NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0174n.06
Case No. 16-2028
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LES A. GILEWSKI, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
PROVIDENT LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee. ____________________________________/ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Before: MERRITT, COOK, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges. MERRITT, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Les Gilewski broug ht a declaratory judgment action against defendant Provident Life and Accident Insurance Company pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), alleging wrongful termination of long-term disability benefits and seeking reinstatemen t of those benefits. Gilewski suffered from depression and, at the ag e of 41, applied for bene fits under two long-term disability policies he held with Provident. Pr ovident paid benefits under one policy for the twoyear duration of its term and thos e benefits are not at issue in th is appeal. Provident also paid benefits under the second policy, but, after four year s, it terminated th e benefits after it determined that Gilewski was “able to perfor m the duties of his occupation” and was no longerCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 2 - disabled under the terms of the policy. After e xhausting Provident’s ad ministrative appeals, Gilewski brought this action ag ainst Provident. The district court granted judgment on the administrative record to Provident. For the following reasons, we affirm. I. FACTS AND HISTORY Gilewski, born in 1968, was the owner and pres ident of Radiance Mold and Engineering, Inc., an auto supplier in Michig an, for 20 years. At one time the business employed as many as 100 people. In 2001, Gilweski’s son was born with cerebral palsy, putting a strain on his family and work life. Gilewski also started experien cing marital difficulties that year. By the mid2000s, Gilewski was losing customers and sales personnel due to his personal struggles. Gilewski’s business experienced further downtur n during the recession that began in 2008, and the business was put into bankruptcy and liqui dated in the spring of 2009. Gilewski began experiencing depression, culmina ting in his hospitalization for one week in June 2009 when he became suicidal. Gilewski left the hospital unde r the care of Dr. Dan G uyer, who prescribed medications for Gilewski. Gilewski was also un der the care of a psychologi st, Dr. Fred Roberts, with whom he had weekly therapy sessions. Gile wski’s doctors determined he could not work, and he filed for long-term disability pursuant to two disability insu rance policies he had previously purchased from Provident, citing his medical condition as anxi ety and depression. When he applied for benefits, Gilewski includ ed a statement from his treating psychiatrist, Dr. Guyer, which stated that Gilewski suffere d from major depression and was unable to work. Dr. Guyer further noted that he expected to see improvement in six to twelve months. Provident began paying benefits effective June 2009 a nd continued until July 2013 when Provident determined that Gilewski was able to return to his previous occupation.Case No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 3 - The first policy, which provided 24 months of di sability benefits, is not at issue in this case. The second policy requires Provident to pay monthly benefits to a participant who satisfies various conditions, including being disabled within the meaning of the term as defined by the policy. The policy states: Disability, or disabled, means that, due solely to Injuries or Sickness: 1. you have a Loss of Time or Duties in your occupation; and 2. you have a Loss of Earnings of at least 20%.

. . . Loss of Time or Duties means that: 1. you are not able to perform one or more of the substantial and material duties of your occupation; or 2. you are not able to perform the subs tantial and material duties of your occupation for as much time as you regularly performed them before you became disabled.

. . . Your occupation means the occupation . . . in which you are regularly engaged at the time you become disabled. Policy at 5-7 (emphasis omitted). 2009-2011 Provident paid Gilewski all available benefits under the first policy. Provident initially denied Gilewski’s claim under the second policy because it determined that Gilewski had negative earnings during the years preceding his disability onset date and therefore had not sustained a 20-percent earnings loss as required under the policy. Provident later reconsidered that determination, however, and paid all past due benefits. That dispute was resolved and is not at issue in this appeal.Case No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 4 - Provident received periodic upda tes from Gilewski’s treating health-care professionals. On January 5, 2010, Gilewski’s treating psychologist, Dr. Roberts, submitted documentation to Provident noting that Gilewski’s depression had been severe in June 2009, but had improved to moderate by October 2009. Dr. R oberts estimated that it was likel y Gilewski would be ready to work at least part-time by June 2010. In June 2011, Dr. Roberts submitted another report stating that Gilewski was less depresse d and feeling more hopeful about the future, but noting that it would continue to be too stressful fo r Gilewski to run a large company. 2011-2013 In November 2010, Gilewski underwent a forensic psychiatric examination as part of his bankruptcy proceeding. He was examined by Dr. Gera ld Shiener, a board certified psychiatrist. Dr. Shiener diagnosed Gilewski with “Major de pression, recurrent and ch ronic,” and concluded that Gilewski’s “current condition is incompatible with any sort of competitive employment.” Because Dr. Shiener was not one of Gilewski’s regul ar treating physicians at this time, his initial report was not sent to Provident at the time it wa s created. Gilewski, however, began to see Dr. Shiener monthly after November 2010. Dr. Shie ner began providing regul ar attending physician statements to Provident in June 2011. Howeve r, the statements were simply photocopies of previous statements with only the date cha nged, noting Gilewski’s diagnosis of “major depression,” stating that he cannot work and that it “cannot [be] determined” when he will be able to return to work. Gilewski stopped seei ng Dr. Roberts in May 2011 and it appears that Dr. Shiener became Gilewski’s sole treating physician fo r his depressive disorder . Dr. Robert’s last treatment note, dated May 12, 20 11, indicated that Gilewski wa s noticing “more energy” and “was better able to think clearly” after a change in his medications.Case No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 5 - In early 2012, Provident began requesting fu rther documentation from Dr. Shiener about Gilewski’s current condition and prognosis. Dr . Shiener had been Gilewski’s treating physician for a year, and he had provided Provident only w ith photocopies of the same attending physician statement with the date changed each month. Pr ovident sent a letter to Dr. Shiener on June 21, 2012, stating that it had sent him four previous requests for “addi tional information.” On June 18, 2012, Dr. Shiener responded with a letter stati ng that it was his polic y not to release the requested records because disclosure of sensitive pe rsonal information limits a patient’s ability to participate in treatment. Dr. Shiener enclosed a copy of the narrative report he had sent to Gilewski’s attorney on November 11, 2010, when he first exam ined Gilewski, and he said that Gilewski’s condition “although stable is unimproved” and stated that Gilewski had “made an attempt to withdraw from antidepressant medi cation which led to a significant setback and reemergence of his depressive symptomatology.” On December 6, 2012, Provident sent a letter to Dr. Shiener requesting th at, in light of his policy regarding the release of medical records, he provide the following: (1) a list of the dates he treated Gilewski; (2) Gilewk si’s Global Assessment of Functio ning score (referred to as the “GAF” score in the record) 1 every six months; and (3) a writte n summary of Gilewski’s current condition, restrictions, and treat ment plan, including medications . On February 20, 2013, Dr. Shiener responded with a letter stating that he had seen Gi lewski monthly since November 2010,

1 “Global Assessment of Functioning” is a simple ratings sc ale from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for evaluating how well a person is able to functio n and go about their life. The scale range is from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate greater levels of functioning. Optimal mental health and coping capabilities are represented by scores in the 91–100 range. Persons with mild psychological problems fall in the 71–90 range. Severe problems fall in the 21 – 30 range and 1–10 is reserv ed for persistently suicidal persons or persons incapable of meeting even minimal personal hygiene standards. The GAF score is made as a standard part of all psychiatric/psychological diagnoses. A score between 51 and 60 means moderate symptoms of mental illness are present, or that a person’s functioning in school, work, or social situations is moderately impaired. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides some examples of moderate mental illness: Flat affect and circumstantial speech and occasional panic attacks. Examples of moderate functional impairments are few friends, and conflicts with peers or co-workers. Th e GAF is just one tool used by clinicians to develop the clinical picture. It cannot be used in isolation from the rest of the evidence to make a disability decision.Case No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 6 - and he enclosed a services-rendered accounting ledge r listing the dates of Gilewski’s visits but no medical information. The letter further st ated that Gilewksi’s Global Assessment of Functioning score was 40 when the treatment rela tionship began and increased to 59 in late 2011, that it fell to 40 thereafter, and that it had stabilized at around 50 after an adjustment in Gilewski’s medications. Finall y, Dr. Shiener listed Gilewski’s medications and described his treatment plan. After reviewing Dr. Shiener’s letter, Dr. John Szlyk, an in-house psychiatrist at Provident, spoke with Dr. Shie ner about Gilewski’s condition and treatment. After speaking with Dr. Shiener, Dr. Szlyk made a file notation observing that after four years of treatment, Gilewski still fluctuated in activity levels and symptoms. He noted that the duration of Gilewski’s recovery had gone from a 6-12 month window in late 2009 and early 2010 to “uncertain” under Dr. Shiener’s care. Based on this, Dr. Szlyk recommended that Provident obtain an independent medical examination “to cl arify the insured’s diagnostic formulation, to assess his recent functional status and current Behavioral Health-based R/L’s, to provide recommendations for appropriate treatment, and to offer a timef rame for functional recovery with such care.” Dr. Szlyk opined that after f our years of treatment with only marginal gains reported that more “aggressive/intense” treatment was needed. Provident selected Dr. Calmeze Dudley, a board certified psychiatrist, to conduct the exam of Gilewski. On June 19, 2013, Dr. Dudley examined Gilewski . Dr. Dudley diagnosed Gilewski with “Major Depressive Disorder, Unipolar, stabil ized,” and assigned him a Global Assessment of functioning score of 80. Dr. Dudley ’s independent psychiatric eval uation consisted of a history, mental status examination and record review. Dr. Dudley reported general improvement in sleep (8-9 hours per night) and increased energy de spite some ongoing affective symptoms withCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 7 - Gilewski reporting “good days an d bad days.” Dr. Dudley noted that Gilewski had recently restarted a regular exercise progr am consisting of gym workouts thre e to four times per week and weekly tennis with his attorney. Gilewski also reported to Dr. Dudley that he was able to spend time with close friends, enjoyed watching te levision and hunting, which he had done the previous winter, fishing, and taking family vacati ons to his parents’ homes in Northern Michigan and Florida. Gilewski reported that he and his wi fe shared the home chores and the care of their severely disabled 11-year-old son. Gilewski stated that his mood would have to be more stable before trying to return to work and that he ha d anticipatory anxiety at th e prospect. Dr. Dudley noted that Gilewski “continues to be mainta ined on antidepressant medication and by all accounts is doing relatively well.” Dr. Dudley concluded that Gilewski did not require a psychiatric disability status and th at he was able to return to work without restrictions. Based on Dr. Dudley’s report, Provident’s Dr. Szlyk concluded that Gilewski did not have restrictions or limitations that prevented him from returning to work. Dr. Szylk entered the following review of Dr. Dudley’s examination into the administrative reco rd on July 2, 2013: Medical Issue: Insured is a 44 year old Auto-Related Molding Shop Owner with a history of Major Depressive Disorder who claimed disability as of 6-2-2009. The insured has been engaged in Behavioral He alth treatment over nearly 4 years with no report of his return to his former o ccupational duties. Questions have arisen regarding the insured’s diagnostic formul ation, the current level of support for Behavioral Health-based R/L’ s, his engagement in appr opriate Behavioral Health treatment, and his prognosis for functiona l recovery with continued care. It has appeared Dr. Shiener has viewed the insu red as more ill than other providers have,—and yet has provided less intensive Behavioral Health treatment as the insured has seemingly done less well. Gi ven the limited information provided by Dr. Shiener as he had taken over the care of the insured in 2011, it has been difficult to reconcile his reports of the insured’s doing poorly with a poor prognosis with other clinical informa tion indicating the in sured’s clinical progress, increased activity level, and thoughts of developing a small business. On July 12, 2013, Provident notified Gilewski th at it would terminate his benefits based on its determination that he was able to perfor m the duties of his occupation. The terminationCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 8 - letter stated that Dr. Dudley noted a diagnosis of major depres sive disorder that has been stabilized. The termination letter also noted th at Dr. Dudley concluded that Gilewski was doing “relatively well” and shoul d continue on antidepressants, and th at he was probably at or near maximum medical recovery. Benefits Termina tion Letter at 2, dated July 12, 2013. The letter went on to explain that the medical information i ndicated that Gilewski is able to perform the duties of his occupation and benefits would cease. On September 4, 2013, Dr. Shiener sent Provi dent a letter responding to Dr. Dudley’s report. Dr. Shiener stated that he believed Dr. Dudley’s assessment was incorrect, and that Gilewski was limited in hi s ability to take pleasure in activities and that his mood was markedly depressed. Dr. Shiener also noted that Dr. Dudley had limited experience in treating depressed patients. In an October 8, 2013, letter to Prov ident, Dr. Dudley responded to Dr. Shiener’s criticisms. Dr. Dudley stated that Dr. Shiener’s opinions were inconsistent with those rendered by Gilewski’s previous medical pr oviders, and that, if the diagnos is provided by Dr. Shiener was accurate, Gilewski would require “a more inte nsified treatment intervention.” Finally, Dr. Dudley defended his qualifications to render an opinion, pointing out that he had 27 years of experience treating depressed patients. Thereafter , Provident informed G ilewski that it would not change its benefits decision in light of the additional info rmation provided by Dr. Shiener and informed Gilewski of his right to appeal. Administrative Appeal On January 3, 2014, Gilewski appealed the term ination of his benefits to Provident. Gilewski provided additional materials, including affidavits from family members describing his condition and activities, an affidavit from an exec utive in the automobile mold industry detailing the demands of that position, and a report fro m a vocational expert. Dr. Peter Brown, anCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 9 - independent board certified psychi atrist hired by Provident, reviewed Gilewski’s file for the appeal but did not conduct an independent medical examinat ion. Dr. Brown concluded that Gilewski’s medical information did not support a ny restrictions or limitations. Dr. Brown noted that, although it was difficult to assess Dr. Shiener’s conclusi ons without medi cal records, Gilewski’s course of treatment was not consistent with a se vere and pervasive psychiatric impairment. Dr. Brown also found that the Dr. Dudley’s independent examination was “comprehensive, thoughtful and consiste nt with professional standards.” On January 30, 2014, Provident notified Gilewski that it had affirmed its denial of benefits. The letter provided Provide nt’s reasoning for denying the appeal: The [independent] examiner [Dr. Dudley] did not find evidence of occupationally precluding restrictions or limitations. He concluded that the current level of treatment is appropriate and consistent with a stable condition. He recommended ongoing treatment. The attending psychiatrist [Dr. Shiener] has consistently asserted Mr. Gilewski continues to have severe and pervasive ps ychiatric impairment. The lack of actual treatment records does limit capacity to valu e this assertion. However, the course of treatment with reportedly monthly ps ychotherapy and a rela tively modest and predominantly stable regimen through mid-2013 is not consistent with the presence of severe and pervas ive psychiatric impairment. Appeal Denial Letter at 2-3, date d January 30, 2014. The letter stat ed that Gilewski’s treatment records would be helpful in evaluating Dr. Shiene r’s conclusions, and that if those records were not available, Provident would review a summary th at included changes in treatment and dates of medical services during 2013. Gilewski di d not provide the suggested documents. Following the denial of his appe al, Gilewski filed this acti on in district court seeking review of Provident’s decision pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Gilewski alleged th at Provident wrongly terminated his long-term benefits because the substantial weight of the ev idence in the administrative record demonstratesCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 10 - that he has an ongoing disability and is unable to work under the terms of the policy. After a de

novo review of the record, the district court found th at Gilewski was not disabled as defined by the policy and affirmed Provident’s decision to terminate benefits. Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co. , No. 1:15-CV-238, 2016 WL 3355555 (W.D . Mich. June 17, 2016). This appeal followed. II. ANALYSIS The sole issue on appeal is whether the distri ct court erred in hold ing that Provident’s decision to terminate Gilewski’s long-term disa bility benefits was supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record. Gilewski’s primary complaint is that the Provident did not give enough weight to the opinion of his treating physician, Dr. Shiener, and relied instead on the opinions of nontreating psychiatrists, only one of whom had actually examined Gilewski. Gilewski also contends on appeal that the district court erre d in not requiring Provident to consider the evidence submitted by Gilewski rega rding a vocational expert who opined about the demands of Gilewski’s occupation, and he also maintains that the administrative process was marred by a conflict of interest because Provident is both the decisionmaker and the payor of benefits. Standard of Review Provident does not dispute that the plan administrator’s decision in this case is not entitled to deference. “In cases in which a plan administrator is given no discretionary authority by the plan, review of th e plan administrator’s decision by the district court—as well as the court of appeals—is de novo , with respect to both the plan administrator’s interpretation of the plan and the plan administrator’s factual findings.” Wilkins v. Baptist Healthcare Sys., Inc ., 150 F.3d 609, 616 (6th Cir. 1998). We therefore review the district court’s judgme nt on Gilewski’s claimCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 11 - de novo , applying the same standard of review to the plan administ rator’s action as the district court, taking a “fresh look” at the administ rative record, and acco rding no deference or presumption of correctness to the decisions of eith er the district court or plan administrator. Id

. Medical Evidence To succeed in his claim for disability benef its under ERISA, Gilewski must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he was “disable d,” as that term is defined in the policy. See Tracy v. Pharmacia & Upjohn Absence Payment Plan, 195 F. App’x 511, 516 n.4 (6th Cir. 2006) (plaintiff bears the burden of proof in an ERISA benefits case). The policy defines “disability” in part to mean that the insured ha s experienced a “Loss of Time or duties in your occupation.” The definition of “Loss of Time or Duties in your occupation” requires that “you are not able to perform one or more of the substa ntial and material duties of your occupation,” or that “you are not able to perfor m the substantial and material duties of your occupation for as much time as you regularly performed them befo re you became disabled.” Policy at 5, 7. The administrative record demonstrates that every h ealth-care professional agrees that Gilewski suffers from Major Depressive Disorder. The que stion is whether that condition had stabilized sufficiently as of July 12, 2013, to allow Gilewski to return to his pa st profession running an automotive supply company. After a carefu l and comprehensive review of the full administrative record, we find that Gilewski has not established that he is unable to work in a position equivalent to when he was the ow ner of Radiance Mold and Engineering. In reaching this conclusion, we look at the medical evidence. “Generally speaking, an administrator may not summarily reject the opinions of a treating physician, but must instead give reasons for adopting an alternative opinion.” Elliott v. Metro. Life Ins. Co. , 473 F.3d 613, 620 (6th Cir. 2006). Administrato rs, however, are not obligated to accord specia l deference toCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 12 - the opinions of treating physicians. Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord , 538 U.S. 822, 834 (2003). To that extent, a lack of objective medical evidence upon which to base a treating physician’s opinion has been held sufficient reason for an administrator’s choice not to credit that opinion. See, e.g., Boone v. Liberty Life Assur. Co. of Boston , 161 F. App’x 469, 473 (6th Cir. 2005) (administrator’s decision not to cred it treating physicians’ assessments not arbitrary because the assessments were not supported by objective evidence, as required by the plan document). Provident is not entitled to simp ly ignore the opinions pr ovided by Gilewski’s treating psychiatrist, but it can resolve conflicts between that opinion and the opinions of its own file reviewers or independent examiners if it provi des reasons—including a lack of objective evidence from the treating physician—for adopting the alternative opinions that are consistent with its responsibility to provide a fu ll and fair review of the claim. See Curry v. Eaton Corp. , 400 F. App’x 51, 55 (6th Cir. 2010); Calvert v. Firstar Finance, Inc. , 409 F.3d 286, 296 (6th Cir. 2005) (There is “nothing inhere ntly objectionable about a file review by a qualified physician in the context of a bene fits determination.”) We recognize that depression can be difficult to measure through “objective” tests, but that difficulty does not render us unable to eval uate the medical evidence. The record provides numerous evaluations made by me ntal-health professionals over a four-year period. There are self-reporting records from the patient collected during examinations, home visits, and in the form of activity logs completed by Gilewski. Th e medical evidence in the administrative record indicates that depression made it difficult for G ilewski to concentrate, handle stress, remember things, interact with employees and customers or to make decisions. We acknowledge that all the mental health profes sionals who have evaluated Gilewski since the onset of his illness, both treating and nontreating, have dia gnosed major depression. But the records also show that withCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 13 - therapy and medication, Gilewski has shown consis tent improvement in his activity level in the four-year period since he became ill, including part icipating in regular exer cise, taking vacations, “tinkering” in his barn, hunti ng and fishing, handling chores around the house, including child care, taking care of his own hygiene, and interact ing with family and friends appropriately. Gilewski repeatedly maintains in his briefs on appeal that Dr. Shie ner’s opinion was “not credited.” Dr. Shiener’s attending physician stat ements provided to Provident, however, did not contain any analysis or content to help enligh ten or explain in any detail why Dr. Shiener believed Gilewski could not work or what treatme nt he was providing to move Gilewski toward better mental health. Dr. Shiener submitted photocopies of the exact same statements with only the date changed for over a year: they said simp ly said that Gilewski was depressed, unable to work and his prognosis was uncertain. Dr. Sh iener stopped submitting photocopies of prior statements in the spring of 2013 after Provident asked for an independent examination, but even his later statements provided minimal inform ation. For example, Dr. Shiener changed Gilewski’s prognosis from “good” to “guarded” in April 2013 without further explanation. With such abbreviated analyses from Dr. Shiener, we cannot say on review of the administrative record that it was improper of Provident to fail to give controlling we ight to Dr. Shiener’s opinion. In addition to a dearth of informati on from Dr. Shiener, the attending physician statements and reports he did pr ovide were incompatible with Gilewski’s self-reported activity level and abilities in 2012 and 2013, as well as with the ot her medical opinions, including the opinion of Dr. Dudley, who perfor med an independent medical exam ination on Gilewski in June 2013, and the file reviews of Dr. Szylk, Provident ’s in-house psychiatri st, and Dr. Brown, the independent reviewer for the admi nistrative appeal. Th e nontreating physicia ns all agreed withCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 14 - Dr. Shiener’s diagnosis of major depressive disorder, but the nont reating physicians believed the condition to be “stabilized” and well-treated with Gilewski’s cu rrent medications. Dr. Dudley noted that if after four years of treatment Gilewski’s condition and prognosis were as poor as Dr. Shiener believed, Gilewski should be receiving more intensive treatment through changed medications, intensive psychotherapy, or even in-pa tient treatment at a psychiatric facility. Even after Dr. Dudley sent his report to Dr. Shiener, Dr. Shiener gave no indi cation that he thought a change in treatment was needed at that time. Dr. Shiener’s opinion is also at odds with the earlier opinions of Dr. Guyer and Dr. Roberts who treated Gilewski in 2009 through 2011. Both treating doctors indicated in their treatment notes that Gilewski was improvi ng by 2010, and Dr. Robert s noted in 2011 that Gilewski should be able to return to work within six months. Gilewski himself told Dr. Roberts in 2010 that he was feeling better and was thinking about what he mi ght do as far as future work. We recognize that these reports ar e not as current as Dr. Shiener’ s, but without medical records or further explanation from Gilews ki, we are left to review an administrative record that shows progress for two years under two doctors follo wed by apparent setbacks in 2012 and 2013 according to Dr. Shiener’s reports. Dr. Shiener not es the tragic death of one of Gilewski’s good friends in 2011 and Gilewski’s decision to cut back on his medications as reasons for the setback. What the record does not show is wh y Dr. Shiener did not respond to these setbacks more vigorously if he believed them to so seve rely compromise Gilewski’s progress up to that time. Ability to Return to Previous Position We also looked to the nature of Gilewski’s previous position. See Elliott , 473 F.3d at 618 (a decision on a disability bene fits claim requires “an applicati on of the relevant evidence toCase No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 15 - the occupational standard” because “medical data, without reasoning, cannot produce a logical judgment about a claimant’s work ability”). Both parties agree that Gilews ki’s job as the owner and president of an auto supply company was demanding, stressful and required long hours. Dr. Dudley, the independent psychiat rist who examined Gilewski, was instructed to consider whether Gilewski was disabled from performi ng the material and substantial duties of his previous occupation as the owner and president of an automotive supply company. Dr. Dudley concluded that Gilewski’s Globa l Assessment of Functioning scor e of 80 indicated no more than a “slight impairment” in occupational functioning, and he determined that Gilewski did not have any restrictions that would prev ent him from returning to his pr evious position. Gilewski had provided Provident with extensive information a bout the nature and dutie s of his occupation. They are not in dispute. Dr. Dudley, and the psychiatrists who reviewed the file, had this information when they determined that Gilews ki could return to work with no limitations. Gilewski disputes this finding and contends that Provident shoul d have provided a job analysis by consulting a vocational expert about his ability to retu rn to his former occupation. Provident maintains it was not required to do so. See Judge v. Metro. Life Ins. Co. , 710 F.3d 651, 662 (6th Cir. 2013) (collecting cases); Burge v. Republic E ngineered Prods., Inc., 432 F. App’x 539, 550 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Republic was al so not required to consider vocational evidence, as opposed to medical evidence, in analyzing Burge’s claim.”) (citing Douglas v. Gen. Dynamics Long Term Disability Plan , 43 F. App’x 864, 870 (6th Ci r. 2002) (voca tional expert not required outside of social security context)). Vocational expert testimony “is the special creature of social security,” a nd has no relevance to long-term disa bility claims like the one here where the question is whether Gilewski is able to return to his former position based on the medical evidence. Conley v. Pitney Bowes , 176 F.3d 1044, 1050 (8th Cir. 1999).Case No. 16-2028, Gilewski v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co.

- 16 - Conflict of Interest Gilewski correctly asserts that Provident has a conflict of inte rest because of its dual role as both payor of benefits and decisionmaker, and th at courts treat this conflict as a factor in reviewing a plan administrator’s decision. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn , 554 U.S. 105, 111 (2008). The Supreme Court also noted in Glenn that such a conflict “should prove more important . . . where circumstances suggest a hi gher likelihood that it affected the benefits decision.” Id. at 117; accord Judge , 710 F.3d at 663 (“[T]his court has given greater weight to the conflict-of-interest f actor when the claimant ‘offers more than conclusory allegations of bias.’”) (quoting DeLisle v. Sun Life Assur. Co. of Canada , 558 F.3d 440, 445 (6th Cir. 2009)). Gilewski has demonstrated no circumstances indi cating a need to give the conflict significant weight. Gilewski’s conflict argument on appeal centers on his assertio n that Dr. Dudley, the independent psychiatrist, “relied” on the summar ies written by Provident’s in-house psychiatrist, Dr. Szylk. As the independent medical examiner , Dr. Dudley was provided with all the medical records in Gilewski’s file, wh ich included treating physician records as well as in-house documents. Our review of Dr. Dudley’s report does not show that Dr. Dudley “relied” on Dr. Szylk’s summaries. Dr. Dudley conducted his own examinati on of Gilewski and wrote a comprehensive report. The fact that Dr. Dudley agreed with some of Dr. Szylk’s summaries and put them in his report does not demonstrate that Dr. Dudley was not inde pendent and unbiased in reporting on his examination of Gilewski. In conclusion, reviewing the administrative r ecord and giving no deference to Provident’s decision to terminate benefits, we find substantial ev idence supports Provident’s decision to terminate Gilewski’s long-term disa bility benefits. We affirm th e judgment of the district court.