U.S. International Trade Commission

Publication 4454 February 2014

Washington, DC 20436

Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic 

Products from China and Taiwan

Investigation Nos. 701-TA-511 & 731-TA-1246-1247 (Preliminary)
U.S. International Trade Commission

COMMISSIONERS 

 

Irving A. Williamson, Chairman 

Shara L. Aranoff 

Dean A. Pinkert 

David S. Johanson 

Meredith M. Broadbent 

F. Scott Kieff

Robert B. Koopman

Staff assigned

Address all communications to 

Secretary to the Commission 

United States International Trade Commission 

Washington, DC 20436

Director of Operations

Christopher Cassise, Senior Investigator 

Andrew David, Industry Analyst 

Aimee Larsen, Economist 

David Boyland, Accountant 

Russell Duncan, Statistician 

Darlene Smith, Statistical Assistant 

Rhonda Hughes, Attorney 

James McClure, Supervisory Investigator 
U.S. International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436 

www.usitc.gov

Publication 4454 February 2014

Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic 

Products from China and Taiwan

Investigation Nos. 701-TA-511 & 731-TA-1246-1247 (Preliminary)

  

CONTENTS

Page

i

Determinations............................................................................................................................... 1

Views of the Commission ............................................................................................................... 3

Part I: Introduction................................................................................................................ I‐1

Background................................................................................................................................ I‐1

Statutory criteria and organization of the report..................................................................... I‐1

Statutory criteria ................................................................................................................... I‐1

Organization of report........................................................................................................... I‐2

Market summary....................................................................................................................... I‐3

Summary data and data sources............................................................................................... I‐4

Previous and related investigations.......................................................................................... I‐4

Nature and extent of alleged subsidies and sales at LTFV........................................................ I‐5

Alleged subsidies................................................................................................................... I‐5

Alleged sales at LTFV ............................................................................................................. I‐5

The subject merchandise .......................................................................................................... I‐5

Commerce’s scope ................................................................................................................ I‐5

Scope Issues in the prior CSPV solar investigation................................................................ I‐6

Scope Issues in these CSPV solar investigations ................................................................... I‐9

Tariff treatment................................................................................................................... I‐12

The product............................................................................................................................. I‐13

Description and applications............................................................................................... I‐13

Manufacturing processes.................................................................................................... I‐20

Domestic like product issues................................................................................................... I‐25

CSPV products vs. Thin Film solar products ........................................................................ I‐25

Part II: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market............................................................ II‐1

U.S. market characteristics....................................................................................................... II‐1

Channels of distribution........................................................................................................... II‐2

Market segments.................................................................................................................. II‐3
  

CONTENTS

Page

ii

Geographic distribution ........................................................................................................... II‐5

Supply and demand considerations......................................................................................... II‐6

U.S. supply ............................................................................................................................ II‐6

U.S. demand ....................................................................................................................... II‐12

Substitutability issues............................................................................................................. II‐20

Lead times .......................................................................................................................... II‐20

Factors affecting purchasing decisions............................................................................... II‐21

Comparison of U.S.‐produced and imported CSPV products............................................. II‐22

Part III: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment....................................... III‐1

U.S. producers......................................................................................................................... III‐1

U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization................................................................. III‐3

U.S. Producers of CSPV cells................................................................................................ III‐5

U.S. Producers of CSPV modules......................................................................................... III‐5

U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports........................................................................... III‐6

U.S. producers’ inventories..................................................................................................... III‐7

U.S. producers’ imports and purchases.................................................................................. III‐7

U.S. employment, wages, and productivity ............................................................................ III‐8

Part IV: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares ................................IV‐1

U.S. importers..........................................................................................................................IV‐1

U.S. import data as requested in the Commission's U.S. importer questionnaire.................IV‐3

U.S. imports............................................................................................................................. IV‐6

Negligibility.............................................................................................................................. IV‐7

Cumulation considerations ...................................................................................................IV‐10

Apparent U.S. consumption ..................................................................................................IV‐11

U.S. market shares ................................................................................................................IV‐12

Ratio of imports to U.S. production ......................................................................................IV‐12

Part V: Pricing data...............................................................................................................V‐1

Factors affecting prices............................................................................................................V‐1
  

CONTENTS

Page

iii

Raw material costs ...............................................................................................................V‐1

U.S. inland transportation costs...........................................................................................V‐3

Pricing practices .......................................................................................................................V‐3

Pricing methods....................................................................................................................V‐3

Sales terms and discounts....................................................................................................V‐3

Price data..................................................................................................................................V‐4

Price trends...........................................................................................................................V‐9

Price comparisons ................................................................................................................V‐9

Lost sales and lost revenue ....................................................................................................V‐11

Part VI: Financial experience of U.S. producers....................................................................VI‐1

Background..............................................................................................................................VI‐1

Operations on CSPV cells and modules...................................................................................VI‐2

Revenue...............................................................................................................................VI‐2

Cost of goods sold and gross profit or (loss) .......................................................................VI‐3

SG&A expenses and operating income or (loss) .................................................................VI‐5

Capital expenditures and research and development expenses............................................VI‐6

Capital and investment ...........................................................................................................VI‐7

Actual negative effects........................................................................................................VI‐7

Anticipated negative effects................................................................................................VI‐7

Part VII: Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries..........................VII‐1

The industry in China..............................................................................................................VII‐3

Reporting producers of CSPV cells and modules in China .................................................VII‐6

Five largest reporting producers of CSPV modules in China..............................................VII‐7

The industry in Taiwan .........................................................................................................VII‐10

Reporting producers of CSPV cells and modules in Taiwan.............................................VII‐11

Five largest reporting producers of CSPV cells in Taiwan ................................................VII‐12

Foreign industry data for China and Taiwan combined.......................................................VII‐15

U.S. inventories of imported merchandise ..........................................................................VII‐15
  

CONTENTS

Page

iv

U.S. importers’ outstanding orders......................................................................................VII‐15

Antidumping or countervailing duty orders in third‐country markets................................VII‐16

Information on nonsubject countries..................................................................................VII‐17

Global demand .................................................................................................................VII‐17

Global CSPV cell and module production.........................................................................VII‐19

Appendixes

A. Federal Register notices.................................................................................................... A‐1

B. List of conference witnesses............................................................................................. B‐1

C. Summary data................................................................................................................... C‐1

D. Nonsubject price data .......................................................................................................D‐1

Note.—Information that would reveal confidential operations of individual concerns may not

be published and therefore has been deleted.  Such deletions are indicated by asterisks.
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION

Investigation Nos. 701‐TA‐511 and 731‐TA‐1246‐1247 (Preliminary)

CERTAIN CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTS FROM CHINA AND TAIWAN

DETERMINATIONS

On the basis of the record1 developed in the subject investigations, the United States

International Trade Commission (Commission) determines,2 pursuant to sections 703(a) and

733(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. '' 1671b(a) and 1673b(a)) (the Act), that there is a

reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of

imports from China and Taiwan of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products, provided for

in subheadings 8541.40.60 (statistical reporting numbers 8541.40.6020 and 8541.40.6030) of

the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United

States at less than fair value (“LTFV”) and are allegedly subsidized by the Government of China.

COMMENCEMENT OF FINAL PHASE INVESTIGATIONS   

Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission=s rules, the Commission also gives notice

of the commencement of the final phase of its investigations.    The Commission will issue a

final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in

section 207.21 of the Commission=s rules, upon notice from the Department of Commerce

(Commerce) of affirmative preliminary determinations in the investigations under sections

703(b) or 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determinations are negative, upon notice of

affirmative final determinations in those investigations under sections 705(a) or 735(a) of the

Act.    Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigations

need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigations.    Industrial

users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative

consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping and

countervailing duty investigations.    The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing

the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the

investigations.

BACKGROUND

On December 31, 2013, a petition was filed with the Commission and Commerce by

SolarWorld Industries America, Hillsboro, Oregon, alleging that an industry in the United States

is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of LTFV and subsidized

imports of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from China and LTFV imports of

 

      1 The record is defined in sec. 207.2(f) of the Commission=s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19

CFR ' 207.2(f)).

     2 Commissioners Shara L. Aranoff and F. Scott Kieff are recused from these investigations.
certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from China and Taiwan.    Accordingly, effective

December 31, 2013, the Commission instituted countervailing duty investigation No.

701‐TA‐511 and antidumping duty investigation Nos. 731‐TA‐1246‐1247 (Preliminary).

Notice of the institution of the Commission=s investigations and of a public conference

to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the

Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice

in the Federal Register of January 8, 2014 (79 FR 1388).    The conference was held in

Washington, DC, on January 22, 2014, and all persons who requested the opportunity were

permitted to appear in person or by counsel.
3

Views of the Commission1

Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that there

is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of

imports of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic (“CSPV”) products from China and Taiwan that

are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value and imports of the subject

merchandise from China that are allegedly subsidized by the Government of China.

I. The Legal Standard for Preliminary Determinations  

The legal standard for preliminary antidumping and countervailing duty determinations

requires the Commission to determine, based upon the information available at the time of the

preliminary determinations, whether there is a reasonable indication that a domestic industry is

materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that the establishment of an industry is

materially retarded, by reason of the allegedly unfairly traded imports.2  In applying this

standard, the Commission weighs the evidence before it and determines whether “(1) the

record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury or

threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final

investigation.”3

II. Background  

The petitions in these investigations were filed on December 31, 2013 by SolarWorld

Industries America, Inc., a producer of CSPV cells and modules.4  Petitioner appeared at the

staff conference and submitted a postconference brief.

                                                        1 Commissioners Aranoff and Kieff did not participate in the preliminary phase of these

investigations. 2 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a) (2000); see also American Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d

994, 1001‐04 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Aristech Chem. Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 353, 354‐55 (1996).  No party

argues that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by the allegedly

unfairly traded imports.

3 American Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001; see also Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United States, 35

F.3d 1535, 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

4 In November 2012, the Commission completed antidumping and countervailing duty

investigations on CSPV cells and modules from China, pursuant to a petition filed by SolarWorld.  The

Commission determined that an industry in the United States was materially injured by reason of

subject imports that Commerce had determined were subsidized and sold in the United States at less

than fair value.  Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and

731‐TA‐1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360 (Nov.2012) (“CSPV I”).   Commerce also determined that the

country of origin of CSPV modules was determined by the country of manufacture of the CSPV cells.  

Antidumping and countervailing duty orders were issued in December 2012 on subject merchandise.  77

Fed. Reg.  73017, 73018 (Dec. 7, 2012).  Both the Commission’s and Commerce’s final determinations

are subject to ongoing litigation.

(Continued...)
4

A number of respondent entities participated in these investigations.  They include the

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products

(“CCCME”), an association of producers/exporters of the subject merchandise, which

participated in the conference and submitted a postconference brief; and a trade association of

Taiwanese respondent producers and exporters, as well as individual producers and exporters

of subject merchandise from Taiwan, which also participated in the conference and submitted a

postconference brief.5  Three purchasers, SolarCity Corporation, Strata Solar, and Real Goods

Solar, and one importer, SunEdison, Inc., also appeared at the conference on behalf of

respondents, but did not submit postconference briefs.   

III. Domestic Like Product

A. In General

In determining whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United

States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of the

subject merchandise, the Commission first defines the “domestic like product” and the

“industry.”6

  Section 771(4)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (“the Tariff Act”), defines

the relevant domestic industry as the “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or

those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major

proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”7

  In turn, the Tariff Act defines

“domestic like product” as “a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in

characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation.”8

The decision regarding the appropriate domestic like product(s) in an investigation is a

factual determination, and the Commission has applied the statutory standard of “like” or

“most similar in characteristics and uses” on a case‐by‐case basis.9

  No single factor is

                                                                                                                                                                               

(...Continued)

Because of Commerce’s country of origin ruling, U.S. imports of CSPV modules from China made

from cells produced in another country were considered outside the scope of the prior investigations.  

Petitioner stated in those investigations that this result was contrary to its intended scope definition.  As

a result, petitioner claimed that Commerce’s country of origin determination necessitated filing the

current petition as CSPV module assemblers in China adjusted their global supply chains to obtain non‐

Chinese cells to evade the antidumping and countervailing duties put in place after the prior

investigations.  Confidential Report (“CR”) at I‐6 n.11, Public Report (“PR”) at I‐4 n.11. 5 Seventeen Taiwanese respondents are listed in the entry of appearance.  Letter from Peter

Koenig to the Honorable Lisa R. Barton (Jan. 15, 2014).

6 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 7 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A).

8 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10).

9 See, e.g., Cleo Inc. v. United States, 501 F.3d 1291, 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2007); NEC Corp. v.

Department of Commerce, 36 F. Supp. 2d 380, 383 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United

States, 19 CIT 450, 455 (1995); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 749 n.3 (Ct. Int’l Trade

1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“every like product determination ‘must be made on the

particular record at issue’ and the ‘unique facts of each case’”).  The Commission generally considers a

(Continued...)
5

dispositive, and the Commission may consider other factors it deems relevant based on the

facts of a particular investigation.10  The Commission looks for clear dividing lines among

possible like products and disregards minor variations.11  Although the Commission must accept

Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized

and/or sold at less than fair value,12 the Commission determines what domestic product is like

the imported articles Commerce has identified.13  The Commission may, where appropriate,

include domestic articles in the domestic like product in addition to those described in the

scope.14

B. Product Description

In its notice of initiation, Commerce defined the imported merchandise within the scope

of these investigations as follows:

crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates and/or panels  

consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not  

partially or fully assembled into other products, including building  

integrated materials. For purposes of this investigation, subject  

merchandise also includes modules, laminates and/or panels assembled  

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

number of factors including the following:  (1) physical characteristics and uses; (2) interchangeability;

(3) channels of distribution; (4) customer and producer perceptions of the products; (5) common

manufacturing facilities, production processes, and production employees; and, where appropriate, (6)

price.  See Nippon, 19 CIT at 455 n.4; Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F. Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int’l Trade

1996).

10 See, e.g., S. Rep. No. 96‐249 at 90‐91 (1979). 11 See, e.g., Nippon, 19 CIT at 455; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748‐49; see also S. Rep. No. 96‐249

at 90‐91 (Congress has indicated that the like product standard should not be interpreted in “such a

narrow fashion as to permit minor differences in physical characteristics or uses to lead to the

conclusion that the product and article are not ‘like’ each other, nor should the definition of ‘like

product’ be interpreted in such a fashion as to prevent consideration of an industry adversely affected

by the imports under consideration.”). 12 See, e.g., USEC, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Appx. 725, 730 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“The ITC may not

modify the class or kind of imported merchandise examined by Commerce.”); Algoma Steel Corp. v.

United States, 688 F. Supp. 639, 644 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1988), aff’d, 865 F.3d 240 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,

492 U.S. 919 (1989).

13 Hosiden Corp. v. Advanced Display Mfrs., 85 F.3d 1561, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (the Commission

may find a single like product corresponding to several different classes or kinds defined by Commerce);

Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1298 n.1 (“Commerce’s {scope} finding does not control the Commission’s {like

product} determination.”); Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748‐52 (affirming the Commission’s

determination defining six like products in investigations where Commerce found five classes or kinds). 14 See, e.g., Pure Magnesium from China and Israel, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐403 and 731‐TA‐895‐96

(Final), USITC Pub. 3467 at 8 n.34 (Nov. 2001); Torrington, 747 F. Supp.  at 748‐49 (holding that the

Commission is not legally required to limit the domestic like product to the product advocated by the

petitioner, co‐extensive with the scope).
6

in the subject country consisting of crystalline silicon  

photovoltaic cells that are completed or partially manufactured  

within a customs territory other than that subject country, using  

ingots that are manufactured in the subject country, wafers that are  

manufactured in the subject country, or cells where the  

manufacturing process begins in the subject country and is completed  

in a non‐subject country.

Subject merchandise includes crystalline silicon photovoltaic  

cells of thickness equal to or greater than 20 micrometers, having a  

p/n junction formed by any means, whether or not the cell has  

undergone other processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning,  

etching, coating, and/or addition of materials (including, but not  

limited to, metallization and conductor patterns) to collect and  

forward the electricity that is generated by the cell.

Excluded from the scope of this investigation are thin film  

photovoltaic products produced from amorphous silicon (a‐Si),  

cadmium telluride (CdTe), or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).  

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are any products  

covered by the existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders  

on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled  

into modules, from the People's Republic of China. See Crystalline  

Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules,  

From the People's Republic of China: Amended Final Determination of  

Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and Antidumping Duty Order, 77 FR  

73018 (December 7, 2012); Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells,  

Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People's Republic of  

China: Countervailing Duty Order, 77 FR 73017 (December 7, 2012).

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are  

crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, not exceeding 10,000mm2 in  

surface area, that are permanently integrated into a consumer good  

whose function is other than power generation and that consumes the  

electricity generated by the integrated crystalline silicon  

photovoltaic cell. Where more than one cell is permanently  

integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for purposes of  

this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all cells  

that are integrated into the consumer good.

Merchandise covered by this investigation is currently  

classified in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States  

(HTSUS) under subheadings 8501.61.0000, 8507.20.8030, 8507.20.8040,  

8507.20.8060, 8507.20.8090, 8541.40.6020, 8541.40.6030 and  
7

8501.31.8000. These HTSUS subheadings are provided for convenience  

and customs purposes; the written description of the scope of this  

investigation is dispositive.15

Solar CSPV systems convert sunlight into electricity for on‐site use or for distribution

through the electric grid.  The main components of CSPV systems are modules (also commonly

referred to as panels), which are comprised of cells that use crystalline silicon to convert

sunlight into electricity.  CSPV modules can be used in both ground‐mounted and rooftop‐

mounted systems and in both the off‐grid market segment and the three on‐grid market

segments:  residential, nonresidential and utility.16

CSPV cells use crystalline silicon to convert sunlight to electricity and are the basic

elements of a PV module.  They have a positive layer, a negative layer, and a positive‐negative

junction (p/n junction).  Electricity is generated when sunlight strikes the cell, knocking

electrons loose that flow onto thin metal “fingers” that run across the cell and conduct

electricity to the busbars.  Most cells are five inches by five inches or six inches by six inches and

have an output of 3 to 4.5 watts.17

The two main types of CSPV cells and modules are monocrystalline silicon and

multicrystalline (or polycrystalline) silicon.  Monocrystalline cells are made from a single grown

crystal and tend to have a higher conversion efficiency.  Multicrystalline cells have a random

crystal structure and tend to have a lower conversion efficiency.18

CSPV modules for grid‐connected applications, whether residential, nonresidential or

utility, are generally the same regardless of the application, although the sizes that are most

commonly used in each type of application may differ.  Off‐grid CSPV modules are usually less

than 200 watts and are often smaller than on‐grid modules.  Off‐grid modules may have

different output voltages in order to charge batteries and often use fewer cells, and sometimes

divided cells, to achieve the desired output.19

C. Parties’ Arguments and Analysis

Petitioner argues, using the Commission’s traditional like product factors, that the

Commission should find, as it did in the previous investigations, that there is one domestic like

product, corresponding to the scope definition, which does not include thin‐film products.20  

                                                       15 79 Fed. Reg. 4661, 4667 (Jan. 29, 2014) (initiation of antidumping duty investigations); id. at

4671 (initiation of countervailing duty investigation).

16 CR at I‐16, PR at I‐13. 17 CR at I‐17, PR at I‐13.

18 CR at I‐19, PR at I‐14.

19 CR at I‐20, PR at I‐15.

20 Petition at 24.
8

CCCME and the Taiwanese respondents argue that the Commission should include thin‐film

products in its definition of the domestic like product.21

Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we define a single

domestic like product consisting of CSPV products within the scope of the investigations, as the

Commission did in CSPV I.22  Respondents’ arguments do not differ significantly from those

proffered in CSPV I, and the evidence on the record of these investigations does not indicate

that the technologies have changed enough to warrant a different determination, as explained

below.

Physical Characteristics and Uses.  In CSPV I, the Commission found that there are

significant differences in physical characteristics and capabilities between CSPV products and

thin‐film products that are related to differences in their underlying raw materials and

production processes.23  According to respondents in the preliminary phase of these

investigations, there are some thin‐film products that report conversion efficiency rates of 13.3

percent for cadmium telluride modules (with a record of 16.1 percent), while CSPV products

report conversion efficiencies of 14‐15 percent for multicrystalline and 16‐20 percent for

monocrystalline products.24  Nevertheless, there is no indication in the record that thin‐film

module efficiencies, in the aggregate, are now equivalent to CSPV module efficiencies.25  In

addition, there is no evidence in the record that other physical differences between thin‐film

and CSPV products have diminished since the time of the prior CSPV investigations.  We

observe that in CSPV I, the record indicated that thin‐film modules could be and were used on

rooftops that are not able to hold a significant amount of weight.26

Manufacturing Facilities, Production Processes and Employees.  In the prior CSPV

investigations, the Commission found, and the parties did not contest, that the record showed

no overlap in the manufacturing facilities, production processes or employees used to produce

CSPV and thin‐film products.27  In the preliminary phase of these investigations, as indicated

above, CCCME stated that U.S. thin‐film producer First Solar purchased a company that is

developing a high‐efficiency crystalline technology to complement its thin‐film products.  

Production is expected to occur in late 2014 or early 2015.  However, nothing in the record

indicates that CSPV and thin‐film products will be manufactured using the same equipment or

workers.28

                                                       21 CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 15‐17 & Exh. 1 at 15‐19; Taiwanese Respondents’

Postconference Brief, App. A at 1‐2. 22 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 12.   23 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 8.

24 CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 15‐16 & Exh. 1 at 15‐16; Taiwanese Respondents’

Postconference Brief, Exh. A at 1‐2.

25 Compare CR/PR at Table I‐1 with CR/PR at Table I‐2.

26 CSPV‐I, USITC Pub. 4360 at I‐22.

27 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 9.   28 CR at I‐48 – I‐49 & n.84, PR at I‐37 & n.84.
9

Channels of Distribution.  In CSPV I, the Commission found that 12 of 19 U.S. producers

of CSPV and/or thin‐film products reported that the two products share the same channels of

distribution, as did 34 of 49 responding importers.  In the preliminary phase of these

investigations, nothing in the record indicates that these channels have changed significantly

since the time of the prior investigations, as CSPV modules are sold to distributors and installers

in the residential market segment and thin‐film products are typically sold directly to utilities.29   

Interchangeability.  The Commission found in CSPV I that while CSPV products may be

interchangeable with thin‐film products at the design phase (depending on the project), thin‐

film products have different balance of system requirements than CSPV products.30  As

indicated above, CCCME contends that purchasers consider both CSPV and thin‐film

technologies on an equal footing when undertaking a new project.  Thus, nothing in the record

of the preliminary phase of these investigations indicates that the degree of interchangeability

has increased.31

Producer and Customer Perceptions.  Respondents argue in the preliminary phase of

these investigations that purchasers consider bids for both types of technology,32 an argument

also raised in CSPV I.

33  In CSPV I, the Commission found that 11 of 19 U.S. producers of CSPV

and/or thin‐film products and 23 of 49 responding importers reported that their customers

perceive the products to have different physical characteristics, flexibility, efficiency, power

outage, space requirements, bankability, environmental concerns, climate suitability,

performance characteristics, reliability, durability, and established nature.34  

Price.   The Commission found in CSPV I that in their questionnaire responses, 12 of 19

U.S. producers of CSPV and/or thin‐film products reported that CSPV products are generally

priced higher than thin‐film products, as did 35 of 49 responding importers.35  While there are

reports on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations that the prices of CSPV

products have since decreased and are more in line with the prices of thin‐film products,36 this

also occurred during CSPV I.37   

Conclusion.  The differences between CSPV and thin‐film products that the Commission

identified in CSPV I continue to exist.  In view of the foregoing discussion, particularly with

respect to differences in physical characteristics, manufacturing facilities, manufacturing

                                                       29 See CR at I‐51 – I‐52, PR at I‐38 – I‐39.

30 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 11.  The “balance of system” includes components such as the

inverter and the racking on which the system is installed.  CR at I‐20, PR at I‐15.

31 See CR at I‐49 – I‐50, PR at I‐37.

32 See CR at I‐51, PR at I‐38.

33 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 11 (finding that although a number of purchasers considered both

products for their purchases, many reported that they considered either CSPV or thin‐film products, but

not both).

34 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 11.

35 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 11.

36 CR at I‐53, PR at I‐40.

37 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 11.   
10

processes, and production employees, as well as limited interchangeability and distribution

channels, the fact that the two products are perceived somewhat differently by producers and

customers, and the fact that prices of CSPV products are generally higher than thin‐film

products, we find, as the Commission did in the previous investigations, that there is a single

domestic like product consisting of the CSPV products within the scope of the investigations.

IV. Domestic Industry  

The domestic industry is defined as the domestic “producers as a whole of a domestic

like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes

a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”38  In defining the domestic

industry, the Commission’s general practice has been to include in the industry producers of all

domestic production of the like product, whether toll‐produced, captively consumed, or sold in

the domestic merchant market.39

A. Related Parties

We must determine whether any producer of the domestic like product should be

excluded from the domestic industry pursuant to Section 771(4)(B) of the Tariff Act.  This

provision allows the Commission, if appropriate circumstances exist, to exclude from the

domestic industry producers that are related to an exporter or importer of subject merchandise

or which are themselves importers.40  Exclusion of such a producer is within the Commission’s

discretion based upon the facts presented in each investigation.41

                                                        38 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A).

39 In CSPV I, the Commission considered, even though no party raised any argument to the

contrary, whether firms that simply assembled modules in the United States engaged in sufficient

production‐related activities to be considered part of the domestic industry.  The Commission

determined that these firms did engage in sufficient production‐related activities to include them in the

domestic industry.  CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 13.  As the evidence in the record of the preliminary

phase of these investigations contains no new evidence that indicates we should revisit the finding in

the prior investigations and because no party has raised this issue in the preliminary phase of these

investigations, we do not discuss it further.  Accordingly, we continue to treat U.S. module assemblers as

producers of the domestic like product.

40 See Torrington Co. v. United States, 790 F. Supp. 1161, 1168 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1992), aff’d

without opinion, 991 F.2d 809 (Fed. Cir. 1993); Sandvik AB v. United States, 721 F. Supp. 1322, 1331‐32

(Ct. Int’l Trade 1989), aff’d mem., 904 F.2d 46 (Fed. Cir. 1990); Empire Plow Co. v. United States, 675 F.

Supp. 1348, 1352 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1987). 41 The primary factors the Commission has examined in deciding whether appropriate

circumstances exist to exclude a related party include the following:

(1) the percentage of domestic production attributable to the importing producer;

(2) the reason the U.S. producer has decided to import the product subject to investigation, i.e.,

whether the firm benefits from the LTFV sales or subsidies or whether the firm must import in order to

enable it to continue production and compete in the U.S. market; and

(Continued...)
11

In CSPV I, the Commission considered whether seven domestic producers, which were

related parties either by virtue of their imports of subject merchandise or their affiliation with

one or more importers, producers, or exporters of subject merchandise from China, should be

excluded from the domestic industry.  One producer, Suntech, was excluded from the domestic

industry.42

In the preliminary phase of these investigations, one domestic producer, Motech

Americas LLC (“Motech”), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Motech Industries Co., Ltd. of Taiwan,

and is affiliated with Motech Suzhou New Energy of China, which is also a wholly owned

subsidiary of Motech Industries Co., Ltd. of Taiwan.43  Another domestic producer, Wanxiang

New Energy LLC, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wanxiang Group of China.44  Four domestic

producers, ***, as well as ***, imported or arranged for the imports of subject merchandise

from Taiwan.45  We must determine whether appropriate circumstances exist to exclude any or

all of these four firms from the domestic industry.  

Petitioner argues in favor of excluding Motech and Suntech from the domestic industry.  

It contends that, because Motech is related to a subject producer with operations in both

Taiwan and China, and has a direct interest in ensuring that subject imports continue to enter

the United States in increasing quantities and at unfair prices, the Commission should exclude

Motech.46  With respect to Suntech, petitioner contends that although Suntech shut down its

U.S. facility in March 2013, during the period of investigation the firm had a direct interest in

ensuring an abundant supply of unfairly traded subject imports.47

Although CCCME does not address the issue of related parties, the Taiwanese

respondents argue that there is no basis to exclude Motech from the domestic industry as all its

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

(3) the position of the related producer vis‐a‐vis the rest of the industry, i.e., whether inclusion

or exclusion of the related party will skew the data for the rest of the industry.  See, e.g., Torrington Co.

v. United States, 790 F. Supp. at 1168.

42 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 16.    43 CR/PR at Table III‐1 n.2. 44 CR/PR at Table III‐1 n.3.

45 CR at III‐18, PR at III‐7, CR/PR at Tables III‐10 – III‐12.  A fifth firm, ***, but this importation of

subject merchandise occurred outside of the period of investigation.  CR at III‐18 n.10, PR at III‐7 n.10.  

Accordingly, *** is not a related party for the purpose of the preliminary phase of these investigations.  

While *** also imported cells and modules from China, based upon the available data, a portion

of these products constitute nonsubject merchandise because they are believed to be subject to the

existing orders.  In CSPV I, Commerce ruled that the module’s country of origin is the country of origin of

the solar cell.  CR at I‐11 – I‐12 n.17, PR at I‐9 n.17.  The scope in the instant investigations excludes

merchandise covered by the orders issued in CSPV I.  Nevertheless, as explained in detail in our

discussion of negligibility below, should Commerce accept petitioner’s view as to country of origin, some

CSPV modules from China, currently considered to be nonsubject merchandise, may be considered

subject imports from China.

46 Petition at 31; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief, Exh. 1 at 74‐75. 47 Petition at 32‐33.
12

transactions are at fair market value.  They present no argument with regard to the other

related parties.48

We discuss below whether appropriate circumstances exist to exclude the four related

party producers.

Motech.  The Commission considered whether to exclude module assembler Motech

from the domestic industry in CSPV I, in which Taiwan was not a subject country.  It found that

Motech’s primary interest was in domestic production.  On the basis of this finding and its

examination of Motech’s financial performance, the Commission found that appropriate

circumstances did not exist to warrant excluding Motech from the domestic industry.49

The record in these investigations indicates that Motech accounted for *** percent of

U.S. production of CSPV modules in 2012.  It ***.50  Motech ***.51  Motech’s U.S. production of

CSPV modules totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  

It totaled *** kilowatts in January‐September (“interim”) 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim

2013.52  Motech’s *** totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in

2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013. 53  

Motech’s *** totaled *** kilowatts in 2010 and 2011 and *** kilowatts in 2012.  They totaled

*** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.

Motech’s total kilowatts ***, relative to its domestic production, totaled *** percent in

2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent in 2012.  The ratio was *** percent in interim 2012

and *** percent in interim 2013.  Its ratio of operating income to net sales was *** percent in

2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and

*** percent in interim 2013.54 55  Its operating performance was ***, although the ratio of its

operating income to net sales was *** in 2011 while the industry average was ***.56  In terms

of capital expenditures, it invested $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  Motech’s

capital expenditures totaled $*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.57

Motech’s interest in domestic production has decreased over the period of

investigation, as evidenced by the fact that its production of CSPV modules has steadily

declined.  The high ratio of its subject imports to domestic production at both the beginning

and the end of the period highlights this fact as well.  The firm ***.  While its financial

                                                       48 Taiwanese Respondents’ Postconference Brief at 4.

49 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 16.

50 CR/PR at Table III‐1.

51 CR/PR at Table III‐5.

52 CR/PR at Table III‐11.

53 CR/PR at Table III‐11.

54 Motech’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐11. 55 For purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations, Commissioner Pinkert does not

rely upon a related producer’s financial performance in determining whether to exclude it from the

domestic industry.   56 Compare Motech’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response with CR at Table VI‐3. 57 Motech’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐15.
13

performance *** and it regularly invested in its operations by making capital expenditures and

also incurred research and development (“R&D”) expenses in every year of the period of

investigation,58 it appears these measures were taken pursuant to its interest in assembling

modules from imported cells.   In view of the foregoing factors, although the issue is a close call,

we determine that appropriate circumstances exist to exclude Motech from the domestic

industry.

Wanxiang.  In 2012, Wanxiang accounted for *** percent of U.S. production of CSPV

modules.  It ***.59  Module assembler Wanxiang sourced ***.60  Wanxiang’s U.S. production of

CSPV modules totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  

It totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  Wanxiang’s ***

totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  They totaled

*** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.61

Wanxiang’s total subject kilowatts imported from Taiwan, relative to its domestic

production, was *** percent in 2010 and 2011, and *** percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in

interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013, ***.62  Its ratio of operating income to net sales

was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in

interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.63  Its operating performance was ***.64  In terms

of capital expenditures, invested $*** in its U.S. operations in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in

2012.  It invested $*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.

Wanxiang’s U.S. production of modules ***.  Its *** followed the same pattern,

however.  Unlike some other module assemblers, Wanxiang ***.  As noted above, it *** the

petition on Taiwan.  Its investment in its U.S. operations has ***.65  However, Wanxiang is a

***.  On balance, because of its high ratio of subject imports to domestic production and the

fact that it does appear to have benefitted from its subject imports, we find that circumstances

are appropriate to exclude Wanxiang from the domestic industry.

*** accounted for *** percent of domestic production of CSPV modules in 2012.  It

***.66  ***.67  Its U.S. production of CSPV modules totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts

                                                       58 Motech’s R&D expenditures totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011 and $*** in 2012.  They

totaled $*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  Motech’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire at

III‐15.

59 CR/PR at Table III‐1.

60 CR/PR at Table III‐12.

61 CR/PR at Table III‐12.

62 CR/PR at Table III‐11.

63 Wanxiang’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐11.

64 Compare Wanxiang’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐11 with CR at Table VI‐

3.

65 Wanxiang’s R&D expenses totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  They totaled

$*** in interim 2012 and in interim 2013.  Wanxiang’s Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐

15.

66 CR/PR at Table III‐1.
14

in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  It totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in

interim 2013.  *** totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in

2012.  It totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.68   

Relative to domestic production, *** total subject kilowatts imported from Taiwan were

*** percent in 2011 and *** percent in 2012.  This ratio was *** percent in interim 2012 and

*** percent in interim 2013.69  Its ratio of operating income to net sales was *** percent in

2011 and *** percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim

2013.70  Its operating performance was ***.71  In terms of capital expenditures, it invested $***

in 2011 and $*** in 2012.  It invested $*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.72

While *** U.S. production of modules has ***.  As noted above, *** reporting domestic

producer and no party has argued for its exclusion from the domestic industry.  Moreover, it

has ***.73  Nonetheless, because of its high ratio of subject imports to domestic production and

because it appears to have benefitted from these subject imports, we find circumstances

appropriate to exclude *** from the domestic industry.

Suntech.  Suntech did not provide a questionnaire response in the preliminary phase of

these investigations, but the data Suntech reported in the prior investigations are included in

the Commission’s report here.  Suntech opened operations to produce solar modules in

October 2010, then closed its assembly plant in March 2013.74  In the previous investigations,

the Commission found appropriate circumstances existed to exclude Suntech from the

domestic industry in light of its position on the petitions, the size of its subject imports and its

financial performance.75   

As Suntech did not provide a questionnaire response in the preliminary phase of these

investigations, its most recent financial data are unknown.  However, it performed better than

the industry average in 2011 while importing CSPV cells from China, and it appears to have

benefitted from sourcing CSPV cells from Taiwan in 2012, once the imports from China became

subject to investigation.76  In view of these facts, we find that appropriate circumstances exist

to exclude Suntech from the domestic industry in the preliminary phase of these investigations.

Conclusion.  In view of the above discussion, we find that appropriate circumstances

exist to exclude Motech, Wanxiang, ***, and Suntech from the domestic industry.  In light of

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

67 CR/PR at Table III‐10.

68 CR/PR at Table III‐10.

69 CR/PR at Table III‐10.

70 *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐11. 71 Compare *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐11 with CR at Table VI‐3.

72 *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐15.

73 Its R&D expenses totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  They totaled $*** in

interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Response at III‐15. 74 CR/PR at Table III‐2.    75 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 15.

76 CR at VII‐12 n.10, PR at VII‐8 n.10.   
15

our definition of the domestic like product, we define the domestic industry to include all U.S.

producers of CSPV cells and CSPV modules, except for Motech, Wanxiang, ***, and Suntech.

V. Data Sources and Coverage

As in CSPV I, the Commission’s report quantifies imports from subject and nonsubject

countries using data from questionnaire responses rather than official import statistics on

imports under the relevant U.S. tariff subheadings.  The Commission explained in CSPV I that

official import statistics may include some imports of out‐of‐scope thin‐film products in

addition to imports of subject CSPV cells and CSPV modules.  In addition, official import

statistics measure imports of modules in terms of units and define modules as “solar cells

assembled into modules or panels.”77  As a consequence, the reported units for official statistics

might refer to the number of modules and not the number of cells imported into the United

States, such that summing imports of cells and imports of modules might not accurately yield

the total volume of imported cells.  To measure quantity more accurately, the Commission’s

questionnaires asked parties to report data in kilowatts.  Lastly, the definitions in the

questionnaires aimed to capture the language of Commerce’s scope.  However, as described

below in our discussion of negligible imports, the scope language was revised subsequent to

the mailing of the questionnaires.  In any final phase investigations, we welcome parties’

suggestions regarding the best language to use in the questionnaires in order to obtain data

consistent with Commerce’s scope.

The U.S. industry data used in the preliminary phase of these investigations are based

on the questionnaire responses of five firms reporting domestic production activities during the

period of investigation.  These five producers accounted for *** percent of U.S. production of

CSPV modules in 2012.78  However, staff has consolidated the data submitted by firms in the

prior investigations with the data submitted in the preliminary phase of these investigations.  

As such, staff compiled data representing *** percent of total 2012 U.S. production of CSPV

modules.79 Two of these firms reported producing CSPV cells, accounting for 100.0 percent of

U.S. production of CSPV cells in 2012.80

                                                        77 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 19‐20.

78 CR/PR at Tables III‐1 & III‐6.

79 CR/PR at III‐1 & n.1.  When the data of the four domestic producers that are related parties

are excluded, data pertaining to the firms that we have included in the domestic industry account for

*** percent of total 2012 U.S. production of CSPV modules.  The data in Table C‐2 (revised) exclude data

from the four firms that we have not included in the domestic industry.

With respect to financial results based on the Commission’s previous investigations, the relevant

overlapping period represents full year 2010 and 2011, and the first half of 2012.  Accordingly, for items

such as sales volume and value, as well as other corresponding financial information, period‐to‐period

changes in absolute amounts between full year 2011 and 2012, and between interim 2012 and interim

2013, are likely overstated to some extent due to the absence of complete full year 2012, interim 2012

and interim 2013 financial information for U.S. producers who continued to have operations during

those periods.  CR/PR at VI‐1 n.3.

80 CR/PR at Table III‐1.
16

U.S. import data are based on official Commerce import statistics and on questionnaire

responses from 38 U.S. importers, accounting for *** percent of total U.S. imports of CSPV

products from China in 2012, *** percent of such U.S. imports from Taiwan and *** percent of

such U.S. imports from nonsubject countries.81  However, as explained below in the discussion

on the issue of negligibility, due to questions regarding the scope of the investigations and how

to ascertain country of origin, coverage estimates may not be accurate with respect to import

data.

The Commission received responses to its questionnaires from 28 producers of CSPV

cells in China, which accounted for approximately *** percent of total 2012 production of CSPV

cells in China.  The Commission also received questionnaire responses from 51 producers of

CSPV modules in China, which accounted for approximately *** percent of total 2012

production of CSPV modules in China.82   

With respect to subject imports from Taiwan, the Commission received responses to its

questionnaires from 13 firms accounting for approximately *** percent of 2012 production of

CSPV cells in Taiwan.  Thirteen responding Taiwanese producers reported that they produced

CSPV modules in Taiwan as well, accounting for approximately *** percent of 2012 production

of CSPV modules in Taiwan.83

VI. Negligible Imports  

Pursuant to Section 771(24) of the Tariff Act, imports from a subject country of

merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product that account for less than 3 percent of

all such merchandise imported into the United States during the most recent 12 months for

which data are available preceding the filing of the petition shall be deemed negligible.84  

A key issue in the preliminary phase of these investigations is the nature of the data

used to measure subject and nonsubject imports from both China and Taiwan.  According to

Commerce’s scope determination in the prior investigations, the country of origin of a CSPV

module is the country of origin of its component CSPV cells.  Commerce found that the

assembly of a CSPV module did not constitute “substantial transformation” of the CSPV cell and

did not confer country of origin onto the assembled module.85

The scope in these investigations, as stated in Commerce’s notices of initiation, differs

from the scope of investigation for CSPV I.  U.S. imports from China that are subject to the

existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders on CSPV products are explicitly excluded

from the scope of these investigations.  In addition, the scope in these investigations specifically

includes modules, laminates and/or panels assembled in the subject country consisting of CSPV

                                                        81 CR/PR at IV‐1.

82 CR at VII‐3, PR at VII‐3.

83 CR at VII‐14, PR at VII‐10.

84 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a), 1677(24)(A)(i), 1677(24)(B); see also 15 C.F.R. § 2013.1

(developing countries for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(36)).

85 CR at IV‐8 n.8, PR at IV‐6 n.8.
17

cells that are partially manufactured in a country other than the subject country and use ingots

or wafers that are manufactured in the subject country or cells where the manufacturing

process begins in the subject country and is completed in a nonsubject country.86  If

Commerce’s country of origin findings from CSPV I were applied to these investigations, then

there would be no subject imports from China.87  Although the petitions in these investigations

were filed on December 31, 2013, petitioner filed a scope revision on January 13, 2014.  

Because the Commission’s questionnaires were mailed on January 6, 2014, Commission staff

had no opportunity to gather data pertinent to the CSPV products covered by the scope as

revised on January 13.

Petitioner argues for an interpretation of the scope that would include two general

categories of merchandise:  (1) CSPV cells from Taiwan (whether imported directly as cells or

whether imported as modules assembled in Taiwan or a nonsubject country) and (2) CSPV

modules from China or Taiwan that are assembled from cells completely or partially

manufactured in a third country from inputs manufactured in the subject country (i.e., ingots or

wafers that are manufactured in the subject country, or cells where the manufacturing process

begins in the subject country and is completed in another country).88  Petitioner states that the

second category is described in the second sentence of the current scope definition and

includes what petitioner calls the “two out of three” and “partially manufactured” rules.  These

rules would define country of origin for cells and modules in part according to the origin of

upstream production, whether it be ingots and wafer production or partially manufactured

cells. 89

As explained above, the Commission drafted questionnaires and sent them to market

participants before it was fully aware of petitioner’s proposed rules.  Therefore, neither the

Commission’s U.S. importer nor foreign producer questionnaire requested that market

participants quantify the volume of Taiwanese or third‐country CSPV cells that were made from

Chinese ingots or wafers, or were partially manufactured in China, during the period of

investigation.  Accordingly, we cannot ascertain from the importer questionnaire responses the

quantity of subject imports from China based on the scope interpretation that petitioner

advocates.90  Consequently, we cannot provide a specific negligibility calculation as to these

imports.91

                                                       86 79 Fed. Reg. at 4667, 4671.

87 CR at IV‐8 n.10, PR at IV‐6 n.10.

88 CR at I‐12, PR at I‐9 – I‐10.

89 See CR at I‐13 – I‐15, PR at I‐10 – I‐12.  Both Chinese and Taiwanese respondents argue that

these rules are contrary to the country of origin determination established by Commerce in the prior

investigations.  CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 4‐8; Taiwanese Respondents’ Postconference Brief,

Exh. A at 3‐4.

90 We have some limited data regarding the quantity of subject imports as advocated by the

petitioner.  Examining the January‐September 2013 U.S. import data, which are the most recent data

available preceding the filing of the petition, modules imported from China containing Taiwanese‐origin

(Continued...)
18

Commerce is responsible for defining the scope of the merchandise imported from

China and Taiwan that is subject to investigation.  In these preliminary phase determinations,

we do not project how Commerce will resolve the parties’ disputes concerning the scope.  We

expect that Commerce will rule on the scope of the investigations in the near future.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that the Commission

must make preliminary determinations based upon the information before it at the time,

including findings concerning negligibility in preliminary determinations.92  Thus, the

Commission must apply the American Lamb standard and examine whether the record as a

whole contains clear and convincing evidence that imports are negligible and whether no

likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation.93  As the Statement of

Administrative Action (“SAA”) for the Uruguay Round Agreements Act notes:   

*** not intended to limit the Commission’s ability to use reasonable estimates in

calculating whether import volumes are negligible.  The amendments are, however,

intended to preclude termination based on negligibility in a preliminary investigation

where, for example:  (1) the Commission is uncertain regarding appropriate like

product designations and corresponding import volumes are not negligible with

respect to one of the arguably appropriate designations; or (2) imports are

extremely close to the relevant quantitative thresholds and there is a reasonable

indication that data obtained in a final investigation will establish that imports

exceed the quantitative thresholds.94

By the same token, termination at the preliminary phase of these investigations based on a

finding of negligible imports would not be appropriate when the parameters of the scope

definition, including questions of country of origin, are not clear.

Accordingly, we determine for purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations

that subject imports from China are not negligible.  Because it is not clear whether or how

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

cells accounted for *** percent of all U.S. imports.  See CR/PR at Table IV‐5.   ***.  CR at IV‐20 – IV‐21,

PR at IV‐10.   91 In any final phase of these investigations, we shall seek separate data on the origin of the

ingots and wafers used to make the CSPV cells manufactured in China, as well as all countries involved in

the manufacture of the cells that originate in China.  We welcome the parties’ comments on how to

collect these data.

92Co‐Steel Raritan, Inc. v. United States, 357 F.3d 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2004).    93 American Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d 994, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 1986); see Co‐Steel Raritan,

Inc. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 31 CIT 58 (2007).  In Co‐Steel, the Federal Circuit concluded that the CIT

had improperly remanded the case and instructed the Commission on remand to reopen the record.  

Previously, the Commission had found imports from a certain country to be negligible based on the

information then available, and the Commission had declined to speculate as to whether Commerce

would revise the scope, as had been requested by petitioner late in the preliminary phase, in a way that

would affect the negligible import analysis.  Co‐Steel, 357 F.3d at 1313‐17.

94 SAA, H.R. Rep. 316, 103 Cong., 2d Sess., vol. 1 at 857 (1994) (emphasis added).
19

Commerce will apply petitioner’s proposed rules concerning which products are subject

imports from China or Taiwan, Commerce’s decision may impact import levels with respect to

subject imports from both subject countries. 95 96

For all of these reasons, we do not find that subject imports from China or Taiwan are

negligible on the basis of the American Lamb standard.97

VII. Cumulation

For purposes of evaluating the volume and price effects for a determination of

reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports, section 771(7)(G)(i) of the

Tariff Act requires the Commission to cumulate subject imports from all countries as to which

petitions were filed and/or investigations self‐initiated by Commerce on the same day, if such

imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product in the U.S. market.  In

assessing whether subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like

product, the Commission generally has considered four factors:

(1) the degree of fungibility between subject imports from different

countries and between subject imports and the domestic like product,

including consideration of specific customer requirements and other

quality related questions;

                                                        95 Petitioner contends that based upon unadjusted Commerce statistics, U.S. imports from China

accounted for 10 percent of total U.S. imports of CSPV cells and 30 percent of CSPV modules based on

value.  Using an alternative methodology based on U.S. importer questionnaire data, petitioner

computed that U.S. imports from China accounted for *** percent of total reported U.S. imports.  

Petitioner maintains that both methods establish that U.S. imports from China are not negligible.  CR at

IV‐16 – IV‐17, PR at IV‐7‐ IV‐8.  Respondents contend that, according to the scope definition in these

investigations, there are no subject U.S. imports from China and, therefore, U.S. imports from China are

negligible.  CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 4‐8.

96 If unadjusted Commerce statistics are used, subject imports from Taiwan accounted for 37

percent of total imports of CSPV cells and 15 percent of CSPV modules, based on value, during the most

recent 12‐month period prior to the filing of the petitions for which data were collected (December

2012 through November 2013).  CR at IV‐16 – IV‐17, PR at IV‐7 – IV‐8.  Because these figures exceed the

3 percent statutory negligibility threshold, subject imports from Taiwan appear not negligible.  Based on

petitioner’s alternative computation utilizing U.S. importer questionnaire data, as explained below, U.S.

imports from Taiwan accounted for *** percent of total reported U.S. imports.  CR at IV‐17, PR at IV‐8.  

As discussed above, due to questions regarding the scope of the investigations and how to ascertain

country of origin, coverage estimates may not be accurate with respect to import data.  However,

Taiwanese respondents did not argue that subject imports from Taiwan were negligible.

97 We note that petitioner argues that the Commission should apply the American Lamb

standard to the preliminary phase of these investigations.  Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 24 & Exh.

1 at 19.  In addition, respondents stated at the conference that the questionnaire import data are not

“cleanly nonsubject.”  Tr. at 165‐66 (Ms. Jacobs).  CCCME also acknowledged that ambiguities in the

definitions of CSPV products led to inconsistent data across and within questionnaires.  CCCME’s

Postconference Brief at 10‐11.   
20

(2) the presence of sales or offers to sell in the same geographic markets of

subject imports from different countries and the domestic like product;

(3) the existence of common or similar channels of distribution for subject

imports from different countries and the domestic like product; and

(4) whether the subject imports are simultaneously present in the market.98

While no single factor is necessarily determinative, and the list of factors is not

exclusive, these factors are intended to provide the Commission with a framework for

determining whether the subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like

product.99  Only a “reasonable overlap” of competition is required.100

Petitioner contends that the Commission should consider subject imports from China

and Taiwan cumulatively.101  CCCME states that it takes no position on the issue of

cumulation,102 while Taiwanese respondents argue that subject imports from Taiwan do not

compete with imports from China or with the domestic like product.103   

Based on the discussion below, we determine to consider subject imports from China

and Taiwan on a cumulated basis.  The discussion below assumes some appreciable proportion

of CSPV products would be classified as subject imports from China under petitioner’s proposed

method for ascertaining country of origin.104

As an initial matter, petitioner filed the antidumping/countervailing duty petitions with

respect to both countries on the same day, December 31, 2013.  In addition, there appears to

be a reasonable overlap of competition between CSPV imports from both countries, and

between CSPV imports from each source and the domestic like product.

                                                       98 See Certain Cast‐Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos.

731‐TA‐278‐80 (Final), USITC Pub. 1845 (May 1986), aff’d, Fundicao Tupy, S.A. v. United States, 678 F.

Supp. 898 (Ct. Int’l Trade), aff’d, 859 F.2d 915 (Fed. Cir. 1988).

99 See, e.g., Wieland Werke, AG v. United States, 718 F. Supp. 50 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1989).

100 The Statement of Administrative Action (SAA) to the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA),

expressly states that “the new section will not affect current Commission practice under which the

statutory requirement is satisfied if there is a reasonable overlap of competition.”  H.R. Rep. No. 103‐

316, Vol. I at 848 (1994) (citing Fundicao Tupy, 678 F. Supp. at 902); see Goss Graphic Sys., Inc. v. United

States, 33 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1087 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998) (“cumulation does not require two products to be

highly fungible”); Wieland Werke, AG, 718 F. Supp. at 52 (“Completely overlapping markets are not

required.”).

101 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief, Exh. 1 at 78‐83.

102 CCCME’s Postconference Brief, Exh. 1 at 21.

103 Taiwanese Respondents’ Postconference Brief at 10‐11.

104 Because we have determined that subject imports from China are not negligible for purposes

of these preliminary phase determinations, they are eligible for cumulation.  See 19 U.S.C.                                 

§ 1677(7)(G)(ii)(II).  Our analysis of subject imports from China is based on data from the staff report on

all imports of CSPV products from China, whether subject or nonsubject.   
21

Fungibility.  The record in the preliminary phase of these investigations indicates that

CSPV cells and modules are at least moderately fungible, regardless of source.  Most

responding U.S. producers, as well as most responding U.S. importers, described CSPV products

from the United States and China as being “always” or “frequently” interchangeable, and

described CSPV products from the United States and Taiwan in the same manner.  Most

responding U.S. producers, along with most responding U.S. importers, also described CSPV

products from China and Taiwan as being “always” or “frequently” interchangeable.105

Channels of Distribution.  U.S. producers sold CSPV modules in all channels of

distribution, i.e., to distributors, residential and commercial installers, and utilities/developers,

but sold their products primarily to distributors and commercial installers during the period of

investigation.  Imports of CSPV modules from China were also sold in all channels of

distribution, but were sold primarily to commercial installers and utilities/developers.  Similarly,

imports of CSPV modules from Taiwan were sold primarily to commercial installers and

utilities/developers in 2010, but then shifted to primarily residential installers and

utilities/developers in 2012.106

Geographic Overlap.  U.S. producers and importers reported selling CSPV products in all

regions in the contiguous United States.  The domestic like product and imports from both

China and Taiwan were present in all continental regions during the period of investigation.107    

Simultaneous Presence in Market.  Monthly Commerce statistics show that imports from

both China and Taiwan entered the United States in each month of the period of investigation

and were therefore simultaneously present in the market.108  Imports of CSPV cells and

modules from both subject countries were present in the U.S. market in each month of the

period.109

Conclusion.  Based on the above discussion, we find that there is a reasonable overlap of

competition between imports of CSPV cells and modules from China and Taiwan and the

domestic like product, as well as between imports of CSPV cells and modules from China and

such imports from Taiwan.  Contrary to Taiwanese respondents’ claims, the record in the

preliminary phase of these investigations does not indicate a lack of fungibility between subject

imports from Taiwan, any imports from China that may be subject to these investigations, and

the domestic like product.  The record indicates that there is substantial geographic overlap

among CSPV cells and modules from the United States, China, and Taiwan, and that the

requirement for their simultaneous presence in the market has been satisfied.  Accordingly,

because the antidumping and countervailing duty petitions were filed on the same day and the

record indicates that there is a reasonable overlap of competition between and among imports

from the subject countries and the domestic like product, we analyze imports of CSPV cells and

                                                       105 CR/PR at Table II‐7.

106 CR at II‐3, PR at II‐2, CR/PR at Table II‐1.

107 CR/PR at Table II‐2.

108 CR at IV‐23, PR at IV‐10 – IV‐11.

109 Supplement II to Petition, Exh. 1‐Supp‐11 (Jan. 13, 2014).
22

modules from China and Taiwan on a cumulated basis in making our determination as to

whether there is a reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports.

VIII. Reasonable Indication of Material Injury by Reason of Subject Imports  

A. Legal Standard

In the preliminary phase of antidumping and countervailing duty investigations, the

Commission determines whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United

States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of the imports under

investigation.110  In making this determination, the Commission must consider the volume of

subject imports, their effect on prices for the domestic like product, and their impact on

domestic producers of the domestic like product, but only in the context of U.S. production

operations.111  The statute defines “material injury” as “harm which is not inconsequential,

immaterial, or unimportant.”112  In assessing whether there is a reasonable indication that the

domestic industry is materially injured by reason of subject imports, we consider all relevant

economic factors that bear on the state of the industry in the United States.113  No single factor

is dispositive, and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle

and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.”114

Although the statute requires the Commission to determine whether there is a

reasonable indication that the domestic industry is “materially injured by reason of” unfairly

traded imports,115 it does not define the phrase “by reason of,” indicating that this aspect of the

injury analysis is left to the Commission’s reasonable exercise of its discretion.116  In identifying

a causal link, if any, between subject imports and material injury to the domestic industry, the

Commission examines the facts of record that relate to the significance of the volume and price

effects of the subject imports and any impact of those imports on the condition of the domestic

industry.  This evaluation under the “by reason of” standard must ensure that subject imports

are more than a minimal or tangential cause of injury and that there is a sufficient causal, not

merely a temporal, nexus between subject imports and material injury.117

                                                        110 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 111 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B).  The Commission “may consider such other economic factors as are

relevant to the determination” but shall “identify each {such} factor ... {a}nd explain in full its relevance

to the determination.”  19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). 112 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(A).

113 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 114 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii).

115 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a).

116 Angus Chemical Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1478, 1484‐85 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“{T}he statute

does not ‘compel the commissioners’ to employ {a particular methodology}.”), aff’g 944 F. Supp. 943,

951 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 117 The Federal Circuit, in addressing the causation standard of the statute, has observed that

“{a}s long as its effects are not merely incidental, tangential, or trivial, the foreign product sold at less

than fair value meets the causation requirement.”  Nippon Steel Corp. v. USITC, 345 F.3d 1379, 1384

(Continued...)
23

In many investigations, there are other economic factors at work, some or all of which

may also be having adverse effects on the domestic industry.  Such economic factors might

include nonsubject imports; changes in technology, demand, or consumer tastes; competition

among domestic producers; or management decisions by domestic producers.  The legislative

history explains that the Commission must examine factors other than subject imports to

ensure that it is not attributing injury from other factors to the subject imports, thereby

inflating an otherwise tangential cause of injury into one that satisfies the statutory material

injury threshold.118  In performing its examination, however, the Commission need not isolate

the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfairly traded imports.119  Nor does

the “by reason of” standard require that unfairly traded imports be the “principal” cause of

injury or contemplate that injury from unfairly traded imports be weighed against other factors,

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

(Fed. Cir. 2003).  This was re‐affirmed in Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 542 F.3d 867, 873

(Fed. Cir. 2008), in which the Federal Circuit, quoting Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716,

722 (Fed. Cir. 1997), stated that “this court requires evidence in the record ‘to show that the harm

occurred “by reason of” the LTFV imports, not by reason of a minimal or tangential contribution to

material harm caused by LTFV goods.’”  See also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345,

1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n v. USITC, 266 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir.

2001).

118 SAA, H.R. Rep. 103‐316, Vol. I at 851‐52 (1994) (“{T}he Commission must examine other

factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.”); S. Rep. 96‐

249 at 75 (1979) (the Commission “will consider information which indicates that harm is caused by

factors other than less‐than‐fair‐value imports.”); H.R. Rep. 96‐317 at 47 (1979) (“in examining the

overall injury being experienced by a domestic industry, the ITC will take into account evidence

presented to it which demonstrates that the harm attributed by the petitioner to the subsidized or

dumped imports is attributable to such other factors;” those factors include “the volume and prices of

nonsubsidized imports or imports sold at fair value, contraction in demand or changes in patterns of

consumption, trade restrictive practices of and competition between the foreign and domestic

producers, developments in technology and the export performance and productivity of the domestic

industry”); accord Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877.

119 SAA at 851‐52 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from

injury caused by unfair imports.”); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n , 266 F.3d at 1345. (“{T}he

Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports ... .  

Rather, the Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other

sources to the subject imports.” (emphasis in original)); Asociacion de Productores de Salmon y Trucha

de Chile AG v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1375 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2002) (“{t}he Commission is not

required to isolate the effects of subject imports from other factors contributing to injury” or make

“bright‐line distinctions” between the effects of subject imports and other causes.); see also Softwood

Lumber from Canada, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐414 and 731‐TA‐928 (Remand), USITC Pub. 3658 at 100‐01 (Dec.

2003) (Commission recognized that “{i}f an alleged other factor is found not to have or threaten to have

injurious effects to the domestic industry, i.e., it is not an ‘other causal factor,’ then there is nothing to

further examine regarding attribution to injury”), citing Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722 (the statute

“does not suggest that an importer of LTFV goods can escape countervailing duties by finding some

tangential or minor cause unrelated to the LTFV goods that contributed to the harmful effects on

domestic market prices.”).
24

such as nonsubject imports, which may be contributing to overall injury to an industry.120  It is

clear that the existence of injury caused by other factors does not compel a negative

determination.121

Assessment of whether material injury to the domestic industry is “by reason of” subject

imports “does not require the Commission to address the causation issue in any particular way”

as long as “the injury to the domestic industry can reasonably be attributed to the subject

imports” and the Commission “ensure{s} that it is not attributing injury from other sources to

the subject imports.”122 123  Indeed, the Federal Circuit has examined and affirmed various

Commission methodologies and has disavowed “rigid adherence to a specific formula.”124

The Federal Circuit’s decisions in Gerald Metals, Bratsk, and Mittal Steel all involved

cases in which the relevant “other factor” was the presence in the market of significant

volumes of price‐competitive nonsubject imports.  The Commission interpreted the Federal

Circuit’s guidance in Bratsk as requiring it to apply a particular additional methodology

following its finding of material injury in cases involving commodity products and a significant

                                                       120 S. Rep. 96‐249 at 74‐75; H.R. Rep. 96‐317 at 47. 121 See Nippon, 345 F.3d at 1381 (“an affirmative material‐injury determination under the

statute requires no more than a substantial‐factor showing.  That is, the ‘dumping’ need not be the sole

or principal cause of injury.”). 122 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877‐78; see also id. at 873 (“While the Commission may not enter an

affirmative determination unless it finds that a domestic industry is materially injured ‘by reason of’

subject imports, the Commission is not required to follow a single methodology for making that

determination ... {and has} broad discretion with respect to its choice of methodology.”) citing United

States Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1996) and S. Rep. 96‐249 at 75.   123 Commissioner Pinkert does not join this paragraph or the following three paragraphs.  He

points out that the Federal Circuit, in Bratsk, 444 F.3d 1369, and Mittal Steel, held that the Commission

is required, in certain circumstances when considering present material injury, to undertake a particular

kind of analysis of non‐subject imports, albeit without reliance upon presumptions or rigid formulas.  

Mittal Steel explains as follows:

What Bratsk held is that “where commodity products are at issue and fairly traded, price

competitive, non‐subject imports are in the market,” the Commission would not fulfill

its obligation to consider an important aspect of the problem if it failed to consider

whether non‐subject or non‐LTFV imports would have replaced LTFV subject imports

during the period of investigation without a continuing benefit to the domestic industry.  

444 F.3d at 1369.  Under those circumstances, Bratsk requires the Commission to

consider whether replacement of the LTFV subject imports might have occurred during

the period of investigation, and it requires the Commission to provide an explanation of

its conclusion with respect to that factor.  

  

542 F.3d at 878.    124 Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414 F.3d 1331, 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Mittal Steel,

542 F.3d at 879 (“Bratsk did not read into the antidumping statute a Procrustean formula for

determining whether a domestic injury was ‘by reason’ of subject imports.”).
25

market presence of price‐competitive nonsubject imports.125  The additional

“replacement/benefit” test looked at whether nonsubject imports might have replaced subject

imports without any benefit to the U.S. industry.  The Commission applied that specific

additional test in subsequent cases, including the Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from

Trinidad and Tobago determination that underlies the Mittal Steel litigation.

Mittal Steel clarifies that the Commission’s interpretation of Bratsk was too rigid and

makes clear that the Federal Circuit does not require the Commission to apply an additional

test nor any one specific methodology; instead, the court requires the Commission to have

“evidence in the record ‘to show that the harm occurred ‘by reason of’ the LTFV imports,’” and

requires that the Commission not attribute injury from nonsubject imports or other factors to

subject imports.126  Accordingly, we do not consider ourselves required to apply the

replacement/benefit test that was included in Commission opinions subsequent to Bratsk.

The progression of Gerald Metals, Bratsk, and Mittal Steel clarifies that, in cases

involving commodity products where price‐competitive nonsubject imports are a significant

factor in the U.S. market, the Court will require the Commission to give full consideration, with

adequate explanation, to non‐attribution issues when it performs its causation analysis.127

The question of whether the material injury threshold for subject imports is satisfied

notwithstanding any injury from other factors is factual, subject to review under the substantial

evidence standard.128  Congress has delegated this factual finding to the Commission because

of the agency’s institutional expertise in resolving injury issues.129

                                                       125 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 875‐79.

126 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873 (quoting from Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722), 875‐79 & n.2

(recognizing the Commission’s alternative interpretation of Bratsk as a reminder to conduct a non‐

attribution analysis).

127 To that end, after the Federal Circuit issued its decision in Bratsk, the Commission began to

present published information or send out information requests in final phase investigations to

producers in nonsubject countries that accounted for substantial shares of U.S. imports of subject

merchandise (if, in fact, there were large nonsubject import suppliers).  In order to provide a more

complete record for the Commission’s causation analysis, these requests typically seek information on

capacity, production, and shipments of the product under investigation in the major source countries

that export to the United States.  The Commission plans to continue utilizing published or requested

information in final phase investigations in which there are substantial levels of nonsubject imports.

128 We provide in our respective discussions of volume, price effects, and impact a full analysis of

other factors alleged to have caused any material injury experienced by the domestic industry.

129 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873; Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1350, citing U.S. Steel Group, 96

F.3d at 1357; S. Rep. 96‐249 at 75 (“The determination of the ITC with respect to causation is ... complex

and difficult, and is a matter for the judgment of the ITC.”).   
26

B. Conditions of Competition and the Business Cycle

The following conditions of competition inform our analysis of whether there is a

reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports.

1. Demand Conditions

The demand for CSPV cells and modules is derived from the demand for solar electricity.  

The demand for solar electricity is affected by power rates and energy consumption,

environmental concerns and the general movement toward “green energy” alternatives, cost

competitiveness with traditional energy sources, a desire for national energy independence,

and the availability of Federal, state and local incentives.130

Electricity demand in the United States is supplied primarily by conventional sources,

such as coal and natural gas, as well as renewable energy source such as solar, wind,

geothermal, and biomass.  Approximately two‐thirds of U.S. electricity was generated from

either coal or natural gas during the period of investigation.  However, the share of electricity

generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar, has increased on an annual basis.131

The parties, as well as all U.S. producers and most importers, agree that there has been

an increase in U.S. demand since 2010.132  As measured by apparent U.S. consumption, demand

for CSPV modules increased from *** kilowatts in 2010 to *** kilowatts in 2011, then increased

further to *** kilowatts in 2012; it totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in

interim 2013.133  U.S. producers and importers attributed the increased demand to lower

module prices, Federal, state and local incentive programs, declining polysilicon prices, and a

demand for “green” energy.  Some commercial customers purchase solar energy to “lock in”

their energy costs for 20 or more years and benefit from an energy hedging value, coupled with

satisfying a “green” corporate social responsibility goal.134

There is a wide array of fiscal incentives that are designed to lower the cost of project

development, including various tax credits, cash grants in lieu of credit and loan guarantees.  

Tax credits are the most common form of fiscal incentive; several types of tax credits have been

modified and extended at various times, which has affected the timing of the development of

various solar projects.135

Two of the most widespread regulatory policies are renewable portfolio standards

(“RPSs”) and feed‐in‐tariffs (“FITs”).  RPSs primarily affect demand for renewable energy,

including solar electricity, by mandating its use and thereby increasing the demand for CSPV

products.  In the United States, 29 states and the District of Columbia have RPS policies in place.  

                                                       130 CR at II‐19, PR at II‐12.

131 CR at II‐20, PR at II‐12.

132 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 5‐6, CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 18‐19, CR/PR at

Table II‐5.

133 CR/PR at Table IV‐7.

134 CR at II‐21, PR at II‐13.

135 CR at II‐25, PR at II‐16.
27

FITs mainly affect the supply of solar energy by paying a solar electricity generator a known rate

of return.  Five states have FITs in place in the United States.136 137

Competition with traditional energy sources is driven by the levelized cost of electricity

for solar electricity.  The levelized cost of electricity varies state‐by‐state, by time of day and by

the availability of other electricity sources.  Electricity providers using renewable sources seek

to achieve “grid parity” with other sources of electricity.138  

There are three market segments comprising the solar energy market:  commercial,

utility, and residential. 139 Most producers and importers reported that prices of conventional

energy, such as natural gas or coal, did not affect demand for CSPV products or cause demand

of CSPV products to decrease in residential and commercial market segments during the period

of investigation.140  Some firms indicated that the utility market is more sensitive to price

pressure from conventional energy sources.141

2. Supply Conditions

During the period of investigation, the U.S. market was supplied by the domestic

industry, subject imports, and nonsubject imports.  The domestic industry’s market share

declined substantially over the period.142  Subject import market share, however, increased

substantially.143  Nonsubject import market share declined significantly,144 as CSPV products

                                                       136 CR at II‐25 – II‐26, PR at II‐17.

137 Commissioner Broadbent notes that the existence of these incentive programs in the United

States and other global markets, such as those in the European Community, has likely caused a growth

in demand for solar energy products that is significantly in excess of the growth that would have

occurred absent the incentive programs.  By putting in place these incentive programs, the United

States, the European Community, and other nations have altered structural demand conditions that

would otherwise have been in place in these markets and encouraged solar energy producers in other

markets, including China, to increase their capacity to produce CSPV products beyond the level these

markets would typically be expected to support.

138 CR at II‐22, PR at II‐14.

139 CR at II‐4, PR at II‐3.  In the residential market segment, panels are affixed to residential

rooftops or installed in stand‐alone systems.  In the commercial (or nonresidential) segment, panels are

affixed to large, flat non‐residential rooftops or installed in stand‐alone systems.  In the utility‐scale

segment, large scale solar panel arrays are installed as stand‐alone units.  CR at II‐4, PR at II‐3.

140 CR at II‐23, PR at II‐15. 141 CR at II‐24, PR at II‐16.

142 The domestic industry’s market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and ***

percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐

2 (revised).

143 Subject import market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent

in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).144 Nonsubject import market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and ***

percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐

2 (revised).
28

from China became subject to investigation in 2011 and subject to duties in 2012.145  

Consequently, in 2012 and thereafter most of the influx of CSPV imports into the U.S. market

switched from Chinese to Taiwanese in origin.

The Commission obtained questionnaire responses from five domestic producers of

CSPV cells and modules.146  Petitioner, by far the largest U.S. producer of CSPV cells and

modules,147 reported that since 2010 ***.148  Evidence in the record indicates that, based on

U.S. Energy Information Administration data, U.S. module production has decreased ***

percent from 2010 to 2012,149 and at least eight U.S. producers have shuttered facilities and/or

declared bankruptcy.150

The record indicates that, during the period of investigation, most nonsubject imports in

the market were from China.151  Other sources of nonsubject imports of CSPV cells were

Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Philippines, and Germany.152  Other nonsubject sources of CSPV

modules were Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Germany, and Japan.153  These nonsubject imports

were present in the U.S. market throughout the period of investigation.154

Seventeen of 35 responding importers reported that they were unable to supply CSPV

products at some point during the period of investigation.  Some reported that the supply of

CSPV products has decreased since duties were placed on CSPV products from China in 2012.155  

Importers also reported that dependency on cells from Taiwan limited their ability to fulfill

orders and led to some allocations.156   

The domestic industry participated in all segments of the U.S. market, as did imports

from both subject and nonsubject sources.157

   

                                                       145 CR at I‐5, PR at I‐4.

146 CR at III‐1 – III‐2, PR at III‐1.  Two firms reported that they produced CSPV cells and modules

in the United States and three firms reported that they produced only CSPV modules.  Id. 147 Petitioner’s share of reported U.S. production of CSPV cells was *** percent in 2012 and its

share of reported U.S. production of CSPV modules was *** percent in that year.  CR/PR at Table III‐1.

148 CR/PR at Table III‐2.

149 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 13 & Exh. 3.  This figure includes producers we have

excluded from the domestic industry.

150 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 12‐13, 32‐33; CR at III‐4 n.5, PR at III‐3 n.5.

151 CR/PR at Table IV‐4.    152 CR at IV‐9, PR at IV‐6.    153 CR at IV‐9, PR at IV‐7.

154 Nonsubject imports from China totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011 and ***

kilowatts in 2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  Total

nonsubject imports followed the same pattern.  They totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in

2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim

2013.  CR/PR at Table IV‐4.

155 CR at II‐18, PR at II‐11.

156 CR at II‐18 – II‐19, PR at II‐11.

157 CR/PR at Table II‐1.
29

3. Substitutability and Other Conditions

Both domestic producers and importers of subject merchandise reported nationwide

sales of CSPV products.158  The record shows that there is a high degree of substitutability

between the domestic like product and subject imports.159  As discussed above, most market

participants reported that the domestic like product and the subject imports are “always” or

“frequently” interchangeable.160

Several factors affect purchasing decisions.  Evidence obtained in the prior

investigations indicates that price and quality are the most important factors in purchasing

decisions.161  Nothing in the record of the preliminary phase of these investigations indicates

otherwise.  Conditions of sale, such as price discounts/rebates, lead times between order and

delivery dates, payment terms, and services are also important.162  According to respondents,

non‐price factors such as the ability to produce “Zep‐compatible” modules that are used in the

residential segment163 and cell count (i.e. 60 versus 72‐cell modules) and voltage of modules

are also important.164  

Taiwanese respondents argue that their products are quite different from other

imports, as they are of the highest quality and sell at a price premium.165  In any final phase

investigations, we intend to seek more information on the substitutability of the subject

imports from Taiwan with the domestic like product.

Raw material costs accounted for *** percent of U.S. producers’ total costs of goods

sold during 2012, up from *** percent in 2010.  The principal raw material cost for the

production of CSPV modules is the CSPV cell.  Raw material costs for the production of CSPV

cells accounted for *** percent of U.S. producers’ total cost of goods sold (“COGS”) during

2012, down from *** percent in 2010.  The price of polysilicon, the primary raw material input

for CSPV cells, fell 67.2 percent from the first quarter of 2010 to the third quarter of 2013.166  

According to petitioner, the costs of silver paste (used in cell production) and aluminum frames

                                                       158 CR/PR at Table II‐2.

159 CR at II‐30 – II‐31, PR at II‐20.

160 CR/PR at Table II‐7.    161 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at II‐20.  Half of responding producers (2 of 4) and approximately half

of responding importers (16 of 35) reported that differences other than price were “sometimes”

important in comparing the domestic and Chinese products.  Two of four responding producers and 17

of 35 responding importers reported that differences other than price were “frequently” important.  

When comparing the domestic and Taiwanese products, half of responding producers (2 of 4) and half

of responding importers (16 of 31) reported that differences other than price were “sometimes”

important and the remaining half of responding U.S. producers and 8 of 31 responding importers

reported that differences other than price were “frequently” important.  CR at II‐33, PR at II‐22.

162 CR at II‐30, PR at II‐20.

163 CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 43‐44.  In the Zep‐compatible mounting system, the panel

itself is part of the racking hardware by use of a specially grooved frame.  CR at I‐22, PR at I‐11.

164 CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 28‐29.

165 Taiwanese Respondents’ Postconference Brief at 7‐8.

166 CR/PR at V‐1.
30

(used in module production) are dependent on the silver and aluminum commodity markets.  It

reported that each component comprises ***.167

C. Volume of Subject Imports  

Section 771(7)(C)(i) of the Tariff Act provides that the “Commission shall consider

whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in

absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States, is significant.”168

Although apparent U.S. consumption of CSPV products increased over *** percent

between 2010 and 2012,169 the quantity of subject imports, measured in kilowatts, rose much

more rapidly.  Between 2010 and 2012, subject imports grew over *** percent.  Furthermore,

the quantity of subject imports was *** percent higher in interim 2013 than it was in interim

2012.170

Subject import market share increased *** percentage points between 2010 and 2012,

and was *** percentage points higher in interim 2013 than in interim 2012.171  Subject imports

took market share away from the domestic industry, whose U.S. shipments increased by only

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and were substantially less in interim 2013 when compared

with interim 2012.172  The market share of the domestic industry declined by *** percentage

points from 2010 to 2012 and was *** percentage points lower in interim 2013 than in interim

2012.173  

Subject import market share also increased at the expense of nonsubject imports.  

Nonsubject imports lost *** percentage points in terms of market share from 2010 to 2012 and

experienced a substantial drop between the interim periods.174  As previously discussed, China

                                                       167 CR/PR at V‐1.

168 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(i).

169 Apparent U.S. consumption was *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and ***

kilowatts in 2012.  It was *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013. CR/PR at Table

IV‐7.

170 Subject imports totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in

2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table IV‐

6. 171 Subject import market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent

in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table IV‐7.

172 U.S. shipments totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in

2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).

173 Domestic producers’ market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and ***

percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐

2 (revised). 174 Nonsubject import market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and ***

percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table IV‐

7.
31

was the largest source of nonsubject imports and antidumping and countervailing duties were

imposed on CSPV products from China in 2012.

In view of these data, we find that the volume of cumulated subject imports is

significant in absolute terms and relative to consumption and production in the United

States.175   

D. Price Effects of the Subject Imports

Section 771(7)(C)(ii) of the Tariff Act provides that, in evaluating the price effects of

subject imports, the Commission shall consider whether –  

(I) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as

compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and  

(II) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a

significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have

occurred, to a significant degree.176

We have previously found that the domestic like product and the subject imports are

highly substitutable and that nothing in the record of these investigations calls into question

the Commission’s finding in CSPV I that price and quality are the two most important factors in

purchasing decisions, but that several other factors are also important to purchasers.  The latter

point is corroborated by market participants’ responses to the questionnaires in the preliminary

phase of these investigations.177

The Commission collected pricing data on four CSPV module products.178  Two U.S.

producers reported data accounting for approximately *** percent of U.S. shipments during

the period of investigation.179  Because of the data collection issues explained above, the

                                                       175 U.S. producers’ production totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and ***

kilowatts in 2012.  It totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at

Table C‐2 (revised).

176 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii). 177 See CR/PR at Table II‐8 (all U.S. producers and a majority of U.S. importers report that

differences other than price are “sometimes” or “frequently” significant in purchasing decisions).  Firms

mentioned differences other than price in CSPV products form the United States, subject or nonsubject

countries in cell type, product range (e.g., smaller modules for off‐grid), availability of product,

transportation network, warranty provisions, and production guarantees.  CR at II‐36, PR at II‐24.

178 The products were distinguished by peak power wattage.  Product 1 involved wattage from

220 to 239; Product 2, wattage from 240 to 259; Product 3, wattage from 260 to 279; and Product 4,

wattage from 280 to 309.  CR at V‐6, PR at V‐4.

179 CR at V‐7, PR at V‐4; see *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Responses.  As explained

above, we have found circumstances appropriate to exclude Motech, Wanxiang, ***, and Suntech from

the domestic industry.
32

Commission was only able to obtain subject pricing data for CSPV products from Taiwan.  These

data accounted for 59.9 percent of imports from Taiwan during the period of investigation.180

The pricing data show that underselling occurred in *** instances in which price

comparisons were possible and margins of underselling ranged from *** percent to ***

percent.  In the remaining *** instances, the margins of overselling ranged from *** percent to

*** percent.181  Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find

there has been significant underselling of the domestic like product by the subject imports.182  

This significant underselling resulted in the domestic industry reducing prices, losing sales and

ultimately losing significant market share over the period of investigation.183

Our analysis of the information on the record of the preliminary phase of these

investigations leads us to find evidence of price depression.  Prices for the domestic like

product trended downward throughout the period of investigation for all four pricing products.  

These price declines persisted, even after imposition of the orders on CSPV products from China

in December 2012, as the low‐priced cumulated subject imports increased in quantity.  

Domestic price decreases ranged from *** percent to *** percent during the period, while

subject import price decreases ranged from *** percent to *** percent.184

                                                       180 CR at V‐7, PR at V‐4.

181 Compare *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Responses with CR/PR at Tables V‐3 ‐ V ‐6.

182 CCCME argues that the pricing product data are flawed because they do not distinguish CSPV

products by relevant technical characteristics or by market segment.  It claims the Commission cannot

properly evaluate the pricing data and reach a conclusion as to whether under‐ or overselling has

occurred, because the existing data do not permit the Commission to ensure product comparability in its

price comparisons.  CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 12.  According to CCCME, defining the pricing data

by reference to wattage ranges alone cannot ensure that the pricing product data obtained from U.S.

producers and importers are directly comparable.  Other technical criteria, such as cell efficiency, cell

count and voltage, as well as the market segment into which the module is sold, also affect the pricing

of the product.  Id. at 34‐35.  In view of these concerns, we intend to solicit more precise pricing data in

any final phase investigations.  We encourage the parties to include in their written comments on draft

questionnaires any suggestions they have regarding improvements that can be made to better define

pricing products.

183 *** reported that they had to reduce prices or roll back announced price increases during the

period of investigation.  The domestic industry reported lost sales as well.  The *** lost sales allegations

involve *** purchasers, and totaled $10,389,500 regarding 15,007,760 watts of CSPV modules.  Two

purchasers commented that they disagreed with two allegations totaling $2,425,000, and no allegations

have been confirmed.  CR at V‐19, PR at V‐11, CR/PR at Table V‐9 & n.1.  As previously discussed

between 2010 and 2012, subject import market share increased by *** percentage points and domestic

industry market share declined by *** percentage points.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

184 CR at V‐16, PR at V‐9; compare *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Responses with CR/PR

at Tables V‐3 – V‐6..  Domestic price decreases ranged from *** percent to *** percent during fourth

quarter 2012 through third quarter 2013, while subject import price decreases ranged from *** percent

to *** percent.   Compare *** Domestic Producer Questionnaire Responses with CR/PR at Tables V‐3 –

V‐6.
33

The record reflects that the domestic industry’s costs, in particular its raw material

costs, decreased during the period of investigation.185  Nevertheless, the industry’s COGS to net

sales ratio rose.  It increased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2011, and then to ***

percent in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  This ratio

increased even as unit COGS decreased due to falling unit and aggregate sales values.186  Unit

COGS increased slightly by *** percent from 2010 to 2011 before declining by *** percent from

2001 to 2012, an overall decrease of *** percent from 2010 to 2012; it was somewhat higher in

interim 2012 than in interim 2013.   At the same time, the unit net sales value declined steadily

by *** percent from 2010 to 2011, and by *** percent from 2011 to 2012, an overall decrease

of *** percent from 2010 to 2012; it was slightly lower in interim 2012 than in interim 2013.187  

Aggregate net sales values decreased at a faster rate than total COGS from 2010 to 2012.188

For the purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations, in view of the above,

we find that the large volume of subject imports had a significant adverse effect on prices in the

United States for the domestic like product.   

E. Impact of the Subject Imports189

Section 771(7)(C)(iii) of the Tariff Act provides that the Commission, in examining the

impact of the subject imports on the domestic industry, “shall evaluate all relevant economic

factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry.”  These factors include output, sales,

inventories, capacity utilization, market share, employment, wages, productivity, profits, cash

flow, return on investment, ability to raise capital, research and development, and factors

affecting domestic prices.  No single factor is dispositive and all relevant factors are considered

“within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to

the affected industry.”

Apparent U.S. consumption increased steadily over the period of investigation,190 but

from 2010 to 2012, U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments increased only slightly overall in comparison

                                                       185 CR/PR at V‐1, Table C‐2 (revised).

186 CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

187 CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

188 Aggregate net sales values decreased by *** percent between 2010 and 2011 and by ***

percent between 2011 and 2012; overall, they decreased by *** percent between 2010 and 2012.  They

were higher in interim 2012 than in interim 2013.  Total COGS decreased by *** percent between 2010

and 2011, and by *** percent between 2011 and 2012.  Overall, they decreased by *** percent

between 2010 and 2012; they were higher in interim 2012 than in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).

189 In its notice initiating the antidumping duty investigations on CSPV products from China and

Taiwan, Commerce reported an estimated margin of 165.04 percent for imports from China and 75.68

percent for imports from Taiwan.  79 Fed. Reg. at 4665.  Commerce also determined there was sufficient

information in the petition to investigate 28 alleged countervailable Chinese subsidy programs.  Id. at

4670.
34

and were substantially lower in interim 2013 than in interim 2012.191  U.S. producers’ market

share declined substantially over the period.192

U.S. producers’ production capacity increased between 2010 and 2012, but was lower in

interim 2013 than in interim 2012,193 due to a number of shuttered facilities and bankruptcies.  

Capacity utilization decreased steadily and significantly over the entire period.194  Inventories

increased substantially between 2010 and 2012, but were less in interim 2013 as compared to

interim 2012.195

Employment levels declined between 2010 and 2012 by almost *** percent.  They were

*** percent lower in interim 2013 than in interim 2012.196  Wages decreased as well.197  

Productivity increased between 2010 and 2012, but was less in interim 2013 than in interim

2012.198   

The domestic industry suffered operating losses the entire period.  These losses grew

between 2010 and 2012, but were lower in interim 2013 than in interim 2012.199  Net sales, as

measured by quantity, declined over the entire period;200 the value of net sales decreased by

                                                                                                                                                                              

(...Continued)

190 Apparent U.S. consumption totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and ***

kilowatts in 2012.  It totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at

Table IV‐7.

191 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and ***

kilowatts in 2012.  They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR

at Table C‐2 (revised).

192 U.S. producers’ market share was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent

in 2012.  It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).

193 Capacity totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  It

totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.   CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

194 Capacity utilization was *** percent in 2010, *** percent in 2011, and *** percent in 2012.  

It was *** percent in interim 2012 and *** percent in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

195 Inventories totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  

They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2013 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).

196 The number of production and related workers totaled *** in 2010, *** in 2011, and *** in

2012.  It totaled *** in interim 2012 and *** in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

197 Wages paid totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.   They totaled $*** in

interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

198 Productivity totaled *** watts per hour in 2010, *** watts per hour in 2011, and *** watts

per hour in 2012.  It totaled *** watts per hour in interim 2012 and *** watts per hour in interim 2013.  

CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

199 Operating losses totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  They totaled $*** in

interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

200 Net sales totaled *** kilowatts in 2010, *** kilowatts in 2011, and *** kilowatts in 2012.  

They totaled *** kilowatts in interim 2012 and *** kilowatts in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2

(revised).  
35

more than half between 2010 and 2012, and continued to fall at the end of the period of

investigation.201

Capital expenditures for CSPV modules declined substantially during the period of

investigation.202  R&D expenses for CSPV modules followed the same trend.203

For purposes of these preliminary phase determinations, we find that the subject

imports had a significant impact on the domestic industry.  The significant and increasing

volume of low‐priced subject imports took market share away from the domestic industry, the

domestic industry’s output did not increase commensurately with apparent U.S. consumption,

and employment fell.  Both the adverse price effects of the subject imports and the increased

volume and market share led to decreased revenues for the domestic industry.  This, in turn,

contributed to the domestic industry’s poor financial performance.

We have considered whether there are other factors, including the effect of nonsubject

imports, that may have had an adverse impact on the domestic industry during the period of

investigation to ensure we are not attributing any injury from other such factors to the subject

imports.  Nevertheless, as we have explained, it is unclear from the record in the preliminary

phase of these investigations which Chinese imports are subject to the orders issued pursuant

to the prior investigations, and therefore excluded from the scope of these investigations, and

which are subject to these investigations.   

As stated above, the record does indicate that, during the period of investigation, most

nonsubject imports in the market were from China.204 As previously discussed, nonsubject

imports increased from 2010 to 2012, and then declined following the investigation and

subsequent imposition of duties on CSPV products from China.205  In pricing comparisons,

nonsubject imports from China were priced lower than the domestic like product in 30 out of

37 pricing comparisons and were priced higher than subject imports from Taiwan in 17 out of

43 pricing comparisons.206  Given that many indicators of the domestic industry’s condition

continued to decline in interim 2013, when the quantity of nonsubject imports declined

severely, the record indicates that the subject imports, as currently defined, are having adverse

                                                       201 The value of net sales totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  It totaled $***

in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

202 Capital expenditures totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  They totaled

$*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  CR/PR at Table C‐2 (revised).

203 R&D expenses for modules totaled $*** in 2010, $*** in 2011, and $*** in 2012.  They

totaled $*** in interim 2012 and $*** in interim 2013.  Calculated from Domestic Producers’

Questionnaire Responses.

204 CR/PR at Table IV‐4.  Other sources of nonsubject imports of CSPV cells were Malaysia,

Singapore, Japan, Philippines, and Germany.  CR at IV‐9, PR at IV‐6.  Other nonsubject sources of CSPV

modules were Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Germany, and Japan.  CR at IV‐9, PR at IV‐7.

205 CR/PR at Table IV‐6.

206 CR/PR at App. D.
36

effects on the domestic industry independent of any that have been caused by nonsubject

imports.207

In addition, we do not find that the “bad business decisions” that CCCME claims have

impeded petitioner’s ability to compete at the forefront of technology demonstrate that the

subject imports have not caused material injury to the domestic industry.208  Although CCCME

faults the domestic industry for not selling products that are Zep compatible, the record

indicates that the Zep compatibility system was developed in 2009, and one of the largest

residential installers did not begin testing it until 2012 and did not purchase it until 2013.209   In

addition, petitioner presented evidence that it can and does produce 1,000 volt modules in the

United States.210   

Given that the domestic industry supplied a range of products throughout the period of

investigation211 and operated substantially under capacity during most of the period, and there

is no indication from the record that it placed its customers on allocations, CCCME’s argument

that the domestic industry does not have sufficient capacity to satisfy domestic demand is

unsupported by the current record.212

We observe that CCCME made similar arguments in the prior investigations, which the

Commission did not find sufficient to demonstrate that material injury was not by reason of

subject imports.213  There is no clear and convincing evidence in the preliminary phase of these

investigations that the domestic industry’s business decisions, as opposed to subject imports,

have caused the difficulties experienced by the domestic industry.

Consequently, we conclude, for the purposes of the preliminary phase of these

investigations, that subject imports had a significant adverse impact on the domestic industry.  

In light of this, we find a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is materially injured

by reason of subject imports.

IX. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an

industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of subject imports of CSPV products

from China and Taiwan that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value and

imports of the subject merchandise from China that are allegedly subsidized by the

Government of China.

                                                        207 Commissioner Pinkert encourages parties to comment on the application of the Bratsk/Mittal

Steel analysis to any final phase of these investigations.

208 See CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 43‐44.

209 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 45; CR at II‐32 n.43, PR at II‐21 n.43.

210 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief, Exh. 1 at 68, Exh. 41. 211 See CR/PR at Tables V‐3 – V‐6. 212 See CCCME’s Postconference Brief at 45.

213 CSPV I, USITC Pub. 4360 at 37.
I‐1

PART I: INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

These investigations result from a petition filed on December 31, 2013, by SolarWorld

Industries America, Inc. (“SolarWorld”),1 alleging that an industry in the United States is

materially injured or is threatened with material injury, by reason of imports from China and

Taiwan of crystalline silicon photovoltaic products (“CSPV products”)2 that are allegedly sold in

the United States at less‐than‐fair‐value (“LTFV”) and subsidized by the Government of China.  

The following tabulation provides information relating to the background of these

investigations.3 4

Effective date Action 

December 31, 2013 Petition filed with Commerce and the Commission; 

institution of Commission investigation (79 FR 1388, 

January 8, 2014) 

January 22, 2014 Commission’s conference 

January 23 Commerce’s notice of initiation of antidumping 

investigations (79 FR 4661, January 29, 2014) 

January 23 Commerce’s notice of initiation of a countervailing duty 

investigation (79 FR 4667, January 29, 2014) 

February 14 Commission’s vote 

February 19 Commission’s determinations 

February 26 Commission’s views 

STATUTORY CRITERIA AND ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Statutory criteria

Section 771(7)(B) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (the “Act”) (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B)) provides

that in making its determinations of injury to an industry in the United States, the Commission‐‐ 

                                                      

1

The petition states that it is also supported by the Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing,

which includes U.S. producers SolarWorld, ***.   2 See the section entitled “The Subject Merchandise” in Part I of this report for a complete

description of the merchandise subject to these investigations.

3 Pertinent Federal Register notices are referenced in app. A, and may be found at the Commission’s

website (www.usitc.gov). 4 A list of witnesses that appeared at the conference is presented in app. B of this report.
I‐2

shall consider (I) the volume of imports of the subject merchandise, (II) the

effect of imports of that merchandise on prices in the United States for

domestic like products, and (III) the impact of imports of such

merchandise on domestic producers of domestic like products, but only in

the context of production operations within the United States; and. . .

may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the

determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of

imports.

Section 771(7)(C) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)) further provides that‐‐ 

In evaluating the volume of imports of merchandise, the Commission shall

consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any

increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production

or consumption in the United States is significant.

. . .

In evaluating the effect of imports of such merchandise on prices, the

Commission shall consider whether. . .(I) there has been significant price

underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of

domestic like products of the United States, and (II) the effect of imports

of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or

prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a

significant degree.

. . .

In examining the impact required to be considered under subparagraph

(B)(i)(III), the Commission shall evaluate (within the context of the

business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the

affected industry) all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on

the state of the industry in the United States, including, but not limited to

. . . (I) actual and potential decline in output, sales, market share, profits,

productivity, return on investments, and utilization of capacity, (II) factors

affecting domestic prices, (III) actual and potential negative effects on

cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise

capital, and investment, (IV) actual and potential negative effects on the

existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry,

including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the

domestic like product, and (V) in {an antidumping investigation}, the

magnitude of the margin of dumping.

Organization of report

Part I of this report presents information on the subject merchandise, alleged

subsidy/dumping margins, and domestic like product. Part II of this report presents information
I‐3

on conditions of competition and other relevant economic factors. Part III presents information

on the condition of the U.S. industry, including data on capacity, production, shipments,

inventories, and employment. Parts IV and V present the volume of subject imports and pricing

of domestic and imported products, respectively. Part VI presents information on the financial

experience of U.S. producers. Part VII presents the statutory requirements and information

obtained for use in the Commission’s consideration of the question of threat of material injury

as well as information regarding nonsubject countries.

MARKET SUMMARY

The U.S. market for CSPV modules5 totaled approximately $*** and *** kilowatts6 in

2012.  The Commission received questionnaire responses from 5 firms that produce CSPV

products in the United States, which accounted for all U.S. CSPV cell production and ***

percent of U.S. CSPV module production in 2012.  The Commission received questionnaire

responses from 40 U.S. firms that reported importing CSPV products from China, Taiwan, and

nonsubject countries in 2012.  

U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of CSPV modules totaled *** kilowatts valued at $*** in

2012, and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity (*** percent by

value).  Subject U.S. imports of CSPV products from China totaled *** kilowatts in 2012.7

  U.S.

imports of CSPV products from Taiwan totaled *** kilowatts in 2012, and accounted for ***

percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity (*** percent by value). U.S. imports from all

other sources combined totaled approximately *** kilowatts, and accounted for *** percent of

apparent consumption by quantity (*** percent by value). CSPV cells and modules are generally

used in integrated solar power generating systems for large utilities and commercial and

residential roof‐top applications.

                                                      

5 In order to avoid issues of double counting, reported U.S. apparent consumption is measured using

data compiled for the U.S. market for CSPV modules.  The U.S. secondary market for CSPV cells is

relatively small.

6 Or *** megawatts or *** gigawatts.  A megawatt is 1,000 kilowatts. A gigawatt is 1,000 megawatts

or 1 million kilowatts. 7 U.S. imports from China that are subject to the existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders

pursuant to the Commission's prior investigation in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012 are

explicitly excluded from the scope of these investigations.  After excluding these U.S. imports as

nonsubject imports from China, in the present investigation, there are no subject imports from China.  

Thus, U.S. import data and apparent consumption data presented in Part IV of this report will show zero

subject U.S. imports from China.  Petitioner claimed that there may be subject imports from China using

its "two out of three" and “partially manufactured” rules.  A negligibility discussion granting petitioner's

claim of existing subject U.S. imports from China is presented in Part IV, Negligibility.  
I‐4

SUMMARY DATA AND DATA SOURCES

A summary of data collected in these investigations is presented in appendix C.  U.S.

industry data are based on questionnaire responses of two U.S. producers of CSPV cells and five

U.S. producers of CSPV modules that accounted for all of U.S. production of CSPV cells and ***

percent of modules during the period of investigation.  Data for U.S. imports from China,

Taiwan, and nonsubject countries are based on responses to the Commission's U.S. importer

questionnaire.  Foreign industry data are based on responses to the Commission’s U.S. foreign

producer questionnaire.  Appendix C, table C‐2 presents domestic industry data without ***,

which are related to Chinese and Taiwanese foreign producers.

PREVIOUS AND RELATED INVESTIGATIONS8

In November 2012, the Commission completed antidumping and countervailing duty

investigations on crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells and modules from China.9

  On

October 19, 2011, SolarWorld filed a petition with a scope definition that included CSPV cells

and modules from China.10 The Commission determined that the U.S. industry experienced

material injury by reason of LTFV imports from China and countervailable subsidies granted by

the Government of China, which Commerce found to have occurred.  Commerce also

determined that the country of origin of CSPV modules was determined by the country of

manufacture of its CSPV cells. Antidumping and countervailing duty orders were put in place in

December 2012 on CSPV cell and modules from China.11

                                                      

8

On November 2, 2011, the Commission instituted a Section 337 investigation on certain integrated

solar power systems.  This investigation involves the alleged patent infringement of an Andalay Solar,

Inc. patent on its solar panel mounting system technology.  Canadian Solar is a respondent in the

investigation.  The specific solar mounting system is not at issue in these investigations.  See Certain

Integrated Solar Power Systems and Components Thereof:  Notice of Institution of Investigation Pursuant

to 19 U.S.C. 1337, 76 FR 69284, November 8, 2011.

9

Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190

(Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012.

10 The scope of the present CSPV solar investigations explicitly excludes those solar products covered

by the orders issued in these prior investigations. 11 Because of Commerce’s country of origin ruling, U.S. imports of CSPV modules from China using

cells from another country were considered outside the scope of the prior investigations.  Petitioner

stated in the prior investigations that this result was contrary to its intended scope definition.  As a

result, petitioner claimed that Commerce’s country of origin determination necessitated the current

petition as CSPV module assemblers in China adjusted their global supply chains to obtain non‐Chinese

cells to evade the antidumping and countervailing duties put in place after the prior investigation.  See,

infra, Scope Issues.
I‐5

NATURE AND EXTENT OF ALLEGED SUBSIDIES AND SALES AT LTFV

Alleged subsidies

On January 29, 2014, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the

initiation of its countervailing duty investigation on CSPV products from China. In its notice,

Commerce determined that there was sufficient information in the petition to investigate 28

alleged countervailable subsidy programs.12

Alleged sales at LTFV

On January 29, 2014, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the

initiation of its antidumping investigations on CSPV products from China and Taiwan.  The

alleged estimated weighted‐average dumping margins (in percent ad valorem), as reported by

Commerce are 165.04 percent for China and 75.68 percent for Taiwan.13

THE SUBJECT MERCHANDISE

Commerce’s scope

Commerce has defined the scope of this investigation as follows:

The merchandise covered by this investigation is crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells,

and modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells,

whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including building

integrated materials. For purposes of this investigation, subject merchandise also

includes modules, laminates and/or panels assembled in the subject country consisting

of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells that are completed or partially manufactured

within a customs territory other than that subject country, using ingots that are

manufactured in the subject country, wafers that are manufactured in the subject

country, or cells where the manufacturing process begins in the subject country and is

completed in a non‐subject country.

Subject merchandise includes crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells of thickness equal to

or greater than 20 micrometers, having a p/n junction formed by any means, whether or

not the cell has undergone other processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning,

                                                      

12Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of China: Initiation of

Countervailing Duty Investigation, 79 FR 4667, January 29, 2014. Commerce’s notice did not list the

programs under investigation.

13Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan:

Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigations, 79 FR 4661, January 29, 2014.
I‐6

etching, coating, and/or addition of materials (including, but not limited to,

metallization and conductor patterns) to collect and forward the electricity that is

generated by the cell.  

Excluded from the scope of this investigation are thin film photovoltaic products

produced from amorphous silicon (a‐Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), or copper indium

gallium selenide (CIGS).

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are any products covered by the

existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders on crystalline silicon photovoltaic

cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People's Republic of China. See

Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the

People's Republic of China: Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair

Value, and Antidumping Duty Order, 77 FR 73018 (December 7, 2012); Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People's Republic

of China: Countervailing Duty Order, 77 FR 73017 (December 7, 2012).

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are crystalline silicon photovoltaic

cells, not exceeding 10,000mm2 in surface area, that are permanently integrated into a

consumer good whose function is other than power generation and that consumes the

electricity generated by the integrated crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell. Where more

than one cell is permanently integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for

purposes of this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all cells that are

integrated into the consumer good.

Merchandise covered by this investigation is currently classified in the Harmonized Tariff

Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) under subheadings 8501.61.0000, 8507.20.8030,

8507.20.8040, 8507.20.8060, 8507.20.8090, 8541.40.6020, 8541.40.6030 and

8501.31.8000. These HTSUS subheadings are provided for convenience and customs

purposes; the written description of the scope of this investigation is dispositive

Scope Issues in the Prior CSPV Solar Investigation

Petitioner contended that it became necessary to file the current antidumping and

countervailing duty petition on CSPV solar products because of a “loophole” that developed in

the scope of the prior investigation on CSPV cells and modules.14  Petitioner intended the scope

                                                      

14 Chinese respondents submitted that they consider the petitioner’s use of the phrase “loophole in

the scope" to be pejorative and urge the Commission not to use this term.  They argued that U.S.

imports of CSPV modules from China that are manufactured with CSPV cells from another country (the

“loophole”) were legally imported into the United States and according to a determination by

(continued...)
I‐7

of the prior CSPV solar investigations to include both CSPV cells manufactured in China and

modules assembled in China.  The scope of the prior investigations was as follows:

The merchandise covered by these investigations are crystalline silicon

photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates, and panels, consisting of

crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully

assembled into other products, including, but not limited to, modules,

laminates, panels and building integrated materials.

These investigations cover crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells of

thickness equal to or greater than 20 micrometers, having a p/n junction

formed by any means, whether or not the cell has undergone other

processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning, etching, coating,

and/or addition of materials (including, but not limited to, metallization

and conductor patterns) to collect and forward the electricity that is

generated by the cell.

Subject merchandise may be described at the time of importation as

parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation,

including, but not limited to, modules, laminates, panels, building‐

integrated modules, building‐integrated panels, or other finished goods

kits. Such parts that otherwise meet the definition of subject merchandise

are included in the scope of this investigation.

Excluded from the scope of this investigation are thin film

photovoltaic products produced from amorphous silicon (a‐Si), cadmium

telluride (CdTe), or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are crystalline

silicon photovoltaic cells, not exceeding 10,000mm2 in surface area, that

are permanently integrated into a consumer good whose function is other

than power generation and that consumes the electricity generated by

the integrated crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell. Where more than one

cell is permanently integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for

purposes of this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all

cells that are integrated into the consumer good.

Merchandise covered by this investigation is currently classified in the

Harmonized Tariff System of the United States (HTS) under subheadings

8501.61.0000, 8507.20.80, 8541.40.6020 and 8541.40.6030. These HTS

subheadings are provided for convenience and customs purposes; the

written description of the scope of this investigation is dispositive.15

                                                      

(...continued)

Commerce were not within the scope of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on CSPV cells

and modules.  Chinese respondents' postconference brief, p. 4 fn. 13.

15Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, p. 5.
I‐8

During the preliminary phase of the prior investigations, on November 7, 2011 (one day

prior to the Commission staff conference), petitioner submitted to Commerce a scope

clarification, which attempted to add the following paragraph to the original scope definition:   

These proceedings cover crystalline silicon PV cells, whether exported

directly to the United States or via third countries; crystalline silicon PV

modules/panels produced in the PRC, regardless of country of

manufacture of the cells used to produce the modules or panels, and

whether exported directly to the United States or via third countries, and

crystalline silicon PV modules or panels produced in a third country from

crystalline silicon PV cells manufactured in the PRC, whether exported

directly to the United States or via third countries.  

Commerce did not adopt this specific revision in its notice of initiation and invited

parties to comment on the revision during the 20 day scope comment period.  Commerce

stated in its notice of initiation:

Because Petitioner’s November 7, 2011, scope submission was filed

one day prior to the statutory deadline for initiation, the Department has

had neither the time nor the administrative resources to evaluate

Petitioner’s proposed language regarding merchandise produced using

inputs from third‐country markets, or merchandise processed in third‐

country markets.16

The original scope definition and the proposed revision essentially raised the issue of

whether four separate product categories would be included in the final scope definition.  

These categories were: (1) CSPV cells produced in China; (2) CSPV modules produced in China

using CSPV cells produced in China; (3) CSPV modules produced in China using CSPV cells

produced in a third‐country; and (4) CSPV modules produced in a third country using CSPV cells

produced in China.  The parties appeared to agree that the first two product categories were

properly covered by the original scope definition.  However, petitioner claimed that product

categories 3 and 4 were always intended to be included in the original scope definition, but

submitted the November 7, 2011 scope revision to Commerce to clarify its intention.  

Respondents claimed that according to their reading of the original scope definition, only the

first two product categories were properly within the scope of those investigations and the

inclusion of product categories 3 and 4 would widen the scope of the investigations.

After the consideration of scope comments, Commerce conducted a “substantial

transformation” analysis to determine whether the process of module assembly conferred

country of origin on CSPV cells.  Commerce determined that the process of module assembly

                                                      

16Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules from the People’s

Republic of China:  Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation, 76 FR 70960, November 16, 2011.
I‐9

did not “substantially transform” the cell and thus the country of origin of the CSPV cell

conferred the country of origin of the CSPV module.  In order to incorporate its decision,

Commerce added the following language to the scope of the investigations:

Modules, laminates, and panels produced in a third‐country from cells

produced in the People’s Republic of China are covered by this

investigation; however, modules, laminates, and panels produced in China

from cells produced in a third country are not covered by this

investigation.

Of the four product categories described above, this additional language added product

category (4) to the scope of those investigations.  Therefore, as defined by Commerce, the

scope included the following categories: (1) CSPV cells produced in China; (2) CSPV modules

produced in China using CSPV cells produced in China; and (4) CSPV modules produced in a

third country using CSPV cells produced in China.  Against the wishes of petitioner, Commerce

did not include, but instead explicitly excluded product category (3), which is CSPV modules

produced in China using CSPV cells produced in a third country.17  In its final determination,

Commerce did not modify the definition of the scope of the investigations from its preliminary

phase investigation determination.18  Petitioner stated that it is a large increase in U.S. imports

of category (3) products, namely CSPV modules assembled in China using CSPV cells

manufactured in Taiwan that necessitated the present investigations.

Scope Issues in these CSPV Solar Investigations

In the current investigations, petitioner stated that its intention was to draft a scope

definition that would include two general categories of merchandise:19

                                                      

17Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People’s

Republic of China:  Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, Postponement of Final

Determination and Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Critical Circumstances; 77 FR 31309, May

25, 2012; See also Scope Clarification: Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations of Crystalline

Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, from the People’s Republic of China,

Memorandum to Gary Taverman, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Antidumping and Countervailing

Duty Operations, March 19, 2012 (Commerce found that module assembly did not substantially

transform the solar cell and thereby, the module’s country of origin is the country of origin of the solar

cell.).

18See Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Antidumping Duty

Investigation of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from the

People's Republic of China, Christian Marsh, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Antidumping and

Countervailing Duty Operations, October 9, 2012, pp. 4‐9 (affirming its preliminary substantial

transformation determination).

19Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 1.
I‐10

(1) CSPV cells from Taiwan (whether they are imported directly as cells , or whether the

cells are imported as modules assembled in Taiwan or a third country); and  

(2) CSPV modules from China or Taiwan that are assembled from cells completely or

partially manufactured in a third country from inputs manufactured in the subject

country (i.e., ingots or wafers that are manufactured in the subject country, or cells

where the manufacturing process begins in the subject country and is completed in

another country).20

Category (1) covers CSPV cells and modules from Taiwan (which use Taiwanese cells)

and is described in the first sentence of the current scope definition. Category (2) is described in

the second sentence of the current scope definition and includes what petitioner calls the “two

out of three” and “partially manufactured” rules.   

“The Two out Three Rule”21

Petitioner’s “two out of three” rule states that if two out of three production processes

occur in the same country then the country of origin of that CSPV module is that country.  The

production processes in question are: (1) ingot manufacture, (2) wafer manufacture, and (3)

module assembly.  Therefore, CSPV modules assembled in China (or Taiwan) using cells that

                                                      

20 Commerce, in the prior investigations, determined that module assembly did not constitute

“substantial transformation” of the CSPV cell thus the cell determined the country of origin of the

module.  In its analysis, Commerce did not directly address the issue of whether an ingot or wafer

conferred country of origin to a cell, or rather, whether a wafer is “substantially transformed” by the cell

conversion processes. Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules,

From the People’s Republic of China:  Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value,

Postponement of Final Determination and Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Critical

Circumstances; 77 FR 31309, May 25, 2012; See also Scope Clarification: Antidumping and Countervailing

Duty Investigations of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules,

from the People’s Republic of China, Memorandum to Gary Taverman, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary

for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations, March 19, 2012  

Chinese respondents argued that the country of origin of a cell is properly determined by the country

where cell conversion takes place.  They stated that Commerce observed the fact that the process of cell

conversion gives the cell the ability to do what is intended to do, namely generate electricity. They also

cited other semiconductor investigations where Commerce has determined that the country of origin is

the country where the wafer is fabricated (a process analogous to the process of cell conversion in the

present investigation).  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh.1, pp. 5‐8 citing DRAMS of One

Megabit and Above from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731‐TA‐811 (Final), USITC Pub. No. 3256 (December 1999), p.

5. 21 Staff notes that questionnaires were drafted and sent to market participants before the

Commission was fully aware of the “two out of three” rule or an agreed upon definition of “partially

manufactured” existed.  These concepts originated in petitioner’s January 13, 2014 submission to

Commerce and were further discussed at the Commission’s conference.  Questionnaires to U.S.

importers, however, did request import data divided into 12 subcategories based on the country of

origin of the CSPV cell.  See Part IV, p. 1.
I‐11

have either ingots or wafers of Chinese (or Taiwanese) origin would be included within the

scope of these investigations as U.S. imports from China (or Taiwan) even if the manufacture of

the cells was completed in a third country.22  Petitioner explained the “two out of three” rule to

Commerce this way:

{P}anels and modules assembled in a subject country (e.g., China), even if

the cells in those modules are produced in a different country (e.g.,

Taiwan or a nonsubject country), if those cells are made from ingots,

wafers or partially manufactured cells that were manufactured in the

subject country (e.g., China). This would cover situations where the panels

or modules are assembled in a subject country from cells made in a

different country but: 1) the ingots used for the wafers made into the cells

were manufactured in the subject country; 2) the wafers made into the

cells were manufactured in the subject country; or 3) the cell

manufacturing process began in the subject country and then was

completed in a non‐subject country. With reference to the steps described

in the petition, this means that the scope covers module assembly (step 4)

in a subject country, even if cell conversion (step 3) does not occur in the

subject country, if either ingot crystallization (step 1), wafer production

(step 2) or the beginning of cell conversion (step 3) also occurs in the

same subject country.23

Both Chinese and Taiwanese respondents argued that the petitioner’s “two out of

three” rule is untenable because it is contrary to the country of origin determination already

established by Commerce in the prior CSPV solar investigation.24  They claimed that petitioner is

attempting to create a country of origin rule that states that the country of origin is the country

of ingot or wafer manufacture.  They argue that this rule should be disregarded because ingot

and wafer may not confer country of origin, and if it did, would conflict with Commerce’s

                                                      

22Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 1. Petitioner stated that it does not know what share of

third country cells are made with Chinese or Taiwanese ingots or wafers. Petitioner testified that some

of these production processes are being shifted from country to country.  Conference transcript, p. 104

(Brightbill). Petitioner conceded, however, that there exists no information that would suggest that such

cell production is occurring in Taiwan on a large basis. Ibid. at pp. 6‐7.

23Supplement II to Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties: Certain

Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from China and Taiwan, January. 13, 2014, p. 2.

24Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 4‐8; Taiwanese respondents’ postconference brief,

exh. A, p. 3.  In its initiation notice, Commerce did state that “when considering product coverage with

respect to these investigations, the Department will be informed by the product coverage decisions that

it made in the investigations that resulted in the existing orders . . “  Certain Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan: Initiation of Antidumping Duty

Investigations, 79 FR 4661, January 29, 2014.
I‐12

country of origin rule.25  Taiwanese respondents also opined that petitioner’s “two out of

three” rule would be impossible to implement by U.S. Customs.26

“Partially Manufactured” cells

Petitioner asserted that the second sentence of the current scope definition also

includes CSPV modules assembled in China or Taiwan using “partially manufactured” cells from

a subject country.  “Partially manufactured” is defined in the scope as “cells where the

manufacturing process begins in the subject country and is completed in another country.”  

According to petitioner, there are a number of opportunities in the cell production process to

stop production and ship to another country and includes many of the sub‐processes described

in the petition under “cell conversion.”27

Tariff treatment

The subject merchandise is provided for in subheadings 8541.40.60 (statistical reporting

numbers 8541.40.6020 (“solar cells, assembled into modules or made up into panels”) and

8541.40.6030 (“solar cells, other”)) of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States

(“HTS”), and is free of duty under the general duty rate.28  These products may also be imported

as parts or subassemblies of goods provided for in subheadings 8501.31.8000, 8501.61.0000

and 8507.20.80.

                                                      

25Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 4‐8.

26Taiwanese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 4.

27Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 3‐4.  Petitioner concedes that although “partial cell

manufacturing” is currently not common in the marketplace and makes little sense commercially, it

could be used to circumvent trade remedies.

Chinese respondents argued that “partial cell manufacturing” does not occur in the marketplace and

the very nature of cell production would prohibit it.  They explained that cell production requires several

successive steps, such as texturing, surface refinement, diffusion, etching, and vapor deposition, all of

which require a “clean‐room” environment.  They claimed that removing a semifinished cell from these

“clean‐room” environments would be an expensive logistical challenge which would likely damage the

cell.  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 2, pp. 5‐6; Conference transcript, p. 238

(Koerner)(“It would be similar to when you’re having a car race, stopping in the middle of the race,

changing the engine, and then you go on.  It doesn’t really make sense from a production efficiency

point of view.”)

28 Generally, CSPV cells enter under HTS 8541.40.6030 and CSPV modules under 8541.40.6020.
I‐13

THE PRODUCT29

Description and applications

Solar CSPV systems convert sunlight into electricity for on‐site use or for distribution

through the electric grid. The main components of CSPV systems are modules (also commonly

referred to as panels), which are comprised of cells that use crystalline silicon to convert

sunlight into electricity.  CSPV modules can be used in both ground‐mounted and rooftop‐

mounted systems and in both the off‐grid market segment and the three on‐grid market

segments—residential, nonresidential, and utility.30

Description

CSPV cells use crystalline silicon to convert sunlight to electricity and are the basic

elements of a PV module (figure I‐1).  They have a positive layer, a negative layer and a positive‐

negative junction (p/n junction).  Electricity is generated when sunlight strikes the cell, knocking

electrons loose that flow onto thin metal “fingers” that run across the cell and conduct

electricity to the busbars.31  Most cells are five inches by five inches or six inches by six inches

and have an output of 3 to 4.5 watts.32

Figure I-1 

CSPV cell (left) and module (right) 

Source: SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 7. 

                                                      

29 Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is from Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and

Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012.   30 Photovoltaics (PV) do not include solar water heat and concentrated solar power (CSP).  While PV

uses a photosensitive semiconductor material to convert sunlight directly to electricity, solar water heat

uses sunlight to heat water and CSP uses reflected sunlight to generate steam or a vapor that turns a

turbine to generate electricity.  Petition, pp. 29–30.    31 From USITC Publication 4360; see also Petition, pp. 11–12; 29; Stephanie Chasteen and Rima

Chaddha, “Inside a Solar Cell,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/solar/insi‐nf.html.   32 European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Solar Generation 6, 2011, p. 20.
I‐14

CSPV cells are interconnected and encapsulated between a backing material and a glass

front.  A frame is often added and a junction box is attached to form a complete module.33  The

junction box can be attached to other modules, an inverter (which converts the direct current

generated by the system to alternating current), or, in the case of off‐grid modules, a charge

controller (which controls battery charging) and battery.34  Typical on‐grid modules have 60 to

72 cells and a power output of between 120 watts and more than 400 watts.  They are

generally around 62 to 78 inches long, 32 to 39 inches wide, and 1.2 to 2 inches thick.  Modules

generally weigh between 34 and 62 pounds.35  In addition to standard size modules, CSPV cells

can be used in building integrated PV (BIPV), which are building materials that incorporate solar

cells, such as solar shingles or solar windows (figure I‐2).36

Figure I-2 

Building integrated CSPV 

Source: Photos courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)/National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), 

credit Spire Solar Chicago (left) and Atlantis Energy, Inc. (right). 

The two main types of CSPV cells and modules are monocrystalline silicon and

multicrystalline (or polycrystalline) silicon.  Monocrystalline cells are made from a single grown

crystal and tend to have a higher conversion efficiency.  Multicrystalline cells have a random

crystal structure and tend to have a lower conversion efficiency (table I‐1).37  The average

conversion efficiency of new models of monocrystalline modules (based on the year first

                                                      

33 Petition, pp. 16, 29.

34 From USITC Publication 4360; see also SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 14.

35 From USITC Publication 4360; see also EPIA, Solar Generation 6, 2011, p. 20; Petition, p. 25.   36 Petition, p. 12.

37 Conversion efficiency is the percent of sunlight that is converted to electricity.  String‐ribbon cells

are a type of multicrystalline cell produced via a different production method, as discussed below.  From

USITC Publication 4360; see also EPIA, Solar Generation 6, 2011, p. 25.
I‐15

introduced) *** from *** in 2010 to *** in 2012, and was *** for modules introduced in early

2013. The average conversion efficiencies of new models of multicrystalline modules *** from

*** in 2010 to *** in 2012, and was *** for modules introduced in early 2013.38

Table I-1 

Share of monocrystalline and multicrystalline modules available in the United States with 

efficiencies in each range, 2012 

Module Efficiency Multicrystalline (percent) Monocrystalline (percent)

13% or less *** *** 

13.1 to 14% *** *** 

14.1 to 15% *** *** 

15.1 to 16% *** *** 

16.1 to 17% *** *** 

17.1 to 18% *** *** 

18.1% or higher *** *** 

 Total 100.0 100.0 

Note: *** 

Sources: *** 

CSPV modules for grid‐connected applications, whether residential, nonresidential, or

utility, are generally the same regardless of the application, though the sizes that are most

commonly used in each type of application may differ.  Off‐grid CSPV modules are usually less

than 200 watts and are often smaller than on‐grid modules.  Off‐grid modules may have

different output voltages in order to charge batteries and often use fewer cells, and sometimes

divided cells, to achieve the desired output.  Modules typically used in on‐grid applications,

such as a standard 240 watt monocrystalline module, may also be used in off‐grid applications if

that wattage module is required.  For example, a house that is not connected to the grid could

use the same modules as a house that is connected to the grid.

Uses    

There are four primary market segments for CSPV cells and modules.  There are three

grid‐connected market segments–residential, nonresidential, and utility–and an off‐grid

market.  In the grid‐connected market, installations are usually either ground‐mounted or roof‐

mounted.  In addition to the module, there are a number of other components of the

installation called the balance of system (BOS).  The BOS includes components such as the

inverter,39 and the racking on which the system is installed.40  

                                                      

38 Data are for modules available globally. Data from 2013 only includes the first part of the year, and

may not be representative of all new modules introduced in that year. *** 39 USITC, Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421,

August 2013, p. 3‐1.

40 In addition to equipment, there are a number of services associated with installing a PV system

such as site assessment and design, permitting, financing, and the system installations, as well as

(continued...)
I‐16

Residential grid‐connected systems are installed at individual homes.  CSPV modules are

typically installed on the roof, though they can also be ground‐mounted, and connected to an

inverter.  The system can use a central inverter, which converts the power from multiple

modules, or each module can have its own microinverter attached.  In residential installations,

the electricity generated by the system is used for power in the individual home (figure I‐3).  

Homeowners use grid energy when solar electricity generation is not sufficient to meet demand

and often feed energy back into the grid when solar electricity generation exceeds home use.  

In the United States, the average size of a residential PV installation was 6.2 kilowatts (kW) in

2012.41

Figure I-3 

Residential grid-connected CSPV system 

Source: DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Website, 

http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10720 (accessed November 9, 2011). 

Rooftop residential systems can be installed using several types of mounting systems.  

One commonly used mounting system is the “top down rail system.”  In this system, “modules

attach from their upper side to the rails with specified clamps” (figure I‐4).42  A second type of

system uses rack mounts, which “allow for a variety of specific tilt angles.  The PV array can be

                                                       

(...continued)

operations and maintenance services after the installation is completed. USITC, Renewable Energy and

Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421, August 2013, pp. 3‐1–4.   41 The average size was 5.7 kW in 2010 and 2011. From USITC Publication 4360; see also Larry

Sherwood, U.S.  Solar Market Trends 2010, June 2011, pp. 5–7; Larry Sherwood, U.S.  Solar Market

Trends 2011, August 2012, p. 7; Sherwood, Larry, U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, July 2013, p. 10; EPIA,

Solar Generation 6, 2011, p. 12.

42 Mayfield, Ryan, “Rack & Stack—PV Array Mounting,” January 31, 2012.
I‐17

set at an optimal tilt angle based on the site’s latitude or, if adjustable racks are chosen,

repositioned seasonally to optimize energy output.”43  In recent years, firms have developed

new types of mounting systems in order to reduce installation time and improve the

appearance of installed systems.  One example is the Zep Solar mounting system.44  “Zep’s

innovation is the ‘Zep Groove’—making the panel itself part of the racking hardware via a

specially grooved frame, eliminating rails and using the module frame as the structural and

mounting element.”45

Figure I-4 

Residential grid-connected CSPV system 

* * * * * * * 

Source: Mayfield, Ryan, “Rack & Stack—PV Array Mounting,” Home Power Magazine, January 31, 2012; 

Zep Solar Website, http://www.zepsolar.com/index.php/products (accessed January 28, 2014). 

Nonresidential systems are installed at commercial, industrial, government, and similar

buildings and sites (figure I‐5).  Nonresidential installations are typically larger than residential

installations, with an average size of 120 kW in 2012, though there can be significant variation

in size—the largest installation in 2012 was 20 MW. However, they function similarly to

residential installations, providing electricity to meet onsite needs, pulling additional electricity

from the grid when needed, and feeding excess electricity back into the grid when it is not

needed.46   

                                                      

43 Mayfield, Ryan, “Rack & Stack—PV Array Mounting,” Home Power Magazine, January 31, 2012. 44 Hren, Rebekah, “Solar Equipment Innovations,” Home Power Magazine, August 22, 2013; CCCME

postconference brief, exh. 4; McCabe, Joseph, “A New Competitive Landscape for Solar PV Racking,”

Renewable Energy World, July 20, 2012.

45 Wesoff, Eric, “Zep Finds Its Groove with an Innovative Mounting System for PV Modules,”

Greentech Media, October 5, 2011.

46 The average size installation is up from 81 kW in 2010. Larry Sherwood, U.S. Solar Market Trends

2010, June 2011, pp. 5–7;  Sherwood, Larry, U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, July 2013, p. 10; EPIA, Solar

Generation 6, 2011, p. 12.
I‐18

Figure I-5 

Installation of a nonresidential CSPV system 

     Source: Photos courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit Dennis Schroeder. 

Utility systems are generally the largest systems, averaging more than 4.3 MW per

installation in 2012 (excluding small systems installed through feed‐in tariff programs), and

provide electricity directly to the electric grid for sale to customers rather than for on‐site use

(figure I‐6).  These systems are generally ground‐mounted and currently tend to use central

inverters rather than microinverters.47  The growth of the utility market in the United States has

led to more demand for CSPV modules and equipment that can be used in 1,000 volt systems,

as compared to the 600 volt systems generally installed in residential and nonresidential

systems in the United States.48  

                                                       

47 The average system size in 2010 was over 1,450 kW.  From USITC Publication 4360; see also Larry

Sherwood, U.S.  Solar Market Trends 2010, June 2011, pp. 5–7; Sherwood, Larry, U.S. Solar Market

Trends 2012, July 2013, p. 9; Bayar, Tildy, “Microinverters Make a Move on Multi‐MW Solar Power

Installations,” Renewable Energy World, August 16, 2013.

48 CSPV systems installed in the United States have traditionally been 600 volt systems, whereas in

Europe and other locations many of the installed systems have been 1,000 volt systems.  The main

reason for the use of 600 volt systems in the United States is that most of the market was historically

rooftop installations, for which the National Electric Code (NEC) required the use of systems no larger

than 600 volts unless additional conditions were met.  With the growth of the utility‐scale market, there

has been increasing demand for equipment and components that are certified for use in 1,000 volt DC

(Vdc) systems, as these systems require fewer balance of system components and can reduce the

installation time and cost.  Module and other equipment manufacturers have responded to this increase

in demand by certifying modules to the relevant UL standard.  However, since “module manufacturers

did not have access to 1,000 Vdc–rated subcomponents, such as connectors and junction boxes, PV

modules listed to UL 1703 at 1,000 Vdc were not available in the North American market until 2012.”  

Utility systems are generally covered by the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) rather than the NEC,

which, unlike the NEC, allows the use of modules certified to safety standards other than UL.  As a result,

utility systems installed prior to 2012 typically used equipment certified to International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC) standards.  One thousand volt systems are still primarily used in utility applications,

(continued...)
I‐19

Figure I-6 

LA Ola PV plant, a utility CSPV system on Lanai, Hawaii 

Source: Photo courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit Jamie Keller. 

The off‐grid market includes a range of uses such as water pumping and purification

systems, street lights, emergency phones, homes in remote locations, telecommunications

systems, and military applications (figure I‐7).  These systems often have additional balance of

system components, such as a battery and charge controller, though inverters are not needed

for all off‐grid applications.49

Figure I-7 

Off-grid water pumping system (left) and light system (right) 

1.  Module Source: SolarWorld, "Sunmodule for Off‐grid Systems," 3.

                                                       

(...continued)

but are starting to be used in some nonresidential applications.  However, they may not have the same

cost reduction benefits in these systems due to factors such as increased permitting costs.   Bally, Greg,

David Brearley, and Marvin Harmon, “1,000 Vdc Utilization Voltages in Nonresidential PV Applications,”

SolarPro, April/May 2013; Seitzler, Matthew, “Designing and Installing a 1,000 Vdc Rooftop PV System,”

SolarPro, April/May 2013; Conference transcript, p. 177 (Morrison), pp. 178–179, 212 (Hershman), p.

219–220 (Koerner); CCCME postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 26.

49 From USITC Publication 4360; see also SolarWorld, “Sunmodule for Off‐grid Systems,” pp. 3–6.  
I‐20

Manufacturing processes

There are five principal stages of the CSPV value chain.  First, polysilicon is refined, then

it is formed into ingots, which are sliced into wafers, which are converted to cells that are

assembled into modules, the finished product (figure I‐8).  These are discrete production steps

that may be done in different plants or locations.  Companies may source products at each

stage of the value chain or produce the products in‐house.  ***.50  The ingot and wafer

production process differs for monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells, as discussed below.

Figure I-8 

CSPV production process 

Note: For ingots, the top picture is a crystal used in monocrystalline wafers, while the bottom picture is an 

ingot used in making multicrystalline wafers.

Source: From USITC Publication 4360; see also SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, pp. 6–7, 

9; ingot photo courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit John Wohlgemuth, Solarex.

Silicon refining

The first step in the CSPV value chain is refining polysilicon.  There are multiple

approaches to polysilicon refining, but this discussion will focus on the Siemens method, which

was used for almost 80 percent of the polysilicon produced in 2009.  

In the first step in the Siemens process, quartz (silicon dioxide) and carbon are heated to

around 1,800 degrees Celsius.  The carbon reacts with the oxygen, resulting in carbon dioxide

and silicon with a purity of around 98 to 99 percent.  The silicon is then combined with

hydrogen chloride gas at 300 to 350 degrees Celsius, with the reaction resulting in the liquid

trichlorosilane.  Next, heated silicon rods are inserted into a Siemens reactor, where they are

further heated to 1,000 degrees Celsius or more.  Hydrogen and trichlorosilane gas are fed into

                                                      

50 ***.
I‐21

the reactor.  The silicon from the trichlorosilane is deposited onto the rods, which steadily

increase in size until they are removed from the reactor about a week later.  The resulting

products are polysilicon chunks or rocks with  purity of 99.9999 percent to 99.999999 percent

(or 6N to 8N).

Ingots and wafers for monocrystalline cells

In the Czochralski process51 for producing crystals used in monocrystalline wafers,

polysilicon rocks are first placed into a quartz crucible along with a small amount of boron,

which is used to provide a positive electric orientation (figure I‐9).  The crucible is then loaded

into a Czochralski furnace and heated to about 2,500 degree Fahrenheit.  Once the polysilicon is

melted, a seed crystal is lowered into the material and rotated, with the crucible rotated in the

opposite direction.  The melt starts to solidify on the seed and the seed is slowly raised out of

the melt—creating a single long crystal.  The crystal is then cooled before it is moved onto the

next step.  ***.52

Figure I-9 

Czochralski process 

Source: DOE, EERE Website, http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/types_silicon.html

(accessed November 5, 2011). 

                                                       

51 The Czochralski process is discussed here as it is used by the petitioners and several of the

respondents.  Another process is the float‐zone process which “produces purer crystals than the

Czochralski method because the crystals are not contaminated by a crucible.  In the float‐zone process, a

silicon rod is set atop a seed crystal and then lowered through an electromagnetic coil.  The coil's

magnetic field induces an electric field in the rod, which heats and melts the interface between the rod

and the seed.  Single‐crystal silicon forms at the interface and grows upward as the coils are slowly

raised.” DOE, EERE Website, http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/types_silicon.html

(accessed November 5, 2011); Trina Solar, “Form 20‐F,” April 18, 2011, p. 39; Suntech, “Form 20‐F,” May

9, 2011, p. 37; SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 8.   52 ***.
I‐22

Once the crystal has cooled, it is processed into wafers.  The top and tail (each end of

the cylindrical crystal) are cut off ***.  The remaining portion of the crystal (or ingot) is cut into

equal length pieces *** and squared.  In squaring, the rounded sides of the ingot are cut into

four flat sides, leaving only rounded corners.  A wire saw then cuts the ingots into wafers.  

***.53

Ingots and wafers for multicrystalline cells

For multicrystalline ingots,54 the first step is also loading polysilicon into a crucible.  This

crucible is then loaded into a directional solidification systems (DSS) furnace.  In this furnace,

the polysilicon is “cast into multicrystalline ingots under precise heating and cooling

conditions.”55  

The ingot is then cut into blocks.  These blocks are tested and any parts of the block that

do not pass these tests are cropped off.  Finally, the blocks are sliced into wafers using a wire

saw.  This process results in square wafers, while the multicrystalline process results in wafers

with rounded corners.  

Cells   

The monocrystalline and polycrystalline wafers, which are 180 to 200 micrometers thick,

are next processed into cells.  This step of the process is the “most capital intensive part of the

manufacturing process.”  It is “a highly automated, capital intensive, and technologically

sophisticated process, requiring skilled technicians and employees with advanced degrees”

(figure I‐10).  ***.56  The main phases of cell production are as follows57:  

 Cleaning and texturing:  First, the wafers are cleaned, then the surface of the wafer

undergoes a chemical treatment which reduces the reflection of sunlight and increases

light absorption.  

 Diffusion:  In the next step, “phosphorus is diffused into a thin layer of the wafer

surface.  The molecular‐level impregnation occurs as the wafer surface is exposed to

phosphorus gas at a high heat, a step that gives the surface a negative potential

electrical orientation.  The combination of that layer and the boron‐doped layer below

                                                      

53 ***.   54 Multicrystalline wafers can be produced using string‐ribbon wafers, though this only accounts for a

small share of global production.  These were the types of products produced by Evergreen Solar.   55 There is also increasing production of quasi‐mono (also called mono‐like or monocast) ingots and

wafers. ***  GT Advanced Technologies Inc., “Form 10‐K,” May 25, 2011, p. 9; ***.

56 ***. 57 Discussion of cell production process is from USITC Publication 4360; see also SolarWorld, “Energy

for You and Me” brochure, pp. 12–13; Yingli, “Form 20‐F,” April 23, 2013, p. 41; Trina Solar, “Form 20‐F,”

April 2, 2013; JA Solar, “Form 20‐F,” April 16, 2013, pp. 40–41; Hanwha SolarOne, “Form 20‐F,” April 29,

2013, p. 36; ***.
I‐23

creates a positive‐negative, or P/N, junction–a critical partition in the functioning of a PV

cell.”58   

Figure I-10 

CSPV cells: Texturing (left) and diffusion furnace (right) 

* * * * * * * 

Source: SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 12; ***. 

 Edge isolation:  A thin layer of silicon is then removed from the edge of the cell to

separate the positive and negative layers.

 Coating:  Next, a silicon nitride antireflective coating is added to the PV cells to increase

the absorption of sunlight (figure I‐11).  

 Printing:  Metals are then printed on the solar cell to collect the electricity.  On the front

of the cell these metals are printed in thin metal strips called fingers, which are

connected to the rest of the module via busbars.  ***.   

Figure I-11 

CSPV cells: Silicon nitride deposition (left) and printing (right) 

* * * * * * * 

Source: SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 13; ***. 

 Co‐firing:  The cells then enter a furnace, where the “high temperature causes the silver

paste to become imbedded in the surface of the silicon layer, forming a reliable electrical

contact.”59

 Testing and sorting:  The final step in the process is the testing and sorting of the cells

based on their characteristics and efficiency (figure I‐12).

Figure I-12 

CSPV cells: Testing (left) and sorting (right) 

* * * * * * * 

                                                      

58 SolarWorld, “Energy for You and Me” brochure, p. 12.

59 JA Solar, “Form 20‐F,” April 16, 2013, p. 41.
I‐24

Modules

The cells are next assembled into modules.  Module assembly accounts for the majority

of labor costs in the production process.  Petitioners note that module assembly “is more labor

intensive than cell production, but nonetheless is still a highly automated and sophisticated

process.”  There is a trend in the industry toward more automation in module assembly, but

some companies employ highly automated processes while others balance automation and

manual labor.  Respondents note that module assembly in China and the United States use

similar levels of automation.

First, a string of cells is soldered together.  A piece of glass is placed on the production

line, on top of which is added a piece of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).  The cells are laid out in a

rectangular matrix that will provide the appropriate wattage and power requirements (figure I‐

13).60  Typically a sealant is added, often EVA, and a back sheet is added.  The cells are then

laminated in a vacuum and are cured.  At this stage the cells are referred to as a “laminate.”  

Frames are then usually attached to the laminate, and a junction box is attached to the back.  In

the final step, modules are cleaned and inspected.   

Figure I-13 

CSPV modules: Example automated assembly process between stringing and lamination 

* * * * * * *

                                                      

60 From USITC Publication 4360; see also Spire Website, http://www.spirecorp.com/spire‐

solar/turnkey‐solar‐manufacturing‐lines/ (accessed January 31, 2014).
I‐25

DOMESTIC LIKE PRODUCT ISSUES61

CSPV products vs. Thin Film solar products62

The petitioner contended that the Commission should find one domestic like product

coextensive with the scope of the investigations as identified by Commerce.63  Both Chinese

and Taiwanese respondents argued that the Commission should expand the definition of the

domestic like product to include thin film solar products and include in the domestic industry

those firms that produce those products.64

In the Commission’s prior investigations into CSPV cells and modules, respondents

advanced the argument to expand the definition of the domestic like product to include thin

film solar products. In its views, the Commission determined not to expand the domestic like

product to include thin film solar products.  Specifically, the Commission stated:

As noted above, in the preliminary determinations, the Commission did

not define the domestic like product to include thin‐film products.  In

these final investigations, we have had the opportunity to survey

domestic producers, importers, and purchasers on this issue.  Based on

the current record, we again conclude that thin‐film products should not

                                                      

61 In the Commission's prior CSPV solar investigations, the Commission addressed three domestic like

product issues:  (1) whether cells and modules should be separate domestic like products, (2) whether

"off‐grid" CSPV solar panels should be a separate domestic like product, and (3) whether thin film solar

products should be added to the definition of the domestic like product.  Issues (1) and (2) have not

been raised in the present investigations.  Respondents, however, raised issue (3) at the staff conference

and in its postconference brief.  This section of the report therefore addresses that issue.

62 In these preliminary phase investigations, the Commission’s questionnaires that were issued to

market participants did not request information or data regarding thin film solar products.

63 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 4 and exh. 1 pp. 22‐32.  Petitioner also observed that the

European Commission excluded thin film solar products from its trade remedy investigation on CSPV

products.  The EU Commission opined:

Thin film PV products are clearly excluded from the product definition ... Indeed,

thin film PV products have different physical, chemical and technical

characteristics compared to the product concerned. They are produced via a

different production process and not from crystalline silicon which is the main

raw material to produce modules, cells and wafers. They have lower conversion

efficiency and a lower wattage output and therefore they are not suitable for the

same types of applications than those of the product concerned. On these

grounds, the arguments {in favor of including thin film products within the

product definition} had to be rejected. Ibid. at exh.1 p. 23 fn. 61.

64Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 15‐19; Taiwanese Respondents’

postconference brief, exh. A, pp. 1‐2.
I‐26

be included in the same domestic like product as CSPV cells and CSPV

modules.  The record demonstrates a number of differences between

CSPV and thin‐film products.  Specifically, the two products are

manufactured using different raw materials, manufacturing facilities,

manufacturing processes, and production employees.  Differences

between the two products in terms of chemical composition, weight, size,

conversion efficiency, output, inherent properties, and other factors limit

their interchangeability after the design phase and in specific projects,

and they also limit overlap in distribution channels, particularly for non‐

utility sales.  A number of market participants reported viewing CSPV and

thin‐film products as sometimes competitive, but generally different

products; they reported CSPV products to be generally higher‐priced than

thin‐film products.  On balance, we find that the differences between

CSPV and thin‐film products are more significant than their similarities in

today’s evolving marketplace and weigh in favor of a finding of a single

domestic like product consisting of the CSPV products within the scope of

the investigations.65

Thin Film Photovoltaic (PV) Cells and Modules–Definition and Background66

Thin film cells and modules use a several micron thick layer of either amorphous silicon

(a‐Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium (gallium) selenium (CIS or CIGS), or a

combination of a‐Si and micro‐crystalline silicon (μc‐Si) to convert sunlight to electricity.67  CdTe

modules are typically on glass while a‐Si and CIGS can be on glass or a flexible substrate such as

stainless steel or plastic (figure I‐14).  The characteristics of modules for several large scale

producers are indicated in table I‐2, but thin film modules, particularly a‐Si and CIGS modules,

have a broad range of possible sizes given the different substrates that can be used and the

flexibility those substrates allow in module size selection.  For example, one of SoloPower’s

flexible CIGS modules is 86 inches long, more than 30 inches longer than the on‐glass modules

produced by companies like First Solar, Solar Frontier, and Sharp (see table I‐2).68  Thin film

module outputs generally range from 60 watts to 350 watts.  Thin film products can also be

used in building integrated products such as solar shingles.  

                                                      

65Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, pp. 11‐12.

66 Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is from Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and

Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012.

67 Other PV technologies “include fully organic PV (OPV) and hybrid dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC).”

These technologies currently have low efficiencies and have not been produced on a large scale. EPIA,

Solar Generation 6, 2011, 25.

68 From USITC Publication 4360; see also SoloPower, SoloPanel Model SP3L, specifications (accessed

January 27, 2014).
I‐27

Figure I-14 

Ground-mounted thin film installation (left), flexible a-Si module (center), and thin film solar 

shingles (right) 

      Source: Photos courtesy of DOE NREL, credit Peter McNutt (left) and United Solar Ovonic (center and 

right). 

Table I-2 

Thin film modules: Module characteristics, select companies, January 2014 

Module type Firm Module 

output 

(watts) 

Module 

efficiency 

(percent)

Dimensions 

(length x width x depth) 

Weight

Mult-ijunction amorphous 

silicon (a-Si) and 

microcrystalline silicon 

(μc-Si) 

Sharp 135 9.6 55.2 x 39.4 x 0.3 inches 

(1,402 x 1,001 x 7.4 mm) 

57.3 lbs

(26 kg)

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) First 

Solar 

85 to 95 13.3 

(average) 

47.2 x 23.6 x 0.3 inches 

(1,200 x 600 x 6.8 mm) 

26.5 lbs

(12 kg)

Copper indium selenium (CIS) Solar 

Frontier 

145 to 165 11.8 to 

13.4 

49.5 x 38.5 x 1.4 inches 

(1,257 x 977 x 35 mm) 

44.1 lbs 

(20 kg)

Note: lbs= pounds. There are a number of companies making thin film modules, and the characteristics of the 

modules vary by company. However, First Solar accounted for *** of global CdTe module production in 2012, and 

Solar Frontier accounted for *** of CIGS/CIS module production in 2012. Sharp, including its production in Japan 

and its 3Sun joint venture in Italy, accounted for *** of thin film silicon production. Therefore, these data indicate 

the products *** available in the market. The information for Sharp is based on a November 2011 U.S. data sheet; 

however the same information is currently listed on the 3Sun Website. Efficiency for First Solar is the average 

efficiency in 3rd quarter of 2013. 

Source: Solar Frontier Website, http://www.solar-frontier.com/eng/products/modules/S002210.html (accessed 

January 27, 2014); Sharp, 135 WATT frameless, glass-on-glass thin film module, datasheet (accessed January 

27, 2014); 3Sun Website, http://www.3sun.com/?q=it/node/39 (accessed January 27, 2014); First Solar, First 

Solar FS Series 3 Black PV Module, product datasheet (accessed January 27, 2014); First Solar, “First Solar Q3 

’13 Earning Call, October 31, 2013, p. 19; Yamada, Hiroyuki and Osamu Ikki, “National Survey Report of PV 

Power Applications in Japan 2012,” May 31, 2013, p. 22; Castello, Salvatore, Anna De Lillo, Salvatore Guastella, 

Fabrizio Paletta, “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2012,” May 2013, p. 14; ***. 
I‐28

Domestic thin film module shipments in 2012 had an average conversion efficiency of 13

percent.69  Conversion efficiencies vary by technology type and there is some overlap in the

efficiencies of the various technologies (see table I‐2).70  Thin film module efficiencies have

increased over time. For example, First Solar’s thin film module efficiency increased from 11.1

percent in the first quarter of 2010 to 13.3 percent in the third quarter of 2013 (figure I‐15).71  

Thin film modules are also capable of generating power in low light conditions, such as early in

the morning or late in the day.  

Figure I-15 

Thin film modules: Average conversion efficiency for First Solar CdTe modules, 2010–3rd quarter 

2013 

Note: Q: Quarter. 

Source: First Solar, “Q1 2011 Earnings Call,” May 3, 2011, p. 27; First Solar, “Q2 2012 Earnings Call,” 

August 1, 2012; p. 20; First Solar, “First Solar Q3 ’13 Earning Call, October 31, 2013, p. 19. 

Thin film PV systems convert sunlight into electricity for use on‐site or for distribution

through the electric grid.  Thin film systems can be ground‐mounted or roof‐mounted and also

generally require an inverter and other balance of system components, though flexible thin

films may not require the same racking as modules on glass.72   

                                                      

69 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report

2012, December 2013, p. 8.

70 EPIA, Solar Generation 6, 2011, p. 25. 71 First Solar, “Q1 2011 Earnings Call,” May 3, 2011, p. 27; First Solar, “Q2 2012 Earnings Call,” August

1, 2012, p. 20; First Solar, “First Solar Q3 ’13 Earning Call, October 31, 2013, p. 19.

72 A diagram of a residential installation would be the same as in figure I‐3.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

2010 2011 2012 2013

Average module efficiency (percent)
I‐29

Thin film modules can be used in all three of the major grid‐connected market

segments—residential, nonresidential, and utility—and in the off‐grid market.  Shipments of

thin film modules to the residential sector declined from 35 MW in 2011 to 12 MW in 2012,

shipments to the nonresidential (commercial and industrial) sector decreased from 50 MW in

2011 to 11 MW in 2012, and shipments to the utility sector increased from 86 MW to 274

MW.73  However, depending on the technology and substrate, the number of market segments

in which thin film modules produced by particular companies are used may vary.  For example,

the primary applications of flexible a‐Si and CIGS modules are generally the residential and

nonresidential markets, particularly the building integrated market and on rooftops that are not

able to hold a significant amount of weight (due to the modules’ flexibility and light weight).  In

contrast, CdTe modules on glass are primarily sold in the nonresidential and utility market

segments.  CIGS modules on glass are used in all three of the major grid‐connected market

segments and in the off‐grid market.   

Production Process

The thin film production process varies by company and technology, with companies

often employing proprietary production processes.74 In general, a thin layer of the

photosensitive material (e.g., a‐Si, CdTe, CIGS) is deposited directly onto a glass, stainless steel,

or plastic substrate via physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical

deposition, or a combination of methods.  For CdTe modules on glass, the process is continuous

and automated, with a piece of glass entering the production line every ten seconds and

emerging on the other end as a complete module in about two hours, according to Abound

Solar’s former production rate.  First Solar notes that there are three main stages in the CdTe

production process: (1) in the deposition stage, a layer of cadmium sulfide is applied and then a

layer of cadmium telluride; (2) in the cell definition stage, lasers are used to create

interconnected cells; and (3) in the third stage, busbars, an inter‐laminate material, and a rear

piece of glass are added, the module is laminated, and a junction box and wires are added.  For

modules on a flexible substrate, a roll to roll manufacturing process is used, whereby a long roll

of the plastic or stainless steel substrate is unrolled as it moves through production equipment

that deposits the photosensitive material, such as through vacuum deposition (figure I‐16).  In

some cases this results in a more manual module assembly process as the roll is cut into

individual cells that are interconnected and then laminated to form the module.

                                                      

73 Thin film accounted for 1.8 percent of total shipments to the residential sector in 2012, 0.7 percent

of shipments to the nonresidential (commercial and industrial) sector, and 18.7 percent of shipments to

the utility sector.  Total shipments in EIA data include thin film, CSPV, and non‐subject concentrating

photovoltaic modules, and include off‐grid applications.  The market share of thin film products declined

in the residential and commercial sectors from 2011 to 2012, but increased in the utility sector. EIA,

Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2011, September 2012, p. 16; EIA, Solar Photovoltaic

Cell/Module Shipments Report 2012, December 2013, p. 17. 74 This section provides a general overview of thin film production techniques and includes some

specific examples, but does not cover all possible production methods.
I‐30

Figure I-16 

Roll to roll CIGS production equipment (left) and CIGS on a flexible substrate (right) 

   Source: Photos courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit Global Solar Energy. 

U.S. Producers of Thin Film Solar Products

Shipments of U.S.‐manufactured thin film modules (including exports) decreased from

426 MW in 2010 to 367 MW in 2011, and 269 MW in 2012, according to the Energy Information

Administration. Most thin film module shipments originated in Ohio (80.9 percent) and

California (17.5 percent) (figure I‐17).75 According to estimates by GTM Research, First Solar—

whose production is in Ohio—accounted for 82.1 percent of U.S. production in 2012, followed

by Nanosolar (which closed in 2013) and Stion.76  

                                                       

  75 EIA, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2011, September 2012, p. 9; EIA, Solar

Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2010, January 2012, p. 9; EIA, Solar Photovoltaic

Cell/Module Shipments Report 2012, December 2013, p. 10.

  76 Feldman and Margolis, “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in the United States,”

November 2013, p. 15; Wesoff, Eric, “Nanosolar, Thin‐Film Solar Hype Firm, Officially Dead,” Greentech

Media, July 12, 2013.              
I‐31

Figure I-17 

Thin film modules: U.S. manufactured module shipments, 2010–12, state of origin in 2012, and 

leading producers, 2012 

Note: Includes exports. The share of production by First Solar differs from the share of shipments 

originating in Ohio since the two figures are from different data sources. 

Source: EIA, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2011, September 2012, p. 9; EIA, Solar 

Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2010, January 2012, p. 9; EIA, Solar Photovoltaic 

Cell/Module Shipments Report 2012, December 2013, p. 10; Feldman and Margolis, “National Survey 

Report of PV Power Applications in the United States, November 2013, p. 15. 

U.S. production of thin film products, based on data from ***, accounted for about ***

percent of global thin film module production.77 In terms of global production, the share of

global production accounted for by thin film has been declining since 2009, while production of

thin film modules peaked in 2011 (figure I‐18).78

                                                      

77 Feldman and Margolis, “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in the United States,

November 2013, p. 15; ***.

78 Mehta, Shyam, “GTM Research: Yingli Gains Crown as Top Producer in a 36 GW Global PV Market,”

GTM Research, May 1, 2013.

426

367

269

0

100

200

300

400

500

2010 2011 2012

Shipments (MW)

Shipments of U.S. manufactured

thin film modules

1.6%

17.5%

80.9%

0% 50% 100%

Other

California

Ohio

Origin of U.S. produced thin film

modules, 2012

8.6%

3.6%

5.7%

82.1%

0% 50% 100%

Other

Stion

Nanosolar

First Solar

U.S. production of thin film

modules, by company, 2012
I‐32

Figure I-18 

Thin film modules: Volume and share of global PV production, 2007–12 

Source: Mehta, Shyam, “GTM Research: Yingli Gains Crown as Top Producer in a 36 GW Global PV 

Market,” GTM Research, May 1, 2013. 

Note: Thin film module production in MW is approximate since it is calculated based on the share of 

production multiplied by the production for all types of PV modules. 

During the period of investigation, a number of U.S. producers of thin film solar

products have either entered or exited the market.  Figure I‐19 shows a time line of when U.S.

producers of thin film solar products either entered or exited the U.S. market during the period

of investigation.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Share of global production

Global production (MW)

Global thin film module production

Thin film share of global PV module production
I‐33

Figure I-19 

Thin film cells and modules: Listing of firms with thin film production facilities opening and/or 

closing in the United States, 2010–January 2014 

Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec

Abound

AQT Solar Opened plant in CO Reportedly seeking to sell IP and assets

Ascent Started production at larger plant in CO

EPV Solar Filed for bankruptcy

First Solar

GE

Global Solar

Heliovolt No known changes in production capacity

ISET/Pioneer PV No known changes in production capacity

Konarka Filed for bankruptcy

MiaSole

Nanosolar Started mass cell production in CA Assets auctioned

SoloPower Started test runs in OR Suspended manufacturing in OR

Powerfilm No known changes in production capacity

Sencera Plant closed

Solyndra

Stion Opened plant in MS

United Solar

WK Solar

Xunlight No known changes in production capacity

Production capacity increase

Production capacity decrease

Ceased production in CO; filed for 

bankruptcy

2010 2011 2012 2013 Jan. 

2014

Expected to close; most 

operations idled in 2011

Sold second plant (in AZ) 

that built but did not open

Suspended larger CO plant construction; later 

sold IP to First Solar

Reduced workforce by 70%; subsequently 

acquired by Hanergy

Announced reduction in production capacity; 

subsequently acquired by Hanergy

2010: Opened new plant in CA; 2011: ended manufacturing, 

bankruptcy filing

2010: ended module assembly; 2011: ended 

cell production; 2012: bankruptcy

Note: This figure includes plants that opened or closed during 2010–2013, based on publicly available 

data, and does not include all changes in production capacity or information on the extent to which 

production capacity was utilized. 

Source: From USITC Publication 4360 and public research material.
I‐34

Commission’s Six‐factor Domestic Like Product Analysis

The Commission’s decision regarding the appropriate domestic products that are “like”

the subject imported products is based on a number of factors including:  (1) physical

characteristics and uses; (2) common manufacturing facilities, production processes, and

production employees; (3) interchangeability; (4) customer and producer perceptions; (5)

channels of distribution; and (6) price.  The following sections provide information regarding

these factors provided by the parties and state what the Commission determined in its prior

investigation on CSPV cells and modules.  

Physical Characteristics and Uses

Petitioner argued that CSPV products and thin film solar products use completely

different raw material inputs and production technologies.  Petitioner stated that CSPV

products consist of 60 or 72 silicon cells strung together, whereas thin film solar products are

comprised of a thin layer of cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, or amorphous

silicon.  It also observed that thin film solar products generally have smaller dimensions, are

thinner, and weigh less than CSPV products.  Petitioner stated that the CSPV products have

different efficiency and energy output rates with thin film solar products being less efficient and

producing a lower wattage rate than CSPV products.  Petitioner contended that nothing has

occurred in the marketplace or with the technology since the prior CSPV cells and modules

investigation that would warrant a change in the Commission’s analysis that it conducted in the

prior investigation.79

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that

there were significant differences in the physical characteristics between CSPV solar products

and thin film solar products.  Specifically, the Commission stated:

There are significant differences in physical characteristics and

capabilities between CSPV and thin‐film products that are related to

differences in their underlying raw materials and production processes.  

Typical on‐grid CSPV modules consist of a 34‐ to 62‐pound framed glass

laminate that measures 62 to 78 inches long, 32 to 39 inches wide, and

1.2 to 2 inches thick and that is comprised of 60 to 72 cells.  . . .  Thin‐film

modules consist of a glass or flexible substrate such as stainless steel or

plastic with a surface layer of amorphous silicon (“a‐Si”), cadmium

telluride (“CdTe”), and/or copper indium (gallium) (di)selenide (“CIGS”).   

Thin‐film modules generally have smaller dimensions and in particular are

thinner.   They tend to weigh less, and the variety of substrates used to

make thin‐film modules provides more flexibility and a broader range of

possible sizes, including some that are considerably longer than on‐grid

CSPV modules.  

                                                      

79 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 4 and exh. 1 pp. 25‐28.
I‐35

Typical on‐grid CSPV modules have a power output of 120 to more than

400 watts.   . . . Thin‐film products generally range from 60 to 350 watts,

although their output varies depending on the substrate used and the

module’s size. For CSPV modules, conversion efficiencies vary somewhat

depending on the type of module.   Overall, thin‐film products tend to

have a considerably lower conversion rate, despite the fact that thin‐film

products are able to generate power in low‐light conditions.  

In terms of end uses, CSPV products convert sunlight into electricity for

use on‐site or for distribution through the grid; CSPV modules route

electricity generated by the interconnected cells to the junction box,

which can be attached to other modules, an inverter, or, in the case of off‐

grid modules, a charge controller and battery.   Thin‐film products also

convert sunlight into electricity for use on‐site or for distribution through

the electric grid.   Some CSPV cells are used for building‐integrated

photovoltaics such as solar shingles or solar windows, and thin‐film

products are also sometimes used in solar shingles.   Although

Respondents argue that both CSPV and thin‐film products convert

sunlight into energy, this characteristic is also shared by other products. . .  

Aesthetically, U.S. producers reported that CSPV modules have a more‐

defined cell pattern than thin‐film products, which appear to be one large

semiconductor.   Moreover, thin‐film products are more suited to

installation in larger quantities on flat roofs, on less‐expensive land

(deserts), or in projects without space restrictions that limit the number of

modules to achieve a particular wattage.80

In the present investigations, respondents argued that the differences between CSPV

products and thin film solar products have lessened since the Commission looked at this issue

in its prior investigations.  Respondents stated that with advances in technology, thin film solar

products are no longer less efficient per square meter than CSPV products.  They stated that a

number of thin film products now report conversion efficiency rates of 13.3 percent for

cadmium telluride modules (with a record of 16.1 percent).  CSPV products report conversion

efficiencies of 14‐15 percent for multicrystalline and 16‐20 percent for monocrystalline

products.81

                                                      

80Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, pp. 8‐9.

81 Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 15‐16 and exh. 1, pp. 15‐16 (citing to reports by

First Solar, the largest U.S. producer of thin film solar products); Taiwanese Respondents’

postconference brief, exh. A, pp. 1‐2.
I‐36

Common Manufacturing Facilities, Production Processes, and Production Employees

Petitioner stated that the production processes and manufacturing facilities for CSPV

cells and thin film products are completely different.  It stated that the thin film production

process uses entirely different inputs and bypasses an essential step in CSPV cell production

process, namely the production of the silicon crystal and wafer.  Thin film solar products, by

contrast, are produced by directly placing thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate.  

These photovoltaic materials most commonly consist of amorphous silicon, cadmium telleride,

and copper indium gallium selenide, materials not used in the production of CSPV cells.  

Petitioner observed that not a single U.S. or foreign producer reported production of both CSPV

solar products and thin film solar products using the same manufacturing equipment and

workers.82

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that

there were significant differences in the manufacturing processes between CSPV solar products

and thin film solar products.  Specifically, the Commission stated:

The record showed no overlap in the manufacturing facilities, production

processes, or employees used to produce CSPV and thin‐film products.  . . .

Other record data confirm differences in the manufacturing facilities,

production processes, and employees.  As indicated earlier, CSPV products

are made from refined polysilicon that is formed into ingots, sliced into

wafers, converted into cells, and then assembled into modules.   The cells

in CSPV modules use either mono‐ or multi‐crystalline silicon; when

sunlight hits the modules, it knocks loose electrons that flow into the cells’

thin metal “fingers” and conduct electricity to the busbars.   The CSPV

cells are soldered together in strings and arranged in a rectangular

matrix, sealed with an EVA sheet, joined to a back sheet, laminated,

framed, and then mounted to a junction box.   In contrast, manufacturers

generally make thin‐film products by applying a layer of photosensitive

material such as a‐Si, CdTe, and/or CIGS to glass or to a flexible substrate

such as stainless steel or plastic.83

Chinese respondents stated that there is a U.S. producer, First Solar, that produces both

CSPV products and thin film solar products. In 2013, First Solar acquired TetraSun, a company

developing a high‐efficiency, low‐cost, crystalline technology.  First Solar stated that it plans to

                                                      

82Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 24.

83Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, pp. 9‐10.
I‐37

have CSPV modules under the First Solar brand name complement its thin film solar products.  

Production of these CSPV modules is projected to occur in in late 2014 or early 2015.84

Interchangeability

Petitioner stated that because of the different physical characteristics of the two

products, especially efficiency and output rates, the interchangeability of CSPV products and

thin film solar products is limited.  It contended that thin film solar products need more surface

area to generate the same amount of electricity that can be generated by CSPV products, and

thus, are less suitable for roof‐top residential and commercial applications.  Because of the

larger geographic areas needed for thin film solar products, petitioner alleged that they are

typically used in the utility market segment.85

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that in a

majority of cases, CSPV solar products and thin film solar products are not interchangeable.  

Specifically, the Commission stated:

At the design phase, CSPV products may be interchangeable with thin‐film

products, depending on the project.   Nonetheless, thin‐film products have

different balance of system requirements than CSPV products.  Moreover,

due to their lower conversion efficiencies and lower wattage output, thin‐

film products need more surface area to generate the same energy as

CSPV modules, making thin‐film products somewhat more attractive for

projects in environments with high temperatures and significant amounts

of sunlight.  Thin‐film products also may be more suitable for utility as

opposed to residential and smaller non‐residential applications, except for

those projects needing a lighter product for mounting on a lower‐strength

roof or a more flexible product.86

Respondents, citing U.S. importer questionnaire responses and purchaser testimony at

the conference, claimed that the two product types are interchangeable in the marketplace and

compete in the utility sector as well as the residential and commercial roof‐top sectors.87

                                                      

84Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 17, exh.1, pp. 18‐19, and exh. 11 (citing to First

Solar’s 3Q2013 10‐Q).  Nowhere in First Solar’s 10‐Q does it state that CSPV and thin film will be

manufactured using the same manufacturing equipment or workers.

85Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 28 (Citing First Solar's 2012 Annual Report which

indicates that even the most advanced 2 foot by 4 foot thin film modules have an average rated power

of only 92.5 watts which is well below the average rated power of 225 watts to 300 watts for CSPV

products).

86Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, pp. 10‐11.

87 Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 16 and exh. 1, pp. 16‐17; “We have installed

monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film solar panels and consider all three technologies to be part

(continued...)
I‐38

Customer and Producer Perceptions

Petitioner stated that customers and producers generally perceive CSPV products to be

the established PV technology with higher efficiency and thin film solar products to be a newer,

less established and less efficient technology.88

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that in a

majority of cases, CSPV solar products and thin film solar products were perceived differently.  

Specifically, the Commission stated:

In their questionnaire responses, 11 of 19 U.S. producers of CSPV and/or

thin‐film products and 23 of 49 responding importers reported that their

customers perceive the products to have different physical characteristics,

flexibility, efficiency, power outage, space requirements, bankability,

environmental concerns, climate suitability, performance characteristics,

reliability, durability, and established nature.  . . .  Although a number of

purchasers considered both products for their purchases, many reported

that they considered either CSPV or thin‐film products but not both.89

Respondents claimed that customers and producers perceive both products to be

similar and in direct competition with one another.  Respondents cited First Solar’s 2013 annual

report in which it states that manufacturers of CSPV cells are among its main competitors.  

Respondents also claimed that customers, especially large solar project developers, will

consider bids for both types of technology.90

Channels of Distribution

Petitioner observed that there are three primary market segments for solar products:

(1) utilities; (2) commercial; and (3) residential.  According to petitioner, CSPV products

compete in all markets whereas thin film solar products are highly concentrated in the utility

sector. Even in the utility sector, petitioner claimed that there is limited overlap of competition

between CSPV and thin film solar products because of the difference in the customary

negotiation process for each technology.  Petitioner argued that the utility sector generally

purchases its thin film solar products in direct negotiations between the producer and the

                                                      

(...continued)

of the same market,” Conference transcript, p. 133 (Stanton)(discussing residential solar market);

Taiwanese Respondents’ postconference brief, exh. A, pp. 1‐2.

88Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 31‐32.

89Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, p. 11.

90 Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 17 and exh. 1, p. 18; Taiwanese Respondents’

postconference brief, exh. A, pp. 1‐2.
I‐39

utility or developer whereas residential and commercial applications are generally sold from

solar producer to distributor or installer and then to end user.   

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that

CSPV solar products and thin film solar products share similar channels of distribution.  

Specifically, the Commission stated:

In their questionnaire responses, 12 of 19 U.S. producers of CSPV and/or

thin‐film products reported that the two products share the same

channels of distribution, as did 34 of 49 responding importers.  CSPV

modules used in residential grid‐connected systems are typically installed

on the roof and connected to an inverter (either central inverter or

individual module micro‐inverters) to provide electricity for the individual

home or feed energy back into the grid when solar generation exceeds

home use; typical residential installations were 5.7 kilowatts (“KW”) in

2011.  CSPV modules are also used in non‐residential systems installed on

commercial, industrial, government, or similar buildings; these

installations are typically larger and have been increasing in size (about

81 KW in 2010 and about 43 percent higher a year later), but they

function similarly to residential installations. . . . Thin‐film modules also

may be used in residential, non‐residential, and utility on‐grid as well as

off‐grid applications. According to questionnaire data, between 2009 and

2011, the majority of U.S.‐manufactured CSPV modules were sold to

commercial installers; in the first half of 2012, a majority of shipments

were to distributors.  A smaller but growing share of CSPV products were

sold to residential installers and to utility co/developers throughout the

POI. . .

91

Chinese respondents claimed that the channels of distribution for both products are

identical whereby both products are sold directly to utilities and sold to wholesalers and

distributors to be sold in the residential and commercial roof‐top sector.92

                                                      

91Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, p. 10.

92 Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 16 and exh. 1, p. 17.
I‐40

Price

Petitioner stated that CSPV and thin film solar products have always had differing price

points.  Because of the difference in the technological efficiency, CSPV products are generally

more expensive than thin film products.93

In the prior CSPV cells and modules investigation, the Commission determined that the

price of CSPV solar products was generally higher than those of thin film solar products.

Specifically, the Commission stated:

In their questionnaire responses, 12 of 19 U.S. producers of CSPV and/or

thin‐film products reported that CSPV products are generally priced

higher than thin‐film products, as did 35 of 49 responding importers.   

Several reported that the price differential between CSPV products and

thin‐film products narrowed during the POI, with the decline in polysilicon

prices as well as the influx of lower‐priced imports of CSPV products from

China.94

Respondents argued that because thin film solar products compete with CSPV products,

since the Commission’s prior investigations, the prices of CSPV products have significantly

decreased and are now more in line with the prices of thin film products.95

                                                      

93Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 25.

94Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012, p. 11.

95 Chinese Respondents’ postconference brief, p. 17 and exh. 1, p. 19; Taiwanese Respondents’

postconference brief, exh. A, pp. 1‐2.
II‐1

PART II: CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION IN THE U.S. MARKET

U.S. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS

CSPV modules are made of CSPV cells that convert sunlight into electricity. These

modules are installed on or above roofs of residential and non‐residential buildings or as stand‐

alone units, as well as for other products such as building integrated photovoltaics (“BIPV”).1

Modules vary in sizes, nominal power output, and efficiencies. Typical on‐grid modules have 60

to 72 cells and a power output of between 200 watts and 310 watts.2 As discussed in Part I, the

three on‐grid market segments are residential, commercial, and utility.  

The demand for CSPV cells and modules is derived from the demand for solar electricity.

In 2012, the United States accounted for 11 percent of all global PV installations, its highest

market share in 15 years.3 Demand for CSPV products has increased and is expected to

continue to grow in the United States. PV installations increased 241.4 percent from 2010 to

2012 (figure II‐1). This growth continued in 2013, with PV installations forecasted to have

increased 27 percent between 2012 and 2013, with a 52 percent growth rate in the residential

sector alone.4 According to industry experts, it is anticipated that the United States will install

***.5 While there has been growth in the overall market for CSPV products, the market is

complex and demand trends vary across geographic markets, market segments, and customer

types.  

 

1 Petition, p. 25. 2 “2012 Crystalline Silicon Module Guide”, SolarPro, Issue 5.6, October/November 2012. SolarPro

listed modules that met the UL1703 standard and were also eligible for the California Solar Initiative

(CSI) program which it considers a good indication of a manufacturer’s commitment to maintaining or

establishing a presence in the North American market.

3 SEIA, “2012 Year in Review‐Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 3. 4 SEIA, “Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, Q3 2013, p.4. 5 Petitioner’s postconference brief, exhibit 4; ***.
II‐2

Figure II-1 

U.S. PV Installations by market segment, 2007-2012 

Source: SEIA, “2012 Year in Review-Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 5. 

Government policy and incentives have played a key role in the development of solar

electricity. Federal, state, and local incentives for renewable energy have bolstered demand for

CSPV cells and modules.6 7

  Because solar energy has historically cost more than energy from

conventional sources like fossil fuels, policy mechanisms have helped to lower its generating

costs and encourage its use. These mechanisms include fiscal incentives, such as tax credits to

offset the cost of generating solar energy, and regulatory policies that mandate its use and set

its price.

CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION

According to petitioner, CSPV cells are typically internally consumed to produce solar

modules or sold to companies that fabricate modules or panels. CSPV modules are generally

sold to distributors, installers, and utility/developers.8 9 U.S. producers sold to all four channels

 

6 Barbose, Galen et al., “Tracking the Sun IV,” September 2011, p. 5. 7 These policies and incentives can vary significantly from one state to another. Conference

transcript, pp. 59‐60, p. 86 (Brinser) and pp. 154‐155 (Morrison).

8 Petition, p. 27.

9 Installers are firms that are responsible for the CSPV system installation; however, they may

subcontract some parts of the installation to other firms such as electrical contractors. Installers may sell

the system themselves or be contracted by other system sellers, such as third‐party owners, to install

the system. Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421,

August 2013, p. 3‐11.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PV Installations (MW)

Residential Non-residential Utility
II‐3

of distribution, but sold primarily to distributors and commercial installers during the period of

investigation. Imports from China were sold primarily to commercial installers and

utilities/developers. Imports from Taiwan were sold primarily to commercial installers and

utilities/developers in 2010 but then shifted to primarily residential installers and

utilities/developers in 2012 (table II‐1).10 11

Table II-1 

CSPV modules: U.S. producers’ and importers’ U.S. shipments, by sources and channels of 

distribution, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Market Segments

Petitioner notes that within the channels of distribution (distributors, installers, and

utilities/developers), there are three main market segments:12

(1) Residential, where panels are affixed to residential rooftops or installed in

stand‐alone systems;

(2) Commercial {also referred to as nonresidential}, where panels are affixed to

large, flat non‐residential rooftops or installed in stand‐alone systems; and  

(3) Utility‐scale, where large scale solar panel arrays are installed as stand‐alone

units.

The residential market segment consists primarily of installations by home or building

owners in order to generate electricity for use on site. The U.S. residential installer industry is

highly fragmented with more than 2,000 active solar installers in the market, with the top five

firms combined accounting for less than one‐third of the U.S. market in 2012.13  Some

residential installations may be owned by a third‐party lessor who sells the electricity to a

residential client.14   

The commercial market segment consists primarily of building owners seeking to

generate electricity for use on site, and may also be provided by third‐party lessors. This market

 

10 Data were collected based on the country of exportation of the module and not on the country of

origin of the cell. 11 According to Taiwan respondents, Taiwan producers typically focus more on the residential and

commercial segments of the market. Conference transcript, p. 226 (Kobes). 12 Petition, p. 27.

13 Overall, the leading residential installers in the United States in 2012 appear to be SolarCity,

Verengo Solar, Trinity Solar, RevoluSun, REC Solar, and Sungevity. Renewable Energy and Related

Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421, August 2013, p. 3‐11. 14 According to Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), third‐party ownership in the residential

solar sector has increased. In 2012, third‐party owned systems accounted for over 50 percent of all new

residential installations in most major residential markets. SEIA, “2012 Year in Review‐Executive

Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 2.  
II‐4

is also highly fragmented, with more than 1,000 nonresidential installers active in 2012 and the

top five firms accounting for less than 25 percent of installations by watt.15 According to

industry representatives, larger installation firms may have several advantages that include the

ability to provide financing, leverage lower system prices, expand into new states and acquire

local firms; this has led industry representatives to predict significant consolidation among

residential and commercial installers.16

The utility market segment consists primarily of installations owned by utility companies

or third parties where the electricity is generated for a power grid.17 Utility project

development is more concentrated among a smaller number of firms, with the top five utility

project developers accounting for 59 percent of U.S. project completed in 2012.18   

All three market segments (residential, commercial, and utility) have experienced

considerable growth during the period of investigation. However, the relative share of installed

capacity has been shifting from the commercial segment to the utility segment, driven in large

part by state renewable portfolio standard requirements (figure II‐2).  

 

15 In 2012, the top commercial installers appear to be SunPower, SolarCity, SunEdison, Borrego Solar

Systems, and Chevron Energy Solutions. Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments,

USITC Publication 4421, August 2013, pp. 3‐11‐12.

16 Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421, August

2013, p. 3‐12‐13. 17 Utility scale projects often involve a bidding process. Respondents assert that, with utility projects,

there are two contracts being negotiated at the same time:  “one for the Engineering, Procurement, and

Construction (“EPC”) firm for the construction of the project and one for the Power Purchase Agreement

(“PPA”) for the sale of electricity to the utility company.” Respondent’s postconference brief, exhibit 2,

p. 15.

18 In 2012, the top utility project developers were First Solar, Sempra, SunPower, EDF, GCL Solar

Energy, and SunEdison. Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC

Publication 4421, August 2013, p. 3‐15.
II‐5

Figure II-2 

Annual share of U.S. solar installations by market segment, 2010-12, and January-September 2013 

Source: SEIA, “2012 Year in Review-Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 5; SEIA, 

“Q1 2013- Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 6; and SEIA, “Q3 2013- Executive 

Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 6. 

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

U.S. producers and importers reported selling CSPV products to all regions in the

contiguous United States (table II‐2). U.S. producers reported that *** percent of sales were

within 100 miles of their production facility, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and ***

percent of sales were over 1,000 miles. Importers of CSPV products from China reported that

*** percent of sales were within 100 miles of their U.S. point of shipment, *** percent

between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles. Importers of CSPV products

from Taiwan reported that *** percent of sales were within 100 miles of their U.S. point of

shipment, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles. The

top states with the highest PV installation rates during the period were California, Arizona,

North Carolina, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, and Hawaii.19

 

19 SEIA, “2012 Year in Review‐Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p. 6; SEIA, “Q3

2013‐Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2013, p.7.

29.0

15.8 14.7 21.2

39.6

43.2

31.8 27.3

31.4

41.0

53.6 51.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

2010 2011 2012 Jan-Sept 2013

Percent

Residential Non-residential Utility
II‐6

Table II-2 

CSPV products: Geographic market areas in the United States served by U.S. producers and 

importers, by number of responding firms 

Region U.S. producers 

Importers from 

China 

Importers from 

Taiwan 

Northeast 3 26 10 

Midwest 4 22 9 

Southeast 4 25 9 

Central Southwest 3 22 8 

Mountain 3 26 11 

Pacific Coast 5 30 14 

Other1 3 23 11 

Present in all continental regions 3 19 7 

1

 All other U.S. markets, including AK, HI, PR, and VI, among others. 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

SUPPLY AND DEMAND CONSIDERATIONS

U.S. supply

Domestic production

Based on available information, U.S. producers of CSPV products have the ability to

respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of U.S.‐

produced CSPV products to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of

responsiveness of supply are the availability of unused capacity, existence of alternate markets,

and some inventories; supply responsiveness is somewhat constrained due to an inability to

switch from production of alternative products to CSPV products.  

Industry capacity

Domestic capacity utilization for both CSPV cells and CSPV modules fell during the

period of investigation. Capacity utilization, by kilowatt, for CSPV cells decreased from ***

percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012 and was *** percent and *** percent in interim 2012

and interim 2013, respectively. For U.S.‐produced CSPV modules, capacity utilization fell from

*** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012; capacity utilization was lower in interim 2013 (***

percent) than in interim 2012 (*** percent). As shown in figure II‐3, while U.S. producers’

overall capacity for both CSPV cells and modules increased from 2010 to 2012, production

generally fell throughout the period. This relatively moderately‐low level of capacity utilization

suggests that U.S. producers may have substantial capacity to increase production of product in

response to an increase in prices.
II‐7

Figure II-3 

CSPV products: U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization of CSPV cells and modules, 

2010-2012, January-September 2012 and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Alternative markets

U.S. producers have a moderate‐to‐large ability to shift shipments between the U,S,

market and other markets in response to price changes for CSPV cells but a limited ability to do

so for CSPV modules. U.S. producers’ exports of CSPV cells, as a percentage of total shipments,

increased irregularly from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012; U.S. producers’ exports

of CSPV cells were higher in interim 2012 (*** percent) compared to interim 2013 (***

percent). U.S. producers’ exports of CSPV modules, as a percentage of total shipments, steadily

decreased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012 and were lower in interim 2013

(*** percent) compared to interim 2012 (*** percent).   

Inventory levels

U.S. producers’ inventories of CSPV products, as a ratio to total shipments, increased

irregularly from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012; the ratio of inventories to total

shipments were lower in interim 2013 (*** percent) compared to interim 2012 (*** percent).

These inventory levels suggest that U.S. producers may have some ability to respond to changes

in demand with changes in the quantity shipped from inventories.

Production alternatives

*** responding U.S. producers stated that they could not switch production from CSPV

products to other products.  

Supply constraints

Two of five responding producers reported that their firms were unable to supply CSPV

products since 2010. *** reported that demand for CSPV products has outpaced its

manufacturing capacity. *** reported that it experienced supply constraints in the fourth

quarter of 2010 due to the high demand caused by the expected expiration of the Treasury

1603 cash grant.20

 

20 The SEIA reports that as a result of the expected expiration of the Section 1603 Treasury Cash

Grant program in December 31, 2010, many project developers initiated projects during the summer of

2010 to meet the start‐construction deadline at the end of 2010. The program was ultimately extended

through December 31, 2011. As a result, SEIA identified an “application boom” in Q2‐2010, and an

“installation boom” in Q1‐2011 in the nonresidential market segment. Petition, SEIA, “U.S. Solar Market

(continued...)
II‐8

Subject imports from China  

The Commission received 53 questionnaire responses from Chinese producers.21 Based

on available information, producers of CSPV products from China have the ability to respond to

changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of CSPV products to the

U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the

increasing capacity and the existence of large export markets; supply responsiveness is

somewhat constrained due to limited inventories and an inability to shift from production of

alternative products.  

Industry capacity

Chinese producers’ capacity utilization for both CSPV cells and CSPV modules decreased

during the period of investigation. Chinese production and capacity levels for both CSPV cells

and modules are shown in figure II‐4. Capacity utilization for CSPV cells decreased from ***

percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012 and was *** percent and *** percent in interim 2012

and interim 2013, respectively. The decrease in capacity utilization was driven by increases in

total capacity that exceeded annual production increases.

For CSPV modules, Chinese producers’ capacity decreased from *** percent in 2010 to

*** percent in 2012; capacity utilization was *** percent and *** percent in interim 2012 and

interim 2013, respectively. Similar to China’s CSPV cell production, the decrease in capacity

utilization for CSPV modules was driven by increases in total capacity that outpaced China’s

production levels.22 Based on questionnaire response, both Chinese capacity and production

levels of CSPV products are estimated to increase in 2014.

Figure II-4 

CSPV products: Chinese production and capacity for CSPV cells and modules, 2010-2012, and 

projected 2013-2014 

* * * * * * *

Alternative markets

Responding Chinese producers have the ability to divert shipments of CSPV products to

or from alternative markets in response to changes in price of CSPV products. Responding

Chinese producers primarily export CSPV modules while using their production of CSPV cells

internally for CSPV modules. Approximately *** of Chinese producers’ CSPV cells were

                                                            

(...continued)

Insight: 1st Quarter 2011—Executive Summary,” Exhibit I‐23, pp. 6‐10 and Figure 2‐2. SEIA also adds that

as a result of the “2010 Overhang,” 2010 module shipments greatly exceeded 2010 module installations. 21 The 53 responding producers account for an estimated *** percent of total CSPV cell production

and *** percent of total CSPV module production in China. 22 Chinese capacity to produce CSPV modules was *** times greater than U.S. total apparent

consumption of CSPV modules in 2012.
II‐9

internally consumed during the period of investigation. Exports of CSPV cells, as a percentage of

total shipments, decreased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012. Home market

shipments of CSPV cells (as a percentage of total shipments) fluctuated between *** percent to

*** percent during 2010‐12.  

However, the vast majority of Chinese‐produced CSPV modules were exported during

the period (figure II‐5). Shipments of CSPV modules to the United States increased from ***

percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2011 and then decreased to *** percent in 2012. Shipments

of CSPV modules to all other markets decreased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in

2012. Shipments of CSPV modules to the United States are projected to increase in 2013 and

2014; however, exports to all other markets are projected to decline.

Figure II-5 

CSPV products: Shares of total shipments of CSPV modules by Chinese producers, 2010-2012, 

and projected 2013-2014 

* * * * * * *

Inventory levels

Responding Chinese producers have a limited ability to use inventories as a means of

increasing shipments of CSPV products. For CSPV cells, the ratio of inventories as a share of

total shipments increased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012. For CSPV modules,

the ratio of inventories as a share of total shipments increased from *** percent in 2010 to ***

percent in 2012.

Production alternatives

*** responding Chinese producers reported that no other products could be produced

using the same machinery and equipment used in the production of CSPV products.

Subject imports from Taiwan

The Commission received 19 questionnaire responses from Taiwan producers.23 Based

on available information, producers of CSPV products from Taiwan have the ability to respond

to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of CSPV products to the

U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the

availability of unused capacity and existence of alternate market; supply responsiveness is

somewhat constrained due to limited inventories and an inability to shift from production of

alternative products.

 

23 The 19 responding producers account for approximately *** percent of total CSPV cell production

and *** percent CSPV module production in Taiwan.
II‐10

Industry capacity

Taiwan producers’ capacity utilization for both CSPV cells and CSPV modules decreased

during the period of investigation but are projected to increase in 2013 and 2014. The Taiwan

industry focuses primarily on the production of CSPV cells.24 Capacity utilization for CSPV cells

decreased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012; capacity utilization was higher in

interim 2013 (*** percent) compared to interim 2012 (*** percent). Estimates indicate that

capacity utilization will be *** percent in 2014. The decrease in capacity utilization was driven

by increases in total capacity that exceeded its annual production increases (figure II‐6).

For CSPV modules, Taiwan producers’ capacity utilization decreased from *** percent in

2010 to *** percent in 2012; capacity utilization was higher in interim 2013 (*** percent)

compared to interim 2012 (*** percent) and is estimated to be ***  percent in 2014. Similar to

Taiwan’s CSPV cell production, the decrease in capacity utilization for CSPV modules was driven

by increases in total capacity that outpaced Taiwan’s production levels (figure II‐6).25  

Figure II-6 

CSPV products: Taiwan production and capacity for CSPV cells and modules, 2010-2012, and 

projected 2013-2014 

* * * * * * *

Alternative markets

Responding Taiwan producers have the ability to divert shipments of CSPV products to

or from alternative markets in response to changes in price of CSPV products. Taiwan’s industry

is export‐oriented with only a small share of CSPV products shipped to its home market.26 The

overwhelming majority of Taiwan producers’ shipments of CSPV cells were exported (figure II‐

7). Total exports of Taiwan‐produced CSPV cells, as a share of total shipments, decreased from

*** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012. China was Taiwan’s largest export market; exports

of Taiwan‐produced CSPV cells to China, as a share of total shipments, increased irregularly

from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012 and is projected to continue to increase.

Shipments of Taiwan‐produced CSPV cells to the United States, as a share of total shipments,

decreased irregularly from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012.  

 

24 Conference transcript, pp. 142‐143 (Kobes).

25 Taiwan capacity to produce CSPV modules was 50 times greater than U.S. total apparent

consumption of CSPV modules in 2012.

26 According to Robert Kobes of AUO, a Taiwanese producer, the history of Taiwan has been primarily

as an exporter. The majority of shipments from Taiwan are exported to Japan which currently has a

rapidly growing market, as well as China and the United States. Conference transcript, p. 183 (Kobes).
II‐11

Figure II-7 

CSPV products: Shares of total shipments of CSPV cells by Taiwan producers, 2010-2012, and 

projected 2013-2014 

* * * * * * *

Similarly for CSPV modules, Taiwan producers reported that the majority of their total

shipments were exported to other markets (figure II‐8). Total exports, as a share of total

shipments, decreased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012. Shipments of CSPV

modules to the United States increased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012.

Figure II-8 

CSPV products: Shares of total shipments of CSPV modules by Taiwan producers, 2010-2012, and 

projected 2013-2014 

* * * * * * *

Inventory levels

Responding Taiwan producers have a limited ability to use inventories as a means of

increasing shipments of CSPV products. For CSPV cells, the ratio of inventories as a share of

total shipments increased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent in 2012 and was ***

percent in interim 2013 compared to *** percent in interim 2012. For CSPV modules, the ratio

of inventories as a share of total shipments increased from *** percent in 2010 to *** percent

in 2012 and was *** percent in interim 2013 compared to *** percent in interim 2012.

Production alternatives

*** responding Taiwan producers responded that no other products could be produced

using the same machinery and equipment used in the production of CSPV products.

Supply constraints

Seventeen of 35 responding importers reported that their firms were unable to supply

CSPV products at some point during the period of investigation. Several firms reported that the

supply of CSPV products has decreased since the duties were placed on Chinese cells and

modules in 2012. *** reported that it invested heavily to increase its wafer and cell capacity in

China which was then negatively impacted with the imposed duties in 2012; the duties have

significantly increased cells costs and eliminated its ability to utilize its increased cell capacity in

China. Two importers reported that their dependency on cells from Taiwan has limited their

ability to fulfill orders. *** reported that it lost a customer because it was no longer able to

supply the customer with custom‐made solar panels. It also reported that it consistently is

unable to supply customers with CSPV products or deliver on time because of the unreliability

of new suppliers. *** reported that it has declined sales due to supply constraints in times of

spiked demand, such as the period before the expiration of the Treasury 1603 cash grant. It also

reported that its supply allocation has been cut by *** headquarters due to its ability to sell at
II‐12

higher prices in other markets or its inability to procure key raw materials for production. ***

reported that it declines sales or will refrain from bidding on a project if it is unable to realize its

“pricing guidance and contribution margin.” *** reported that it also is selective in the projects

it selects in order to maintain profitability. *** reported that it also refuses to accept projects if

the buyer’s requested price term is too low and/or the buyer’s credit level is not high enough.

*** reported that the spiked demand in Europe during the third quarter of 2010 as well as in

China and Japan during the fourth quarter of 2013 has affected its U.S. supply. *** reported

that demand has been higher than its manufacturing capacity; it noted that in 2013, there was

strong demand for its products in the EU, Japan, as well as from its U.S. customers like

SolarCity. In 2013, it allocated its products to Japan instead of the United States because

Japan’s market prices were higher due to its generous feed in tariff rates.  

Nonsubject imports

Based on importer questionnaire data (presented in Part IV), CSPV products are

imported from a few nonsubject countries and in very limited quantities. The largest sources of

U.S. imports of CSPV products from nonsubject countries were Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines,

Germany, and Japan. Excluding imports from China that are already subject to duties,

nonsubject imports accounted for *** percent of apparent consumption during 2010‐12.  

U.S. demand

Based on available information, the overall demand for CSPV products is likely to

experience moderately‐large to large changes in response to changes in price. The main

contributing factors are the ability of substitute products and the large cost share of CSPV

products in most of its end‐use products.

The demand for CSPV cells and modules is derived from the demand for solar electricity.

The demand for solar electricity is attributed to increasing power rates and energy

consumption, environmental concerns and the general movement toward “green energy”

alternatives, cost competitiveness with traditional energy sources, a desire for national energy

independence, and the availability of Federal, state, and local incentives.

Electricity demand in the United States is supplied primarily by conventional sources,

such as coal and natural gas, as well as renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,

geothermal, and biomass. Approximately two‐thirds of U.S. electricity was generated from

either coal or natural gas (figure II‐9). However, the share of electricity generated from

renewable energy sources, such as solar, has increased on an annual basis.   
II‐13

Figure II-9 

U.S. Electricity generation by fuel, by sector, 2006-2013 and forecasted 2014-15 

Apparent consumption

Apparent U.S. consumption of CSPV modules increased substantially during the period,

increasing from *** kilowatts in 2010 to *** kilowatts in 2012, and showed continued growth

during the 2013 interim period. Overall, apparent U.S. consumption increased *** percent from

2010 to 2012.

Demand trends

The majority of firms reported an increase in U.S. demand for CSPV products since 2010

(table II‐5). U.S. producers and importers attributed the increased demand to lower module

prices, Federal, state, and local incentive programs, declining polysilicon prices, and a demand

for “green” energy. Importer *** stated that “Demand for rooftop and wholesale solar has

grown due to state solar or renewable energy mandates that are designed to increase the

utility's obligated purchase per year over a decade or more. Some utilities that have no state

solar mandate buy solar energy to serve their peak energy demand needs, which is when solar

production is highest. Finally, some commercial customers purchase solar to "lock in" their

energy costs for 20 or more years and benefit from an energy hedging value, coupled with

satisfying a "green" corporate social responsibility goal.

20.1% 21.6% 21.4% 23.3% 23.9% 24.7% 30.3% 27.5% 26.8% 27.6%

49.0% 48.5% 48.2% 44.4% 44.8% 42.3% 37.4% 39.1% 40.2% 38.6%

Forecast

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Thousand megawatthours per day

Coal

Natural gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Hydropower

Renewables

Other sources

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 2014.

Note: Labels show percentage share of total generation provided by coal and natural gas.
II‐14

Table II-5 

CSPV products: Firms’ responses regarding U.S. demand, by number of responding firms 

Item Increase Decrease Fluctuate No change 

Demand in the United States 

U.S. producers 5 0 0 0 

Importers 29 3 2 4 

Demand outside the United States 

U.S. producers 2 0 2 0 

Importers 23 2 2 2 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Two of four responding U.S. producers and the majority of importers indicated that

demand outside the United States has increased since 2010. The increase in demand outside of

the United States was attributed to similar reasons as the growth in the United States: reduced

module prices, the existence of government incentives and mandatory renewable energy goals,

and a growing trend towards green energy.27 Two producers and three importers reported that

the economic recession in Europe and the fluctuating incentives has resulted in fluctuating or

falling demand in the EU.28  

Other factors affecting demand

The demand for CSPV products is derived from the demand for solar electricity.

However, purchasers can demand energy and electricity from a wide variety of sources, ranging

from traditional fossil fuels to various forms of renewable energy (including wind, solar,

geothermal, and biomass). Competition with traditional energy sources are driven by its

levelized cost of electricity for solar electricity. Electricity providers using renewable energy

sources seek to achieve “grid parity” with other sources of electricity.29 The levelized cost of

electricity varies state‐by‐state, by time of day, and by the availability of other electricity

sources.30 31As shown in figure II‐9, the general trend of the price of electricity generated by

 

27 According to Neo Solar Power, due to Japan’s shift away from nuclear energy after the 2011

tsunami, Japan’s solar energy market is rapidly growing. It stated that approximately 30 percent of

Taiwan’s exports are sent to Japan. Conference transcript, p. 140 (Lu).

28 According to petitioner, solar demand in Germany and Italy, two of the largest European solar

markets, decreased by about 55 percent between 2012 and 2013 and demand in these countries is

expected to continue to fall. Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 7.

29 Grid parity is the price at which the levelized cost of electricity generated from renewable sources

is competitive with the cost of conventional energy from the grid.

30 Conference transcript, pp. 150‐153 (Button and Morrison).

31 The electricity market varies state‐by‐state; the type of grid access and the price for electricity

depends on the particularities of each state.  Strata Solar, a commercial and utilities project developer,

reported that it focuses on two principal markets, North Carolina and California. In North Carolina, the

price that it receives for its solar electricity is established by the utilities commission. However, in

(continued...)
II‐15

coal has remained unchanged since 2010 and its price is forecasted to stay stable through 2015.

The general trend of the price of electricity generated by natural gas declined substantially from

2010 to 2012, but has increased in 2013 and is projected to remain higher than its 2012 levels.

Figure II-9 

U.S. natural gas and coal electric power price, monthly, January 2010-December 2013 and 

projected January 2014-December 2015 

Source: “Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 2014- U.S. Energy Prices Table 2,” U.S. Energy 

Information Administration, retrieved January 29, 2014. 

As shown in table II‐6, the majority of producers (4 of 5) and the majority of importers

(17 of 23) reported that prices of conventional energy, such as natural gas or coal, did not affect

demand for CSPV products or cause the demand of CSPV products to decrease in the residential

and commercial markets since 2010. In fact, a plurality of importers indicated that conventional

energy prices have caused the demand for CSPV products in the residential and commercial

market segments to increase since 2010. Several importers reported that prices of traditional

sources of electricity, like natural gas and coal, have been rising, which have made alternative

energy sources, such as solar, more attractive. *** stated that “Although the cost of certain

conventional energy sources such as natural gas has decreased recently, the average electricity

price for homeowners has continued to increase. At the same time, the price for residential

solar systems has dropped dramatically. This is in part due to state and federal tax credits and

rebates, but increasingly due to the high prices of retail electricity.”

                                                            

(...continued)

California, it negotiates a price with the end user in a power purchase agreement. So the price depends

on the state in which the firm is operating. Conference transcript, pp. 152‐153 (Morrison).

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Dollars per million Btu

 Coal Natural Gas

Forecasted 
II‐16

Table II-6 

CSPV products: Firms’ responses regarding the effect of conventional energy prices on U.S. 

demand for CSPV products since 2010, by market segment 

Item Increase Decrease Fluctuate No change 

Effect on residential demand 

U.S. producers 0 0 1 4 

Importers 10 4 5 11 

Effect on commercial demand 

U.S. producers 0 0 2 2 

Importers 11 4 7 6 

Effect on Utilities 

U.S. producers 0 1 2 1 

Importers 8 7 7 6 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires 

Regarding the utility market, firms’ responses were varied. Several firms indicated that

the utility market is more sensitive to price pressure from other conventional energy sources. A

plurality of importers reported that the falling prices of natural gas have placed downward

pressure on module and system prices. One importer (***) stated that the price of natural gas

is often used to calculate the replacement cost for solar energy; therefore, the falling prices of

natural gas have placed pressure on the cost of solar projects to become more competitive. But

it also noted that environmental benefits can offer a premium price; it noted that despite the

price difference between coal and solar, consumers generally prefer solar.

Government policies

Various policy mechanisms were created to help solar electricity reach price parity with

traditional energy sources. These mechanisms include fiscal incentives and regulatory policies.

There are a wide array of fiscal incentives which are designed to lower the cost of project

development, including various tax credits, cash grants in lieu of credit, and loan guarantees

(table II‐3). Tax credits are the most common form of fiscal incentive; several types of tax

credits have been modified and extended at various times which have affected the timing of

the development of solar projects.
II‐17

Table II-3 

CSPV products: Selected U.S. fiscal incentives to promote solar energy 

Type of incentive Description Expiration Date 

Production tax credit 

(PTC) 

Encourages solar energy production 

by providing a 10-year productionbased tax credit equal to 2.3¢/kWh 

Project must be under construction 

by end of 2013. 

Investment tax credit 

(ITC) 

Encourages investment in solar 

energy projects by reducing tax 

liabilities by up to 30 percent of 

eligible capital expenditures. 

Project must be commissioned by 

end of 2016 for 30 percent ITC; 10 

percent ITC after 2016, without 

expiration. 

Cash grant program 

(Treasury 1603 

program) 

Cash grant equal to up to 30 percent 

of eligible capital expenditures in lieu 

of the ITC 

Project must be under construction 

by the end of 2011 and completed 

by the end of 2016. 

Loan guarantee 

program (DOE 1706 

loan program) 

Authorized $16 billion in loan 

guarantees, mostly for wind and solar 

generation projects 

Must have begun construction before 

September 30, 2011. 

Manufacturing tax 

credit (MTC) 

Allocated $2.3 billion in investment 

tax credits up to 30 percent of 

investment in manufacturing facilities 

of clean energy products. 

Project must have been 

commissioned before February 17, 

2013. 

Source: Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421, 

August 2013, pp. 2-11-12. 

Two of the most widespread regulatory policies are renewable portfolio standards

(“RPSs”)32 and feed‐in‐tariffs (“FITs”).33 RPSs primarily affect demand for renewable energy,

including solar electricity, by mandating its use and thereby increasing the demand for CSPV

products. In the United States, 29 states and the District of Columbia have RPS policies in

place.34  FITs primarily affect the supply of solar energy by paying a solar electricity generator a

known rate of return. In the United States, five states have FITs in place (California, Hawaii,

Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont). According to the petitioner, these incentives are provided

to the purchaser and installer and are available regardless of the country of origin of the

modules.35

Firms were asked how Federal, state, and local government incentives have affected the

demand for CSPV products since 2010 (table II‐4). One producer, *** reported that state and

local government incentives have fluctuated. It stated that “Since 2010, more and more states

have offered incentives for renewable energy, including PV incentives. Several states have also

issued favorable net metering decisions and/or have implemented new or expanded solar

 

32 An RPS is a regulatory mandate that requires entities that supply electricity, such as utility

companies, to generate or buy a portion of their retail electricity sales from renewable energy sources,

including solar.   33 A FIT offers a guarantee of payments to solar electricity developers for the electricity they produce.

Payments are based on a certain price per kilowatt‐hour (kWh) at which electricity is purchased,

typically as part of a long‐term agreement set over a period of 15‐20 years.

34 In 2011, California increased its RPS goals by 20 percent by the end of 2013, 25 percent by the end

of 2016, and 33 percent by the end of 2020. SolarWorld’s postconference brief, p. 47.

35 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 46.
II‐18

deployment programs. Other states and utilities have decreased the amount in cash incentives

offered during the period.” All five U.S. producers reported that the 1603 Federal Treasury cash

grant increased the demand for CSPV products during the period. Despite changes in federal

and state incentive programs, demand for CSPV products continues to increase. According to

petitioner, ***.36

Importers’ responses were varied with a plurality indicating that federal, state, and local

incentives have increased the demand for CSPV product since 2010. Several importers noted

that FITs and RPSs vary from state‐to‐state. *** noted stated that in some states such as

California, numerous incentives have expired which have decreased demand for CSPV products;

but in other states such as in New York, new incentives are being put in place which has put an

upward pressure on demand.   *** reported that state rebate program budgets, and incentive

levels, have mostly decreased across the United States; it noted that these decreases in

incentives place a cost pressure on installation systems. *** reported that the federal ITC and

Section 1603 have helped to reduce the cost of an installed solar system, thereby increasing the

demand for CSPV modules.   

Table II-4 

CSPV products: Firms’ responses regarding the effect of Federal, state, and local government 

incentives on demand for CSPV products since 2010 

Item Increase Decrease No change 

Federal government incentives 

U.S. producers 4 0 1 

Importers 20 7 7 

State and local government incentives 

U.S. producers 5 0 0 

Importers 20 6 11 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires 

Business cycles   

Three of four U.S. producers and 23 of 36 importers indicated that the market was

subject to business cycles. The majority of firms reported seasonal fluctuations due to weather

conditions as well as incentive program deadlines. Several firms indicated that demand is

typically heavier in the latter half of the year during the warmer summer months up until the

end of the calendar year in order to finish projects for tax accounting purposes to qualify for

various incentive programs.

Two of three U.S. producers and 11 of 24 importers indicated that the market was

subject to distinct condition of competition. Most firms identified government incentive

programs and renewable energy portfolio mandates. Other factors identified included the

availability of financing for the solar industry, the oversupply of product in the market, and

 

36Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 50.
II‐19

falling prices of alternative power products which include conventional energy such as natural

gas as well as other renewable energy sources such as wind power.  

Three of four U.S. producers and 18 of 29 importers indicated that there have been

changes to the business cycle and conditions of competition since 2010. Specifically, firms

identified the expiration of the Treasury 1603 cash grant program, the newly imposed duties on

CSPV cells from China, and declined demand in Europe, which has shifted sales competition to

the U.S. market.

End uses, cost shares, and installed costs

CSPV products account for a moderate share of the cost of the end‐use products in

which it is used. The primary end use for CSPV cells are modules, and for modules, some form

of solar power generation installation or system (see Part I for more information). Generally,

the cost share of CSPV products increases as the size of the installation project increases. Five

U.S. producers and 14 importers provided cost‐share information for modules.37 For residential

systems, two responding producers and four of ten responding importers reported cost shares

ranging from 15‐25 percent; five importers reported cost shares ranging between 30‐50

percent, and the remaining importer reported 80 percent. For commercial systems, the

majority of firms (both U.S. producers and 5 of 7 importers) reported cost shares ranging

between 30‐50 percent. For utility systems, the majority of firms (sole responding U.S. producer

and 4 of 5 responding importers) reported cost shares ranging between 30‐45 percent.

According to several industry sources, average installed prices for PV modules in solar

installations have declined steadily in all three market segments throughout the period.

According to Solar Energy Industries Association, national average residential system prices fell

32.4 percent, commercial system prices declined 37.7 percent, and utility systems fell 57.5

percent between the first quarter of 2010 and the third quarter of 2013.38 Another industry

report shows similar downward price trends in residential and commercial PV installations, with

installation prices falling 20 to 25 percent in all three project sizes (figure II‐10). Both reports

noted that installed PV prices vary greatly from state‐to‐state and project‐to‐project, with a

considerable spread among the data in each market segment.

 

37 Of these firms, three U.S. producers and 12 importers indicated that CSPV products accounted for

100 percent of the total cost of the module.

38 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), Publication 4360, 2012, p. 107, SEIA, “U.S. Solar Market Insight, Q2 2010, p. 11; and SEIA,

“Executive Summary,” U.S. Solar Market Insight, Q3 2013, p.14.  
II‐20

Figure II-10 

Average installed price of residential and commercial PV systems, by system size, 2005-2012 

Source: Barbose, Galen L., Naïm Darghouth, Samantha Weaver, and Ryan H. Wiser, “Tracking the Sun 

VI, An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998-2012,” 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2013, p. 13. 

Substitute products

Three of five responding U.S. producers and 11 of 19 responding importers indicated

that there were substitute products for CSPV products. Thin film was the most often identified

substitute for CSPV products by responding firms. Most responding U.S. producers and

importers indicated that thin film did not affect the price of CSPV products. Other substitutes

identified by firms include concentrated solar products and traditional power sources.

SUBSTITUTABILITY ISSUES

The degree of substitution between domestic and imported CSPV products depends

upon such factors as relative prices, quality (e.g., grade standards, reliability of supply, defect

rates, etc.), and conditions of sale (e.g., price discounts/rebates, lead times between order and

delivery dates, payment terms, CSPV products services, etc.). Based on available data, staff

believes that there is high degree of substitutability between domestically produced CSPV

products and CSPV products imported from subject sources.  

Lead times

CSPV products are primarily sold from inventory. U.S. producers reported that ***

percent of their commercial shipments came from inventories, with lead times averaging 3‐30

days. The remaining *** percent of their commercial shipments was produced‐to‐order, with

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2012 dollars per watt

≤ 10 kW 10-100 kW > 100 kW
II‐21

lead times averaging 75‐120 days. Importers of CSPV products from China reported that ***

percent of their sales came from U.S. inventories and *** percent of their sales came from

foreign inventories. The remaining *** percent of their sales of Chinese product was produced‐

to‐order. Importers of CSPV products from Taiwan reported that *** percent of their sales

came from U.S. inventories and *** percent of their sales came from foreign inventories. The

remaining *** percent of sales of Taiwan product was produced‐to‐order. Importers reported

that lead times for sales of imports from U.S. inventories averaged 5‐14 days; lead times of

sales of CSPV products held in foreign inventories averaged 25‐50 days. Importers reported that

lead times of sales of CSPV products that were produced‐to‐order averaged 60‐90 days.

Factors Affecting Purchasing Decisions

According to petitioner, “Regardless of the channel of sale, the main driver in the

decision making process for U.S. customers is the price of a solar cell or panel per watt.”39

Petitioner added that despite the large increases in U.S. demand for CSPV products, U.S.

producers continue to lose market share because of the low‐priced imports from China and

Taiwan.40 “Thus, with the drastic collapse in market pricing caused by unfairly traded subject

imports, price is effectively the only factor that matters.”41

According to respondents, there are a variety of non‐price factors that affect purchasing

decisions. Respondents argue that it is due to these non‐price factors that have caused

SolarWorld to limit or inhibit its participation in each of the market segments.42 During the

conference, respondents reported that SolarWorld’s inability to produce “Zep‐compatible”

modules that are used in the residential segment are inhibiting SolarWorld from competing for

sales in this segment of the market.43 Respondents also stated that, in addition to module

racking systems, purchasing decisions are also based on cell count (60 versus 72‐cell modules)

and voltage of modules. It argues that SolarWorld is unable to compete in the utility sector

because it does not offer 72‐cell or 1,000 volt modules.44 Respondents also noted warranty

 

39 Petition, p. 39.

40 Petitioner’s postconference brioef, pp. 12 and 22. 41 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 29. Petitioner’s cite to the conference transcript where

SolarCity, one of the largest residential intallers, stated that “as long as the quality is consistent

throughout the bidders, the lowest bidder wins.” Conference transcript, p. 239 (Stanton).

42 Conference transcript, p. 180 (Button).

43 The Zep mounting system is a proprietary solar panel mounting system used primarily in the

residential segment. One of the largest residential installers, SolarCity, began testing the Zep system in

2012 and then purchased Zep Solar in 2013. It reported that 50 percent of the residential market now

uses the Zep mounting system. Conference transcript, pp. 137, 177 (Stanton). 44 Conference transcript, p. 211 (Morrison); Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 44‐45.
II‐22

insurance,45 “third‐party pan verified pan files”, payment terms, and credit assurance as other

non‐price factors that affect purchasing decisions.46

In the previous CSPV solar investigation, purchasers were asked a variety of questions to

determine what factors influence their decisions when buying CSPV cells and modules. Price

and quality were cited most as being important factors in their purchase decision.47 At least

two‐thirds of the responding 53 purchasers identified the following as “very important” factors:

price (51 firms); quality meets industry standards (48); availability (45); reliability of supply (42);

product consistency (41); warranty (38); bankability (35), and delivery time (34).48  

Comparison of U.S.‐produced and imported CSPV products

In order to determine whether U.S.‐produced CSPV products can generally be used in

the same applications as imports from China and Taiwan, U.S. producers and importers were

asked whether the products can “always,” “frequently,” “sometimes,” or “never” be used

interchangeably. As shown in table II‐7, the majority of producers and most importers reported

that domestic CSPV products and CSPV products imported from China and Taiwan are “always”

or “frequently” interchangeable.

 

45 Conference transcript, pp. 180‐181 (Stanton).

46 Conference transcript, pp. 214‐215 (Mendenhall). A pan file informs the purchaser how the module

will perform over temperature and how many watts the module will produce at different temperatures

and different conditions. 47 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), Publication 4360, 2012, p. II‐20.

48 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐

1190 (Final), Publication 4360, 2012, p. II‐21.
II‐23

Table II-7 

CSPV products: Interchangeability between CSPV products produced in the United States and in 

other countries, by country pairs 

Country pair Number of U.S. producers 

reporting 

Number of U.S. importers 

reporting 

A F S N A F S N 

U.S. vs. subject countries: 

 U.S. vs. China 1 2 1 0 7 19 6 4 

 U.S. vs. Taiwan 1 2 1 0 5 15 8 4 

Subject countries comparisons: 

 China vs. Taiwan 1 2 1 0 5 16 7 4 

Nonsubject countries 

comparisons: 

 U.S. vs. nonsubject 1 1 1 0 4 14 8 2 

 China vs. nonsubject 1 1 1 0 5 15 9 1 

 Taiwan vs. nonsubject 1 1 1 0 4 13 10 1 

Note.—A=Always, F=Frequently, S=Sometimes, N=Never.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

Several responding producers and importers noted the interchangeability assessment

assumed compliance with UL and EST safety standards. Other factors included panel voltage,

temperature co‐efficient of cells, and efficiency levels. Two importers reported that there are

no small panel manufacturers in the United States for stand‐alone products. *** reported that

U.S. producers cannot match the high power output, wattage specifications, and quality of

those modules that it imports from China and Malaysia. *** reported that the U.S. producers’

focus on mono‐crystalline CSPV technology is not as cost or performance effective for

commercial and utility projects as the polycrystalline modules that it imports from China. ***

noted that U.S. producers tend to produce a product is more appropriate for residential

rooftops using 60‐cell mono‐crystalline modules, while foreign producers tend to produce 72‐

cell polysilicon modules that are ideal for commercial and utility‐scale applications.49  

In addition, producers and importers were asked to assess how often differences other

than price were significant in sales of CSPV products from the United States, subject, or

nonsubject countries. As seen in table II‐8, half of responding producers (2 of 4) and 16 of 35

importers reported that differences other than price were “sometimes” important in comparing

U.S. and Chinese product and  2 producers and 17 of 35 importers reported that differences

other price were “frequently” important. When comparing U.S. and Taiwan product, half of

responding producers (2 of 4) and half of responding importers (16 of 31) reported that

differences other than price were “sometimes” important and the remaining half of U.S.

producers and 8 of 31 importers reported that differences other than price were “frequently”

important.  

 

49 SolarWorld stated that it can produce both 60‐cell and 72‐cell modules; it also reported that it

produces both mono‐crystaline and polysilicon products. Conference transcript, pp. 62 (Brinser) and

postconference brief, p. 68.
II‐24

Table II-8 

CSPV products: Significance of differences other than price between CSPV products produced in 

the United States and in other countries, by country pair 

Country pair Number of U.S. producers 

reporting 

Number of U.S. importers 

reporting 

A F S N A F S N 

U.S. vs. subject countries: 

 U.S. vs China 0 2 2 0 4 13 16 2

 U.S. vs. Taiwan 0 2 2 0 5 8 16 2

Subject countries comparisons: 

 China vs. Taiwan 0 2 2 0 3 10 15 1

Nonsubject countries 

comparisons: 

 U.S. vs. nonsubject 0 2 1 0 4 8 12 3

 China vs. nonsubject 0 2 1 0 3 9 13 2

 Taiwan vs. nonsubject 0 2 1 0 3 8 9 2

Note.--A = Always, F = Frequently, S = Sometimes, N = Never. 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

Firms reported differences in cell type, product range (e.g. smaller modules for off‐grid),

availability of product, transportation network, warranty provisions, and production

guarantees. One importer reported that low voltage modules (18V) for charging RV batteries

are not readily available in the U.S. market. One importer reported that mono‐crystalline

technology is its primary focus in the U.S. market; it stated that its cell production process and

module lamination process increases its overall performance, which is better than the Chinese

products. It also noted that it has better esthetics than China and other manufacturers due to

its full black modules.50 Taiwan respondents contend that Taiwan’s CSPV products are

“advanced, high‐efficiency products” which have higher conversion efficiencies and power

outputs, superior design, long‐term stability, and reliability. It reported that Taiwan can sell

these products at a price premium and that Taiwanese products do not compete with the lower

quality of products produced in China.51

 

50 According one Taiwan producer and importer, AUO, it produces primarily mono‐crystalline cells

and it focuses on high efficiency products that are used in residential and commercial segments. It

reported that it does not focus on polycrystalline cells because it does not want to compete with China.

Conference transcript, p. 226 (Kobes). However, Taiwan producer NSP reported that most of Taiwan’s

production is in polycrystalline products. Conference transcript, p. 226 (Lu).

51 Taiwan respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 10 and 19.
III‐1

PART III: U.S. PRODUCERS’ PRODUCTION, SHIPMENTS, AND

EMPLOYMENT

The Commission analyzes a number of factors in making injury determinations (see 19

U.S.C. §§ 1677(7)(B) and 1677(7)(C)). Information on the subsidies was presented in Part I of

this report and information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is

presented in Part IV and Part V. Information on the other factors specified is presented in this

section and/or Part VI and (except as noted) is based on the questionnaire responses of two

U.S. producers of CSPV cells, which accounted for approximately *** percent of total 2012 U.S.

CSPV  cell production, and 16 U.S. producers that produce CSPV modules1

, which accounted for

approximately *** percent of total 2012 U.S. production of CSPV modules.2

U.S. PRODUCERS

The Commission sent producers’ questionnaires to 134 firms identified by the

Commission as possible U.S. producers or U.S. importers of CSPV cells and/or modules.  The

Commission received responses from five firms reporting domestic production activities during

the period of investigation.3  Of the reporting firms, two U.S. producers, petitioner SolarWorld

and Suniva, reported that they produced CSPV cells in the United States and three firms, Itek,

Motech, and Wanxiang, reported that they produced only CSPV modules in the United States.  

Both U.S. CSPV cell producers, SolarWorld and Suniva, also reported manufacturing CSPV

modules.4 Table III‐1 lists U.S. producers of CSPV products, their production location(s),

positions on the petition, total production, and shares of total production.  

                                                      

1

In the present CSPV solar investigation, the Commission received questionnaire submissions from

five U.S. producers, which accounted for all U.S. CSPV cell production, but a minority share of U.S. CSPV

module production during the period of investigation (see table III‐1).  Many of the U.S. producers that

provided trade and financial data to the Commission in its prior CSPV solar investigation have declared

bankruptcy during the period of investigation and are no longer going concerns.  As trade and financial

data were compiled similarly in the prior investigation, staff has consolidated the data submitted by

these firms in the prior investigation into the current trade and financial databases presented in this

report.  The firms whose prior data are being used are:  ***. 2

Based on a comparison of U.S. producers’ reported production of CSPV cells and modules in 2012

with total 2012 U.S. production of cells of 294.76 megawatts and of modules of 437.71 megawatts as

reported in Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report

2012, December 2013, p. 10.

3

The following companies reported that they did not produce CSPV products in the United States

during the period of investigation:  ***. 4

In the prior CSPV solar investigations, the petitioner maintained that the domestic industry properly

included both U.S. producers of CSPV cells and CSPV modules because sufficient production related

activity is done in the United States for the U.S. producers of CSPV modules to be properly included into

the domestic industry.  It cited extensive capital investment, research, and development necessary to

(continued...)
III‐2

Table III-1 

CSPV products: U.S. producers of CSPV cells and CSPV modules, their positions on the petition, 

production locations, production, and shares of reported production, 2012 

Firm Production location(s) 

Share of reported 2012 U.S. 

production Position on petition 

U.S. producers of CSPV cells 

SolarWorld1 Camarillo, CA 

Hillsboro, OR *** Petitioner 

Suniva Norcross, GA *** *** 

 100.0 

U.S. producers of CSPV modules 

Itek 

Bellingham, WA *** 

*** 

*** 

Motech2 Newark, DE *** *** 

SolarWorld1 Camarillo, CA 

Hillsboro, OR *** Petitioner 

Suniva Norcross, GA *** *** 

Wanxiang3

Rockford, IL *** 

*** 

*** 

 

U.S. producer data from prior investigation *** 

 100.0 

                                                            

(...continued)

engage in module production.  Respondents did not raise any issues with regard to this issue.  The

Commission determined that CSPV module assemblers did engage in sufficient production related

activities to be considered members of the U.S. industry. Specifically, the Commission stated:  

In these final investigations, no party objects to including module assemblers in

the domestic industry.   Based on the final record, module operations involve

not‐insubstantial capital expenditures, ongoing research and development

(“R&D”) expenses, some automation and technical expertise, and higher

employment levels, albeit generally less technically skilled workers than for CSPV

cell production.   CSPV module operations provide lower value‐added than CSPV

cell manufacturing but still provide meaningful value‐added; although a

relatively large portion of U.S.‐made CSPV modules used CSPV cells imported

from non‐subject or subject sources, the majority were made from domestically

produced CSPV cells by the end of the POI.   On balance, absent contrary

argument, we again find that U.S. firms assembling CSPV cells into modules

engage in sufficient production‐related activities to include these firms in the

domestic industry (and thus to treat their finished products as shipments of the

domestic like product).

Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190

(Final), USITC Pub.4360, November 2012, pp. 12‐13.  This issue has not been raised by any party in the

current investigations.

However, in the prior investigations and in the current investigations, the petitioner argued that

Motech and Suntech should be excluded from the domestic industry as related parties.  See, infra.
III‐3

1

SolarWorld is a wholly owned subsidiary of SolarWorld AG of Bonn, Germany, a producer of CSPV cells and modules in Germany 

through its wholly owned subsidiaries Deutsche Cell GmbH and Solar Factory GmbH of Freiberg, Germany. 2

Motech Americas LLC (“Motech”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Motech Industries Co., Ltd. of Tainan City, Taiwan and affiliated 

with Itogumi Motech of Hokkaido, Japan and Motech Suzhou New Energy of Kunshan City, China, which are also wholly owned 

subsidiaries of Motech Industries Co., Ltd. 

3

Wanxiang is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wanxiang Group of Hangzhou, China. 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

U.S. PRODUCTION, CAPACITY, AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION

Numerous U.S. producers of CSPV products in these investigations and the

Commission's prior CSPV solar investigations reported events that affected total U.S. capacity

and production.  Table III‐2 lists the events that occurred during the period of investigation.  

Table III‐3 shows a time line of when U.S. producers of CSPV cell or modules either entered or

exited the U.S. market during the period of investigation.5

Table III-2 

CSPV products: U.S. producers of CSPV cells and modules, activities affecting U.S. capacity, by 

date 

* * * * * * * 

                                                      

5

Petitioner observed that based on U.S. Energy Information Administration data, U.S. module

production has decreased *** percent from 2010 to 2012 and lists of a number of U.S. firms either

reducing production or declaring bankruptcy, such as (1) BP Solar (shuttered manufacturing facility and

exited solar industry in 2012), (2) Solar Power Industries (sold off solar assets and exited solar industry in

September 2012), (3) Siliken Manufacturing (filed for bankruptcy in January 2013), (4) Helios Solar

Works suspended operations in September 2013, (5) Sharp Corp. (shuttering its U.S. production facility

in 2014), (6) Schott (shuttered its U.S. manufacturing facility in 2012), (7) MX Solar (shuttered its U.S.

manufacturing facility in 2012), and (8) SolarWorld (shuttered its U.S. ingot and wafer production

activities in August 2013). Petitioner’s postconference brief, pp. 12‐13 and 32‐33.
III‐4

Table III-3 

CSPV products: Listing of U.S. firms with CSPV production facilities opening and/or closing, 

2010-January 2014 

Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec

1Soltech Moved to larger module plant in TX

Advanced Solar Photonics Filed for bankruptcy

Alternative Energies Kentucky Started module production in KY

BP Solar Announced plan to close module plant in MD

Evergreen Solar Closed cell and module plant in MA

Helios Opened module plant in WI Halted module production

Isofoton Module plant opened in OH

Itek Energy Approximate date module plant opened in WA (added equipment in 2012, 2013)

Jetion Solar Announced plan to open module plant in NC (as of December 2013 not yet opened)

Kyocera Opened module plant in CA Layoffs at module plant in CA

Mage Solar Opened module plant in GA

Mission Solar (Nexolon) Announced plans to open module plant in TX

Motech Bought GE module plant in DE

MX Solar Opened NJ plant Closed module plant in NJ

NuSun Approximate start IN module production Intended to vacate IN plant by 

end of January

Schott Solar Closed module plant in NM

Sharp Plan to end U.S. production 

by end of March

Silevo

Solartech Renewables Opened module plant in NY

Silicor Materials (Calisolar) CA cell plant open 2011: Announced downsizing cell production; 2012: Sold cell equipment

Silicon Energy 2010: moved to larger WA manufacturing plant; 2011: Opened module plant in MN

Siliken Closed module plant in CA

Solar Power Industries

Solaria Corp. Started module shipments from plant in CA

SolarWorld Closed module plant in CA

Solon Corp. 2010: Opened module plant in AZ; 2011: Closed module plant in AZ

Spectrawatt 2010: Opened cell plant in NY in the first half of the year, and closed plant in the second half

Suniva

SunPower Opened module plant in CA (with Flextronics)

Suntech Opened module plant in AZ Closed module plant in AZ

Taggart Solar Announced planned KY module plant (as of Nov. 2013 not opened)

tenKsolar Opened module plant in MN

Transform Solar Announced will close ID cell plant (date of plant opening not available)

Twin Creeks Technologies MS cell plant open Company liquidated

Wanxiang Module plant opened

Production capacity increase

Production capacity decrease

Announed plan to open cell and module 

plant in NY

Auctioned cells and module equipment 

from plant in PA

Added module assembly at GA plant (expanded cell production, 2010, module 

production, 2013)

2010 2011 2012 2013 Jan. 

2014

KY plant closed (not known if 1st or 2nd 

half 2013)

Note: This table includes plants that opened or closed during 2010–2013, based on publicly available data, and does 

not include all changes in production capacity or information on the extent to which production capacity was utilized. 

Source: From USITC Publication 4360 and public research material. 
III‐5

U.S. Producers of CSPV Cells

Of the five responding U.S. producers, two firms, the petitioner SolarWorld and Suniva,

reported that they manufactured CSPV cells in the United States during the period of

investigation. SolarWorld6 and Suniva reported that they internally consume the majority of

their CSPV cells in their U.S. production of CSPV modules.7

Data on U.S. producers of CSPV cells capacity, production, and capacity utilization are

presented in table III‐4.  Total U.S. capacity of CSPV cells increased from 2010 to 2012 by ***

percent and was higher in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by ***

percent. Total U.S. production of CSPV cells decreased from 2010 to 2012 by *** percent, and

was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by *** percent. Annual

capacity utilization rates for CSPV cell production ranged from *** percent in 2010 to ***

percent in 2012.

Table III-4 

CSPV cells: U.S. producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization, 2010-2012, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. Producers of CSPV Modules

Of the five responding U.S. producers, three firms, Itek, Motech, and Wanxiang,

reported that they did not produce CSPV cells in the United States, but rather assembled CSPV

modules using CSPV cells either transferred, purchased, or imported from another related or

unrelated firm.  Table III‐5 lists the responding U.S. producers of CSPV modules as well as U.S.

module producers that submitted data in the Commission’s prior CSPV solar investigation,

affiliated CSPV cell producers, and the source of their CSPV cells, by firm and country of origin.

                                                      

6

SolarWorld announced that it shuttered its U.S. ingot and wafer production activities in August

2013. Therefore, it has ceased production of ingots and wafers in the United States. Petitioner’s

postconference brief, p. 33 and exh. 1, p. 52. 7

In 2012, SolarWorld reported that *** percent of its total shipments of CSPV cells were commercial

sales of CSPV cells with *** percent being internally consumed to produce modules, and *** percent

exported to ***.  In 2012, Suniva reported that *** percent of its total shipments of CSPV cells were

commercial sales, with *** percent being internally consumed to produce modules, and approximately

*** percent being ***.  In 2012, Suniva reported ***.
III‐6

Table III-5 

CSPV modules: U.S. producers of modules, affiliated firms, sources of CSPV cells, by firm and 

country of origin 

* * * * * * * 

Data on U.S. producers of CSPV modules capacity, production, and capacity utilization

are presented in table III‐6.  Total U.S. capacity of CSPV modules increased from 2010 to 2012

by *** percent, but was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by

*** percent. Total U.S. production of CSPV modules decreased from 2010 to 2012 by ***

percent, and was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by ***

percent. Annual capacity utilization rates for CSPV module production ranged from *** percent

in 2010 to *** percent in 2012.

Table III-6 

CSPV modules: U.S. producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization, 2010-2012, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. PRODUCERS’ U.S. SHIPMENTS AND EXPORTS

As detailed in table III‐7, the volume of U.S. shipments of CSPV cells increased by ***

percent from 2010 to 2012, but was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐

September 2012 by *** percent.  The value of U.S. shipments decreased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012, and was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by

*** percent.  During the period of investigation, the vast majority of U.S. produced CSPV cells

were internally consumed by their producers to manufacture CSPV modules.  In 2012, U.S.

producers of CSPV cells, SolarWorld and Suniva, reported that *** percent and *** percent,

respectively, of their total U.S. shipments were internally consumed to produce CSPV modules.8

As shown in table III‐8, the volume of U.S. shipments of CSPV modules increased by ***

percent from 2010 to 2012, but was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐

September 2012 by *** percent.  The value of U.S. shipments decreased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012 and was lower in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012 by

*** percent.

                                                      

8

Suniva reported that ***.
III‐7

Table III-7 

CSPV cells: U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments, exports shipments, and total shipments OF CELLS, 

2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Table III-8 

CSPV modules: U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments, exports shipments, and total shipments OF 

MODULES, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. PRODUCERS’ INVENTORIES

Data on end‐of‐period inventories of CSPV products for the period of investigation are

presented in table III‐9.

Table III-9 

CSPV products: U.S. producers’ inventories, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and JanuarySeptember 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. PRODUCERS’ IMPORTS AND PURCHASES

*** reporting U.S. producers reported U.S. imports or purchases of imports from China

or Taiwan.9  These firms include:  ***.10 Tables III‐10‐12 present those firms who purchased

and/or imported CSPV products from China or Taiwan during the period of investigation, the

quantity of purchases and/or imports and their U.S. production.

Table III-10 

CSPV products: *** U.S. production, subject imports, ratio to U.S. production, 2010-2012, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

                                                      

9 Petitioners claimed that two firms should be excluded from the domestic industry as related

parties.  These firms include:  (1) Suntech and (2) Motech.  Petitioner argued that these firms import

CSPV cells or modules from China and/or Taiwan and have a direct interest in continuing to import

unfairly traded U.S. imports.  Petition, pp. 30‐32; Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 73‐75.

Chinese respondents took no position on the issue of related parties.  Chinese respondents’

postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 21.

Appendix C, table C‐2 presents the U.S. industry summary data excluding the trade and financial data

of ***.

10 ***.
III‐8

* * * * * * 

Table III-11 

CSPV products: *** U.S. production, subject imports, ratio to U.S. production, 2010-2012, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Table III-12 

CSPV products: *** U.S. production, subject imports, ratio to U.S. production, 2010-2012, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY

Data provided by U.S. producers on the number of production and related workers

(“PRWs”) engaged in the production of CSPV products, the total hours worked by such workers,

wages paid to such PRWs, productivity, and unit labor costs during the period of investigation

are presented in table III‐13.

Table III-13 

CSPV products: Average number of production and related workers, hours worked, wages paid to 

such employees, hourly wages, productivity, and unit labor costs, 2010-2012, January-September 

2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 
IV‐1

PART IV: U.S. IMPORTS, APPARENT U.S. CONSUMPTION, AND MARKET

SHARES

U.S. IMPORTERS

The Commission sent U.S. importers’ questionnaires to 134 firms identified by the

Commission as possible U.S. producers or U.S. importers of CSPV cells and/or modules.1  

Questionnaire responses containing usable data were received from 38 firms and accounted for

approximately *** percent of U.S. imports of CSPV products from China in 2012, *** percent of

U.S. imports from Taiwan, and *** percent of U.S. imports from nonsubject countries.2

Table IV‐1 lists all responding U.S. importers of CSPV products, their U.S. locations, and

their quantities of imports, by source, for 2012.   

 

1 The following firms reported that they did not import CSPV products during the period of

investigation:  ***. 2

Based on a comparison of the value of 2012 U.S. imports of CSPV cells and modules from China

reported in the responses to the Commission’s U.S. importer questionnaire with total landed‐duty paid

value of 2012  U.S. imports from China of cells and modules as reported by official Commerce import

statistics (HTS 8541.40.6030 and 8541.40.6020).  The percentage of U.S. imports from nonsubject

countries were computed in the same manner.  U.S. importers reported ***. Questionnaire data

coverage percentages may be understated because the official Commerce statistics may include other

products not within the scope of these investigations such as thin film solar products.
IV‐2

Table IV-1 

CSPV products: U.S. importers by source, 2012 

Importer U.S. headquarters 

Share of reported 2012 U.S. imports (percent) 

China Taiwan All other sources 

Cells Modules1 Cells Modules1 Cells Modules1

Ameresco, Inc. Framingham, MA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

AUO Green Energy America Corp. Milpitas, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

BP Solar International, Inc. Warrenville, IL *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Canadian Solar USA, Inc. San Ramon, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Carmanah Technologies Victoria, BC *** *** *** *** *** *** 

DMEGC Solar USA, LLC Torrance, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Essco Wholesale Electric, Inc. Chandler, AZ *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ET Solar, Inc. Pleasanton, *** *** *** *** *** *** 

General Electric Company Schenectady, NY *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Grape Solar, Inc. Eugene, OR *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hanwha SolarOne USA, Inc. Santa Clara, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hareon Solar USA, Corp. San Jose, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

IES Residential, Inc. Stafford, TX *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Itek Energy Bellingham, WA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

JA Solar USA, Inc. San Jose, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jiawei Technology USA, Ltd. Hayward, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

JinkoSolar USA, Inc. San Francisco, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Lightway Solar America, Inc. Iselin, NJ *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Morgan Stanley Capital Group, Inc. Purchase, NY *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Motech Americas, LLC Newark, DE *** *** *** *** *** *** 

NextEra Energy Resources, LLC Juno Beach, FL *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Renesola America, Inc. San Francisco, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

RNG Group, Inc. Chino, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Schuco USA, LLP Newington, CT *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Silver Ridge Power, LLC Arlington, VA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

SNJ Enterprises, LLC Bend, OR *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Solarland USA Corp. Grayslake, IL *** *** *** *** *** *** 

SolarWorld Industries America, Inc. Hillsboro, OR *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Solatube International, Inc. Vista, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

SUMEC North America, Inc. The Woodlands, TX *** *** *** *** *** *** 

SunEdison, LLC Belmont, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sunforce Products, Inc. Montreal, Canada, QC *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Suniva, Inc. Norcross, GA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sunperfect Solar, Inc. San Jose, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tri Valley Wholesale Newark, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Trina Solar USA, Inc. San Jose, CA *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wanxiang New Energy, LLC Rockford, IL *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc. New York City, NY *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Total *** *** *** *** *** ***

(1) Imports of modules are presented based on the country of origin of the contained cells. 

(2) Less than 0.05 percent. 
IV‐3

U.S. IMPORT DATA AS REQUESTED IN THE COMMISSION'S U.S. IMPORTER QUESTIONNAIRE

In order to properly calculate subject U.S. imports in the present investigations,

Commission staff requested that U.S. importers provide their U.S. import data subdivided into

12 categories.  These categories are intended to capture both subject merchandise as defined

using Commerce’s country of origin rule and nonsubject imports such as CSPV cells and

modules covered by the prior CSPV investigations, which are explicitly excluded from the

current investigations.3

  The 12 categories were defined in the following manner:

(1) U.S. imports of cells from China  

(2) U.S. imports of modules from China containing Chinese‐origin cells

(3) U.S. imports of modules from China containing Taiwanese‐origin cells

(4) U.S. imports of modules from China containing third‐country origin cells

(5) U.S. imports of cells from Taiwan  

(6) U.S. imports of modules from Taiwan containing Chinese‐origin cells  

(7) U.S. imports of modules from Taiwan containing Taiwanese‐origin cells  

(8) U.S. imports of modules from Taiwan containing third‐country origin cells  

(9) U.S. imports of cells from all other sources  

(10) U.S. imports of modules from all other sources containing Chinese‐origin cells  

(11) U.S. imports of modules from all other sources containing Taiwanese‐origin cells  

(12) U.S. imports of modules from all other sources containing third‐country origin cells

At the Commission’s staff conference both petitioner and respondents were asked

which categories they believed should be included in subject imports and which should be

considered as U.S. imports outside the scope of these investigations.  As sheen in table IV‐2,

although petitioner designated a number of categories that it’s “two out of three” and

“partially manufactured” rules would apply, both petitioner and respondents generally agreed

as to the following designation of the U.S. import categories:

 

3 Chinese respondents argued that the Commission’s U.S. import data is flawed because of certain

ambiguities in the U.S. importer questionnaire.  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 9‐14.

Staff notes that questionnaires were drafted and sent to market participants before the Commission

was fully aware of the petitioner’s “two out of three” rule or an agreed upon definition of “partially

manufactured” existed.  These concepts originated in petitioner’s January 13, 2014 submission to

Commerce and were further discussed at the Commission’s conference.   See Scope Issues, Part I.

Petitioner argued that the U.S. import data collected by the Commission does sufficiently divide up the

data in order for the Commission to determine what is subject merchandise and what is not.  

Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 17‐20.
IV‐4

Table IV-2 

CSPV products: Petitioner’s and Chinese respondents’ positions on whether categories of U.S. 

importers are within scope of these investigation and country of origin thereof 

Category of U.S. imports Petitioner & Respondents Agree to the

Designation and Country of Origin of

these U.S. Imports

Except Petitioner Would Apply its “Two out

of Three” and “Partially Manufactured” Rules

to These Categories

(1) U.S. imports of cells from China Nonsubject‐China

(covered by prior orders)

(2) U.S. imports of modules from

China containing Chinese‐origin

cells

Nonsubject‐China

(covered by prior orders)

(3) U.S. imports of modules from

China containing Taiwanese‐origin

cells

Subject‐Taiwan



Subject‐China

(4) U.S. imports of modules from

China containing third‐country

origin cells Nonsubject



Subject‐China

(5) U.S. imports of cells from

Taiwan   Subject‐Taiwan

(6) U.S. imports of modules from

Taiwan containing Chinese‐origin

cells

Nonsubject‐China

(covered by prior orders)



Subject‐Taiwan

(7) U.S. imports of modules from

Taiwan containing Taiwanese‐

origin cells   Subject‐Taiwan

(8) U.S. imports of modules from

Taiwan containing third‐country

origin cells   Nonsubject



Subject‐Taiwan

(9) U.S. imports of cells from all

other sources   Nonsubject



Subject‐China or

Taiwan

(10) U.S. imports of modules from

all other sources containing

Chinese‐origin cells

Nonsubject‐China

(covered by prior orders)

(11) U.S. imports of modules from

all other sources containing

Taiwanese‐origin cells   Subject‐Taiwan

(12) U.S. imports of modules from

all other sources containing third‐

country origin cells Nonsubject

Source:  U.S. Importer Questionnaire, question II‐5; Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 1‐7; Chinese respondents’

postconference brief, pp. 4‐8.
IV‐5

As shown in table IV‐2, the parties generally agreed that as the scope is defined, there

are no subject U.S. imports from China unless they are able to meet petitioner’s “two out of

three” and “partially manufactured” rules.  With regard to the “two out of three” rule,

petitioner stated that it does not know what share of third country cells are made with Chinese

or Taiwanese ingots or wafers.  Although unable to quantify the share, ***.4 With regard to the

“partially manufactured” rule, petitioner testified that it has observed some of these

production processes being shifted from country to country.5 Petitioner conceded, however,

that there exists no information publically available that would suggest that such cell

production is occurring in Taiwan on a large scale basis.6 Respondents argued that these rules

are untenable and should be ignored because they attempt to redefine the country of origin of

CSPV products contrary to the country of origin rule promulgated by Commerce in its prior

CSPV solar investigation.7 Table IV‐3 presents U.S. import data as collected by the Commission

in the 12 categories discussed above.  

Table IV-3 

CSPV products: U.S. imports by categories requested in the U.S. importer questionnaire, 2010-

2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

 

4 Foreign producer questionnaire responses of ***. According to petitioner, the “two out of three”

and “partially manufactured” rules confer country of origin directly upon the module and not upon the

cell.  Supplement II to Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties: Certain

Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from China and Taiwan, January. 13, 2014, p. 2. 5 Conference transcript, p. 104 (Brightbill).

6 Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1,  pp. 6‐7. 7 Petitioner does not address the potential conflict of its rules and the country of origin rule

promulgated by Commerce in its prior CSPV solar investigation.  For example, modules that are

assembled in China using cells produced completely in Taiwan, but using ingots or wafers from China

would be Chinese modules under petitioner’s rules.  Under Commerce’s country of origin rule, the CSPV

cell confers the country of origin and the country of origin of the cell in the example is Taiwan.  Thus,

unless the ingot or the wafer conferred country of origin to the cell (an issue which Commerce has not

directly addressed in this or the prior CSPV solar investigation case, but has declined to confer country of

origin to “wafers” in other semiconductor investigations), the two country of origin determinations

could conflict. See Chinese respondents’ postconference, exh. 10.
IV‐6

U.S. IMPORTS

Table IV‐4 presents data for U.S. imports of CSPV products from China,8 Taiwan, and

nonsubject countries.  The U.S. import data are compiled using responses to the Commission’s

U.S. importer questionnaire.9

  As shown, subject U.S. imports of CSPV products from China

totaled *** throughout the period of investigation.10 U.S. imports of CSPV cells from Taiwan

decreased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012 and were lower by *** percent in January‐

September 2013 than in January‐September 2012.  The volume of U.S. imports from nonsubject

countries of CSPV cells decreased to *** from 2010 to 2012 (after an ***), but ***. The largest

sources of U.S. imports of CSPV cells from nonsubject countries in 2012 were:  (1) Malaysia, (2)

Singapore, (3) Japan, (4) Philippines, and (5) Germany.11

U.S. imports of CSPV modules from Taiwan increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012

and were higher by *** percent in January‐September 2012 than in January‐September 2013.  

The volume of U.S. imports from nonsubject countries of CSPV modules was relatively small,

but increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and was higher by *** percent in January‐

September 2013 than in January‐September 2012.  The largest sources of U.S. imports of CSPV

 

8

According to Commerce’s scope determination, the country of origin of a CSPV module is the

country of origin of its component CSPV cells.  Commerce found that the assembly of a CSPV panel did

not constitute “substantial transformation” of the CSPV cell and thereby, confer country of origin onto

the assembled CSPV module.  Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into

Modules, From the People’s Republic of China:  Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair

Value, Postponement of Final Determination and Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Critical

Circumstances; 77 FR 31309, May 25, 2012; See also Scope Clarification: Antidumping and Countervailing

Duty Investigations of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules,

from the People’s Republic of China, Memorandum to Gary Taverman, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary

for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations, March 19, 2012.

9

In the preliminary phase of these investigations and the Commission's prior CSPV solar

investigations, petitioner observed that the volumes reported in the official Commerce statistics under

HTS 8541.40.6020 (modules) most likely report the number of modules and not the number of cells

imported into the United States.  This may result in quantities that when summed do not accurately

reflect the total volume of imported cells. Therefore, throughout this report, U.S. import volume data

are compiled using “kilowatts” compiled from U.S. importer questionnaire responses.

10 U.S. imports from China that are subject to the existing antidumping and countervailing duty

orders pursuant to the Commission's prior investigations in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and

Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360, November 2012

are explicitly excluded from the scope of these investigations.  After excluding these U.S. imports as

nonsubject imports from China, in the present investigations, there are no subject imports from China.  

Thus, U.S. import data and apparent consumption data presented in Part IV of this report will show ***

subject U.S. imports from China.  Petitioner claimed that there may be subject imports from China using

its "two out of three" or “partially manufactured” country of origin rules, but concedes that the quantity

of these imports is unknown.  A negligibility discussion granting petitioner's claim of existing subject U.S.

imports from China is presented in Part IV, Negligibility. 11 Based on data of the 2012 landed duty paid value of U.S. imports provided by Commerce.
IV‐7

modules from nonsubject countries in 2012 were:  (1) Malaysia, (2) Mexico, (3) Philippines, (4)

Germany, and (5) Japan.12

Table IV-4 

CSPV products: U.S. imports, by origin and type, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and 

January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

NEGLIGIBILITY

The statute requires that an investigation be terminated without an injury

determination if imports of the subject merchandise are found to be negligible.13 Negligible

imports are generally defined in the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, as imports from a country

of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product where such imports account for less

than 3 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States in the

most recent 12‐month period for which data are available that precedes the filing of the

petition or the initiation of the investigation. However, if there are imports of such merchandise

from a number of countries subject to investigations initiated on the same day that individually

account for less than 3 percent of the total volume of the subject merchandise, and if the

imports from those countries collectively account for more than 7 percent of the volume of all

such merchandise imported into the United States during the applicable 12‐month period, then

imports from such countries are deemed not to be negligible.14

Citing U.S. import statistics from Commerce15 as well as questionnaire data,16 petitioner

argued that U.S. imports from China and Taiwan are not negligible.17  Petitioner claimed that

 

12 Based on data of the 2012 landed duty paid value of U.S. imports provided by Commerce.

13Sections 703(a)(1), 705(b)(1), 733(a)(1), and 735(b)(1) of the Act (19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a)(1),

1671d(b)(1), 1673b(a)(1), and 1673d(b)(1)). 14 Section 771 (24) of the Act (19 U.S.C § 1677(24)).

15 Petitioner cited unadjusted Commerce statistics to show the values of U.S. imports from China,

Taiwan, and nonsubject countries without considering that a portion of U.S. imports from China are

covered by the prior CSPV solar investigation and are explicitly excluded from the scope of this

investigation and that rules such as petitioner’s “two out of three” and “partially manufactured” rules in

addition to Commerce’s country of origin rule may affect the country of origin of a portion of U.S.

imports. Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1., p. 76‐77.   16 Petitioner cited in an alternative negligibility calculation, U.S. importer questionnaire data, again,

without considering that a portion of U.S. imports from China are covered by the prior CSPV solar

investigation and are explicitly excluded from the scope of this investigation and that rules such as

petitioner’s “two out of three” and “partially manufactured” rules in addition to Commerce’s country of

origin rule may affect the country of origin of a portion of U.S. imports.  Petitioner’s postconference

brief, exh. 44. 17 By way of comparison, Chinese foreign producers reported *** kilowatts of total production of

CSPV modules using CSPV cells originating in Taiwan in January‐September 2013.  This amounted to ***

(continued...)
IV‐8

according to unadjusted Commerce statistics, U.S. imports from Taiwan from December 2012

to November 2013 accounted for 37 percent of total U.S. imports of CSPV cells and 15 percent

of CSPV modules based on value. It stated that U.S. imports from China accounted for 10

percent of total U.S. imports of CSPV cells and 30 percent of CSPV modules based on value.  

Using its alternative computation based on U.S. importer questionnaire data, petitioner

computed that U.S. imports from Taiwan accounted for *** percent of total reported U.S.

imports and U.S. imports from China accounted for *** percent.  Petitioner maintained that

both computation methods establish that neither U.S. imports from Taiwan nor from China are

negligible.18  

Respondents argued that according to the scope definition in these investigations, there

are no subject U.S. imports from China; and therefore, U.S. imports from China are negligible.19

As discussed above, petitioner and Chinese respondents generally agree as to which U.S. import

categories are subject and which are nonsubject.20  The parties, however, disagreed as to the

application of petitioner’s “two out of three” and “partially manufactured” rules.  Petitioner

claimed that the application of these rules would show that subject U.S. imports from China are

entering the United States at levels that are not negligible.21  Chinese respondents argued that

the petitioner’s rules are untenable and conflict with Commerce’s country of origin rule and

should therefore be discarded.  Chinese respondents claimed that after the ambiguities of

petitioner’s rules are removed, it is clear that there are no subject U.S. imports from China; and

therefore, U.S. imports from China are negligible.22

Table IV‐5 presents total U.S. imports, by share of their U.S. import category as collected

by the Commission in its U.S. importer questionnaire.  As shown in table IV‐2, petitioner argued

that in the application of its “two out of three” and “partially manufactured” rule, potential

subject U.S. imports from China may only exist in a number of U.S. import categories, namely,

category (3) U.S. imports of modules from China containing Taiwanese cells, (4) U.S. imports of

modules from China containing third country cells, and (9) U.S. imports of cells from third

countries.  Upon examination of January‐September 2013 U.S. import data (the most recent

period, albeit 9 months instead of 12 months, for which data are available that precedes the

filing of the petition), categories (4) and (9) contain relatively small volumes, which

                                                            

(...continued)

percent of total Chinese production of CSPV modules during that nine‐month period. Total reported U.S.

imports of Chinese CSPV modules containing Taiwanese cells for the period totaled *** kilowatts.   18 In petitioner’s negligibility computations, it is assuming that all or a vast majority of U.S. imports of

modules from China after 2011 were manufactured with CSPV cells originating from Taiwan given the

economic incentive by Chinese module producers to evade antidumping and countervailing duties

imposed by the Commission’s prior CSPV solar investigation on its modules with CSPV cells of Chinese

origin.

19 Chinese postconference brief, pp. 4‐8.

20 See table IV‐2. 21 Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 1‐7.  The petitioner conceded that it is unable to

quantify what share of Taiwanese or third country cells are made with Chinese ingots or wafers.  The

record does show that ***. See Foreign producer questionnaire responses of ***. 22 Chinese postconference brief, pp. 4‐8.
IV‐9

cumulatively amount to *** percent of total U.S. imports, and thus, below the negligibility

threshold.  Category (3), however, contains relatively large and growing volumes, which in

January‐September 2013 accounted for *** percent of all U.S. imports.  This amount is clearly

above the negligibility threshold of 3 percent.  The issue then becomes how to determine the

country of origin of the category (3) imports.  The application of the country of origin rule

promulgated by Commerce would result in the country of origin of these modules to be Taiwan

because they are manufactured with CSPV cells of Taiwanese origin.  The application of the

petitioner’s “two out of three” rule would necessitate the examination the manufacturing

process of the CSPV cell in Taiwan and ask whether the ingot or wafer was of Chinese origin.  If

the ingot or wafer is of Chinese origin then the country of origin of the module would be China.  

The application of petitioner’s “partially manufactured” rule also necessitates the examination

of the manufacturing process of the Taiwanese CSPV cells and if cell production commenced in

China and these semifinished cells were completed in Taiwan then shipped back to China upon

completion then the country of origin of the module would be China.  Thus, the country of

origin determination of these CSPV modules assembled in China using petitioner’s rules would

conflict with the country of origin determination using Commerce’s rule.  

If the Commission determines to apply petitioner’s “two out of three”23 rule, regardless

of any potential conflict with Commerce’s country of origin rule then it would become

necessary to divide the data compiled for U.S. import categories (3), (4), and (9) (the shaded

categories on table IV‐5) based on: (1) those data that met the petitioner’s rules and were

therefore subject U.S. imports from China and (2) those imports that did not meet the rule

requirements and would be either U.S. imports from Taiwan or nonsubject imports from a third

country.  Neither the Commission’s U.S. importer nor foreign producer questionnaire requested

that market participants quantify the volume of Taiwanese CSPV cells that were using Chinese

 

23The petitioner’s “partially manufactured” rule would be impossible for the Commission to apply

with data currently on the record. The Commission’s questionnaires contained no inquiries to market

participants that asked about the partial manufacture of CSPV cells in one country and the shipment of

semifinished CSPV cells to another country.  When discussed at the Commission’s staff conference,

petitioner conceded that “partial cell manufacturing” is currently not common in the marketplace and

makes little sense commercially, but could be used to circumvent trade remedies. Petitioner’s

postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 3‐4.

Chinese respondents argued that “partial cell manufacturing” does not occur in the marketplace and

the very nature of cell production would prohibit it.  They explained that cell production requires several

successive steps, such as texturing, surface refinement, diffusion, etching, and vapor deposition, all of

which require a “clean‐room” environment.  They claimed that removing a semifinished cell from these

“clean‐room” environments would be an expensive logistical challenge which would likely damage the

cell.  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 2, pp. 5‐6; Conference transcript, p. 238

(Koerner)(“It would be similar to when you’re having a car race, stopping in the middle of the race,

changing the engine, and then you go on.  It doesn’t really make sense from a production efficiency

point of view.”)
IV‐10

ingots or wafers during the period of investigation.24 Therefore, Commission staff is unable to

divide U.S. imports of CSPV modules from China using Taiwanese CSPV cells without speculating

as to the share of those U.S. imports that actually contained Chinese ingots or wafers.  If these

U.S. imports cannot be divided then staff is unable to provide a specific negligibility calculation

as to these imports.25 The Commission’s foreign producer questionnaire, however, did ask CSPV

cell producers in Taiwan whether they used ingots or wafers from China in their manufacture of

CSPV cells from Taiwan.  Of the 13 responding CSPV cell producers in Taiwan ***.26  

Table IV-5 

CSPV products: U.S. imports, by share, by import category, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, 

and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

CUMULATION CONSIDERATIONS

In assessing whether imports compete with each other and with the domestic like

product, the Commission has generally considered four factors:  (1) fungibility, (2) presence of

sales or offers to sell in the same geographical market, (3) common or similar channels of

distribution, and (4) simultaneous presence in the market.  Issues concerning fungibility and

channels of distribution are addressed in Part II of this report.  With regard to geographical

markets and presence in the market, the petitioner argued that imported CSPV products from

China and Taiwan compete without regard to geographical location in the United States and

that these imports have been simultaneously present in the U.S. market during the period of

investigation.  Petitioner cited to U.S. import statistics from Commerce showing that CSPV

products from China and Taiwan entered through the same ports of entry with Taiwan’s

imports sharing 7 of the largest 10 ports of entry for Chinese imports.  Monthly Commerce

statistics also showed that Chinese and Taiwanese imports entered the United States monthly

and were therefore simultaneous present in the U.S. market. 27

Taiwanese respondents argued that U.S. imports of Taiwan and China should not be

cumulated for three reasons.  First, they argued that producers in Taiwan and China participate

in different markets and service different customers.  Taiwanese producers, manufacturing

 

24 Staff notes that questionnaires were drafted and sent to market participants before the

Commission was fully aware of the “two out of three” rule or an agreed upon definition of “partially

manufactured” existed.  These concepts originated in petitioner’s January 13, 2014 submission to

Commerce and were further discussed at the Commission’s conference.   25 The petitioner conceded that it is unable to quantify what share of Taiwanese or third country cells

are made with Chinese ingots or wafers.  Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 1‐7.    26 See Foreign producer questionnaire responses of ***.

27 Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 78‐83; Monthly U.S. import statistics and U.S. imports

statistics by port of entry provided by Commerce.
IV‐11

primarily CSPV cells,28 participate in the solar cell industry which services CSPV module

assemblers as their customers.  Chinese module assemblers, however, participate in the

alternative energy market and service installers (residential and commercial), distributors, and

utilities as their primary customers.29 Second, Taiwanese respondents argued that Taiwanese

CSPV cells are of such superior quality than anything produced in China because of their high

conversion efficiency and advanced cell technology that they command a price premium in the

global market.30 Finally, Taiwanese respondents claimed that U.S. imports from Taiwan are not

present in all geographical markets as are Chinese CSPV modules.  They argued that Taiwan’s

sale of CSPV cells are concentrated on certain modular producers which have projects in the

Northeast, Southwest, Mountain, and Pacific regions of the United States.31    

Chinese respondents have not raised any issues with regard to cumulation of subject

imports.32

APPARENT U.S. CONSUMPTION  

Data on apparent U.S. consumption of CSPV modules33 are presented in table IV‐6.  

From 2010 to 2012, the quantity of apparent U.S. consumption of CSPV modules increased by

*** percent and was higher by *** percent in January‐September 2013 than in January‐

September 2012.  From 2010 to 2012, the value of apparent U.S. consumption increased by ***

percent, but was lower by 1.3 percent in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September

2012.

 

28 Taiwanese respondents claimed that 80 to 90 percent of total Taiwanese solar exports are of CSPV

cells and 80 percent of Taiwanese exports to the United States are CSPV cells.  Taiwanese respondents’

brief, p. 4.

29 Taiwanese respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 9‐12.

30 Taiwanese respondents cited a 8‐10 percent price premium on their CSPV cells over global average

prices for cells.  Taiwanese respondents’ brief, p. 11.

31 Ibid.

32 Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 20‐21.

33Throughout the main body of this report, the apparent consumption of the U.S. market and U.S.

market shares are measured using the data compiled for CSPV modules.  The use of solely CSPV module

data addresses two potential issues of double counting.  First, the vast majority of U.S. shipments of

CSPV cells manufactured in the United States are internally consumed to produce CSPV modules.  For

example, in 2011, SolarWorld reported that *** percent of its total shipments were commercial sales of

CSPV cells with *** percent being internally consumed to produce modules, and *** percent exported.  

Second, because U.S. shipments of imports of CSPV cells are used to produce CSPV modules in the

United States, there may be double counting as the cell is counted and the module to which it is

assembled.  Additionally, in its determinations in the prior CSPV solar investigations, the Commission

found that U.S. module assemblers engaged in sufficient production related activities to include them as

part of the domestic industry and their finished products as shipments of the domestic like product even

though the assemblers sometimes used imported CSPV cells to manufacture the CSPV modules.
IV‐12

Table IV-6 

CSPV modules: U.S. shipments of domestic product, U.S. shipments of imports, and apparent 

U.S. consumption, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. MARKET SHARES  

Data on U.S. market shares for CSPV modules are presented in table IV‐7.  From 2010 to

2012, U.S. producers’ market share based on volume decreased by *** percentage points and

by *** percentage points based on value. U.S. producers’ market share based on volume was

lower by *** percentage points in January‐September 2013 than in January‐September 2012

and lower by *** percentage points based on value.  Subject U.S. imports from China were

nonexistent throughout the period of investigation. U.S. imports from Taiwan increased their

U.S. market share by *** percentage points from 2010 to 2012 based on volume and ***

percentage points based on value. U.S. market share of U.S. imports from Taiwan based on

volume was higher by *** percentage points in January‐September 2013 than in January‐

September 2012 and higher by *** percentage points based on value.   The U.S. market share

of U.S. imports from nonsubject countries remained steady and small from 2010 to 2012 based

on volume and value. U.S. market share of U.S. imports from nonsubject countries based on

volume was higher by *** percentage points in January‐September 2013 than in January‐

September 2012 and higher by *** percentage points based on value.   

Table IV-7 

CSPV modules: U.S. consumption and market shares, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and 

January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

RATIO OF IMPORTS TO U.S. PRODUCTION

Table IV‐8 presents data on the ratio of U.S. imports to U.S. production.

Table IV-8 

CSPV products: Ratio of U.S. imports to U.S. production, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and 

January-September 2013

* * * * * * * 
V‐1

PART V: PRICING DATA

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICES

Raw material costs

Raw material costs for the production of CSPV modules (much of which are the cost of

the cells) accounted for *** percent of U.S. producers’ total costs of goods sold during 2012, up

from *** percent in 2010. Raw material costs for the production of CSPV cells accounted for

*** percent of U.S. producers’ total cost of goods sold during 2012, down from *** percent in

2010. The main raw material input for CSPV cells is polysilicon (see Part I for additional

information on the production process). The cost of polysilicon ingots and wafers substantially

declined during the period; the cost of polysilicon, ingots, and wafers accounted for ***

percent of U.S. producers’ total cost of goods sold in 2012, down from *** percent in 2010 (see

Part VI for additional information on raw material costs). According to petitioner, the costs of

silver paste (used in cell production) and aluminum frames (used in module production) are

dependent on the silver and aluminum commodity markets. It reported that each component

comprises ***.  

Polysilicon is a globally‐traded commodity that serves both the solar industry and the

semiconductor industry as their base material.1

  According to industry reports, the price of

polysilicon fell 67.2 percent from the first quarter of 2010 to the third quarter of 2013 (figure V‐

1).

                                                      

1 Conference transcript, p. 63 (Brisner).
V‐2

Table V-1 

Quarterly price trends for polysilicon, January 2010-September 2013 

Source: GTM Research Study for SEIA, “U.S. Solar Market Insight Report,” 2010-2013. 

Producers and importers reported varying perspectives on raw material price trends.

Producer *** reported that prices have declined and that it expects prices to decrease slowly

and then level off. *** reported that prices have increased due to the U.S. duties on polysilicon

from China and the increased demand for the input. *** reported that price trends of raw

material inputs have varied, with prices of polysilicon decreasing due to the large global supply

but that it cannot price its cells and modules at levels that reflect raw material prices and other

costs due to the low‐priced imports of subject products. Importer *** reported that “Pricing for

most raw materials used in the production of CSPV modules has generally decreased slightly

over time, as raw material vendors and CSPV module manufacturers continue to look for ways

to reduce the cost of installed solar power generation. For instance, suppliers of substrate

(a.k.a. "backsheet") films, such as Dupont (E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.), have reduced the

thickness of their products to reduce cost, and have passed on a portion of these savings to

CSPV module manufacturers. Another example is that CSPV module manufacturers have also

been able to reduce the mass and dimensions of the aluminum frame used to mount CSPV

modules to racking hardware without compromising on product certification and/or customer

requirements, reducing cost in the process. As the pricing of rare earth elements has increased,

suppliers of conductive pastes (such as German company Haraeus Materials Technology GmbH

& Co. KG) and conductive ribbon (such as U.S. company Torpedo Specialty Wire Co.) have

engineered their materials with less silver, without compromising the electrical characteristics

of their products, further reducing the cost of these materials over time.”   Importer ***

reported that raw material costs for polysilicon, ingots, and wafers have increased by at least

15 percent over the last two quarters. Importer *** reported that raw material costs have

begun to increase and that it anticipates a gradual price increase.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2010 2011 2012 2013

Dollars per kilogram
V‐3

U.S. inland transportation costs

Three of 5 responding U.S. producers and 26 of 35 importers reported that they typically

arrange transportation to their customers. Most importers (23 of 35) reported that they

shipped from their own storage facility. U.S. producers reported that their U.S. inland

transportation costs ranged between 2 to 5 percent while importers reported U.S. inland

transportation costs averaging between 2 to 7 percent.

PRICING PRACTICES

Pricing methods

U.S. producers and importers reported using transaction‐by‐transaction negotiations,

contracts, price lists, and other methods such as vendor agreements and credit rebates. As

presented in table V‐1, U.S. producers and importers sell primarily on a transaction‐by‐

transaction basis.

Table V-1 

CSPV products: U.S. producers and importers reported price setting methods, by number of 

responding firms1

Method U.S. producers Importers 

Transaction-by-transaction 4 25 

Contract 1 17 

Set price list 2 13 

Other 1 4 

1

 The sum of responses down may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was 

instructed to check all applicable price setting methods employed.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

U.S. producers reported selling most of their CSPV products through spot sales, whereas

responding importers reported that their sales were split between short‐term contracts and

spot sales. As shown in table V‐2, U.S. producers and importers reported their 2012 U.S.

commercial shipments and U.S. imports of CSPV products by type of sale.

Table V-2 

CSPV products: U.S. producers’ and importers’ shares of U.S. commercial shipments by type of 

sale, 2012 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Sales terms and discounts

The majority of U.S. producers (4 of 5) typically quote prices on an f.o.b. basis, whereas

responding importers were closely split with 16 importers selling on an f.o.b. basis and 18
V‐4

selling on a delivered basis. Most U.S. producers (3 of 5) and half of responding importers (18 of

35) do not offer any type of discount. However, 2 U.S. producers and 17 importers reported

offering favorable pricing for higher volume distributors and integrators and annual volume

discounts. Two of 5 responding U.S. producers and 15 of 35 importers reported offering

quantity‐based discounts,2 1 producer and 9 importers reported offering volume discounts, and

two importers reported offering discounts for early payments. The typical sale terms for most

responding producers and importers is net 30 days; however, many firms noted that payment

terms varied depending on customer’s credit history and purchase volume.3

   

PRICE DATA

The Commission requested U.S. producers and importers to provide quarterly data for

the total quantity and f.o.b. value of the following CSPV products shipped to unrelated U.S.

customers during January 2010‐September 2013.

Product 1.‐‐ Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 220 to 239,

inclusive, P‐max or Wp

Product 2.‐‐ Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 240 to 259,

inclusive, P‐max or Wp

Product 3.‐‐ Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 260 to 279,

inclusive, P‐max or Wp

Product 4.‐‐ Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage 280 to 309, inclusive

P‐max or Wp

Five U.S. producers and 16 importers provided usable pricing data for sales of the

requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters.4

Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately 54.7 percent of U.S.

producers’ shipments of product and 59.9 percent of imports from Taiwan during the period of

investigation.  

The price data were collected based on the origin of the cell. For example, product

exported from China that included cells from Taiwan are classified as product of Taiwan origin;

product exported from China that included cells from China are classified as product of Chinese

origin. U.S. imports of CSPV products from China were assumed to be already subject to

                                                      

2 *** reported that it offered discounts to its wholesale list price to residential and

commercial installers and distributors. ***. It noted that customers are rewarded with higher

discounts as their volumes increase. *** reported that it provided project‐specific pricing for

individual and specific projects that are below its wholesale list price. “***.” ***.   3

*** reported that its standard terms are net 30 days; however, it noted that it accepts 60

days occasionally in order to remain competitive with Chinese and Taiwanese importers.   4 *** provided price data for product 2 from China and Taiwan; however, its data were not

included due to very high unit values that would have substantially affected price trends.
V‐5

AD/CVD duties; therefore, price data of imports from China are not subject to these

investigations and, therefore, presented in Appendix D.5

  

Price data for products 1‐4 are presented in tables V‐3 to V‐6 and figures V‐2 to V‐5.

Price trend summary data are presented in table V‐7.  

Table V-3 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 

11

 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

Period 

United States Taiwan 

Price 

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity

(kilowatts) 

Price

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity 

(kilowatts) 

Margin

(percent) 

2010: 

Jan.-Mar. $2,088.26 9,279 $1,932.00 16 7.5

Apr.-June 1,995.46 22,975 1,862.14 92 6.7

July-Sept. *** *** 1,910.40 338 ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** 1,999.99 101 ***

2011: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** 1,349.60 171 ***

Apr.-June *** *** 1,751.86 155 ***

July-Sept. *** *** 1,375.36 175 ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** 1,015.65 798 ***

2012: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** *** *** ***

2013: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

1

 Product 1: Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 220 to 239, inclusive, P-max 

or Wp.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

                                                      

5 See Part IV for further discussion of the defined scope and data compiled in response to

the Commission’s U.S. importer questionnaire.
V‐6

Table V-4 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 

21

 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

Period 

United States Taiwan 

Price 

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity

(kilowatts) 

Price

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity 

(kilowatts) 

Margin

(percent) 

2010: 

Jan.-Mar. -- 0 -- 0 --

Apr.-June -- 0 -- 0 --

July-Sept. *** *** -- 0 --

Oct.-Dec. *** *** -- 0 --

2011: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** -- 0 --

Apr.-June *** *** -- 0 --

July-Sept. *** *** -- 0 --

Oct.-Dec. *** *** $1,083.64 2,246 ***

2012: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** 1,021.27 5,525 ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. $837.29 65,216 *** *** ***

2013: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

1

 Product 2: Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 240 to 259, inclusive, P-max 

or Wp.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.
V‐7

Table V-5 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 

31

 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

Period 

United States Taiwan 

Price 

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity

(kilowatts) 

Price

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity 

(kilowatts) 

Margin

(percent) 

2010: 

Jan.-Mar. -- 0 *** *** --

Apr.-June -- 0 *** *** --

July-Sept. -- 0 *** *** --

Oct.-Dec. -- 0 *** *** --

2011: 

Jan.-Mar. -- 0 *** *** --

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** *** *** ***

2012: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June $1,072.26 3,403 *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** *** *** ***

2013: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

1

 Product 3: Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 260 to 279, inclusive, P-max 

or Wp.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.
V‐8

Table V-6 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 

41

 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

Period 

United States Taiwan 

Price 

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity

(kilowatts) 

Price

(per kilowatt) 

Quantity 

(kilowatts) 

Margin

(percent) 

2010: 

Jan.-Mar. -- 0 -- 0 --

Apr.-June *** *** -- 0 --

July-Sept. *** *** -- 0 --

Oct.-Dec. *** *** -- 0 --

2011: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** -- 0 --

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** *** *** ***

2012: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

Oct.-Dec. *** *** *** *** ***

2013: 

Jan.-Mar. *** *** *** *** ***

Apr.-June *** *** *** *** ***

July-Sept. *** *** *** *** ***

1

 Product 4: Crystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage 280 to 309, inclusive P-max or Wp.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.
V‐9

Figure V-2 

CSPV products: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, by 

quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Figure V-3 

CSPV products: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2, by 

quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Figure V-4 

CSPV products: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3, by 

quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Figure V-5 

CSPV products: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 4, by 

quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Price trends

Prices steadily decreased during January 2010‐September 2013.6 These large price

decreases occurred in all four price products. Table V‐7 summarizes the price trends, by country

and by product. As shown in the table, domestic price decreases ranged from *** percent to

*** percent during January 2010‐September 2013 while import price decreases ranged from

*** percent to *** percent.

Table V-7 

CSPV products: Summary of weighted-average f.o.b. prices for products 1-4 from the United 

States and Taiwan 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Price comparisons

As shown in table V‐8, prices for CSPV products imported from Taiwan were below

those for U.S.‐produced product in *** instances; margins of underselling ranged from ***

percent. In the remaining *** instances, prices for CSPV products from Taiwan were between

*** percent above prices for the domestic product.

                                                      

6 Respondents argue that the declining prices of CSPV modules are caused by four factors:

falling polysilicon prices; low natural gas prices; competition with thin‐film technology; and

reduced government subsidies and incentives. Conference transcript, pp. 118‐122 (Button).

Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, pp. 35‐36.
V‐10

Table V-8 

CSPV products: Instances of underselling/overselling and the range and average of margins, by 

product, January 2010-September 2013 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

Respondents question the representativeness of the selected pricing products and data.

They argue that technical characteristics (cell efficiency, cell count, and voltage), as well as the

market segment into which the module is sold (residential, commercial, or utility), also affect

the price of the product. Respondents contend that mono‐crystalline modules are higher priced

than polycrystalline modules due to their higher efficiencies as well as their higher production

costs. Respondents argue that mono‐crystalline products command a price premium over

multi‐crystalline products, and therefore, the price gap cannot be interpreted as underselling.

Chinese respondents argue that modules sold into the utilities sector tend to be lower‐priced

than modules sold into the residential and commercial sectors, primarily because prices are

determined by and sensitive to sales volumes.7

  

However, the petitioner argues that CSPV products are sold on the basis of wattage, and

domestic and foreign producers compete on the basis of per‐watt price. It stated that, while

there should be a modest price premium for mono‐crystalline modules, selling at that premium

is not possible due to the set pricing of subject imports. It contends that currently there is no

cost advantage to using either mono‐crystalline or multi‐crystalline cells due to the imports of

Chinese and Taiwanese CSPV products and it argues that they should not be differentiated as

separate pricing products.8 The petitioner argues that CSPV producers do not track prices based

on efficiency, particularly in light of constantly changing efficiencies due to technology

advances. It also argues that there is no difference between module pricing in the three market

segments, rather, it’s the total system costs that may vary across market segments. It notes

that while larger projects may receive quantity discounts due to the substantial volumes

required for such projects, there are no significant differences in module pricing across market

segments.9

                                                      

7 Conference transcript, pp. 123‐124 (Button); and Chinese respondents’ postconference

brief, pp. 12 and 34.

8 SolarWorld reported that it produces both mono‐ and multi‐crystalline cells. It reported

that ***. In addition, SolarWorld stated that there is a small production cost difference

between mono‐ and multi‐crystalline modules; however, this cost difference is offset on a per

watt‐peak basis because mono‐crystalline modules are higher in power than multi‐crystalline

modules. It reported that ***. Petitioner’s postconference brief, pp. 34‐35.   9 Petitioner’s postconference brief, pp. 18‐19.  
V‐11

LOST SALES AND LOST REVENUE

The Commission requested U.S. producers of CSPV products to report any instances of

lost sales or revenue they experienced due to competition from imports of CSPV products from

China since January 1, 2010. Of the five responding U.S. producers, three reported that they

had to either reduce prices or roll back announced price increases. The *** lost sales

allegations, involving *** purchasers, totaled $10,389,500 and involved 15,007,760 watts of

CSPV modules. 10 Staff contacted seven purchasers, and a summary of the information obtained

follows (table V‐9).11

Purchasers responding to the lost sales allegations also were asked whether they shifted

their purchases of CSPV products from U.S. producers to suppliers of CSPV products from China

since 2011. In addition, they were asked whether U.S. producers reduced their prices in order

to compete with suppliers of CSPV products from China. *** responding purchasers reported

that they had shifted purchases of CSPV products from U.S. producers to subject imports since

2011. *** purchasers reported that the U.S. producers had reduced their prices in order to

compete with the prices of subject imports since 2011.

Table V-9 

CSPV products: U.S. producers’ lost sales allegations 

*            *            *            *           *            *            *

                                                      

10 *** did not provide lost revenue allegations. However, it did report that it has had to

reduce its prices because of lower‐priced imports from China and Taiwan. ***.

11 Lost sales included *** allegations for firms without fax numbers. Staff contacted these

firms by email and requested responses to the general questions only. Information about the

specific lost sales allegations were not included because email communication would not

provide adequate protection for the BPI data associated with sales‐specific details.  

VI‐1

PART VI: FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE OF U.S. PRODUCERS

BACKGROUND

CSPV cell and module financial results, as presented in this section of the report, are

divided into the following categories:  cell operations (commercial sales and transfers) and

module operations.1

The financial results on U.S. cell operations represent two companies:  Suniva and

SolarWorld.2  With regard to U.S. module operations, the financial results presented in this

section include five U.S. producers that submitted U.S. producer questionnaire responses in the

current CSPV products investigation, as well as the financial results of ten U.S. producers that

submitted usable U.S. producer questionnaire responses in the Commission’s previous CSPV

solar products investigation.3

   

As described in Part III of this report, a number of U.S. producers effectively began their

operations during the period examined.  Entry into the market, in general, involved initial

investments in capacity and in some cases subsequent expansion, as well as closure and/or

restructuring of existing capacity.  As also described previously, a number of U.S. producers

effectively exited the market with Evergreen being the *** in terms of company‐specific

module sales reported to the Commission.  While not directly impacting Solar World’s U.S. cell

and module operations, the majority of the company’s shareholders formally approved a

financial restructuring plan in August 2013 which was subsequently court approved in mid‐

January 2014.4

  As noted below, SolarWorld’s U.S. cell and module operations have undergone

various operational restructurings which were not directly related to the above‐referenced

financial restructuring of the parent company.   

 

1 The majority of U.S. producers reported their annual financial results based on calendar‐year

periods.  Kyocera and Sharp (reporting on the basis of March‐ending fiscal years) were the exceptions.  

Similarly, the majority of U.S. producers reported their financial results on the basis of U.S. generally

accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  SolarWorld and Solon were the exceptions and reported their

financial results on the basis of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).    2

 ***.  USITC auditor preliminary‐phase notes.

3 *** submitted usable U.S. producer questionnaire responses in the current CSPV solar products

investigation.  The financial results of ***, which submitted usable financial results in the previous CSPV

solar products investigation, are also included in the financial results presented in this section of the

report.  See Part III of this report regarding the current status of these producers.   

With respect to financial results based on the Commission’s previous CSPV solar products

investigation specifically, the relevant overlapping period represents full year 2010 and 2011 and first

half 2012.  Accordingly, for items in table VI‐3 such as sales volume and value, as well as other

corresponding financial information, period‐to‐period changes in absolute amounts between full‐year

2011 and 2012, and between interim 2012 and interim 2013, are likely overstated to some extent due to

the absence of complete full‐year 2012, interim 2012, and interim 2013 financial information for U.S.

producers who continued to have operations during those periods.     4 Conference transcript, pp.89‐90 (Brinser).  Petitioner’s postconference brief, Exhibit 1, p. 62.   ***.  

Ibid.  
VI‐2

OPERATIONS ON CSPV CELLS AND MODULES

Table VI‐1 and table VI‐2, respectively, present income‐and‐loss data for operations on

cells (commercial sales and transfers) and a corresponding variance analysis.5  Income‐and‐loss

data for operations on modules are presented in table VI‐3.  For reasons specified in footnote 6,

a variance analysis of module financial results is not presented in this section of the report.6

Revenue

As described in Part III of this report, the majority of cell production is consumed by

SolarWorld and Suniva in their own downstream module operations.7

   With regard to

commercial sales and transfers of cells, i.e., the level of activity presented in table VI‐1, total

sales volume fluctuated during the full‐year period and then was higher in interim 2013

compared to interim 2012.  For both SolarWorld and Suniva cell *** generally represented the

majority of commercial sales and transfers.  SolarWorld’s ***.     

For the reasons described in footnote 3, the pattern of module sales volume is

somewhat more difficult to interpret.  With respect to the five U.S. producers that submitted

U.S. producer questionnaires in the current investigation, overall module sales volume reached  

 

5 The Commission’s variance analysis is calculated in three parts:  sales variance, cost of goods sold

(COGS) variance, and selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses variance.  Each part consists

of a price variance (in the case of the sales variance) or a cost variance (in the case of the COGS and

SG&A expenses variances) and a volume (quantity) variance.  The sales or cost variance is calculated as

the change in unit price/cost times the new volume, while the volume variance is calculated as the

change in volume times the old unit price/cost.  Summarized at the bottom of table VI‐2, the price

variance is from sales, the cost/expense variance is the sum of those items from COGS and SG&A,

respectively, and the net volume variance is the sum of the price, COGS, and SG&A volume variances.   

A stable overall product mix generally enhances the utility of the Commission’s variance analysis.  In

addition to underlying changes due to cell innovation and normal gains in efficiency, some period‐to‐

period variations in product mix would generally be expected.  With regard to cell operations

(commercial sales and transfers) and the table VI‐2 variance analysis, information submitted to the

Commission does not indicate that there were any substantial changes in product mix during the period

examined.  USITC auditor preliminary‐phase notes.

6 While financial ratios and average unit values can provide a useful indication of the industry’s

financial condition with respect to module operations, a variance analysis would not be meaningful

because changes in absolute amounts (e.g., total sales volume and value, COGS, and SG&A expenses)

are to some extent overstated between full‐year 2011 and 2012 and between interim 2012 and interim

2013 (see footnote 3).  Staff therefore believes that a variance analysis of module financial results

should not be presented.   7 However, this was not the case for *** when the company’s export sales volume exceeded its

internal consumption.     
VI‐3

Table VI-1 

CSPV Cells (commercial sales and transfers): Results of operations of U.S. firms, 2010-12, 

January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table VI-2 

CSPV Cells (commercial sales and transfers): Variance analysis of U.S. firms’ operations, 2010-

12, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table VI-3 

CSPV Modules: Results of operations of U.S. firms, 2010-12, January-September 2012, and 

January-September 2013

* * * * * * *

its highest level in 2011 and then declined somewhat in 2012.  As shown in table VI‐3, overall

module sales volume was at its highest level in 2010 and subsequently declined.         

For cell and module operations, average sales value declined throughout the period (see

table VI‐1 and table VI‐3) with each reporting notably large declines between 2011 and 2012:  

(*** percent lower for cells and *** percent lower for modules).  This similarity diverged

somewhat during the interim period with average module sales value *** percent lower in

interim 2013 compared to interim 2012, while average cell sales value was *** percent lower.  

The lower percentage decline in average module sales value at the end of the period, as

compared to the previous percentage declines, is generally consistent with a SolarWorld  

company official’s statement that, after duties were imposed pursuant to the previous CSPV

solar products investigation, the “pricing collapse” slowed somewhat.8

At least directionally, declines in average cell and module sales values correspond with

period‐to‐period declines in average raw material costs (see Cost of goods sold and gross profit

(loss) section of this report).  Nonetheless, for both cells and modules the share of raw material

costs to sales remained at what can be characterized as high levels throughout the period:  for

cell operations total raw material cost as a share of total sales reached *** percent in 2011 and

for module operations was *** percent in 2012 (see table VI‐1 and table VI‐3).   

Cost of goods sold and gross profit or (loss)

For both cell and module operations, raw material cost was the single largest

component of COGS throughout the period and was at its highest level for cell operations in

2010 (*** percent of COGS) and for module operations in 2011 (*** percent of COGS).  While

the share of COGS accounted for by total raw material cost did not change substantially for

 

8

  Conference transcript, pp. 73‐74 (Brinser).
VI‐4

either cell or module operations, underlying raw material components were not static.  For cell

operations specifically, the polysilicon, ingot, and wafer component declined notably as a share

of total COGS, while all other raw material costs increased.9

  With regard to module operations,

supplemental information for interim 2013 indicates that internally produced cells, at ***

percent, were the largest single component of total module raw material costs.  In general, this

appears to be consistent with the large share of U.S. module activity accounted for by

integrated producers SolarWorld and Suniva at the end of the period.10  In contrast,

supplemental information submitted in the previous CSPV solar products investigation

indicated that in 2010 purchased cells accounted for a somewhat larger share of total module

raw material costs (*** percent) compared to internally produced cells (*** percent).11  As the

above indicates, module raw material costs presented in table VI‐3 were not homogenous from

period‐to‐period, but instead were a changing composite of internally‐produced cells (in which

the underlying raw material cost itself reflects various combinations of polysilicon, ingot,

wafers, and other cell‐related raw material costs), cells purchased from related and unrelated

parties, other relevant module‐related raw material costs, and partially manufactured

modules.12   

Other factory costs and direct labor were the second and third largest components of

COGS for both cell and module operations.  While the share of cell other factory costs to total

COGS increased somewhat during the full‐year period and then was lower in interim 2013

compared to interim 2012 (see table VI‐1), the share of module other factory costs to total

COGS declined throughout the period (see table VI‐3).  While a number of factors can be

presumed to impact the relative level of cell other factory costs (e.g., on‐going expansion

activity and subsequent operational restructuring), it can be noted that cell sales volume was

higher in interim 2013 compared to interim 2012.  This in turn would generally result in

increased fixed cost absorption and thus, to some extent, a decline in relative other factory

costs.   Also and as indicated in footnote 15, SolarWorld suspended its ingot and wafer

production during interim 2013.  Prospectively, this closure could be expected to eliminate (or

substantially reduce) the other factory costs associated with this part of the company’s

operations.   

With regard to module operations, the higher level of other factory costs in 2010 and

subsequent decline in 2011, in large part, reflects Evergreen.  In 2010, Evergreen was in the

process of attempting to shift its cell and module operations from the United States to China

 

9 ***.  USITC auditor preliminary‐phase notes.   10 Ibid. 11 USITC auditor final‐phase notes for Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481 and 731‐TA‐1190.  Both sets of

supplemental information should be considered estimates of the relative shares of internally produced

cells and purchased cells to total module raw material costs; e.g., 2010 supplemental information did

not include companies such as *** that did not respond to the Commission’s final‐phase U.S. producer

questionnaire in the previous CSPV solar products investigation.  As such, the relative importance of

internally produced cells was likely somewhat greater in 2010 than the above‐referenced percentage

indicates. 12 SolarWorld suspended its own ingot and wafer production in interim 2013 which further illustrates

the changing nature of underlying raw material costs (see footnote 15).
VI‐5

and then subsequently ceased all U.S. operations in the first quarter of 2011.  As noted below,

SolarWorld restructured various parts of its U.S. operations in an effort to reduce costs.  At

least to some extent, these restructuring efforts likely impacted (directly or indirectly) the

relative level of other factory costs of both cell and module operations.  

As shown in table VI‐1 and table VI‐3, cell average COGS declined throughout most of

the period and module average COGS declined throughout the entire period.  In addition to

primary manufacturing costs (i.e., raw material costs, direct labor, and other factory costs),

COGS also includes the recognition of items such as lower of cost or market raw material and

product inventory valuation adjustments, severance and shut‐down costs, and to a lesser

extent asset impairments.13  With respect to SolarWorld and its efforts to reduce costs, the

company noted that cost reductions included the direct elimination of facility and personnel

expenses, as well as changes related to input usage and manufacturing; e.g., ***.14  With regard

to the elimination of facilities, shutdown costs specific to SolarWorld’s cell operations would

include the closure of its high volume ingot and wafer production facility during interim 2013.15      

Cell and module operations generated marginal gross profit ratios (the ratio of total

gross profit to total revenue) in 2010, essentially just above breakeven, followed by gross loss

ratios of varying magnitudes for the rest of the period (see table VI‐1 and table VI‐3).  In

general, the subsequent expansion and contraction of gross loss ratios for both cell and module

operations reflects the extent to which declines in average sales value did or did not exceed

corresponding declines in average COGS.  

SG&A expenses and operating income or (loss)

Given that cell and module operations generated only marginal gross profit in 2010 and

then gross losses of varying magnitudes throughout the rest of the period, the presence of

SG&A expenses by default resulted in operating losses for both sets if activity.   

With respect to cell operations, the increase in SG&A expenses in 2011 is largely due to

***.16  With respect to module operations, the higher level of SG&A expenses in 2011, in part,

reflects ***.  

Large non‐recurring items not already reflected in COGS and/or SG&A expenses were

included in cell and module “other expenses” and therefore did not directly impact the

 

13 As reported to the Commission, notably large asset impairments were classified by U.S. producers

as either SG&A expenses or “other expenses” (see note 1 to table VI‐1 and note 2 to table VI‐3). The

most substantial inventory valuation adjustments were reportedly recognized in 2011 and included in

COGS.  Pursuant to GAAP and IFRS, U.S. producers are required to recognize losses immediately when

balance sheet costs assigned to inventory exceed market or net realizable values, respectively.    14 Petitioner’s postconference brief, Exhibit 1, p. 53.

15 Ibid.  A SolarWorld company official indicated at the staff conference that the company’s U.S. ingot

and wafer operations could be restarted and that in essence current pricing and volumes were such that

it was more cost effective to source these inputs from a related firm.  Conference transcript, p. 91

(Dulani) and pp. 93‐94.   ***.  SolarWorld U.S. producer questionnaire response to question III‐7.    16 ***.  USITC auditor preliminary‐phase notes.    
VI‐6

industry’s operating results (see note 2 to table VI‐1 and table VI‐3).  In general, the most

significant non‐recurring items included in “other expenses” were fixed asset impairments.17       

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES

Data on capital expenditures and research and development (R&D) expenses related to

cells and modules, respectively, are presented in table VI‐4.

Table VI-4 

CSPV Cells and Modules: Capital expenditures and research and development expenses, by firm, 

2010-12, January-September 2012, January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

For both cell and module operations, total capital expenditures were at their highest

levels in 2010.  With regard to cell operations, the decline in 2011 (in large part reflecting the

completion of ***) was followed by an increase in 2012 which was ***.  In contrast, *** were

at their highest level in 2010 and subsequently remained at relatively low levels throughout the

rest of the period.   

With respect to the five producers that submitted a U.S. producer questionnaire

response in the current CSPV solar products investigation, declines in module‐specific capital

expenditures were reported throughout the full‐year period (***) and were somewhat higher

in interim 2013 (***) compared to interim 2012 (***).  As shown in table VI‐4, the decline in

overall module capital expenditures was relatively large between 2010 and 2011 followed by

continued declines throughout the period.  (Note:  As indicated previously and with respect to

overall module operations, the absolute declines between 2011 and 2012, and between interim

2012 and interim 2013, are likely overstated to some extent (see footnote 3)).  

The R&D expenses for cell operations, ***.  Similarly and when considering  the five

producers that submitted U.S. producer questionnaires in the current CSPV solar products

investigation, R&D expenses for module operations increased somewhat during the full‐year

 

17 To the extent that SolarWorld reported its financial results on the basis of IFRS, as opposed to

GAAP, it should be noted that IFRS and GAAP differ on some points regarding how impairments are

recognized; e.g., under IFRS, impairment charges for assets not held for sale can be reversed while

reversal is not allowed under GAAP.  Nonetheless, the underlying concept of impairment is basically the

same under both accounting systems:  “{t}he condition that exists when a long‐lived asset’s carrying

amount is not expected to be recoverable over the remainder of its expected life.”  Wiley GAAP 2012, p.

434.
VI‐7

period (from ***) compared to interim 2012 (***).18   When considering the overall R&D

expenses shown in table VI‐4, the ***.19        

CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT

The Commission requested that U.S. producers describe any actual or potential negative

effects of imports of CSPV cells and/or modules from China and/or Taiwan on their firms’

growth, investment, ability to raise capital, development and production efforts, or the scale of

capital investments.  The responses of the U.S. producers that submitted U.S. producer

questionnaire responses in the current CSPV solar product investigation are presented below.  

Actual negative effects

Itek Energy    ***.

Motech    ***.

SolarWorld ***.      

Suniva ***.     

Wanxiang    ***.

Anticipated negative effects

Itek Energy ***.  

Motech ***.  

SolarWorld ***.  

Suniva ***.  

Wanxiang ***.

 

18 ***.   As described by the company, “{o}ver the POI {period of investigation}, SolarWorld has ***,

and, in the *** . . . {r}eductions in R&D included the ***, as well as the ***.  Petitioner’s postconference

brief, Exhibit 1, pp. 53‐54.   19 *** were generally consistent with the R&D expenses reported in the company’s public financial

statements.  Evergreen 2010 10‐K, p. 34.  As described by Evergreen, “{r}esearch and development

expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, including stock based compensation

costs, consulting expenses and prototype costs related to the design, engineering, development, testing

and enhancement of our products, manufacturing equipment and manufacturing technology.”  

Evergreen 2010 10‐K, p. 41.  To the extent that the company also referenced its expansion of R&D

initiatives in China (Evergreen 2010 10‐K, p. 10), it appears reasonable to conclude that the R&D

expenses reported to the Commission by Evergreen were not limited to just those directly supporting its

U.S. operations.    

VII‐1

PART VII: THREAT CONSIDERATIONS AND INFORMATION ON

NONSUBJECT COUNTRIES

Section 771(7)(F)(i) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(i)) provides that—

In determining whether an industry in the United States is threatened

with material injury by reason of imports (or sales for importation) of the

subject merchandise, the Commission shall consider, among other

relevant economic factors1‐‐ 

(I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may

be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature

of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable

subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies

Agreement), and whether imports of the subject merchandise are

likely to increase,

(II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial

increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating

the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject

merchandise into the United States, taking into account the

availability of other export markets to absorb any additional

exports,

(III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration

of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of

substantially increased imports,

(IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices

that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing

effect on domestic prices, and are likely to increase demand for

further imports,

(V) inventories of the subject merchandise,

                                                            

1

Section 771(7)(F)(ii) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii)) provides that “The Commission shall

consider {these factors} . . . as a whole in making a determination of whether further dumped or

subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless

an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted under this title. The presence or absence of

any factor which the Commission is required to consider . . . shall not necessarily give decisive guidance

with respect to the determination. Such a determination may not be made on the basis of mere

conjecture or supposition.”
VII‐2

(VI) the potential for product‐shifting if production facilities in the

foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject

merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products,

(VII) in any investigation under this title which involves imports of both

a raw agricultural product (within the meaning of paragraph

(4)(E)(iv)) and any product processed from such raw agricultural

product, the likelihood that there will be increased imports, by

reason of product shifting, if there is an affirmative determination

by the Commission under section 705(b)(1) or 735(b)(1) with

respect to either the raw agricultural product or the processed

agricultural product (but not both),

(VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing

development and production efforts of the domestic industry,

including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version

of the domestic like product, and

(IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the

probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of

imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise

(whether or not it is actually being imported at the time).2

Information on the nature of the alleged subsidies was presented earlier in this report;

information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in

Parts IV and V; and information on the effects of imports of the subject merchandise on U.S.

producers’ existing development and production efforts is presented in Part VI. Information on

inventories of the subject merchandise; foreign producers’ operations, including the potential

for “product‐shifting;” any other threat indicators, if applicable; and any dumping in third‐

country markets, follows. Also presented in this section of the report is information obtained

for consideration by the Commission on nonsubject countries.

                                                            

2

Section 771(7)(F)(iii) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(iii)) further provides that, in antidumping

investigations, “. . . the Commission shall consider whether dumping in the markets of foreign countries

(as evidenced by dumping findings or antidumping remedies in other WTO member markets against the

same class or kind of merchandise manufactured or exported by the same party as under investigation)

suggests a threat of material injury to the domestic industry.”
VII‐3

THE INDUSTRY IN CHINA

The Commission received questionnaire responses from 28 producers of CSPV cells in

China, which accounted for approximately *** percent3 of total 2012 production of CSPV cells

in China.4  These firms are identified in table VII‐1 along with each firms’ cell capacity,

production, and export shipment data. The Commission also received questionnaire responses

from 51 producers of CSPV modules in China, which accounted for approximately *** percent5

of total 2012 production of CSPV modules in China. These firms are identified in table VII‐2

along with each firms’ module capacity, production, and export shipment data.   

                                                            

3 Based on total Chinese CSPV cell production in 2012 of *** megawatts reported in ***. 4 China is estimated to have approximately 500 solar manufacturers.  Conference transcript, p. 189

(Weiner); Petitioner claimed that Chinese respondents account for approximately *** percent of total

Chinese capacity. Petitioner’s postconference brief, pp. 18 and 24. 5 Based on total Chinese CSPV module production in 2012 of *** megawatts reported in ***. The

coverage percentage may be understated because *** reported total production data includes Chinese

thin film production.  Thin film production in China, however, is a relatively small percentage of its total

production.
VII‐4

Table VII-1 

CSPV cells: Reporting producers of CSPV CELLS in China, capacity, production, share of 

reported production, capacity utilization, exports to the United States, and share of exports to the 

United States, by firm, 2012 

Firm 

Share of 

reported 

production 

(percent) 

Capacity 

(kilowatts) 

Production 

(kilowatts) 

Capacity 

utilization 

(percent) 

Exports to 

the United 

States 

(kilowatts) 

Total 

shipments 

(kilowatts) 

Share of 

firm's total 

shipments 

exported 

the United 

States 

(percent) 

Canadian Solar, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Changzhou Trina Solar Energy 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

CNBM International Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

CSGPVTech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Econess Energy Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Eoplly New Energy Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ET Soalr Industry, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hangzhou Zhejiang University 

Sunny Energy Science and 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hanwha SolarOne (Qidong) Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hareon Solar Technology Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hengdian Group 

DMEGCMagnetics Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jiangsu Aide Solar Energy 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

JiangziRisun Solar Energy Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

LDK Solar Hi-Tech (Nanchang) 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Lightway Green New Energy Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Ningbo MaxsolarCo.,Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Realforce Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ReneSola Jiangsu, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shanghai JA Solar Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Solargiga Energy Holdings, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sun Earth Solar Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Suzhou Suncome Solar Science 

& Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tainergy Tech (Kunshan) Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wuxi Suntech Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Years Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ZhongliTalesun Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Total *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 
VII‐5

Table VII-2 

CSPV modules: Reporting producers of CSPV MODULES in China, capacity, production, share of 

reported production, capacity utilization, exports to the United States, and share of exports to the 

United States, by firm, 2012 

Firm 

Share of 

reported 

production 

(percent) 

Capacity 

(kilowatts) 

Production 

(kilowatts) 

Capacity 

utilization 

(percent) 

Exports to 

the United 

States 

(kilowatts) 

Total 

shipments 

(kilowatts) 

Share of 

firm's total 

shipments 

exported 

the United 

States 

(percent) 

Canadian Solar, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Changzhou Almaden Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Changzhou Trina Solar Energy 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Cixi City Rixing Electronics Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

CNBM International Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

CSGPVTech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Dongguan Sunworth Solar Energy 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Econess Energy Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Eoplly New Energy Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ET Soalr Industry, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

German Solar Asia Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Guangzhou Sumyok Solar Power 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hangzhou Zhejiang University 

Sunny Energy Science and 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hanwha SolarOne (Qidong) Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hareon Solar Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Hengdian Group DMEGC 

Magnetics Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jiangsu Aide Solar Energy 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

JiangziRisun Solar Energy Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

JiansuSainty PV System Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

LDK Solar Hi-Tech (Nanchang) 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Lightway Green New Energy Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Realforce Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ReneSola Jiangsu, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shanghai JA Solar Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shenzhen Jiawei Photovoltaic 

Lighting Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shenzhen Sacred Industry Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shenzhen Sanyifeida Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Shenzhen Sungold Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Singfo Solar Energy Science & *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 
VII‐6

Technology Co., Ltd. 

Solargiga Energy Holdings, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Star Power International, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sumec Hardware & Tools Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sun Earth Solar Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sunny Apex Development, Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Suzhou Suncome Solar Science & 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tianwei New Energy (Yangzhou) 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wanxiang Solar *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wenzhou Jingri Electric and 

Mechanial Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wuhan FYY Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wuhu Zhongfu PV Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Wuxi Suntech Power Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Years Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., 

Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ZhangjiagangSEG PV Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Zhejiang Global Photovoltaic 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Zhejiang Heda Solar Technology 

Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Zhejiang ShinewPhotoelectronic 

Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ZhongliTalesun Solar Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

ZnshinePy-Tech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Total *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

Reporting Producers of CSPV Cells and Modules in China

CSPV Cells

Table VII‐3 presents data for reported capacity, production, and shipments of CSPV cells

for all reporting producers in China. Collectively, Chinese foreign producers reported that CSPV

cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to increase by an

additional *** percent from 2012 to 2014.  They reported CSPV cell production increased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to increase an additional *** percent from

2012 to 2014. In 2012, reporting foreign producers in China reported that *** percent of their

total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to produce CSPV modules in China, ***

percent of CSPV cell shipments were to their home market, *** percent of their CSPV cell

shipments were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to Taiwan, and ***

percent were exported to other markets.
VII‐7

Table VII-3 

CSPV cells: China’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and inventories OF 

CELLS, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

CSPV Modules

Table VII‐4 presents data for reported capacity, production, and shipments of CSPV

modules for all reporting producers in China. They reported CSPV module capacity increased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to increase an additional *** percent from

2012 to 2014.  They reported CSPV module production increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to increase an additional *** percent from 2012 to 2014. In 2010,

Chinese module producers reported that *** percent of total production used CSPV cells of

Taiwanese origin, in 2012 the share of modules with CSPV cells from Taiwan had risen to ***

percent, and in January‐September 2013 the share had risen to *** percent.6 In 2012, ***

percent of total shipments of modules by Chinese producers were exported to the United

States, *** percent to their home market, *** percent were internally consumed, and ***

percent of their shipments were to other export markets.  

Table VII-4 

CSPV modules: China’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and inventories OF 

MODULES, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Five Largest Reporting Producers of CSPV Modules in China7

Yingli China

Yingli China reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year

were sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2013.  Yingli China’s reported CSPV cell

production increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** percent from

2012 to 2013.  In 2012, *** percent of Yingli China’s total shipments of CSPV cells were

internally consumed to produce CSPV modules and *** percent of its shipments were to its

home market.   

                                                            

6 Petitioner claimed that this ***. Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 11‐16.

Chinese respondents argued that the solar industry is a globalized industry that has always had global

supply chains and that an increase in the use of Taiwanese CSPV cells, which was common in the

industry before the Commission’s prior CSPV solar investigation, is an effect of the increase in global

demand of CSPV modules.  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 31‐32. 7

Based on reported 2012 production of CSPV modules.
VII‐8

Yingli China reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2013. Its reported CSPV module production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** percent from 2012 to

2013.  In 2012, it reported that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own

internally consumed CSPV cells and ***.8 Yingli China reported that its largest U.S. importer of

CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Trina China

Trina China reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year

were sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Trina China’s reported CSPV cell

production increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to

2014.  In 2012, *** percent of Trina China’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally

consumed to produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market,

and *** percent were exported to the United States.

Trina China's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In

2012, it reported that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally

consumed CSPV cells, ***.9 Trina China reported that its largest U.S. importer of CSPV products

during the period of investigation was ***.   

Suntech

Suntech reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Suntech's reported CSPV cell production

decreased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In

2012, *** percent of Suntech’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to

produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent

were exported to the United States, and *** percent were exported to other markets.

Suntech's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012,

and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production decreased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In 2012, it reported

that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally consumed CSPV cells,

***.10  Suntech reported that its largest U.S. importer of CSPV products during the period of

investigation was ***.   

                                                            

8 ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Yingli, question II‐16.

9 ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Trina China, question II‐16.

10 ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Suntech, question II‐16.
VII‐9

Canadian Solar China

Canadian Solar China reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal

year were sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent

from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Canadian Solar China’s reported

CSPV cell production increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from

2012 to 2014.  In 2012, *** percent of Canadian Solar China’s total shipments of CSPV cells

were internally consumed to produce CSPV modules.

Canadian Solar China's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In

2012, it reported that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally

consumed CSPV cells, ***.11 Canadian Solar China reported that its largest U.S. importer of

CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Jinko Solar

Jinko Solar reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year

were sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from

2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Jinko Solar’s reported CSPV cell

production increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to

2014.  In 2012, *** percent of Jinko Solar’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally

consumed to produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market,

*** percent were exported to the United States, and *** percent were exported to other

markets.

Jinko Solar's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In

2012, it reported that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally

consumed CSPV cells, ***.12 Jinko Solar reported that its largest U.S. importer of CSPV products

during the period of investigation was ***.   

                                                            

11 ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Canadian Solar China, question II‐16. 12 ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Jinko Solar, question II‐16.
VII‐10

THE INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN

The Commission received responses from 19 firms accounting for approximately ***

percent13 of 2012 production of CSPV cells in Taiwan and accounting for approximately ***

percent14 of 2012 capacity of CSPV modules in Taiwan.  Thirteen of the 19 responding

Taiwanese producers reported that they produced CSPV cells in Taiwan.  These firms are

identified in table VII‐5 along with each firms’ cell capacity, production, and export shipment

data.  Thirteen of the 19 responding Taiwanese producers reported that they produced CSPV

modules in Taiwan.  These firms are identified in table VII‐6 along with each firms’ module

capacity, production, and export shipment data.   

Table VII-5 

CSPV cells: Reporting producers of CSPV CELLS in Taiwan, capacity, production, share of 

reported production, capacity utilization, exports to the United States, and share of exports to the 

United States, by firm, 2012 

Firm 

Share of 

reported 

production 

(percent) 

Capacity 

(kilowatts) 

Production 

(kilowatts) 

Capacity 

utilization 

(percent) 

Exports to 

the United 

States 

(kilowatts) 

Total 

shipments 

(kilowatts) 

Share of 

firm's total 

shipments 

exported the 

United States 

(percent) 

AU Optronics Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Big Sun Energy Technology, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

E-Ton Solar Tech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Ever Energy Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Gintech Energy Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

IST Energy Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Motech Industries, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Neo Solar Power Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Solartech Energy Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Sunengine Corp., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tainergy Tech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Topcell Solar International Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

TSEC Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Total *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

                                                            

13 Based on total Taiwanese CSPV cell production in 2012 of *** megawatts reported in Lin, Fu‐Ming,

“Status of PV in Taiwan,” Industrial Technology Research Institute, October 31, 2013, p. 17. 14 Based on total Taiwanese CSPV module capacity in 2012 of *** megawatts reported in Lin, Fu‐

Ming, “Status of PV in Taiwan,” Industrial Technology Research Institute, October 31, 2013, p. 17.
VII‐11

Table VII-6 

CSPV modules: Reporting producers of CSPV MODULES in Taiwan, capacity, production, share of 

reported production, capacity utilization, exports to the United States, and share of exports to the 

United States, by firm, 2012 

Firm 

Share of 

reported 

production 

(percent) 

Capacity 

(kilowatts) 

Production 

(kilowatts) 

Capacity 

utilization 

(percent) 

Exports to 

the United 

States 

(kilowatts) 

Total 

shipments 

(kilowatts) 

Share of 

firm's total 

shipments 

exported 

the United 

States 

(percent) 

Anji Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Apollo Solar Energy Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

AU Optronics Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Big Sun Energy Technology, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Gintech Energy Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Inventec Energy Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Motech Industries, Inc. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Neo Solar Power Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Powercom Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Solartech Energy Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tainergy Tech Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Tynsolar Corp. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Win Win Precision Technology Co., Ltd. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Total *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 

Reporting Producers of CSPV Cells and Modules in Taiwan

CSPV Cells

Table VII‐7 presents data for reported capacity, production, and shipments of CSPV cells

for all reporting producers in Taiwan. Collectively, Taiwanese foreign producers reported that

CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to increase by

an additional *** percent from 2012 to 2014.  They reported CSPV cell production increased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to increase an additional *** percent from

2012 to 2014. In 2012, reporting foreign producers in Taiwan reported that *** percent of their

total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to produce CSPV modules in Taiwan,

*** percent of CSPV cell shipments were to their home market, *** percent of their CSPV cell

shipments were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to China,15 and ***

                                                            

15 From 2010 to 2012, exports of CSPV cells from Taiwan to China increased *** percent.  In January‐

September 2014, exports of CSPV cells from Taiwan to China were higher by *** percent than in

January‐September 2013.  Exports of CSPV cells from Taiwan to China are project to ***.  

(continued...)
VII‐12

percent were exported to other markets. Of the 13 responding CSPV cell producers in Taiwan

***.16   

Table VII-7 

CSPV cells: Taiwan’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and inventories OF 

CELLS, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

CSPV Modules

Table VII‐8 presents data for reported capacity, production, and shipments of CSPV

modules for all reporting producers in Taiwan. They reported CSPV module capacity increased

by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** percent from 2012 to 2014.  They

reported CSPV module production increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is

projected to *** percent from 2012 to 2014. During the period of investigation, Taiwanese

module producers reported that a vast majority of their CSPV modules are produced with CSPV

cells from Taiwan.  In 2012, *** percent of all CSPV modules manufactured in Taiwan contained

cells produced in Taiwan. In 2012, *** percent of total shipments of modules by Taiwanese

producers were exported to the United States, *** percent to their home market, *** percent

were internally consumed, and *** percent of their shipments were to other export markets.  

Table VII-8 

CSPV modules: Taiwan’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and inventories 

OF MODULES, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Five Largest Reporting Producers of CSPV Cells in Taiwan17

Gintech

Gintech reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Gintech’s reported CSPV cell production

                                                            

(...continued)

Petitioner claimed that this increase of exports of CSPV cells from Taiwan to China constituted a shift

in the global supply chain intended to evade antidumping and countervailing duties on CSPV modules

from China using Chinese CSPV cells. Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 11‐16.

Chinese respondents argued that the solar industry is a globalized industry that has always had global

supply chains and that an increase in the exports of Taiwanese CSPV cells to China, which was common

in the industry before the Commission’s prior CSPV solar investigation, is an effect of the increase in

global demand of CSPV modules.  Chinese respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 31‐32.

16 See Foreign producer questionnaire responses of ***. 17Based on reported 2012 production of CSPV cells.
VII‐13

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.18  In

2012, *** percent of Gintech’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to

produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent

were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to China, and *** percent were

exported to other markets such as ***.

Gintech's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012,

and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production decreased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In 2012, it reported

that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally consumed CSPV cells.  In

2012, *** percent of its total shipments of CSPV modules were home market sales and ***

percent were exports to the United States.   Gintech reported that its largest U.S. importer of

CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Motech

Motech reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Motech’s reported CSPV cell production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.19  In

2012, *** percent of Motech’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to

produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent

were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to China, and *** percent were

exported to other markets such as ***.

Motech's reported CSPV module capacity increased from *** kilowatts in 2010 to ***

kilowatts in 2012, and is projected to *** in 2014. Its reported CSPV module production

increased from *** kilowatts in 2010 to *** kilowatts in 2012, and is projected to *** in 2014.  

In 2012, it reported that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally

consumed CSPV cells.  In 2012, *** percent of its total shipments of CSPV modules were home

market sales, *** percent were internal consumption, *** percent were exported to other

markets, and *** percent were exports to the United States.   Motech reported that its largest

U.S. importer of CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Neo Solar

Neo Solar reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Neo Solar’s reported CSPV cell production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.20  In

2012, *** percent of Neo Solar’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to

                                                            

18 Gintech reported ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Gintech, question II‐17(b).

19 Motech reported ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Motech, question II‐17(b).

20 Neo Solar reported ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Neo Solar, question II‐17(b).
VII‐14

produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent

were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to China, and *** percent were

exported to other markets such as ***.

Neo Solar reported that it commenced CSPV module production in 2013 with a capacity

of *** kilowatts and production of *** kilowatts. Neo Solar reported that its largest U.S.

importer of CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Solartech

Solartech reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Solartech’s reported CSPV cell production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.21  In

2012, *** percent of Solartech’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed to

produce CSPV modules, *** percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent

were exported to the United States, *** percent were exported to China, and *** percent were

exported to other markets such as ***.

Solartech's reported CSPV module capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012,

and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Its reported CSPV module production increased by

*** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.  In 2012, it reported

that *** percent of its modules were produced using its own internally consumed CSPV cells.  In

2012, *** percent of its total shipments of CSPV modules were home market sales, *** percent

were internally consumed, *** percent were exports to the United States, and *** percent

were exported to other markets such as ***.   Solartech reported that its largest U.S. importer

of CSPV products during the period of investigation was ***.   

Topcell

Topcell reported that *** percent of its total sales in the most recent fiscal year were

sales of CSPV products.  Its reported CSPV cell capacity increased by *** percent from 2010 to

2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014. Topcell’s reported CSPV cell production

increased by *** percent from 2010 to 2012, and is projected to *** from 2012 to 2014.   In

2012, *** percent of Topcell’s total shipments of CSPV cells were internally consumed, ***

percent of its shipments were to its home market, *** percent were exported to China, and ***

percent were exported to other markets such as ***.  Solartech reported no capacity to

produce CSPV modules during the period of investigation.  It reported that its largest U.S.

importer of CSPV cells during the period of investigation was ***.   

                                                            

21 Solartech reported ***.  Foreign producer questionnaire response of Solartech, question II‐17(b).
VII‐15

FOREIGN INDUSTRY DATA FOR CHINA AND TAIWAN COMBINED

Table VII‐9 presents information on the CSPV cell operations of the responding

producers and exporters in China and Taiwan combined. Table VII‐10 presents information on

the CSPV module operations of the responding producers and exporters in China and Taiwan

combined.

Table VII-9 

CSPV cells: China and Taiwan’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and 

inventories OF CELLS, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Table VII-10 

CSPV modules: China and Taiwan’s reported production capacity, production, shipments, and 

inventories OF MODULES, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. INVENTORIES OF IMPORTED MERCHANDISE

Table VII‐11 presents data on U.S. importers’ reported inventories of CSPV products.

Table VII-11 

CSPV products: U.S. importers’ inventories, 2010-2012, January-September 2012, and JanuarySeptember 2013 

* * * * * * * 

U.S. IMPORTERS’ OUTSTANDING ORDERS

The Commission requested U.S. importers to indicate whether they imported or

arranged for the importation of CSPV cells or modules after June 30, 2012.  *** of the 39

reporting U.S. importers stated that they had imported or arranged for importation since June

30, 2012.  Table VII‐12 presents the U.S. importers that had imported or arranged for the

importation of the subject product from China and the quantity of those U.S. imports.22

                                                            

22 Data for arranged orders of U.S. imports do not take into account Commerce’s country of origin

rule that states that the country of origin of the CSPV cell determines the country of origin of the

module.
VII‐16

Table VII-12 

CSPV products: U.S. importers’ orders of subject imports from China and Taiwan subsequent to 

September 30, 2013, by source 

* * * * * * * 

ANTIDUMPING OR COUNTERVAILING DUTY ORDERS IN THIRD‐COUNTRY MARKETS

In July 2012, SolarWorld filed an antidumping petition with the European Commission

alleging that producers of CSPV solar cells and modules23 in China were selling CSPV cells and

modules at less than fair value.24  On September 6, 2012, the European Commission announced

its initiation of an antidumping duty investigation on CSPV cells and modules from China.25  On

September 25, 2012, SolarWorld filed a countervailing duty complaint with the European

Commission.  In June of 2013, the EU Commission announced provisional duties in its

antidumping investigation ranging from 37.3 percent to 67.9 percent.26  After the imposition of

the provisional duties, the EU Commission and a group of Chinese solar manufacturers, which

represented approximately 70 percent of total Chinese exports to the EU, entered into a “price

undertaking” agreement, which went into effect in August 2013, and stated that certain named

Chinese solar producers would agree to volume quotas and minimum prices for two years.27  All

imports above the quota as well as those imports from unnamed Chinese producers are still

subject to the antidumping and countervailing duty rates of 47.7 percent to 64.9 percent.  

Petitioner stated that subsequent to August 2013, the date the price undertaking went into

                                                            

23 The scope of the EU investigation is CSPV cells and CSPV modules (regardless of the country of

origin of the CSPV cell contained therein).

24Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, pp. 58‐61.

25Notice of initiation of an antidumping proceeding concerning imports of crystalline silicon

photovoltaic modules and key components (i.e. cells and wafers) originating in the People’s Republic of

China, Official Journal of the European Union, C/269/5, September 6, 2012.

26Imposing a provisional anti‐dumping duty on imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and

key components (i.e. cells and wafers) originating in or consigned from the People's Republic of China

and amending Regulation (EU) No 18212013 making these imports originating in or consigned from the

People's Republic of China subject to registration, Commission Regulation (EU) No 513/2013, (June 4,

2013); Petitioner’s postconference brief,  Exh. 28.

27 Although many terms are confidential, public reports stated that Chinese companies would have a

combined quota of 7 gigawatts and a price floor of $0.7661 per watt.  European Commission

Directorate‐General for Trade, EU imposes definitive measures on Chinese solar panels, confirms

undertaking with Chinese solar panel exporters, Press Release (Dec. 2, 2013); Petitioner’s

postconference brief, exh. 2RR; Chinese respondents’ brief, exh. 1, pp. 9‐11 and exh. 32.

SolarWorld and other European solar manufacturers appealed the EU Commission set price floor as

too low to adequately protect the market.  The appeal is ongoing.  Petitioner’s postconference brief,

exh. 1, p. 59.
VII‐17

effect, Chinese exports to the EU, which had previously accounted for 70 percent of total

Chinese exports, accounted for only 30 percent of total Chinese exports of solar products.28

In October 2012, solar manufacturers in India filed an antidumping and countervailing

duty complaint alleging that solar cells and modules from China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the

United States are being sold at LTFV and unfairly subsidized by the respective governments.  On

November 23, 2012, India initiated its investigation, but extended its duration until May 2014.29

On July 20, 2012, the Government of China announced the commencement of an

antidumping and countervailing duty investigation into “solar‐grade polysilicon” from the

United States and Korea.30 In January 2014, China upheld provisional duties on U.S. and South

Korean polysilicon imposing antidumping duties as high as 57 percent and countervailing duties

of 2.1 percent.31

INFORMATION ON NONSUBJECT COUNTRIES

In assessing whether the domestic industry is materially injured or threatened with

material injury “by reason of subject imports,” the legislative history states “that the

Commission must examine all relevant evidence, including any known factors, other than the

dumped or subsidized imports, that may be injuring the domestic industry, and that the

Commission must examine those other factors (including non‐subject imports) ‘to ensure that it

is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.’”32

Global Demand

Global PV33 installations (including nonsubject thin film products) increased from 21.7

GW in 2010 to 29.1 GW in 2012 (figure VII‐1).  The largest markets in 2012 were Germany (7.6

GW, 26 percent of installations), China (3.5 GW, 12 percent), Italy (3.4 GW, 12 percent), and the

                                                            

28 Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, p. 60.

29 See Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India,

http://commerce.nic.in/writereaddata/traderemedies/adint_Solar_Cells_Malaysia_ChinaPR_Chinese_T

aipei_USA%20Taipei%20and%20USA.pdf

30 See Ministry of Commerce, People’s Republic of China website:

http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/201207/20120708245225.html

accessed August 30, 2012.

31 The Government of China recently determined that it will not impose antidumping and

countervailing duties on “solar‐grade” polysilicon from the EU. “China Won’t Levy Duties on Polysilicon

From European Suppliers,” Bloomberg, January 24, 2014.

32Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, Slip Op. 2007‐1552 at 17 (Fed. Cir. Sept. 18, 2008),

quoting from Statement of Administrative Action on Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Rep. 103‐316,

Vol. I at 851‐52; see also Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed.Cir. 2006).

33 In this section, references to CSPV are to subject products, while references to PV include both

subject and nonsubject products (e.g., thin film products).  
VII‐18

United States (3.3 GW, 11 percent).34  Global demand in 2013 totaled 39 GW, according to an

early estimate from Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), with installations in China

estimated to total about 12 GW (31 percent of installations).35  NPDSolarbuzz estimated that

U.S. installations totaled 4.2 GW in 2013, which would represent about 11 percent of global

installations.36  The value of global installations—including modules, balance of system

equipment, and installation costs—increased from $71.2 billion in 2010 to $91.6 billion in 2011,

then declined to $79.7 billion in 2012.37

Figure VII-1 

Global PV installations, 2007–12 

Source: USITC, Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 

4421, August 2013, p. 3-18. 

                                                            

34 USITC, Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421,

August 2013, p. 3‐17.

35 These are preliminary market size estimates for 2013.  BNEF indicates that China installed at least

12 GW, and possibly as much as 14 GW. However, the China Renewable Energy Industries Association

estimates 2013 installations in China at 9.5 to 10.7 GW.  Taiwan respondents’ postconference brief, exh.

11.A, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, “China’s 12 GW Solar Market Outstripped All Expectations in

2013,” News release, January 23, 2014; Taiwan respondents’ postconference brief, exh. 11.B, Lacey,

Stephen, “China May Have Deployed More Solar in 2013 Alone Than America Has Installed Altogether,”

Greentech Media, January 24, 2014.

36 NPDSolarbuzz, “Record 2013 Solar PV Installations Promotes U.S. to Strongest Market Outside

Asia‐Pacific, According to NPDSolarbuzz,” News release, January 8, 2014.

37 Pernick, Ron, Clint Wilder, and Trevor Winnie, Clean Energy Trends 2013, Clean Edge, March 2013,

http://awsassets.wwf.org.za/downloads/clean_energy_trends_2013.pdf.

2.5

6.3 7.5

21.7

24.7

29.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Installations (GW)

Other

India

Australia

Japan

China

Canada

United States

Europe
VII‐19

Note: For 2007–11, data for Europe are estimated PV installations. For 2012, data are grid connected 

capacity. Reproduced from source above, which listed the following data sources: EPIA, Global Outlook 

for Photovoltaics until 2016, May 2012, 19, 66–67; EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2013–

2017, 2013, 16, 18, 31; GTM Research and SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report: 2012 Year-inReview, 2013, 5; JPEA, Statistics on Shipments, February 26, 2013, 5; METI, “Announcement Regarding 

the Present Status,” March 13, 2012; Watt and Passey, "PV in Australia 2012," May 2013, viii; Bloomberg 

New Energy Finance database (accessed May 30, 2013); Energy Foundation and CREIA, China Solar, 

April 2013, 5–6. 

Global CSPV Cell and Module Production

Global CSPV cell production *** from *** in 2010 to *** in 2011, before *** to *** in

2012 (figure VII‐2).  Asia accounted for the *** of CSPV cell production in 2012, with China

accounting for ***, Japan ***, and the rest of Asia *** (figure VII‐3).38  Full production data for

2013 are not yet available, but Solarbuzz indicates that the top CSPV cell producers in 2013, in

descending order, were Yingli, JA Solar, Trina Solar, Neo Solar Power (including DelSolar),

Motech, Jinko Solar, Gintech, Canadian Solar, and Hareon Solar.39

Figure VII-2 

CSPV cells and modules: Global production, 2010–12 

* * * * * * * 

Figure VII-3 

CSPV cells: Global production by country/region, 2011–12 

* * * * * * * 

Global CSPV module production *** from *** GW in 2010 to *** in 2012.  China

accounted for *** of module production in 2012 (including nonsubject thin film modules) while

Japan accounted for ***, the rest of Asia ***, Europe ***, the United States ***, and the rest

of the world *** (figure VII‐4).40  Full production data for 2013 are not yet available, but

Solarbuzz indicates that the top CSPV module suppliers in 2013, in descending order, were

Yingli, Trina Solar, Sharp, Canadian Solar, Jinko Solar, ReneSola, Hanwha SolarOne, Kyocera, and

JA Solar.41

                                                            

38 A breakout of production in Asian countries other than China and Japan is not available from this

source. *** 39 First Solar was the fifth largest producer in the Solarbuzzlist, but produces thin film products.  

Solarbuzz, “Yingli Adds Cell Production Leadership to Module Shipment Supremacy in 2013,” News

release, January 31, 2014.

40 A breakout of production in Asian countries other than China and Japan is not available from this

source. *** 41 First Solar was the seventh largest producer in the Solarbuzz list, but produces thin film modules.

Lian, Ray, “Top 10 PV Module Suppliers in 2013,” PV Tech, January 8, 2014.
VII‐20

Figure VII-4 

Global PV module production (including nonsubject thin film) by country/region, 2012 

* * * * * * * 

Malaysia

Malaysia was the largest source of nonsubject PV imports during 2010–September 2013,

though most imports in 2012 were thin film modules according Energy Information

Administration (EIA) data.42  Firms in Malaysia have approximately 2.1 GW of cell production

capacity and 1.6 GW of module production capacity (table VII‐1).43  Production capacity in

Malaysia has *** since 2009, when CSPV cell capacity totaled ***.44  Most PV production is

exported since the market in Malaysia totaled only 35 MW in 2012.45

Table VII-13 

CSPV cells and modules: Producers in Malaysia, 2014 

Company Cell production capacity Module production capacity 

(megawatts) 

AUOSunPower >800 0 

Flextronics 0 1,000 

Hanwha Q-Cells 900 0 

Panasonic 300 300 

Sunrise 0 100 

TSSolartech 80 0 

Other Malaysian firms 0 177 

Total >2,080 1,577 

                                                            

42 First Solar produces thin film modules in Malaysia. USITC DataWeb/USDOC (accessed January 28,

2014); Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report 2012,

December 2013, p. 12; Dato’ Hj. Badaruddin bin Mahyudin and Madam BadriyahAbdMalek, “National

Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Malaysia 2012,” May 2013, p. 12.

43 Dato’ Hj. Badaruddin bin Mahyudin and Madam BadriyahAbdMalek, “National Survey Report of PV

Power Applications in Malaysia 2012,” May 2013, p. 12; Flextronics, “Flextronics and MEMC Expand

Partnership to Produce Solar Panels for SunEdison,” News release, May 11, 2011; Malaysia, “Panasonic

Begins Full‐scale Production at 300 MW HIT Solar Module Factory in Malaysia,” News release, August 30,

2013; SunPower, “Form 10‐K,” February 25, 2013, p. 10; Meza, Edgar, “Hanwha Q Cells Increases

Production Capacity to 1.3 GWp,” PV Magazine, January 9, 2014. 44 *** 45 Dato’ Hj. Badaruddin bin Mahyudin and Madam BadriyahAbdMalek, “National Survey Report of PV

Power Applications in Malaysia 2012,” May 2013, p. 9.
VII‐21

Notes: Hanwha Q-Cells announced plans in January 2014 to expand production to 1.1 GW in Malaysia. TSSolartech’s capacity 

is calculated based on their completion of 1 solar line for a plant in which they intend to have 8 solar lines with a capacity of 640 

MW. 

Source: Dato’ Hj. Badaruddin bin Mahyudin and Madam BadriyahAbdMalek, “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications 

in Malaysia 2012,” May 2013, p. 12; Flextronics, “Flextronics and MEMC Expand Partnership to Produce Solar Panels for 

SunEdison,” News release, May 11, 2011; Panasonic, “Panasonic Begins Full-scale Production at 300 MW HIT Solar Module 

Factory in Malaysia,” News release, August 30, 2013; SunPower, “Form 10-K,” February 25, 2013, p. 10; Sunrise Solartech 

Website, http://www.srsolartech.cn/html/Latest_news/143.html (accessed January 29, 2014); TSSolartech Website, 

http://www.ts-solartech.com/company-news/ (accessed January 29, 2014); Meza, Edgar, “Hanwha Q Cells Increases Production 

Capacity to 1.3 GWp,” PV Magazine, January 9, 2014. 

Mexico

Mexico was the second largest source of nonsubject PV imports during 2010–September

2013.46  The CSPV industry in Mexico is comprised of companies that assemble modules,

primarily for export to the United States.47  In 2013, CSPV module production capacity in

Mexico, based on available data, was greater than ***.  The *** firm, in terms of production

capacity, was SunPower, which had more than 400 MW of capacity in 2013 (table VII‐2).48

Table VII-14 

CSPV cells and modules: Companies assembling modules in Mexico, 2013 

Company Module production capacity Headquarters 

(megawatts)

ERDM >30 Mexico 

Jabil Circuit *** United States 

Kyocera 150 Japan 

Solartec *** Mexico 

SunPower 417 United States 

Total *** 

Notes: As of February 2013, ten of twelve production lines at SunPower’s planned 500 MW plant were operational. Production 

capacity is estimated based on the share of production lines that are operational. 

Sources: SunPower, “Form 10-K,” February 25, 2013, p. 10; Kyocera, “Mexican President Felipe Calderón Inaugurates 

KYOCERA’s New Solar Module Manufacturing Facility in Tijuana,” News release, March 6, 2009; staff report for Crystalline 

Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-481 and 731-TA-1190 (Final); ***. 

                                                            

46 USITC DataWeb/USDOC (accessed January 28, 2014). 47 The PV market in Mexico totaled only 10 MW in 2011. Mexico does not have a specific subheading

for PV products, but exports in the broader HS 6‐digit subheading, HS 8541.40, totaled $751 million in

2012, of which 98 percent were exported to the United States. Global Trade Information Service, Inc.

(GTIS), Global Trade Atlas database (accessed January 28, 2014); EPIA, Global Market Outlook for

Photovoltaics until 2016, May 2012, p. 67.

48 SunPower, “Form 10‐K,” February 25, 2013, p. 10; Kyocera, “Mexican President Felipe Calderón

Inaugurates Kyocera’s New Solar Module Manufacturing Facility in Tijuana,” News release, March 6,

2009; staff report for Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐481

and 731‐TA‐1190 (Final); ***.
VII‐22

Japan

Japanese production of CSPV cells totaled *** MW in 2012, and accounted for ***

percent of global production.  Japanese module production, including non‐subject thin film

products, totaled *** MW, and accounted for *** percent of global production.49  Through the

first nine months of 2013, Japanese shipments of domestically produced CSPV cells totaled 1.6

GW (of which 90 MW—6 percent—was exported), and shipments of domestically produced

CSPV modules totaled 2.0 GW (of which 87 MW—4 percent—was exported).  Japanese exports

of CSPV cells are primarily to Europe, while exports of modules, including nonsubject thin film

modules, were primarily to locations outside Europe and North America (figure VII‐4).50  The

high production and relatively low level of exports through the first nine months of 2013 likely

reflects the growth in the Japanese domestic market.  Cumulative PV installations in Japan,

before the introduction of a feed‐in tariff on July 1, 2012, totaled 5.6 GW.  In the 16 months

following the introduction of the feed‐in tariff, from July 1, 2012 to October 31, 2013, PV

installations in Japan totaled 5.7 GW.51

Figure VII-4 

Japanese exports of CSPV cells and CSPV and thin film modules, January–September 2013 

                                                            

49 *** 50 Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, Japan Solar Cell and Module Shipment Statistics (in

Japanese), News release, May 31, 2013, pp. 3–4; Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, Solar Cell and

Module Shipment Statistics (in Japanese), News release, September 12, 2013, pp. 4–5; Japan

Photovoltaic Energy Association, Solar Cell and Module Shipment Statistics (in Japanese), News release,

December 2, 2013, pp. 4–5.

51 Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, “Announcement Regarding the Present Status of

Introduction of Facilities Generating Renewable Energy as of October 31, 2013,” News release, January

10, 2014.

75%

15%

10%

6%

81%

13%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Other

Europe

North America

Share of exports

Cells

Modules
VII‐23

Source: Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, Japan Solar Cell and Module Shipment Statistics (in Japanese), News release, 

May 31, 2013, pp. 3–4; Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, Solar Cell and Module Shipment Statistics (in Japanese), News 

release, September 12, 2013, pp. 4–5; Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, Solar Cell and Module Shipment Statistics (in 

Japanese), News release, December 2, 2013, pp. 4–5. 

Note: Japanese CSPV cell exports totaled 90 MW. Module exports totaled 151 MW, of which 87 MW were CSPV modules. 

Philippines

The Philippines was the fourth largest source of nonsubject PV imports during 2010–

September 2013.52  SunPower has 700 MW of CSPV cell production capacity in the Philippines,

and 600 MW of module production capacity.53

                                                            

52 USITC DataWeb/USDOC (accessed January 28, 2014).

53 SunPower, “Form 10‐K,” February 25, 2013, p. 10.

A‐1

APPENDIX A

FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES  

A‐3

The Commission makes available notices relevant to its investigations and reviews on its

website, www.usitc.gov.  In addition, the following tabulation presents, in chronological order,

Federal Register notices issued by the Commission and Commerce during the current

proceeding.  

Citation Title Link

79 FR 4661

January 29, 2014

Certain Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaic Products From the

People’s Republic of China and

Taiwan: Initiation of Antidumping

Duty Investigations

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐

2014‐01‐29/pdf/2014‐01738.pdf

79 FR 4667

January 29, 2014

Certain Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaic Products From the

People’s Republic of China: Initiation

of Countervailing Duty Investigation

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐

2014‐01‐29/pdf/2014‐01743.pdf

79 FR 1388

January 8, 2014

Certain Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaic Products From China

and Taiwan; Institution of

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Investigations and Scheduling of

Preliminary Phase Investigations

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐

2014‐01‐08/pdf/2014‐00130.pdf

   
A‐4
B-1 

APPENDIX B

LIST OF CONFERENCE WITNESSES
B-2 
3

CALENDAR OF PUBLIC PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE

Those listed below appeared as witnesses at the United States International Trade

Commission’s preliminary conference:

Subject: Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from China

and Taiwan

Inv. Nos.: 701‐TA‐511 and 731‐TA‐1246‐1247 (Preliminary)

Date and Time: January 21, 2014 ‐ 9:30 a.m.

Sessions were held in connection with these preliminary investigations in the Main

Hearing Room (room 101), 500 E Street, S.W., Washington, DC.

OPENING REMARKS:

Petitioner (Timothy C. Brightbill, Wiley Rein LLP)   

Respondents (Richard L.A. Weiner, Sidley Austin LLP)                                     

                                             

        

       In Support of the Imposition of       

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders:   

Wiley Rein LLP                                  

Washington, DC

on behalf of

SolarWorld Industires America, Inc. (“SolarWorld”)

Mukesh Dulani, President, SolarWorld

Gordon Brinser, Special Counsel to the Chairman, SolarWorld    

             Ben Sanatarris, Strategic Affairs Division, SolarWorld   

Timothy C. Brightbill    )

            ) – OF COUNSEL

      Laura El‐Sabaawi    )

   
4

In Opposition to the Imposition of

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders:

Sidley Austin LLP

Washington, DC

on behalf of

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export  

of Machinery and Electronic Products

Robert Petrina, Managing Director, Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc.

Thomas Koerner, General Manager, Canadian Solar (USA) Inc.

John Morrison, Chief Operating Officer, Strata Solar

Kenneth R. Button, Senior Vice President, Economic Consulting Services, LLC

Jennifer Lutz, Senior Economist, Economic Consulting Services, LLC

      

       Neil R. Ellis     )

       Richard L.A. Weiner    )    

       Brenda A. Jacobs    ) – OF COUNSEL

       Rajib Pal     )

       Raphaelle E. Monty    )   

Squire Sanders (US) LLP

Washington, DC

on behalf of

and

Wu Partners

Taipei, Taiwan

on behalf of

Taiwan Respondents

Robert JH Kobes, Sales & Marketing Vice President, Channel Business Division, Solar     

Business Unit, AU Optronics Corporation

   

Denny Lu, Vice President of Sales, Neo Solar Power
5

Chiu Shih Chien, Chief Legal Counsel, Neo Solar Power Corp.

   

Brandon Deno, Sales Director, Au Optronics Corp.

Naiwen Wong, Director of Business Development, Americas, Solartech Energy Corp.

Yen Hung Yu, Chief Financial Officer, Topcell Solar International Co., Ltd

Pan Lay‐lay, Chief Financial Officer, Gintech Energy Corporation

   

        Peter Koenig    )

        David Spooner ) – OF COUNSEL   

Sui‐Yu Wu    )  

      

Perkins Coie LLP

Washington, DC

on behalf of

SunEdison, Inc.

Polly Shaw, Vice President, NAMR Government Affairs, SunEdison, Inc.

        David S. Christy, Jr. )

           ) – OF COUNSEL   

David J. Townsend )  

Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP

Washington, DC

on behalf of

Evan Dube, Director of Public Policy, SunRun Inc.

        Bernd Janzen    ) – OF COUNSEL

Covington & Burling LLP

Washington, DC

on behalf of

SolarCity Corporation

John M. Stanton, Vice President of Policy and Electricity Markets, SolarCity Corporation

Scott Hennessey, Director, Policy and Electricity Markets, SolarCity Corporation

             David R. Grace ) – OF COUNSEL
6

REBUTTAL/CLOSING REMARKS:

Petitioner (Timothy C. Brightbill, Wiley Rein LLP)   

Respondents (David R. Grace, Covington & Burling LLP               

and Peter Koenig, Squire Sanders (US) LLP)   
C‐1

APPENDIX C

SUMMARY DATA
C-2 

   
C-3 

Table C-1 

CSPV modules: Summary data concerning the U.S. market, 2010-12, January-September 2012, 

and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Table C-2 

CSPV modules: Summary data concerning the U.S. market excluding ***, 2010-12, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

Table C-2 (revised) 

CSPV modules: Summary data concerning the U.S. market excluding ***, 2010-12, JanuarySeptember 2012, and January-September 2013 

* * * * * * * 

 
C-4 
D‐1

APPENDIX D

NONSUBJECT PRICE DATA

D‐3

Fifteen importers reported price data for nonsubject product from China for products 1,

2, 3, and 4. Price data reported by these firms accounted for 72.0 percent of U.S. imports from

China during the period of investigation. These price items and accompanying data are

comparable to those presented in tables V‐3 to V‐ 6. Price and quantity data for nonsubject

China are shown in tables D‐1 to D‐4 and in figures D‐1 to D‐4 (with domestic and subject

product).

In comparing nonsubject product pricing data with U.S. producer pricing data, prices for

nonsubject product imported from China were lower than prices for U.S.‐produced product in

42 instances and higher in 5 instances. In comparing nonsubject product pricing data with

subject product pricing data, prices for nonsubject product imported from China were lower

than prices product imported from Taiwan in 17 instances and higher in 26 instances. A

summary of margins of underselling and overselling is presented in table D‐5.

Table D-1 

CSPV product: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of imported product 11

 and margins 

of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table D-2 

CSPV product: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of imported product 21

 and margins 

of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table D-3 

CSPV product: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of imported product 31

 and margins 

of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table D-4 

CSPV product: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of imported product 41

 and margins 

of underselling/(overselling), by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Figure D-1 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, 

by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Figure D-2 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2, 

by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *
D‐4

Figure D-3 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3, 

by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Figure D-4 

CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 4, 

by quarters, January 2010-September 2013 

* * * * * * *

Table D-5 

CSPV products: Summary of underselling/(overselling), by products, January 2010-September 

2013 

* * * * * * *