# Patent

## Title
Navigation system and method using RTK with data received from a mobile base station

## Abstract

In a system for navigating a moving object according to signals received from satellites, a moving object receives mobile base data from a mobile base station, the received mobile base data including satellite measurement data of the mobile base station, the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, and position-related information of the mobile base station. In accordance with the satellite navigation data for the moving object and the received mobile base data, the moving object performing a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station. A signal reporting information corresponding to the relative position is sent via a transmitter of the moving object.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/115,851, filed May 25, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/369,596, filed Jul. 30, 2010, “System and Method for Moving-Base RTK Measurements,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


TECHNICAL DATA FIELD
The disclosed embodiments relate generally to satellite communications. More particularly, the disclosed embodiments relate to moving-base real-time kinematic (RTK) measurement.
BACKGROUND
Conventional real-time kinematic (RTK) techniques used in many navigation applications such as land and hydrographic surveys are based on the use of carrier phase measurement signals received from a number of satellites. The conventional RTK technique used for navigating a moving object receiver (e.g., a ship, a car, etc.) requires a stationary base receiver (often called the base station) to periodically broadcast its satellite data to the moving object receiver. The moving object receiver compares its own phase measurements with the ones received from the base station, and uses that information plus the position of the base station to determine the position of the moving object receiver. Communications between the base station and the rover receiver can take place via radio communication using allocated frequencies, typically in the UHF band.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating moving-base RTK system, according to some embodiments;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a moving object system of the moving-base RTK system of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a moving base (mobile base station) system of the moving-base RTK system of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments;
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating timing of position signals as transmitted from the moving base and received and processed at the moving object, according to some embodiments;
FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a data structure of a message database that stores messages communicated in the moving-base RTK system, according to some embodiments;
FIGS. 5A-5C are block diagrams illustrating data structures for data received from a moving base, an optional moving base position database, and an optional moving object position database, according to some embodiments;
FIG. 6 is block diagram illustrating a data structure of a relative position database, according to some embodiments; and
FIGS. 7A-7C are flowcharts of a method for moving-base RTK measurement, according to some embodiments.



SUMMARY
Some embodiments provide a system, computer readable storage medium storing instructions, or a computer-implemented method for navigating a moving object according to signals from satellites. A moving object (also referred to herein as a “rover”) receives satellite navigation signals from a number of satellites and generates satellite navigation data for the moving object from the received satellite navigation signals. The moving object also receives mobile base data from a moving base (also referred to herein as a mobile base station). The received mobile base data includes satellite measurement data of the mobile base stations. At the moving object a relative position (e.g., a relative position vector that connects a position of the moving base to a position of moving object) of the moving object relative to the mobile base station is determined, based on the received mobile base data and the received satellite navigation data. In some embodiments, the moving object reports information corresponding to the relative position and/or a current position of the moving object by sending a signal to a home system.
In some embodiments, both the mobile base data received from the moving base and the satellite navigation data for the moving object include data for a first specific time (e.g., an epoch) prior to the current time. As described in more detail below, the relative position is then determined by generating an RTK value for the relative position for the first specific time, using the moving base data received from the mobile base and the satellite navigation data for the moving object for the first specific time.
The moving-base RTK method and system described herein can be used in a wide range of applications, such as maintaining a fixed distance between two vehicles (e.g., a moving object such as a rover and a moving base such as a truck) or other mobile systems, maintaining a fixed relative position (e.g., a position difference vector in two-dimensions or three-dimensions) between two vehicles or other systems, or maintaining a fixed velocity difference between two vehicles or other systems.
In some embodiments, the satellite navigation data for the moving object includes code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, and the system includes a first receiver and a first transmitter. Furthermore, satellite navigation data generated by the system for the moving object includes code measurements (e.g., pseudoranges) and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites. In accordance with the satellite navigation data for the moving object and the received mobile base data, the system performs a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station. The system furthermore sends, via a transmitter of the moving object, a signal reporting information corresponding to the relative position.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating moving-base RTK system 100, according to some embodiments. Moving-base RTK system 100 enables a moving object 110 (e.g., a rover such as a boat, a robot, a haul, etc.) to determine, at any point of time, its current relative position with respect to a moving base 120 (e.g., a ship, a command vehicle, a truck, etc.), instead of a stationary base that conventional RTK navigation systems use. Moving base 120 is sometimes called a mobile base, mobile base station, or mobile reference receiver. Moving object 110 and mobile base station 120 are both equipped with satellite receivers, including satellite antennas 130 and 140, respectively, to receive satellite navigation signals from at least four satellites 115. The satellite navigation signals received by mobile base station 120 and moving object 110 are typically global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) signals at the 1575.42 MHz L1 signal frequency and the 1227.6 MHz L2 signal frequency. In some embodiments, moving object 110 and mobile base station 120 are also both equipped with communication interfaces, such as communication interfaces that include a radio transmitter and receiver, for transmitting data from mobile base station 120 to moving objection 110, and for moving object 110 to communicate with external systems (e.g., for transmitting position information, such as relative position information concerning the relative position of moving objection 110 with respect to mobile base station 120). In some embodiments, moving base 120 includes a communication interface (e.g., 208, FIG. 2A) that includes a transmitter or transceiver for communicating with a computer system via a wired communication medium or local area network.
Moving base 120 measures the received satellite navigation signals at the specific times and communicates those measurements (e.g., code measurements or code measurement-based pseudoranges to each of the satellites, and carrier phase measurements) at certain specific times (e.g., times, t0 to tk, shown in FIG. 3) to moving object 110, using communication channel 150 (e.g., a wireless communication channel, or more specifically a radio communication channel such as a UHF radio). Optionally, moving base 120 determines its position at predefined times (e.g., the same times that the satellite signal measurements are sent, or other times) using the satellite navigation signals received from satellites 115 and communicates its position at those times to moving object 110, using the communication channel 150. However, in many embodiments, communication of the moving base position by moving base 120 to moving object 110 is not necessary.
Moving object 110 determines its relative position with respect to moving base 120, based on (A) satellite navigation signals received by moving object 110 from satellites 115 and (B) the satellite signal measurement data received from moving base 120. The relative position determined by moving object 110 is represented by a differential position value, such as a relative position vector. In the following discussion, and throughout this document, the term “relative position vector” means the “relative position vector between moving object 110 and moving base 120, or vice versa.” It is noted that the relative position vector between moving object 110 and moving base 120 is the same as the relative position vector between moving base 120 and moving object 110, multiplied by minus one. Thus, both relative position vectors convey the same information so long as the starting point and ending point (i.e., which end of the vector at is moving base 120 and which end is at moving object 11) are known.
In some embodiments, moving object 110 is configured to generate a relative position vector for any specified time by 1) determining a relative position vector between moving object 110 and moving base 120 at predefined times or intervals (e.g., at one second intervals), herein called epoch boundary times; and 2) combining the relative position vector at a last epoch boundary time prior to the specified time with the change in position at moving object 110 and the change in position (or the estimated change in position, as explained below) at moving base 120 between the specified time and the prior epoch boundary time. This process, sometimes herein called time synchronized RTK, generates an accurate (e.g., within a few centimeters) relative position vector between moving object 110 and moving base 120 at any specified time that is between epoch boundary times (e.g., the current time, or an earlier time after the last epoch boundary time). In some implementations, a system such as moving object 110 is configured to generate updated relative position vectors at a rate that is greater than or equal to 10 Hz (e.g., an updated relative position vector is generated every 100 milliseconds when the update rate is 10 Hz, 40 milliseconds when the update rate is 25 Hz, or every 20 milliseconds when the update rate is 50 Hz).
In some embodiments, moving object 110 reports a relative position vector and/or a current position of moving object 110 to home system 160. Home system 160 may be a server or a client system (e.g., a desktop, a laptop, a cell phone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), etc.). In some embodiments, the home system is located in moving object 110 or moving base 120. Home system 160 is optionally linked to a network such as the Internet. Optionally, home system 160 is configured to control movement of moving object 110 (e.g., by controlling steering and/or propulsion systems 112 of moving object 110), or to control movement of moving base 120 (e.g., by controlling steering and/or propulsion systems 122 of moving base 120) so as maintain a predefined distance or relative position vector between moving base 120 and moving object 110.
FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a moving object system 200, corresponding to moving object 110 in the moving-base RTK system 100 of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments. Moving object system 200 typically includes one or more processors (CPU's) 202 for executing programs or instructions; satellite receiver 204 for receiving satellite navigation signals; one or more communication interfaces 206, 208; memory 210; and one or more communication buses 205 for interconnecting these components. Moving object system 200 optionally includes a user interface 209 comprising a display device and one or more input devices (e.g., one or more of a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, keypad, etc.). The one or more communication buses 205 may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.
Communication interface 206 (e.g., a receiver or transceiver) is used by moving object system 200 to receive communications from moving base 120. Communication interface 208 (e.g., a transmitter or transceiver, such as a radio transmitter or transceiver, or a wired communication transmitter or transceiver) is used by moving object system 200 to send signals from moving object 110 to the home system 160, reporting information corresponding to the relative position vector with respect to moving base 120 and/or a current position of moving object 110. In some embodiments, communication interfaces 206 and 208 are a single transceiver, while in other embodiments they are separate transceivers or separate communication interfaces.
Memory 210 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 210 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s) 202. Memory 210, or alternately the non-volatile memory device(s) within memory 210, comprises a computer readable storage medium. In some embodiments, memory 210 or the computer readable storage medium of memory 210 stores the following programs, modules and data structures, or a subset thereof:

    
    
        An operating system 212 that includes procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks.
        A database 214 of data received from moving base 120 (as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 5A).
        Message services applications 216 that operate in conjunction with communication interface 206 (e.g., a receiver or transceiver) to handle communications between moving base 120 and moving object system 200, and communication interface 208 (e.g., a transmitter or transceiver) to handle communications between moving object system 200 and home system 160. In some embodiments, the message services applications 216 include drivers, which when executed by the one or more processors 202, enable various hardware modules in communication interface 206 to receive messages from moving base 120 and in communication interface 208 to send messages to home system 160.
        An optional moving base positions database 218 that stores data associated with positions (e.g., three-dimensional positions) of moving base 120 at a number of specific times, as will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 5B. Database 218 is for applications in which the absolute position of moving base 120 is determined by moving object system 200, or absolute position information is provided by moving base 120.
        An optional moving object positions database 220 that stores data associated with the positions (e.g., three-dimensional positions) of moving object 110 at a number of specific times, as will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 5C. Database 220 is for applications in which the absolute position of moving object 110 is determined by moving object 110 (moving object system 200).
        A relative position vector database 222 that stores data associated with relative position vectors of moving object 110 with respect to moving base 120 at a number of specific times, as will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 6.
        One or more determining modules 230 (sometimes called navigation modules) that when executed by the CPU 202 determine a relative position vector of moving object 110 relative to moving base 120, based on moving base data received from moving base 120 via communications receiver 206 and satellite navigation data received from the satellites 115 by satellite receiver 204 (receiver 130, FIG. 1).
    
    


In some implementations, determining modules 230 include an RTK module 232, a delta module 233, a forward projection module 234 and a speed smoothing module 236, as described below.
RTK module 232 determines the relative position vector at specific times (herein called epoch boundary times) using moving base data (i.e., satellite measurement data for moving base 120 at each specific time, as received from moving base 120 at times later than the specific times) and satellite signal measurements made at moving object system 200 (at moving object 110) at each specific time. The computation of the relative position vector at each specific time is performed in accordance with well known real-time-kinematics (RTK) methodologies.
Delta module 233 determines changes in position of moving object 110 (or moving object system 200) between epoch boundary times. In some embodiments, delta module 233 uses a technique known as L1 phase navigation to convert changes in phase measurements of the L1 signal into position changes of moving object 110.
Measurement module 231 processes the received satellite navigation signals to determine satellite navigation data for moving object 110 at a sequence of times, including epoch boundary times and times between the epoch boundary times. This processing involves measuring or determining measurements of the received satellite navigation signals. For example, the measurements may include, for each satellite from which navigation signals are received, a pseudorange between the moving object and the satellite, and L1 and L2 phase measurements. RTK module 232 uses the moving base data and the moving object satellite navigation data for a specific time (e.g., an epoch boundary time) to generate an RTK value, which is the relative position vector for that specific time.
Optionally, in applications in which an absolute position of moving object 110 is needed, RTK module 232 determines the position (i.e., absolute position) of moving base 120 at the one or more specific times using the moving base data. Alternatively, the determining module(s) 230 receives data from moving base 120 indicating the position of moving base 120 at the one or more specific times. In these alternative implementations, moving base 120 processes the satellite navigation signals received by its satellite receiver 140 (FIG. 1) to generate absolute position values of moving base for the one or more specific times. The accuracy of the absolute position values generated by moving base 120 may be improved through the use of any of a variety of navigation assistance technologies, such wide area differential GPS or RTK (e.g., using a fixed base station 170, FIG. 1).
Speed smoothing module 236 determines a smoothed velocity of moving base 120, using two or more position-change updates of moving base 120, as discussed below in more detail with respect to FIG. 7.
Forward projection module 234 determines a projected current relative position vector for the current time using a known change in position of moving base 120 since a specific time in the past (e.g., an epoch boundary time), or alternatively a computed change in position of moving base computed using the velocity of moving base 120 (e.g., the smoothed velocity of moving base 120, determined by module 236), a known change in position of moving object 110 since the same specific time in the past, and the relative position vector for that same specific time, to determine a projected current relative position vector for the current time. See equation 1 below and the related discussion.
Operating system 212 and each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The set of instructions can be executed by the one or more processors 202 of moving base system 200. The above identified modules, applications or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 210 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 210 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
FIG. 2A is intended more as functional description of the various features which may be present in a moving object system 200 than as a structural schematic of the embodiments described herein. In practice, and as recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, items shown separately could be combined and some items could be separated. For example, some items shown separately in FIG. 2A could be combined into a single module or component, and single items could be implemented using two or more modules or components. The actual number of modules and components, and how features are allocated among them will vary from one implementation to another.
FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a mobile base station (moving base) system 250, corresponding to mobile base station 120 in the moving-base RTK system 100 of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments. Mobile base station system 250 typically includes one or more processors (CPU's) 252 for executing programs or instructions; satellite receiver 254 for receiving satellite navigation signals; one or more communication interfaces 256, 258; memory 260; and one or more communication buses 255 for interconnecting these components. Mobile base station system 250 optionally includes a user interface 259 comprising a display device and one or more input devices (e.g., one or more of a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, keypad, etc.). The one or more communication buses 255 may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.
Communication interface 256 (e.g., a transmitter or transceiver) is used by mobile base station system 250 to transmit data to moving object 110. Communication interface 258 (e.g., a receiver or transceiver, such as a radio receiver or transceiver, or a wired communication receiver or transceiver), if provided, is used by mobile base station system 250 to exchange information with home system 160, for example receiving satellite navigation information from a fixed position base station 170 and/or sending information corresponding to the position of mobile base station 250 as determined by mobile base station system 250. In some embodiments, communication interfaces 256 and 258 are a single transceiver, while in other embodiments they are separate transceivers or separate communication interfaces.
Memory 260 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 260 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s) 252. Memory 260, or alternately the non-volatile memory device(s) within memory 260, comprises a computer readable storage medium. In some embodiments, memory 260 or the computer readable storage medium of memory 260 stores the following programs, modules and data structures, or a subset thereof:

    
    
        An operating system 262 that includes procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks.
        An optional database 264 of data transmitted by mobile base station 110 to moving base 120 (as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 5A).
        Message services applications 266 that operate in conjunction with communication interface 256 (e.g., a transmitter or transceiver) to handle communications between mobile base station system 250 and moving object 110 (moving object system 200), and communication interface 258 (e.g., a receiver or transceiver) to handle communications between mobile base station system 250 and home system 160. In some embodiments, the message services applications 266 include drivers, which when executed by the one or more processors 252, enable various hardware modules in communication interface 256 to transmit messages from mobile base station 120 to moving objection 110 and in communication interface 258 to receive messages from home system 160.
        An optional moving base positions database 268 that stores data associated with positions (e.g., three-dimensional positions) of mobile base station 120 at a number of specific times, as will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 5B.
        One or more navigation modules 280 that when executed by the CPU 252 determine a position of mobile base station 120, based on satellite navigation signals received by satellite receiver 254 (receiver 140, FIG. 1).
    
    


In some implementations, navigation modules 280 include an RTK module 282 for determining the position of mobile base station 120 using information received from a fixed position base station 170 (FIG. 1) and RTK navigation methodologies.
Measurement module 281 processes satellite navigation signals received by mobile base station 120 to determine satellite navigation data for mobile base station 120 at a sequence of times, including epoch boundary times and times between the epoch boundary times. This processing involves measuring or determining measurements of the received satellite navigation signals. For example, the measurements may include a code measurement (e.g., a pseudorange) and L1 and L2 phase measurements for each satellite from which navigation signals are received.
Operating system 262 and each of the above identified modules of mobile base station system 250 and applications correspond to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The set of instructions can be executed by the one or more processors 252 of mobile base station system 250. The above identified modules, applications or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 260 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 260 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
FIG. 2B is intended more as functional description of the various features which may be present in a mobile base station system 250 than as a structural schematic of the embodiments described herein. In practice, and as recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, items shown separately could be combined and some items could be separated. For example, some items shown separately in FIG. 2B could be combined into a single module or component, and single items could be implemented using two or more modules or components. The actual number of modules and components, and how features are allocated among them will vary from one implementation to another.
FIG. 3 is a time diagram illustrating timing of signals (moving base data) as transmitted from moving base 120 (FIG. 1) and received and processed at moving object 110 (FIG. 1), according to some embodiments. The top time scale 310 indicates epoch times t0, t1 . . . tk, (each or which is, or closely corresponds to an epoch boundary time) at which moving base 120 transmits data (moving object data, including satellite measurement data) to moving object 110. For example, at time t0 data is transmitted from moving base 120 to moving object 110. The data transmitted at time t0 includes satellite measurement data, which will be used by moving objection 110, in conjunction with satellite signal measurements made at moving object 110, to generate a relative position vector that represents the position of moving object 110 relative to moving base 120 at t0. Another set of satellite measurement data is transmitted by moving base 120 to moving object 110 at time t1. In some embodiments, the epoch times t0, t1 . . . tk, occur at one second intervals.
Data transmitted by moving base 120 arrives at moving object 110 at time tr, (see time scale 320) which is sufficiently later than time t0 that the transmission delay, and subsequent processing, must be taken into account in order to generate an accurate relative position vector. Stated another way, because the moving base 120 is moving, and data transmission is not instantaneous, using RTK to determine the relative position vector requires synchronizing the satellite measurement data for moving base 120 and moving object 110, and determining a current relative position vector for the current time requires projecting changes in position of the moving base 120 to the current time. These techniques for managing the timing delays while performing RTK computations is herein called time-synchronized RTK.
RTK module 232 of moving object system 200 determines an RTK value (also referred to as “an RTK solution”), which is the relative position vector between moving object 110 and moving base 120 for each epoch boundary time t0, t1 . . . tk. Determining the RTK solution at moving object 110 uses both the delayed moving base data and measurements determined from the satellite navigation signals received at moving object 110. Using this information, RTK module 232 determines an accurate relative position vector or an accurate position (e.g., accurate to within 5 cm, or 2 cm, or 1 cm, in various embodiments) of moving object 110 for each of the epoch boundary times.
The received time (tr) associated with the data received from moving base 120 is indicated on the time scale 320. As noted above, the time delay between t0 and tr is due to data transmission between moving base 120 and moving object 110. As a result, the time synchronized RTK process for time t0 starts at tr. However, due to computational delay, the RTK solution may not be ready until a later time tp. In other words, the RTK solution obtained at time tp actually corresponds to time t0. The satellite navigation data for moving object 110 used in determining the RTK solution for time t0 must correspond to the time t0 and not tp or tr, and thus the satellite navigation data for time t0 is buffered or stored in a local database until RTK module 232 is ready to use it. Other data transmitted from moving base 120 to moving object 110 (e.g., update data transmitted between epoch boundary times) experiences similar transmission delays, and the processing delays for each type of data will typically depend on the way in which that data is processed.
Update times t01, t02 . . . t0n (e.g., at predetermined time intervals shorter than one second, such as 100 msec intervals corresponding to 10 Hz, 20 msec intervals corresponding to 50 Hz or 40 msec intervals corresponding to 25 Hz) shown on the time scale 310, correspond to times after the first epoch boundary time t0 (and similarly after other epoch boundary times such as t1 and tk). In some embodiments, moving base 120 transmits a position update at each update time. In one example, the update information transmitted by moving base 120 for each update time indicates changes in position and time, Δx, Δy, Δz, and Δt, since the immediately preceding epoch boundary time. As explained above, the update information takes a finite amount of time to be received and processed by moving object system 200. Moving object system 200 processes the update information to determine the velocity of moving base 120.
In some embodiments, moving object 110 determines an updated relative position vector (i.e., at current time t0K) based on the RTK solution for the last epoch boundary time, such as time t0 (or t1 . . . tk). In some embodiments, moving object 110 determines the current relative position vector (e.g., at any of the update times t01, t02 . . . or t0N) by combining the RTK solution for the first specific time t0 with relative position changes from both moving base 120 and moving object 110, as represented by Equation 1 below:

RPV(t0K)=RPV(t0)+ΔposMO−ΔposMB   (Eq. 1)

where, RPV(t0K) and RPV(t0) represent the relative position vectors at a current time t0K and the earlier epoch boundary time t0, respectively. The relative position changes ΔposMO and ΔposMB respectively correspond to position change of moving object 110 and moving base 120 between times t0 and t0K. The change in position of moving object 110 can be determined “directly” (e.g., using L1 successive delta phase navigation) from measurements of changes in the received satellite navigation signals, or it can be calculated (in which case it is a projected change in position) using well-known methods, based on the velocity of moving object 110 and a travel time of Δt=t0k−t0. Further, the velocity of moving object 110 can be determined from changes in position of moving object 110. Due to transmission delay, the current position of moving base 120 cannot be determined directly. Thus, the change in position of moving base 120, ΔposMB, between times t0 and t0k is calculated from two parts. The first part is the change of the moving base between the time t0 and t0i, which is can be is determined “directly” using successive delta phase measurements at the moving base and is then transmitted to the moving object via radio communication. The second part determines a projected change in position of the object base using well-known methods, based on velocity of moving base 120 and a travel time of Δt=t0k−toi. See equation 8 below and the related discussion. The velocity of moving base 120 is determined from changes in position of moving base 120; this is discussed in more detail below.

FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a data structure of a message 400 received by moving object 110 from moving base 120, according to some embodiments. The message 400 is one of a sequence of messages 400-1, 400-2, et seq., transmitted by moving base 120. Each received message 400 includes a number of data fields. An exemplary data record structure for a message 400 includes the following data fields:

    
    
        A STX data field 410 that signifies start of a message and is limited to a certain number of bytes (e.g., 8 bytes);
        A preamble 1 data field 412 that includes a first preamble;
        A preamble 2 data field 414 that includes a second preamble;
        A command ID data field 416 that provides a command identification number. Examples of command ID's include an ID identifying a message containing satellite navigation data for one or more satellites, and ID identifying a message containing position update data;
        A message length data field 418 that indicates the length of the message data field 420;
        A message data field 420 that stores the body of the message and may include various data (e.g., subfields holding specific types of values) depending on the information being communicated;
        A Checksum data field 422 that includes a checksum that can be used to detect errors in the communicated message; and
        An ETX data field 424 that signifies the end of the message.
    
    


In some implementations, when the message 400 is a message containing satellite navigation data for one satellite (e.g., sent at the beginning of an epoch), message data field 420 includes the mobile base 120 identification number (or, more generally, data identifying the mobile base), the satellite PRN number (or, more generally, data identifying the satellite) for which measurement data is being provided in the message, the time associated with the measured satellite signals (e.g., the GPS timestamp value), satellite signal resolution or quality information, a pseudorange from mobile base 120 to the satellite, and carrier phase measurements for one or more satellite signals (e.g., the L1 and L2 signals from a GPS satellite).
In some implementations, when the message 400 is a position update message (e.g., an update message sent at one of the update times t01, t02 . . . t0n), message data field 420 includes the mobile base 120 identification number, the time of the update, the delta time for the update (e.g., the amount of time between the update time and the immediate preceding epoch boundary time), delta values for X, Y and Z components of the mobile base's coordinates, number of satellites used by mobile base 120 to generate the position update data, and variance-covariance values for the X, Y and Z delta values.
FIG. 5A depicts a data structure for a database 214 of data received from moving base 120, also sometimes called the mobile base station. The database includes data 550 received from moving base 120 for each epoch (e.g., one second intervals). In some embodiments, mobile base station system 250 stores a similar database, moving base transmitted data database 264, having the same or similar data as database 214. The number of epochs for which data 550 is retained by moving object system 200 may depend on the amount of memory available, the needs of applications that use this information, and so on. Data 550 for a respective epoch include initial measurement data 552 and a sequence of position updates 554. The initial measurement data 552, sent by moving base 120 at the beginning of the epoch, includes measurement data 560 for each of a plurality of satellites. In some embodiments, the measurement data 560 for any one of the satellites includes a satellite identifier 561, a timestamp 562 (e.g., a GPS timestamp indicating the start time of the epoch), one or more signal resolution values to indicate the quality of the satellite signal received at moving base 120, a pseudorange 564 from moving base 120 to the satellite (sometimes called a code measurement), and L1 and L2 phase measurements 565, 566. In other embodiments, some of these fields may be omitted or combined, and additional fields may be included. For example, a single timestamp 562 may be provided for all the satellite measurements. In another example, in some embodiments the initial measurement data 552 for each epoch includes a mobile base station position 568 (e.g., latitude and longitude, or latitude, longitude and altitude), expressed with respect to a particular coordinate system, for the mobile base station. The received mobile base station position 568, when included, is a position determined by the mobile base station, using any suitable methodology. However, in some embodiments, the mobile base station position at the beginning of each epoch is determined by moving object system 200 (FIG. 2A), based on satellite measurement data received for mobile base station 120, as received from the mobile base station 120, and in those embodiments the initial measurement data 552 does not include (or alternatively, need not include) a value representing the mobile base station position at the beginning of the epoch.
In some embodiments, position update data 554 for a single position update sent by mobile base 120 includes a change in position 574 of the mobile base station since a prior position of or position update for the mobile base 120 (e.g., a change in position relative to the mobile base station position determined, sent or reported for the beginning of the current epoch); a timestamp and/or delta time value (indicating an amount of time since the most recent epoch boundary time) 572, indicating the time corresponding to the position update values 574; and optionally includes satellite information 576 (e.g., indicating the number of satellites on which the position update is based), and variance-covariance information. In some embodiments, the change in position 574 is reported as a three dimensional change in position, such as (Δx, Δy, Δz) or a change in latitude, longitude and altitude.
FIG. 5B is block diagram illustrating a data structure of an optional moving base positions database 218, and FIG. 5C is a block diagram illustrating a data structure of a moving object position database 220, according to some embodiments. As mentioned above, in implementations in which an absolute position of the moving object 110 is needed, moving object 110 (FIG. 1) optionally receives position information from moving base 120 (FIG. 1) for each of the epoch boundary times t0, t1 . . . tk, in addition to the satellite navigation data sent by moving base 120. In some embodiments, moving object system 200 stores the received position information in data records 500-1 to 500-K of the moving base positions database 218. Optionally, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 2B, mobile base station system 250 stores the same or similar data in a moving base positions database 268. The position information stored in a respective data record (e.g., data record 500-2) of moving base positions database 218 includes data field 510 storing an initial position PMB of moving base 120 and N position change data fields 512-1 to 512-N storing position changes (ΔPMB)01, (ΔPMB)02 . . . (ΔPMB)0N of moving base 120 for update times t01, t02 . . . t0n, respectively.
In each position data record 500, the initial position PMB 510 is the position of the moving base moving base 120 at the beginning of the epoch (i.e., at a epoch boundary time) (e.g., t1 in FIG. 3). The initial position PMB can be derived from the satellite navigation signals received at moving base 120 and communicated to moving object 110 via the communication channel 150 (FIG. 1). Alternatively, the initial position PMB can be derived at moving object 110 from the satellite navigation data (e.g., code measurements (or code measurement-based pseudoranges) and carrier phase measurements for each satellite of a set of satellites) sent by moving base 120 to moving object 110 via the communication channel 150.
The position changes (e.g., (ΔPMB)11, (ΔPMB)12 . . . (ΔPMB)1N) represent changes of the position of moving base 120 corresponding to update times (e.g., update times t11, t12 . . . t1N, shown in FIG. 3) after a specific epoch boundary time (e.g., t1). In some embodiments, the position changes ((ΔPMB)11, (ΔPMB)12 . . . (ΔPMB)1N) are derived, using well-known methods, at moving base 120 from the received satellite navigation signals, and then communicated to moving object 110 via channel 150 (FIG. 1). In addition, when a position update message is not received by moving object system 200 (e.g., due to noise or other problems), moving object system may optionally “fill in” the missing position update 512 using the velocity of moving base 120, as derived from previously received position information for moving base 120 (e.g., an initial position 510 and one or more of the received position updates 512), and the last known position of moving base 120.
Moving object positions database 220 shown in FIG. 5C stores similar information as moving base positions database 218, described above with respect to FIG. 5B. The positions of moving object 110 stored in data records 520-1 to 520-K correspond to the absolute position of moving object 110 during successive epochs. Each data record (e.g., data record 520-2) includes initial position data field 514 storing an initial position PMO of moving object 110 at the beginning of an epoch, and N position change data fields 516-1 to 516-N storing position changes ((ΔPMO)11, (ΔPMO)12 . . . (ΔPMO)1N) of moving object 110. In some embodiments, the initial position PMO of moving object 110 is an RTK value computed by RTK module 232 of moving object system 200, using the initial position PMB of moving base 120 received from the moving base moving base 120 (or derived at moving object 110 based on satellite navigation data of moving base 120 received from moving base 120).
The moving object position changes ((ΔPMO)11, (ΔPMO)12 . . . (ΔPMO)1N) represent changes of the position of moving object 110 corresponding to update times (e.g., update times t11, t12 . . . t1N, shown in FIG. 3) after an epoch boundary time (e.g., t1). In some embodiments, these position changes are computed by moving object system 200 (FIG. 2A) by applying well-known methods to the received satellite navigation signals.
In some embodiments, forward projection module 234 combines the position of moving base 120 at an epoch boundary time (e.g., t1), the relative position vector RPV(t1) for the epoch boundary time, and a change in position of moving object 110 to determine a position of the moving object 110 at a current time (e.g., an update time t1K), as represented by Equation 2 below:

PMO(t1K)=PMB(t1)+RPV(t1)+(ΔPMO)1K   (Eq. 2)

where, PMO(t1k) represents position of moving object 110 at update time t1K, PMB(t1) represents the position of moving base 120 at an epoch boundary time t1, RPV(t1) indicates the relative position vector at the epoch boundary time t1, and (ΔPMO)1K is the change in position of moving object 110 between the epoch boundary time t1 and the update time t1K.

FIG. 6 is block diagram illustrating a data structure of a relative position vector database 222, in moving object system 200, according to some embodiments. The relative positions (e.g., differential position values, such as relative position vectors) stored by moving object system 200 in data records 600-1 to 600-K of the database 222 correspond to successive epochs. In some embodiments, each of these data records 600 includes an initial data field 610 and N update data fields 612-1 to 612-N as shown in FIG. 6. The initial data field 610 stores an initial relative position, shown in FIG. 6 as a relative position vector RPV(t1), determined for the epoch boundary time at the beginning of a respective epoch (e.g., epoch boundary time t1, at the beginning of epoch 2). In some embodiments, the initial relative position vector RPV(t1) is determined by determination module 230 (FIG. 2A) using the satellite navigation data received from moving base 120 for the epoch boundary time t1 and measurements of the satellite navigation signals received by moving object 110 at the same epoch boundary time t1. The relative position vector represents the difference in positions of the moving object and moving base, as represented by Equation 3:

RPV(t1)=PMO(t1)−PMB(t1)   (Eq. 3)

where, PMO(t1) is the position of moving object 110 at time t1, and PMB(t1) is the position of moving base 120 at time t1. Data fields 612-1 to 612-N store update values for the relative position vector corresponding to update times t11, t12 . . . t1N after the epoch boundary time t1. In some embodiments, relative position vector RPV(t11) for update time t11 is determined by moving object system 200 in accordance with Equation 4:

RPV(t11)=RPV(t1)+ΔposMO−ΔposMB   (Eq. 4)

where, RPV(t1) is the initial relative position vector at the epoch boundary time t1, and ΔposMO and ΔposMB are the respective changes in positions of moving object 110 and moving base 120 between the epoch boundary time t1 and a respective update time t11.

FIGS. 7A-7C depict a flowchart of a method 700 for generating relative position vectors (also called baseline vectors), for a sequence of times, representing the relative position of a moving object 110 relative to a moving base, in accordance with some embodiments. Method 700 may be implemented by moving object system 200, under the control of instructions stored in memory 210 (FIG. 2A) that are executed by one or more processors (202, FIG. 2A) of moving object system 200. Each of the operations shown in FIGS. 7A-7C corresponds to computer readable instructions stored in a computer readable storage medium of memory 210 in moving object system 200. The computer readable instructions are in source code, assembly language code, object code, or other instruction format that is interpreted and/or executable by the one or more processors of moving object system 200.
Moving object system 200 (FIG. 2A) receives (710), via the satellite receiver 204 (FIG. 2A), satellite navigation signals from satellites 115 (FIG. 1). The satellite navigation signals are measured, or processed to produce measurements, to produce satellite navigation data for moving object 110 (712). In one example, the satellite navigation data for moving object 110 includes, for each satellite from which satellite navigation signals are received, a pseudorange measurement and phase measurements for one or more satellite signals, such as the GPS L and L2 signals. For example, the satellite navigation data for moving object 110 corresponds to an epoch boundary time (714) (e.g., any of times t0, t1 . . . tk shown in FIG. 3).
Subsequently (720), moving object 110 receives, via communication channel 150 and communications receiver 206 (FIG. 2A), moving base data from moving base 120 (FIG. 1). The received moving base data correspond to an epoch boundary time (e.g., any of times t0, t1 . . . tk shown in FIG. 3) prior to the current time (722).
The moving base data includes satellite measurement data of moving base 120 (724). The satellite measurement data is generated by moving base 120 from the satellite navigation signals is receives from a number of satellites 115 (724). Examples of the specific information included the satellite measure data received from moving base 120 are described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5A.
In some embodiments, moving object 110 receives from moving base 120 a number of successive position change updates of moving base 120 (726). The successive position change updates correspond to a number of update times (e.g., update times t11, t12 . . . t1N after the epoch boundary time t1) after the last epoch boundary time (e.g., t1) for which satellite measurement data has been received from moving base 120. Moving object 110 receives the successive position change updates via communications channel 150 and communications receiver 206 (728), and stores them in the moving base received data database 214, as described above with respect to FIG. 5A.
Optionally, an absolute position (as opposed to a relative position) of moving base 120 is determined by determining module 230 of moving object system 200 (FIG. 2A), using the satellite navigation data received from moving base 120 by moving object system 200 (730). For example, the position of moving base 120 is determined for an epoch boundary time (e.g., t0 or t1). Alternatively, moving base 120 determines its position relative to a fixed base using RTK at the epoch boundary time and transmits the determined positions to moving object system 200 via communication channel 150 (732), and moving object system 200 receives (742) from moving base 120 the positions of moving base 120 at the epoch boundary times. In FIG. 5A, the reported positions are represented as mobile base station positions 568 (i.e., one such reported position for each epoch). The position of moving base 120 is determined relative to the fixed base in implementations that require highly accurate measurements of the position of moving base 120 and/or moving object 110. In yet other implementations, a position of moving base 120 is determined at moving base 120 using the best positioning solution available at the moving base. For example, the best available positioning solution may be selected by the moving base from a set of two or more solutions selected from the group consisting of: a standalone solution, a Wide Area Augmentation System solution, a global differential positioning solution, and a real-time-kinematics (RTK) solution.
Determining module 230 of moving object system 200 determines a relative position (e.g. a relative position or relative position vector) of moving object 110 relative to moving base 120 (740). Determining module 230 uses the satellite navigation data received from moving base 120 and satellite navigation data received from the satellites 115 to determine the relative position vector.
In some embodiments, RTK module 232 determines (744) the relative position vector by generating an RTK value for the relative position vector (i.e., sometimes called the RTK solution) for an epoch boundary time (e.g., time t0 shown in FIG. 3). RTK module 232 uses the moving base satellite navigation data for the epoch boundary time t0 received with delay at time tr (FIG. 3) and the satellite navigation data corresponding to the epoch boundary time t0 to determine the RTK solution. In some embodiments, while determining the relative position vector, RTK module 232 compares its own phase measurements of satellite navigation signals received at moving object 110 with the moving base satellite navigation data received from moving base 120.
In some embodiments, determining (744) the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes, in accordance with the satellite navigation data for the moving object and the received mobile base data, performing a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station. For example, the RTK computation process may generate differential carrier-phase measurements (sometimes called double difference measurements) based on the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station received from the mobile base station and the satellite measurement data for the moving object, and then resolve whole-cycle ambiguities in the differential carrier-phase measurements. In some embodiments, the whole-cycle ambiguities in the differential carrier-phase measurements are resolved using well known techniques, although the use of new techniques for resolving such ambiguities would still be consistent with the overall methodology described here. PCT published application WO 2008150389 and US Patent Publication 2008150390 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, and in particular for their teachings concerning ambiguity resolution in RTK navigation systems. Once the whole-cycle ambiguities in the differential carrier-phase measurements are resolved, ambiguities in the carrier phase measurements for the mobile object 110 are resolved, once again using well known techniques, and from there the position of the moving object is determined and then the relative position of the moving object, relative to the mobile base station, is determined using the determined position of the moving object and the previously obtained or determined position of the mobile base station. US Patent Publication 20050248485 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and in particular for its teachings concerning determining the relative position of a moving object/rover with respect to a mobile base station in RTK navigation systems.
Optionally, determining module 230 (at moving object 110) determines the position PMO(t0) of moving object 110 for an epoch boundary time (e.g., t0), based on the position PMB(t0) of moving base 120 for the epoch boundary time and the value of the relative position vector RPV(t0) at the same epoch boundary time (748), as represented by Equation 5:

PMO(t0)=PMB(t0)+RPV(t0)   (Eq. 5)

In some embodiments, determining module 230 determines the position PMO(t01) of moving object 110 at the current time t0k(750), based on the position PMB(t0) of moving base 120 at the preceding epoch boundary time t0, the relative position vector for the preceding epoch boundary time t0 and the change in position of moving object 110, as represented by Equation 6:

PMO(t01)=PMB(t0)+RPV(t0)+ΔPMO(t01−t0)   (Eq. 6)

where RPV(t0) represents the relative position vector for the epoch boundary time t0 and ΔPMO(t01−t0) represents the change in position of moving object 110 between the current time and the epoch boundary time.

As explained above, in some embodiments the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times (e.g. epoch boundary times), position data indicating a position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station for the first sequence of times. Furthermore, in some such embodiments, method 700 includes, for the first sequence of times, performing the RTK computation process to determine the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times, and determining a position of the moving object at each time in the first sequence of times based on the position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the determined relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times.
As explained above with reference to FIG. 5A, in some embodiments the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times corresponding to epoch boundaries, position data indicating a position of the mobile base station, and at second sequences of times corresponding to update times between the epoch boundaries, position update information indicating a change in position of the mobile base station since a last epoch boundary. In some such embodiments, performing the real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process includes determining a position of the moving object at times corresponding to both the first sequence of times and the second sequences of times.
In some embodiments, if the moving object system 200 fails to receive satellite navigation signals for any particular time at which it needs to measure those signals, for example due to the moving object system 200 moving near or under an obstruction, moving object system 200 “bridges” over the data missing period. Moving object system 200 accomplishes this by extrapolating the moving object system's position, or change in position. In particular, moving object system 200 computes a velocity VMO of moving object system 200, for example by using computations analogous to the computations described below for determining a velocity of moving base 120. Then a change in position ΔPMO of moving object system 200 for the data missing period is computed by multiplying the determined velocity VMO by the length of the data missing period Δt.
In some embodiments (752), determining module 230 determines the relative position vector RPV(t0k) for the current time t0k based on the relative position vector RPV(t0) for the epoch boundary time t0, the change in position ΔPMO(t0k−t0) of moving object 110, and a projected change in the position ΔPMB(t0k−t0) of moving base 120, which is determined based on the velocity of the moving base moving base 120, as represented by Equations 7 and 8:

RPV(t0k)=RPV(t0)+ΔPMB(t0k−t0)−ΔPMO(t0k−t0)   (Eq. 7)

where ΔPMB(t0k−t0) is partially projected using the velocity of moving base 120 because current moving base 120 delta position is not available at moving object 110 due to communication delays. For example, if time t0i is the last time for which a position update has been received from moving base 120, ΔPMB(t0k−t0) may be computed as follows:

ΔPMB(t0k−t0)=ΔPMB(t0i−t0)+VMB·(t0k−t0i)   (Eq. 8)

where (t0k−t0i) is the elapsed time between the current time and the last update time for which a moving base update has been received by the moving object, and VMB is the velocity of moving base 120. Stated more generally, when the moving object has received one or more updates from the moving base since the last epoch boundary time, the computation of the relative position vector for the current time takes into account (A) the change in position of the moving base from a first specific time (the last epoch boundary time) to a second specific time (the last time for which an update is received from the moving base), and (B) a projected change in position of the moving base from the second specific time to the current time. The change in position ΔPMO(t0k−t0) of moving object 110 is determined by moving object system 200 from changes in the satellite navigation signals received by satellite receiver 204 of moving object system 200.

In some embodiments, a position-propagation calculated value is determined for the relative position vector at an epoch boundary time (e.g., time t1, or more generally tJ) when a predefined criterion is satisfied (756). As discussed below, the predefined criterion corresponds a computation whose result indicates low confidence in the RTK solution. RPVPP, the position-propagated value for the relative position vector for an epoch boundary time (e.g., tJ) is determined by using RPV(t0), the relative position vector for a prior specific time (e.g., t0), ΔPMO, the change in position of moving object 110, and ΔPMB, the change in position of the moving base moving base 120, in the time interval (e.g., one second) between the current epoch boundary time (e.g., tJ) and the prior epoch boundary time (e.g., t0), as represented by Equation 9:

RPVPP=RPV(t0)+ΔPMB−ΔPMO   (Eq. 9)

Furthermore, when the predefined criterion is met, the determining module 230 determines the relative position vector for epoch boundary time tJ by combining the RTK value for the relative position vector with the position-propagation calculated value for the relative position vector (i.e., RPVPP), as represented by Equation 10:

RPV=RPVRTK+RRTK·(RRTK+RPP)−1·(RPVPP−RPVRTK)   (Eq. 10)

where RRTK and RPP represent the variance-covariance matrices for the RTK solution (i.e., RPVRTK) and the position-propagated value (i.e., RPVPP), respectively. In some embodiments, when the predetermined criteria is not met, the relative position vector for an epoch boundary time is defined by the RTK solution (i.e., RPVRTK). Equation 10 represents a weighted sum of the RTK value and the position-propagation calculated value for the relative position vector. In this weighted sum, the factor RRTK·(RRTK+RPP)−1 in Equation 10 is the weight assigned to the position-propagation calculated value for the relative position vector and 1−RRTK·(RRTK+RPP)−1 is the weight assigned to the RTK value for the relative position vector.

In some embodiments, the predefined criterion is based on attributes of the variance-covariance matrices for the RTK solution and the position-propagated value (758). For instance, the criterion may be considered met, when the sum of the diagonal elements in the RRTK matrix is larger than the sum of the diagonal elements in the RPP matrix.
In some embodiments, the determining module 230 can determine RPV(t1), an updated relative position vector for an update time at an epoch boundary time (e.g., t1) based on one or more position-change updates, such as ΔPMB(t0j) received from moving base 120 (e.g., at an update time t0J of update times t01, t02 . . . t0N shown in FIG. 3) and a position change ΔPMO of moving object 110 between the preceding epoch boundary time and the update time t0J, as represented by Equation 11:

RPV(t1)=RPV(t0J)−ΔPMB+ΔPMO   (Eq. 11)

where, RPV(t0J) is the relative position vector determined for the update time t0J (based on ΔPMB(t0j) and the change in position of moving base 120 between update time t0J and the preceding epoch boundary time t0), ΔPMO is the change in position of moving object 110 between time t1 and the update time t0J, and ΔPMB is defined in terms of ΔPMB(t0j), as represented by Equation 12:

ΔPMB=(ΔPMB(t0j))·(t1−t0J)/(t0J−t0)   (Eq. 12)

In some embodiments, the determining module 230 determines the velocity of moving base 120 based on two or more position changes of moving base 120 received from moving base 120 (762), as represented by Equation 13:

VMB=(ΔPMB(tJ−t0)−ΔPMB(tJ-1−t0))/(tJ−tJ-1)   (Eq. 13)

where, ΔPMB(tJ−t0) and ΔPMB(tJ-1−t0) are the respective position changes of moving base 120 received at moving object 110 for update times tJ and tJ-1 relative to an epoch boundary time t0. In some embodiments, the update times tJ and tJ-1 are two of the specific times after the epoch boundary time t0.

Since the velocity of moving base 120 used, for example, in Equation 8 may be quite noisy, in some embodiments speed smoothing module 236 (FIG. 2A) determines a smoothed velocity of moving base 120 (764), based on historic information (e.g., two or more position changes of moving base 120), as represented by Equation 14:




  
    
      
        
          
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where VMBS(tJ) is the smoothed velocity of moving base 120 for time tJ, VMBS(tJ-1) is the smoothed velocity of moving base 120 for a previous time tJ-1, VMB(tJ) is the unsmoothed velocity (e.g., determined using Equation 13) of moving base 120 for time tJ, and c is a smoothing constant. Smoothing constant c is typically between 2 and 10, and more generally it is between 2 and 50. In some embodiments, the value of the smoothing constant c depends on the observed dynamics of the moving base velocity changes and can be any number larger than one.

In some embodiments, the determining module 230 determines PMB(t01), the projected position of moving base 120 at the current time t01 based on PMB(t0), the position of moving base 120 at the epoch boundary specific time t0 and the velocity VMB, of moving base 120 (as determined in accordance with equation 13 or 14) (766), as represented by Equation 15:

PMB(t01)=PMB(t0)+VMB·(t01−t0)   (Eq. 15)

where (t01−t0) is the elapsed time between the current time and the epoch boundary time.

Moving object system 200 (FIG. 2A) transmits a signal (e.g., using communication interface 208) to home system 160 (FIG. 1) to report information corresponding to the relative position vector and/or the position of moving object 110 to the home system 160.
The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

## Claims

1. A method for navigating a moving object according to signals from satellites, the method comprising:
at a moving object,
receiving satellite navigation signals from a plurality of satellites;
generating, from the received satellite navigation signals, satellite navigation data for the moving object, the satellite navigation data for the moving object including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, wherein the moving object comprises a system that includes a first receiver and a first transmitter;
receiving mobile base data from a mobile base station, the received mobile base data including satellite measurement data of the mobile base station, the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, and position-related information of the mobile base station;
in accordance with the satellite navigation data for the moving object and the received mobile base data, performing a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at a first specific time;
determining, for a current time,
a velocity of the mobile base station in accordance with one or more position updates for the mobile base station, comprising changes in position of the mobile base station relative to a position of the mobile base station at the first specific time; and
a current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station based on the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first specific time, a change in position of the moving object from the first specific time to the current time, and the determined velocity of the mobile base station; and

sending, via the first transmitter of the moving object, a signal reporting information corresponding to the relative position;

wherein
determining, for a current time, the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes:
determining a projected change in position of the mobile base station in accordance with the determined velocity of the mobile base station and a length of time between the current time and the first specific time; and
determining the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station based on the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first specific time, a change in position of the moving object from the first specific time to the current time, and the determined projected change in position of the mobile base station.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile base station and mobile object are both vehicles.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile base station and mobile object are both vehicles, and the mobile object is configured to maintain a predefined relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein
the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times, position data indicating a position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station for the first sequence of times; and
the method includes, for the first sequence of times, performing the RTK computation process to determine the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times, and determining a position of the moving object at each time in the first sequence of times based on the position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the determined relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times corresponding to epoch boundaries, position data indicating a position of the mobile base station, and at second sequences of times corresponding to update times between the epoch boundaries, position update information indicating a change in position of the mobile base station since a last epoch boundary; and wherein determining, for a current time, the velocity of the mobile base station includes determining the velocity in accordance with the position update information for a respective time, in the second sequences of times, corresponding to the current time.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein performing the real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process includes determining a position of the moving object at times corresponding to both the first sequence of times and the second sequences of times.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process includes generating differential carrier-phase measurements based on the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station received from the mobile base station and the satellite measurement data for the moving object, and resolving whole-cycle ambiguities in the differential carrier-phase measurements.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station comprises a relative position vector or a differential position value.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined velocity of the mobile base station comprises a smoothed velocity of the mobile base station determined, at the moving object, based on historic information for the mobile base station.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein determining the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes determining, for a current time, a current relative position of the mobile base station based on a sum of (A) a change in position of the mobile base station between the first specific time and a second time corresponding to a last time in the second sequences of times, and (B) a projected change in position of the mobile base station in accordance with the determined velocity of the mobile base station and a length of time between the current time and the second time.

11. A system for navigating a moving object according to signals from satellites, the system comprising:
one or more processors;
a satellite receiver to receive satellite navigation signals from a plurality of satellites;
a signal receiver to receive mobile base data from a mobile base station, the received mobile base data including satellite measurement data of the mobile base station, the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, and position-related information of the mobile base station;
memory storing a determining module to be executed by the one or more processors, the determining module to:
perform a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process, in accordance with satellite navigation data for the moving object, generated from the received satellite navigation signals from the plurality of satellites, and the received mobile base data, to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at a first specific time; and
determine, for a current time,
a velocity of the mobile base station in accordance with one or more position updates for the mobile base station, comprising changes in position of the mobile base station relative to a position of the mobile base station at the first specific time; and
a current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station based on the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first specific time, a change in position of the moving object from the first specific time to the current time, and the determined velocity of the mobile base station; and



a transmitter to send a signal reporting information corresponding to the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station;
wherein:
determining, for a current time, the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes:
determining a projected change in position of the mobile base station in accordance with the determined velocity of the mobile base station and a length of time between the current time and the first specific time; and
determining the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station based on the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first specific time, a change in position of the moving object from the first specific time to the current time, and the determined projected change in position of the mobile base station.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the mobile base station and mobile object are both vehicles.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein
the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times, position data indicating a position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station for the first sequence of times; and
the determining module is configured to perform the RTK computation process for the first sequence of times to determine the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times, and to determining a position of the moving object at each time in the first sequence of times based on the position of the mobile base station at the first sequence of times and the determined relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first sequence of times.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein the mobile base data received from the mobile base station includes, at a first sequence of times corresponding to epoch boundaries, position data indicating a position of the mobile base station, and at second sequences of times corresponding to update times between the epoch boundaries, position update information indicating a change in position of the mobile base station since a last epoch boundary; and wherein determining, for a current time, the velocity of the mobile base station includes determining the velocity in accordance with the position update information for a respective time, in the second sequences of times, corresponding to the current time.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein performing the real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process includes determining a position of the moving object at times corresponding to both the first sequence of times and the second sequences of times.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein performing the real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process includes generating differential carrier-phase measurements based on the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station received from the mobile base station and the satellite measurement data for the moving object, and resolving whole-cycle ambiguities in the differential carrier-phase measurements.

17. The system of claim 11, wherein the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station comprises a relative position vector or a differential position value.

18. The system of claim 11, wherein the determined velocity of the mobile base station comprises a smoothed velocity of the mobile base station determined, at the system for navigating the moving object, based on historic information for the mobile base station.

19. The system of claim 14, wherein determining the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes determining, for a current time, a current relative position of the mobile base station based on a sum of (A) a change in position of the mobile base station between the first specific time and a second time corresponding to a last time in the second sequences of times, and (B) a projected change in position of the mobile base station in accordance with the determined velocity of the mobile base station and a length of time between the current time and the second time.

20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a system for navigating a moving object according to signals from satellites, perform a method comprising:
receiving satellite navigation signals from a plurality of satellites;
generating, from the received satellite navigation signals, satellite navigation data for the moving object, the satellite navigation data for the moving object including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, wherein the moving object comprises a first system that includes a first receiver and a first transmitter;
receiving mobile base data from a mobile base station that is separate from the moving object and that comprises a second system that includes a second receiver and a second transmitter and is configured to receive the satellite navigation signals with the second receiver and to transmit with the second transmitter the mobile base data to the moving object, the received mobile base data including satellite measurement data of the mobile base station, the satellite measurement data of the mobile base station including code measurements and carrier phase measurements for the plurality of satellites, and position-related information of the mobile base station;
in accordance with the satellite navigation data for the moving object and the received mobile base data, performing a real-time kinematic (RTK) computation process to resolve carrier phase ambiguities and determine a relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at a first specific time;
determining, for a current time,
a velocity of the mobile base station in accordance with one or more position updates for the mobile base station, comprising changes in position of the mobile base station relative to a position of the mobile base station at the first specific time; and
a current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station based on the relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station at the first specific time, a change in position of the moving object from the first specific time to the current time, and the determined velocity of the mobile base station; and

sending, via the first transmitter of the moving object, a signal reporting information corresponding to the relative position;
wherein determining the current relative position of the moving object relative to the mobile base station includes determining, for a current time, a current relative position of the mobile base station based on a sum of (A) a change in position of the mobile base station between the first specific time and a second time corresponding to a last time in the second sequences of times, and (B) a projected change in position of the mobile base station in accordance with the determined velocity of the mobile base station and a length of time between the current time and the second time.

21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 20, wherein the mobile base station and mobile object are both vehicles.