[Cite as State v. Bickerstaff, 2015-Ohio-4014.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

 CASE NO. 2014-A-0054

 - vs - : 

KYLE M. BICKERSTAFF, : 

 Defendant-Appellant. : 

Criminal Appeal from the Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas. 

Case No. 2013 CR 216. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Nicholas A. Iarocci, Ashtabula County Prosecutor, and Shelley M. Pratt, Assistant

Prosecutor, Ashtabula County Courthouse, 25 West Jefferson Street, Jefferson, OH 

44047-1092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee). 

William P. Bobulsky, William P. Bobulsky Co., L.P.A., 1612 East Prospect Road, 

Ashtabula, OH 44004 (For Defendant-Appellant). 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J. 

{¶1} Appellant, Kyle M. Bickerstaff, appeals the judgment of the Ashtabula 

County Court of Common Pleas, having found him guilty, after a jury trial, of rape, a 

violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), a felony of the first degree. Appellant was sentenced 

to serve an indefinite prison term of ten years to life. Based on the following, we affirm. 

{¶2} Appellant and his wife, Ashley, married in 2009. After sustaining an injury 

to his shoulder while in the military in 2010, appellant, along with his wife and son, 
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decided to travel to Ashtabula in December 2011; appellant had heard that the Veteran 

Affairs office in the area was more efficient in scheduling surgeries. From December 

through June 2012, the family resided with Ashley’s father and four others in his trailer. 

Appellant’s wife left with their son to return to Tennessee, but appellant remained in 

Ashtabula with his father-in-law until September 2012. 

{¶3} One of the residents staying at the trailer with appellant was his father-inlaw’s eleven-year-old daughter, T.B. She was staying with her father for the summer 

and moved into the trailer in June 2012. T.B. testified that while she was staying with 

her father and three others, including appellant, she and appellant would text each 

other; she on her iPhone and he on an iPod that she had given to him. She also 

testified their relationship grew from friendship to intimate. Through the month of June, 

she testified that she and appellant would cuddle, kiss, and hug each other. This 

continued until the end of June, when appellant entered her bedroom and began to 

initiate sexual intercourse. She testified that appellant first began by touching her 

private parts, removing her clothes, and then had sex with her. She protested 

appellant’s advances as he undressed her and told him to stop, but appellant did not. 

{¶4} For the remainder of that summer, appellant continued to visit T.B. in her 

bedroom and engaged in sexual contact with her one last time on August 21, 2012, the 

day before she returned to live with her mother. Although she did not tell anyone about 

these events, her mother discovered the text messages between T.B. and appellant in 

early September. Her mother then filed a police report over the incidents and had her 

daughter examined by Christi LaPrairie, a sexual assault nurse examiner, on 
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September 7, 2012. LaPrairie’s findings were non-specific and found no injuries, which 

she considered to be normal in a case of sexual assault for a girl T.B.’s age. 

{¶5} At trial, appellant testified he was only alone with T.B. when he would 

drive T.B. to her mother’s home and back, and the only times he entered T.B.’s room 

were when he was playing with his son. He denied sending the text messages and 

stated he had never sent any suggestive and overtly improper text messages or 

electronic mail to T.B. Appellant testified he gave the iPod to another resident at the 

trailer, Javon Carr, after Carr broke his phone, and that Carr had possession of the iPod 

throughout the summer. Further, appellant testified he owned a mobile phone in June 

2012, which he used exclusively for text messaging and calling, and thus, had no 

reason to continue using the iPod. 

{¶6} Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and asserts four assignments of 

error. His first assignment of error states: 

{¶7} “The trial court committed prejudicial error by overruling DefendantAppellant’s objections to testimony attributing text messages to Defendant-Appellant 

and admitting into evidence photographs of said text messages as trial Exhibits A and 

B.” 

{¶8} Appellant argues the trial court erred in admitting Exhibits A and B — 

pictures of the text messages between appellant and T.B. from June 24-28, 2012. 

Appellant contends the admission of these exhibits violated the Confrontation Clause. 

{¶9} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “In all 

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the 

witnesses against him * * *.” The United States Supreme Court, in Crawford v. 
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Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004), determined the Confrontation Clause “applies to 

‘witnesses’ against the accused — in other words, those who ‘bear testimony.’” The 

Supreme Court held that the right to confrontation applies to all “testimonial statements.” 

Id. at syllabus. To determine whether a statement is testimonial in nature, the proper 

inquiry is “‘whether a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would anticipate his 

statement being used against the accused in investigating and prosecuting the crime.’” 

State v. Metter, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-029, 2013-Ohio-2039, ¶35, quoting United 

States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 675 (6th Cir.2004). 

{¶10} Where nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, it is wholly consistent 

with the Framers’ design to afford the States flexibility in their development 

of hearsay law — as does [Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980)], and as 

would an approach that exempted such statements from Confrontation 

Clause scrutiny altogether. Where testimonial evidence is at issue, 

however, the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required: 

unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination. 

Crawford, supra, at 68 (emphasis added). 

{¶11} Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant 

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter 

asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is inadmissible at trial unless it falls under an 

exception to the Rules of Evidence. 

{¶12} To support his argument on appeal, appellant cites the Ohio Supreme 

Court’s decision in State v. Hood, 135 Ohio St.3d 137, 2012-Ohio-6208. In Hood, the 

cellular telephone records from the defendant and his co-conspirators were admitted 

into evidence to place the defendant in the vicinity of the crime and to show contact with 

his co-conspirators. Although detectives testified they subpoenaed the cellular 

telephone records from the cellular-phone companies, the subpoenas were not in the 
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record. Defense counsel objected to the use of these records “claiming that the records 

lacked verification or certification of their authenticity.” Hood, supra, ¶20. At trial, a 

detective was called by the prosecution to verify the records were obtained through 

subpoena and to testify regarding his experience interpreting cell-phone records. 

{¶13} In finding the admission of the cell-phone records a constitutional error, 

the Hood Court reasoned: 

Here, there was simply no foundation laid by a custodian of the 

record or by any other qualified witness. Detective Veverka was not 

a custodian of the records. He did not prepare or keep the phone 

records as part of a regularly conducted business activity. Nor was 

he an ‘other qualified witness’ under the rule. A ‘qualified witness’ 

for this purpose would be someone with ‘enough familiarity with the 

record-keeping system of the business in question to explain how 

the record came into existence in the ordinary course of business.’ 

5 McLaughlin, Weinstein’s Federal Evidence Section 803.08[8][a] 

(2d Ed.2009); United States v. Lauersen, 348 F.3d 329, 342 (2d 

Cir. 2003). Tellingly, in the midst of discussions regarding the lack 

of authentication of the records, the trial judge remarked, ‘My gut 

reaction is to subpoena Verizon.’ That did not happen. 

* * * 

Thus, the cell-phone records in this case were not authenticated as 

business records, and that fact affects their status in regard to the 

Confrontation Clause. If the records had been authenticated, we 

could be sure that they were not testimonial, that is, that they were 

not prepared for use at trial. Without knowing that they were 

prepared in the ordinary course of a business, among the other 

requirements of Evid.R. 803(6), we cannot determine that they are 

nontestimonial. We thus find that the admission of the records in 

this case was constitutional error. 

Id. at ¶40-42. 

{¶14} In this case, however, appellant’s cell-phone records were not admitted at 

trial. Instead, T.B. testified to pictures of text messages between her cell phone and the 

iPod, which were admitted as Exhibits A and B. T.B. testified that in the summer of 
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2012, she and appellant would text each other; appellant texted T.B’s cell phone from 

an iPod she had provided to him which contained a text messaging application. T.B. 

further testified that she and appellant would sometimes text each other while sitting in 

the same room. She would hear his text alert ring as soon as she would send him a 

text message, and he would then text message her back. She stated they would have 

conversations regarding these text messages. T.B. identified the light-colored text 

boxes as being text messages from appellant, while the dark-colored text boxes were 

text messages she had sent to appellant. 

{¶15} Photographs of text messages sent from a defendant are not hearsay 

pursuant to Evid.R. 801(D)(2); instead, they are “the party’s own statements if the 

statements were properly authenticated.” State v. Shaw, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 

95, 2013-Ohio-5292, ¶43 (“photographs of the text messages can be admissible as an 

admission by a party-opponent under Evid.R. 801(D)(2)(a) if they are properly 

authenticated”); see also State v. Roseberry, 197 Ohio App.3d 256, 2011-Ohio-5921 

(8th Dist.). 

{¶16} Evid.R. 801(D)(2)(a) deals with admissions by party-opponents and 

provides: 

(D) Statements which are not hearsay. A statement is not hearsay 

if: 

* * * 

(2) Admission by party-opponent. The statement is offered against 

a party and is (a) the party’s own statement, in either an individual 

or a representative capacity[.] 

{¶17} In Roseberry, the Eighth Appellate District court reasoned that “in most 

cases involving electronic print media, i.e., texts, instant messaging, and emails, the 
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photographs taken of the print media or the printouts of those conversations are 

authenticated, introduced, and received into evidence through the testimony of the 

recipient of the messages.” Roseberry, supra, at ¶75. 

{¶18} In State v. Huge, the Second Appellate District discussed the 

authentication of text messages, noting “[t]he burden for authentication under [Evid.R. 

901] is not great, and only requires a prima facie showing. * * * The state may meet its 

burden by demonstrating a reasonable likelihood that the evidence is authentic.” State 

v. Huge, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120388, 2013-Ohio-2160, ¶27. In finding the text 

messages at issue were properly authenticated, the Huge court stated: 

We hold that [the victim’s] testimony that texting was her normal 

means of communication with [the appellant], and that the text 

message had been sent from [the appellant] and saved to [the 

victim’s] phone, was sufficient to authenticate the message under 

Evid.R. 901. See State v. Jaros, 6th Dist. No. L-10-1101, 2011-

Ohio-5037, ¶21 (the victim’s testimony identifying the text 

messages on her cellular phone as being sent from the defendant’s 

email address, which she had frequently received emails from and 

was familiar with, was sufficient to authenticate the text messages 

under Evid.R. 901). [The appellant’s] argument alleging a lack of 

proof that he had actually sent the message concerns the weight of 

the evidence, rather than its authenticity. 

Id. at ¶29. 

{¶19} Exhibits A and B, the photographs of the text messages, depict the 

content of the text messages between appellant and T.B. As previously indicated, T.B., 

who was the recipient of the text messages, testified to the content and the identity of 

the text messages. Thus, the text messages at issue were properly authenticated. 

{¶20} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶21} Appellant’s second assignment of error states: 
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{¶22} “The trial court committed prejudicial error by sustaining objections by the 

State of Ohio to defense cross-examination of [T.B.] relative to her history of 

psychological diagnosis and treatment.” 

{¶23} At trial, T.B.’s mother testified. Defense counsel inquired into whether 

T.B. had seen a counselor after September 2012, to which T.B.’s mother responded 

affirmatively. Defense counsel then elicited testimony that T.B., at the age of 5, had 

been in counseling for a short period of time. 

{¶24} During T.B.’s testimony, defense counsel inquired: “Specifically, did you 

put Facebook postings about the history [of] problems that you had?” After sustaining 

the state’s objection, defense counsel proffered the following: 

[I]f I were to have framed the questions to [T.B.] * * * that the 

answers would have included a series of counseling and psychiatric 

conditions that preceded the summer of 2012. And then continued 

after that time. Each of which I would submit reflect upon the 

witness’s credibility and the issues of which occurred or would have 

been occurring during that period of time. Some of which are 

fantasies, some of which are antagonisms that include [appellant’s] 

relationship with his wife. 

{¶25} Evidence Rule 616(B) provides that a witness may be impeached by 

showing a “defect of capacity, ability, or opportunity to observe, remember, or relate” 

information. “In appropriate cases psychiatric testimony can be used to impeach a 

witness whose ability to perceive, remember, or relate events is allegedly impaired by 

organic illness or a psychiatric disorder.” State v. Wilson, 8 Ohio App.3d 216, 221 (8th 

Dist.1982). 

{¶26} In this case, although appellant proffered that T.B.’s counseling and 

psychiatric conditions could possibly reflect upon her credibility, the content of the 

proffer was insufficient because it failed to create a nexus between the fact and the 
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ultimate issue. Specifically, the proffer was not made with regard to the person 

competent to testify concerning the matter proffered. T.B.’s mother was not identified 

as a counselor or psychiatrist. Nothing in the record suggests she “diagnosed” a 

condition that would result in the conclusions proffered by counsel. There is also a 

failure to specifically identify the nature of the psychiatric treatment, any purported 

diagnosed disorder, and the effects such disorder would have on T.B.’s veracity. If 

these specifics were before the trial court, it would have been in a position to conduct an 

in camera inspection of the proffered material and weigh the prejudicial value versus the 

probative value of the evidence. Without these specifics, the trial court did not err in 

excluding this line of questioning. 

{¶27} Appellant’s second assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶28} In his third assignment of error, appellant alleges: 

{¶29} “The trial court committed prejudicial error by sustaining objections by the 

State of Ohio to evidence of the criminal history of Javon Carr.” 

{¶30} Under his third assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred 

in barring the admission of evidence relating to the criminal history of Javon Carr, who 

appellant testified resided in the trailer during the time period at issue. Appellant 

maintains that Javon Carr, a convicted rapist, had use of the iPod from which the 

offending messages were sent to T.B. 

{¶31} A “trial court has broad discretion in the admission and exclusion of 

evidence[.]” State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128 (1967). When it is faced with 

weighing the probative value of evidence against the prejudicial impact, the trial court’s 

decision on whether to admit or exclude such evidence will be upheld absent an abuse 
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of discretion. Shull v. Itani, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2002-L-163, 2004-Ohio-1155, ¶39. An 

abuse of discretion is the trial court’s “‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal 

decision-making.’” State v. Beechler, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶62, 

quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 11 (8 Ed.Rev.2004). 

{¶32} “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by 

[federal and state law].” Evid.R. 402. ‘“Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any 

tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination 

of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” 

Evid.R. 401. Nevertheless, “[a]lthough relevant, evidence is not admissible if its 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of 

confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.” Evid.R. 403(A). Also, it is within the 

trial court’s discretion to exclude relevant evidence “if its probative value is substantially 

outweighed by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative 

evidence.” Evid.R. 403(B). 

{¶33} Here, the identity of the individual who allegedly raped T.B. was not in 

question at trial. T.B. testified that it was, in fact, appellant who had raped her. T.B. 

identified appellant at trial and recounted how their relationship had evolved. She 

identified the text messages and explained that the iPod she had given appellant to use 

contained a texting application. Although T.B. testified that, at times, Javon Carr would 

spend the night at the trailer, she stated that Carr never touched her inappropriately. 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Exhibit 2, the copy of Javon 

Carr’s guilty plea from a prior rape case. Javon Carr’s criminal history was not relevant, 

primarily because identity was never an issue at appellant’s trial; the fact that Carr was 
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previously convicted of rape does not make it more or less probable that appellant 

raped T.B. While appellant contends that Carr’s criminal history is probative with regard 

to who may have sent the text messages, based on the facts presented at trial, we 

cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the probative value of 

this evidence was outweighed by the potential of unfair prejudice, confusion of the 

issues, or misleading the jury. 

{¶34} Appellant’s third assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶35} As his fourth assignment of error, appellant alleges: 

{¶36} “The trial court committed prejudicial error by overruling DefendantAppellant’s objections to testimony on redirect examination of [T.B.] relative to whether 

she had told the truth during her testimony.” 

{¶37} Under this assigned error, appellant argues the trial court erred in 

permitting T.B. to testify, on redirect examination, over objection that she was telling the 

truth about what appellant did to her in July and August 2012. Appellant maintains the 

scope of this question went beyond those matters inquired into on cross-examination. 

We disagree. 

{¶38} On cross-examination, questions were posed to T.B. as to whether she 

had lied to her mother when first asked if anything had taken place between her and 

appellant. She indicated that she at first lied and denied that anything took place, but 

then told her mother what happened. 

{¶39} After reviewing the record, we find the trial court was within its discretion 

to permit T.B. to answer whether she was telling the truth following appellant’s crossexamination. On cross-examination, appellant attacked the credibility of T.B. and 
 12

clearly put her veracity in issue. Questioning to confirm T.B. was being truthful was 

proper redirect examination. State v. Thomas, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2010-10-099, 

2012-Ohio-2430, ¶15. (“As to the scope of redirect examination, it is generally limited to 

matters inquired into by the adverse party on cross-examination.”). 

{¶40} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶41} Based on the opinion of this court, the judgment of the Ashtabula County 

Court of Common Pleas is hereby affirmed. 

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., 

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., 

concur.