the oil. The chemical prog:ram studies 

monitored the pre- and post-spill hydrocarbon levels in the water, sediJEnts, aDd tissue qf selected macrobentbic 

species, and also the envirotm:!nW cbearlstry of the study area. '1'be biological program studies to date have 

characterized the macrobenthic flora and fauna, the microorganisms, and the shorter-term effects of the oil 

releases on the subtidal biota. The potential ramifications of the BIOS Project •s results co future oil spill 

countermeasure strategies are discussed. 

RH: COHF-830275-. DIALOG DOE Eoergy file 103 

7. La>g~ lffacta of Offabara Ddl 8Dd 6118 ~: In 1 t 8Dd a P ch SLratagJ. Filial nprt. 

Boesch, D. F. ; Rabalais, H. N. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortillll, Chauvin., June 1985. 

Abstract: The book includes technical assesS~Dai~ts regarding the environmental implications of Outer Continental 

Shelf oil and gas develo1JD9Dt in thirteen topical areas ranging fran 1 Petrole!D Industry Operations: Present and 

Future 1 to 1 A Review of Study Designs for the Detection of Long-term Envi.roiJDeDtal Effects of Offshore Activities.' 

These technical assessre.nts support an analysis which identifies the following future research needs: Chronic 

effects fran the persistence of medium and high oolecular weight arcmatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclics and their 

degradation products in sediments and cold environments; Residual damage fran oil spills to biogenically strnct.ured 

camnmities such as coastal wetlands, reefs and vegetation beds; Effects of channelization for pipeline routing 

and navigation on wetlands; Effects of fouling by oil of birds, lllallllals, and turtles, especially in species in 

which a large percentage of the population aggregates at certain times; Effects on benthos of dri..lliDg discharges 

accumulated through field devel~t; Effects of produced water discharges generated offshore but discharged into 

nearshore enviroments; Effects of noise and other physical disturbances on populations of birds, maumals and 

turtles; Reduction of fishery stocks due to mortality of eqgs and larvae as a result of oil spills; Effects of 

man-made, usually gravel, islands and causeways in the Arctic on benthos and anadraoous fish species. 

Sponsored by National Marine Pollution Program Office, Rockville, MD. HTIS Order No.: PBB6-104114/XAB. DIALOG NTIS 

FILE 6 

8. Erosion, Deposition, Fanlting, and Instability of 5belf ~· !astern Gulf of .llaska. Seclim 3. !he 

!axw::wy, Bclll.ogy, and Zocqeo;jtdliJ:i of the Dol""""' and Pleis1:<x:ma Oortracaclo Fmma of tho Gulf of .llaska. Fmll 

report, llarcb 1982. 

Brouwers, E. M. ; Kolnia, B. F. National Ocean Service, Anchorage, AK. Ocean AsseSSDeDts Div. Outer Continental 

Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. Final Reports of Principal Investigators. Volume 47, pp. 57-638, November 

1986. 

Abstract: The primary goal of the study bas been to provide pertinent information on the age, environment, and 

sediment transport of continental shelf sediments of the northeast Gulf of Alaska based on the ostraccxie 

assemblages. In addition, these studies provide information tabulating the ostracode species present as. well as 

associated faunal and floral elements. These data on the patterns of distribution and abundance of benthic 

organisms provide a baseline prior to the developDent of oil and gas leases on the continental shelf of Jhe Gulf 

of Alaska. · 

Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. Alaska Outer Ccmtinental Shelf Office. Included: in Outer 

Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. Final Reports of Principal Investigators, v47 p57-638. Nov 86. 

NTIS Order No.: PB87-195012/XAB. DIALOG HTIS FILE 6 

9. ~· properties and analJ8011 in bi.otl.c and abiotic ~- Clark, R. C., Jr.; Brown, D. w. NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries; Center, 

Seattle, WA 98112 USA. In: Effects of petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic marine environments and organis:ns.. Volume 

1: Nature and fate of petroleum, pp. 1-89, 1977. · 

Abstract: Information is provided on the nature of petroleum with specific analyses of its physical characteristics 

and the chemical properties of petrolenm and petrolenm products. Methods of analysis for the detection and 

identification of petroleum hydrocarlxms are set forth and details are given on the hydrocarbons and 

non-hydrocarbons in petroleum and organisms. The level of non-hydrocarbon caaponents in crude petrolenm is 

generally only a few percent, although it can reach as high as 50%. These compounds are of particular interest, 

because many of them are toxic to marine organisms and are relatively soluble in water. The toxic non-hydrocarbon 

COOipounds in pe.trolel.ml include cresols, xylenols, naphthols, carboxylic acids, quinoline and substituted 

quinolines, hydroxybenzoquinolines, and substituted pyridines. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

2 
10. !.ffecta of oil apillJr in arctic ml llllhorctic -· Clark1 R. C.,Jr.; Finley, J. s. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Seattle, 

WA 98112, USA. In: Effects of petrole11ll on arctic and subarctic marine enviromeots and organisms. VoltJDe 2. 

Biological effects 1 pp. 411-476, 1977. 

Abstract: The conclusion that can be drawn fran data on observations of oil spills is that it is very difficult 

to make generalizations about the biological effects of petroleum in the marine envixorment. Each case study adds 

to appreciation of the CCIIIPlexity of the fate and effects of petroleum but frequently raises new and perplexiDg 

questions. Little reliable information is available on the basic ecology and physiology of a1DlSt all of the arctic 

marine species. Lack of reliable data makes it extremely difficult to predict the interaction of oil with arctic 

and subarctic marine ecosystems as D>st existing knowledge was gained for field and laboratory studies of temperate 

and tropical marine enviroJDeDts, DIALOO !SFA file 44 

Clark, 

11. Inpota, R. C., ~ 

Jr.; MacLeod, _...,,_, W. D. Jr. 

ml 

NOAA, 

ciwnad 

National ~of~ Marine Fisheries Service, 

in 

liorwest the---· and Alaska Fisheries Center, 

Seattle, WA 98112, USA. In: Effects of petroletJD on Arctic and Subarctic Erine envi.roaEnts and organi.sDs. Volume 

1: Nature and fate of petroleum, pp. 91-223, 1977. 

Abstract: This chapter provides detailed information on potential petroleiD hydrocarbon inputs fran laDd-based 

discharges, marine operations, offshore production operations, oil seeps, and atmlspberic input spill transport 

and related mecbanisns frCIII spreading, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, agglc:aeratioo and sinking, 

microbial IOOdification, photochemical roodification, biological ingestion and excretion, tar ball formation and 

interaction of ice wi tb petroleum and petrole1.m1 hydrocarbon levels in the marine enviroment such as in organi.sms, 

sediment, seawater, and tar balls. DIALOO ASFA file 44 

12. Cbserloticlls of a colcl-wtsr intertidal ..-ml.ty lifter 5 J8lll'll of a lao-l.a'tal, persi.taut oil op1ll m. the 

GoDerlll !.C. lleigs. Preaeo1:ad at: ~ 011 liecmary Potential of Oilad !ariDo larthm:n ~ llalifax 

( Corlilda > 10 Oct 1m. J. liJih. 11ee. lloard can. Clark, R. C., Jr.; Patten, B. G.; DeNike, E. E. Environ. Conserv. Div., Northwest and Alaska Fish. Cent., Nat. Mar. 

Fish. Serv., Seattle, WA 98112, USA. Canada. Fish. Res. Board. Journal, Vol.35, No. 5, pp. 754-765, 1978 . 

. Abstract: A rich and productive intertidal coomunity was exposed continually for over 5 yr to snall quantities of a Navy Special fuel oil fran the unmanned troopship General M.C. Meigs that came aground on the Washington coast 

in January 1972. Observations of animal and plant populations and their petroleum hydrocarbon uptake patterns 

showed early evidence of contamination and the persistence of the oil spill throughout the study period. Abnormal 

and dead urchins, and loss of algal fronds and pigment were observed in localized areas near the wreck for at least 

1 yr. Within 2 oonths of the accident, paraffinic hydrocarbons had been taken up by praninent members of the 

COIIIPunity and continued to appear in certan species even after 5 yr. Although changes were seen in certain species 

during the early days of this persistent low-level pollution incident, the ccmmmity balance in this rocky, 

intertidal ecosystem does not appear to have been markedly altered. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

13. Port Yal.dez ~ atndios: 1976-1978. 

Colonel!, J. M. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.; J. Environ. Eng. 

Div, Vol. 106 (EE5), pp. 907-917, 1980. 

Abstract: All oily ballast water fran the holds of tankers arriving at the Trans-Alaka Pipeline terminus in Valdez 

is pumped ashore for treatment before being discharged into Port Valdez. A 3-yr multidisciplinary program of 

studies was conducted to m:::mitor the effect, if any, that this discharge would have upon the water quality and· 

biota of Port Valdez. Consisting of 8 separate projects the program: extended substantially the baseline data for 

selected physical, chemical, and biological parameters and developed t~~:mitoring procedures as required to detect 

changes in the Port Valdez marine environment. The conclusion of these studies was that there had been no 

detectable impact during the term of this program on those elements of the environment that bad been mni to red 

prior to and following initiation of the treated ballast water discharge. DIALOG ASFl file 44 

14. mE l!lllXI! !!IIIJS!'(m Of on. BY SU. ICI. 

Colony, R. POLAR SCI. CENTER, UIIIV. WASHINGTON, SEA1'l'LE, IIASHING'l'ON, USA. l!ITER!iATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER 

POLLUTION RESEARCH AND CONTROL CONFERENCE ON ARCTIC WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH: APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE AND 

TECHNOLOGY, YELLOWKNIFE, NORTHWEST. TERRIT., CAN!DA, APR. 28-IIAY 1, 1985. WATER SCI TECHliOL, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 

25-40' 1986 0 

DIALOO BIOSIS Previews File 5 

15. !icrci>ial eco1D!1J atndios of the lletul.a op111 in the strait. of lla!P'llon. 

Colwell, R. R.; Mills, A. L.; Walker, J. D. Univ. of Maryland, Dept. of Microbiology, College Park, KD 20742. 

CAN!DA. FISH. RES. BOARD. JOURNAL, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp, 573-580, May 1978. 

Abstract: Degradation of oil spilled by the Ketula tanker in the Magellan Straits by in situ physicochemical and 

biological mechanisms bas proceeded slowly. Environmental studies conducted 2 yr after the 1974 spill found 

increased populations of heterotrophic and cold tolerant petroleum degrading bacteria at oil-impacted sites and 

marked oil persistence. The site is unique in that it is located in a cold region geographically similar to 

Southern Alaska and the Northeastern United States and never received any clean-up effort. The presence or absence 

3 
of oil residues in sampled sediments related to the amounts of heterotrophic and degradel:- bacteria, not sediment 

texture. Residues were extracted using a benzene-methanol mixture and separated on a alllllina-packed column. 

Symposium on recovery potential of oiled marine northern enviroiJDeDts. Recovery potential of oiled marine northern 

environments: symposium papers. Edited by J. C. Stevenson. DIALOG file 41 

16. Effects of ail~ in tbe ... otter, lllhJdra lutrio. 

Costa, D. P.; Kooyman, G. L. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Physiological" Res. Lab., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 

ENVIROiii!EliTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ALAS WI CON'IDIE!iTAL SHELF. FIIlAL REPORTS OF PRII!CIPAL IHVESTIGATORS. VOLUME 10 - BIOLOGICAL STUDIES, pp. 65-107, 1981. 

Abstract: The objective of the study was to aeasure effects of crude oil contamination on sea otters through 

studies on the changes in the animal's physiology and behavior before and after contact with oil. A second 

objective was to attempt to rehabilitate the otters after crude oil cantaminatioo. The study bas shown that mall 

aroounts of crude oil contamination have large effects on the metabolic rate of sea otters. Light oiling of 

approximately 25% of the animals' pelt surface area resulted ill a 1.4! illcrease ill Etabolic n.te while .iDIDersed 

in water at 15 degree C. Furthermore, when the oil was rearJVed by detergent, the anillal' s .etabolic rate increased 

2.1X while imnersed in water at 15 degree C. Of the three animals studied, two contracted pooiDJ!lia and oDe died. 

studies upon free ranging sea otters have established that under certain condit.ims, sea otters can sustain low 

levels of oil contamination when 20% or less of the body surface is oiled. Rehabilitation of oil-fouled sea otters 

would be very costly requiring holding facilities to keep the animals for at least two weeks. Even if adequate 

facilities were available, the success rate of rehabilitating oil-fouled sea otters is likely to be ratber low. 

RN: NOAA-O!!l'A-FR-81-10. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

1~ 

17. !Jpes of l'ate!rtial Effects of Offabore Oil and Gu ~ "" Iarine ~ and ~ocl Spad.a8 of tbe 

Boring Sell and Arctic Ocolm. -· ,..] paper 110. 9 (l'inol). Cowles, C. J. ; Hansen, D. J. ; Hubbard, J. D. Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, AK. !laska Outer Continental 

Shelf Office., December 1981. 

Abstract: The report sunmarizes information on the types of potential effects on marine l!lalllllals, endangered 

species, and rare plants which may be associated with oil and gas lease sales pending for the northern Bering Sea 

and arctic regions. The discussion does not imply that any specific level of impact will be sustained but rather 

identifies the various potential effects associated with offshore exploration, development, and production of 

petroleum hydrocarbon resources in the Alaska arctic regions. 

RN: BLM-YK-TE-81-006. 

NTIS Order No.: PB83-146142. DIALOO NTIS FILE 6 

18. I!!IEOCIIlBtW I!Jil6EOCHIIIIICAL SE'1'!IJIG OF !IlK IIIPFII ISLIID OIL SPILL &lPWIEII:tAl. SI!ES CIDDA II. lll!lll. 

Cretney, W. J.; Fowler, B. R.; Humphrey, B.; Fiest, D. L.; Boehm, P. D. lBST. OCEAN SCI., PATRICIA BAY, DEP. FISH. 

OCEANS, P.O. BOX 6000, SIDNEY, B.C., CAN. V8L 482. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 66-70, 1987. 

Abstract: A baseline for petroleum residues in the waters of the Cape Hatt region of Baffin Island in arctic Canada 

was obtained in anticipation of controlled oil releases o~ the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. Total 

aliphatic and aranatic residues reflecting multiple sources were found to be in the low to sub .mu.g .cntdot. 1-1 

concentrations range. AJ..k:y lated naphthalenes, pbenanthrenes and dibenzothiopbenes were present in the sub ng 

. cntdot. 1-1 concentrations range. The hydrocarbon baseline for the waters of the BIOS study area was found to 

be as low as might be found anywhere on earth and therefore ideally suited to the BIOS study. DIALOG BIOSIS 

Previews File 5 

19. JIYil!OCIBD I!Jil6EOCHIIIIICAL SE'1'!IJIG OF !IlK IIIPFII ISLIID OIL SPILL DPIBliiBII!IL SI!ES CIDDA I. -· Cretney, W. J.; Green, D. R.; Fowler, B. R.; Hlm!phrey, B.; Fiest, D. L.; Boehm, P. D. D'ST. OCEAN SCI., PATRICIA 

BAY, DEP. FISH. OCEANS, P.O. BOX 6000, SIDNEY, B.C., CAN. V8L 4B2. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 51-65, 1987. 

Abstract: A baseline for petroleum residues in the sediments of the Cape Hatt region of Baffin Island in arctic 

Canada was obtained in aoticipation of controlled oil releases of the Baffin Islaod Oil SPill (BIOS) Project. In 

subtidal sediments, the existiog background of pe.trole11n residues bas an upper limit in the low to sub .mu.g 

.cntdot. g-1 concentration range. Petroleum was one of a variety of sources identified, including plant paraffin waxes and canbustion products. Beach sediment hydrocarbons were quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those 

of subtidal sediments. The hydrocarbon baseline in sediments of the BIOS study area was found to be as low as might 

be found anywhere on earth and therefore ideally suited to the BIOS study. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

20. Oil spill buards and tbe salt _.... of Part Yalclez, llalta, and ridnity. 

Crow, J. H. Rutgers Uoiv., HCAS, Hew Brunswick, HJ 08903. American Association for the Advancement of Science: 

144th national meeting American Association for the Advanceueot of Science, Feb. 12-17, 1978. Abstracts of papers. 

Edited bY A. Herscbman. 

Abstract: In 1974 and 1975, baseline locations were selected for intensive study in the salt marshes of Port Valdez 

and vicinity. The sites were chosen over a wide area to reflect the impact of oil transport activities and to 

enhance the likelihood of oil spill documentation. Vegetation and soil characteristics were emphasized. Seventeen 

plant catmun.it:y canplexes were identified, their habitats characterized, and utilized in evaluating susceptibility 

to oil spill damage. Marshes at Gold and Sawmill Creeks, both in Port Valdez, appear to be most vulnerable to 

major oil spill damage, but all marshes studied were threatened to saoe degree. Oil spills associated with 

seasonal high tides or winter, when fresh water outflow is minimal, increase the potential hazards to all the 

marshes. DIALOG file 41 

4 
f 

21. Jlethodology for~ •= ts of oil 11!111 huarllcaB oah8tance opilli. 14. ~ -Jilnln¢'"'1 ~CD "Protactim of Life ill tbe See", Rol9'lomd (PIIG) 23 Sop 1979. 

Davies, W. P.; Scott, G. I.; Getter, C. D.; Hayes, M. 0.; Gundlach, E. R. Environ. Prot. lgeocy, Bears Bluff Lab., 

PO Box 368, Johns Islaod, SC 29455, USA. HELGOL. MEERESUNTERS., vol. 33, pp. 246-256, 1980. 

Abstract: Ecological assessaent of oil and hazardous material spills bas been divided into three distinct phases: 

(1) first-order response studies - conducted at the time of the initial spill event, (2) second-order resp:>nse 

studies - conducted two 100nths to one year post-spill, which dc.lcl.mmt any delayed mortality and attempt to identify 

potential sublethal impacts in sensitive species, and (3) third-order response studies - conducted one to three 

years post·spill, to dociJDe.nt chronic ~cts (both lethal aild sublethal) to specific indicator species. Firstand second-order response studies of the ''Peck Slip11 oil spill in Puerto Rico illustrate the usefulness of this ~~ethod. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

22. m II'!'EC!S or OIL cmruuu'f!DI liD anFF 111 511 oniiiiS IIII!IU-UI!IIS n • ..,..n:Tlll !llllliDISULl'f liD 

B!lll'¥Ill!. 

Davis, R. W.; Williams, T. M.; 'l'hcmas, J. A.; KasteleiD, R. A.; Cornell, L. H. SEAL OLD RES. JliST,, HUBBS lWUNE 

RES. CENT., 1700 S. SHORES ROAD, SAN DIEGO, CALIF. 92109. CAN. J. ZOOL., Vol. 66, lio. 12, pp. Z/82-Z/90, 1988. 

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develcp a method to c180ll ai1d rehabilitate sea otters (Enhydra lutris) 

that might beccme contami.Dated. during an oil spill and to determine which physiological and behavidral factors were 

important in restoring the insulation provided by the fur. Tests were conducted on 12 sea otters captured in Alaska 

[USA] aild brought to the Sea World Research Institute in Sail Diego [California]. Jleasurements of average 1110tabolic 

rate, core body temperature, behavior, and squalene (the major lipid of seb1111) concentration oo the fur were made 

under three conditions: (i) before oiling (base line), (li) 1-3 days after 20\ of the body surface was covered with 

fresh crude oil, and (iii) after cleaning. Under base-line conditions in water at 13.degree. C, average metabolic 

rate was 8.0 Wjkg, core body temperature was 38.9.degree. C, aild wbo1e body tber1llal cooductailce was 10.7 W/(m2 

.cntdot •• degree. C). otters spent 35% of their time groaning, 45% resting, 10\ swilllning, ai1d 10% feeding. The 

squalene concentration on the fur averaged 3.7 rrJJ/g fur. Oiling increased thermal conductance 1.8 times. To 

compensate for the loss of insulation and maintain a noma! core body temperature (39.degree. C), the otters 

increased average OEtabolic rate (1.9 times) through vol1mtary activity and shivering; the time spent grcxxning and 

swiorning increased 1. 7 'till£s. Using Dawn detergent, we were able to clean the oiled fur during 40 min of washing 

and rinsing. Grocxning activity by the otters was essential for restoring the water-repellent quality of the fur. 

Core body temperature, average metabolic rate, and thermal conductance returned to base-line levels 3-6 days after 

cleaning. Squalene was rem:~ved by cleaning and did not return to nomal levels in the oiled area after 7 days. 

Veterinary care was important to keep the otters healthy. At least 1-2 weeks should be allowed for otters to 

restore the insulation of their fur and for recovery from the stress of oiling and cleaning. DIALOO BIOSIS Previews 

File 5 

23. ICE CXEJm!IIS lT ClPE Blft J!lFFII ISLIID CID!ll. 

Dickins, D. F. DF DICKJiiS ASSOC. LTD., 3732 WEST BROADWAY, VANCOUVER, B.C., CAN. VGR 2Cl. ARC"ITC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 

1, pp. 34-41, 1987. 

Abstract: The ice environment at Cape Hatt was studied to determine annual variations in ice break-up and 

fteeze-up, which could affect the design, execution and results of the Baffin Island Oil Spill Project. Data fran 

lapse camera stations, field observations and historical charts were used to canpare the Cape Hatt ice regime with 

other arctic sites and to assess the potential for ice interaction with oiled intertidal sediments. The Cape Hatt 

area experience 63 days of open water in an average year and generally has a siroilar ice cycle to other inlets in 

the eastern Arctic. Ice deterioration begins iD June, and the area is normally clear of ice by late July. Freeze-up 

begins iD late September, and COO!plete ice cover is established within a mJDth of first ice foru:ation. Given the 

·30% shorter open water period at Cape Hatt COOip8I'ed. with m:Jre southerly arctic locations, the long-term oil 

weathering rates derived fran the BIOS project can be considered conservative when applied to areas such as the 

Beaufort Sea. The StmllE!r of 1981 was characterized by an unusually long open water season, and ice did not hinder 

field operations associated with the experimental oil releases. The variability in open water seasons during 

subsequent sl.JIIIDers will be aD importaDt factor iD determin:i.ng the long-term fate of oil st.raDded in Bay 11. The 

interaction of ice with the nearshore seabed was observed to play a major role in mixing and redistributing the 

upper layer of beach material ranging fran fine silt to boulders. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

24. J!Ziv:!.ra.mtal atlas far Bewfort See oil opllJ. -· Dickins, D.; Martin, L.; Bjerkelund, I.; Potter, S.; Erickson, D.; Harper, J.; Horton, P.; Johnson, S.; Vonk, P. 

Dickins (D.F.) Associates Ltd., Vancouver, British Col\Dbia (Canada); ESL Environmental Sciences Ltd., Vancouver, 

British Columbia (Cai!ada)., !larch 1987. 

Abstract: The primary objective of the atlas is to provide a synthesis of eoviromental information relevant to 

the planning and implementation of year-round oil spill countermeasures in both coastal and offshore areas of the 

Beaufort Sea. The atlas is intended to be used as a link between the environmental characteristics of the region 

and the practical considerations of providing an effective response to marine oil spills, but not as an oil spill 

manual. This atlas was developed to meet the needs of industry, government, and local ccmnuni.ty groups for a document specifically related to offshore, year-round oil field develOJXDeDt in the Beaufort Sea. The atlas is 

useful to assist in the development of the most effective contingency plans for a specific area to provide a source docuo:ent on which to base realistic oil spill training exercises, and to act as a basic field reference to 

i.rnp:lrtant environmental factors in an actual spill situation. The study area covers the southern Canadian Beaufort 

Sea from the United States/Canada border on the west to Bailie Islands oo the east, the median location of the 

polar pack edge on the north and the backsbore limits of potential contamination fran a marine oil spill on the 

south. The sensitivity ranking is based on a total of 20 environmental elements ranked within the 3 categories 

5 
of human sensitivity, and shore zone oil' residence or marine oil residence. 2 tabs., 11 refs. 

RN: DA-8703. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 

25. ~ cliJJtrillatiai, -- 111111 feodlDg ocologJ of hiJ:d8 --llith poet ico. 

Divok:y, G. J.; Good, A. E.; McElroy, T. L.; Stenzel, .L. E.; Woodby, D. A. Point Reyes Brid Observ., Stinson Beach, 

C! 94970, USA. ENVIROII!!!JIT!L ASSESSMENT OF THE !L!SKAII CONTlli!JIT!L SHELF. AH!IU!L REPORTS OF PRIIICIP!L 

INVESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR EIIDIIIG MARCH 1980. VOLUIIE 1: RECEPTORS - BIRDS, PLAIIKTO!I, Ll'l'l'ORAL, BENTHOS, pp. 

110-141, 1980. 

Abstract: Preliminary findings of the 1979 field season on Cooper Island and a preliminary analysis of Borton Sound 

coastal bird babitats is presented. Observations on Cooper Island showed that 1979 vas a year wben early ice 

breakup meant that no ice associated zooplankton was present near the i.sland dllri.ng the late S\Dier migration. In 

previous years a pagophilic or other type of zooplankton buildup in tbe littoral zooe was a major food source for 

migrating seabirds. Certain species were able to utilize patchy, short-lived food sources and rema:iJled in the 

Cooper Island area spending IIUch of their time roosting. otber species were not seen in their usual nlDbers and 

they apparently were feeding in other areas. The areas where food is present thus beccmas a critical habitat where 

b1.111aD disturbance such as those arising fraD oil exploration could impact large nmabers of birds. 

RN:HOAA-ot!PA-AR-80-1. DIALOG !SFA file 44 

26. ~I L of tho llalbD CmLiDartal Sbalf,- 6alf of IJalir;a 1lrtar:llo ~ Jloport. 

Science Applications, Inc., Boulder, CO., July 1980. 

Abstract: This vol~m~e represents an interim edition of the Hortbeast Gulf of Alaska (HEGOA) Synthesis Report and 

is intended to present a mu1 tidisciplinary overview of information relevant to possihle Alaskan OUter Continental 

Shelf oil and gas develop:oent. The program focuses on several lease areas, ranging fran the subarctic Northeast 

Gulf of Alaska to the arctic Beaufort Sea. This current synthesis organizes all available marine enviroiJDelltal 

information pertinent to OCS development for the given lease area. It presents a picture of the operation and 

vulnerability of the environmeDtal system. 

Sponsored in part by Bureau of Land Management, washington, DC. 

NTIS Order Ho.: PBBl-177883, DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

27. ~ I L of tho llalbD C<mtiJJeatol Sbalf: Fl.nol lloparLII of Princ:lpol Imest:i.glrtcro. vru-. 

3 - PhJsical SciBDCe Studies. National Oceanic and Atroospheric Administration, Boulder, CO. Office of Marine 

Pollution Assessment., October 1981. 

Abstract: CUrrent masureor:!:nts in possible dispersal regions of the Beaufort Sea; Physical oceanographic and 

meteorological conditions in the Northwest Gulf of Alaska; Oil spill trajectory simulation Lower Cook Inlet - Shelik.of Strait, Alaska; Wind field transition matrix analysis Lower Cook Inlet--Shelikof Strait, Alaska; 

Evaluation of CODAR Data Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska; The transport and behavior of oil spilled in and under sea ice. 

Sponsored in part by Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, Alaska. 

NTIS Order No.: PB82-197351; see also PBBl-225732. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

28. EnvirtuleDtal • t of the llalbD C<mtiJJeatol Sbalf. FiDol <apm1:s of pr:!nciplll ~. vru18 - Biologicallrbldies. National Ocean Service, Anchorage, AK (USA). Ocean Assessuents Div., May 1983. 

Abstract: A ccmpilation of two final reports dealiog with the evolution, pathobiology, and breeding ecology of 

large gulls (Larus) in the Northeast Gulf of Alaska and effects of petroleum exposure on the breeding ecology of 

gulls and kittiwakes, and bird use of coastal habitats in Norton Sound. 

NTIS Order Ho. : PB-85-247260/X!B. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 

29. National Ocean Serv. , Anchorage, liK (USA) • EHVIROII!!!JIT!L ASSESSMENT OF THE !L!SKA!I COHTIIIEHT!L SHELF. FiliAL 

REPORTS OF PRIIICIP!L IIIVESTIG!TORS. VOLUME 51, 787 pp, 1986. 

Abstract: Research to determine the aCCiliiiUlation of organic constituents aod heavy metals fran petrolem-impacted 

sediments by marine detritivores of the Alaskan outer contioenW shelf Suspended particulate matter distribution, 

transport, and physical characteristics in the north Aleutian Shelf and St. George Basin lease areas Tbe production 

and dispersion of dissolved methane in southeastern Bering Sea Oil spill vulnerability, coastal mrphology, and 

sedimentation of outer J::enai Peninsula and Montague Island Circulation and water masses in the Gulf of Alaska 

Coastal oceanography of the northeastern Gulf of Alaska. 

NTIS Order Ho.: PB87-198867/G!R. DIALOG !SF! file 44 

30. Effects of Prodbce Bey erode oil Cll ~ prodnctial 111111 IOqllJmttCII in lr<:tl.c - thn pcalll. 

Federle, T. W. ; Vestal, J. R. ; Hater, G. R. ; Miller, M. C. Cincinnati Univ., Biol. Sci. Dep., Cincinnati, OH 

45221, USA. Mar. Environ. Res, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3-18, 1979. 

Abstract: The effects of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, crude oil on the indigenous phytoplankton and zooplankton of tundra 

thaw ponds were studied under controlled conditions in situ during the S\I!IDS!' of 1976. These effects were canpared 

with uncontrolled oil spills on Pond <loega (a year previously) and Pond E (six years previously). In the 

uncontrolled spills1 the phytoplankton species cooposition of both ponds remained appreciably different caapared 

with control Pond C, although phytoplankton bicmass did not differ greatly. Primary production remained low in Pond ~a but had recovered to control levels in Pond E. In controlled suhpond experilrents, oil caused a decrease of 

6 
aOOut 90-100% in primary production in five days but recovered to 40-50% of the control level within fifteen days. 

During that time, phytoplankton biar.ass decreased initially but recovered within fifteen days. Oil caused a shift 

in phytoplankton species ccmposition fran a predcminance of crJPtopbytes to cbrysophytes. SUbpoods containing two 

Daphnia middendarffiana and ·ane Bracbinecta paludosa per litre of pondwater were also affected by oil, causing 

zooplankton death within three or four days. After that time, changes in the phytoplankton species ccaposition were 

similar to control subponds without zooplankton. Oil toxicity to zooplankton or experimenW rem:>val resulted in 

a loss of grazing pressure which caused the elimination of the cryptophyte Rbadan?MS sp. This species was still 

absent fran Pond CBega, but vas seen in Pond E for the first time, when zooplanktoo also reappeared after six 

years. Oil perturbation of tundra thaw ponds causes a loss of zooplankton and a reduction in primary production. 

Phytoplankton primary production recovers scmewbat but algal species caaposition remains changed because of the 

loss of zooplankton grazing pressure and the selective effects of oil. DI!LOO !SFA file 44 

31. ~ of effects of oil em - ~- FiDol ~. 19116-19118. 

Geraci, J. R.; St, D. J. Battelle KemJrial IDst., Ventura, CA (USA), September 1988. 

Abstract: The report caapletes the syDtbesi.s of existing information on the effects of oil, dispersed oil, oil 

dispersants, and oil-cleaning agents on marine lllaiiiiiOl.s 1il!icb migrate through or inhabit U.S. Cater Continental 

Shelf (OCS} planning areas. The report will be used to produce a manuscript for use in OCS decision making and 

serve as a general-reference doc!Dent for parties interested in Erine III8IDBls and oil-effects research. A 

literature search on foreign and non-foreign literature, vas conducted oo topics pertaining to the natural history 

and oil, oil dispersant, and oil-cleaning agents effects to marine mamals. 

NTIS Order No.:PB-89-117451/XAB. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 

32. 1 DirnBBim of hctarll Tnfhwv:i"!J lli.oparBion of l'cllabll!ts in tho -art SoB. 

Giovando, L. F.; Herli.nveaux, R. H. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Sidney B.C. (Canada). PAC. MAR. 

SCI. REP. (IOS), No. 81-4, 211 pp, 1981. 

Abstract: A brief history is given of the geographic, hydrographic and oceanographic investigations that were carried out in the Beaufort Sea area during the past 150 years culminated in the Beaufort Sea Project of 1974-75. 

The information obtained is utilized to prepare a description of the general physical environment of the ar~, 

emphasis being placed on the physical oceanography. This description provides the basis for the consideration of 

four environmental situations (scenarios), each which could strongly influence in its own way, the general destiny 

of crude oil or other pollutants discharged into the Beaufort Sea. The advantages and disadvantages of the 

cold-region use of scme oil-spill counterrreasure techniques presently available are discussed. A smmary of the 

expected general behaviour of pollutants entering the Beaufort Sea is given, together with saue suggeStions far 

further studies necessary to refine our insight into this behaviour. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

~ of ....aurin!~ llicrOOial ..,._tic ftmel:ima 1lb1la • BBing ml pradictlng ]mg-tarJo - • g lc 

Griffiths, R. P. Dep. Microbial., Oregon State IJniv., Corvallis, OR, USA. MAR. POLLUT. BULL, Vol. 14, No.5, pp. 

162-165, 1983. 

Abstract: The studies outlined below were an attempt to quantify the impact of a pollutant (crude oil} on the 

microbial activities associated with major nutrient cycling in arctic and subarctic sediments. In addition, an assessment was made concerning the potential impact of this pollutant in a prospective lease area for offshore 

drilling. The general approach taken and a brief SU!lm8l'J of the results are described to illustrate the feasibility 

of this approach in application to other pollution impact studies. DIALOO file 41 

34. Field !IJoonet1cns em tho !cute Iff act of Crude Oil em GlDaloo ml Glut.eta lJpblb in ~ Collactad l'l:tol 

lrctic ml Suilerctic lletarB. 

Griffiths, R. P.; McNamara, T. M.; Caldwell, B. A.; Morita, R. Y. Dept. Microbial. & Sch. Oceanogr., OR St. Univ., 

Corvallis, OR. APPL. AND ENVIRON. MICROBIOL., Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 1400-1406, 1981. 

Abstract: The acute effects of crude oil on glucose uptake rates by mrine mic:roorganims were studied in 215 water 

and 162 sediment samples collected fran OOth arctic and subarctic marine waters. The mean percentage reduction of 

glucose uptake rates ranged fran 37 to 58 in the water samples exposed to crude oil and fran 14 to 36 in the 

sediment samples. Substrate uptake kinetic studies indicated that the observed reductions by microbial populations 

exposed to crude oil were caused by metabolic inhibition. DIALOG file 41 

35. stud! of llicrobial ectirltr ml cru:le oil-llicr001al1nterecticno in tho wetarz ml-of Cod< Inlst ml 

tho Beeufart SoB. 

Griffiths, R. P.; Morita, R. Y. Oregon State Univ., Dep. Microbial., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. ElNIIWHMENTAL 

ASSESSMENT OF THE ALlSKl!l CON'J'INEN'rAL SHELF. Al!l!llAL REPORTS OF PRII!CIPAL IIIVESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR ENDI!IG IIAROI 

1980. VOLUME 2: RECEPTORS -- IIICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, pp. 224-464, 1980. 

Abstract: In each geographic area studied, various microbial functions related to the overall productivity of the 

respective ecosystems were measured. It was found that crude oil alters microbial function in marine sediments. 

This altered function bas three major impacts on normal flow of food through the detriW food chains. Crude oil 

interferes with the process that converts nitrogen and phosphorus that is tied up in organic material into 

inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus that is required for plant growth. Crude oil changes microbial activity in the 

sediments so that the chemical environment of the sediment surface is changed. The studies also indicate that the 

greatest impact would be found in areas where crude oil became incorporated into fine grained marine sediments. 

This would be of particular importance in inshore sediments where the microbial activity is unusually high or in 

7 
areas where m::>st of the inorganic nutrients required for algae growth is generated locally by bacterial activity. 

RN:NOAA-OMPA-AR-80-2. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

36. study af llic:rolrl.al. actl:rity lllld crude ail-tdcrdrl.ol iDterac:ti.aDa in tba ..taro llld - af Coot 1Dlst llld 

the Boaafart Sea. 

Griffiths, R. P.; Morita, R. Y. Oregon State Oniv., Dep. Kicrobiol., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL 

ASSESS!!EHT OF THE !LASKAH COHTIIIENTAL SHELF. F1HAL REPORTS OF PRIIICIPAL IJIVESTIGATORS. VOLll!!E 10 - BIOLOGICAL 

STlJDIES, pp. 417-784, 1981. 

Abstract: It bas been found that crude oil alters microbial function in marine sedillents. This altered fuDction 

will bave three major ~cts on llOI1IIal. biological activity. (1) It will reduce overall productivity by interfering 

witb tbe noraal flow of food tbroogb tbe detrital food chain. Recent estimtes show tbat 50-80\ of food available 

to all animals present is ultimately derived frcm this source. (2) Crude oil vill interfere with the processes 

that convert the nitrogen aod phosphorous ill organic material into inorganic forms which are required for plant 

growth. Without these inorganic nutrients, plants can not produce the new organic material required to feed the 

animals present. (3) Crude oil ~ microbial activity in tbe secllments so tbat tbe chemical envirooment of 

tbe secliment surface is changed. It seems quite likely tbat these changes will naain long after tbe initial crude 

oil toxicity bas abated and could greatly alter the noraal recruitment of animals back into tbe illpacted area. 

It is believed tbe 100st vulDerable enviro!IDent in Alaskan !Iarine systems is tbe soft-fine grained sediJEDts sucb 

as those found in the St. Georges Basin in the southern Bering Sea, Sbelikof strait, and the major bays of Cool 

Inlet. These are the regiODS predicted to have the greatest lcmg-term perturbaticm in the case of a large scale 

oil spill. 

RN:NOAA-OMPA-FR-81-10. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

{j 37. Potential Effects af Oil SpillJIIllld otbar OwwJral PollDtaDtll 011 - ~ Occ:arrlDg in llulom liotarB. i Hansen, D. J. Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, !K. Alaska Outer ContinenW Shelf Office., 1985. 

Abstract: The outer continental shelf report describes and assesses the potential effects of oil spills and other 

contaminants on marine maomals that occur in Alaskao waters, assuming that a spill or contamination occurs. The 

report focuses primarily on the potential direct and indirect effects of oil spills on marine maama1s and addresses 

both short-term effects that may occur at the time of contact with oil, and long-term effects that may occur long 

after contact with oil. The report also briefly reviews the literature on the potential effects of other 

contaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorines (DDT and PCB 1 s) on marine maoma1.s. The assessnent concludes 

that sea otters, polar bears, fur seals, and very young seal pups could suffer serious or lethal effects if contact 

with oil occurred. 

RN: ~/AK/TE-85/002; OCS/MMS-85/0031. 

NTIS Order No. : PB85-231496/XAB. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

Hay, K. G. API REPORT, DHDATED (84)· ASSN REPORT f 38. FiBb lllld Offabare Oil~-

Abstract: WI'l'H THE INCREASING EXPLORATION OF U.S. OFFSHORE AREAS FOR OIL AND GAS, THERE IS COIITIIIlJIHG CONCERN 

ABOIIT OPERATIONAL IMPACTS ON FISHERY RESOURCES. QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FISIIERI!Ell ARE COMPILED, AND 

ANSWERS A'l'l'El!PT TO ADDRESS li!PORTAHT IJIVIRON!IEHTAL CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WI'l'H OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENT. 

OFFSHORE LEASING POLICIES AND BYDROCARBON RESOURCES ARE REVIEWED. SEIS!IIC EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES HOLD NO DANGER 

FOR FISH POPllLATIONS. THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS ON FISH ARE SIJ!!!IARIZED, AS ARE IMPACTS RELATED TO DRILLING 

MUD DISCHARGES AND DRILLIIIG DEBRIS. (13 DIAGRAMS, 2 GRAPHS, 19 REFERENCES, ). DIALOG IJIVIROLIHE File 40 

39. Effects af crude oils 011 the growth af arct!J: - ~. Hsiao, S. I. C. Arctic Biol. SUI., Dep. 

Fish. and the Environ., Fish. and Mar. Serv., PO Box 400, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, PQ, H9X 3L6, canada. Environ. 

Pollut, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 94-107, 1978. 

Abstract: Growth responses of arctic marine phytoplankton to crude oils were determined at various temperatures 

and exposures in a defined medium at constant light energy. The growth of diatans (Chaetoceros septentrionali.s, 

Navicula bebusiensi.s and Nitzschia delicatissima) was inhibited by Atkinson Point, Horman Wells, Pembina and 

Venezuela crude oils after ten days 1 exposure at a concentration of 10 ppn at 0 C, 5 C and 10 C. Growth of the 

green flagellate Cblamyd0100nas pulsatilla was stimulated by !loman Wells and Pembina crude oils at 0 C. Growth of 

both diatans and the green flagellate was markedly inhibited by oil concentrations higher than 100 PJD but diatans were oore severely impaired than the green flagellate. Greater inhibition generally occurred with longer exposure 

at temperatures between 5 c and 10 C than at 0 c. Chlamydanonas was not killed by any of the crude oils at the 

concentrations, temperatures and lengths of exposure tested. Lethal effects auDDg diataas varied with species, 

types of oil, temperatures and exposure time. Relative species sensitivity of the phytoplankton to the oils was 

determined based on percentage survival, exponential growth rate and generation time. Cblamydcm:lnas was the most 

tolerant species and bad a greater ability to resume growth, while diatans were sensitive and bad little or no 

ability to resume growth. Possible ecological consequences of such species sensitivity and differential growth are 

discussed. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

40. Effects af crude oils lllld tba ail disperaant Corerlt 011 priEry prodactioa af arct!J: - piirtqWmkt:oa lllld 

.....-. 

Hsiao, s. I. c.; Kittle, D. W.; Foy, K. G. Arctic Bioi. Stn., Environ. Canada, Fish. and Mar. Serv., PO Box 400, 

Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., Canada. Environ. Pollut., Vol. 15, Ho. 3, pp. 209-221, 1978. 

8 
Abstract: Effects of crude oil and Corexit on primary production of arctic marine phytoplankton were studied i.e 

situ. The production rate varied with types and concentrations of crude oil, method of preparation of oil-seawater 

mixtures, enviroiJDBD.tal conditions and species cauposition of each sample tested. In samples with the same species 

canposition, inhibition of production generally increased with increasing oil concentration. The crude oil-Corexit 

mixtures were acre toxic than crude oil or Corexit alone. In situ primary production of the seaweeds, Laminaria 

saccharina (L.) Lam:Juroux and Phyllophora truncata (P.) Hewroth et Taylor was significantly i.nbi.bited by all types 

and concentrations of oil tested. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

41. ~ ·= t of the llali<lm Coa1:il>oatal Sbalf: F:IDal lloparbl of PriDclpo]. ~- '~ 16 - BjnlCMJ'cal stDdias. 

Hunt, G. L. ; Kaiwi, J.; Schneider, D.; Sanger, G. A. ; Patten, S. M. llatiooal Oceanic and Atm:>spheric 

Administration, Rockville, MD. Office of Marine Pollution As..cesszw:mt, January 1982. 

Abstract: Contents: Pelagic distribution of marine birds and analysis of encounter probability for the Southeastern 

Bering Sea; The winter feedi.Dg ecology and trophic relationships of mariDe birds in bchemak Bay, IK; Seasonal use 

of coastal habitat from Yakutat Bay to Cape Fairweather by migratory seabirds, shorebirds and waterfowl. 

Sponsored in part by Bureau of Land Management, Washington, oc. 

liTIS Order No.: PB82-185653; see also Vol,... 13, PB82-185646. DIALOG liTIS FILE 6 

42. -iii couW ..m.ra.m.:- do- Jmao?, 

Ludwig, D. F.; WcDack, C. J.; Jordan, S. J.; Bell, W. Address not stated. THE FATE AND EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS: A 

SYMPOSIUM, (April 26-28, 1985). 

Abstract: As part of an ongoing review of literature pertinent to potential environmental effects of offshore 

petroleum rights leasing, 1196 key references have been assembled (to date). This data base consists of recent 

material from a variety of sources, including various map series, goverment doctDents, referred journals, review 

volumes, and symposia papers. The data base is reasonably representative of available information, and with this 

as an assumption, analysis of the catalogue suggests regional topics that require additional study, are 

controversial and/or critically i.mp::>rtant, or have been sufficiently reported. Pre.l.imi.na.ry analysis of the data 

base indicates that the Atlantic, Pacific, and parts of the southern Alaskan coasts have been thoroughly 

investigated, and that the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast, despite its developed drilling indu:stry, is deficient in 

ecological study. 

TECH. REP. MD. UNIV. SEA GRANT PROGRAM. DIALOG file 41 

43, !wiaslms U.. ill llitll harning of crude oil iii the lrctic. 

MacKay, D.; Day, T.; Nadeau, S.; Tburier, R. Oniv. of Toronto, Dept. of Chemical Eng. and Applied Cbemistr:y, 

Toronto, Ontario MSS 1M, Canada. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 139-152, February 1979. 

_Abstract: The results of an exploratory study of the effects of in situ crude oil spill burniog on air quality in 

the Beaufort Sea region of the Arctic are presented. The amounts of oil released, the size and number of burnable 

,oil pools, and the duration of the burning period are postulated in a scenario. Emissions of soot, CO, S02, and 

metals are estimated for locations close to the fire and at 10 and 40 km. Assumptions are made about plU!De rise 

and dispersion which permit downwind concentrations of emissions to be calculated and ccmpared with air quality 

objectives. Although the calculated concentrations may contain significant error because of the assumptions, the 

data demonstrate that 502 and CO concentrations will be acceptably low and soot and metals concentrations will 

often be undesirably high within 10 km of the fires but will be acceptably low at greater distances. Burning may 

be a method of substantially reducing the adverse environmental impact of oil spills in the Arctic. DIALOO file 

41 

44. b physical and ..... leal fate of api1lad oil, In: - offocts iii the lrctic ~'edited by 

!!ngelhmlt, f, R. 

Mackay, D.j Engelhardt, F. R. Institute for Environmental Studies, Univ. of Toronto., 1985. 

Abstract: As petroleum reserves in acre temperate and accessible regions .becc:me depleted, increasing attention is 

being focused on the arctic sedimentary basins as future sources of supply of crude oil and natural gas. The 

discovery of substantial crude oil reserves at PruOhoe Bay, Alaska, has resulted in increased exploration, in the 

developoent of conceptual plans for production and transportation facilities, and in a growing awareness by the 

public, governments and industry that these plans for exploitation could ultimately result in chronic and episodal 

contamination of arctic ecosystems b:y oil. The prospect that incidents such as the ADPco Cadiz grounding or the 

Ixtoc blowout could be repeated in the Arctic raises questions such as the following: In this chapter the authors 

address the issues and suggest saoe answers to the questions. There is, of course, a series of further questions on the biological, ecological and social impacts of oil spills, which are treated in other chapters. It can be 

argued that these further issues can only be addressed effectively if there is a firm UDderstandi.ng of the basic 

physics and chemistry of oil spills. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 

45. UI'EC'I'S DF SID!'f-filll! IIPOSURE !0 DISPIRSED OIL D IRC'I'IC DIK!ffi!WI'I'IS. 

Kageau, C.; Engelhardt, F. R.; Gilfillan, E. S.; Boehm, P. D. NORTH. ENVIRON. DIRECTORATE, niDIAN AND NORTH. 

AFFAIRS, LES TERR!SSES CHAUDIERE, cmAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA Kl! OH4. IRCTIC, Vol, 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 162-171, 1987. 

Abstract: A series of experimental studies was carried out as part of the Baffin Island [Canada] Oil Spill (BIOS) 

Project to define the behavioural, physiological and biochemical reactions of three arctic marine benthic 

invertebrate species exposed to chemically dispersed crude oil. Behavioural responses and patterns of hydrocarbon 

9 
accumulation and release observed iD the bivalves and the urchin duriog the 1981 field spill were similar to those 

observed duriog the laboratory simulations. Ostial closure, loss of responsiveness to mechanical stimuli and 

narcosis were characteristiC of the bivalves. Exposed urchins displayed a functional loss of the tube foot and 

spine behaviour, Detailed hydrocarbon analysis indicated different uptake dynamics cm:~ng the species. The effects 

of dispersed oil were imDediate and short lived and resulted in temporary acctDU!.ation of hydrocarbons. Depuration 

of these stored hydrocarbons oc::curred during the experimental recovery period. In vivo biodegradat,ion of 

hydrocarbons was indicated in the bivalves. Physiological parameters measured in bivalves exposed to oil included 

elements of scope for growth, activity of aspartate aminotransferase-and glucose-6~pbospbate dehydrOgenase. 

Dose-response relationships between physiological rates and hydrocarbon body burden were apparent. D!ALOC,) BIOSIS 

Previews File 5 

46. Coosta1 .... ., . 

Magoon, 0. T.; Converse, H.; Kiner, D.; Tobin, L. T.; Clark, D.; Dcmurat, G. 5. symposim on coasW and ocean management, 1987. 

Abstract: 'l'bis book contains over 100 selections. Salle of the titles are: Chasing Birds fra:D. Oil Spills - Two 

Experiments; Global Issues - Local Responsibilities; l Coastal Management Program for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea 

Coast; Oil-Native Conflicts - Solutions for the Beaufort Sea; Ocean Space Encmpassed by Oil and Gas Activities; 

Exploration for Oil and Gas on the Arctic National lilildlife Range, CoasW Plain, liaska; and O'l'EC - At the Brink 

of Ca!merical Reality. 

RN: CO!IF-870502-. DIALOG DOE Eoergy file 103 

47. Beaults of the 1984-85 llatiaDol ~ Sanelllazx:a Project: - Cout. ac-w '86 

"Scienoe-IDgineeriDg-AdvwLute• ~' DC (lJSl) Sop. 23-25, 1986. 

Kalins, D. C.; Chan, S.-L.; MacLeod, W. D., Jr.; McCain, B. B.; Clark, R. C., Jr.; Brown, D. W.; Myers, M. S.; 

Krahn, M. M. Environ. Conserv. Div., Northwest and Alaska Fish. Cent., NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112, USA. OCEANS 186 

COIIFERENCE RECORO: SCIENCE-EHGINEERlliG-ADVEimJRE. VOL. 2. DATA I!AIIAGEI!ENT, Il!STRlJ!!ENTATIO!I AHD ECONO!!ICS, pp. 

566-571' 1986. 

Abstract: Bottanfish and sediments were collected fran 18 sites including a nUIDber of reference sites on the U.S. 

West Coast during the first year of the multiyear National Benthic Surveillance Project. Sediments and fish were 

analyzed for toxic chemicals, and fish were examioed for diseases. Wide variations in the concentrations of 

arcmatic hydrocarbons (AH), polycblorioated biphenyls (PCB), DDT and related ccmpounds, and selected metals in 

sediments were found within locations (i.e., embayments in the vicinity of major cities) and between locations. 

Prevalences of diseases (i.e., fin erosion and liver lesions) were usually highest in fish exposed to the highest 

levels of environmental contaminants. 

English 8702. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

48. Sublethal effects of petroia. bydroc:arlxms ODd trace ..W., lrv:lndlng bl.atrmllrf~, as IOflected by 

~col, a-icol, pbyslnlr'!Oic•l, pm!"lxllog;IC?!l, ODd hollniaraJ. iDdl.aaa. 

Malins, D. C.; Hidgins, H. 0.; McCain, B. B.; Weber, D. D.; Varanasi, U.; Brown, D. W. Hatl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 

Northwest & Alaska Fish. Cent., Seattle, WA 98112, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF· THE ALASKAN CONTINENTAL SHELF. 

ANNUAL REPORTS OF PRI!!CIPAL Il!VESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR ENDI!!G !!ARCH 1980. VOLUI!E 3: EFFECTS, CONTAMINANT BASELINES, 

pp. 13-79, 1980. 

Abstract: Results of this program have implications with respect to petrole~.m~ effects on aquatic species and 

consequently to OCS oil and gas developrent. The studies were designed as laboratory experiments on oil exposures 

of marine organisms in flowing-seawater tanks. Pink and chum salmon fry spend several ronths in coastal estuaries 

before going to sea and at this life stage they are extremely vulnerable to predation by other salmonid fishes. 

Predator-prey studies are in progress. - RN:NOAA-CIIIPA-AR-80-3. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

49. 1 hlolog;lst looks st oil in the -· Mann, K. H. Dalhousie Univ., Dept. of Biology, Halifax, N.S. B3H 4J1, Can. SHORE AND BEACH, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 

27-29, October 1978. 

Abstract: Oil contamination of highly productive inshore waters results in varying degrees of damage, dependiog 

on the type of oil and the type of ccmmmity living there. In temperate water the recovei"j' tiloo for coastal 

c:oomunities is about 10 yr, during which time much of the oil is consmed by microorganisms and converted to carbon 

dioxide or is buried in sediments, but because biological decc:mposi lion of oil and recolonization are slower in 

colder waters, recovery for oiled arctic waters may be much longer than 10 yr, Short growth seasons for plants, 

low temperatures, and long periods of ice cover also contribute to CCIIIIRlllity stress by affecting species diversity, 

already lowered by the oil contamination. DIALOO file 41 

50. 1 D8SCl!IP'fiOI OF ll!C'l!C Q!!!S!JJ!K IIKIIEIIII'!IlS I'IKII OILI!Il liD 1IIKlliJIIJ SEiliiiKftS l~ CAPE l!lft U±lll!liii IWTD 

ISLliiJ Cllllll. 

Martin, C. M.; Cross, W. E. LGL LTD., ENVIRON. RES. ASSOCIATES, 22 FISHER ST., P.O. BOX 280, WG CITY, ONTARIO 

LOG 1KO. CAN. TECH. REP. FISH. AQUAT. SCI., (1468), I-IV, 1-24, 1986. 

Abstract: Benthic meiofauna frcxn shallow nearshore waters at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, were daninated by 

nematodes {68.4% of individuals collected), foraminiferans {10.1%}, and copepods {7.7%). Densities were high 

(overall average of 582.5 individuals .cntdot. an-2) relative to most other Arctic and OOreal locations studied. 

10 
Analyses of variance revealed several types of systematic variability in the densities of dcminact meiofaunal 

groups: variability aaong depths, bays, and years. Possible effects of oil released during the Baffin Island Oil 

Spill (BIOS) project in 1981 were indicated in a posteriori ccmparisons between reference bays and one bay where 

sediment oil concentrations were elevated. In the oiled bay, (1) nematode densities were lower than in four other 

bays during 1982, (2) copepod densities decreased at 6 m depth between 1982 and 1983, and (3) depth distributions 

of ostracods and foraminiferaos differed fran those in the reference bay in 1983. Each of these differences was 

consistent with differences in measured (or presiDed) oil concentrations am:>ng depths, bays, aod years. However, 

the lack of pre-spill data and replicated oil treatrrents precludes tmeqUivocal conclusions: factors other than oil 

(e.g. substrate or exposure) may have been responsible for the observed patterns of distribution. Mean 

nematode:copepod (N/C) ratios and arDJng-replicate variability in those values were high in two reference bays but 

not in the oiled bay, supporting recent evidence that N/C ratios are not reliable pollution indicators. DIALOO 

BIOSIS Previews File 5 

51. l!fti(IIQL()GIC QPBI!Ifl"!a 1! CIPE JIH! CUilll D SI!PI.'(I!! ~ !Ill llll!'II lliLIIIl OIL SPlLL I!IIIJIC!. 

Meeres, L. S. 1003, 10160-115 ST., EOO!i'ION, ILBERTA, Clll. T5[ 1T6. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Snppl. 1, pp. 42-50, 1987. 

Abstract: Climatological records for Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay indicate that the climate of the northern Baffin 

Island area lies between the cold, dry climate of the central Arctic and the slightly milder and 110ister climates 

of the western Beaufort Sea and the southeastern Baffin Island and Hudscn Strait areas. ! weather station vas set 

up at Cape Hatt in late !lay 1980 to provide climatological data at the site of the Baffin Island Oil Spill Project. 

Daily precipitation and temperatures, hourly winds, rate of rainfall and botJrly global solar radiation were measured. The station operated fta:D late May to late June and frcm mid-July to the end of Septeaber in 1980 and 

fran mid-July to early September in 1981. Temperature and precipitation data frao the station were ccmpared with 

those fran Pond Inlet for the identical periods. Six outlying stations measured winds at representative locations 

in the area. Hour by hour ccmpari.sons were made of the winds at five shoreline stations with those at the camp 

station and those on a nearby IIJ:luntain. These were used as one of the tools in forecasting wi.Dds for the oil 

releases. The weather forecasting system utilized one meteorologist at the site using weather charts and briefings 

fran the Atoospheric EnviroiKDeDt Service Arctic Weather Centre at Ecmnton. The forecasts provided met. all 

requirements for timing and accuracy. DIALOO BIOSIS Previews File 5 

52. llultivan.t:B ADalJKI.- of~. ~in the-~-lrctin. '-""-· llational Ocean 

Serv., Anchorage, U (USA). Ocean Assessments Div. EIIVIRO!OOJITAL ASSESSMENT OF THE !LASK!N COI1TINIJITAL SHELF. 

FINAL REPORTS OF PRlliCIPAL INVESTIGATORS. VOLUME 22 - !PPE!IDICES, 209 pp, 1984. 

Abstract: The report is: appendices to a final report entitled ''Multivariate Analysis of Petroletmt, Weathering in 

the Marine Environment-Sub Arctic". These appendices contain code listings and use information for the weathering 

rocxlel, provide detailed descriptions of analytical methods, and results of x-ray diffraction analyses of suspended 

particulate matter samples. 

!!TIS Order No. : PB85-215739/GAR. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

. 53. 001-SPILL-IIESI'!.s! !!ISIJRES FIJI OlPS!D!E OIL liD GIS (]l'llllfl"!a . f/ 'Murrell, T. L.; Levine, J. R.; Regg, J. B.; Tennyson, E. J. US MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE REPORT 87-0062, April 

1987. 

Abstract: OIL SPILL RESPONSE C!PASILITIES ARE EXA!!IliED FOR ARCTIC liiD SUBARCTIC OUTER COI1TINIJITAL SHELF (OCS) 

AREAS. THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT THE MARINE EIIVIRON!!ENT FRO!! OIL POLLUTION IS ESTASLISHED BY THE OCS Ll!IDS 

ACT OF 1978. U.S. !!INER!LS KA!IAGEI!ERT SERVICE JUDGES THE ADEQUACY OF LE!SEES' SPILL RESPONSE PREPAREDIIESS !liD 

REQUIRES OPERATORS TO PROVIDE TRAINING !liD OIL SPILL RESPONSE EXERCISES. VARIOUS SPILL RESPONSE !!EASURES 

IDENTIFIED FOR USE OFFSHORE !LASKA ARE El!PHASIZED. THESE INVOLVE EFFORTS IN EIGIIT MAJOR CATEGORIES: 

.DETECTION, CONTAIIIIIENT, RECOVERY, IN SITU BIJRNII!G, CHEMICAL APPLICATION, SHORELINE CLElllllP, WILDLIFE 

PROTECTION !liD REHABILITATION, !liD DISPOSAL. EQUIPMENT !liD PROCEDURES HIGHLIGHTED ARE OIL BOOHS, SKI!!!!ER 

SYSTEMS, CHOOCAL DISPERSANTS, SHORELINE CLElllllP VIA DIRECT SUCTION OR IN SITU BIJRJIIIIG, !liD DISPOSAL VIA 

INCINERATORS, DISPERSION, OR IN SITU BIJRNII!G. (3 GRAPHS, 99 REFERENCES, 8 TABLES). DIALOG EIIVIROLI!IE File 40 

54. HIS'fOP!'I'!IJLOGIC liD IIIOCI!W.:!L k!SI!CIISIIS D IBCfiC 1WiDE BIYlLR II'UI!SCS DPIIIID !0 ilPIIUIUWI.Y SPILLED 

OIL. 

Neff, J. M.; Hillman, R. E.; Carr, R. S.; Buhl, R. L.; Lahey, J. I. BA'l'l'ELLE OCEAH SCI., 397 WlSHIHGTOH ST., 

DUXBURY, MASS. 02332, U.S.A. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 220-229, 1987. 

Abstract: Following two experimental spills of chemically dispersed and undispersed crude oil in shallow bays on 

the northwest coast of Baffin Island. Canadian Arctic, the bivalve rolluscs Mya truncata and Maccma calcarea 

acc\D\llated significant arDJunts of petroleum hydrocarbons in bays receiving di.spersed oil and in those receiving 

crude oil alone (Boehm et al., 1987). Following the spills, llya released accumulated hydrocarbons more rapidly than 

Macoma. Specimens of Mya truncata and Maccna calcarea for histopathologic examinatioD were collected imDediately 

before, l.nloodiately after and one year after the experimental oil spills. IID!diately after the spill there was 

an increased incidence of gill and digestive tract necrosis in Mya fran the bays receiving chemically dispersed 

oil (Bays 7, 9 and 10). This was acCCXDpan.ied by an increase in the nl.llllber of mucus cells in the digestive tract 

epithelium. After one year a few clams had granulocytOOlaS throughout the tissues. Three clams fran Bay 11 

(receiving oil alone) collected one year after the spill had invasive neoplasias (probably cancer). One clam 

collected fran Bay 7 inmediately after the spill bad a similar lesion. There were few lesions in Maccma frcm Bays 

7 and 9 inmediately after or one year after the spill. One y~ after the spill, animals fran Bay 11 bad a high 

incidence of vacuolization of the digestive tubule epithelum. The incidence of parasitism and bemocytic 

infiltration also was higher in Kacc:ma fran Bay 11 than fran the other bays. One specimen had a blood neoplasm. 

11 
Clams Mya truncata were collected for biochemical analysis im:rediately before, imediately after and alxmt two 

weeks after the simulated oil spills. Concentrations in the clam ti.ssoes of glucoSe, glycogen, trehalose, total 

lipid and free amino acid were measured. ConcentratiODS and ratios of free wnino acids in adductor llllScles were the DX>st useful indices of pollutant stress. The results of the biochemical analyses indicate that 11ya fran tbe 

four bays were not severely stressed by either dispersed oil or oil alooe. Imediately after the spill, clcims fran 

the two major dispersed oil bays, and particularly Bay 10, appeared to be lll)re severely than clams fran Bay 11. 

After two weeks, clams fran the dispersed oil bays, were nearly normal, while those from the bay receiving oil 

alone appeared stressed. These results seem to corroborate results fran analytical chemistry and bistopatbology: 

that the acute effects of dispersed oil are greater than those of undispersed oil, but effects of undi.spersed. oil on infaunal molluscs develop more slowly and persist longer than those fran dispersed oil. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews 

File 5 . 

55. DISPIIISII! liSI GUIJI!I.DIS lllll CIXI[ JILI'r, ILISD. 

O'Brien, P.; Kanen, C.; Hahn, B.; Metsker, H.; Fox, L.; l:ennedy, D.; Getter, C. !LASKA DEPT ERV CONSERVATION,. 

ENV CAII!DA 9TH liRC'XIC IIARIIiE OILSPILL 'l'EC!INICAL SEID!IliR, EIXlll'l'OII, JUJi 10-12, 1986, p. 581 (20) . 

Abstract: DRAFT GUIDELlliES FOR DISPERSAJIT USE Ill COOK IIILET, AK, liRE SlJI!I!!RlZED. THE DISPERSAIIT USE CRI'rERIA 

DEVELOPED FOR THE STA'l'E CLASSIFY COASTAL WA'l'ERS IliTO THREE DISPERSAIIT USE ZOIIES. Ill ALL CASES, THE USE OF 

DISPERSANTS WILL BE BASED 011 THE DETERI!IliATIOII THAT THE IIIPACT OF DISPERSAIITS OR DISPERSED OIL WILL BE 

LESS HARMFUL THAll !lOll-DISPERSED OIL. ZOIIE 1 IS DEFII!ED AS All AREA Ill lil!ICH DISPERSAJIT USE SHOULD BE COIISIDERED 

AS A I!EAIIS TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE AIIOOIIT OF OIL REACHIIIG THE SJIORELDE OR OTHER SEIISITIVE RESOURCES. THE USE 

OF DISPERSAIITS Ill ZOIIE 2 IS COIIDITIOIIAL Ill ORDER TO PROTECT SEIISITIVE WILDLIFE !liD OTHER RESOURCES. DISPERSANT 

USE IS !lOT RECOIII!EIIDED Ill ZOIIE 3. (1 DIAGRAI!, 2 GRAPHS, 10 REFEREIICES, 3 TABLES). DIALOG EIIVIROLIIIE File 40 

56. llEI'USSICII 01' I'DlliiG liD GIOillll BI!IS 01' !II! Sl!l-5DII ~ OORIJIG LIE-mil Dl'\S1lBE !II mE 

lll'!EIHIOLUBLE PB!C'fl(ll 111! CI1IDE OIL. 

0 1Clair, C. E.; Rice, S.D. NORTHWEST AND ALASKA FISHERIES CENTER, lUKE BAY LAB., NATL. MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, 

NOAA, P.O. BOX 210155, AUKE BAY, ALASKA 99821. MAR. BIOL. (BERL), Vol. 84, llo. 3, pp. 331-340, 1985. 

Abstract: To test the effect of pretroleum hydrocarbon on predation by the seastar E. troscbelli (Stimpson, 1862) 

on the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.), predator and prey were exposed to 6 concentrations of the water-soluble fraction 

(WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil. Seastars and mussels were collected at Aulre Bay, Alaska [USA], in Nov. 1980. During a 28 day exposure in a flow-through system, seastars were more senstive to the WSF than mussels: the LC50 for the 

seastars was 0.82 p:n at day 19 and, although no mussels were exposed to WSF for > 12 days, none died. Daily feeding 

rates (wbetber in terms of number of mussels/seastar/day or dry wt of DDJSsels/seastar/day) were significantly 

reduced at all concentrations> 0.12 P!XD· At 0.20,0.28 and 0.72 ppm liSP, daily feeding rates (in terms of dry wt 

of mussels) were, respectively, 53, 37 and 5% of the control rate; at the 2 highest concentrations (0.97 and 1.31 

ppn WSF), the seastars did not feed. Seastars at concentrations> 0.12 pp:n WSF grew slower than individuals frCXD 

the control group and the 0.12 px:m-treatment group canbined. These laboratory resu1 ts showed that E. troschelii 

is toore sensitive to chronic low levels of the WSF of crude oil. The possibility that such oil pollution could 

reduCe predation and permit M. ed.ulis to IOClnop:>lize the low interdistal zone of southern Alaska remains to be 

studied. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

57. ocs (Onter CartinoutaJ. Sbelf) oil ond - - an orrr~ o l. v.u-. 5 - Po1:sot1al biological 

effects of bypotbetical oil c1iJ1c11oi11os in the Atlmrtic Coast ond Gulf of Aluia. Council on Environmental Quality, 

Washington, DC (USA), April 1974. 

Abstract: The reiXJrt is an analysis of the primary biological effects of potential oil discharges resulting fran 

h:ypotbetical oil production activity on the Atlantic/Alaskan OCS. The results are intended for input to the' Council on Enviroomental Quality as part of the information base to decide: {1) whether or not to recoomend ;OCS oil 

exploration/drilling in these areasi and (2) if yes, where. Although EJDpbasis is placed on analysis of impacts and 

recovery fran large-volume infrequent accidental oil spills, small voll.IDe continuous discharges of hydrocarbons are also considered. Effects of oil releases from offshore platforms and spills occurring at coastal terminals are ~~. . 

liTIS Order llo.: PB-86-216389/XAB. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 

58. Oil Spilli: B!nl"4'cal Effects. Juno 1981-!'aiD:uEy 1988 (CitiiU.cmo fral the I!IS !lli!'IIIQ). llational1.1.cbnical 

Information Service, Springfield, VA., March 1988. 

Abstract: This bibliography contains citations concerning the biological and ecological effects of oil~ spills. 

The effects on microorganisns, plants, and animals are studied. Damage assessment, ecological IIOdeli.ng, and 

enviroii!leDtal ~ct statements are included. (This updated bibliography contains 152 citations, 29 of which are 

new entries to the previous edition.}. 

liTIS Order No.: PB88-858931.XSP; supersedes PB82-810391. 

r/, 59. Oil Spilli: ~ Effects. 1977-floy 1986 (CitiiU.cmo fral the Selected liKter lie8ourCM .lbstracts r Databue). l!ept. for 19n-lloy 86. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, l!ay 1986. 

Abstract: This bibliography contains citations concerning environrrental impacts free oil spills pri.narily resulting 

from ship wrecks and oil drilling and exploration. Oil spills in temperate, tropic and arctic zones which affect 

fresh, estuary, and marine waters are included. Cleanup operations and priorities, canputer m::xleling and simulation 

analysis, oil spill investigations, and predicted JDJvement of oil slicks in high traffic shipping lanes are a~~Dng 

12 
the topics discussed. Microbial degradation of oils, and testing of oil and oil dispersant toxicity to aquatic 

plant and animal life are considered. (This updated bibliography contains 311 citations, 11 of which are new entries to the previous edition.). 

Supersedes PBB5-860559.; Prepared in cooperation with Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D.C. 

III'IS Order No.: PBBG-867447/XAB. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

60. DJII'wml S!!IDll!S 0!' PHHOfOXI.:In liD aDIIIIClL lliK'\SJ1liM 0!' JQ011K1S OIL IIWJ!II:E .II'!IC!III B! DIPCU!Illl 

IlJlWTIIIT'TIW liD IDIIlCT'T!W. 

Ostgaard, K.; Aaberg, A.; Oungsoyr, J.; Jensen, A. INST. MARD1E BIOCHEM., HTH, H-7034 'l'ROIIDHEIM-:trl'H. WATER RES., 

Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 155-164, 1987. 

!bstract: Aqueous stock solutions of Ekofisk crude oil were prepared in darlaless and UDder illlDination, and 

fractions of both types of stock solutions were further treated by controlled evaporation, illtmdnation, extraction 

with hexane and dichloraoethane and phytoplankton cultivation. Chemical analysis of all fractioos were canhined 

with toxicity testing based on the marine diatom Slcele- costat\D. llaloval of the readily .. ter-soluble 

aranatic hydrocarboos did not reduce the phytotoxicity of the solutions. Il.lmination led to a dra:Datic increase 

in both toxicity and the total amount of dissolved material. In no case did the hydrocarbon content exceed 5% of 

the toW dissolved material, and the traditional analytical values referred to as "toW bydrocarboo content11 are therefore considered highly misleading. The toxicity of these aqueous oil solutions llllSt apparently be ascribed 

to a multitude of slightly polar, oxidized caapouods originating frm the oil. DIILOO BIOSIS Previews File 5 

61. 0oter CclltiDolrtal Sbolf ~ I l l'tograo. F1mJ. Jloplrtll of PriDclpo]. rm.tigortarll, Jal.- JO. 

National Ocean Service, Anchorage, AK. Ocean Assessments Div., April 1985. 

!bstract: A compilation of eight final reports dealing with population and trophies studies of seabirds in the 

Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas; population estimates and trends of Pribilof Island Seabirds; pelagic distribution 

of marine birds on the central Bering Sea Shelf; assessaeot of oil spill risk to birds; and simulation Dl.ldeling 

of marine bird population energetics, food CODS11llption and sensitivity to perturbation. 

Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AI. Alaska OUter ContinenW Shelf Office. 

NTIS Order No.: PBB6-134756/XAB; see also PBB5-239598, PBB6-134764. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

62. Cater CartinomW Sbelf-Is L Ptograo. F1ml Jloplrtll of PriDclpo]. :ru-tiQIItaro, Y.W.. 36. 

Part 1 aDd Part 2. National OceaD Service, Anchorage, AK. Ocean Assescznents Div., December 1985. 

Abstract: A ccmpilation of 16 reports by authors associated with the liorthwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, 

NOAA, which evaluate the possible effects of oil development on the camercial fisheries of the eastern Bering Sea. 

Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office. 

RN: OCS/MMS-85/0107. 

NTIS Order No.: PB86-201605/XAB; see also PB86-171758. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 

63. FATE liD PERSISTEICE OF CllliDE OIL mDlJEil (II 1 SllEL!EIIED BElCH. 

Owens, E. H.; Harper, J. R.; Robson, W.; Boehm, P. D. WOO~-CLYDE CONSULTANTS, 7330 WESTVIEW DRIVE, HOUSTON, 

TEX. 77055, U.S.A. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 109-123, 1987. 

Abstract: Detailed observations 1 mapping and sampling were conducted following an experimental spill of 15 m3 of 

crude oil adjacent to the coast at Cape Hatt, Baffin Island, N.W.T. The beach could not retain all of the oil that 

reached the shoreline, and as a result, one-third of the spilled oil was recovered in cleanup activities on the 

water 1 approximately one-third was lost to the atm:lspbere and to the ocean and one-third remained stranded on the 

intertidal zone. The stranded oil was subject to natural cleaning processes during approximately 6 months of 

open-water periods fran 1981 to 1983. Over this period the surface area of oil cover was reduced by approximatel:y 

half, whereas estimates indicate that 80% of the oil initially stranded (5.3 m3) vas reoDJVed, This natural removal 

of stranded oil occurred in a very sheltered envirorment. The reduction of the surface area and of the volmae of 

oil resulted primarily fran the ph:ysical processes associated with wave activity and ground-water leacbiog. By 

1983 an asphalt pav""""t had developed in the npper intertidsl zone an the beach-face slopa. Total hydrocarbon 

concentrations of samples collected fran the asphalt pavemeDt indicated a significant increase in oil-in-sediment 

values in this zone to concentrations in the order of 2-5%. Oil reaoved fran the beach vas transported into the 

adjacent nearshore OOttan sediments, where oil concentrations increased sixfold between 1981 and 1983. 

Pb:ysio-chemical weathering rates were relatively rapid inmediately following the release of the oil, as the lower 

molecular weight (Cl to ClO) hydrocarbons evaporated. Subsequent physio-chmcal changes were heterogeneous: 

weathering and biodegradation progressing slowly where oil-in-sediment concentrations exceeded 1%. The primary 

conclusion fran the investigations undertaken to date is that oil is rem:JVed in substantial quantities fran the 

intertidal zone even in such a sheltered, low-energ:y arctic enviroiJDeDt. Similar changes should also be expected 

fran cooparable environments in lower lat1t.udes. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

64. 1 FIKLD Ei!LOlmll OF SE1EC'ml BEICH-C!.EIIlE !I!CHII\IUIIS. 

Owens, E. H.; Robson, W.; Foget, C. R. ~DWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS, 7330 WESTVIEW DRIVE, HOUSTON, TEX. 77055, U.S.A. 

ARCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 244-257, 1987. 

Abstract: A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate selected countermeasures for the cleanup of oil on 

remote beaches. The experiments formed part of the Baffin Island [Canada] Oil Spill (BIOS) Project, which was conducted at Cape Hatt. N.W.T., between 1980 and 1983. An isolated lagoon was selected with a series of segregated 

bays that could be used for discrete expe.ri.Jrents with control and countermeasure plots. Intertidal control plots 

13 
f 

were established in 1980 at an exposed site and at a relatively sheltered location. The oil on the' exposed 

intertidal control plot was rectr:~ved rapidly by natural processes so that subsequent attention was focused on low wave energy sites. Countermeasure experiments were conducted in 1981 in the intertidal zone at a ·relatively 

sheltered site and in 1982' in the intertidal and backsbore zones at a very sheltered beach. At each of these two 

locations 1 control and countermeasure plots were duplicated using an aged Lagcaedio crude oil and a water in aged 

LagCXDedi.o emulsion. Countermeasures were selected for testing on the basis of existing experimental or practical 

knowledge and the applicability to rear:Jte or arctic beach envirorments. The selected techniques were incendiary 

canbustion1 mechanical mixing1 chemical dispersion1 solidifying and low-pressure flushing. Sqlles of surface and 

subsurface sediments were collected throughout tile experiments for total hydrocarbon and GC/MS analysis. Two 

chemical dispersants (BP llOOX and Corexit 7664) were effective on tile relatively sheltered beach but neither was 

effective on the very sheltered beach doe to the lack of wave energy to agitate or to redistribute the 

oil/dispersant mixture. The mechanical mixing of backshcre sediments accelerated tile r<DJVal of surface oil but 

increased subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations. Low-pressure flushing on tile very sheltered fine-grained beach 

did not reduce surface hydrocarbon coocentrations aDd resulted in higher oil in sediJDent concentrations when 

canpared to an adjacent control plot. The solidying agent vas an effective 1110tbod for encapsulating oiled beach 

sediments. OVer a five- to six-week period tile control plot data indicates that rates of natural cleaning resulted 

in similar total hydrocarbon values wben canpared to tile counteriii08Silre plots. However, these results arost be 

considered in tile context of edge effects and dispersion that are a function of using !lllill.l. (10 11 .tiiiiOs. 2m) 

intertidal plots. Such plots represent only patchy contamination. !s tile experiiiiOntal concept vas aiiiiOd primarily 

at the cleanup of heavily contaminated beaches, the primary evaluation of the cotmtemeasures relates to data 

obtained ocly from the first week of each experiiiiOnt. Jieither tile incendiary device nor tile low.,pressure flushing 

techniques proved to be effective, whereas over this short period mixing and chemical dispersion deoonst.rated a 

potential to mitigate the effects of beach contamioation or to accelerate the removal of stranded oil. DIALOG 

BIOSIS Previews File 5 

65. llcltinriate l!lal.JBis of Pe1:rolJ!I:. iioorthoring in the Iorino ~-Snh lrotic. 

Payne, J. R.; et. al. National Ocean Service, Anchorage, U::. Ocean Assessments Div. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSESSKENT OF 

THE ALASKAN COiffliiEIITAL SHELF: FINAL REPORTS OF PRII!CIPAL INVESTIGATORS. VOLUME 21, 681 pp., February 1984. 

Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Juneau, U::. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. 't: 

NTIS Order Ho.: PB85-215796/XAB; see also PB82-185646. DIALOG ll'riS FILE 6 

66. !Dtegr.t1.aD of Sn~ ParU.coine lllltter IIDd Oil !raDIIportat.1m st:Ddy. Final lapart, Selpt:aber ·': .. 

1984-Selpt:aber 1987. 

Payne, J. R. ; Kirstein, B. E. ; Clayton, J. R. ; Clary, C.; Redding, R. Science Applications International Corp., 

San Diego, CA, September 1987. 

l!bstract: Dispersed oil droplet/suspended particclate material (SP!!) interactions provide a potential mechanism 

for transport of spilled oil to benthic marine environments. Oil/SPM interaction rates were measured to develop 

a mathematical toodel for sedimentation of spilled crude oil and refined petroleum products. Data are presented for 

the interaction of fresh and weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil with a representative suspended particulate. material 

type. 

Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. Environmental Studies. 

RN: SAIC-87/ETG-2; MMS-0083. 

NTIS Order No.: PB88-116421/XAB; see also PB-87-121703. DIALOG NTIS FILE 6 ;- :f . 'l 

67. Pcl1otiom fmlllaatlm oil ODd goa q>erllticas. 1974-Jo.-, 1982 (Cibrt.ims fml Ocllllmic lllot.rac:bl).: llational 

!eclmical Infcaati.om Sen., Springfield, Yl (liSl)., 67 pp, 1982. . 

Abstract: This bibliography contains citations concerning enviroiDeDtal pollution mecbanisns and effects associated 

with Alaskan oil and gas operations. Effects at specific locations and upon specific species are considered. Scme 

attention is given to legal aspects of oil spills and other oil pollution sources. (This updated' bibliography 

contains 66 citations, 12 of which are new entries to the previous edition). 

NTIS Order No.: PB83-852822. DIALOG !SF! file 44 

68. rMa1h111tr of ~ .oo.w. of the interactim of potentioJ. oil opil]JIIIith ~ ODd !II""! - in the 

Bering, Chukchi, ODd Blllmfart Seu. 

Reed, M.; Bowles, A. E.; Anderson, E. L.; Leatbe.rwood, S.; Spaulding, M. L. Applied Science Associates, Inc., 

Wakefield, RI (USA), August 1984. 

Abstract: Feasibility and design considerations for developing ccmputer m::dels of migratory bow-bead and gray 

whales and linking such roodels to oil spill .xlels for application in Alaskan Outer Continental Shelf areas were 

evaluated. A S\llllllill"l' of all relevant bowhead aod gray whale distributional aod migration data were S~m~~arized and 

presented at monthly intervals. The data were, for the most part, deemed sufficient to prepare whale migration 

simulation IIJJdels. A variety of whale migration conceptual DK>dels were devised and ranking was acb.i,ev.ed ·by means 

of a scaling-weighted protocol. Existing oil spill trajectory and fate m:>dels, as well as conceptual.IOOdels, were 

similarly ranked. ~. ~. 

NTIS Order No.: PB-86-193950/XAB. DIALOG DOE Energy file 103 :), 1 

( 

69. c..pater a1mlninll of tile prcbohillty that ......... ed - 1lill interact llitb oil opil]JI, Finol. report. 

Reed, M.; Jayko, K.; Bowles, A.j Anderson, E.; Leatherwood, S. Dunham-Bush, Inc., Harrisonburg, VA (USA}, October 

1986. 

14 
Abstract: A numericalux:xiel system was developed to assess quantitatively the probability that endangered bcr.rbead 

and gray whales will encounter spilled oil in Alaskan waters. Bowhead and gray whale migration diving-surfacing 

models, and an oil-spill-trajectory IIKldel comprise the system. The migration aode1s were developed fran c:onceptaal 

considerations, then calibrated with and tested against observations. The distribution of aniJials is represented 

in space and time by discrete points, each of which may represent ooe or more whales. The mvement of a vbale point 

is governed by a random-walk algorithm which stochastically follows a migratory pathway. 

NTIS Order No.: PB-87-121307/XAB. 

RN: ASA-84-35. DIAlOO DOE Energy file 103 

10. ~ oimlatl.m of the prtDh!JJ.tJ that '"'CIImganod- will Urtaract nth an l¢llo. 

Reed, K.; Jayko, K.; Bowles, A.;, Anderson, E.; Leatherwood, S. Applied Science lssociates, Inc., Barragansett, RI 

{USA), -ch 1987. 

Abstraot: A n""""icallll>del system was developed to assess quantitatively the probability that endangered bowhead 

and gray whales will enoounter spilled oil in Alaskan waters. Boobead and gray whale lligration and diving-surfacing 

models, and an oil-spill trajectory model CQIIPrise the syst..,, Tbe lligraticm .xlels were developed fraa conceptual 

considerations, then calibrated with and tested against observations. The 110vement of a vbale point is governed 

by a random walk algoritba vbich stochastically foil'""' a lligratory pathway. Tbe oil-spill model, developed under 

a series of other contracts, accounts for transport and spreading behavior in open water and ill the presence of sea ice. Historical wind records aDd heavy, oormal, or light ice cover data sets are selected at randaD. to provide 

stochastic oil-spill scenarios for vbale-oil interaction simolaticms. 

NTIS Order No.: PB-87-200085/XAB; supersedes PB-87-121307. DIAlOO DOE Energy file 103 

71. 11.-rl.col. llodelJI of - and 6rllf lllala ll1grat.lm in lla'*"n lilltarll lJSl. 

Reed1 K.; Jayko1 K.; Bowles, A.; Leatherwood1 S. Applied Sci. Assoc., 70 Dean Knauss Drive1 Narragansett, R.I. 

02882, USA. Ecol. Kodell., Vol. 44, No. 1-2, pp. 1-42, 1988. 

Abstract: Numarical IIK>dels of migrating bowhead and gray whales were developed as part of a larger project to 

assess the probability that these endangered marine III8UIIIals will encounter spilled oil in Alaskan waters. The 

distribution of animals is represented in space and time by discrete points, each of which may represent one or 

more whales. The oovement of a whale point is goveroed by a randon walk algoritlln which follows stochastically a migratory pathway. The migration models rely on sigbtings of whales to define mean migration pathways. Distances 

traveled over 3-6 oootbs 1 divided by the travel time, were used to estimate mean migratory speeds over appropriate 

sections of the migration route. Stochastic velocity caaponents were added such that maxi.lmln instantaneous swim:ning 

speeds did not exceed those observed. Kodeled whale densities were then CCII!p8rE!d with field estimated at various 

tines and locations, as available, and mean migration speeds were adjusted locally to calibrate the ux:xiel. The 

rocxlel proved to be an extremely useful tool for exploring the raw observational data, making clear a number of 

inconsistencies therein. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

72. '!axicity of Ballast-.ter - Effl.Deot to - ~ at Port Yal.doz, llaabl. 

Rice, S. D.; Korn 1 S.; Bordersen, C. C.; Lindsay, S. A.; Andrews, S. A. NOAA Natl. Marine Fisheries Service, AK. 

PRESENTED AT EPA/API/USCG 1981 OIL SPILL CONF, ATLANTA, MAR 2-5, 81, P55 (7) 

Abstract: APPROXIMATELY 12 MILLION GPD OF OIL BALLAS'l' WATER IS TAK!:II ASHORE AND TREATED IN PORT VAlDEZ, ALSK. 

MOST OIL IS REMOVED, BUT SOME LIGH'r ARC!!! TIC HYDROCARBONS REMAIN IN THE DISCHARGED EFFLUENT. THE TOXICITY OF 

THE EFFLUENT TO FISH AND SHRIMP LARVAE WAS STUDIED. THE IIEDIAH LC 5 0 WAS 10-20\ OF TREATED EFFLUENT IN 96 HR 

STATIC TESTS FOR LARVAE. ( 6 GRAPHS, 13 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES) . DIAlOO ENVIROLINE File 40 

73. Effects of Petro:U.. I!Jdrocarbals em lla'*"n lqtlatl.c ~: l ~.., llsrl.oo of W Oil-Effects -em lla'*"n Fillb and Imert.ebrates CcDiucta'l by the lnke Boy U!boratorJ, 197D-81. _,, ..,, 

Rice, s. D. ; Kales, D. A. ; Karinen, J. F. ; Korn, S.; Carls, M. G. National Marine Fisheries Service, luke Bay, 

AK. Auke Bay Lab., De~ 1984. 

Abstract: This report reviews and SUllllla!'izes all oil-effects research by the luke Bay Laboratory frc:m the beginning 

of these studies in 1970 through 1981. Both published and unpublished resolts frcm 62 studies are included. 

Research is reviewed according to subject (e.g., toxicity, sublethal effects, studies at Port Valdez). 

RN: NOAA-~·lii!FS-F/NWC-67. 

NTIS Order No.: PB85·185262/XAB. DIAlOO NTIS Fll.E 6 

74. Sbarebird ia! ..,.,. em Arctic littoral bllhl.tata. 

Ri.sebrough, R. W.; Conners, P. G. Bodega Mar. Lab., Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA. Office of Marine Pollution 

Asses,.,.nt, Boulder, CO (USA). ENVIRON!!EN'r!L ASSESSMEIIT OF THE ALASKAII CONTIHE!ITAL SHELF. !HHUAL REPORTS OF 

PRIIICIPAL INVESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR ENDING KARCH 1980. VOLUME 1: RECEPTORS - BIRDS, PLAHKTON, LI'l"IORAL, BEIITHOS, 

pp. 94-109, 1980. . 

Abstract: Seasonal, and occasionally very heavy, use of littoral (shoreline) habitats by shorebirds and other birds 

in the Arctic are documented. For many bird species in some coastal areas it can now be predicted (for a hypothetical oil spill) the rate of encounter1 on an area basis, of birds and oil. A limited series of choice 

experiments, using shallow pans containing brine shrimp in water, suggested that naive juveDile Red Phalaropes did 

not distin~ between oiled and clear surfaces for foraging before they bad any experinece with the oil. However, 

upon contact they have a fairly consistent and very quick response to avoid the oil, and subsequently within the 

same trial period they can and do distinguish between oiled and clear surfaces, selecting clear surfaces. This 

15 
suggests that through behavioral responses, Red Phalaropes may reduce the impact of mall coastal oil spills. 

However, survival rate may also depend on the type and thickness of the oil film, the degree of contact, the 

accaapanying stress due to envirormental factors, and the physiological state of the bird must also be CODSidered. 

RN:HOAA-OMPA-AR-80-1. DIALOO ASFA file 44 

75. lliBtr:lbut!m of h}drocadxm-utiliDDg ~ ml hjdrocadxm bioclagrodot1m pat:mt:blJI :In llubm 

CDrtiDe<iW llhelf ....... 

Roubal, G.; Atlas, R. M. Dep. Biol., Univ. Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA. Appl. Environ. Microbial., Vol. 

35, Ho. 5, pp. 897-905, 1978. 

Abstract: Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were entllle!'Bted frcm Alaskan conti.DenW shelf areas by using plate 

counts and a new IIIOst-probable-nll!lber procedure based on mineralization of SDP-14C-laheled hydrocarbons. 

Hydrocarbon utilizers were ubiquitously distributed, with no significant overall concentration differences between 

sampling regions or between surface water and sediaent Silllples. 'l'bere were, however, significant seasonal 

differences in nlmlhers of hydrocarbon utilizers. Distribution of hydrocarbon utilizers within Cook Inlet was 

JXlSitively OJITelated with occurrence of hydrocarbons in the environment. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials were measured by using SOP-14C-radiolabeled hydrocarbon-spiked crude oil. There vas no significant correlation 

between numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials. The biodegradation potentials 

showed large seasonal variations in the Beaufort Sea, probably due to seasonal depletion of available nutrients. 

Non-nutrient-Hmited biodegradation potentials followed the order bexadecane > naphthalene » pristane > 

benzanthracene. lD Cook Inlet, biodegradation potentials for bexadecane and naphthalene were dependent on 

availability of inorganic nutrients. Biodegradation potentials for pristane and benzanthracene were restricted, 

ptobably by resistance to attack by available enzymes in the indigenous population. DIALOG !SFA file 44 

76. Re'fieo of the !'h}sl.cal C\oeoD ... iljilj of the- Gulf of lllllta, lll.th """'"'"'" 011 ita Ilipllcat.i<m to Oil m!EIIIB~. 

Royer, T. C. Alaska Univ., Inst. Mar. Sci., Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA. ENVIROHMEN'l'AL ASSESSMENT OF THE ALASKAN 

CON'I'IHEIITAL SHELF. AHHUAL REPORTS OF THE PR111CIPAL INVESTIGATORS. VOLUME 6 - TRAJISPORT, pp. 239-306, 1980. 

Abstract: The knowledge of the physical oceanography of the northern Gulf. 

RN:HOAA-OMPA-AR-80-6. DIALOO ASFA file 44 . :: 

77. !'h}olalc,p"'l --of lrctic benthos ml opiboathic ~to allnitJ ml erode all-mlor.!;;;; Jl:iDtar CDI!diti.OIIs. .. ' 

Schneider, D. E.; Hanes, J. Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA, USA. ENVIRONMENT!L ASSESSMENT OF THE ALASKAN 

CON'I'IHEIITAL SHELF. AHHUAL REPORTS OF PR111CIPAL IIIVESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR ENDING !!ARCH 1981. VOLUME 1: JU:CEP'IDRS 

- BIRDS, FISH, MAR1HE MAMMALS, PLAHKTOH, LI'rl'ORAL, pp. 470-531, 1981. 

Abstract: Both acute and gradual salinity tolerance tests and associated activity ratings indicate that the Arctic 

shallow-water benthic invertebrates studied are not more tolerant to hJP8rsaline stress than the epi.benthic 

invertebrates. Acute salinity transfers resulted in high mortality at salinities of 55 ppt or less and severely 

depressed activity at around 45 ppt. Gradual salinity transfers in mst cases resulted in less tban a 5 ppt 

increase in the upper tolerance limit and a.lloost no improvement in the upper limit for activity. The physiological 

responses to hypersaline stress in the benthic invertebrates studied suggest that uost of these species are unable 

to live in areas of lagoons that exceed salinities of about SO to 55 ppt. These species may therefore be absent 

fran certain regions in the deepest parts of the lagoons. Two species, the epi.benthic ampbipod Boeckosimus affinis 

and the isopod Saduria entcmon, appear capable of surviving at least limited exposure to the hypersaline extremes seen in Beaufort Sea lagoon systems during late winter and early spring. Limited experiments oo crude oil 

tolerance suggest that benthic species may not be as sensitive to low level of oil contamination as epibenthic 

species. 

RN: HOAA-OMPA-AR-81-1. DIALOO ASFA file 44 

78. DISIGJ liD IDICLUSICIIS Ol !Ill BlFPlll ISLIIIl on. SI'JLL l'IIOJIC! CIDDI. 

Sergy, G. A.; Blackall, P. J. ENVIRON. PROT., CONSERV. PROT., ENVIRON. CANADA, 'rimi ATRIA HO. 2, 2ND FLOOR, 4999 

- 98 !VE., EllllNTON, ALBERTA, ClH. T6B 2X3. !RCTIC, Vol. 40, Suppl. 1, pp. 1-9, 1987. 

Abstract: The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project sponsored multidisciplinary field studies between 'l!aY 1980 

and August 1983 in Canada 1s eastern Arctic at Cape Hatt, on the northern end of Baffin Island. Forty-five cubic 

DJetres (45 000 1) of a sweet medi1.111 gravity crude oil were released in a typical coastal arctic environment for 

purposes of scientific investigation. The exPerimental spills were a.:mitored to quantitatively assess and caDpare 

the short- and long~term fate and effects of chemically dispersed oil and a beached oil slick, as well as the 

effectiveness of shoreline cleanup techniques. Hydrocarbon analyses were carried out oo water samples, intertidal 

sediments, subtidal sediments and macrofauna! tissue. Biological measurements were made on popUlations of 

macropbytic algae, benthic infauna and epifauna and microorganisns. Oceanographic, ge<DJrpbologic and DJeteorologic 

support studies were also perfomed. The main conclusions of the BIOS Project relate to oil spill countermeasures 

for arctic nearshore and shoreline areas typified by the experimeDtal site. First, the results offer DO ccapelling 

ecological reasons to prohibit the use of chemical dispersants on oil slicks in such nearshore areas. Second, the 

results provide no strong ecological reasons for the cleanup of oil stranded on such shorelines. Thus consideration 

would be given to the use of chemical dispersants in the nearshore where prevention of shoreline contamination is 

warranted to protect wildlife or their critical habitat or traditional human land-use sites. DIALCXi BIOSIS Previews 

File 5 

16 
79. ~""the,_... of ... attars lllliJUra lutriJI to oil cxm.-!mtim. 

Siniff, D. B.; Williams, T. D.; Johnson, A. M.; Garsbelis, D. L. Dep. Ecol. & Behav. Biol., Univ. Kinnesota, 

Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Biol. Conserv., Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 261-272, 1982. 

Abstract: Two oiling experiments were conducted frao 1977-1979 on sea otters Enbydra lutris in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. ID the first experiD=nt, four captured otters were fitted with radio-transmitters and released 

following contamination of their pelage with 25 cc of Prudhoe Bay crude oil a fifth individual was oiled and 

cleaned with detergent prior to being released. For all experimental animals, activity increased dramatically 

during the first week following treatEnt; this effect was accentuated in the otter cleaned with detergent. Most 

of the increase in activity corresponded to increased grocmi.Dg, whereas the feeding pattern (as EaS1lred by dive 

time analysis) did not ~· It appeared that all experiolental otters survived the first experboent, probably 

because only a mall portion of the pelage was treated, and because food resources in the study area were abundant. 

In the second experiment the authors observed behavioural reactions of two otters iD an above-ground swimning pool 

which was partly covered with crude oil. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

so. m RliiGED sw. l!lllCl-l!lllrnll or m onnn• IIIS!ID ucm:. 

Smith, T. G. DEP. FISHERIES lliD OCW!S, ARCTIC BIOL. STII., 555 ST.-PIERRE BLVD., S!IIi'l'E-l!UiE-DE-BELLEVUE, QUEBEC 

H9X 3R4. CIH, BULL. FISH. lQUAT. SCI., (216), I-X, 1-81, 1987. 

Abstract: I studied ringed seals, Phoca hispida, during the years 1971 to 1983 frat HolEn in A,.,.]sen Gulf, 

H.W.T., and several other localities in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. The highest densities of ringed seals 

(2.84/km2) were found in Prince Albert Sound, Amundsen Gulf. Each year this becaoes an area of good stable landfast 

ice which is consistently used as a breeding habitat. Age structure of the catches indicates segregatioo of older 

animals occupying fast-ice areas in the winter and spring, with all age classes being present in the smmer 

open-water period. In the autumn, young-of-the-year and adolescents DKJve west along the coast of IDundsen Gulf and 

southeastern Beaufort Sea. Seals tagged in this study were recovered as far west as Point Barrow, Alaska [USA] and 

Injun, Siberia [USSR]. Prime breeding ice in Amundsen Gulf is characterized by being stable with ice btii:IIOCks or 

pressure ridges which provides areas for accumulation of snow in which subniveao lairs are constructed. Lairs serve the dual function of providing protection fran predators and as a thermal shelter. Both polar bears, Ursus 

maritimus, and arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, kill seals in their lairs. Arctic foxes are the lOSt important 

predators of ringed seal pups in the western Canadian arctic. strong territoriality exists iD the breeding habitat. 

A limited form of polygyny exists in the ringed seal breeOing population; one male IEintains a territory which 

includes several females with their sub-territories of birth-lair caaplexes. A significant decrease in the nl.lllber 

of birth lairs found during do9 searches was doc1Dented in 1974 and 1975. In 1975 it was also found that the number 

of lairs occupied by rutting males was severely reduced. Predation by arctic foxes was at a peak in the spring of 

1973, one year prior to the highest fox trapping harvest yet recorded for the area. High fox predation continued 

in the springs of 1974 and 1975 even though the number of ringed seal pups born bad been severely reduced. Ringed 

seal pups are born in mid April. Ovulation occurs on average, 21 May, with implantation of the blastocyst on 18 

August. There is an active gestation of 241 days with a delay of implantation of 89 days. Females are sexually 

mature at 5.61 years with the mean age of first reproduction being attained at 7.67 years. The pup sex ratio at 

birth is 1:1. Mean reproductive rates in normal years are calculated as 0.56. In 1974 and 1975 ovulation rates were 

reduced to the low values of 0.41 and 0.38, respectively, ccrnpared to the mean rate of 0.89 in other years. The 

index of body condition of adult seals was also significantly reduced in both 1974 and 1975. The length at birth 

of seals in this study area is calculated to be 632 um (STL) with a foetal growth rate of 2.2 om/day; post-natal 

growth to weaning is 6.1 11111/day; and post-weaning growth is reduced to a low of 0.099 11111/day for the remainder of 

the year. There is an indication of severe stunting in 4% and IIJ:Iderate stunti.Dg in 11\ of the seals measured in 

this study. It appears to be related to date of birth and poor feeding conditions during the first year of life. 

Ringed seals feed on a variety of crustaceans during the open water season including Paratbemisto libellula, 

Tbysanoessa raschii and Mysis oculata. Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, is the 100st important focd of all ages of 

ringed seals during the ice covered period. There is evidence of feeding ccmpetition between adolescents and adults 

as shown by different prey items and diurnal feeding times. All age classes lose body condition fran spring through 

to early September. AutlDD feeding on arctic cod by groups of adult ringed seals occurs regularly, and this is an 

important time for the seals to regain body condition. It is also probably the proximate cause, through territorial 

exclusion, of the migration of young and adolescents westward along the mainland coast towards the Beaufort and 

Bering Seas. Survivorship values estimated fran catch curves do not present either a clear or accorate picture of 

the annual changes in a ringed seal population. They reflect the drastic reduction in recruitaen.t docl.men.ted fran 

reproductive data aDd breeding habitat evaluation in 1974 and 1975, but would not be sensitive enough to point to 

the nature of the change on their own. The inadequacy of a klx type life table is underlioed by tbe changes in 

recruitment docmlented in this study, which violates the basic assmptions of populatioo stability needed for such 

an analysis. The marked decrease in recruitment of 1974 and 1975 seems to be about equally influenced by reduced 

ovulations and increased pup 100rtality frcm fox predation. Kany changes have occurred in tbe Canadian arctic in 

the past 20 years. The subsistence culture of the Inuit is being replaced by a cash-revenue ecooaay. tkx1ern Inuit 

depend on the sale of furs and seal pelts to finance their hunts which provide the main source of food for their 

growing population. Recent European anti -sealing CEill(lOigns have severely affected the ability of the Inuit to 

generate enough cash frm hunting to pay their operating costs. Recent concerns of the Inuit and enviroD~~Entalists 

involve the impacts of industrial development especially fran the petrolem industry on seals. Oil spills, which 

have not yet occurred on a large scale are not thought to pose as serious a threat to seals as was once- envisaged. 

Adult ringed seals are able to withstand and recover fran imDersion in oil, but the effects on newborn seals would 

be oore severe. other oil-related impacts such as disturbance frm ice-breaking tankers and underwater noise are 

more difficult to assess empirically. The effect of contaminants such as heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons 

is not thought to be a major problem in the Canadian north. Integrated ecosystem research is needed to identify 

the mecbanisns involved in regulation of marine manmal populations. This stndy bas dQC\Dented a significant 

redaction in ovulation in 1974 and 1975 which resulted in reduced recruitment. This was correlated to a significant 

reduction in body condition in the .sane years, but we have no quantitative information about fish or their 

availability, or on other levels of production in the ecOSJstem. New techniques including radio telemetry and 

satellite reox:>te sensing are available and should be used to study ringed seals. The projected doubling of the 

17 
lnui t population by the year 2000 will place ame pressure on ringed seal populations, which will be increasingly 

used as human food. DIALOO BIOSIS Previews File 5 

81. B BIOLOGICIL SErDE Of B BIDS sm U CJPE l!lft Llli&l'f mRimiiiS ClDDI IJa.IIDliG B SIIIPLIIIG IDm1 

IIEmiXlLOGf liD pmm IISIIL!S FCilllltittiDiiliS. 

Snow, H. B.; Cross, W. E.; Green, R. H.; Bunch, J. H. BOX 2120, IJlUVIK, K.W.T., ClK. XOE 0'1'0. ARCTIC, Vol. 40, 

Suppl. 1, pp. 80-99, 1987. 

Abstract: The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project was carried out in nearshore shallow waters at Cape Batt, 

northern Baffin Island. Observations and limited data oo phytoplooktoo, zoq>lanktan, fisbes, biJ:ds and lllllllllill.s at 

Cape Hatt and roore detailed information on ad.croheterotrophs indicate that the BIOS site is typical of the majority 

of eastern and central High Arctic coastal areas. Detailed baseline information an nearshore ECrobeotbos (infauna, 

epi.bentbos and macroalgae) is, in general, similar to that previously reported for other eastern and central arctic 

locations; CCJDPBrisons were hindered by a scarcity of detailed studies elsewbere, differences in sampling Ethods 

and ca~~plexity in infaunal calllllllity structure. Infaunal density (IIOanS frail 1119 to 3981 individuals .cntdot. m-2 

in different· study bays and sampling periods) was dominated by polycbaetes, especially Pboloe minuta, whereas 

infaunal bicmass (59-2267 g.cntdot.m-2) was dominated by bivalves, prilllarily llya truncata. Epibentbic crustaceans 

(207-2527 i.Ddividuals.cntdot.m-2) were dominated by ostracods, q'hi!l"rl< (notably Guernea sp.) and ~oeans 

(!.Mprops fuscata). The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (up to 10 i.Ddividuals.cntdot.m-2) and the 

seastar Leptasterias polaris (up to 2 i.Ddividuals.cntdot.m-2) were the large and conspicnous echinoderms on study 

transects. Macroalgal bicmass was from 178 to 1112 g.cntdot. m-2 (not including a Laminaria zone); c:auunities at 

3m deptb were dominated by loose-lying understory algae, particularly Stictyosipbon tortilis, Pilayella littoralis 

and Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus. The deeper transects (7 m) supported a coosiderably higher infaunal biCDaSS and 

densit:y of epi.benthos than did 3 m transects in both saa~pling periods, whereas depth differences in ~~~acroalgal 

bianass varied from September 1980 to August 1981. An evaluation of tbe saapling design and procedures used in tbis 

study (including efficiency of the diver-operated airlift sampler; the area, location and number of replicate 

samples collected; and bias, efficiency and consistency in laboratory analysis) indicated that representative 

s~les of the nearshore macrobenthic coomuni.ties were obtained. The study design and analysis of variance 

procedures used to anal:yze the data provided a rigorous framevorlt within which oil effects were evaluated. DIALOG 

BIOSIS Previews File 5 

82. SUS(DI YIBil'fiCIIS D IIBI!IIEB!IIG liD !!IIICM Of CllllJ! OIL Ill SUIII'!'D. liiiJI!B liC'fiC mmmii!S. . 

Sydnes, L. K.; Helll:ni.ngsen, T. H.; Skare, S.; Hansen, S. H.; Falk-Petersen, I-B; Lon Hi.ng, S.; Ostgaard,·K. DEP. 

CHEM., UNIV. TROMSO, N-9001 TROMSO, NORWAY. ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL., Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1076-1081, 1985. 

Abstract: The present stud:y shows that oil in Arctic marine environment is mcdified by several processes. From 

October to February the oil COOipOSition is mainly affected by eva(Xlration. During the rest of the year the 

ccxaposition is considerabl:y influenced by pbotooxidation and subsequent dissolution of polar oxidation products 

in the water phase. These products are toxic and may represent a hazard to marine organisms in the Arctic spring 

and stmmer. DIALOO BIOSIS Previews File 5 

83. lorth lleutiJm Sbelf ~ODd~ Cttwj1&IC8I af Qffalme Oil ODd Goa~- 1'1:<na!iRJ• 

af 

CalaequaDcaa • Syut:bo£iJIIIeetiDg af Offabare 

held 

Oil 

at 

ODd 

luclmago' Goa ~= 1lalb 011 

Syut:bo£IJIIIeetiDg 

- 9-11, 1982. lorth 

luclmago, 

lleutiJm 

u: 

Sbolf 

{OSl) ~ 9-11 lor 1982. 

ODd ~ 

Tborsteinson, L. K. Hational Ocean Serv., Rockville, KD (USA). Off. of Oceanography and Mar. Serv., 178 pp, 1984. 

Abstract: Results and conclusions of a HOAA/OCSEAP synthesis meeting are stmDai"ized herein. Prediction of oil spill 

behavior and potential effects of .several h:ypotbetical oil spills on biota are based on OCS exploration and 

develOIXfleDt scenarios established prior to the meeting by tbe Minerals Management Service. These scenarios and 

corresponding physical and biological as51.1!1ptions formed at the meeting for analyses of potential impacts are described in the introduction and in following chapters doctiDenting the proceedi.Dgs of individual workshops, 

respectively. Since tbe North Aleutian Shelf sale was deferred shortly after tbis synthesis meeting was held, many 

assumptions such as recoverable resource and spill estimates and h:ypothetical oil spill point sources, may differ 

fran those described in this report. 

NTIS Order No.: PB84-209428. 8502. DIALOG ASFA file 44 

84. 111 m DiiikMEHiL nn or &lliliPIIISID IIIDFIS[ CllllJ! OIL D m-••11!<1!!) PLlS!IC IXI.IIE. 

Tjessem, K.; Pedersen; D.; Aaberg. A. STAT on., P.O. BOX 300, SVX, H-HOOl, STlVANGER, HORWAY. Water Res., Vol. 

18, No. 9, pp. 1129-1136, 1984. 

Abstract: The environaEDtal fate of dispersed nonviscous crude oils vas investigated using a tritiated and a nonlabeled Ekofisk _crude oil. The respective oils (1/2 1) were poured onto the water surface of 2 large· plastic 

enclosures of sea water at GO.degree. latitude north of Bergen, Norway during June, 1980. '!'be resulting slicks were 

treated with a nonlabeled detergent, Corexit 9527, 24 h after the initial addition of the oil. Two replicate 

ecosystems without the added detergent served as control. A high concentration of polar petroleum-derived 

canponents exceeding the concentration of petrolemo hydrocarbons several-fold vas found in the oil/dispersant 

enclosures, which together with transformation products of the dispersant Corexit 9527 proved fairl:y toxic to 

several marine biota. Photooxidation of the oil/dispersant mixture bad been invoked as a primary mechanism to 

explain the fonnation of polar substances being leached into the water coli.IDD. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

18 
85. ~·"!P' af a IIJII!hods EetiDg: !be Barroo lr<:b ~and ~ ca-q..... af P- Qfflime 

Oil 

~ 

and Gas~' 

~ 

bold st Gi%doaad, lluta, 30 llctcllar-1 Ju- ].983. !be Barroo lr<:b ~and 

af Pla!mod OffJime Oil and Gas~' Girdoood, .II (USl) 30 Oct-lla'l 19113. 

Truett, J. C. LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Bryan, TX (USA), 242 pp, 1984. 

Abstract: This synthesis report presents and evaluates availahle eoviroDIDeotal data-transport and fate of 

pollutants, enviromental hazards, biota and their food resources and habitats, and socioecoo::aic issues-related 

to potential petrolelll!l develOJI'Snt in the Barrow Arch OCS Planning Area (Chukchi Sea). It is based to a great 

extent on information brought together at the first Barrow Arch Synthesis Meeting, held in Girdwood, Alaska, 31 

October-2 November 1983. Information presented at the synthesis meet.ing has been cmplemented by extensive outside 

review to provide as ccaplete a synthesis as possible. Chapters are included on transport and fate of spilled oil, 

environmental hazards, mari.De maamals, marine and coastal birds, fish resources, lower trophic levels, coastal 

ecosystems and sensitivities, subsistence econaaics and marine resource use patterns, and socioeconaaic issues. 

N'1'IS Order l!o.: PB85-202240/GAR. DlALOG liSFA file 44 

86. lJP!liDil SD!OS DF !BE 11111l'!lCI lllllLI JII!SIP!Iil-DJJIF!DI ll CIDill. 

Whitehead, H. DEP. BIOL., DAHOUSIE OJITV., HALIFAX, IOVA SCOTIA B3H 4J1. Can. Field-Hat., Vol. 101, !!o. 2, pp. 

284-294' 1987 • 

Abstract: H\DIPback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are principally coastal aniJrals fotmd off both the east and west 

coasts of Canada. The eastern north Pacific (X)Pulation breeds in winter off Hawaii [USl), Baja California and the 

Mexican mainland, and feeds in SJ.mDer fran !laska to central California. '!'be west.e.rn oorth Atlantic Htzapback 

Whales' principal winter breeding grounds are on Silver and Navidad banks in the West Indies, and they feed in 

sunmer frcm Cape Cod to West Greenland. Humpback Whales are rarely sighted off British Coltnbia. However, along 

the east coast of Canada substantial concentrations are found on the Southeast Shoal of the Grand Banks, off 

eastern Newfoundlacd, and southern Labrador, with smaller numbers off southern Hevfoundland, in the Gulf of St. 

Lawrence, and off southwestern Nova Scotia. Population estimates in both oceans show considerable scatter, but 

suggest approximately 2000 animals in the eastern north Pacific, and 4000 in the western north Atlantic, both less 

than the estimated pre-whaling popnlations. It is milikely that either popnlation is decreasing. HiDpback Whales 

have shown indications of adverse effects fran vessel traffic and overchanges in prey abundance. A fisheries 

conflict, with Humpback Whales becani.ng entangled in fi.sberuEn's nets, resulted fran this redistribution between 

1977 and 1980. Humpback Whales are vulnerable to disturbance on their restricted breeding grounds, and to 

devel~nt in fisheries, oil exploration and exploitation, and pollution in their feeding areas. The Humpback 

Whale is particularly significant to the whale-watching industry, and has becane a focus of scientific 

investigation. DIALOG BIOSIS Previews File 5 

19