Docket No. 104289.

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

BRIAN LOMAN et al., Appellees, v. DAVID E. FREEMAN,

 Appellant.

Opinion filed April 17, 2008.

JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with

opinion.

Chief Justice Thomas and Justices Fitzgerald, and Karmeier

concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Freeman dissented, with opinion, joined by Justice Burke.

Justice Kilbride dissented, without opinion.

OPINION

Plaintffs are the owners of a race horse, Master David Lee.

Defendant David E. Freeman, D.V.M., a member of the faculty of the

College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois, performed

surgery on the horse. Plaintiffs allege that one of the surgical

procedures performed by Freeman was unauthorized and that it

rendered the horse lame and unsuitable for racing. Their claims of

negligence and conversion were dismissed by the circuit court of

Champaign County and they appealed. The appellate court reversed.

375 Ill. App. 3d 445. We granted defendant’s petition for leave to

appeal under Supreme Court Rule 315 (210 Ill. 2d R. 315). For the

reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.
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BACKGROUND

In 2001, plaintiffs brought their horse, Master David Lee, to the

Large Animal Clinic at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary

Medicine for evaluation and treatment. Defendant was employed by

the College as a professor of equine surgery. As such, he was not

required to be licensed as a veterinarian in Illinois. See 225 ILCS

115/4(3) (West 2000). His duties included teaching and training

veterinary students in the diagnosis and treatment of horses. In the

course of his teaching duties, he examined, treated, and performed

surgery on horses.

Plaintiffs allege that they gave defendant permission to perform

two procedures on the animal: surgery on the left carpal bone and

draining of fluid from the right stifle. (The stifle is the joint in a horse’s

hind leg analogous to the human knee.) They further allege that they

specifically forbade him to perform any other procedures on the right

stifle. Notwithstanding this express prohibition, defendant performed

surgery on the right stifle. Plaintiffs claim that, as a result, the horse

has been ruined for future racing.

Plaintiffs’ amended complaint contains two counts. In count I,

negligence, plaintiffs allege that defendant owed a duty to them to

exercise reasonable care in his treatment of the horse “in compliance

with the standards of a qualified veterinarian,” and that he performed

unauthorized and unnecessary surgery on the animal’s right stifle “in

violation of the standard of care of a veterinarian.” In count II,

conversion, plaintiffs allege that the performance of unauthorized

surgery by defendant “constitutes an unauthorized assumption of the

right to possession or ownership of the horse,” causing an “alteration

of the condition” of the horse.

In addition to the tort claims filed in the circuit court, plaintiffs

filed an action against the University of Illinois Department of Clinical

Veterinary Medicine (a department within the College of Veterinary

Medicine) in the Court of Claims. That action has been stayed pending

the outcome of the circuit court action.

Defendant filed a hybrid motion to dismiss pursuant to section

2–619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2– 619.1

(West 2004)). In the portion of the motion invoking section

2–619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2–619(a)(9) (West 2004)
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(involuntary dismissal based upon certain defects or defenses)),

defendant argued that plaintiffs’ negligence claim is barred by Illinois’

economic loss, or Moorman, doctrine. See Moorman Manufacturing

Co. v. National Tank Co., 91 Ill. 2d 69, 73 (1982). In the portion of

the motion invoking section 2–615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2–615

(West 2004) (motions with respect to the pleadings)), defendant

argued that plaintiffs failed to plead a cause of action for conversion

because they did not allege that he permanently deprived them of

possession of the horse.

The trial court granted defendant’s motion and dismissed the

amended complaint with prejudice. Plaintiffs appealed. As a threshold

matter, the appellate court commented that defendant’s motion was

not properly designated a hybrid motion pursuant to section 2–619.1

and treated it as a section 2–615 motion. 375 Ill. App. 3d at 448. No

issue is raised on this point, so we shall accept the appellate court’s

characterization of the procedural posture of the case.

As to the negligence claim, the appellate court found that plaintiffs

alleged a breach of duty imposed by the common law, independent of

defendant’s state employment. 375 Ill. App. 3d at 454-55. The

appellate court further ruled that plaintiffs’ negligence claim is not

barred by the Moorman doctrine because unauthorized surgery is a

sudden and dangerous occurrence. 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458. As to the

conversion claim, the appellate court found that the alleged harm – the

permanent incapacitation of horse for racing – is sufficient, if proven,

to state a cause of action for conversion. 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458.

ISSUES PRESENTED

Defendant raises three issues before this court: (1) whether

plaintiffs’ negligence claim is barred by the Moorman doctrine; (2)

whether the Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over plaintiffs’

claims because the University of Illinois is the real party in interest;

and (3) whether defendant is immune from any liability in connection

with his treatment of the horse because he is exempt from all terms of

the Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Practice Act of 1994 (Practice

Act) (225 ILCS 115/1 et seq. (West 2000)).
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STANDARD OF REVIEW

A motion to dismiss under section 2–615 of the Code (735 ILCS

5/2–615 (West 2004)) challenges only the legal sufficiency of the

complaint. Jarvis v. South Oak Dodge, Inc., 201 Ill. 2d 81, 85 (2002).

As such, an appeal from an order granting such a motion presents a

question of law, which we review de novo. Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill.

2d 223, 228 (2003). The proper inquiry is whether the well-pleaded

facts of the complaint, taken as true and construed in a light most

favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon

which relief may be granted. Jarvis, 201 Ill. 2d at 86.

ANALYSIS

(1) Whether Plaintiffs’ Tort Claims Are Barred by the Moorman

Doctrine

In Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National Tank Co., this court

held the purchaser of a defective product may not sue the

manufacturer in tort to recover solely economic losses caused by the

defect. Moorman, 91 Ill. 2d at 88 (“When the defect is of a qualitative

nature and the harm relates to the consumer’s expectation that a

product is of a particular quality so that it is fit for ordinary use,

contract, rather than tort, law provides the appropriate set of rules for

recovery”).

In Anderson Electric, Inc. v. Ledbetter Erection Corp., 115 Ill. 2d

146 (1986), this court extended the Moorman doctrine to contracts

for services, which would seem to include the veterinary care at issue

in the present case.

The exception to the doctrine upon which plaintiffs rely was

articulated in Moorman itself. This court noted that “[t]ort theory is

appropriately suited for personal injury or property damage resulting

from a sudden or dangerous occurrence ***. The remedy for

economic loss, loss relating to a purchaser’s disappointed expectations

due to deterioration, internal breakdown or nonaccidental cause, on

the other hand, lies in contract.” Moorman, 91 Ill. 2d at 86. This court

had in mind fires, explosions, or other calamitous occurrences due to

the failure of a product and the resulting risk of harm to persons or

property. Moorman, 91 Ill. 2d at 84-86.
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The circuit court concluded that count I of the amended

complaint, negligence, was barred by the Moorman doctrine. The

appellate court reversed.

With respect to the negligence count, the appellate court found

that laceration with a scalpel is “sudden,” as compared to the gradual

deterioration of the grain storage tank that was at issue in Moorman.

375 Ill. App. 3d at 458. The appellate court also reasoned that the

occurrence was “dangerous,” because surgery is inherently dangerous

and because plaintiffs allege that this particular procedure was “very

risky.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458.

We note that application of the “sudden and dangerous” exception

to the Moorman doctrine to the conduct of one who has contracted

to provide a service, as opposed to the failure of a product, is

awkward at best. We also observe that the appellate court’s reasoning

could lead to inconsistent results in similar cases. If veterinary surgery

is “sudden and dangerous,” the owner of an animal could seek a

remedy in tort if he alleged malpractice in the performance of

veterinary surgery, but he would be limited by Moorman to a

contractual remedy if he alleged that the veterinarian misdiagnosed a

disease or condition or failed to render the proper nonsurgical

treatment. Nevertheless, we find it unnecessary to review the appellate

court’s reasoning on this issue.

Defendant’s petition for leave to appeal lists “Moorman Doctrine”

as one of the points relied upon for reversal. However, the doctrine is

only briefly referred to in the remainder of the petition. Defendant

wonders how, if veterinary surgery is sudden and dangerous, it can be

expected to be performed in a professional manner. He concludes that

he “firmly believes that the Moorman Doctrine applies to this set of

facts. Veterinary surgery is not sudden nor dangerous to the point that

it falls within the ambit of the recognized exception to the Doctrine.”

In defendant’s brief to this court, he did not provide argument in

support of these conclusory remarks. Indeed, the sole mention of the

Moorman doctrine is a statement that plaintiffs have recourse to the

Court of Claims, “[w]hether or not the Moorman Doctrine applies.”

Counsel for defendant made no mention of Moorman at oral

argument.

“A reviewing court is entitled to have issues clearly defined with

relevant authority cited.” In re Marriage of Bates, 212 Ill. 2d 489,
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517 (2004). Defendant mentioned the Moorman issue, but neither

clearly defined it nor argued its merits. We, therefore, find the issue

forfeited. See Bates, 212 Ill. 2d at 517 (allowing the appellate court

judgment to stand where the petitioner “fail[ed] to give this court an

adequate basis to grant her relief on this issue”).

(2) Whether the Court of Claims Has Exclusive Jurisdiction Over

Plaintiffs’ Claims in Tort

Defendant claims the protection of the doctrine of sovereign

immunity. Our state constitution abolished this traditional doctrine,

“[e]xcept as the General Assembly may provide by law.” Ill. Const.

1970, art. XIII, §4. The Court of Claims Act (Act) (750 ILCS 505/1

et seq. (West 2004)) is the legislature’s exercise of that grant of

authority. The Act establishes the Court of Claims to serve as the

forum for claims against the state, providing, inter alia, that the “court

shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine *** [a]ll claims

against the State for damages in cases sounding in tort, if a like cause

of action would lie against a private person or corporation in a civil

suit.” 705 ILCS 505/8(d) (West 2004).

This court has had numerous occasions to consider whether a

particular tort action is “against the State” and, therefore, must be

brought in the Court of Claims. As a result, the rules governing this

inquiry are well established. See, e.g., Fritz v. Johnston, 209 Ill. 2d

302 (2004); Jinkins v. Lee, 209 Ill. 2d 320 (2004); Currie v. Lao, 148

Ill. 2d 151 (1992); Healy v. Vaupel, 133 Ill. 2d 295 (1990).

Whether an action is one against the state does not depend on the

identification of the parties but, rather, on the “issues involved and the

relief sought.” Thus, plaintiffs cannot evade the jurisdiction of the

Court of Claims by naming a servant or agent of the state as the

nominal defendant when the State of Illinois is the real party in

interest. Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 308.

When the “issue involved” is the alleged negligence of a state

employee, the mere fact that he was acting within the scope of his

employment is not sufficient to make the state the real party in

interest. Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 158. The proper inquiry is to determine

the source of the duty the state employee is charged with breaching.

Where the alleged negligence is the breach of a duty imposed on the
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employee solely by virtue of his state employment, the Court of

Claims has exclusive jurisdiction. If, however, the duty that he is

accused of breaching is imposed independently of his state

employment, the claim may be heard in circuit court. Currie, 148 Ill.

2d at 159. Thus, this court concluded that a “State employee who

breaches a duty he owes regardless of his State employment is no

more entitled to immunity than is a private individual who breaches

that same duty.” Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 160.

As to the “relief sought,” an action naming a state employee as

defendant will be found to be a claim against the state “where a

judgment for the plaintiff could operate to control the actions of the

State or subject it to liability.” Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 158.

We must, therefore, determine whether a veterinarian employed

as a member of the faculty at a state university is bound by a duty of

care that arises independently of his state employment. We must also

determine whether a judgment against such a defendant could operate

to control the actions of the state or subject it to liability.

(a) Source of Duty Defendant Is Alleged to Have Breached

The appellate court held that when one “undertakes to render

veterinary services, the common law imposes upon that person a duty

to use the same skill and knowledge normally possessed by

veterinarians in good standing in similar communities, unless that

person represented he or she had greater or less skill or knowledge.”

375 Ill. App. 3d at 454. The appellate court concluded, therefore, that

defendant’s duty to plaintiffs did not arise solely from his position as

a member of the faculty at the university, which “merely provid[ed]

the occasion for his incurring a duty toward them.” As such, he was

not performing a uniquely governmental function. 375 Ill. App. 3d at

455.

In reaching this conclusion, the appellate court relied on this

court’s decisions in Currie and Jinkins. In Currie, an Illinois State

Police trooper, Lao, was on duty patrolling Interstate 80. He heard

and responded to a call regarding a disturbance in the nearby City of

Joliet. He activated his lights and siren, exited the interstate, and

headed for the location of the disturbance. After he missed a turn, he

made a U-turn that resulted in his traveling the wrong way on a one-
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way street. When he made a left turn to leave the one-way street, he

collided with the plaintiff’s pickup truck. Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 155.

This court concluded that the duty the trooper had allegedly breached

“did not arise as a result of his employment as a State trooper, but

rather arose as a result of his status as the driver of an automobile on

a public roadway.” Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 161-62. Thus, he “was not

performing a uniquely governmental function” at the time of the

collision. Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 162. Because it was not within his

“normal and official” role as a state trooper to respond to police calls

in a nearby jurisdiction with its own police department, he was not

protected by sovereign immunity and plaintiff’s claim was not a matter

for the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. Currie, 148 Ill.

2d at 162. When he chose to respond to the call, he “was performing

the nongovernmental activity of driving a motor vehicle in a routine

manner on a public street” (Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 164), and, thus, he

owed “the same duty owed by all automobile drivers to their fellow

motorists” (Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 163).

We distinguished Lao’s situation from that of the officer in

Campbell v. White, 207 Ill. App. 3d 541 (1991), who was involved in

a high-speed chase. In the course of the chase, he struck the suspect’s

vehicle, causing the suspect’s death. We observed that although

Officer White “was operating a motor vehicle, he was doing so in a

manner in which only a governmental official is authorized to act,”

and the duty he was alleged to have breached “arose solely as a result

of [his] State employment.” Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 164, citing

Campbell, 207 Ill. App. 3d at 555.

Defendant cites Currie, but only to note that this court cited

Campbell therein. Relying on Campbell, he argues that, like the

officer involved in a high-speed chase, any actions he took while

treating plaintiffs’ horse were uniquely related to his state

employment. At oral argument, counsel for the defendant represented

that at the time defendant performed surgery on the animal, students

were present and he was teaching. (Counsel explained that these facts

have not been pleaded because defendant responded to the complaint

by filing a motion to dismiss rather than a responsive pleading.)

Counsel also argued that trooper Lao’s actions were not unique to his

state employment because he was not on duty and he owed a duty of
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reasonable care as a citizen, while trooper White was on duty, driving

his squad car for a purpose uniquely related to his state employment.

Defendant is mistaken. In both Currie and Campbell, the

defendant police officers were on duty at the time they were involved

in automobile accidents. InCurrie, the on-duty officer was performing

the “nongovernmental activity” of driving the wrong way down a city

street on his way to a location at which his job did not require him to

be. Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 164. In Campbell, the on-duty officer was

performing the governmental activity of pursuing a fleeing suspect.

Campbell, 207 Ill. App. 3d at 555.

Even if we accept defendant’s assertion that he was teaching

students at the time he performed the allegedly unauthorized surgery,

his actions are more like those of Officer Lao than those of officer

White. Like both officers, defendant was “on duty.” That is, he was

present at his place of state employment, engaged in his state function

of teaching students. When he performed a procedure that the owners

of the animal had forbidden, his conduct was like that of Officer Lao,

who was acting outside his authority as a state trooper when he

caused an accident. Thus, like Officer Lao, whose duty “to refrain

from these negligent acts is the same duty owed by all automobile

drivers to their fellow motorists” (Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 163),

defendant owed a duty to “perform only those nonemergency

surgeries to which the owner has consented.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 455.

The appellate court also relied on our decision in Jinkins, where

we held that a psychiatrist and a licensed clinical professional

counselor employed at a state mental health facility owed a duty of

care to their patient that arose from their status as professionals,

rather than from their state employment. Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 334.

We rejected the defendants’ argument that their only duty to the

patient arose from their state employment because they would not

have come into contact with him “but for” their employment at a state

facility. Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 333. We held that because the

defendants “were using their professional judgment ***, the source of

their duty was their mental health professional status.” Jinkins, 209 Ill.

2d at 335.

Defendant responds by commenting that while health-care

providers have a duty to their patients that “exists above and beyond
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any duty unique to state employment,” the “duty owed [in this case]

involved property, not people.”

The appellate court identified several sources of a common law

duty of veterinarians: (1) the status of veterinary medicine as a

“learned profession,” which sets certain standards for its members

(375 Ill. App. 3d at 452-53), (2) numerous cases from other

jurisdictions that have recognized a common law duty of care

applicable to veterinarians (375 Ill. App. 3d at 453-54), (3) cases from

our own appellate court that have assumed the existence of a

veterinary standard of care (375 Ill. App. 3d at 454), and (4) section

299A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, defining the standard of

conduct for professions or trades (375 Ill. App. 3d at 454).

Defendant argues that he owed no duty of care to plaintiffs or

their animal. He rejects the first source listed based on his exemption

from the license requirement of the Veterinary Medicine and Surgery

Practice Act, which we discuss below.

As to the second source, he argues that this court should give no

weight to the decisions of the many other states that impose a duty of

care on veterinarians because those states may not have veterinary

colleges. We do not find this argument persuasive.

Defendant does not comment on the third source, but we find the

appellate cases cited to be of limited value because the duty question

was not addressed directly. See Nikolic v. Seidenberg, 242 Ill. App.

3d 96, 102 (1993) (adoption contract with animal shelter did not

waive right to sue associated veterinarian for negligence); Jankoski v.

Preiser Animal Hospital, Ltd., 157 Ill. App. 3d 818, 821 (1987)

(damages for loss of companionship were not properly awarded in

action against animal hospital and veterinarian for negligently causing

the death of plaintiff’s dog); Spilotro v. Hugi, 93 Ill. App. 3d 837

(1981) (trial court erred by excluding certain testimony of plaintiff’s

expert witness in malpractice action against veterinarian). We note,

however, that these cases are not new and they are not novel. See C.

Bailey, Annotation, Veterinarian’s Liability for Malpractice, 71

A.L.R.4th 811 (1989) (listing cases).

Defendant does not respond to the appellate court’s reliance on

section 299A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. This section,

entitled “Undertaking in Profession or Trade,” provides:
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“Unless he represents that he has greater or less skill or

knowledge, one who undertakes to render services in the

practice of a profession or trade is required to exercise the

skill and knowledge normally possessed by members of that

profession or trade in good standing in similar communities.”

Restatement (Second) of Torts §299A, at 73 (1965).

Comment a to section 299A notes that the word “skill,” as used

here, refers to a “special form of competence which is not part of the

ordinary equipment of the reasonable man, but which is the result of

acquired learning, and aptitude developed by special training and

experience.” Further, “[a]ll professions, and most trades, are

necessarily skilled, and the word is used to refer to the special

competence which they require.” Restatement (Second) of Torts

§299A, Comment a, at 73 (1965). It cannot be disputed that a doctor

of veterinary medicine is skilled. It is also beyond dispute that the

practice of veterinary medicine and surgery is a “profession or trade”

(Restatement (Second) of Torts §299A, Comment b, at 73 (1965))

and that the medical or surgical treatment of an animal, with or

without a contract for such services, is an “undertaking” (Restatement

(Second) of Torts §299A, Comment c, at 73-74 (1965)).

As the appellate court observed, this court has previously cited

section 299A of the Restatement with approval. In Purtill v. Hess,

111 Ill. 2d 229, 242 (1986), we discussed the burden on the plaintiff

in a medical malpractice action to establish “the standard of care

against which the defendant physician’s alleged negligence is judged.”

We cited comment e to section 299A for the “similar locality” rule,

“which requires a physician to possess and to apply that degree of

knowledge, skill, and care which a reasonably well-qualified physician

in the same or similar community would bring to a similar case under

similar circumstances.” Purtill, 111 Ill. 2d at 242, citing Restatement

(Second) of Torts §299A, Comment e, at 74-75 (1965).

In Advincula v. United Blood Services, 176 Ill. 2d 1, 23 (1996),

this court cited section 299A in support of a statement that the

standard of care for all professionals is “the use of the same degree of

knowledge, skill and ability as an ordinarily careful professional would

exercise under similar circumstances.” We noted that standard of care

“is utilized to measure the conduct of a wide variety of both medical

and nonmedical professions,” including podiatry and dentistry.
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Advincula, 176 Ill. 2d at 23 (citing Dolan v. Galluzzo, 77 Ill. 2d 279,

281 (1979) (podiatric practitioner), and Rosenberg v. Miller, 247 Ill.

App. 3d 1023, 1028-29 (1993) (dentists)).

We conclude that section 299A of the Restatement (Second) of

Torts is an accurate statement of the common law of Illinois with

respect to the duty of care owed by members of professions or trades,

and we, therefore, agree with the appellate court’s holding that a

veterinarian owes a duty of care. See C. Bailey, Annotation,

Veterinarian’s Liability for Malpractice, 71 A.L.R.4th 811, §2(a)

(1989) (noting that “the gravamen of such an action is that in

providing veterinary care, the veterinarian failed to use such

reasonable skill, diligence, and attention as might ordinarily have been

expected of careful, skillful, and trustworthy persons in the

profession”). Thus, the duty owed by defendant arises independently

of his employment by the state and he was not performing a “uniquely

governmental function” (Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 335) when he treated

plaintiffs’ horse.

Defendant protests that the appellate court’s recognition of a

common law duty of veterinarians “raises all animals–from domestic

pets to investments such as race horses–to the same level or plane as

human beings.” We note, however, that comment c to section 299A

states that “[i]n the ordinary case, the undertaking of one who renders

services in the practice of a profession or trade is a matter of contract

between the parties, and the terms of the undertaking are either stated

expressly, or implied as a matter of understanding.” (Emphasis added.)

Restatement (Second) of Torts §299A, Comment c, at 73-74 (1965).

This statement implicates the Moorman doctrine. In the typical case,

a veterinarian will be providing care to an animal after having formed

a contractual relationship with the owner of the animal. Thus, even

though the veterinarian is subject to a duty of care, the owner may be

limited to a contractual remedy for any breach of duty. The appellate

court in the present case held that plaintiffs’ claim comes within an

exception to the Moorman doctrine so that they are not limited to a

breach of contract claim. For the reasons explained previously, we

express no opinion on this issue.
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(b) Whether the Relief Sought Would Operate to Control the

Actions of the State or Subject It to Liability

The relief sought by plaintiffs is money damages for two types of

loss: the reduction in the fair market value of the horse and the

revenue lost as a result of the horse’s inability to race. Plaintiffs argue

that a judgment in their favor will not control the actions of the state

and will not subject the state to liability.

At oral argument, counsel for defendant averred that if the

defendant were to be found liable in tort and if the plaintiff were

awarded such damages, the University would indemnify defendant. In

Jinkins, the defendant state employees did not argue that the state’s

statutory duty to indemnify them (see 5 ILCS 350/2(a) (West 2004)

(Indemnification Act)) would make the state liable for any judgment

against them. Nevertheless, this court remarked, in a footnote, that the

appellate court had, in two previous cases, rejected this argument

“based on the distinction between liability and indemnification.”

Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 336 n.2 (citing Janes v. Albergo, 254 Ill. App.

3d 951, 965-66 (1993), and Kiersch v. Ogena, 230 Ill. App. 3d 57,

63-64 (1992)).

In the present case, the appellate court cited Jinkins, Janes, and

Kiersch in support of its conclusion that a judgment against defendant,

“in itself, would not subject the state to liability.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at

456. We agree.

In Kiersch, the defendant was being provided legal representation

and indemnification by his employer, Illinois State University, in

keeping with the University’s policy and the Indemnification Act. The

appellate court rejected defendant’s argument that a state university’s

providing legal representation and indemnification to its employees

transformed all suits against university employees in their individual

capacities into suits against the state. Kiersch, 230 Ill. App. 3d at 63.

Indemnification, which is the statutory or contractual obligation of the

indemnitor to reimburse the indemnitee for his loss, is not the same as

liability, which is a legal obligation or responsibility enforceable by

civil remedy or criminal punishment.

The statutory duty to indemnify runs from the state employer to

the state employee. In contrast, liability is imposed on the tortfeasor

himself, not upon the party who indemnifies him. As the appellate
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court observed in Janes, “the State’s obligation to indemnify its

employees for liability incurred by them does not constitute the State’s

assumption of direct liability.” Janes, 254 Ill. App. 3d at 965.

This distinction is further enforced by the language of the

Indemnification Act itself, which provides in section 2(d) that “unless

the court or jury finds that the conduct or inaction which gave rise to

the claim or cause of action was intentional, wilful or wanton

misconduct and was not intended to serve or benefit interests of the

State, the State shall indemnify the State employee for any damages

awarded and court costs and attorneys’ fees assessed as part of any

final and unreversed judgment, or shall pay such judgment.”

(Emphasis added.) 5 ILCS 350/2(d) (West 2004). Jury trials are not

available in the Court of Claims. Kiersch, 230 Ill. App. 3d at 64. See

also Seifert v. Standard Paving Co., 64 Ill. 2d 109, 120 (1976) (the

lack of a provision for jury trials before the Court of Claims does not

violate the state constitutional guarantee of the right to trial by jury).

Thus, the Indemnification Act anticipates that there will be cases tried

in the circuit court in which a state employee will be found liable and,

unless the court or jury finds that his actions were wilful or wanton,

he will be indemnified by the state. If the availability of indemnification

were sufficient to confer exclusive jurisdiction in the Court of Claims,

there would be no role for a jury. Janes, 254 Ill. App. 3d at 966.

We agree with the appellate court that a judgment against

defendant would not subject the state to liability.

The appellate court also rejected the premise that a judgment

against defendant in circuit court would operate to control the state.

“Surely,” the appellate court remarked, “the College of Veterinary

Medicine does not have a policy of performing unauthorized

surgeries.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 455.

In Jinkins, we considered whether a judgment against a

psychiatrist and a counselor employed by a state mental health facility

would operate to control the actions of the state. The defendants

asserted that a judgment for the plaintiff, the administrator of the

estate of a deceased patient, might cause the state to change its

policies so that health-care professionals would be required to

involuntarily admit individuals to state mental health facilities as a

precautionary measure, even if admission was not necessary. This,

they argued, could increase the number of lawsuits brought by
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involuntarily admitted patients and place a strain on scarce resources.

Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 336.

We found the argument “speculative” and without basis in the

record. And, in any event, we noted that judgment for the plaintiff

would merely have had the effect of reinforcing the policy, expressed

in state law, that requires “both state and private institutions to devote

resources and fashion policy to adhere to the standard of care.”

Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 337, citing 20 ILCS 1705/4.1 (West 1996). We

concluded that a judgment for the plaintiff would not operate to

control the actions of the State, which would continue to make policy

decisions and expend resources in keeping with “the goal of meeting

the standard of care already directed by existing state law.” Jinkins,

209 Ill. 2d at 337.

In Fritz, we formulated the “operate to control” inquiry as

whether a verdict for the plaintiff in circuit court “ ‘would limit the

employee’s ability to engage in lawful activity on behalf of the

State.’ ” Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 315, quoting Wozniak v. Conry, 288 Ill.

App. 3d 129, 133 (1997). We concluded that if the allegedly tortious

acts of a state employee “cannot properly be characterized” as lawful

actions on behalf of the state, then a circuit court judgment that would

tend to curb such actions does not violate sovereign immunity.

We agree with the appellate court that a judgment against

defendant will not operate to control the state or limit the ability of a

member of the veterinary faculty of the University of Illinois to engage

in lawful activity.

Thus, the Court of Claims does not have exclusive jurisdiction

over a claim that a veterinarian employed by the state has breached the

duty of care applicable to veterinarians because that duty arises from

the common law, independently of state employment, and a judgment

against such a veterinarian will neither operate to control the state nor

subject the state to liability.

(3) Whether Defendant Is Immune From Liability

Defendant argues that notwithstanding any duty that might be

imposed upon veterinarians under state law, he is immune from

liability because he is “completely and utterly exempt from the

provisions” of the Practice Act. Specifically, he points to section 4 of
-16-

the Practice Act, which states that “Nothing in this Act shall apply to

*** (3) Veterinarians employed by colleges or universities or by state

agencies, while engaged in the performance of their official duties.”

225 ILCS 115/4(3) (West 2000). This provision, according to

defendant, evinces a legislative intent to exempt professors of

veterinary medicine not only from the license requirement (225 ILCS

115/3(b) (West 2000)), and the continuing education requirement

(225 ILCS 115/16 (West 2000)), but from even forming a

“veterinarian client-patient relationship” as that term is defined in the

statute (225 ILCS 115/3(a)(G) (West 2000)).

Plaintiffs respond that the Practice Act is a licensing statute, not

a tort immunity act. The exemption in section 4(3) is, in plaintiffs’

view, “intended to allow Illinois universities to attract and employ

learned professionals in veterinary science, without imposing the

additional burden of acquiring an Illinois license, or being subject to

a regulatory agency.”

We agree. Defendant’s argument is, in effect, that the only source

of duty for a member of a licensed and regulated profession or

occupation is the governing statute and that, therefore, one who is

exempt from the statute cannot be held to a standard of care in the

practice of his profession or occupation.

The Practice Act is codified in chapter 225 of the Illinois

Compiled Statutes, which is titled “Professions and Occupations.”

This chapter codifies the licensing and regulation of a multitude of

occupations including acupuncture (225 ILCS 2/1 (West 2004)),

funeral directors and embalmers (225 ILCS 41/1–1 (West 2004)),

professional boxers and wrestlers (225 ILCS 105/1 (West 2004), as

well as physicians (225 ILCS 60/1–1 (West 2004)), and dentists (225

ILCS 25/1 (West 2004)). If we were to accept defendant’s reading of

the Practice Act, we would also have to conclude that the only duty

that may apply to any member of any of the regulated occupations and

professions arises through the statute.

For example, section 17 of the Illinois Dental Practice Act lists 10

separate acts that constitute the practice of dentistry. 225 ILCS 25/17

(West 2004). Section 17 further provides that the practice of dentistry

by a clinical instructor in the course of his or her teaching duties in an

approved dental school or college is “exempt from the operation of

this Act” if either of two conditions is met. 225 ILCS 25/17(d) (West
-17-

2004). Under defendant’s reasoning, a clinical instructor of dentistry

who is exempt from the licensing provision of the Dental Practice Act

would owe no duty to his dental patients to exercise the same degree

of skill and knowledge as licensed members of the profession. Such a

result would be absurd.

Defendant asks this court to infer a legislative intent to grant tort

immunity to a certain class of people in the absence of express

statutory language granting such immunity. Our research reveals no

authority for making such an inference and defendant cites none. Our

constitution, however, contains a guarantee that “[e]very person shall

find a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries and wrongs which he

receives to his person, privacy, property or reputation. He shall obtain

justice by law, freely, completely, and promptly.” Ill. Const. 1970, art.

I, §12.

When the legislature intends to confer immunity from tort liability,

it is likely to do so expressly. See, e.g., 225 ILCS 25/36 (West 2004))

(granting immunity from civil or criminal liability for good-faith

reporting of any violation of the Dental Practice Act); 225 ILCS 60/30

(West 2004) (granting immunity from civil liability to physician who

provides emergency care under the Good Samaritan Act); 620 ILCS

20/3 (West 2004) (extendingimmunity under Local Governmental and

Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act to airport employees).

Because of the constitutional guarantee of a certain remedy for every

legal wrong, we will not imply tort immunity in the absence of such

express language.

We, therefore, conclude that section 4(3) of the Practice Act is

intended to exempt certain veterinarians from the license requirement

and other requirements of the act, but not to provide immunity from

liability in tort for those exempted. Defendant is not immune from

liability.

(4) Whether Plaintiffs Have Stated a Claim for Conversion

Under its analysis of the Moorman issue, the appellate court

considered both the negligence count and the conversion count. With

respect to the conversion count (which was dismissed by the circuit

court on other grounds), the appellate court reasoned that defendant’s

“duty to refrain” from operating on the horse’s right stifle “did not
-18-

arise exclusively from the service contract.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 457.

Because defendant performed the surgery in violation of an express

instruction from the plaintiffs, it was outside the scope of the parties’

contract and, therefore, not barred by Moorman. The appellate court

concluded that:

“Contract or no contract, if one cuts, carves, lacerates, incises,

or otherwise alters someone else’s property except as

authorized by that person, one commits a classic tort: either

trespass to chattels or conversion, depending on the extent of

the alteration.” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458.

As noted above, defendant has forfeited consideration of the

Moorman issue before this court, so we turn to the question whether

plaintiffs have stated a cause of action for conversion.

“To prove conversion, a plaintiff must establish that (1) he has a

right to the property; (2) he has an absolute and unconditional right to

the immediate possession of the property; (3) he made a demand for

possession; and (4) the defendant wrongfully and without

authorization assumed control, dominion, or ownership over the

property.” Cirrincione v. Johnson, 184 Ill. 2d 109, 114 (1998).

In count II of their amended complaint, plaintiffs alleged that they

were the owners of the horse with the “absolute and unconditional

right to immediate possession of the horse,” and that a demand for

possession of the horse would have been “useless” because the

defendant could not have returned their personal property to them “in

its unaltered state.” With regard to the element of assumption of

control, dominion, or ownership, the plaintiffs alleged that defendant’s

performing unauthorized surgery, in violation of their express

instructions, constituted “an unauthorized assumption of the right to

possession or ownership of the horse.”

Defendant’s motion to dismiss argued that count II failed to plead

a cause of action for conversion because plaintiffs did not allege that

he had “permanently deprived them of possession of the horse.” The

circuit court granted the motion, dismissing the conversion claim with

prejudice.

The appellate court reversed, relying on section 226 of the

Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provides: “ ‘One who

intentionally destroys a chattel or so materially alters its physical
-19-

condition as to change its identity or character is subject to liability for

conversion to another who is in possession of the chattel or entitled

to its immediate possession.’ ” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458, quoting

Restatement (Second) of Torts §226, at 439 (1965). Comment d to

this section suggests that a claim for conversion of a horse on the

basis of physical injury to the animal is not unheard of and that one

may indeed be liable for the conversion of a horse without

permanently depriving the owner of possession: “ ‘If a horse is

permanently lamed, it remains a horse, the owner may still be in

possession, and the horse may have value to a glue works, but it has

become useless for the ordinary purposes of a horse. In such a case

there is a conversion.’ ” 375 Ill. App. 3d at 458, quoting Restatement

(Second) of Torts §226, Comment d, at 440-41 (1965). Thus, the

appellate court concluded, the claim for conversion was properly

pleaded.

In the portion of their brief addressing the Moorman issue,

plaintiffs argue that the doctrine does not bar a claim for the

intentional tort of conversion. They argue, further, that the appellate

court was correct that their amended complaint did state a claim for

conversion. They also point out that defendant failed to raise any

issues related to the conversion claim in his petition for leave to

appeal.

Nevertheless, we have a duty to consider sua sponte whether the

Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction with respect to the

conversion claim. Eastern v. Canty, 75 Ill. 2d 566, 570 (1979)

(explaining that a court has a duty to examine its jurisdiction, even if

no question is raised by the parties).

Section 8(d) of the Act confers exclusive jurisdiction upon the

Court of Claims “in cases sounding in tort.” 705 ILCS 505/8(d) (West

2004). This provision is not limited to claims of negligence. By its

plain language, this section applies to all tort claims, including

intentional torts such as trespass to chattel and conversion.

We noted in Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 309, that an action is against the

state when there is “ ‘no allegation[ ] that an agent or employee of the

State acted beyond the scope of his authority through wrongful acts.”

The essence of a claim for conversion is an allegation that the

defendant engaged in an intentional, wrongful act.
-20-

Further, regarding the relief sought, holding the defendant liable

for the intentional tort of conversion cannot operate to control the

actions of the state because the University simply cannot have a policy

requiring its employees to commit the intentional tort of conversion.

Further, as noted above, the State’s indemnification of defendant,

should he be found liable for conversion, will not operate to control

the actions of the State.

We therefore, conclude, that plaintiffs’ claim for conversion

should not have been dismissed by the circuit court.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate

court, without having reached the question whether plaintiffs’

negligence claim is barred by the Moorman doctrine, which reversed

the dismissal of both counts of the amended complaint and remanded

the cause to the circuit court for further proceedings.

Affirmed.

JUSTICE FREEMAN, dissenting:

I cannot join in the court’s opinion because it does not adequately

address the issues that have been raised with respect to count I. One

of the main reasons why this is so is because the court cannot decide

whether count I, ostensibly for “negligence,” is really a contract claim.

The court appears to treat it as both. Slip op. at 4, 6, 12. Specifically,

in section (1) of its analysis, the court states that the Moorman

doctrine applies to service contracts, “which would seem to include

the veterinary care at issue in the present case.” Slip op. at 4. Two

pages later, however, the court, in addressing the jurisdictional issue,

speaks of the analysis used in determining “whether a particular tort

action is ‘against the State’ ***.” (Emphasis added.) Slip op. at 6. If

the court believes that the parties’ relationship is that of a service

contract, as alluded to on page 4, then why is the court talking about

a tort action on page 6? This same type of contradiction continues

throughout the opinion. On page 12, for example, the court holds that

the duty of care in this case arises from notions founded in tort law,

but, later, the same page it states that the relationship between the
 

1

I strongly disagree that it is “unnecessary” for the court to review the

appellate court’s application of the Moorman doctrine to this case. Slip op.

at 5. The Moorman issue impacts on the jurisdictional question, as is aptly

demonstrated in the court’s opinion. See slip op. at 12. Indeed, the confused

nature of the court’s treatment of count I is attributable to the court’s

unjustified decision to hold the Moorman issue forfeited. By so doing, the

court is, in actuality, refusing to address whether count I actually states a

valid cause of action for negligence. It must be pointed out that the circuit

court ruled that count I did not state a cause of action because under

Moorman, the economic damages being sought under the negligence theory

were barred. The appellate court reversed, holding that an exception to the

doctrine was satisfied, and reinstated the count. In so doing, the appellate

court correctly recognized that Moorman is properly asserted under section

2–615 of the Code of Civil Procedure and not, as an affirmative defense,

under section 2–619(a)(9). 375 Ill. App. 3d at 448. I note in passing that the

court today is satisfied to simply “accept the appellate court’s

characterization of the procedural posture of the case” because the parties

have not bothered to make it an issue here. Slip op. at 3. Regardless of

whether the parties make it an issue, I would submit that proper procedure

is not a matter of for a court’s acquiescence. Since the mislabeling of a

motion is generally not cause for reversal absent prejudice (Scott Wetzel

Services v. Regard, 271 Ill. App. 3d 478, 481 (1995)), there is simply no

reason why the court could not have clarified the propriety of the motion

practice below.

-21-

parties is a “contractual” one. Slip op. at 12. These types of internal

inconsistencies indicate to me that we need to more carefully examine

the nature of the claim alleged in count I. The best way to do this, in

my view, is to identify the precise nature of the relationship between

the parties. The reward of such an analysis would be an opinion that

cleanly resolves the central issues–the jurisdictional question, as well

as the application of the Moorman doctrine.1 I, therefore, respectfully

dissent.

An unfortunate byproduct of the court’s belief that defendant’s

brief does not adequately address the Moorman issue (slip op. at 5-6)

is that the reinstatement of count I is left standing. This is so despite

the fact this court has never addressed the question of whether a

general negligence claim is the proper legal vehicle to compensate

animal owners such as plaintiffs. This is particularly disappointing
-22-

because neither the jurisdictional question nor the Moorman question

can be fully resolved without first identifying the nature of count I.

Nevertheless, the court insists on answering the jurisdictional question

without first addressing the viability of count I in general. In so doing,

the opinion seemingly endorses a negligence theory of recovery by

recognizing a professional standard of care with respect to

veterinarians. Slip op. at 12. I do not believe that a general negligence

claim is the appropriate remedy to compensate animal owners such as

plaintiffs. Rather, given the relationship between the animal owner and

the veterinarian and the classification of animals as personal property,

the proper theory of recovery is a contractual claim based on bailment.

Therefore, although the circuit court correctly recognized that count

I was subject to dismissal, I would allow plaintiffs the opportunity

replead count I as a contract claim, specifically a breach of bailment.

A bailment constitutes the delivery of personal property “for the

accomplishment of some purpose, upon a contract, express or implied,

that after the purpose has been fulfilled, it shall be redelivered to the

person who delivered it, otherwise dealt with according to his

directions or kept until he reclaims it.” Smalich v. Westfall, 440 Pa.

409, 413, 269 A.2d 476, 480 (1970); see also 8A Am. Jur. 2d

Bailments §1 (1997). A bailment is a “contractual arrangement” and,

as such, is governed by the same rules of law that govern contracts in

general. 8A Am. Jur. 2d Bailments §29 (1997). A bailment contract

may be oral or written. 19 Williston on Contracts §53:1, at 10 (2001).

Generally, three categories of bailments exist. Bailments can be made

for the sole benefit of the bailor, for the sole benefit of the bailee, or

for the mutual benefit of both. 8A Am. Jur. 2d Bailments §1 (1997).

One form of mutual benefit bailment is the “hire of labor and

services.” J. Story, Commentaries on the Law of Bailments with

Illustrations from the Civil and Foreign Law §421, at 381 (9th ed.

1878) (hereinafter, Commentaries on the Law of Bailments). Those

undertaking the performance of services under a bailment agreement

are obliged to “do the work; to do it at the time agreed on; to do it

well; to employ the materials furnished by the employer in a proper

manner; and lastly, to exercise the proper degree of care and diligence

about the work.” Commentaries on the Law of Bailments §428, at

389. The bailee’s duties arise from the nature of the parties’

agreement, but the “law fixes the standard of care that the bailee must
-23-

exercise in the performance of the functions the bailee has

undertaken.” 19 Williston on Contracts §53:5, at 21-22 (2001). With

respect to bailments for mutual benefit, generally, the bailee will be

liable for losses that are proximately the result of the bailee’s own

negligence. 19 Williston on Contracts §53:5, at 22 (2001). Although

standards of care included in a bailment contract “more nearly

approximate the law of torts than that of contracts, the rights and

obligations of the parties under a contract of bailment may include, by

implication, rights and duties imposed upon the bailee by law.” 19

Williston on Contracts §53:5, at 23-24 (2001). See also St. PaulMercury Indemnity Co. v. City of Hughes, 231 Ark. 530, 331 S.W.2d

106 (1960) (holding that action can be maintained against municipality

despite tort immunity of the bailee municipality). “Where skill, as well

as care, is required in performing the undertaking, there, if the party

purports to have skill in the business, and he undertakes for hire, he is

bound, not only to ordinary care and diligence in securing and

preserving the thing, but also to the exercise of due and ordinary skill

in the employment of his art or business about it.” Commentaries on

the Law of Bailments §431, at 392. Under the law of bailments,

damages will lie against the party undertaking the work if “he applies

less [skill] than the occasion requires.” Commentaries on the Law of

Bailments §431, at 393. This is so because “where a person is

employed in a work of skill, the employer buys both his labor and his

judgment.” (Emphasis added.) Commentaries on the Lawof Bailments

§431, at 393.

Illinois jurisprudence has long recognized the operation of these

principles. This court has held that, in order to establish a bailor-bailee

relationship, “there must be either an express agreement *** or an

agreement by implication, which may be gathered from the

circumstances surrounding the transaction, such as the benefits to be

received by the parties, their intentions, the kind of property involved,

and the opportunities of each to exercise control over the property.”

Wall v. Airport Parking Co. of Chicago, 41 Ill. 2d 506, 509 (1969).

Under the bailment, the bailee has a duty to exercise the skill or

knowledge pertaining to the “nature of the business.” Mayer v.

Brensinger, 180 Ill. 110, 113-14 (1899) (recognizing in breach of

contract action on a bailment that “[t]he obligation to discharge such

duty is implied from the relation between the parties”); see also
-24-

Saddler v. National Bank of Bloomington, 403 Ill. 218, 229 (1949)

(stating same principle); Schaefer v. Washington Safety Deposit Co.,

281 Ill. 43, 48 (1917) (same). Bailees will be liable for losses that

result from their negligence or, more precisely, for their failure to

exercise the skill or knowledge pertaining to the nature of their

businesses. Saddler, 403 Ill. at 229. 

In light of these principles, when an animal or pet is left with a

veterinarian for care, it is part and parcel of the contract itself that the

veterinarian will exercise his or her specialized medical skill and

judgment in treating the animal. Such a rule recognizes the notion that

a bailor does not just hire the bailee for his labor, but for his judgment

as well. Commentaries on the Law of Bailments §431, at 393. In other

words, the bailor expects, as part of the bargain, that the bailee will

use the requisite skill and judgment pertaining to the nature of the

business.

Accordingly, I see the relationship between an animal owner and

a veterinarian, such as that described in count I, as a bailment

relationship. Indeed, plaintiffs in count I alleged that they “entrusted”

their horse to defendant for care and treatment. They “consented” to

defendant’s performing a specific surgery on the left carpel bone of

their horse and “consented” specifically to defendant’s draining fluid

from the horse’s right stifle. Plaintiffs specifically “instructed”

defendant “not to perform surgery” on the right stifle because such

surgery “is very risky.” According to the complaint, defendant “in

violation of [plaintiffs’] express instructions” (emphasis added)

performed surgery on the horse’s right stifle, which “ruined” the

animal for “future use in racing. Plaintiffs alleged that defendant owed

them a duty to exercise “reasonable care” in his “care and treatment”

of the horse and to “render” such care and treatment “in compliance

with the standards of a qualified veterinarian.” According to plaintiffs,

defendant failed to do so when he (i) failed “to adhere to the specific

instructions” of plaintiffs “as to the scope of the surgery to be

performed on the horse by performing surgery on the right stifle”; (ii)

performed a surgery on the horse that “was unnecessary”’ and (iii)

performed a surgery on the horse that “was in violation of the

standard of care of a veterinarian.” According to the complaint,

defendant’s negligence was the proximate cause of the damages

plaintiffs suffered in that the surgery on the horse’s right stifle “ruined
 

2This of course also distinguishes veterinarian malpractice from other

types of professional malpractice, such as attorney malpractice and

-25-

the horse for future use in racing.” Plaintiffs alleged damage to their

personal property “in the amount of the difference between the [fair

market value] of the property immediately before the occurrence and

its [fair market value] immediately after the occurrence.”

The thrust of these allegations is that defendant performed a

surgery on the horse that was specifically forbade by the property

owner at the time of the property’s delivery. The allegations also make

clear that defendant purportedly did not exercise the skill or

knowledge that plaintiffs expected as part of their bargain. In my view,

these types of allegations present a classic breach-of-bailment

situation. Indeed, bailments for mutual benefit have long been

recognized as being particularly amenable to situations involving

animal care. See Commentaries on the Law of Bailments §431, at 393

(acknowledging that “if a farrier undertakes the cure of a diseased or

lame horse, he is bound to apply a reasonable exercise of skill to the

cure; and if through his ignorance or bad management, the horse dies,

he will be liable for the loss”). 

Recognizing plaintiffs’ allegations as contractual in nature

eliminates the problems inherent in attempting to recover under a

negligence theory. Indeed, plaintiffs, in their brief, acknowledge that

no Illinois court has expressly held that a cause of action exists for

veterinary malpractice. This scarcity of case law owes not to any lack

of sympathy for animal owners but, rather, to the legal realities that

exist with respect to the relationship between the parties. As an initial

matter, the victim of veterinary malpractice is incapable of bringing a

cause of action against the veterinarian. Oberschlake v. Veterinary

Associates Animal Hospital, 151 Ohio App. 3d 741, 745, 785 N.E.2d

811, 814 (2003); Price v. Brown, 545 Pa. 216, 228, 680 A.2d 1149,

1155 (1996) (Castile, J., dissenting). Under Illinois law, animals are

recognized as personal property. See Jankoski v. Preiser Animal

Hospital, Ltd., 157 Ill. App. 3d 818 (1987). As personal property, an

animal cannot bring suit against a veterinarian. Rather, the owner must

institute the suit, and the owner is legally not the direct victim of the

malpractice.2 Additionally, the classification of animals as personal
accountant malpractice. 

 

3

It is critical to distinguish this case, which involves a bailment and the

attendant duties arising directly from the bailment relationship, from the line

of cases which recognize duties arising outside of contract

relationships–sometimes referred to as being duties ex contractu See

Congregation of the Passion, Holy Cross Province v. Touche Ross & Co.,

159 Ill. 2d 137, 163 (1994) (discussing cases). The latter cases do not

involve bailments and, as such, their analyses are inapplicable to cases like

this one.

-26-

property limits the amount of damages that are available. Animals

have long been designated as personal property under the common

law. See G. Eichinger, Veterinary Medicine: External Pressures on

an Insular Profession and How Those Pressures Threaten to Change

Current Malpractice Jurisprudence, 67 Mont. L. Rev. 231, 242

(Summer 2006) (tracing classification of animals). Because of this

classification, damages resulting from the negligence are limited to the

animal’s fair market value, or “economic damages,” which generally

means the difference in the fair market value of the animal before and

after injury. 67 Mont. L. Rev. at 242. Thus, there is little if any

financial incentive to sue for injuries and the types of damages

available are often inadequate to address the injury to the animal or its

owner. W. Root, “Man’s Best Friend”: Property or Family Member?

An Examination of the Legal Classification of Companion Animals

and Its Impact on Damages Recoverable for Their Wrongful Death

or Injury, 47 Vill. L. Rev. 423, 442 (2002).

Having properly framed the relationship of the parties as one of

bailment and the complained of conduct as a breach of the bailment,

the questions that are presented in this appeal can be addressed in the

proper context. Given the above, especially the differences between

the doctor-patient relationship and the veterinarian-animal owner

relationship, it would appear that economic damages for damage to or

loss of personal property arising from malpractice would be barred by

the Moorman doctrine. See Anderson Electric, Inc. v. Ledbetter

Erection Corp., 115 Ill. 2d 146 (1986) (holding that Moorman

doctrine applies to service contracts).3 Under a bailment theory of
-27-

recovery, the Moorman doctrine would have no application since the

economic damages being sought are recoverable in contract.

That leaves only the jurisdictional question. Before turning to it,

some additional procedural details that have been ignored in today’s

opinion need addressing. The complaint we address today is plaintiffs’

second amended complaint. When plaintiffs filed their original

complaint, defendant moved for dismissal on the basis that jurisdiction

rested in the Court of Claims and not in the circuit court. The circuit

court rejected the argument, ruling that defendant was a licensed

veterinarian. Defendant thereafter sought reconsideration in the trial

court, and when that proved unsuccessful, he sought an interlocutory

appeal under Rule 308(c). The appellate court declined to hear the

case under Rule 308, and the case then proceeded in the circuit court.

When the circuit court ultimately dismissed the complaint at issue

here, plaintiffs appealed. Defendant, as the appellee, then renewed his

jurisdictional argument by moving to dismiss the appeal in the

appellate court Defendant argued that the Court of Claims was the

appropriate tribunal for the litigation based on the fact that defendant

was acting in the course of his employment as a professor at the

University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine. Attached to the

motion were four affidavits, two from defendant, one from the

associate counsel of the University’s Office of Legal Counsel, and

another from the head of the Department of Veterinary Clinical

Medicine at the University.

Defendant, in his affidavit, stated that he had been employed at the

College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois since

1994, when he was first hired as an assistant professor “to teach,

instruct, and train students, as well as to do research and educate

students through clinical service, all at the College of Veterinary

Medicine.” At the time of his treatment of plaintiffs’ horse in 2001,

defendant was an associate professor. Defendant did not engage in the

private practice of veterinary medicine while employed at the

University, and, at no time, did he hold “himself out to the public as

an equine surgeon or privately practicing veterinarian.” In fact,

defendant had not been in private practice since 1973. Defendant

further stated that he “does not hold a license to practice veterinary

medicine with the State of Illinois and has not held any such license”

due to his being exempt, as a professor of veterinary medicine at the
-28-

University, from Illinois licensing laws. Since 1994, defendant taught,

instructed, and trained veterinarian students “for purposes of

examination and treatment of horses brought to the Large Animal

Clinic at the University of Illinois.” Defendant stated that it was “while

he was employed as an instructor teaching veterinarian students at the

University” and while he “was in performance of his duties of

employment while officially employed with the University” that he

“treated and examined the horse brought by the plaintiffs to the

University.”

Professor Warwick A. Arden, department head of Veterinary

Clinical Medicine at the University, stated in his affidavit that since

April 1994, defendant “had been employed as an instructor, faculty

member and Professor” at the University. Defendant’s duties

throughout the time of his employment included “teaching veterinary

students and examining and treating horses brought to the University

of Illinois Large Animal Clinic.” While in the course of his

performance of official duties as an instructor and faculty member,

defendant “was exempt” from the need for a veterinarian license.

Associate university counsel of the Office of Legal Counsel Mark

D. Henss stated in his affidavit that the University, through its

University Office of Risk Management currently had in place a selfinsurance program under which defendant “is entitled to protection,

provided he is employed by the University and acting within the scope

of his University duties.

Plaintiffs, in their objection to the motion to dismiss, did not

dispute the facts as set forth in the affidavits. Rather, they asserted

that defendant could not seek to “turn” a regulatory and licensing

statute into an immunity act.

Section 8(b) of the Court of Claims Act states that the Court of

Claims shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear “[a]ll claims against the

State founded upon any contract entered into with the State of

Illinois.” 705 ILCS 505/8(b) (West 2004). Whether a claim is one

“against the State” does not depend upon the state being named as a

party. Healy v. Vaupel, 133 Ill. 2d 295, 308 (1990). Rather, the

determination depends the issues involved and the relief sought.

Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 308. The prohibition “ ‘against making the State

of Illinois a party to a suit cannot be evaded by making an action

nominally one against the servants or agents of the State when the real
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claim is against the State of Illinois itself and when the State of Illinois

is the party vitally interested.’ ” Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 308, quoting

Sass v. Kramer, 72 Ill. 2d 485, 491 (1978). Sovereign immunity is not

implicated, however, by allegations that the state’s agent acted in

violation of statutory or constitutional law or in excess of his

authority, and, in those instances, the action can be heard in the circuit

court. Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 308.

An action that is brought nominally against a state employee in his

individual capacity, but “could operate to control the actions of the

State or subject it to liability,” is considered an action against the

State. Currie v. Lao, 148 Ill. 2d 151, 158 (1992). Thus, an individual

defendant will be protected by sovereign immunity only if the suit

against the individual is truly against the state. See Currie, 148 Ill. 2d

at 158-59. This court has held that an action against a state employee

is considered one against the state when (1) there are no allegations

that an employee or agent of the state acted beyond the scope of his

authority through wrongful acts; (2) the duty alleged to have been

breached was not owed by the employee independently of his state

employment; and (3) the complained-of actions involve matters

ordinarily within that employee’s normal and official functions. Jinkins

v. Lee, 209 Ill. 2d 320, 330 (2004).

The court holds today that the source of the duty involved here

arose independent from the duties of the state employment. Slip op.

at 12. Not even one paragraph later, however, the court clouds this

holding by acknowledging that the Moorman doctrine has an impact

on the question because, in the “typical” case, a veterinarian “will be

providing care to an animal after having formed a contractual

relationship with the owner of the animal.” Slip op. at 12. What does

this mean? I do not understand what exactly is being held because, on

the one hand, it appears that the court is recognizing that the duty that

is independent of state employment arises from notions of common

law relating to professional standards of care. On the other hand, it

also seems to concede that this independent duty is a contractual one.

How the contractual duty squares with the state employment issue is,

apparently, a question left for another day. I remind my colleagues

that, because we are the highest court in the state, the legal

community relies on our opinions “to map the evolving course of the

law.” People v. Jung, 192 Ill. 2d 1, 17 (2000) (McMorrow, J.,
 

4

Indeed, the complaint speaks consistently in terms such as “consent” and

“instructions” yet the complaint does not refer to a consent form or written

instructions. No such printed documents are attached as exhibits. Given the

allegations, it is clear that some consultation had to occur at the university

clinic before the equine procedures described in the complaint could have

been scheduled. Clearly, this was not a “walk-in” procedure.

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specially concurring, joined by Miller and Freeman, JJ.). The court’s

analysis with respect to the jurisdictional question certainly raises

more questions than answers. 

Not surprisingly, I believe the jurisdictional question should be

approached differently in light of the bailment relationship that existed

between the parties and the University of Illinois. I have already

demonstrated that the duties assumed by defendant in this case arose

from a bailment relationship that existed between him and the

plaintiffs–this much was clear from the limited facts surrounding the

horse’s treatment contained in the complaint.4 However, the affidavits

attached to the motion to dismiss make clear the bailment relationship

between plaintiffs and defendant “would not have had a source outside

the employment status of the defendant[ ].” Healy, 133 Ill. 2d at 313.

Whatever duties arose from the relationship existed because of status

of the defendant as a professor at the University of Illinois’ College of

Veterinary Medicine. Defendant could only accept the bailment and

the duties imposed by it solely because of his state employment.

Without that employment, defendant was not authorized to practice

veterinary medicine in Illinois and would not have been able to legally

perform the surgery at a veterinarian hospital. See 225 ILCS 115/5

(West 2004) (Prohibiting the “practice [of] veterinary medicine and

surgery in any of its branches without a valid license to do so”).

Defendant was, at the time of the bailment and the surgery, a

professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of

Illinois. His duties as a professor consisted of performing research and

training students by operating on animals in the College’s largeanimal clinic. Defendant was not licensed at the time to practice

veterinary surgery in Illinois. He was not in private practice and did

not possess a veterinary license because, as a professor at a state

university, he was exempt from Illinois’ licensing requirements.

Defendant did not carry malpractice insurance and has not been in
 

5Given the lack of a license, it is not surprising that the University

provided for indemnification for any liability arising from defendant’s

employment. Although I express no opinion on how the indemnity issue

impacts on the jurisdictional question, I must point out that the issue is not

nearly as cut and dry as the court makes it out to be. Slip op. at 13-14. While

acknowledging decisions such as Janes v. Albergo, 254 Ill. App. 3d 951

(1993), and Kiersch v. Ogena, 230 Ill. App. 3d 57 (1992) (slip op. at 13),

the court ignores Oppe v. State of Missouri, 171 Ill. App. 3d 491 (1988), a

decision which takes a decidedly different view on the effect of indemnity

upon the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Oppe was cited with approval in

Currie. See Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 167.

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private practice since 1973.5 Defendant therefore was acting in his

normal and official role as a professor of at the College of Veterinary

Medicine when he accepted the bailment and performed the surgery.

 I note that, in 2000, there was “nearly one pet for every two

Americans” and that, in 2001, “approximately 124 million dogs and

cats live in American households.” 47 Vill. L. Rev. at 423. In a society

that increasingly values animals and household pets, the issues in this

case deserve more than the short shrift given to them by a majority of

the court. Everything about today’s opinion, from its acknowledgment

that the appellate court’s Moorman analysis is “awkward at best” (slip

op. at 5) to its nonchalant recognition of a professional standard of

care suggests that my colleagues have failed to understand the

ramifications its opinion will have the development of the law in this

area. For this reason, I cannot join in the opinion and respectfully

dissent.

JUSTICE BURKE joined in this dissent.

JUSTICE KILBRIDE also dissents, without opinion.