# Patent

## Title
Semiconductor device

## Abstract

A semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor in which on-state current is high is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first transistor provided in a driver circuit portion and a second transistor provided in a pixel portion; the first transistor and the second transistor have different structures. Furthermore, the first transistor and the second transistor are transistors having a top-gate structure. In an oxide semiconductor film of each of the transistors, an impurity element is contained in regions which do not overlap with a gate electrode. The regions of the oxide semiconductor film which contain the impurity element function as low-resistance regions. Furthermore, the regions of the oxide semiconductor film which contain the impurity element are in contact with a film containing hydrogen. The first transistor provided in the driver circuit portion includes two gate electrodes between which the oxide semiconductor film is provided.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor and a display device including the semiconductor device.
Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field. The technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method. In addition, the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture, or a composition of matter. In particular, the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light-emitting device, a power storage device, a storage device, a driving method thereof, or a manufacturing method thereof.
In this specification and the like, a semiconductor device generally means a device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics. A semiconductor element such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a memory device are each an embodiment of a semiconductor device. An imaging device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting device, an electro-optical device, a power generation device (including a thin film solar cell, an organic thin film solar cell, and the like), and an electronic device may each include a semiconductor device.
BACKGROUND ART
Attention has been focused on a technique for forming a transistor using a semiconductor thin film formed over a substrate having an insulating surface (also referred to as thin film transistor (TFT)). The transistor is used in a wide range of electronic devices such as an integrated circuit (IC) or an image display device (display device). A semiconductor material typified by silicon is widely known as a material for a semiconductor thin film that can be used for a transistor. As another material, an oxide semiconductor has been attracting attention.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique in which a transistor is manufactured using an amorphous oxide containing In, Zn, Ga, Sn, and the like as an oxide semiconductor.
REFERENCE
Patent Document


    [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2006-165529


DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
As a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film, an inverted staggered transistor (also referred to as a transistor having a bottom-gate structure), a planar transistor (also referred to as a transistor having a top-gate structure), and the like are given. In the case where a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film is used for a display device, an inverted staggered transistor is used more often than a planar transistor because a manufacturing process thereof is relatively simple and manufacturing cost thereof can be kept low. However, signal delay or the like is increased by parasitic capacitance that exists between a gate electrode and source and drain electrodes of an inverted staggered transistor and accordingly image quality of a display device degrades, which has posed a problem, as an increase in screen size of a display device proceeds, or as a display device is provided with a higher resolution image (for example, a high-resolution display device typified by 4 k×2 k pixels (3840 pixels in the horizontal direction and 2160 pixels in the perpendicular direction) or 8 k×4 k pixels (7680 pixels in the horizontal direction and 4320 pixels in the perpendicular direction)). Furthermore, as another problem, the occupation area of an inverted staggered transistor is larger than that of a planar transistor. Thus, with regard to a planar transistor including an oxide semiconductor film, development of a transistor which has a structure with stable semiconductor characteristics and high reliability and which is formed by a simple manufacturing process is desired.
In view of the foregoing problems, one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor, particularly to provide a planar type semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor. Furthermore, an object is to provide a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor in which on-state current is high, provide a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor in which off-state current is low, provide a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which occupies a small area, provide a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which has stable electrical characteristics, provide a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which has high reliability, provide a novel semiconductor device, or provide a novel display device.
Note that the description of the above object does not preclude the existence of other objects. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is no need to achieve all the objects. Objects other than the above objects will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification and the like.
One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a first transistor provided in a driver circuit portion and a second transistor provided in a pixel portion; the first transistor and the second transistor have different structures. Furthermore, the first transistor and the second transistor are transistors having a top-gate structure. In an oxide semiconductor film of each of the transistors, an impurity element is contained in regions which do not overlap with a gate electrode. The regions of the oxide semiconductor film which contain the impurity element function as low-resistance regions. Furthermore, the regions of the oxide semiconductor film which contain the impurity element are in contact with a film containing hydrogen. In addition, conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode which are in contact with the regions containing the impurity element through openings in the film containing hydrogen may be provided.
Note that the first transistor provided in the driver circuit portion includes two gate electrodes overlapping with each other with the oxide semiconductor film provided therebetween.
As the impurity element, hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, or a rare gas element is given.
When containing hydrogen and at least one of a rare gas element, boron, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, and chlorine as an impurity element, the oxide semiconductor film has higher conductivity. Thus, when regions containing the impurity element are provided in a region which does not overlap with the gate electrode in the oxide semiconductor film and the regions containing the impurity element are in contact with the source electrode and the drain electrode, the parasitic resistance and parasitic capacitance of the transistor can be reduced, and the transistor having high on-state current is obtained.
Furthermore, the first transistor provided in the driver circuit portion and the second transistor provided in the pixel portion may include the oxide semiconductor films having different atomic ratios of metal elements.
The first transistor provided in the driver circuit portion and the second transistor provided in the pixel portion may each include a multilayer film including a first film and a second film, instead of the oxide semiconductor film.
One embodiment of the present invention can provide a novel semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor. In particular, a planar type semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor in which on-state current is high can be provided, a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor in which off-state current is low can be provided, a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which occupies a small area can be provided, a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which has stable electrical characteristics can be provided, a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor which has high reliability can be provided, a novel semiconductor device can be provided, or a novel display device can be provided.
Note that the description of these effects does not preclude the existence of other effects. One embodiment of the present invention does not necessarily achieve all the effects listed above. Other effects will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification, the drawings, the claims, and the like.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and 1B are top views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 6A to 6C are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are top views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 9A and 9B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 12A to 12C are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 13A and 13B are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 14A and 14B show band diagrams of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 15A and 15B show band diagrams of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 16A to 16F are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 17A to 17F are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 18A to 18E are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 19A and 19B are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 20A to 20D are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 21A and 21B are cross-sectional views illustrating a manufacturing process of transistors.
FIGS. 22A to 22F are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 23A to 23F are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 24A to 24E are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 25A and 25B are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIGS. 26A to 26D are cross-sectional views each illustrating a structure of a transistor.
FIG. 27 shows a calculation model.
FIGS. 28A and 28B show an initial state and a final state, respectively.
FIG. 29 shows an activation barrier.
FIGS. 30A and 30B show an initial state and a final state, respectively.
FIG. 31 shows an activation barrier.
FIG. 32 shows the transition levels of VOH.
FIGS. 33A to 33C are a block diagram and circuit diagrams illustrating a display device.
FIG. 34 is a top view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
FIGS. 35A and 35B are cross-sectional views each illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
FIGS. 36A and 36B are cross-sectional views each illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a pixel portion of a light-emitting device.
FIG. 38 illustrates a display module.
FIGS. 39A to 39G illustrate electronic devices.
FIG. 40 shows temperature dependence of resistivity.
FIGS. 41A to 41D are Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images of a cross section of a CAAC-OS and a cross-sectional schematic view of a CAAC-OS.
FIGS. 42A to 42D are Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images of a plane of a CAAC-OS.
FIGS. 43A to 43C show structural analysis of a CAAC-OS and a single crystal oxide semiconductor by XRD.
FIGS. 44A and 44B show electron diffraction patterns of a CAAC-OS.
FIG. 45 shows a change in crystal part of an In—Ga—Zn oxide induced by electron irradiation.



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention disclosed in this specification will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the following description and it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modes and details can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the content of the embodiments below.
Note that the position, the size, the range, or the like of each structure illustrated in drawings and the like is not accurately represented in some cases for simplification. Therefore, the disclosed invention is not necessarily limited to the position, the size, the range, or the like disclosed in the drawings and the like.
In this specification and the like, ordinal numbers such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used in order to avoid confusion among components, and the terms do not mean limitation of the number of components.
Note that the term such as “over” or “below” in this specification and the like does not necessarily mean that a component is placed “directly on” or “directly under” another component. For example, the expression “a gate electrode over a gate insulating film” can mean the case where there is an additional component between the gate insulating film and the gate electrode.
In addition, in this specification and the like, the term such as an “electrode” or a “wiring” does not limit a function of a component. For example, an “electrode” is used as part of a “wiring” in some cases, and vice versa. Further, the term “electrode” or “wiring” can also mean a combination of a plurality of “electrodes” and “wirings” formed in an integrated manner.
Functions of a “source” and a “drain” are sometimes replaced with each other when a transistor of opposite polarity is used or when the direction of flow of current is changed in circuit operation, for example. Therefore, the terms “source” and “drain” can be used to denote the drain and the source, respectively, in this specification and the like.
Note that in this specification and the like, the term “electrically connected” includes the case where components are connected through an object having any electric function. There is no particular limitation on an “object having any electric function” as long as electric signals can be transmitted and received between components that are connected through the object. Examples of an “object having any electric function” are a switching element such as a transistor, a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and elements with a variety of functions as well as an electrode and a wiring.
Embodiment 1
In this embodiment, one embodiment of a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, FIGS. 2A and 2B, FIGS. 3A and 3B, FIGS. 4A and 4B, FIGS. 5A and 5B, FIGS. 6A to 6C, and FIGS. 7A and 7B.
<Structure 1 of Semiconductor Device>
In FIGS. 1A and 1B and FIGS. 2A and 2B, transistors each having a top-gate structure are shown as examples of transistors included in a semiconductor device. Here, a display device is described as an example of the semiconductor device. Furthermore, structures of transistors provided in a driver circuit portion and a pixel portion of the display device are described. In the display device described in this embodiment, the transistor in the driver circuit portion and the transistor in the pixel portion have different structures. The transistor in the driver circuit portion has a dual-gate structure, and the transistor in the pixel portion has a single-gate structure.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are top views of a transistor 100a provided in a driver circuit portion and a transistor 100b provided in a pixel portion. FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views of the transistors 100a and 100b. FIG. 1A is the top view of the transistor 100a, and FIG. 1B is the top view of the transistor 100b. FIG. 2A shows cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line A-B in FIG. 1A and the dashed-dotted line C-D in FIG. 1B. FIG. 2B shows cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line G-H in FIG. 1A and the dashed-dotted line I-J in FIG. 1B. Note that in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a substrate 101, an insulating film 104, an insulating film 126, an insulating film 127, and the like are not illustrated for simplicity. FIG. 2A shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100a and 100b in a channel length direction, and FIG. 2B shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100a and 100b in a channel width direction.
In a manner similar to that of the transistors 100a and 100b, some components are not illustrated in some cases in top views of transistors described below. Furthermore, the direction of the dashed-dotted line A-B and the direction of the dashed-dotted line C-D may be called a channel length direction, and the direction of the dashed-dotted line G-H and the direction of the dashed-dotted line I-J may be called a channel width direction.
The transistor 100a shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B includes a conductive film 102 over the substrate 101, the insulating film 104 over the substrate 101 and the conductive film 102, an oxide semiconductor film 105 over the insulating film 104, an insulating film 116 in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 105, and a conductive film 119 overlapping with the oxide semiconductor film 105 with the insulating film 116 provided therebetween.
The conductive films 102 and 119 function as gate electrodes. That is, the transistor 100a is a transistor having a dual-gate structure. The insulating films 104 and 116 function as gate insulating films.
Note that, although not shown, the conductive film 102 may overlap with an entire region of the oxide semiconductor film 105.
The oxide semiconductor film 105 includes a channel region 105a overlapping with the conductive films 102 and 119 and low-resistance regions 105b and 105c between which the channel region 105a is positioned.
In the transistor 100a, an insulating film 126 in contact with the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c is provided. Furthermore, an insulating film 127 may be provided over the insulating film 126. In addition, conductive films 134 and 135 which are in contact with the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c of the oxide semiconductor film 105 through openings 128 and 129 in the insulating films 126 and 127 are provided.
A nitride insulating film 161 is preferably provided over the substrate 101. Examples of the nitride insulating film 161 include a silicon nitride film and an aluminum nitride film. Covering the substrate 101 with the nitride insulating film 161 makes it possible to prevent diffusion of elements contained in the substrate 101.
The transistor 100b includes an oxide semiconductor film 108 over the insulating film 104 formed over the substrate 101; an insulating film 117 in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108; and a conductive film 120 overlapping with the oxide semiconductor film 108 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween.
The conductive film 120 functions as a gate electrode. The insulating film 117 functions as a gate insulating film.
The oxide semiconductor film 108 includes a channel region 108a overlapping with the conductive film 120 and low-resistance regions 108b and 108c between which the channel region 108a is positioned.
In the transistor 100b, the insulating film 126 is provided in contact with the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Furthermore, the insulating film 127 may be provided over the insulating film 126. In addition, conductive films 136 and 137 which are in contact with the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c of the oxide semiconductor film 108 through openings 130 and 131 in the insulating films 126 and 127 are provided.
Note that a nitride insulating film 162 is preferably provided to cover the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137. The nitride insulating film 162 can prevent diffusion of impurities from the outside.
In the oxide semiconductor film 105, an element which forms an oxygen vacancy is included in a region which does not overlap with the conductive film 119. In the oxide semiconductor film 108, an element which forms an oxygen vacancy is included in a region which does not overlap with the conductive film 120. Hereinafter, elements which form oxygen vacancies in an oxide semiconductor film by being added thereto are described as impurity elements. Typical examples of impurity elements are hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, and rare gas elements. Typical examples of rare gas elements are helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.
The insulating film 126 is a film containing hydrogen, and a nitride insulating film is a typical example thereof. Examples of a nitride insulating film include a silicon nitride film and an aluminum nitride film. The insulating film 126 is in contact with the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. Therefore, hydrogen contained in the insulating film 126 is diffused into the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. As a result, much hydrogen is contained in a region in contact with the insulating film 126 in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
When the impurity element is added to the oxide semiconductor, a bond between a metal element and oxygen in the oxide semiconductor is cut, whereby an oxygen vacancy is formed. When hydrogen is added to an oxide semiconductor in which an oxygen vacancy is formed by addition of an impurity element, hydrogen enters an oxygen vacant site and forms a donor level in the vicinity of the conduction band; thus, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor is increased. Consequently, an oxide conductor can be formed. Accordingly, the oxide conductor has a light-transmitting property. Here, an oxide conductor refers to an oxide semiconductor having become a conductor.
The oxide conductor is a degenerate semiconductor and it is suggested that the conduction band edge equals to or substantially equals to the Fermi level. For that reason, an ohmic contact is made between an oxide conductor film and conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode; thus, contact resistance between the oxide conductor film and the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode can be reduced.
In other words, the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c function as source regions and drain regions.
In the case where the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 are formed using a conductive material which is easily bonded to oxygen, such as tungsten, titanium, aluminum, copper, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, an alloy of any of these, or the like, oxygen contained in the oxide semiconductor films is bonded to the conductive material contained in the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137, and an oxygen vacancy is formed in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. Furthermore, in some cases, part of constituent elements of the conductive material that forms the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 is mixed into the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. As a result, the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c in contact with the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 have higher conductivity and function as source regions and drain regions.
In the case where the impurity element is a rare gas element and the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are formed by a sputtering method, the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c each contain a rare gas element. In addition, the rare gas element concentrations of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c are higher than those of the channel regions 105a and 108a. The reasons are as follows: in the case where the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are formed by a sputtering method, a rare gas is used as a sputtering gas, so that the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 contain the rare gas; and a rare gas is intentionally added to the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c in order to form oxygen vacancies in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c. Note that a rare gas element different from that added to the channel regions 105a and 108a may be added to the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c. 
Since the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c are in contact with the insulating film 126, the concentration of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c is higher than the concentration of hydrogen in the channel region 105a. In addition, since the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are in contact with the insulating film 126, the concentration of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c is higher than the concentration of hydrogen in the channel region 108a. 
In the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c, the concentrations of hydrogen which are measured by SIMS can be higher than or equal to 8×1019 atoms/cm3, higher than or equal to 1×1020 atoms/cm3, or higher than or equal to 5×1020 atoms/cm3. Note that in the channel regions 105a and 108a, the concentrations of hydrogen which are measured by SIMS can be lower than or equal to 5×1019 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 1×1019 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 5×1018 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 1×1018 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 5×1017 atoms/cm3, or lower than or equal to 1×1016 atoms/cm3.
The low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c have higher hydrogen concentrations than the channel regions 105a and 108a and have more oxygen vacancies than the channel regions 105a and 108a because of addition of rare gas elements. Therefore, the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c have higher conductivity and function as source regions and drain regions. The resistivity of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c can be typically greater than or equal to 1×10−3 Ωcm and less than 1×104 Ωcm, or greater than or equal to 1×10−3 Ωcm and less than 1×10−1 Ωcm.
Note that in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c, when the amount of hydrogen is smaller than or equal to the amount of oxygen vacancy, hydrogen is easily captured by the oxygen vacancy and is not easily diffused into the channel regions 105a and 108a. As a result, normally-off transistors can be manufactured.
Furthermore, in the case where the amount of oxygen vacancy is larger than the amount of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c, the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c can be controlled by controlling the amount of hydrogen. Alternatively, in the case where the amount of hydrogen is larger than the amount of oxygen vacancy in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c, the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c can be controlled by controlling the amount of oxygen vacancy. Note that when the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c is greater than or equal to 5×1018/cm3, greater than or equal to 1×1019/cm3, or greater than or equal to 1×1020/cm3, in the transistors, the resistance between the channel region 105a and the conductive films 134 and 135 functioning as source and drain electrodes and between the channel region 108a and the conductive films 136 and 137 functioning as source and drain electrodes is small and high on-state current can be obtained.
In the transistors 100a and 100b described in this embodiment, the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c are provided between the channel region 105a and the conductive films 134 and 135 functioning as source and drain electrodes, and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are provided between the channel region 108a and the conductive films 136 and 137 functioning as source and drain electrodes; therefore, the transistors have small parasitic resistance.
Furthermore, in the transistor 100a, the conductive film 119 does not overlap with the conductive films 134 and 135; therefore, parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 119 and each of the conductive films 134 and 135 can be reduced. In the transistor 100b, the conductive film 120 does not overlap with the conductive films 136 and 137; therefore, parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 120 and each of the conductive films 136 and 137 can be reduced.
Consequently, the transistors 100a and 100b have high on-state current and high field-effect mobility.
In the transistor 100a, the impurity element is added to the oxide semiconductor film 105 using the conductive film 119 as a mask. In the transistor 100b, the impurity element is added to the oxide semiconductor film 108 using the conductive film 120 as a mask. That is, the low-resistance regions can be formed in a self-aligned manner.
In the transistor 100a, different potentials can be supplied to the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 when they are not connected to each other; thus, the threshold voltage of the transistor 100a can be controlled. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 2B, by supplying the same potential to the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 which are connected to each other through an opening 113, variations in the initial characteristics can be reduced, and degradation of the transistor due to the −GBT (negative gate bias−temperature) stress test and a change in the rising voltage of the on-state current at different drain voltages can be suppressed. Furthermore, when the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 are connected to each other as shown in FIG. 2B, electric fields of the conductive films 102 and 119 affect a top surface and a side surface of the oxide semiconductor film 105, so that carriers flow in the entire oxide semiconductor film 105. In other words, a region where carriers flow becomes larger in the film thickness direction, so that the amount of carrier movement is increased. As a result, the on-state current and field-effect mobility of the transistor 100a are increased. Owing to the high on-state current, the transistor 100a can have a small planar area. Consequently, a display device with a narrow bezel in which the area occupied by a driver circuit portion is small can be manufactured.
Furthermore, in the display device, the transistor included in the driver circuit portion and the transistor included in the pixel portion may have different channel lengths.
Typically, the channel length of the transistor 100a included in the driver circuit portion can be less than 2.5 μm, or greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm. The channel length of the transistor 100b included in the pixel portion can be greater than or equal to 2.5 μm, or greater than or equal to 2.5 μm and less than or equal to 20 μm.
When the channel length of the transistor 100a included in the driver circuit portion is less than 2.5 μm, preferably greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm, as compared with the transistor 100b included in the pixel portion, the field-effect mobility can be increased, and the amount of on-state current can be increased. Consequently, a driver circuit portion capable of high-speed operation can be formed. Furthermore, a display device in which the area occupied by a driver circuit portion is small can be manufactured.
By using the transistor with high field-effect mobility, a demultiplexer circuit can be formed in a signal line driver circuit which is an example of the driver circuit portion. A demultiplexer circuit distributes one input signal to a plurality of outputs; thus, using the demultiplexer circuit can reduce the number of input terminals for input signals. For example, when one pixel includes a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel and a demultiplexer circuit corresponding to each pixel is provided, an input signal can be distributed by the demultiplexer circuit to be input to each sub-pixel. Consequently, the number of input terminals can be reduced to 1⁄3.
The transistor 100b having high on-state current is provided in the pixel portion; thus, signal delay in wirings can be reduced and display unevenness can be suppressed even in a large-sized display device or a high-resolution display device in which the number of wirings is increased.
As described above, when a driver circuit portion is formed using a transistor capable of high-speed operation and a pixel portion is formed using a transistor with small parasitic capacitance and small parasitic resistance, a high-resolution display device capable of double-frame rate driving can be manufactured.
The structure shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B is described in detail below.
As the substrate 101, any of a variety of substrates can be used without particular limitation. Examples of the substrate include a semiconductor substrate (e.g., a single crystal substrate or a silicon substrate), an SOI substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal substrate, a stainless steel substrate, a substrate including stainless steel foil, a tungsten substrate, a substrate including tungsten foil, a flexible substrate, an attachment film, paper including a fibrous material, and a base material film. Examples of the glass substrate are a barium borosilicate glass substrate, an aluminoborosilicate glass substrate, and a soda lime glass substrate. Examples of a flexible substrate, an attachment film, a base material film, or the like are as follows: plastic typified by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyether sulfone (PES); a synthetic resin such as acrylic; polypropylene; polyvinyl fluoride; polyvinyl chloride; polyester; polyamide; polyimide; aramid; epoxy; an inorganic vapor deposition film; and paper. Specifically, when a transistor is formed using a semiconductor substrate, a single crystal substrate, an SOI substrate, or the like, it is possible to form a transistor with few variations in characteristics, size, shape, or the like, with high current supply capability, and with a small size. By forming a circuit with the use of such a transistor, power consumption of the circuit can be reduced or the circuit can be highly integrated.
A flexible substrate may be used as the substrate 101, and the transistors may be provided directly on the flexible substrate. Alternatively, a separation layer may be provided between the substrate 101 and each of the transistors. The separation layer can be used when part or the whole of a semiconductor device formed over the separation layer is separated from the substrate 101 and transferred onto another substrate. In such a case, the transistors can be transferred to a substrate having low heat resistance or a flexible substrate as well. For the above separation layer, a stack including inorganic films, which are a tungsten film and a silicon oxide film, or an organic resin film of polyimide or the like formed over a substrate can be used, for example.
Examples of a substrate to which the transistors are transferred include, in addition to the above-described substrates over which transistors can be formed, a paper substrate, a cellophane substrate, an aramid film substrate, a polyimide film substrate, a stone substrate, a wood substrate, a cloth substrate (including a natural fiber (e.g., silk, cotton, or hemp), a synthetic fiber (e.g., nylon, polyurethane, or polyester), a regenerated fiber (e.g., acetate, cupra, rayon, or regenerated polyester), or the like), a leather substrate, a rubber substrate, and the like. When such a substrate is used, a transistor with excellent properties or a transistor with low power consumption can be formed, a device with high durability or high heat resistance can be provided, or reduction in weight or thickness can be achieved.
The insulating film 104 can be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using an oxide insulating film or a nitride insulating film. Note that at least regions of the insulating film 104 which are in contact with the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are preferably formed using an oxide insulating film, in order to improve characteristics of the interface with the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. When the insulating film 104 is formed using an oxide insulating film from which oxygen is released by heating, oxygen contained in the insulating film 104 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 by heat treatment. A region of the insulating film 104 which is in contact with the conductive film 102 is preferably formed using a nitride insulating film, in which case metal elements contained in the conductive film 102 can be prevented from moving to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
The thickness of the insulating film 104 can be greater than or equal to 50 nm, greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 3000 nm, or greater than or equal to 200 nm and less than or equal to 1000 nm. By increasing the thickness of the insulating film 104, the amount of oxygen released from the insulating film 104 can be increased, and the interface state density at the interface between the insulating film 104 and each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 and oxygen vacancies contained in the channel region 105a in the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the channel region 108a in the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be reduced.
The insulating film 104 may be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using one or more of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, and the like.
Here, the insulating film 104 is formed by stacking insulating films 104a and 104b. When a nitride insulating film is used as the insulating film 104a, diffusion of metal elements contained in the conductive film 102 can be prevented. When an oxide insulating film is used as the insulating film 104b, the interface state density at the interface between the insulating film 104 and each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 can be reduced, for example.
The oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are typically formed using a metal oxide such as an In—Ga oxide, an In—Zn oxide, or an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf). Note that the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 have light-transmitting properties.
Note that in the case of using an In-M-Zn oxide as the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, when the summation of In and M is assumed to be 100 atomic %, the proportions of In and M are preferably set to be greater than or equal to 25 atomic % and less than 75 atomic %, respectively, or greater than or equal to 34 atomic % and less than 66 atomic %, respectively.
The energy gaps of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are each 2 eV or more, 2.5 eV or more, or 3 eV or more.
The thickness of each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 can be greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 200 nm, greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm, or greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm.
In the case where the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 contain an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), it is preferable that the atomic ratio of metal elements of a sputtering target used for forming a film of the In-M-Zn oxide satisfy In≧M and Zn≧M. As the atomic ratio of metal elements of the sputtering target, In:M:Zn=1:1:1, In:M:Zn=1:1:1.2, In:M:Zn=2:1:1.5, In:M:Zn=2:1:2.3, In:M:Zn=2:1:3, In:M:Zn=3:1:2, or the like is preferable. Note that the atomic ratios of metal elements in the formed oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 vary from the above atomic ratio of metal elements of the sputtering target within a range of ±40% as an error.
When silicon or carbon that is one of elements belonging to Group 14 is contained in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, oxygen vacancies are increased in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, and the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 become n-type films. Thus, the concentrations of silicon or carbon (the concentration measured by SIMS) in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a, can be set to lower than or equal to 2×1018 atoms/cm3, or lower than or equal to 2×1017 atoms/cm3. As a result, the transistors each have positive threshold voltage (normally-off characteristics).
Furthermore, the concentrations of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal which are measured by SIMS in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a, can be lower than or equal to 1×1018 atoms/cm3, or lower than or equal to 2×1016 atoms/cm3. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal might generate carriers when bonded to an oxide semiconductor, in which case the off-state current of the transistors might be increased. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the concentrations of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the channel regions 105a and 108a. As a result, the transistors each have positive threshold voltage (normally-off characteristics).
Furthermore, when nitrogen is contained in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a, electrons serving as carriers are generated, carrier density is increased, and the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 become n-type films in some cases. Thus, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film which contains nitrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. Therefore, nitrogen is preferably reduced as much as possible in the oxide semiconductor films, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a. The concentrations of nitrogen which are measured by SIMS can be set to, for example, lower than or equal to 5×1018 atoms/cm3.
By reducing the impurity elements in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a, the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor films can be lowered. In the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in particular, the channel regions 105a and 108a, carrier density can be set to 1×1017/cm3 or less, 1×1015/cm3 or less, 1×1013/cm3 or less, 8×1011/cm3 or less, or 1×1011/cm3 or less, preferably less than 1×1010/cm3, and 1×10−9/cm3 or more.
Oxide semiconductor films each having a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states can be used for the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, in which case the transistors can have more excellent electrical characteristics. Here, the state in which impurity concentration is low and density of defect states is low (the amount of oxygen vacancy is small) is referred to as “highly purified intrinsic” or “substantially highly purified intrinsic”. A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor has few carrier generation sources, and thus has a low carrier density in some cases. Thus, a transistor including the oxide semiconductor film in which a channel region is formed is likely to have positive threshold voltage (normally-off characteristics). A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has a low density of defect states and accordingly has low density of trap states in some cases. Furthermore, a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has an extremely low off-state current; the off-state current can be less than or equal to the measurement limit of a semiconductor parameter analyzer, i.e., less than or equal to 1×10−13 A, at a voltage (drain voltage) between a source electrode and a drain electrode of from 1 V to 10 V. Thus, the transistor whose channel region is formed in the oxide semiconductor film has a small variation in electrical characteristics and high reliability in some cases.
The oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 may each have a non-single-crystal structure, for example. The non-single-crystal structure includes a c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC-OS) which is described later, a polycrystalline structure, a microcrystalline structure which is described later, or an amorphous structure, for example. Among the non-single crystal structure, the amorphous structure has the highest density of defect states, whereas CAAC-OS has the lowest density of defect states.
Note that the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 may be mixed films including two or more of the following: a region having an amorphous structure, a region having a microcrystalline structure, a region having a polycrystalline structure, a CAAC-OS region, and a region having a single-crystal structure. The mixed film has a single-layer structure including, for example, two or more of a region having an amorphous structure, a region having a microcrystalline structure, a region having a polycrystalline structure, a CAAC-OS region, and a region having a single-crystal structure in some cases. Furthermore, the mixed film has a stacked-layer structure of two or more of a region having an amorphous structure, a region having a microcrystalline structure, a region having a polycrystalline structure, a CAAC-OS region, and a region having a single-crystal structure in some cases.
Note that in the oxide semiconductor film 105, the channel region 105a and the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c might differ in crystallinity. In the oxide semiconductor film 108, the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c might differ in crystallinity. These cases are due to damage to the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c, which lowers their crystallinity, when the impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c. 
The insulating films 116 and 117 can be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using an oxide insulating film or a nitride insulating film. Note that at least regions of the insulating films 116 and 117 which are in contact with the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, respectively, are preferably formed using an oxide insulating film, in order to improve characteristics of the interface with the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. The insulating films 116 and 117 may be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using one or more of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, and the like.
Furthermore, it is possible to prevent outward diffusion of oxygen from the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 and entry of hydrogen, water, or the like into the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 from the outside by providing an insulating film having a blocking effect against oxygen, hydrogen, water, and the like as each of the insulating films 116 and 117. As the insulating film having a blocking effect against oxygen, hydrogen, water, and the like, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum oxynitride film, a gallium oxide film, a gallium oxynitride film, an yttrium oxide film, an yttrium oxynitride film, a hafnium oxide film, and a hafnium oxynitride film can be given as examples.
The insulating films 116 and 117 may be formed using a high-k material such as hafnium silicate (HfSiOx), hafnium silicate to which nitrogen is added (HfSixOyNz), hafnium aluminate to which nitrogen is added (HfAlxOyNz), hafnium oxide, or yttrium oxide, so that gate leakage current of the transistors can be reduced.
When the insulating films 116 and 117 are formed using an oxide insulating film from which oxygen is released by heating, oxygen contained in the insulating films 116 and 117 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, respectively, by heat treatment.
The thickness of each of the insulating films 116 and 117 can be greater than or equal to 5 nm and less than or equal to 400 nm, greater than or equal to 5 nm and less than or equal to 300 nm, or greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 250 nm.
The conductive films 119 and 120 can be formed using a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tungsten; an alloy containing any of these metal elements as a component; an alloy containing any of these metal elements in combination; or the like. Furthermore, one or more metal elements selected from manganese and zirconium may be used. Furthermore, the conductive films 119 and 120 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure including two or more layers. For example, any of the following can be used: a single-layer structure of an aluminum film containing silicon; a single-layer structure of a copper film containing manganese; two-layer structure in which a titanium film is stacked over an aluminum film; a two-layer structure in which a titanium film is stacked over a titanium nitride film; a two-layer structure in which a tungsten film is stacked over a titanium nitride film; a two-layer structure in which a tungsten film is stacked over a tantalum nitride film or a tungsten nitride film; a two-layer structure in which a copper film is stacked over a copper film containing manganese; a three-layer structure in which a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film are stacked in this order; a three-layer structure in which a copper film containing manganese, a copper film, and a copper film containing manganese are stacked in this order; and the like. Furthermore, an alloy film or a nitride film which contains aluminum and one or more elements selected from titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, neodymium, and scandium may be used.
Alternatively, the conductive films 119 and 120 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide including silicon oxide. It is also possible to have a stacked-layer structure formed using the above light-transmitting conductive material and the above metal element.
The thickness of each of the conductive films 119 and 120 can be greater than or equal to 30 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm, or greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 400 nm.
The conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 function as source electrodes and drain electrodes. The conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 can be formed using any of the materials and structures for the conductive films 119 and 120, as appropriate.
The insulating film 127 can be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using an oxide insulating film or a nitride insulating film. When the insulating film 127 is formed using an oxide insulating film from which oxygen is released by heating, oxygen contained in the insulating film 127 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 by heat treatment.
The insulating film 127 may be formed with a single layer or stacked layers using one or more of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, and the like.
The thickness of the insulating film 127 can be greater than or equal to 30 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm, or greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 400 nm.
<Structure 2 of Semiconductor Device>
Next, another structure of the semiconductor device is described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. Here, an oxide semiconductor film of a transistor 100c formed in a driver circuit portion and an oxide semiconductor film of a transistor 100d formed in a pixel portion have different atomic ratios of metal elements.
In the oxide semiconductor film 105 included in the transistor 100c, the proportion of In atoms is higher than that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. In the case where the oxide semiconductor film 105 contains an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), and a target having the atomic ratio of the metal elements of In:M:Zn=x1:y1:z1 is used for forming the oxide semiconductor film 105, x1/y1 is preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 6. Typical examples of the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target are In:M:Zn=2:1:1.5, In:M:Zn=2:1:2.3, In:M:Zn=2:1:3, In:M:Zn=3:1:2, In:M:Zn=3:1:3, and In:M:Zn=3:1:4.
In the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100d, the proportion of In atoms is lower than or equal to that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. In the case where the oxide semiconductor film 108 contains an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), and a target having the atomic ratio of the metal elements of In:M:Zn=x2:y2:z2 is used for forming the oxide semiconductor film 108, x2/y2 is preferably greater than or equal to 1⁄6 and less than or equal to 1, and z2/y2 is preferably greater than or equal to 1⁄3 and less than or equal to 6, further preferably greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6. Note that when z2/y2 is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6, a CAAC-OS film is easily formed as the oxide semiconductor film 108. Typical examples of the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target are In:M:Zn=1:1:1, In:M:Zn=1:1:1.2, In:M:Zn=1:3:2, In:M:Zn=1:3:4, In:M:Zn=1:3:6, In:M:Zn=1:3:8, In:M:Zn=1:4:4, In:M:Zn=1:4:5, In:M:Zn=1:4:6, In:M:Zn=1:4:7, In:M:Zn=1:4:8, In:M:Zn=1:5:5, In:M:Zn=1:5:6, In:M:Zn=1:5:7, In:M:Zn=1:5:8, and In:M:Zn=1:6:8.
In the oxide semiconductor film 105 included in the transistor 100c, the proportion of In atoms is higher than that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. Therefore, the field-effect mobility is high. Typically, the transistor has a field-effect mobility of greater than 10 cm2/V·s and less than 60 cm2/V·s, preferably greater than or equal to 15 cm2/V·s and less than 50 cm2/V·s. However, the off-state current of the transistor is increased due to light irradiation. Accordingly, the conductive film 102 may be made to function as a light-blocking film. Alternatively, when the conductive film 102 is not provided and a light-blocking film is provided in the driver circuit portion, a transistor with high field-effect mobility and low off-state current is obtained. Consequently, a driver circuit portion capable of high-speed operation can be formed.
In the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100b, the proportion of In atoms is lower than or equal to that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. Thus, even when the oxide semiconductor film is irradiated with light, the amount of increase in off-state current is small. Therefore, by providing the transistor including the oxide semiconductor film in which the proportion of In atoms is lower than or equal to that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms in the pixel portion, the pixel portion that hardly deteriorates due to light irradiation and provides high display quality can be obtained.
<Structure 3 of Semiconductor Device>
Next, another structure of the semiconductor device is described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. Here, in a transistor 100e formed in a driver circuit portion and a transistor 100f formed in a pixel portion, the conductive films 119 and 120 functioning as gate electrodes each have a stacked-layer structure. FIG. 4A shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100e and 100f in the channel length direction, and FIG. 4B shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100e and 100f in the channel width direction.
The conductive film 119 includes a conductive film 119a in contact with the insulating film 116 and a conductive film 119b in contact with the conductive film 119a. The end portion of the conductive film 119a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 119b. In other words, the conductive film 119a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 119b. 
The end portion of the insulating film 116 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 119a. In other words, the insulating film 116 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 119a. Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 116 may be curved.
The conductive film 120 includes a conductive film 120a in contact with the insulating film 117 and a conductive film 120b in contact with the conductive film 120a. The end portion of the conductive film 120a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b. In other words, the conductive film 120a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120b. 
The end portion of the insulating film 117 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120a. In other words, the insulating film 117 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120a. Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be curved.
The conductive films 119a and 120a can be formed using titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, an alloy of any of these, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, molybdenum nitride, tungsten nitride, or the like. Alternatively, the conductive films 119a and 120a can be formed using a Cu—X alloy (X is Mn, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Mo, Ta, or Ti) or the like.
The conductive films 119b and 120b are formed using a low-resistance material. The conductive films 119b and 120b can be formed using copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tungsten, or the like, an alloy containing any of these, a compound containing any of these as a main component, or the like.
In the case where the Cu—X alloy (X is Mn, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Mo, Ta, or Ti) is used for the conductive films 119a and 120a, in a region of each of the conductive films 119a and 120a which is in contact with an insulating film, a covering film is formed by heat treatment in some cases. The covering film includes a compound containing X. Examples of the compound containing X include an oxide of X and a nitride of X. When the covering film is formed on surfaces of the conductive films 119a and 120a, the covering film functions as a blocking film, and Cu in the Cu—X alloy film can be prevented from entering the oxide semiconductor films.
Note that when the concentrations of copper in the channel regions in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are lower than or equal to 1×1018 atoms/cm3, electron trap state density at the interface between the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the insulating film 116 functioning as a gate insulating film and the interface between the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the insulating film 117 functioning as a gate insulating film can be reduced. As a result, transistors each having an excellent subthreshold swing value (S value) can be manufactured.
When the conductive films 119 and 120 and the insulating films 116 and 117 having the shapes shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B are provided in the transistors 100e and 100f, the electric field of the drain region of each of the transistors can be relaxed. Thus, deterioration of the transistor due to the electric field of the drain region, such as a shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor, can be inhibited.
<Band Structure>
Next, band structures along given cross sections of the transistor 100a in FIG. 2A, which is a typical example of a transistor of this embodiment, are described.
A band structure in the O—P cross section including the channel regions of the transistor 100a in FIG. 2A is illustrated in FIG. 14A. The insulating film 104a, the insulating film 104b, and the insulating film 116 each have a sufficiently larger energy gap than the channel region 105a. Furthermore, the Fermi levels (denoted by Ef) of the channel region 105a, the insulating film 104a, the insulating film 104b, and the insulating film 116 are assumed to be equal to the intrinsic Fermi levels thereof (denoted by Ei). Furthermore, work functions of the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 are assumed to be equal to the Fermi levels.
When a gate voltage is set to be higher than or equal to the threshold voltage of the transistor, an electron flows in the channel region 105a. Note that the energy at the conduction band minimum is denoted by Ec, and the energy at the valence band maximum is denoted by Ev.
Next, FIG. 14B shows a band structure in the Q-R cross section including the source region or the drain region of the transistor 100a in FIG. 2A. Note that the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c are assumed to be in a degenerate state. Furthermore, the Fermi level of the channel region 105a is assumed to be approximately the same as the energy of the conduction band minimum in the low-resistance region 105b. The same applies to the low-resistance region 105c. 
At this time, an ohmic contact is made between the conductive film 134 and the low-resistance region 105b because an energy barrier therebetween is sufficiently low. Similarly, an ohmic contact is made between the conductive film 135 and the low-resistance region 105c because an energy barrier therebetween is sufficiently low. Therefore, electron transfer is conducted smoothly between the conductive films 134 and 135 and the channel region 105a. 
As described above, the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention is a transistor in which the channel resistance is low and electron transfer between the channel region and the source and the drain electrodes is conducted smoothly. That is, the transistor has excellent switching characteristics.
<Method 1 for Manufacturing Semiconductor Device>
Next, a method for manufacturing the transistors 100a and 100b illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B and FIGS. 2A and 2B will be described with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, FIGS. 6A to 6C, and FIGS. 7A and 7B.
The films included in the transistors 100a and 100b (i.e., the insulating film, the oxide semiconductor film, the conductive film, and the like) can be formed by any of a sputtering method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a vacuum evaporation method, and a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Alternatively, a coating method or a printing method can be used. Although the sputtering method and a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method are typical examples of the film formation method, a thermal CVD method may be used. As the thermal CVD method, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method may be used, for example.
Deposition by a thermal CVD method may be performed in such a manner that the pressure in a chamber is set to an atmospheric pressure or a reduced pressure, and a source gas and an oxidizer are supplied to the chamber at a time and react with each other in the vicinity of the substrate or over the substrate. Thus, no plasma is generated in the deposition; therefore, the thermal CVD method has an advantage that no defect due to plasma damage is caused.
Deposition by the ALD method may be performed in such a manner that the pressure in a chamber is set to an atmospheric pressure or a reduced pressure, source gases for reaction are sequentially introduced into the chamber, and then the sequence of the gas introduction is repeated. For example, two or more kinds of source gases are sequentially supplied to the chamber by switching respective switching valves (also referred to as high-speed valves). For example, a first source gas is introduced, an inert gas (e.g., argon or nitrogen) or the like is introduced at the same time as or after the introduction of the first source gas so that the source gases are not mixed, and then a second source gas is introduced. Note that in the case where the first source gas and the inert gas are introduced at a time, the inert gas serves as a carrier gas, and the inert gas may also be introduced at the same time as the introduction of the second source gas. Alternatively, the first source gas may be exhausted by vacuum evacuation instead of the introduction of the inert gas, and then the second source gas may be introduced. The first source gas is adsorbed on the surface of the substrate to form a first single-atomic layer; then the second source gas is introduced to react with the first single-atomic layer; as a result, a second single-atomic layer is stacked over the first single-atomic layer, so that a thin film is formed.
The sequence of the gas introduction is repeated plural times until a desired thickness is obtained, whereby a thin film with excellent step coverage can be formed. The thickness of the thin film can be adjusted by the number of repetition times of the sequence of the gas introduction; therefore, an ALD method makes it possible to accurately adjust a thickness and thus is suitable for manufacturing a minute FET.
As shown in FIG. 5A, the conductive film 102 is formed over the substrate 101, and the insulating film 104 is formed over the conductive film 102. Next, the oxide semiconductor film 105 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the driver circuit portion, and the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the pixel portion.
The conductive film 102 is formed as follows: a conductive film is formed by a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, a thermal CVD method, or the like, a mask is formed over the conductive film by a lithography process, and then etching treatment is performed.
Alternatively, a tungsten film can be formed as the conductive film with a deposition apparatus employing ALD. In that case, a WF6 gas and a B2H6 gas are sequentially introduced more than once to form an initial tungsten film, and then a WF6 gas and an H2 gas are introduced at a time, so that a tungsten film is formed. Note that an SiH4 gas may be used instead of a B2H6 gas.
Note that the conductive film 102 may be formed by an electrolytic plating method, a printing method, an inkjet method, or the like instead of the above formation method.
Here, a 100-nm-thick tungsten film is formed as the conductive film 102 by a sputtering method.
The insulating film 104 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an evaporation method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, a printing method, a coating method, or the like, as appropriate. The insulating film 104 can be formed in the following manner: an insulating film is formed over the substrate 101, and then oxygen is added to the insulating film. Examples of the oxygen that is added to the insulating film include an oxygen radical, an oxygen atom, an oxygen atomic ion, an oxygen molecular ion, and the like. As a method for adding the oxygen, an ion doping method, an ion implantation method, plasma treatment, or the like can be given. Alternatively, after a film which suppresses release of oxygen is formed over the insulating film, oxygen may be added to the insulating film through the film.
As the insulating film 104, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film from which oxygen can be released by heat treatment can be formed under the following conditions: the substrate placed in a treatment chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus that is vacuum-evacuated is held at a temperature higher than or equal to 180° C. and lower than or equal to 280° C., or higher than or equal to 200° C. and lower than or equal to 240° C., the pressure is greater than or equal to 100 Pa and less than or equal to 250 Pa, or greater than or equal to 100 Pa and less than or equal to 200 Pa with introduction of a source gas into the treatment chamber, and a high-frequency power of greater than or equal to 0.17 W/cm2 and less than or equal to 0.5 W/cm2, or greater than or equal to 0.25 W/cm2 and less than or equal to 0.35 W/cm2 is supplied to an electrode provided in the treatment chamber.
Here, the insulating film 104a and the insulating film 104b are stacked to form the insulating film 104. A 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 104a, and a 300-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 104b. 
A formation method of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 is described below. An oxide semiconductor film is formed over the insulating film 104 by a sputtering method, a coating method, a pulsed laser deposition method, a laser ablation method, a thermal CVD method, or the like. Next, oxygen contained in the insulating film 104 is moved to the oxide semiconductor film by heat treatment. Then, after a mask is formed over the oxide semiconductor film by a lithography process, the oxide semiconductor film is partly etched using the mask. Thus, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 can be formed as illustrated in FIG. 5A. After that, the mask is removed. Note that heat treatment may be performed after the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are formed by etching part of the oxide semiconductor film.
Alternatively, by using a printing method for forming the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 subjected to element isolation can be formed directly.
As a power supply device for generating plasma in the case of forming the oxide semiconductor film by a sputtering method, an RF power supply device, an AC power supply device, a DC power supply device, or the like can be used as appropriate. Note that a CAAC-OS film can be formed using an AC power supply device or a DC power supply device. In forming the oxide semiconductor film, a sputtering method using an AC power supply device or a DC power supply device is preferable to a sputtering method using an RF power supply device because the oxide semiconductor film can be uniform in film thickness, film composition, or crystallinity.
As a sputtering gas, a rare gas (typically argon), an oxygen gas, or a mixed gas of a rare gas and oxygen is used as appropriate. In the case of using the mixed gas of a rare gas and oxygen, the proportion of oxygen to a rare gas is preferably increased.
Furthermore, a target may be appropriately selected in accordance with the composition of the oxide semiconductor film to be formed.
For example, in the case where the oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method at a substrate temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than or equal to 750° C., higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., or higher than or equal to 200° C. and lower than or equal to 350° C., a CAAC-OS film can be formed. In the case where the substrate temperature is higher than or equal to 25° C. and lower than 150° C., a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor film can be formed.
For the deposition of the CAAC-OS film to be described later, the following conditions are preferably used.
By suppressing entry of impurities during the deposition, the crystal state can be prevented from being broken by the impurities. For example, the concentration of impurities (e.g., hydrogen, water, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen) which exist in the deposition chamber may be reduced. Furthermore, the concentration of impurities in a deposition gas may be reduced. Specifically, a deposition gas whose dew point is −80° C. or lower, or −100° C. or lower is used.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the proportion of oxygen in the deposition gas be increased and the power be optimized in order to reduce plasma damage at the deposition. The proportion of oxygen in the deposition gas is 30 vol. % or higher, or 100 vol. %.
Furthermore, after the oxide semiconductor film is formed, heat treatment may be performed so that the oxide semiconductor film is subjected to dehydrogenation or dehydration. The heat treatment is performed typically at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., or higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C.
The heat treatment is performed under an inert gas atmosphere containing nitrogen or a rare gas such as helium, neon, argon, xenon, or krypton. Alternatively, the heat treatment may be performed under an inert gas atmosphere first, and then under an oxygen atmosphere. It is preferable that the above inert gas atmosphere and the above oxygen atmosphere do not contain hydrogen, water, and the like. The treatment time is from 3 minutes to 24 hours.
An electric furnace, an RTA apparatus, or the like can be used for the heat treatment. With the use of an RTA apparatus, the heat treatment can be performed at a temperature of higher than or equal to the strain point of the substrate if the heating time is short. Therefore, the heat treatment time can be shortened.
By forming the oxide semiconductor film while it is heated or performing heat treatment after the formation of the oxide semiconductor film, the hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor film which is measured by SIMS can be 5×1019 atoms/cm3 or lower, 1×1019 atoms/cm3 or lower, 5×1018 atoms/cm3 or lower, 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or lower, 5×1017 atoms/cm3 or lower, or 1×1016 atoms/cm3 or lower.
For example, in the case where an oxide semiconductor film, e.g., an InGaZnOX (X>0) film is formed using a deposition apparatus employing ALD, an In(CH3)3 gas and an O3 gas are sequentially introduced more than once to form an InO2 layer, a Ga(CH3)3 gas and an O3 gas are introduced at a time to form a GaO layer, and then a Zn(CH3)2 gas and an O3 gas are introduced at a time to form a ZnO layer. Note that the order of these layers is not limited to this example. A mixed compound layer such as an InGaO2 layer, an InZnO2 layer, a GaInO layer, a ZnInO layer, or a GaZnO layer may be formed by mixing of these gases. Note that although an H2O gas which is obtained by bubbling with an inert gas such as Ar may be used instead of an O3 gas, it is preferable to use an O3 gas, which does not contain H. Instead of an In(CH3)3 gas, an In(C2H5)3 gas may be used. Instead of a Ga(CH3)3 gas, a Ga(C2H5)3 gas may be used. Furthermore, a Zn(CH3)2 gas may be used.
Here, a 35-nm-thick oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method, and then, oxygen contained in the insulating film 104 is moved to the oxide semiconductor film by heat treatment. Next, a mask is formed over the oxide semiconductor film, and part of the oxide semiconductor film is selectively etched. In this manner, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are formed. As the oxide semiconductor film, an In—Ga—Zn oxide film (In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1.2) is formed.
When the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 350° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C., or higher than or equal to 450° C. and lower than or equal to 600° C., it is possible to obtain an oxide semiconductor film whose proportion of CAAC, which is described later, is greater than or equal to 60% and less than 100%, greater than or equal to 80% and less than 100%, greater than or equal to 90% and less than 100%, or greater than or equal to 95% and less than or equal to 98%. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain an oxide semiconductor film having a low content of hydrogen, water, and the like. That is, an oxide semiconductor film with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states can be formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 5B, an insulating film 115 is formed over the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. Then, the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed over the insulating film 115.
In the case where the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed using, for example, a low-resistance material, entry of the low-resistance material into the oxide semiconductor films leads to poor electrical characteristics of the transistors. In this embodiment, the insulating film 115 is formed before the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed; thus, the channel region in each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 is not in contact with the conductive films 119 and 120. Therefore, the variation in the electrical characteristics, typically threshold voltage, of the transistors can be suppressed.
As the insulating film 115, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film can be formed by a CVD method. In this case, a deposition gas containing silicon and an oxidizing gas are preferably used as a source gas. Typical examples of the deposition gas containing silicon include silane, disilane, trisilane, and silane fluoride. Examples of the oxidizing gas include oxygen, ozone, dinitrogen monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
A silicon oxynitride film with few defects can be formed as the insulating film 115 by a CVD method under the conditions where the ratio of an oxidizing gas to a deposition gas is higher than 20 times and lower than 100 times, or higher than or equal to 40 times and lower than or equal to 80 times and the pressure in a treatment chamber is lower than 100 Pa, or lower than or equal to 50 Pa.
A silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film which is dense can be formed as the insulating film 115 under the following conditions: the substrate placed in a treatment chamber of a plasma CVD apparatus that is vacuum-evacuated is held at a temperature higher than or equal to 280° C. and lower than or equal to 400° C., the pressure in the treatment chamber is greater than or equal to 20 Pa and less than or equal to 250 Pa, preferably greater than or equal to 100 Pa and less than or equal to 250 Pa with introduction of a source gas into the treatment chamber, and a high-frequency power is supplied to an electrode provided in the treatment chamber.
The insulating film 115 can be formed by a plasma CVD method using a microwave. The microwave refers to a wave in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In the case of using a microwave, electron temperature is low and electron energy is low. Furthermore, in supplied power, the proportion of power used for acceleration of electrons is low, and therefore, power can be used for dissociation and ionization of more molecules. Thus, plasma with high density (high-density plasma) can be excited. Therefore, a deposition surface and a deposit are less damaged by plasma, and the insulating film 115 with few defects can be formed.
Alternatively, the insulating film 115 can be formed by a CVD method using an organosilane gas. As the organosilane gas, any of the following silicon-containing compound can be used: tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (chemical formula: Si(OC2H5)4); tetramethylsilane (TMS) (chemical formula: Si(CH3)4); tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS); octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS); hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS); triethoxysilane (SiH(OC2H5)3); trisdimethylaminosilane (SiH(N(CH3)2)3); or the like. The insulating film 115 having high coverage can be formed by a CVD method using an organosilane gas.
In the case where a gallium oxide film is formed as the insulating film 115, an MOCVD method can be used.
In the case where a hafnium oxide film is formed as the insulating film 115 by a thermal CVD method such as an MOCVD method or an ALD method, two kinds of gases, i.e., ozone (O3) as an oxidizer and a source gas which is obtained by vaporizing a liquid containing a solvent and a hafnium precursor compound (a hafnium alkoxide solution, which is typified by tetrakis(dimethylamide)hafnium (TDMAH)), are used. Note that the chemical formula of tetrakis(dimethylamide)hafnium is Hf[N(CH3)2]4. Examples of another material liquid include tetrakis(ethylmethylamide)hafnium.
In the case where an aluminum oxide film is formed as the insulating film 115 by a thermal CVD method such as an MOCVD method or an ALD method, two kinds of gases, i.e., H2O as an oxidizer and a source gas which is obtained by vaporizing a liquid containing a solvent and an aluminum precursor compound (e.g., trimethylaluminum (TMA)) are used. Note that the chemical formula of trimethylaluminum is Al(CH3)3. Examples of another material liquid include tris(dimethylamide)aluminum, triisobutylaluminum, and aluminum tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate). Note that the ALD method enables the insulating film 115 to have excellent coverage and small thickness.
In the case where a silicon oxide film is formed as the insulating film 115 by a thermal CVD method such as an MOCVD method or an ALD method, hexachlorodisilane is adsorbed on a deposition surface, chlorine contained in adsorbate is removed, and radicals of an oxidizing gas (e.g., O2 or dinitrogen monoxide) are supplied to react with the adsorbate.
Here, a 100-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 115.
Here, masks 122 and 123 are formed over a conductive film by a lithography process and then the conductive film is etched, whereby the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed.
Note that the conductive films 119 and 120 may be formed by an electrolytic plating method, a printing method, an inkjet method, or the like instead of the above formation method.
Then, as shown in FIG. 6A, the insulating film 115 is etched with the masks 122 and 123 left, so that the insulating films 116 and 117 are formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 6B, an impurity element 125 is added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 with the masks 122 and 123 left. As a result, the impurity element is added to regions which are not covered with the masks 122 and 123 in the oxide semiconductor films. Note that by the addition of the impurity element 125, an oxygen vacancy is formed in the oxide semiconductor films.
Alternatively, after the masks 122 and 123 are removed, a film (typically, a nitride insulating film, an oxide insulating film, or the like) with a thickness such that the impurity element 125 can be added to the oxide semiconductor films may be formed and the impurity element 125 may be added to the oxide semiconductor films. The thickness such that the impurity element 125 can be added to the oxide semiconductor films is greater than or equal to 0.1 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, or greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm.
As a method for adding the impurity element 125, an ion doping method, an ion implantation method, plasma treatment, or the like can be given. In the case of plasma treatment, plasma is generated in a gas atmosphere containing an impurity element to be added and plasma treatment is performed, whereby the impurity element can be added. A dry etching apparatus, a plasma CVD apparatus, a high-density plasma CVD apparatus, or the like can be used to generate the plasma. In the case of plasma treatment, the substrate 101 may be set to a parallel plate electrode on the cathode side and an RF power may be supplied so that a bias is applied to the substrate 101 side. As the RF power, for example, power density can be greater than or equal to 0.1 W/cm2 and less than or equal to 2 W/cm2. Consequently, the amount of impurity elements added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 can be increased and more oxygen vacancies can be formed in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
Note that, as a source gas of the impurity element 125, one or more of B2H6, PH3, CH4, N2, NH3, AlH3, AiCl3, SiH4, Si2H6, F2, HF, H2, and a rare gas can be used. Alternatively, one or more of B2H6, PH3, N2, NH3, AlH3, AlCl3, F2, HF, and H2 which are diluted with a rare gas can be used. By adding the impurity element 125 to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 using one or more of B2H6, PH3, N2, NH3, AlH3, AlCl3, F2, HF, and H2 which are diluted with a rare gas, the rare gas and one or more of hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, and chlorine can be added at a time to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
Alternatively, after a rare gas is added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, one or more of B2H6, PH3, CH4, N2, NH3, AlH3, AlCl3, SiH4, Si2H6, F2, HF, and H2 may be added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
Further alternatively, after one or more of B2H6, PH3, CH4, N2, NH3, AlH3, AlCl3, SiH4, Si2H6, F2, HF, and H2 are added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, a rare gas may be added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
The addition of the impurity element 125 is controlled by appropriately setting the implantation conditions such as the acceleration voltage and the dose. For example, in the case where argon is added by an ion implantation method, the acceleration voltage is set to 10 kV and the dose is set to greater than or equal to 1×1013 ions/cm2 and less than or equal to 1×1016 ions/cm2, e.g., 1×1014 ions/cm2. In the case where a phosphorus ion is added by an ion implantation method, the acceleration voltage is set to 30 kV and the dose is set to greater than or equal to 1×1013 ions/cm2 and less than or equal to 5×1016 ions/cm2, e.g., 1×1015 ions/cm2.
As a result, the low-resistance regions 105b and 105c can be formed in the oxide semiconductor film 105. In addition, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c can be formed in the oxide semiconductor film 108. After that, the masks 122 and 123 are removed.
Note that when the impurity element 125 is added with the conductive films 119 and 120 exposed, part of the conductive films 119 and 120 are separated and attached to side surfaces of the insulating films 116 and 117. This results in an increase in the leakage current of the transistors. Hence, the impurity element 125 is added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 with the conductive films 119 and 120 covered with the masks 122 and 123; thus, it is possible to prevent attachment of part of the conductive films 119 and 120 to the side surfaces of the insulating films 116 and 117. Alternatively, the impurity element 125 may be added to the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 after the masks 122 and 123 are removed.
After that, heat treatment may be performed to further increase the conductivity of the regions to which the impurity element 125 is added. The heat treatment is performed typically at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., or higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C.
Next, as shown in FIG. 6C, the insulating film 126 is formed over the insulating film 104, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, the insulating films 116 and 117, and the conductive films 119 and 120.
As a method for forming the insulating film 126, a sputtering method, a CVD method, a vacuum evaporation method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, or the like is given. Note that a silicon nitride film containing hydrogen can be formed by a plasma CVD method using silane and ammonia as a source gas or using silane and nitrogen as a source gas. Furthermore, by using a plasma CVD method, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 can be damaged, and oxygen vacancy can be formed in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
Since hydrogen is contained in the insulating film 126, when the insulating film 126 is in contact with the regions to which the impurity element is added in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, hydrogen contained in the insulating film 126 moves to the regions to which the impurity element is added in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. Since oxygen vacancy is included in the regions to which the impurity element is added, the low-resistance regions can be formed in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108.
Alternatively, an aluminum film or an aluminum oxide film is formed instead of the insulating film 126 and then heat treatment is performed, whereby oxygen contained in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 reacts with the aluminum film or the aluminum oxide film. Thus, an aluminum oxide film is formed as the insulating film 126, and an oxygen vacancy is formed in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c in the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108. As a result, the conductivity of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c can be further increased.
Here, a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film is formed as the insulating film 126 by a plasma CVD method.
After that, heat treatment may be performed to further increase the conductivity of the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 108b, and 108c. The heat treatment is performed typically at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., or higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C.
Next, the insulating film 127 may be formed as illustrated in FIG. 7A. The insulating film 127 can reduce the parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 119 and the conductive films 134 and 135 formed later and between the conductive film 120 and the conductive films 136 and 137 formed later.
Next, the openings 128 and 129 are formed in the insulating films 126 and 127 to expose parts of the low-resistance regions, and then the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 are formed. In addition, the nitride insulating film 162 is preferably formed (see FIG. 7B).
The conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 can be formed by a method similar to the formation method of the conductive films 119 and 120 as appropriate. The nitride insulating film 162 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like as appropriate.
Through the above-described process, the transistors 100a and 100b can be manufactured.
<Method 2 for Manufacturing Semiconductor Device>
Next, a method for manufacturing the transistors 100c and 100d illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B is described.
In the step of forming the oxide semiconductor films shown in FIG. 5A, first, the oxide semiconductor film 105 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the driver circuit portion using an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) target. When the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target is In:M:Zn=x1:y1:z1, x1/y1 is greater than 1 and less than or equal to 6.
Then, the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the pixel portion using an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) target. When the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target is In:M:Zn=x2:y2:z2, x2/y2 is greater than or equal to 1⁄6 and less than or equal to 1.
After that, steps similar to those in FIG. 5B, FIGS. 6A to 6C, and FIGS. 7A and 7B are performed. In this manner, the transistors 100c and 100d can be manufactured.
In the transistor described in this embodiment, the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode do not overlap with the conductive film functioning as a gate electrode, and thus, parasitic capacitance can be reduced and on-state current is high. Furthermore, in the transistor described in this embodiment, the low-resistance region can be formed stably; therefore, on-state current is higher and variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistor is more reduced than in a conventional transistor.
The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be used as appropriate in combination with any of the structures, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments.
Embodiment 2
In this embodiment, one embodiment of a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B, FIGS. 9A and 9B, FIGS. 10A and 10B, FIGS. 11A and 11B, FIGS. 12A to 12C, and FIGS. 13A and 13B.
<Structure 1 of Semiconductor Device>
In FIGS. 8A and 8B and FIGS. 9A and 9B, transistors each having a top-gate structure are shown as examples of transistors included in a semiconductor device. Here, a display device is described as an example of the semiconductor device. Furthermore, structures of transistors provided in a driver circuit portion and a pixel portion of the display device are described. In the display device described in this embodiment, the transistor in the driver circuit portion and the transistor in the pixel portion have different structures. The transistor in the driver circuit portion has a dual-gate structure, and the transistor in the pixel portion has a single-gate structure.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are top views of a transistor 100o provided in a driver circuit portion and a transistor 100p provided in a pixel portion. FIGS. 9A and 9B are cross-sectional views of the transistors 100o and 100p. FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are top views of the transistor 100o and the transistor 100p, respectively. FIG. 9A shows cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line A-B in FIG. 8A and the dashed-dotted line C-D in FIG. 8B. FIG. 9B shows cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line G-H in FIG. 8A and the dashed-dotted line I-J in FIG. 8B.
The transistor 100o shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B includes the conductive film 102 over the substrate 101, the insulating film 104 over the substrate 101 and the conductive film 102, a multilayer film 107 over the insulating film 104, the insulating film 116 in contact with the multilayer film 107, and the conductive film 119 overlapping with the multilayer film 107 with the insulating film 116 provided therebetween. The transistor 100o has the structure of the transistor 100a described in Embodiment 1 in which the oxide semiconductor film 105 is replaced with the multilayer film 107. Here, the multilayer film 107 is described in detail. Description of the transistor 100a in Embodiment 1 can be referred to for detailed description of components that are the same as those described in Embodiment 1.
The multilayer film 107 includes a channel region 107a overlapping with the conductive films 102 and 119 and low-resistance regions 107b and 107c between which the channel region 107a is positioned. The channel region 107a includes the channel region 105a in contact with the insulating film 104 and a channel region 106a in contact with the channel region 105a. The low-resistance region 107b includes the low-resistance region 105b in contact with the insulating film 104 and a low-resistance region 106b in contact with the low-resistance region 105b. The low-resistance region 107c includes the low-resistance region 105c in contact with the insulating film 104 and a low-resistance region 106c in contact with the low-resistance region 105c. Note that although not shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the oxide semiconductor film including the channel region 105a, the low-resistance region 105b, and the low-resistance region 105c is referred to as the oxide semiconductor film 105, and an oxide semiconductor film including the channel region 106a, the low-resistance region 106b, and the low-resistance region 106c is referred to as an oxide semiconductor film 106. That is, the multilayer film 107 is a stack including the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the oxide semiconductor film 106.
Note that in a top surface shape, an edge portion of the oxide semiconductor film 106 is positioned outside an edge portion of the oxide semiconductor film 105. That is, the oxide semiconductor film 106 covers a top surface and a side surface of the oxide semiconductor film 105.
In the transistor 100o, the insulating film 126 in contact with the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c is provided. Furthermore, the insulating film 127 may be provided over the insulating film 126. In addition, the conductive films 134 and 135 which are in contact with the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c of the multilayer film 107 through the openings 128 and 129 in the insulating films 126 and 127 are provided.
The transistor 100p includes a multilayer film 110 over the insulating film 104 formed over the substrate 101; the insulating film 117 in contact with the multilayer film 110; and the conductive film 120 overlapping with the multilayer film 110 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. The transistor 100p has the structure of the transistor 100b described in Embodiment 1 in which the oxide semiconductor film 108 is replaced with the multilayer film 110. Here, the multilayer film 110 is described in detail. Description of the transistor 100b in Embodiment 1 can be referred to for detailed description of components that are the same as those described in Embodiment 1.
The multilayer film 110 includes a channel region 110a overlapping with the conductive film 120 and low-resistance regions 110b and 110c between which the channel region 110a is positioned. The channel region 110a includes the channel region 108a in contact with the insulating film 104 and a channel region 109a in contact with the channel region 108a. The low-resistance region 110b includes the low-resistance region 108b in contact with the insulating film 104 and a low-resistance region 109b in contact with the low-resistance region 108b. The low-resistance region 110c includes the low-resistance region 108c in contact with the insulating film 104 and a low-resistance region 109c in contact with the low-resistance region 108c. Note that although not shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the oxide semiconductor film including the channel region 108a, the low-resistance region 108b, and the low-resistance region 108c is referred to as the oxide semiconductor film 108, and an oxide semiconductor film including the channel region 109a, the low-resistance region 109b, and the low-resistance region 109c is referred to as an oxide semiconductor film 109. That is, the multilayer film 110 is a stack including the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the oxide semiconductor film 109.
Note that in a top surface shape, an edge portion of the oxide semiconductor film 109 is positioned outside an edge portion of the oxide semiconductor film 108. That is, the oxide semiconductor film 109 covers a top surface and a side surface of the oxide semiconductor film 108.
In the transistor 100p, the insulating film 126 in contact with the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c is provided. Furthermore, the insulating film 127 may be provided over the insulating film 126. In addition, the conductive films 136 and 137 which are in contact with the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c of the multilayer film 110 through the openings 130 and 131 in the insulating films 126 and 127 are provided.
In the multilayer film 107, an element which forms an oxygen vacancy is included in a region which does not overlap with the conductive film 119. In the multilayer film 110, an element which forms an oxygen vacancy is included in a region which does not overlap with the conductive film 120. As the element which forms an oxygen vacancy, any of the impurity elements given in Embodiment 1 can be used.
The insulating film 126 is a film containing hydrogen, and a nitride insulating film is a typical example thereof. Examples of a nitride insulating film include a silicon nitride film and an aluminum nitride film. The insulating film 126 is in contact with the multilayer films 107 and 110. Therefore, hydrogen contained in the insulating film 126 is diffused into the multilayer films 107 and 110. As a result, much hydrogen is contained in a region in contact with the insulating film 126 in the multilayer films 107 and 110.
When the impurity element is added to the oxide semiconductor, a bond between a metal element and oxygen in the oxide semiconductor is cut, whereby an oxygen vacancy is formed. When hydrogen is added to an oxide semiconductor in which an oxygen vacancy is formed by addition of an impurity element, hydrogen enters an oxygen vacant site and forms a donor level in the vicinity of the conduction band; thus, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor is increased. Consequently, an oxide conductor can be formed. Accordingly, the oxide conductor has a light-transmitting property.
The oxide conductor is a degenerate semiconductor and it is suggested that the conduction band edge equals to or substantially equals to the Fermi level. For that reason, an ohmic contact is made between an oxide conductor film and conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode; thus, contact resistance between the oxide conductor film and the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode can be reduced.
In other words, the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c function as source regions and drain regions.
In the case where the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 are formed using a conductive material which is easily bonded to oxygen, such as tungsten, titanium, aluminum, copper, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, an alloy of any of these, or the like, oxygen contained in the oxide semiconductor films is bonded to the conductive material contained in the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137, and an oxygen vacancy is formed in the multilayer films 107 and 110. Furthermore, in some cases, part of constituent elements of the conductive material that forms the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 is mixed into the multilayer films 107 and 110. As a result, the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c in contact with the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 have higher conductivity and function as source regions and drain regions.
In the case where the impurity element is a rare gas element and the multilayer films 107 and 110 are formed by a sputtering method, the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c each contain a rare gas element. In addition, the rare gas element concentrations of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c are higher than those of the channel regions 107a and 110a. The reasons are as follows: in the case where the multilayer films 107 and 110 are formed by a sputtering method, a rare gas is used as a sputtering gas, so that the multilayer films 107 and 110 contain the rare gas; and a rare gas is intentionally added to the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c in order to form oxygen vacancies in the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c. Note that a rare gas element different from that added to the channel regions 107a and 110a may be added to the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c. 
Since the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c are in contact with the insulating film 126, the concentration of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c is higher than the concentration of hydrogen in the channel region 107a. In addition, since the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are in contact with the insulating film 126, the concentration of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c is higher than the concentration of hydrogen in the channel region 110a. 
In the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, the concentrations of hydrogen which are measured by SIMS can be higher than or equal to 8×1019 atoms/cm3, higher than or equal to 1×1020 atoms/cm3, or higher than or equal to 5×1020 atoms/cm3. Note that in the channel regions 107a and 110a, the concentrations of hydrogen which are measured by SIMS can be lower than or equal to 5×1019 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 1×1019 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 5×1018 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 1×1018 atoms/cm3, lower than or equal to 5×1017 atoms/cm3, or lower than or equal to 1×1016 atoms/cm3.
The low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c have higher hydrogen concentrations than the channel regions 107a and 110a and have more oxygen vacancies than the channel regions 107a and 110a because of addition of rare gas elements. Therefore, the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c have higher conductivity and function as source regions and drain regions. The resistivity of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c can be typically greater than or equal to 1×10−3 Ωcm and less than 1×104 Ωcm, or greater than or equal to 1×10−3 Ωcm and less than 1×10−1 Ωcm.
Note that in the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, when the amount of hydrogen is smaller than or equal to the amount of oxygen vacancy, hydrogen is easily captured by the oxygen vacancy and is not easily diffused into the channel regions 107a and 110a. As a result, normally-off transistors can be manufactured.
Furthermore, in the case where the amount of oxygen vacancy is larger than the amount of hydrogen in the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c can be controlled by controlling the amount of hydrogen. Alternatively, in the case where the amount of hydrogen is larger than the amount of oxygen vacancy in the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c can be controlled by controlling the amount of oxygen vacancy. Note that when the carrier density of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c is greater than or equal to 5×1018/cm3, greater than or equal to 1×1019/cm3, or greater than or equal to 1×1020/cm3, in the transistors, the resistance between the channel region 107a and the conductive films 134 and 135 functioning as source and drain electrodes and between the channel region 110a and the conductive films 136 and 137 functioning as source and drain electrodes is small and high on-state current can be obtained.
In the transistors 100o and 100p described in this embodiment, the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c are provided between the channel region 107a and the conductive films 134 and 135 functioning as source and drain electrodes, and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are provided between the channel region 110a and the conductive films 136 and 137 functioning as source and drain electrodes; therefore, the transistors have small parasitic resistance.
Furthermore, in the transistor 100o, the conductive film 119 does not overlap with the conductive films 134 and 135; therefore, parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 119 and each of the conductive films 134 and 135 can be reduced. In the transistor 100p, the conductive film 120 does not overlap with the conductive films 136 and 137; therefore, parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 120 and each of the conductive films 136 and 137 can be reduced. As a result, in the case where a large-area substrate is used as the substrate 101, signal delay in the conductive films 119, 120, 134, 135, 136, and 137 can be reduced.
Consequently, the transistors 100o and 100p have high on-state current and high field-effect mobility.
In the transistor 100o, the impurity element is added to the multilayer film 107 using the conductive film 119 as a mask. In the transistor 100p, the impurity element is added to the multilayer film 110 using the conductive film 120 as a mask. That is, the low-resistance regions can be formed in a self-aligned manner.
In the transistor 100o, different potentials are supplied to the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 which are not connected to each other; thus, the threshold voltage of the transistor 100o can be controlled. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 9B, by supplying the same potential to the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 which are connected to each other, variations in the initial characteristics can be reduced, and degradation of the transistor due to the −GBT (negative gate bias−temperature) stress test and a change in the rising voltage of the on-state current at different drain voltages can be suppressed. Furthermore, when the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 are connected to each other as shown in FIG. 9B, electric fields of the conductive films 102 and 119 affect a top surface and a side surface of the multilayer film 107, so that carriers flow in the entire multilayer film 107. In other words, a region where carriers flow becomes larger in the film thickness direction, so that the amount of carrier movement is increased. As a result, the on-state current and field-effect mobility of the transistor 100o are increased. Owing to the high on-state current, the transistor 100o can have a small plane area. Consequently, a display device with a narrow bezel in which the area occupied by a driver circuit portion is small can be manufactured.
Furthermore, in the display device, the transistor included in the driver circuit portion and the transistor included in the pixel portion may have different channel lengths.
Typically, the channel length of the transistor 100o included in the driver circuit portion can be less than 2.5 μm, or greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm. The channel length of the transistor 100p included in the pixel portion can be greater than or equal to 2.5 μm, or greater than or equal to 2.5 μm and less than or equal to 20 μm.
When the channel length of the transistor 100o included in the driver circuit portion is less than 2.5 μm, preferably greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm, as compared with the transistor 100p included in the pixel portion, the field-effect mobility can be increased, and the amount of on-state current can be increased. Consequently, a driver circuit portion capable of high-speed operation can be formed. Furthermore, a display device in which the area occupied by a driver circuit portion is small can be manufactured.
By using the transistor with high field-effect mobility, a demultiplexer circuit can be formed in a signal line driver circuit which is an example of the driver circuit portion. A demultiplexer circuit distributes one input signal to a plurality of outputs; thus, using the demultiplexer circuit can reduce the number of input terminals for input signals. For example, when one pixel includes a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel and a demultiplexer circuit corresponding to each pixel is provided, an input signal can be distributed by the demultiplexer circuit to be input to each sub-pixel. Consequently, the number of input terminals can be reduced to 1⁄3.
The transistor 100p having high on-state current is provided in the pixel portion; thus, signal delay in wirings can be reduced and display unevenness can be suppressed even in a large-sized display device or a high-resolution display device in which the number of wirings is increased.
As described above, when a driver circuit portion is formed using a transistor capable of high-speed operation and a pixel portion is formed using a transistor with small parasitic capacitance and small parasitic resistance, a high-resolution display device capable of double-frame rate driving can be manufactured.
The structure shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B is described in detail below.
In the transistors 100o, the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the oxide semiconductor film 106 included in the multilayer film 107 have different compositions. In the transistors 100p, the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the oxide semiconductor film 109 included in the multilayer film 110 have different compositions. The oxide semiconductor film 105 included in the multilayer film 107 and the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the multilayer film 110 have the same composition. Furthermore, the oxide semiconductor film 106 included in the multilayer film 107 and the oxide semiconductor film 109 included in the multilayer film 110 have the same composition. In other words, the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the oxide semiconductor film 108 are formed at the same time, and the oxide semiconductor film 106 and the oxide semiconductor film 109 are formed at the same time.
A channel of the transistor 100o is formed in the oxide semiconductor film 105. A channel of the transistor 100p is formed in the oxide semiconductor film 108. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 have a larger thickness than the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109.
The thickness of each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 is greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 200 nm, greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, or greater than or equal to 20 nm and less than or equal to 35 nm. The thickness of each of the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109 is greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 200 nm, greater than or equal to 3 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm, greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm, or greater than or equal to 30 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm.
The oxide semiconductor films 105, 106, 108, and 109 are each formed using a metal oxide containing at least In, and typically formed using an In—Ga oxide, an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), or the like. The oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 have a higher indium content than the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109; therefore, a buried channel can be formed in each of the transistors 100o and 100p. Thus, variations in the threshold voltage of each of the transistors 100o and 100p can be reduced and channel resistance can be lowered. The details are described in <Band Structure> below.
In the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, the proportion of In atoms is higher than that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. In the case where the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 contain an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), and a target having the atomic ratio of the metal elements of In:M:Zn=x1:y1:z1 is used for forming the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, x1/y1 is preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 6. Typical examples of the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target are In:M:Zn=2:1:1.5, In:M:Zn=2:1:2.3, In:M:Zn=2:1:3, In:M:Zn=3:1:2, In:M:Zn=3:1:3, and In:M:Zn=3:1:4.
In the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109, the proportion of In atoms is lower than or equal to that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. In the case where the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109 contain an In-M-Zn oxide (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf), and a target having the atomic ratio of the metal elements of In:M:Zn=x2:y2:z2 is used for forming the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109, x2/y2 is preferably greater than or equal to 1⁄6 and less than or equal to 1, and z2/y2 is preferably greater than or equal to 1⁄3 and less than or equal to 6, further preferably greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6. Note that when z2/y2 is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6, CAAC-OS films are easily formed as the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109. Typical examples of the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the target are In:M:Zn=1:1:1, In:M:Zn=1:1:1.2, In:M:Zn=1:3:2, In:M:Zn=1:3:4, In:M:Zn=1:3:6, In:M:Zn=1:3:8, In:M:Zn=1:4:4, In:M:Zn=1:4:5, In:M:Zn=1:4:6, In:M:Zn=1:4:7, In:M:Zn=1:4:8, In:M:Zn=1:5:5, In:M:Zn=1:5:6, In:M:Zn=1:5:7, In:M:Zn=1:5:8, and In:M:Zn=1:6:8.
The transistors 100o and 100p have high field-effect mobility because a channel is formed in each of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 in which the proportion of In atoms is higher than that of M (M is Mg, Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf) atoms. Typically, the transistor has a field-effect mobility of greater than 10 cm2/V·s and less than 60 cm2/V·s, preferably greater than or equal to 15 cm2/V·s and less than 50 cm2/V·s. However, the off-state current of the transistor is increased due to light irradiation. Accordingly, as in the transistor 100o, the channel region 107a in the multilayer film 107 is surrounded by the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119, so that a transistor with high field-effect mobility and low off-state current is obtained. Furthermore, by providing a light-blocking film overlapping with the transistor 100p, a transistor with high field-effect mobility and low off-state current is obtained. Consequently, transistors capable of high-speed operation can be manufactured.
In the multilayer films 107 and 110, it is preferable to reduce the concentrations of silicon or carbon that is one of elements belonging to Group 14, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, nitrogen, an impurity element, and the like. Typically, when the multilayer films 107 and 110 have concentrations of silicon or carbon that is one of elements belonging to Group 14, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, nitrogen, an impurity element, and the like that are substantially equal to those of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108, the transistors 100o and 100p each have positive threshold voltage (normally-off characteristics).
By reducing the impurity elements in the multilayer films 107 and 110, in particular, the channel regions 107a and 110a, as in the channel regions 105a and 108a, the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor films can be lowered.
Oxide semiconductor films each having a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states can be used for the multilayer films 107 and 110, in which case the transistor can have more excellent electrical characteristics. Here, the state in which impurity concentration is low and density of defect states is low (the amount of oxygen vacancy is small) is referred to as “highly purified intrinsic” or “substantially highly purified intrinsic”. A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor has few carrier generation sources, and thus has a low carrier density in some cases. Thus, a transistor including the oxide semiconductor film in which a channel region is formed is likely to have positive threshold voltage (normally-off characteristics). A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has a low density of defect states and accordingly has low density of trap states in some cases. Furthermore, a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has an extremely low off-state current; the off-state current can be less than or equal to the measurement limit of a semiconductor parameter analyzer, i.e., less than or equal to 1×10−13 A, at a voltage (drain voltage) between a source electrode and a drain electrode of from 1 V to 10 V. Thus, the transistor whose channel region is formed in the oxide semiconductor film has a small variation in electrical characteristics and high reliability in some cases.
The oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109 can have any of the crystal structures for the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 as appropriate.
Note that in the multilayer film 107, the channel region 107a and the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c might differ in crystallinity. In the multilayer film 110, the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c might differ in crystallinity. These cases are due to damage to the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, which lowers their crystallinity, when the impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c. 
<Structure 2 of Semiconductor Device>
Next, another structure of the semiconductor device is described with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B. Here, in a transistor 100q formed in a driver circuit portion and a transistor 100r formed in a pixel portion, the conductive films 119 and 120 functioning as gate electrodes each have a stacked-layer structure. FIG. 10A shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100q and 100r in the channel length direction, and FIG. 10B shows cross-sectional views of the transistors 100q and 100r in the channel width direction. The transistor 100q has the structure of the transistor 100e described in Embodiment 1 in which the oxide semiconductor film 105 is replaced with the multilayer film 107. Description of the transistor 100e in Embodiment 1 can be referred to for detailed description of components that are the same as those described in Embodiment 1. The transistor 100r has the structure of the transistor 100f described in Embodiment 1 in which the oxide semiconductor film 108 is replaced with the multilayer film 110. Description of the transistor 100f in Embodiment 1 can be referred to for detailed description of components that are the same as those described in Embodiment 1.
The conductive film 119 includes the conductive film 119a in contact with the insulating film 116 and the conductive film 119b in contact with the conductive film 119a. The end portion of the conductive film 119a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 119b. In other words, the conductive film 119a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 119b. 
The end portion of the insulating film 116 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 119a. In other words, the insulating film 116 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 119a. Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 116 may be curved.
The conductive film 120 includes the conductive film 120a in contact with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120b in contact with the conductive film 120a. The end portion of the conductive film 120a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b. In other words, the conductive film 120a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120b. 
The end portion of the insulating film 117 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120a. In other words, the insulating film 117 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120a. Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be curved.
When the conductive films 119 and 120 and the insulating films 116 and 117 having the shapes shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B are provided in the transistors 100q and 100r, the electric field of the drain region of each of the transistors can be relaxed. Thus, deterioration of the transistor due to the electric field of the drain region, such as a shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor, can be inhibited.
<Band Structure>
Next, band structures along given cross sections of the transistor 100o in FIGS. 8A and 8B and FIGS. 9A and 9B, which is a typical example of a transistor of this embodiment, are described.
A band structure in the O—P cross section including the channel regions of the transistor 100o in FIG. 9A is illustrated in FIG. 15A. The channel region 106a has a slightly larger energy gap than the channel region 105a. The insulating film 104a, the insulating film 104b, and the insulating film 116 each have a sufficiently larger energy gap than the channel region 106a and the channel region 105a. Furthermore, the Fermi levels (denoted by Ef) of the channel region 106a, the channel region 105a, the insulating film 104a, the insulating film 104b, and the insulating film 116 are assumed to be equal to the intrinsic Fermi levels thereof (denoted by Ei). Furthermore, work functions of the conductive film 102 and the conductive film 119 are assumed to be equal to the Fermi levels.
When a gate voltage is set to be higher than or equal to the threshold voltage of the transistor, an electron flows preferentially in the channel region 105a owing to the difference between the energies of the conduction band minimums of the channel region 106a and the channel region 105a. That is, it is probable that an electron is embedded in the channel region 105a. Note that the energy at the conduction band minimum is denoted by Ec, and the energy at the valence band maximum is denoted by Ev.
Accordingly, in the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention, the embodiment of an electron reduces the influence of interface scattering. Therefore, the channel resistance of the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention is low.
Next, FIG. 15B shows a band structure in the Q-R cross section including the source region or the drain region of the transistor 100o in FIG. 9A. Note that the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 106b, and 106c are assumed to be in a degenerate state. In other words, the Fermi level Ef is approximately the same as the energy Ec of the conduction band minimum in the low-resistance regions 105b, 105c, 106b, and 106c. Furthermore, the energy of the conduction band minimum is assumed to be approximately the same as the Fermi level of the channel region 105a in the low-resistance region 105b. Furthermore, the energy of the conduction band minimum is assumed to be approximately the same as the Fermi level of the channel region 106a in the low-resistance region 106b. The same applies to the low-resistance region 105c and the low-resistance region 106c. 
At this time, an ohmic contact is made between the conductive film 134 and the low-resistance region 106b because an energy barrier therebetween is sufficiently low. Furthermore, an ohmic contact is made between the low-resistance region 106b and the low-resistance region 105b. Similarly, an ohmic contact is made between the conductive film 135 and the low-resistance region 106c because an energy barrier therebetween is sufficiently low. Furthermore, an ohmic contact is made between the low-resistance region 106c and the low-resistance region 105c. Therefore, electron transfer is conducted smoothly between the conductive films 134 and 135 and the channel regions 106a and 105a. 
As described above, the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention is a transistor in which the channel resistance is low and electron transfer between the channel region and the source and the drain electrodes is conducted smoothly. That is, the transistor has excellent switching characteristics.
<Method 1 for Manufacturing Semiconductor Device>
Next, a method for manufacturing the transistors 100o and 100p illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B and FIGS. 9A and 9B will be described with reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B, FIGS. 12A to 12C, and FIGS. 13A and 13B.
The films included in the transistors 100o and 100p (i.e., the insulating film, the oxide semiconductor film, the conductive film, and the like) can be formed by the formation methods of the films included in the transistors described in Embodiment 1 as appropriate.
As shown in FIG. 11A, the conductive film 102 is formed over the substrate 101, and the insulating film 104 is formed over the conductive film 102, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1. Next, the oxide semiconductor film 105 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the driver circuit portion, and the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed over the insulating film 104 in the pixel portion. Then, the oxide semiconductor film 106 is formed over the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor film 105 in the driver circuit portion, and the oxide semiconductor film 109 is formed over the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor film 108 in the pixel portion.
Here, a 100-nm-thick tungsten film is formed as the conductive film 102 by a sputtering method.
Here, the insulating film 104a and the insulating film 104b are stacked to form the insulating film 104. A 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 104a, and a 300-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 104b. 
The oxide semiconductor films 105, 106, 108, and 109 can be formed in manners similar to those of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 described in Embodiment 1.
Furthermore, after the oxide semiconductor films are formed, heat treatment may be performed so that the oxide semiconductor films are subjected to dehydrogenation or dehydration, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1.
Here, a 35-nm-thick oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method. Next, a mask is formed over the oxide semiconductor film, and part of the oxide semiconductor film is selectively etched. In this manner, the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 are formed. As the oxide semiconductor film, an In—Ga—Zn oxide film (In:Ga:Zn=3:1:2) is formed.
Next, the oxide semiconductor film 106 is formed over the oxide semiconductor film 105 in the driver circuit portion, and the oxide semiconductor film 109 is formed over the oxide semiconductor film 108 in the pixel portion. Thus, the multilayer film 107 in which the oxide semiconductor film 105 and the oxide semiconductor film 106 are stacked in this order is formed. In addition, the multilayer film 110 in which the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the oxide semiconductor film 109 are stacked in this order is formed.
Note that in this step, the oxide semiconductor film 106 is formed to cover a top surface and a side surface of the oxide semiconductor film 105, to prevent the oxide semiconductor film 105 from being etched in a later step of forming conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode. In addition, the oxide semiconductor film 109 is formed to cover a top surface and a side surface of the oxide semiconductor film 108, to prevent the oxide semiconductor film 108 from being etched in a later step of forming conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode. This is preferable because variations in the lengths of the oxide semiconductor films 105 and 108 in the channel width direction of the transistors can be reduced.
Here, a 20-nm-thick oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method. Next, a mask is formed over the oxide semiconductor film, and part of the oxide semiconductor film is selectively etched. In this manner, the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109 are formed. As the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109, In—Ga—Zn oxide films (In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1.2) are formed.
Next, oxygen contained in the insulating film 104 is moved to the oxide semiconductor films by heat treatment. Note that the heat treatment may be performed at a time that is after the formation of the oxide semiconductor film to be the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109 and before the etching of the oxide semiconductor film for forming the oxide semiconductor films 106 and 109.
When the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 350° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C., or higher than or equal to 450° C. and lower than or equal to 600° C., it is possible to obtain an oxide semiconductor film whose proportion of CAAC, which is described later, is greater than or equal to 60% and less than 100%, greater than or equal to 80% and less than 100%, greater than or equal to 90% and less than 100%, or greater than or equal to 95% and less than or equal to 98%. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain an oxide semiconductor film having a low content of hydrogen, water, and the like. That is, an oxide semiconductor film with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states can be formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 11B, the insulating film 115 is formed over the insulating film 104 and the multilayer films 107 and 110, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1. Then, the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed over the insulating film 115, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1.
Here, a 100-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method as the insulating film 115.
Here, the masks 122 and 123 are formed over a conductive film by a lithography process and then the conductive film is etched, whereby the conductive films 119 and 120 are formed.
Then, as shown in FIG. 12A, the insulating film 115 is etched with the masks 122 and 123 left, so that the insulating films 116 and 117 are formed, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1.
Next, as shown in FIG. 12B, the impurity element 125 is added to the multilayer films 107 and 110 with the masks 122 and 123 left, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1. As a result, the impurity element is added to regions which are not covered with the masks 122 and 123 in the multilayer films 107 and 110. Note that by the addition of the impurity element 125, an oxygen vacancy is formed in the multilayer films 107 and 110.
As a result, the low-resistance regions 107b and 107c can be formed in the multilayer film 107. In addition, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c can be formed in the multilayer film 110. After that, the masks 122 and 123 are removed.
Note that when the impurity element 125 is added with the conductive films 119 and 120 exposed, part of the conductive films 119 and 120 are separated and attached to side surfaces of the insulating films 116 and 117. This results in an increase in the leakage current of the transistors. Hence, the impurity element 125 is added to the multilayer films 107 and 110 with the conductive films 119 and 120 covered with the masks 122 and 123; thus, it is possible to prevent attachment of part of the conductive films 119 and 120 to the side surfaces of the insulating films 116 and 117. Alternatively, the impurity element 125 may be added to the multilayer films 107 and 110 after the masks 122 and 123 are removed.
After that, heat treatment may be performed to further increase the conductivity of the regions to which the impurity element 125 is added, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1.
Next, as shown in FIG. 12C, the insulating film 126 is formed over the insulating film 104, the multilayer films 107 and 110, the insulating films 116 and 117, and the conductive films 119 and 120, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1.
Here, a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film is formed as the insulating film 126 by a plasma CVD method.
After that, heat treatment may be performed to further increase the conductivity of the low-resistance regions 107b, 107c, 110b, and 110c, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1. The heat treatment is performed typically at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., or higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C.
Next, the insulating film 127 may be formed as illustrated in FIG. 13A, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1. The insulating film 127 can reduce the parasitic capacitance between the conductive film 119 and the conductive films 134 and 135 formed later and between the conductive film 120 and the conductive films 136 and 137 formed later.
Next, in a manner similar to that in Embodiment 1, openings are formed in the insulating films 126 and 127 to expose parts of the low-resistance regions, and then the conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 are formed. In addition, the nitride insulating film 162 is preferably formed (see FIG. 13B).
The conductive films 134, 135, 136, and 137 can be formed by a method similar to the formation method of the conductive films 119 and 120 as appropriate. The nitride insulating film 162 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like as appropriate.
Through the above-described process, the transistors 100o and 100p can be manufactured.
In the transistor described in this embodiment, the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode do not overlap with the conductive film functioning as a gate electrode, and thus, parasitic capacitance can be reduced and on-state current is high. Furthermore, in the transistor described in this embodiment, the low-resistance region can be formed stably; therefore, on-state current is higher and variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistor is more reduced than in a conventional transistor.
The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be used as appropriate in combination with any of the structures, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments.
Embodiment 3
In this embodiment, modification examples of the transistors described in the above embodiments will be described with reference to FIGS. 16A to 16F, FIGS. 17A to 17F, FIGS. 18A to 18E, FIGS. 19A and 19B, FIGS. 20A to 20D, FIGS. 22A to 22F, FIGS. 23A to 23F, FIGS. 24A to 24E, FIGS. 25A and 25B, and FIGS. 26A to 26D. First, modification examples of the transistors described in Embodiment 1 are described. The transistor formed in the pixel portion is described as a typical example. Transistors illustrated in FIGS. 16A to 16F each include the oxide semiconductor film 108 over the insulating film 104 over the substrate 101, the insulating film 117 in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the conductive film 120 in contract with the insulating film 117 and overlapping the oxide semiconductor film 108.
The transistors each include the insulating film 126 that is in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the insulating film 127 that is in contact with the insulating film 126. The conductive films 136 and 137 that are in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 through the openings 130 and 131 in the insulating film 126 and the insulating film 127 are also included. Note that the conductive films 136 and 137 function as a source electrode and a drain electrode.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 16A, the oxide semiconductor film 108 includes the channel region 108a formed in a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c between which the channel region 108a is provided and which contain the impurity elements. The conductive films 136 and 137 are in contact with the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c, respectively.
Alternatively, as in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 16B, an impurity element is not necessarily added to regions 108d and 108e of the oxide semiconductor film 108 which are in contact with the conductive films 136 and 137, respectively. In this case, regions containing the impurity elements, i.e., the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are provided. The low-resistance regions (108b and 108c) are each provided between the channel region 108a and one of the regions (108d or 108e) in contact with the conductive film (136 or 137). The regions 108d and 108e have conductivity when voltage is applied to the conductive films 136 and 137; thus, the regions 108d and 108e function as a source region and a drain region.
Note that the transistor illustrated in FIG. 16B can be formed in such a manner that the conductive films 136 and 137 are formed and then impurity elements are added to the oxide semiconductor film using the conductive film 120 and the conductive films 136 and 137 as masks.
An end portion of the conductive film 120 may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle θ1 formed between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120 may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 10° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 15° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 60° and less than or equal to 85°. When the angle θ1 is less than 90°, greater than or equal to 10° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 15° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 60° and less than or equal to 85°, the coverage of the side surfaces of the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 126 can be improved.
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are described. FIGS. 16C to 16F are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor film 108 illustrated in FIG. 16A. The channel length L indicates a distance between a pair of low-resistance regions.
As illustrated in FIG. 16C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 16D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 108a has a region that does not overlap with the end portion of the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. The length of the offset region in the channel length direction is referred to as Loff. Note that in the case where a plurality of offset regions are provided, Loff indicates the length of one offset region. Loff is included in the channel length L. Note that Loff is smaller than 20%, smaller than 10%, smaller than 5%, or smaller than 2% of the channel length L.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 16E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. This region functions as an overlap region. The overlap region in the channel length direction is referred to as Lov. Lov is smaller than 20%, smaller than 10%, smaller than 5%, or smaller than 2% of the channel length L.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 16F, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, a low-resistance region 108f between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108b, and a low-resistance region 108g between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108c are provided. The low-resistance regions 108f and 108g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Here, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g overlap with the insulating film 117, but they may overlap with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120.
Note that in FIGS. 16C to 16F, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 16A is described; however, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 16B can employ any of the structures in FIGS. 16C to 16F as appropriate.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 17A, the end portion of the insulating film 117 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120. In other words, the insulating film 117 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120. The insulating film 126 can be distanced from the channel region 108a; thus, nitrogen, hydrogen, and the like contained in the insulating film 126 can be prevented from entering the channel region 108a. 
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 17B, the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 each have a tapered shape, and the angles of the tapered shapes are different from each other. In other words, the angle θ1 formed between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120 is different from an angle θ2 formed between a surface where the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the insulating film 117 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the insulating film 117. The angle θ2 may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 70°. For example, when the angle θ2 is smaller than the angle θ1, the coverage with the insulating film 126 is improved. In contrast, when the angle θ2 is larger than the angle θ1, the transistor can be miniaturized.
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are described with reference to FIGS. 17C to 17F. FIGS. 17C to 17F are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor film 108 illustrated in FIG. 17A.
As illustrated in FIG. 17C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 17D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 108a has a region that does not overlap with the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the insulating film 117 and do not overlap with the end portions of the conductive film 120.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 17E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. The region is referred to as an overlap region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c overlap with the conductive film 120.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 17F, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 108f between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108b, and the low-resistance region 108g between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108c are provided. The low-resistance regions 108f and 108g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Here, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g overlap with the insulating film 117, but they may overlap with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120.
Note that in FIGS. 17C to 17F, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 17A is described; however, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 17B can employ any of the structures in FIGS. 17C to 17F as appropriate.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A, the conductive film 120 has a stacked-layer structure including the conductive film 120a in contact with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120b in contact with the conductive film 120a. The end portion of the conductive film 120a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b. In other words, the conductive film 120a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120b. 
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are described. FIGS. 18B to 18E and FIGS. 19A and 19B are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor film 108 illustrated in FIG. 18A.
As illustrated in FIG. 18B, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120a in the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 18C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 108a has a region that does not overlap with the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c do not overlap with the end portions of the conductive film 120.
As illustrated in FIG. 18D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120, specifically the conductive film 120a. The region is referred to as an overlap region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c overlap with the conductive film 120a. 
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 18E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 108f between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108b, and the low-resistance region 108g between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108c are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g through the conductive film 120a; thus, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Here, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g overlap with the conductive film 120a, but they may overlap with the conductive film 120a and the conductive film 120b. 
As illustrated in FIG. 19A, in the cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the end portion of the conductive film 120a may be positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b and the conductive film 120a may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120a are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120a may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 5° and less than or equal to 45°, or greater than or equal to 5° and less than or equal to 30°.
Furthermore, the end portion of the insulating film 117 may be positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120a. 
Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be curved.
The insulating film 117 may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle formed between a surface where the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the insulating film 117 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be less than 90°, preferably greater than or equal to 30° and less than 90°.
The oxide semiconductor film 108 illustrated in FIG. 19A includes the channel region 108a, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g between which the channel region 108a is provided, low-resistance regions 108h and 108i between which the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g are provided, and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c between which the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 108f, 108g, 108h, and 108i through the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120a; thus, the low-resistance regions 108f, 108g, 108h, and 108i have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. 
The oxide semiconductor film 108 illustrated in FIG. 19B includes the channel region 108a, the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i between which the channel region 108a is provided, and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c between which the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i through the insulating film 117; thus, the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. 
Note that in the channel length direction, the channel region 108a overlaps with the conductive film 120b, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g overlap with the conductive film 120a projecting outside the conductive film 120b, the low-resistance regions 108h and 108i overlap with the insulating film 117 projecting outside the conductive film 120a, and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are positioned on outer sides than the insulating film 117.
As illustrated in FIG. 18E and FIGS. 19A and 19B, the oxide semiconductor film 108 may include the low-resistance regions 108f, 108g, 108h, and 108i having lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c, whereby the electric field of the drain region can be relaxed. Thus, deterioration of the transistor due to the electric field of the drain region, such as a shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor, can be inhibited.
The transistor shown in FIG. 20A includes the oxide semiconductor film 108 including the channel region 108a and the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. The low-resistance regions 108b and 108c each include a region with a thickness smaller than that of the channel region 108a. Typically, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c each include a region with a thickness smaller than that of the channel region 108a by 0.1 nm or more and 5 nm or less.
In the transistor shown in FIG. 20B, at least one of the insulating films 104 and 117, which are in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108, has a multilayer structure. For example, the insulating film 104 includes the insulating film 104a and the insulating film 104b in contact with the insulating film 104a and the oxide semiconductor film 108. For example, the insulating film 117 includes an insulating film 117a in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 and an insulating film 117b in contact with the insulating film 117a. 
The insulating films 104b and 117a can be formed using an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. The oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states is, specifically, an oxide insulating film in which the density of defect states located 4.6 eV or more and 8 eV or less lower than a vacuum level is low, that is, an oxide insulating film in which the density of defect states attributed to nitrogen oxide is low. As the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states, a silicon oxynitride film that releases little nitrogen oxide, an aluminum oxynitride film that releases little nitrogen oxide, or the like can be used. The average thickness of each of the insulating films 104b and 117a is greater than or equal to 0.1 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, or greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm.
Note that a silicon oxynitride film that releases less nitrogen oxide is a film of which the amount of released ammonia is larger than the amount of released nitrogen oxide in thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) analysis; the amount of released ammonia is typically greater than or equal to 1×1018 molecules/cm3 and less than or equal to 5×1019 molecules/cm3. Note that the amount of released ammonia is the amount of ammonia released by heat treatment with which the surface temperature of a film becomes higher than or equal to 50° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C., preferably higher than or equal to 50° C. and lower than or equal to 550° C.
The insulating films 104a and 117b can be formed using an oxide insulating film that releases oxygen by being heated. Note that the average thickness of each of the insulating films 104a and 117b is greater than or equal to 5 nm and less than or equal to 1000 nm, or greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm.
Typical examples of the oxide insulating film that releases oxygen by being heated include a silicon oxynitride film and an aluminum oxynitride film.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx; x is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 2), typically NO2 or NO, forms levels in the insulating film 104, the insulating film 117, and the like. The levels are formed in the energy gap of the oxide semiconductor film 108. Therefore, when nitrogen oxide is diffused to the interface between the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, the interface between the insulating film 117 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the interface between the insulating film 104 and the insulating film 117, an electron is trapped by the level on the insulating film 104 side and the insulating film 117 side. As a result, the trapped electron remains in the vicinity of the interface between the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, the interface between the insulating film 117 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the interface between the insulating film 104 and the insulating film 117; thus, the threshold voltage of the transistor is shifted in the positive direction.
Nitrogen oxide reacts with ammonia and oxygen in heat treatment. Since nitrogen oxide contained in the insulating films 104a and 117b reacts with ammonia contained in the insulating films 104b and 117a in heat treatment, nitrogen oxide contained in the insulating films 104a and 117b is reduced. Therefore, an electron is hardly trapped at the interface between the insulating film 104 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, the interface between the insulating film 117 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the interface between the insulating film 104 and the insulating film 117.
By using the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states for the insulating films 104b and 117a, a shift in the threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced, which leads to a smaller change in the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
Note that in an ESR spectrum at 100 K or lower of the insulating films 104b and 117a, by heat treatment in a manufacturing process of the transistor, typically heat treatment at a temperature higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, a first signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.037 and less than or equal to 2.039, a second signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.001 and less than or equal to 2.003, and a third signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 1.964 and less than or equal to 1.966 are observed. The split width of the first and second signals and the split width of the second and third signals that are obtained by ESR measurement using an X-band are each approximately 5 mT. The sum of the spin densities of the first signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.037 and less than or equal to 2.039, the second signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.001 and less than or equal to 2.003, and the third signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 1.964 and less than or equal to 1.966 is lower than 1×1018 spins/cm3, typically higher than or equal to 1×1017 spins/cm3 and lower than 1×1018 spins/cm3.
In the ESR spectrum at 100 K or lower, the first signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.037 and less than or equal to 2.039, the second signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.001 and less than or equal to 2.003, and the third signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 1.964 and less than or equal to 1.966 correspond to signals attributed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In other words, the lower the total spin density of the first signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.037 and less than or equal to 2.039, the second signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 2.001 and less than or equal to 2.003, and the third signal that appears at a g-factor of greater than or equal to 1.964 and less than or equal to 1.966 is, the lower the content of nitrogen oxide in the oxide insulating film is.
After heat treatment in a manufacturing process of the transistor, typically heat treatment at a temperature higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate, the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states has a nitrogen concentration measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of 6×1020 atoms/cm3 or lower.
By forming an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states by a plasma CVD method using silane and dinitrogen monoxide at a substrate temperature higher than or equal to 220° C., higher than or equal to 280° C., or higher than or equal to 350° C., a dense and hard film can be formed.
The transistor shown in FIG. 20C includes an insulating film 141 between the insulating film 126 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, the insulating film 117, and the conductive film 120. The insulating film 141 can be formed using the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states for the insulating films 104b and 117a shown in FIG. 20B.
Alternatively, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 108f between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108b, and the low-resistance region 108g between the channel region 108a and the low-resistance region 108c are provided. The low-resistance regions 108f and 108g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Here, the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g overlap with the insulating film 141 in contact with side surfaces of the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120. Note that the low-resistance regions 108f and 108g may overlap with the insulating film 126 and the conductive film 120.
Note that in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 20D, the insulating film 117 is in contact with the channel region 108a of the oxide semiconductor film 108 and is in contact with the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c. Furthermore, in the insulating film 117, thicknesses of regions in contact with the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c are smaller than a thickness of a region in contact with the channel region 108a; the average thickness of the insulating film 117 is typically greater than or equal to 0.1 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, or greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm. As a result, the impurity element can be added to the oxide semiconductor film 108 through the insulating film 117, and in addition, hydrogen contained in the insulating film 126 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor film 108 through the insulating film 117. Thus, the low-resistance regions 108b and 108c can be formed.
Furthermore, the insulating film 104 has a multilayer structure of the insulating films 104a and 104b; for example, the insulating film 104a is formed using an oxide insulating film that releases oxygen by being heated, and the insulating film 104b is formed using an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. Furthermore, the insulating film 117 is formed using an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. That is, the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be covered with the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. As a result, the carrier trap at the interfaces between the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the insulating films 104b and 117 can be reduced while oxygen contained in the insulating film 104a is moved to the oxide semiconductor film 108 by heat treatment to reduce oxygen vacancies contained in the channel region 108a of the oxide semiconductor film 108. Consequently, a shift in the threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced, which leads to a smaller change in the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
Next, modification examples of the transistors described in Embodiment 2 will be described with reference to FIGS. 22A to 22F, FIGS. 23A to 23F, FIGS. 24A to 24E, FIGS. 25A and 25B, and FIGS. 26A to 26D. Here, the transistor formed in the pixel portion is described as a typical example. Transistors illustrated in FIGS. 22A to 22F each include the multilayer film 110 over the insulating film 104 over the substrate 101, the insulating film 117 in contact with the multilayer film 110, and the conductive film 120 in contract with the insulating film 117 and overlapping the multilayer film 110.
The transistors each include the insulating film 126 that is in contact with the multilayer film 110 and the insulating film 127 that is in contact with the insulating film 126. The conductive films 136 and 137 that are in contact with the multilayer film 110 through the openings 130 and 131 in the insulating film 126 and the insulating film 127 are also included.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 22A, the multilayer film 110 includes the channel region 110a formed in a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c between which the channel region 110a is provided and which contain the impurity elements. The conductive films 136 and 137 are in contact with the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c, respectively.
Alternatively, as in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 22B, an impurity element is not necessarily added to regions 110d and 110e of the multilayer film 110 which are in contact with the conductive films 136 and 137, respectively. In this case, regions containing the impurity elements, i.e., the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are provided. The low-resistance region (110b or 110c) is provided between the channel region 110a and the region (110d or 110e) in contact with the conductive film (136 or 137). The regions 110d and 110e have conductivity when voltage is applied to the conductive films 136 and 137; thus, the regions 110d and 110e function as a source region and a drain region.
Note that the transistor illustrated in FIG. 22B can be formed in such a manner that the conductive films 136 and 137 are formed and then impurity elements are added to the oxide semiconductor films using the conductive film 120 and the conductive films 136 and 137 as masks.
An end portion of the conductive film 120 may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle θ1 formed between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120 may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 10° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 15° and less than or equal to 850, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 60° and less than or equal to 85°. When the angle θ1 is less than 90°, greater than or equal to 10° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 15° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 60° and less than or equal to 85°, the coverage of the side surfaces of the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 126 can be improved.
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are described. FIGS. 22C to 22F are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the multilayer film 110 illustrated in FIG. 22A. The channel length L indicates a distance between a pair of low-resistance regions.
As illustrated in FIG. 22C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 22D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 110a has a region that does not overlap with the end portion of the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. The length of the offset region in the channel length direction is referred to as Loff. Note that in the case where a plurality of offset regions are provided, Loff indicates the length of one offset region. Loff is included in the channel length L. Note that Loff is smaller than 20%, smaller than 10%, smaller than 5%, or smaller than 2% of the channel length L.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 22E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. This region functions as an overlap region. The overlap region in the channel length direction is referred to as Lov. Lov is smaller than 20%, smaller than 10%, smaller than 5%, or smaller than 2% of the channel length L.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 22F, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, a low-resistance region 110f between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110b, and a low-resistance region 110g between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110c are provided. The low-resistance regions 110f and 110g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. Here, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g overlap with the insulating film 117, but they may overlap with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120.
Note that in FIGS. 22C to 22F, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 22A is described; however, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 22B can employ any of the structures in FIGS. 22C to 22F as appropriate.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 23A, the end portion of the insulating film 117 is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120. In other words, the insulating film 117 has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120. The insulating film 126 can be distanced from the channel region 110a; thus, nitrogen, hydrogen, and the like contained in the insulating film 126 can be prevented from entering the channel region 110a. 
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 23B, the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 each have a tapered shape, and the angles of the tapered shapes are different from each other. In other words, the angle θ1 formed between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120 is different from an angle θ2 formed between a surface where the multilayer film 110 and the insulating film 117 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the insulating film 117. The angle θ2 may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 30° and less than or equal to 85°, or greater than or equal to 45° and less than or equal to 70°. For example, when the angle θ2 is smaller than the angle θ1, the coverage with the insulating film 126 is improved. In contrast, when the angle θ2 is larger than the angle θ1, the transistor can be miniaturized.
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are described with reference to FIGS. 23C to 23F. FIGS. 23C to 23F are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the multilayer film 110 illustrated in FIG. 23A.
As illustrated in FIG. 23C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 23D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 110a has a region that does not overlap with the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the insulating film 117 and do not overlap with the end portions of the conductive film 120.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 23E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. The region is referred to as an overlap region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c overlap with the conductive film 120.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 23F, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 110f between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110b, and the low-resistance region 110g between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110c are provided. The low-resistance regions 110f and 110g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. Here, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g overlap with the insulating film 117, but they may overlap with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120.
Note that in FIGS. 23C to 23F, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 23A is described; however, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 23B can employ any of the structures in FIGS. 23C to 23F as appropriate.
In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 24A, the conductive film 120 has a stacked-layer structure including the conductive film 120a in contact with the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120b in contact with the conductive film 120a. The end portion of the conductive film 120a is positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b. In other words, the conductive film 120a has such a shape that the end portion extends beyond the end portion of the conductive film 120b. 
Next, modification examples of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are described. FIGS. 24B to 24E and FIGS. 25A and 25B are each an enlarged view of the vicinity of the multilayer film 110 illustrated in FIG. 24A.
As illustrated in FIG. 24B, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120a in the conductive film 120 with the insulating film 117 provided therebetween. That is, the boundaries between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are aligned or substantially aligned with the end portions of the conductive film 120, when seen from the above.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 24C, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the channel region 110a has a region that does not overlap with the conductive film 120. The region functions as an offset region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c do not overlap with the end portions of the conductive film 120.
As illustrated in FIG. 24D, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c each have a region overlapping with the conductive film 120, specifically the conductive film 120a. The region is referred to as an overlap region. That is, when seen from the above, the end portions of the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c overlap with the conductive film 120a. 
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 24E, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 110f between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110b, and the low-resistance region 110g between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110c are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g through the conductive film 120a; thus, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. Here, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g overlap with the conductive film 120a, but they may overlap with the conductive film 120a and the conductive film 120b. 
As illustrated in FIG. 25A, in the cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the end portion of the conductive film 120a may be positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120b and the conductive film 120a may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle between a surface where the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120a are in contact with each other and a side surface of the conductive film 120a may be less than 90°, greater than or equal to 5° and less than or equal to 45°, or greater than or equal to 5° and less than or equal to 30°.
Furthermore, the end portion of the insulating film 117 may be positioned on an outer side than the end portion of the conductive film 120a. 
Furthermore, a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be curved.
The insulating film 117 may have a tapered shape. That is, an angle formed between a surface where the multilayer film 110 and the insulating film 117 are in contact with each other and a side surface of the insulating film 117 may be less than 90°, preferably greater than or equal to 30° and less than 90°.
The multilayer film 110 illustrated in FIG. 25A includes the channel region 110a, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g between which the channel region 110a is provided, low-resistance regions 110h and 110i between which the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g are provided, and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c between which the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 110f, 110g, 110h, and 110i through the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120a; thus, the low-resistance regions 110f, 110g, 110h, and 110i have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. 
The multilayer film 110 illustrated in FIG. 25B includes the channel region 110a, the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i between which the channel region 110a is provided, and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c between which the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i are provided. The impurity element is added to the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i through the insulating film 117; thus, the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i have lower concentrations of an impurity element and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. 
Note that in the channel length direction, the channel region 110a overlaps with the conductive film 120b, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g overlap with the conductive film 120a projecting outside the conductive film 120b, the low-resistance regions 110h and 110i overlap with the insulating film 117 projecting outside the conductive film 120a, and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are positioned on outer sides than the insulating film 117.
As illustrated in FIG. 24E and FIGS. 25A and 25B, the multilayer film 110 may include the low-resistance regions 110f, 110g, 110h, and 110i having lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c, whereby the electric field of the drain region can be relaxed. Thus, deterioration of the transistor due to the electric field of the drain region, such as a shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor, can be inhibited.
The transistor shown in FIG. 26A includes the multilayer film 110 including the channel region 110a and the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. The low-resistance regions 110b and 110c each include a region with a thickness smaller than that of the channel region 110a. Typically, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c each include a region with a thickness smaller than that of the channel region 110a by 0.1 nm or more and 5 nm or less.
In the transistor shown in FIG. 26B, at least one of the insulating films 104 and 117, which are in contact with the multilayer film 110, has a multilayer structure. For example, the insulating film 104 includes the insulating film 104a and the insulating film 104b in contact with the insulating film 104a and the multilayer film 110. For example, the insulating film 117 includes the insulating film 117a in contact with the multilayer film 110 and the insulating film 117b in contact with the insulating film 117a. 
The insulating films 104b and 117a can be formed using an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states.
The transistor shown in FIG. 26C includes the insulating film 141 between the insulating film 126 and the multilayer film 110, the insulating film 117, and the conductive film 120. The insulating film 141 can be formed using the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states for the insulating films 104b and 117a shown in FIG. 26B.
Alternatively, in a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction, the low-resistance region 110f between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110b, and the low-resistance region 110g between the channel region 110a and the low-resistance region 110c are provided. The low-resistance regions 110f and 110g have lower impurity element concentrations and higher resistivity than the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. Here, the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g overlap with the insulating film 141 in contact with side surfaces of the insulating film 117 and the conductive film 120. Note that the low-resistance regions 110f and 110g may overlap with the insulating film 126 and the insulating film 141.
Note that in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 26D, the insulating film 117 is in contact with the channel region 110a of the multilayer film 110 and is in contact with the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c. Furthermore, in the insulating film 117, thicknesses of regions in contact with the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c are smaller than a thickness of a region in contact with the channel region 110a; the average thickness of the insulating film 117 is typically greater than or equal to 0.1 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, or greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm. As a result, the impurity element can be added to the multilayer film 110 through the insulating film 117, and in addition, hydrogen contained in the insulating film 126 can be moved to the multilayer film 110 through the insulating film 117. Thus, the low-resistance regions 110b and 110c can be formed.
Furthermore, the insulating film 104 has a multilayer structure of the insulating films 104a and 104b; for example, the insulating film 104a is formed using an oxide insulating film that releases oxygen by being heated, and the insulating film 104b is formed using an, oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. Furthermore, the insulating film 117 is formed using an oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. That is, the multilayer film 110 can be covered with the oxide insulating film with a low content of nitrogen oxide and a low density of defect states. As a result, the carrier trap at the interfaces between the multilayer film 110 and the insulating films 104b and 117 can be reduced while oxygen contained in the insulating film 104a is moved to the multilayer film 110 by heat treatment to reduce oxygen vacancies contained in the channel region 110a of the multilayer film 110. Consequently, a shift in the threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced, which leads to a smaller change in the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
Embodiment 4
Here, a method in which a film which suppresses release of oxygen is formed over the insulating film and then oxygen is added to the insulating film through the film is described with reference to FIGS. 21A and 21B.
As shown in FIG. 21A, the insulating film 104 is formed over the substrate 101.
Next, a film 145 which suppresses release of oxygen is formed over the insulating film 104. Next, oxygen 146 is added to the insulating film 104 through the film 145.
The film 145 which suppresses release of oxygen is formed using any of the following conductive materials: a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tungsten; an alloy containing the above-described metal element as a component; an alloy containing any of the above-described metal elements in combination; a metal nitride containing the above-described metal element; a metal oxide containing the above-described metal element; a metal nitride oxide containing the above-described metal element; and the like.
The thickness of the film 145 which suppresses release of oxygen can be greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm, or greater than or equal to 2 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm.
As a method for adding the oxygen 146 to the insulating film 104 through the film 145, an ion doping method, an ion implantation method, plasma treatment, or the like is given. Note that it is preferable that the film 145 be exposed to plasma generated in a state where bias is applied to the substrate 101 side, because the amount of oxygen added to the insulating film 104 can be increased. As an example of an apparatus used in such plasma treatment, an ashing apparatus is given.
By adding oxygen to the insulating film 104 with the film 145 provided over the insulating film 104, the film 145 serves as a protective film which suppresses release of oxygen from the insulating film 104. Thus, a larger amount of oxygen can be added to the insulating film 104.
In the case where oxygen is added by plasma treatment, by making oxygen excited by a microwave to generate high density oxygen plasma, the amount of oxygen added to the insulating film 104 can be increased.
After that, the film 145 is removed; consequently, the insulating film 104 to which oxygen is added can be formed over the substrate 101 as shown in FIG. 21B.
Embodiment 5
In this embodiment, VOH which is formed in a low-resistance region of an oxide semiconductor film is described.
<(1) Ease of Formation and Stability of VOH>
In the case where an oxide semiconductor film (hereinafter referred to as IGZO) is a complete crystal, H preferentially diffuses along the a-b plane at a room temperature. In heat treatment at 450° C., H diffuses along the a-b plane and in the c-axis direction. Here, calculation was made as to whether H easily enters an oxygen vacancy VO if VO exists in IGZO. A state in which H is in an oxygen vacancy VO is referred to as VOH.
An InGaZnO4 crystal model shown in FIG. 27 was used for calculation. The activation barrier (Ea) along the reaction path where H in VOH is released from VO and bonded to oxygen was calculated by a nudged elastic band (NEB) method. The calculation conditions are shown in Table 1.










TABLE 1









Software
VASP



Calculation method
NEB method



Functional
GGA-PBE



Pseudopotential
PAW



Cut-off energy
500 eV



K points
2 × 2 × 3










In the InGaZnO4 crystal model, there are oxygen sites 1 to 4 as shown in FIG. 27 which differ from each other in metal elements bonded to oxygen and the number of bonded metal elements. Here, calculation was made on the oxygen sites 1 and 2 in which an oxygen vacancy VO is easily formed.
First, calculation was made on the oxygen site in which an oxygen vacancy VO is easily formed: an oxygen site 1 that was bonded to three In atoms and one Zn atom.
FIG. 28A shows a model in the initial state and FIG. 28B shows a model in the final state. FIG. 29 shows the calculated activation barrier (Ea) in the initial state and the final state. Note that here, the initial state refers to a state in which H exists in an oxygen vacancy VO (VOH), and the final state refers to a structure including an oxygen vacancy VO and a state in which H is bonded to oxygen bonded to one Ga atom and two Zn atoms (H—O).
From the calculation results, bonding of H in an oxygen vacancy VO to another oxygen atom needs an energy of approximately 1.52 eV, while entry of H bonded to O into an oxygen vacancy VO needs an energy of approximately 0.46 eV.
Reaction frequency (Γ) was calculated with use of the activation barriers (Ea) obtained by the calculation and Formula 1. In Formula 1, kB represents the Boltzmann constant and T represents the absolute temperature.




  
    
      
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          ⁢
          
            exp
            ⁡
            
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          ⁢
          
            
          
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The reaction frequency at 350° C. was calculated on the assumption that the frequency factor ν=1013 [1/sec]. The frequency of H transfer from the model shown in FIG. 28A to the model shown in FIG. 28B was 5.52×100 [1/sec], whereas the frequency of H transfer from the model shown in FIG. 28B to the model shown in FIG. 28A was 1.82×109 [1/sec]. This suggests that H diffusing in IGZO is likely to form VOH if an oxygen vacancy VO exists in the neighborhood, and H is unlikely to be released from the oxygen vacancy VO once VOH is formed.
Next, calculation was made on the oxygen site in which an oxygen vacancy VO is easily formed: an oxygen site 2 that was bonded to one Ga atom and two Zn atoms.
FIG. 30A shows a model in the initial state and FIG. 30B shows a model in the final state. FIG. 31 shows the calculated activation barrier (Ea) in the initial state and the final state. Note that here, the initial state refers to a state in which H exists in an oxygen vacancy VO (VOH), and the final state refers to a structure including an oxygen vacancy VO and a state in which H is bonded to oxygen bonded to one Ga atom and two Zn atoms (H—O).
From the calculation results, bonding of H in an oxygen vacancy VO to another oxygen atom needs an energy of approximately 1.75 eV, while entry of H bonded to O into an oxygen vacancy VO needs an energy of approximately 0.35 eV.
Reaction frequency (Γ) was calculated with use of the activation barriers (Ea) obtained by the calculation and the above Formula 1.
The reaction frequency at 350° C. was calculated on the assumption that the frequency factor ν=1013 [1/sec]. The frequency of H transfer from the model shown in FIG. 30A to the model shown in FIG. 30B was 7.53×10−2 [1/sec], whereas the frequency of H transfer from the model shown in FIG. 30B to the model shown in FIG. 30A was 1.44×1010 [1/sec]. This suggests that H is unlikely to be released from the oxygen vacancy VO once VOH is formed.
From the above results, it was found that H in IGZO easily diffused in heat treatment and if an oxygen vacancy VO existed, H was likely to enter the oxygen vacancy VO to be VOH.
<(2) Transition Level of VOH>
The calculation by the NEB method, which was described in <(1) Ease of formation and stability of VOH>, indicates that in the case where an oxygen vacancy VO and H exist in IGZO, the oxygen vacancy VO and H easily form VOH and VOH is stable. To determine whether VOH is related to a carrier trap, the transition level of VOH was calculated.
The model used for calculation is an InGaZnO4 crystal model (112 atoms). VOH models of the oxygen sites 1 and 2 shown in FIG. 27 were made to calculate the transition levels. The calculation conditions are shown in Table 2.








TABLE 2







Software
VASP


Model
InGaZnO4 crystal model (112 atoms)


Functional
HSE06


Mixture ratio of exchange terms
0.25


Pseudopotential
GGA-PBE


Cut-off energy
800 eV


K points
1 × 1 × 1









The mixture ratio of exchange terms was adjusted to have a band gap close to the experimental value. As a result, the band gap of the InGaZnO4 crystal model without defects was 3.08 eV that is close to the experimental value, 3.15 eV.
The transition level (ε(q/q′)) of a model having defect D can be calculated by the following Formula 2. Note that ΔE(Dq) represents the formation energy of defect D at charge q, which is calculated by Formula 3.




  
    
      
        
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              (
              bulk
              )
            
          
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In Formulae 2 and 3, Etot(Dq) represents the total energy of the model having defect D at the charge q in, Etot(bulk) represents the total energy in a model without defects (complete crystal), Δni represents a change in the number of atoms i contributing to defects, μi represents the chemical potential of atom i, εVBM represents the energy of the valence band maximum in the model without defects, ΔVq represents the correction term relating to the electrostatic potential, and EF represents the Fermi energy.
FIG. 32 shows the transition levels of VOH obtained from the above formulae. The numbers in FIG. 32 represent the depth from the conduction band minimum. In FIG. 32, the transition level of VOH in the oxygen site 1 is at 0.05 eV from the conduction band minimum, and the transition level of VOH in the oxygen site 2 is at 0.11 eV from the conduction band minimum. Therefore, these VOH would be related to electron traps, that is, VOH was found to behave as a donor. It was also found that IGZO including VOH had conductivity.
<Oxide Conductor Film>
The temperature dependence of the resistivity of an oxide conductor film including VOH is described with reference to FIG. 40.
In this embodiment, samples each including an oxide conductor film were manufactured. As the oxide conductor film, an oxide conductor film formed by making the oxide semiconductor film in contact with a silicon nitride film (OC_SiNx), an oxide conductor film formed by making the oxide semiconductor film in contact with a silicon nitride film after addition of argon to the oxide semiconductor film with a doping apparatus (OC_Ar dope+SiNx), or an oxide conductor film formed by making the oxide semiconductor film in contact with a silicon nitride film after exposure of the oxide semiconductor film to argon plasma (OC_Ar plasma+SiNx) with a plasma treatment apparatus was formed. Note that the silicon nitride film contains hydrogen.
A method for forming a sample including the oxide conductor film (OC_SiNx) is as follows. A 400-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film was formed over a glass substrate by a plasma CVD method and then exposed to oxygen plasma, and an oxygen ion was added to the silicon oxynitride film; accordingly, a silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating was formed. Next, a 100-nm-thick In—Ga—Zn oxide film was formed over the silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating by a sputtering method using a sputtering target in which the atomic ratio of In to Ga and Zn was 1:1:1.2, and heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere and then heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen. Then, a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film was formed by a plasma CVD method. After that, heat treatment was performed at 350° C. in a mixed gas atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen.
A method for forming a sample including the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar dope+SiNx) is as follows. A 400-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film was formed over a glass substrate by a plasma CVD method and then exposed to oxygen plasma, and an oxygen ion was added to the silicon oxynitride film; accordingly, a silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating was formed. Next, a 100-nm-thick In—Ga—Zn oxide film was formed over the silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating by a sputtering method using a sputtering target in which the atomic ratio of In to Ga and Zn was 1:1:1.2, and heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere and then heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen. Then, with a doping apparatus, argon having a dose of 5×1014/cm2 was added to the In—Ga—Zn oxide film at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV, and oxygen vacancies were formed in the In—Ga—Zn oxide film. After that, a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film was formed by a plasma CVD method. Subsequently, heat treatment was performed at 350° C. in a mixed gas atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen.
A method for forming a sample including the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar plasma+SiNx) is as follows. A 400-nm-thick silicon oxynitride film was formed over a glass substrate by a plasma CVD method and then exposed to oxygen plasma; accordingly, a silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating was formed. Next, a 100-nm-thick In—Ga—Zn oxide film was formed over the silicon oxynitride film that releases oxygen by heating by a sputtering method using a sputtering target in which the atomic ratio of In to Ga and Zn was 1:1:1.2, and heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere and then heat treatment was performed at 450° C. in a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen. Then, in a plasma treatment apparatus, argon plasma was generated, accelerated argon ions were made to collide with the In—Ga—Zn oxide film, and oxygen vacancies were formed in the In—Ga—Zn oxide film. After that, a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride film was formed by a plasma CVD method. Subsequently, heat treatment was performed at 350° C. in a mixed gas atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen.
Next, FIG. 40 shows the measured resistivity of the samples. Here, the resistivity was measured by the Van der Pauw method using four terminals. In FIG. 40, the horizontal axis represents measurement temperature, and the vertical axis represents resistivity. Measurement results of the oxide conductor film (OC_SiNx) are plotted as squares, measurement results of the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar dope+SiNx) are plotted as circles, and measurement results of the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar plasma+SiNx) are plotted as triangles.
Note that although not shown, the oxide semiconductor film which is not in contact with the silicon nitride film had high resistivity, which was difficult to measure. Therefore, it is found that the oxide conductor film has lower resistivity than the oxide semiconductor film.
According to FIG. 40, in the case where the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar dope+SiNx) and the oxide conductor film (OC_Ar plasma+SiNx) contain an oxygen vacancy and hydrogen, variation in resistivity is small. Typically, the variation in resistivity at temperatures from 80 K to 290 K is lower than ±20%. Alternatively, the variation in resistivity at temperatures from 150 K to 250 K is lower than ±10%. In other words, the oxide conductor is a degenerate semiconductor and it is suggested that the conduction band edge agrees with or substantially agrees with the Fermi level. Thus, when the oxide conductor film is used as a source region and a drain region of a transistor, an ohmic contact occurs at a portion where the oxide conductor film is in contact with conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the contact resistance between the oxide conductor film and the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode can be reduced. Furthermore, the oxide conductor has low temperature resistance of resistivity; thus, a fluctuation of contact resistance between the oxide conductor film and conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode is small, and a highly reliable transistor can be obtained.
Embodiment 6
In this embodiment, the structure of an oxide semiconductor film included in a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is described below in detail.
In this specification, the term “parallel” indicates that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to −10° and less than or equal to 100, and accordingly also includes the case where the angle is greater than or equal to −5° and less than or equal to 50. The term “substantially parallel” indicates that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to −300 and less than or equal to 300. The term “perpendicular” indicates that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to 800 and less than or equal to 100°, and accordingly includes the case where the angle is greater than or equal to 85° and less than or equal to 95°. The term “substantially perpendicular” indicates that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to 60° and less than or equal to 1200.
In this specification, trigonal and rhombohedral crystal systems are included in a hexagonal crystal system.
<Structure of Oxide Semiconductor>
A structure of an oxide semiconductor is described below.
An oxide semiconductor is classified into a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor. Examples of a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor include a CAAC-OS, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor (nc-OS), an amorphous-like oxide semiconductor (a-like OS), and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
From another perspective, an oxide semiconductor is classified into an amorphous oxide semiconductor and a crystalline oxide semiconductor. Examples of a crystalline oxide semiconductor include a single crystal oxide semiconductor, a CAAC-OS, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, and an nc-OS.
It is known that an amorphous structure is generally defined as being metastable and unfixed, and being isotropic and having no non-uniform structure. In other words, an amorphous structure has a flexible bond angle and a short-range order but does not have a long-range order.
This means that an inherently stable oxide semiconductor cannot be regarded as a completely amorphous oxide semiconductor. Moreover, an oxide semiconductor that is not isotropic (e.g., an oxide semiconductor that has a periodic structure in a microscopic region) cannot be regarded as a completely amorphous oxide semiconductor. Note that an a-like OS has a periodic structure in a microscopic region, but at the same time has a void and has an unstable structure. For this reason, an a-like OS has physical properties similar to those of an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
<CAAC-OS>
First, a CAAC-OS is described.
A CAAC-OS is one of oxide semiconductors having a plurality of c-axis aligned crystal parts (also referred to as pellets).
In a combined analysis image (also referred to as a high-resolution TEM image) of a bright-field image and a diffraction pattern of a CAAC-OS, which is obtained using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a plurality of pellets can be observed. However, in the high-resolution TEM image, a boundary between pellets, that is, a grain boundary is not clearly observed. Thus, in the CAAC-OS, a reduction in electron mobility due to the grain boundary is less likely to occur.
A CAAC-OS observed with TEM is described below. FIG. 41A shows a high-resolution TEM image of a cross section of the CAAC-OS which is observed from a direction substantially parallel to the sample surface. The high-resolution TEM image is obtained with a spherical aberration corrector function. The high-resolution TEM image obtained with a spherical aberration corrector function is particularly referred to as a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image. The Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image can be obtained with, for example, an atomic resolution analytical electron microscope JEM-ARM200F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
FIG. 41B is an enlarged Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image of a region (1) in FIG. 41A. FIG. 41B shows that metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner in a pellet. Each metal atom layer has a configuration reflecting unevenness of a surface over which the CAAC-OS is formed (hereinafter, the surface is referred to as a formation surface) or a top surface of the CAAC-OS, and is arranged parallel to the formation surface or the top surface of the CAAC-OS.
As shown in FIG. 41B, the CAAC-OS has a characteristic atomic arrangement. The characteristic atomic arrangement is denoted by an auxiliary line in FIG. 41C. FIGS. 41B and 41C prove that the size of a pellet is approximately 1 nm to 3 nm, and the size of a space caused by tilt of the pellets is approximately 0.8 nm. Therefore, the pellet can also be referred to as a nanocrystal (nc). Furthermore, the CAAC-OS can also be referred to as an oxide semiconductor including c-axis aligned nanocrystals (CANC).
Here, according to the Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images, the schematic arrangement of pellets 5100 of a CAAC-OS over a substrate 5120 is illustrated by such a structure in which bricks or blocks are stacked (see FIG. 41D). The part in which the pellets are tilted as observed in FIG. 41C corresponds to a region 5161 shown in FIG. 41D.
FIG. 42A shows a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image of a plane of the CAAC-OS observed from a direction substantially perpendicular to the sample surface. FIGS. 42B, 42C, and 42D are enlarged Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images of regions (1), (2), and (3) in FIG. 42A, respectively. FIGS. 42B, 42C, and 42D indicate that metal atoms are arranged in a triangular, quadrangular, or hexagonal configuration in a pellet. However, there is no regularity of arrangement of metal atoms between different pellets.
Next, a CAAC-OS analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is described. For example, when the structure of a CAAC-OS including an InGaZnO4 crystal is analyzed by an out-of-plane method, a peak appears at a diffraction angle (2θ) of around 31° as shown in FIG. 43A. This peak is derived from the (009) plane of the InGaZnO4 crystal, which indicates that crystals in the CAAC-OS have c-axis alignment, and that the c-axes are aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to the formation surface or the top surface of the CAAC-OS.
Note that in structural analysis of the CAAC-OS by an out-of-plane method, another peak may appear when 2θ is around 36°, in addition to the peak at 2θ of around 31°. The peak at 2θ of around 36° indicates that a crystal having no c-axis alignment is included in part of the CAAC-OS. It is preferable that in the CAAC-OS analyzed by an out-of-plane method, a peak appear when 2θ is around 31° and that a peak not appear when 2θ is around 36°.
On the other hand, in structural analysis of the CAAC-OS by an in-plane method in which an X-ray beam is incident on a sample in a direction substantially perpendicular to the c-axis, a peak appears when 2θ is around 56°. This peak is attributed to the (110) plane of the InGaZnO4 crystal. In the case of the CAAC-OS, when analysis (φ scan) is performed with 2θ fixed at around 56° and with the sample rotated using a normal vector of the sample surface as an axis (φ axis), as shown in FIG. 43B, a peak is not clearly observed. In contrast, in the case of a single crystal oxide semiconductor of InGaZnO4, when φ scan is performed with 2θ fixed at around 56°, as shown in FIG. 43C, six peaks which are derived from crystal planes equivalent to the (110) plane are observed. Accordingly, the structural analysis using XRD shows that the directions of a-axes and b-axes are irregularly oriented in the CAAC-OS.
Next, a CAAC-OS analyzed by electron diffraction is described. For example, when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nm is incident on a CAAC-OS including an InGaZnO4 crystal in a direction parallel to the sample surface, a diffraction pattern (also referred to as a selected-area transmission electron diffraction pattern) shown in FIG. 44A can be obtained. In this diffraction pattern, spots derived from the (009) plane of an InGaZnO4 crystal are included. Thus, the electron diffraction also indicates that pellets included in the CAAC-OS have c-axis alignment and that the c-axes are aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to the formation surface or the top surface of the CAAC-OS. Meanwhile, FIG. 44B shows a diffraction pattern obtained in such a manner that an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nm is incident on the same sample in a direction perpendicular to the sample surface. As shown in FIG. 44B, a ring-like diffraction pattern is observed. Thus, the electron diffraction also indicates that the a-axes and b-axes of the pellets included in the CAAC-OS do not have regular alignment. The first ring in FIG. 44B is considered to be derived from the (010) plane, the (100) plane, and the like of the InGaZnO4 crystal. The second ring in FIG. 44B is considered to be derived from the (110) plane and the like.
As described above, the CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor with high crystallinity. Entry of impurities, formation of defects, or the like might decrease the crystallinity of an oxide semiconductor. This means that the CAAC-OS has small amounts of impurities and defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies).
Note that the impurity means an element other than the main components of the oxide semiconductor, such as hydrogen, carbon, silicon, or a transition metal element. For example, an element (specifically, silicon or the like) having higher strength of bonding to oxygen than a metal element included in an oxide semiconductor extracts oxygen from the oxide semiconductor, which results in disorder of the atomic arrangement and reduced crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor. A heavy metal such as iron or nickel, argon, carbon dioxide, or the like has a large atomic radius (or molecular radius), and thus disturbs the atomic arrangement of the oxide semiconductor and decreases crystallinity.
The characteristics of an oxide semiconductor having impurities or defects might be changed by light, heat, or the like. Impurities contained in the oxide semiconductor might serve as carrier traps or carrier generation sources, for example. Furthermore, oxygen vacancies in the oxide semiconductor serve as carrier traps or serve as carrier generation sources when hydrogen is captured therein.
The CAAC-OS having small amounts of impurities and oxygen vacancies is an oxide semiconductor with low carrier density (specifically, lower than 8×1011/cm3, preferably lower than 1×1011/cm3, further preferably lower than 1×1010/cm3, and is higher than or equal to 1×10−9/cm3). Such an oxide semiconductor is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor. A CAAC-OS has a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states. Thus, the CAAC-OS can be referred to as an oxide semiconductor having stable characteristics.
<nc-OS>
Next, an nc-OS will be described.
An nc-OS has a region in which a crystal part is observed and a region in which a crystal part is not clearly observed in a high-resolution TEM image. In most cases, the size of a crystal part included in the nc-OS is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, or greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm. Note that an oxide semiconductor including a crystal part whose size is greater than 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm is sometimes referred to as a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor. In a high-resolution TEM image of the nc-OS, for example, a grain boundary is not clearly observed in some cases. Note that there is a possibility that the origin of the nanocrystal is the same as that of a pellet in a CAAC-OS. Therefore, a crystal part of the nc-OS may be referred to as a pellet in the following description.
In the nc-OS, a microscopic region (for example, a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, in particular, a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm) has a periodic atomic arrangement. There is no regularity of crystal orientation between different pellets in the nc-OS. Thus, the orientation of the whole film is not ordered. Accordingly, the nc-OS cannot be distinguished from an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor, depending on an analysis method. For example, when the nc-OS is analyzed by an out-of-plane method using an X-ray beam having a diameter larger than the size of a pellet, a peak which shows a crystal plane does not appear. Furthermore, a diffraction pattern like a halo pattern is observed when the nc-OS is subjected to electron diffraction using an electron beam with a probe diameter (e.g., 50 nm or larger) that is larger than the size of a pellet. Meanwhile, spots appear in a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern of the nc-OS when an electron beam having a probe diameter close to or smaller than the size of a pellet is applied. Moreover, in a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern of the nc-OS, regions with high luminance in a circular (ring) pattern are shown in some cases. Also in a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern of the nc-OS, a plurality of spots is shown in a ring-like region in some cases.
Since there is no regularity of crystal orientation between the pellets (nanocrystals) as mentioned above, the nc-OS can also be referred to as an oxide semiconductor including random aligned nanocrystals (RANC) or an oxide semiconductor including non-aligned nanocrystals (NANC).
The nc-OS is an oxide semiconductor that has high regularity as compared with an amorphous oxide semiconductor. Therefore, the nc-OS is likely to have a lower density of defect states than an a-like OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor. Note that there is no regularity of crystal orientation between different pellets in the nc-OS. Therefore, the nc-OS has a higher density of defect states than the CAAC-OS.
<a-Like OS>
An a-like OS has a structure intermediate between those of the nc-OS and the amorphous oxide semiconductor.
In a high-resolution TEM image of the a-like OS, a void may be observed. Furthermore, in the high-resolution TEM image, there are a region where a crystal part is clearly observed and a region where a crystal part is not observed.
The a-like OS has an unstable structure because it includes a void. To verify that an a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with a CAAC-OS and an nc-OS, a change in structure caused by electron irradiation is described below.
An a-like OS (referred to as Sample A), an nc-OS (referred to as Sample B), and a CAAC-OS (referred to as Sample C) are prepared as samples subjected to electron irradiation. Each of the samples is an In—Ga—Zn oxide.
First, a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of each sample is obtained. The high-resolution cross-sectional TEM images show that all the samples have crystal parts.
Note that which part is regarded as a crystal part is determined as follows. It is known that a unit cell of an InGaZnO4 crystal has a structure in which nine layers including three In—O layers and six Ga—Zn—O layers are stacked in the c-axis direction. The distance between the adjacent layers is equivalent to the lattice spacing on the (009) plane (also referred to as d value). The value is calculated to be 0.29 nm from crystal structural analysis. Accordingly, a portion where the lattice spacing between lattice fringes is greater than or equal to 0.28 nm and less than or equal to 0.30 nm is regarded as a crystal part of InGaZnO4. Each of lattice fringes corresponds to the a-b plane of the InGaZnO4 crystal.
FIG. 45 shows change in the average size of crystal parts (at 22 points to 45 points) in each sample. Note that the crystal part size corresponds to the length of a lattice fringe. FIG. 45 indicates that the crystal part size in the a-like OS increases with an increase in the cumulative electron dose. Specifically, as shown by (1) in FIG. 45, a crystal part of approximately 1.2 nm (also referred to as an initial nucleus) at the start of TEM observation grows to a size of approximately 2.6 nm at a cumulative electron dose of 4.2×108 e−/nm2. In contrast, the crystal part size in the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS shows little change from the start of electron irradiation to a cumulative electron dose of 4.2×108 e−/nm2. Specifically, as shown by (2) and (3) in FIG. 45, the average crystal sizes in an nc-OS and a CAAC-OS are approximately 1.4 nm and approximately 2.1 nm, respectively, regardless of the cumulative electron dose.
In this manner, growth of the crystal part in the a-like OS is induced by electron irradiation. In contrast, in the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS, growth of the crystal part is hardly induced by electron irradiation. Therefore, the a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.
The a-like OS has a lower density than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS because it includes a void. Specifically, the density of the a-like OS is higher than or equal to 78.6% and lower than 92.3% of the density of the single crystal oxide semiconductor having the same composition. The density of each of the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS is higher than or equal to 92.3% and lower than 100% of the density of the single crystal oxide semiconductor having the same composition. Note that it is difficult to deposit an oxide semiconductor having a density of lower than 78% of the density of the single crystal oxide semiconductor.
For example, in the case of an oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, the density of single crystal InGaZnO4 with a rhombohedral crystal structure is 6.357 g/cm3. Accordingly, in the case of the oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, the density of the a-like OS is higher than or equal to 5.0 g/cm3 and lower than 5.9 g/cm3. For example, in the case of the oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, the density of each of the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS is higher than or equal to 5.9 g/cm3 and lower than 6.3 g/cm3.
Note that there is a possibility that an oxide semiconductor having a certain composition cannot exist in a single crystal structure. In that case, single crystal oxide semiconductors with different compositions are combined at an adequate ratio, which makes it possible to calculate density equivalent to that of a single crystal oxide semiconductor with the desired composition. The density of a single crystal oxide semiconductor having the desired composition can be calculated using a weighted average according to the combination ratio of the single crystal oxide semiconductors with different compositions. Note that it is preferable to use as few kinds of single crystal oxide semiconductors as possible to calculate the density.
As described above, oxide semiconductors have various structures and various properties. Note that an oxide semiconductor may be a stacked layer including two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, an a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS, for example.
The structure and method described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the other structures and methods described in the other embodiments.
Embodiment 7
In this embodiment, a display device that can be formed using a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 33A to 33C.
The display device illustrated in FIG. 33A includes a region including pixels of display elements (hereinafter the region is referred to as a pixel portion 542), a circuit portion being provided outside the pixel portion 542 and including a circuit for driving the pixels (hereinafter the portion is referred to as a driver circuit portion 544), circuits each having a function of protecting an element (hereinafter the circuits are referred to as protection circuits 546), and a terminal portion 547. Note that the protection circuits 546 are not necessarily provided.
A part or the whole of the driver circuit portion 544 is preferably formed over a substrate over which the pixel portion 542 is formed, in which case the number of components and the number of terminals can be reduced. When a part or the whole of the driver circuit portion 544 is not formed over the substrate over which the pixel portion 542 is formed, the part or the whole of the driver circuit portion 544 can be mounted by chip on glass (COG) or tape automated bonding (TAB).
The pixel portion 542 includes a plurality of circuits for driving display elements arranged in X rows (X is a natural number of 2 or more) and Y columns (Y is a natural number of 2 or more) (hereinafter, such circuits are referred to as pixel circuits 541). The driver circuit portion 544 includes driver circuits such as a circuit for supplying a signal (scan signal) to select a pixel (hereinafter, the circuit is referred to as a gate driver 544a) and a circuit for supplying a signal (data signal) to drive a display element in a pixel (hereinafter, the circuit is referred to as a source driver 544b).
The gate driver 544a includes a shift register or the like. The gate driver 544a receives a signal for driving the shift register through the terminal portion 547 and outputs a signal. For example, the gate driver 544a receives a start pulse signal, a clock signal, or the like and outputs a pulse signal. The gate driver 544a has a function of controlling the potentials of wirings supplied with scan signals (hereinafter, such wirings are referred to as scan lines GL_1 to GL_X). Note that a plurality of gate drivers 544a may be provided to control the scan lines GL_1 to GL_X separately. Alternatively, the gate driver 544a has a function of supplying an initialization signal. Without being limited thereto, the gate driver 544a can supply another signal.
The source driver 544b includes a shift register or the like. The source driver 544b receives a signal (video signal) from which a data signal is derived, as well as a signal for driving the shift register, through the terminal portion 547. The source driver 544b has a function of generating a data signal to be written to the pixel circuit 541 which is based on the video signal. In addition, the source driver 544b has a function of controlling output of a data signal in response to a pulse signal produced by input of a start pulse signal, a clock signal, or the like. Furthermore, the source driver 544b has a function of controlling the potentials of wirings supplied with data signals (hereinafter such wirings are referred to as signal lines DL_1 to DL_Y). Alternatively, the source driver 544b has a function of supplying an initialization signal. Without being limited thereto, the source driver 544b can supply another signal.
The source driver 544b includes a plurality of analog switches or the like, for example. The source driver 544b can output, as the data signals, signals obtained by time-dividing the video signal by sequentially turning on the plurality of analog switches. The source driver 544b may include a shift register or the like.
A pulse signal and a data signal are input to each of the plurality of pixel circuits 541 through one of the plurality of scan lines GL supplied with scan signals and one of the plurality of signal lines DL supplied with data signals, respectively. Writing and holding of the data signal to and in each of the plurality of pixel circuits 541 are controlled by the gate driver 544a. For example, to the pixel circuit 541 in the m-th row and the n-th column (m is a natural number of less than or equal to X, and n is a natural number of less than or equal to Y), a pulse signal is input from the gate driver 544a through the scan line GL_m, and a data signal is input from the source driver 544b through the signal line DL_n in accordance with the potential of the scan line GL_m.
The protection circuit 546 shown in FIG. 33A is connected to, for example, the scan line GL between the gate driver 544a and the pixel circuit 541. Alternatively, the protection circuit 546 is connected to the signal line DL between the source driver 544b and the pixel circuit 541. Alternatively, the protection circuit 546 can be connected to a wiring between the gate driver 544a and the terminal portion 547. Alternatively, the protection circuit 546 can be connected to a wiring between the source driver 544b and the terminal portion 547. Note that the terminal portion 547 means a portion having terminals for inputting power, control signals, and video signals to the display device from external circuits.
The protection circuit 546 is a circuit that electrically connects a wiring connected to the protection circuit to another wiring when a potential out of a certain range is applied to the wiring connected to the protection circuit.
As illustrated in FIG. 33A, the protection circuits 546 are provided for the pixel portion 542 and the driver circuit portion 544, so that the resistance of the display device to overcurrent generated by electrostatic discharge (ESD) or the like can be improved. Note that the configuration of the protection circuits 546 is not limited to that, and for example, the protection circuit 546 may be configured to be connected to the gate driver 544a or the protection circuit 546 may be configured to be connected to the source driver 544b. Alternatively, the protection circuit 546 may be configured to be connected to the terminal portion 547.
In FIG. 33A, an example in which the driver circuit portion 544 includes the gate driver 544a and the source driver 544b is shown; however, the structure is not limited thereto. For example, only the gate driver 544a may be formed and a separately prepared substrate where a source driver circuit is formed (e.g., a driver circuit substrate formed with a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film) may be mounted.
Each of the plurality of pixel circuits 541 in FIG. 33A can have the structure illustrated in FIG. 33B, for example.
The pixel circuit 541 illustrated in FIG. 33B includes a liquid crystal element 570, a transistor 550, and a capacitor 560.
As the transistor 550, any of the transistors described in the above embodiments, for example, can be used as appropriate.
The potential of one of a pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 is set in accordance with the specifications of the pixel circuit 541 as appropriate. The alignment state of the liquid crystal element 570 depends on written data. A common potential may be supplied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 included in each of the plurality of pixel circuits 541. Furthermore, the potential supplied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 in the pixel circuit 541 in one row may be different from the potential supplied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 in the pixel circuit 541 in another row.
In the pixel circuit 541 in the m-th row and the n-th column, one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 550 is electrically connected to the signal line DL_n, and the other is electrically connected to the other of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570. A gate electrode of the transistor 550 is electrically connected to the scan line GL_m. The transistor 550 has a function of controlling whether to write a data signal by being turned on or off.
One of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 560 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a potential is supplied (hereinafter referred to as a potential supply line VL), and the other is electrically connected to the other of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570. The potential of the potential supply line VL is set in accordance with the specifications of the pixel circuit 541 as appropriate. The capacitor 560 functions as a storage capacitor for storing written data.
For example, in the display device including the pixel circuit 541 in FIG. 33B, the pixel circuits 541 are sequentially selected row by row by the gate driver 544a illustrated in FIG. 33A, whereby the transistors 550 are turned on and a data signal is written.
When the transistors 550 are turned off, the pixel circuits 541 in which the data has been written are brought into a holding state. This operation is sequentially performed row by row; thus, an image can be displayed.
Alternatively, each of the plurality of pixel circuits 541 in FIG. 33A can have the structure illustrated in FIG. 33C, for example.
The pixel circuit 541 illustrated in FIG. 33C includes transistors 552 and 554, a capacitor 562, and a light-emitting element 572. Here, any of the transistors described in the above embodiments, for example, can be used as one or both of the transistors 552 and 554 as appropriate.
One of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a data signal is supplied (a signal line DL_n). A gate electrode of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a gate signal is supplied (a scan line GL_m).
The transistor 552 has a function of controlling whether to write a data signal by being turned on or off.
One of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 562 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a potential is supplied (hereinafter referred to as a potential supply line VL_a), and the other is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 552.
The capacitor 562 functions as a storage capacitor for storing written data.
One of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 554 is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a. Furthermore, a gate electrode of the transistor 554 is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 552.
One of an anode and a cathode of the light-emitting element 572 is electrically connected to a potential supply line VL_b, and the other is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 554.
As the light-emitting element 572, an organic electroluminescent element (also referred to as an organic EL element) or the like can be used, for example. Note that the light-emitting element 572 is not limited to an organic EL element; an inorganic EL element including an inorganic material may be used.
A high power supply potential VDD is supplied to one of the potential supply line VL_a and the potential supply line VL_b, and a low power supply potential VSS is supplied to the other.
For example, in the display device including the pixel circuit 541 in FIG. 33C, the pixel circuits 541 are sequentially selected row by row by the gate driver 544a illustrated in FIG. 33A, whereby the transistors 552 are turned on and a data signal is written.
When the transistors 552 are turned off, the pixel circuits 541 in which the data has been written are brought into a holding state. Furthermore, the amount of current flowing between the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 554 is controlled in accordance with the potential of the written data signal. The light-emitting element 572 emits light with a luminance corresponding to the amount of flowing current. This operation is sequentially performed row by row; thus, an image can be displayed.
The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.
Embodiment 8
In this embodiment, an example of a display device that includes any of the transistors described in the above embodiments is described below with reference to FIG. 34, FIGS. 35A and 35B, and FIGS. 36A and 36B.
FIG. 34 is a top view of an example of a display device. A display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 34 includes a pixel portion 702 provided over a first substrate 701; a source driver circuit portion 704 and a gate driver circuit portion 706 provided over the first substrate 701; a sealant 712 provided to surround the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706; and a second substrate 705 provided to face the first substrate 701. The first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705 are sealed with the sealant 712. That is, the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 are sealed with the first substrate 701, the sealant 712, and the second substrate 705. Although not illustrated in FIG. 34, a display element is provided between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705.
In the display device 700, a flexible printed circuit (FPC) terminal portion 708 electrically connected to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 is provided in a region different from the region which is surrounded by the sealant 712 and positioned over the first substrate 701. Furthermore, an FPC 716 is connected to the FPC terminal portion 708, and a variety of signals and the like are supplied to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 through the FPC 716. Furthermore, a signal line 710 is connected to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, the gate driver circuit portion 706, and the FPC terminal portion 708. Various signals and the like are applied to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, the gate driver circuit portion 706, and the FPC terminal portion 708 via the signal line 710 from the FPC 716.
A plurality of gate driver circuit portions 706 may be provided in the display device 700. An example of the display device 700 in which the source driver circuit portion 704 and the gate driver circuit portion 706 are formed over the first substrate 701 where the pixel portion 702 is also formed is described; however, the structure is not limited thereto. For example, only the gate driver circuit portion 706 may be formed over the first substrate 701 or only the source driver circuit portion 704 may be formed over the first substrate 701. In this case, a substrate where a source driver circuit, a gate driver circuit, or the like is formed (e.g., a driver-circuit substrate formed using a single-crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film) may be mounted on the first substrate 701. Note that there is no particular limitation on the method of connecting a separately prepared driver circuit substrate, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, or the like can be used.
The pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 included in the display device 700 include a plurality of transistors. As the plurality of transistors, any of the transistors that are the semiconductor devices of embodiments of the present invention can be used.
The display device 700 can include any of a variety of elements. Examples of the element include a liquid crystal element, an electroluminescence (EL) element (e.g., an EL element including organic and inorganic materials, an organic EL element, or an inorganic EL element), an LED (e.g., a white LED, a red LED, a green LED, or a blue LED), a transistor (a transistor that emits light depending on current), an electron emitter, electronic ink, an electrophoretic element, a grating light valve (GLV), a plasma display panel (PDP), a display element using micro electro mechanical system (MEMS), a digital micromirror device (DMD), a digital micro shutter (DMS), MIRASOL (registered trademark), an interferometric modulator display (IMOD) element, a MEMS shutter display element, an optical-interference-type MEMS display element, an electrowetting element, a piezoelectric ceramic display, and a display element including a carbon nanotube. Other than the above, display media whose contrast, luminance, reflectivity, transmittance, or the like is changed by electrical or magnetic effect may be included. Note that examples of display devices having EL elements include an EL display. Examples of display devices including electron emitters include a field emission display (FED) and an SED-type flat panel display (SED: surface-conduction electron-emitter display). Examples of display devices including liquid crystal elements include a liquid crystal display (e.g., a transmissive liquid crystal display, a transflective liquid crystal display, a reflective liquid crystal display, a direct-view liquid crystal display, or a projection liquid crystal display). An example of a display device including electronic ink or electrophoretic elements is electronic paper. In the case of a transflective liquid crystal display or a reflective liquid crystal display, some of or all of pixel electrodes function as reflective electrodes. For example, some or all of pixel electrodes are formed to contain aluminum, silver, or the like. In such a case, a memory circuit such as an SRAM can be provided under the reflective electrodes, leading to lower power consumption.
As a display method in the display device 700, a progressive method, an interlace method, or the like can be employed. Furthermore, color elements controlled in a pixel at the time of color display are not limited to three colors: R, G, and B (R, G, and B correspond to red, green, and blue, respectively). For example, four pixels of the R pixel, the G pixel, the B pixel, and a W (white) pixel may be included. Alternatively, a color element may be composed of two colors among R, G, and B as in PenTile layout. The two colors may differ among color elements. Alternatively, one or more colors of yellow, cyan, magenta, and the like may be added to RGB. Further, the size of a display region may be different depending on respective dots of the color components. Embodiments of the disclosed invention are not limited to a display device for color display; the disclosed invention can also be applied to a display device for monochrome display.
In this embodiment, structures including a liquid crystal element and an EL element as display elements are described with reference to FIGS. 35A and 35B and FIGS. 36A and 36B. Note that FIGS. 35A and 35B are cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line Q-R shown in FIG. 34 and each show a structure including a liquid crystal element as a display element, whereas FIGS. 36A and 36B are cross-sectional views along the dashed-dotted line Q-R shown in FIG. 34 and each show a structure including an EL element as a display element.
FIG. 35A and FIG. 36A show the display device 700 with high mechanical strength in which glass or the like is used for the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. FIG. 35B and FIG. 36B show a flexible display device 700a in which plastic or the like is used for the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. The first substrate 701 is fixed, with an adhesive 720, to an insulating film 719 on which transistors 750 and 752 and a capacitor 790 are formed. The second substrate 705 is fixed, with an adhesive 740, to an insulating film 739 on which a coloring film 736, a light-blocking film 738, and the like are formed.
Common portions between FIGS. 35A and 35B and FIGS. 36A and 36B are described first, and then different portions are described.
<Common Portions in Display Devices>
The display devices 700 and 700a illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 35B and FIGS. 36A and 36B each include a lead wiring portion 711, the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the FPC terminal portion 708. Note that the lead wiring portion 711 includes the signal line 710. The pixel portion 702 includes the transistor 750 and the capacitor 790. The source driver circuit portion 704 includes the transistor 752.
Any of the structures of the transistors described in the above embodiments can be applied to the transistors 750 and 752 as appropriate.
The transistors used in this embodiment each include an oxide semiconductor film which is highly purified and in which formation of oxygen vacancies is suppressed. In the transistor, the current in an off state (off-state current) can be made small. Accordingly, an electrical signal such as an image signal can be held for a longer period, and a writing interval can be set longer in an on state. Accordingly, frequency of refresh operation can be reduced, which leads to an effect of suppressing power consumption.
In addition, the transistor used in this embodiment can have relatively high field-effect mobility and thus is capable of high speed operation. For example, with such a transistor which can operate at high speed used for a liquid crystal display device, a switching transistor in a pixel portion and a driver transistor in a driver circuit portion can be formed over one substrate. That is, a semiconductor device formed using a silicon wafer or the like is not additionally needed as a driver circuit, by which the number of components of the semiconductor device can be reduced. In addition, the transistor which can operate at high speed can be used also in the pixel portion, whereby a high-quality image can be provided.
In FIGS. 35A and 35B and FIGS. 36A and 36B, an insulating film 766 and a planarization insulating film 770 are provided over the transistor 750, the transistor 752, and the capacitor 790.
The insulating film 766 can be formed using materials and methods similar to that of the insulating film 126 described in the above embodiment. The planarization insulating film 770 can be formed using a heat-resistant organic material, such as a polyimide resin, an acrylic resin, a polyimide amide resin, a benzocyclobutene resin, a polyamide resin, or an epoxy resin. Note that the planarization insulating film 770 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed from these materials. Alternatively, a structure without the planarization insulating film 770 may be employed.
The signal line 710 is formed in the same process as conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 750 or 752. Note that the signal line 710 may be formed using a conductive film functioning as a gate electrode of the transistor 750 or 752. In the case where the signal line 710 is formed using a material containing a copper element, signal delay or the like due to wiring resistance is reduced, which enables display on a large screen.
The FPC terminal portion 708 includes a connection electrode 760, an anisotropic conductive film 780, and the FPC 716. Note that the connection electrode 760 is formed in the same process as conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 750 or 752. The connection electrode 760 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 716 through the anisotropic conductive film 780.
For example, a glass substrate can be used as the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. A flexible substrate may be used as the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. Examples of the flexible substrate include a plastic substrate.
A structure 778 is provided between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. The structure 778 is a columnar spacer obtained by selective etching of an insulating film and is provided to control the thickness (cell gap) between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. Alternatively, a spherical spacer may be used as the structure 778.
Furthermore, the light-blocking film 738 functioning as a black matrix, the coloring film 736 functioning as a color filter, and an insulating film 734 in contact with the light-blocking film 738 and the coloring film 736 are provided on the second substrate 705 side.
<Structure Example of Display Device Using Liquid Crystal Element as Display Element>
The display devices 700 and 700a illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 35B each include a liquid crystal element 775. The liquid crystal element 775 includes a conductive film 772, a conductive film 774, and a liquid crystal layer 776. The conductive film 774 is provided on the second substrate 705 side and functions as a counter electrode. The display devices 700 and 700a in FIGS. 35A and 35B are capable of displaying an image in such a manner that transmission or non-transmission is controlled by change in the alignment state of the liquid crystal layer 776 depending on a voltage applied to the conductive film 772 and the conductive film 774.
The conductive film 772 is connected to the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode included in the transistor 750. The conductive film 772 is formed over the planarization insulating film 770 to function as a pixel electrode, i.e., one electrode of the display element. The conductive film 772 has a function of a reflective electrode. The display devices 700 and 700a in FIGS. 35A and 35B are what is called reflective color liquid crystal display devices in which external light is reflected by the conductive film 772 to display an image through the coloring film 736.
A conductive film that transmits visible light or a conductive film that reflects visible light can be used for the conductive film 772. For example, a material including one kind selected from indium (In), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) is preferably used for the conductive film that transmits visible light. For example, a material including aluminum or silver may be used for the conductive film that reflects visible light. In this embodiment, the conductive film that reflects visible light is used for the conductive film 772.
Note that projections and depressions are provided in part of the planarization insulating film 770 of the pixel portion 702 in the display devices 700 and 700a in FIGS. 35A and 35B. The projections and depressions can be formed in such a manner that the planarization insulating film 770 is formed using an organic resin film or the like, and projecting portions or depressed portions are formed on the surface of the organic resin film. The conductive film 772 functioning as a reflective electrode is formed along the projections and depressions. Therefore, when external light is incident on the conductive film 772, the light is reflected diffusely at the surface of the conductive film 772, whereby visibility can be improved.
Note that the display devices 700 and 700a illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 35B are reflective color liquid crystal display devices given as examples, but a display type is not limited thereto. For example, a transmissive color liquid crystal display device in which the conductive film 772 is a conductive film that transmits visible light may be used. In the case of a transmissive color liquid crystal display device, projections and depressions are not necessarily provided on the planarization insulating film 770.
Although not illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 35B, an alignment film may be provided on a side of the conductive film 772 in contact with the liquid crystal layer 776 and on a side of the conductive film 774 in contact with the liquid crystal layer 776. Although not illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 35B, an optical member (an optical substrate) and the like such as a polarizing member, a retardation member, or an anti-reflection member may be provided as appropriate. For example, circular polarization may be employed by using a polarizing substrate and a retardation substrate. In addition, a backlight, a sidelight, or the like may be used as a light source.
In the case where a liquid crystal element is used as the display element, a thermotropic liquid crystal, a low-molecular liquid crystal, a high-molecular liquid crystal, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal, a ferroelectric liquid crystal, an anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal, or the like can be used. Such a liquid crystal material exhibits a cholesteric phase, a smectic phase, a cubic phase, a chiral nematic phase, an isotropic phase, or the like depending on conditions.
Alternatively, in the case of employing a horizontal electric field mode, a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase for which an alignment film is unnecessary may be used. A blue phase is one of liquid crystal phases, which is generated just before a cholesteric phase changes into an isotropic phase while temperature of cholesteric liquid crystal is increased. Since the blue phase appears only in a narrow temperature range, a liquid crystal composition in which several weight percent or more of a chiral material is mixed is used for the liquid crystal layer in order to improve the temperature range. The liquid crystal composition which includes a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase and a chiral material is preferable because it has a short response time, has optical isotropy, which makes the alignment process unneeded, and has a small viewing angle dependence. An alignment film does not need to be provided and rubbing treatment is thus not necessary; accordingly, electrostatic discharge damage caused by the rubbing treatment can be prevented and defects and damage of the liquid crystal display device in the manufacturing process can be reduced.
In the case where a liquid crystal element is used as the display element, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, an in-plane-switching (IPS) mode, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode, an axially symmetric aligned micro-cell (ASM) mode, an optical compensated birefringence (OCB) mode, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mode, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) mode, or the like can be used.
Further, a normally black liquid crystal display device such as a transmissive liquid crystal display device utilizing a vertical alignment (VA) mode may also be used. There are some examples of a vertical alignment mode; for example, a multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode, an ASV mode, or the like can be employed.
<Display Device Using Light-Emitting Element as Display Element>
The display devices 700 and 700a illustrated in FIGS. 36A and 36B each include a light-emitting element 782. The light-emitting element 782 includes a conductive film 784, an EL layer 786, and a conductive film 788. The display devices 700 and 700a shown in FIGS. 36A and 36B are capable of displaying an image by light emission from the EL layer 786 included in the light-emitting element 782.
The conductive film 784 is connected to the conductive films functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode included in the transistor 750. The conductive film 784 is formed over the planarization insulating film 770 to function as a pixel electrode, i.e., one electrode of the display element. A conductive film which transmits visible light or a conductive film which reflects visible light can be used for the conductive film 784. The conductive film which transmits visible light can be formed using a material including one kind selected from indium (In), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn), for example. The conductive film which reflects visible light can be formed using a material including aluminum or silver, for example.
In the display devices 700 and 700a shown in FIGS. 36A and 36B, an insulating film 730 is provided over the planarization insulating film 770 and the conductive film 784. The insulating film 730 covers part of the conductive film 784. Note that the light-emitting element 782 has a top emission structure. Therefore, the conductive film 788 has a light-transmitting property and transmits light emitted from the EL layer 786. Although the top-emission structure is described as an example in this embodiment, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. A bottom-emission structure in which light is emitted to the conductive film 784 side, or a dual-emission structure in which light is emitted to both the conductive film 784 side and the conductive film 788 side may be employed.
The coloring film 736 is provided to overlap with the light-emitting element 782, and the light-blocking film 738 is provided to overlap with the insulating film 730 and to be included in the lead wiring portion 711 and in the source driver circuit portion 704. The coloring film 736 and the light-blocking film 738 are covered with the insulating film 734. A space between the light-emitting element 782 and the insulating film 734 is filled with a sealing film 732. Although a structure with the coloring film 736 is described as each of the display devices 700 and 700a shown in FIGS. 36A and 36B, the structure is not limited thereto. In the case where the EL layer 786 is formed by a separate coloring method, the coloring film 736 is not necessarily provided.
The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.
Embodiment 9
In this embodiment, one embodiment of a light-emitting device using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is described. Note that in this embodiment, a structure of a pixel portion of a light-emitting device is described with reference to FIG. 37.
In FIG. 37, a plurality of FETs 500 is formed over a first substrate 502, and each of the FETs 500 is electrically connected to a light-emitting element (504R, 504G, 504B, or 504W). Specifically, each of the FETs 500 is electrically connected to a first conductive film 506 included in the light-emitting element. Note that the light-emitting elements (504R, 504G, 504B, and 504W) each include the first conductive film 506, a second conductive film 507, an EL layer 510, and a third conductive film 512.
Furthermore, coloring layers (514R, 514G, 514B, and 514W) are provided in positions facing the corresponding light-emitting elements (504R, 504G, 504B, and 504W). Note that the coloring layers (514R, 514G, 514B, and 514W) are provided in contact with a second substrate 516. Furthermore, a sealing film 518 is provided between the first substrate 502 and the second substrate 516. For example, a glass material such as a glass frit, or a resin that is curable at room temperature such as a two-component type resin, a light curable resin, a heat-curable resin, and the like can be used for the sealing film 518.
A partition wall 508 is provided so as to cover end portions of adjacent stacks of the first conductive film 506 and the second conductive film 507. A structure 509 is provided over the partition wall 508. Note that the first conductive film 506 has a function as a reflective electrode and a function as an anode of the light-emitting element. The second conductive film 507 has a function of adjusting the optical path length of each light-emitting element. The EL layer 510 is formed over the second conductive film 507, and the third conductive film 512 is formed over the EL layer 510. The third conductive film 512 has a function as a semi-transmissive and semi-reflective electrode and a function as a cathode of the light-emitting element. The structure 509 is provided between the light-emitting element and the coloring layer and has a function as a spacer.
The EL layer 510 can be shared by the light-emitting elements (504R, 504G, 504B, and 504W). Note that each of the light-emitting elements (504R, 504G, 504B, and 504W) has a micro optical resonator (or microcavity) structure which allows light emitted from the EL layer 510 to resonate by the first conductive film 506 and the third conductive film 512; thus, spectra of light with different wavelengths can be narrowed and extracted even when they include the same EL layer 510. Specifically, by adjusting the thickness of each of the second conductive films 507 provided under the EL layer 510 in the light-emitting element (504R, 504G, 504B, or 504W), a desired emission spectrum can be obtained from the EL layer 510, so that light emission with high color purity can be obtained. Therefore, the structure illustrated in FIG. 37 does not require a process of separately forming EL layers with different colors, and facilitates achieving high resolution.
The light-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 37 includes the coloring layer (color filter); thus, light with a desired emission spectrum can be emitted. Therefore, by using the microcavity structure and the color filter in combination, light emission with higher color purity can be obtained. Specifically, the optical path length of the light-emitting element 504R is adjusted so that red light emission is provided; red light is emitted in the direction indicated by an arrow through the coloring layer 514R. Furthermore, the optical path length of the light-emitting element 504G is adjusted so that green light emission is provided; green light is emitted in the direction indicated by an arrow through the coloring layer 514G. Furthermore, the optical path length of the light-emitting element 504B is adjusted so that blue light emission is provided; blue light is emitted in the direction indicated by an arrow through the coloring layer 514B. Furthermore, the optical path length of the light-emitting element 504W is adjusted so that white light emission is provided; white light is emitted in the direction indicated by an arrow through the coloring layer 514W.
Note that a method for adjusting the optical path length of each light-emitting element is not limited thereto. For example, the optical path length may be adjusted by controlling the film thickness of the EL layer 510 in each light-emitting element.
The coloring layers (514R, 514G, and 514B) may have a function of transmitting light in a particular wavelength region. For example, a red (R) color filter for transmitting light in a red wavelength range, a green (G) color filter for transmitting light in a green wavelength range, a blue (B) color filter for transmitting light in a blue wavelength range, or the like can be used. The coloring layer 514W may be formed using an acrylic-based resin material which does not contain a pigment or the like. The coloring layers (514R, 514G, 514B, and 514W) can be formed using any of various materials by a printing method, an inkjet method, an etching method using a photolithography technique, or the like.
The first conductive film 506 can be formed using, for example, a metal film having high reflectivity (reflection factor of visible light is 40% to 100%, preferably 70% to 100%). The first conductive film 506 can be formed using a single layer or a stacked layer using aluminum, silver, or an alloy containing such a metal material (e.g., an alloy of silver, palladium, and copper).
The second conductive film 507 can be formed using, for example, conductive metal oxide. As the conductive metal oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide (also referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, or any of these metal oxide materials in which silicon oxide or tungsten oxide is contained can be used. Providing the second conductive film 507 is preferable because the formation of an insulating film between the EL layer 510 to be formed later and the first conductive film 506 can be suppressed. Furthermore, conductive metal oxide which is used as the second conductive film 507 may be formed in layer lower than the first conductive film 506.
The third conductive film 512 is formed using a conductive material having reflectivity and a conductive material having a light-transmitting property, and visible light reflectivity of the film is preferably 20% to 80%, more preferably 40% to 70%. As the third conductive film 512, for example, silver, magnesium, an alloy of such a metal material, or the like is formed to be thin (e.g., 10 nm or less), and then, conductive metal oxide which can be used for the second conductive film 507 is formed.
The above-described light-emitting device has a structure in which light is extracted from the second substrate 516 side (a top emission structure), but may have a structure in which light is extracted from the first substrate 501 side where the FETs 500 are formed (a bottom emission structure) or a structure in which light is extracted from both the first substrate 501 side and the second substrate 516 side (a dual emission structure). In the case of the bottom emission structure, the coloring layers (514R, 514G, 514B, and 514W) may be formed under the first conductive film 506. Note that a light-transmitting substrate may be used for the substrate through which light is transmitted, and a light-transmitting substrate and a light-blocking substrate may be used for the substrate through which light is not transmitted.
In FIG. 37, the structure in which the light-emitting elements emit light of red (R), green (G), blue (B), and white (W) is illustrated as an example. However, a structure is not limited thereto. For example, a structure in which the light-emitting elements emit light of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) may be used.
Embodiment 10
In this embodiment, a display module and electronic devices that can be formed using a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention are described with reference to FIG. 38 and FIGS. 39A to 39G.
In a display module 8000 illustrated in FIG. 38, a touch panel 8004 connected to an FPC 8003, a display panel 8006 connected to an FPC 8005, a backlight 8007, a frame 8009, a printed board 8010, and a battery 8011 are provided between an upper cover 8001 and a lower cover 8002.
The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for, for example, the display panel 8006.
The shapes and sizes of the upper cover 8001 and the lower cover 8002 can be changed as appropriate in accordance with the sizes of the touch panel 8004 and the display panel 8006.
The touch panel 8004 can be a resistive touch panel or a capacitive touch panel and can be formed to overlap with the display panel 8006. A counter substrate (sealing substrate) of the display panel 8006 can have a touch panel function. A photosensor may be provided in each pixel of the display panel 8006 to form an optical touch panel.
The backlight 8007 includes a light source 8008. Note that although a structure in which the light sources 8008 are provided over the backlight 8007 is illustrated in FIG. 38, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this structure. For example, a structure in which the light source 8008 is provided at an end portion of the backlight 8007 and a light diffusion plate is further provided may be employed. Note that the backlight 8007 need not be provided in the case where a self-luminous light-emitting element such as an organic EL element is used or in the case where a reflective panel or the like is employed.
The frame 8009 protects the display panel 8006 and also functions as an electromagnetic shield for blocking electromagnetic waves generated by the operation of the printed board 8010. The frame 8009 may function as a radiator plate.
The printed board 8010 is provided with a power supply circuit and a signal processing circuit for outputting a video signal and a clock signal. As a power source for supplying power to the power supply circuit, an external commercial power source or a power source using the battery 8011 provided separately may be used. The battery 8011 can be omitted in the case of using a commercial power source.
The display module 8000 may be additionally provided with a member such as a polarizing plate, a retardation plate, or a prism sheet.
FIGS. 39A to 39D illustrate electronic devices. These electronic devices can include a housing 600, a display portion 601, a speaker 603, an LED lamp 604, operation keys 605 (including a power switch or an operation switch), a connection terminal 606, a sensor 607 (a sensor having a function of measuring or sensing force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotational frequency, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, electric power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, oscillation, odor, or infrared ray), a microphone 608, and the like.
FIG. 39A illustrates a mobile computer that can include a switch 609, an infrared port 620, and the like in addition to the above components. FIG. 39B illustrates a portable image reproducing device (e.g., a DVD player) that is provided with a memory medium and can include a second display portion 602, a memory medium reading portion 621, and the like in addition to the above components. FIG. 39C illustrates a television receiver that can include a tuner, an image processing portion, and the like in addition to the above components. FIG. 39D illustrates a portable television receiver that can include a charger 627 capable of transmitting and receiving signals, and the like in addition to the above components.
FIGS. 39E to 39G illustrate a foldable portable information terminal 610. FIG. 39E illustrates the portable information terminal 610 that is opened. FIG. 39F illustrates the portable information terminal 610 that is being opened or being folded. FIG. 39G illustrates the portable information terminal 610 that is folded. The portable information terminal 610 is highly portable when folded. When the portable information terminal 610 is opened, a seamless large display region provides high browsability.
A display portion 612 is supported by three housings 615 joined together by hinges 613. By folding the portable information terminal 610 at a connection portion between two housings 615 with the hinges 613, the portable information terminal 610 can be reversibly changed in shape from an opened state to a folded state. A display device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the display portion 612. For example, a display device that can be bent with a radius of curvature of greater than or equal to 1 mm and less than or equal to 150 mm can be used.
The electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 39A to 39G can have a variety of functions, for example, a function of displaying a variety of data (a still image, a moving image, a text image, and the like) on the display portion, a touch panel function, a function of displaying a calendar, date, time, and the like, a function of controlling a process with a variety of software (programs), a wireless communication function, a function of being connected to a variety of computer networks with a wireless communication function, a function of transmitting and receiving a variety of data with a wireless communication function, a function of reading a program or data stored in a memory medium and displaying the program or data on the display portion, and the like. Furthermore, the electronic device including a plurality of display portions can have a function of displaying image data mainly on one display portion while displaying text data on another display portion, a function of displaying a three-dimensional image by displaying images on a plurality of display portions with a parallax taken into account, or the like. Furthermore, the electronic device including an image receiving portion can have a function of shooting a still image, a function of taking a moving image, a function of automatically or manually correcting a shot image, a function of storing a shot image in a memory medium (an external memory medium or a memory medium incorporated in the camera), a function of displaying a shot image on the display portion, or the like. Note that functions that can be provided for the electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 39A to 39G are not limited thereto, and the electronic devices can have a variety of functions.
The electronic devices described in this embodiment each include the display portion for displaying some sort of data. Note that the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can also be used for an electronic device which does not have a display portion.
The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.
EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE
100a: transistor, 100b: transistor, 100c: transistor, 100d: transistor, 100e: transistor, 100f: transistor, 100o: transistor, 100p: transistor, 100q: transistor, 100r: transistor, 101: substrate, 102: conductive film, 104: insulating film, 104a: insulating film, 104b: insulating film, 105: oxide semiconductor film, 105a: channel region, 105b: low-resistance region, 105c: low-resistance region, 106: oxide semiconductor film, 106a: channel region, 106b: low-resistance region, 106c: low-resistance region, 107: multilayer film, 107a: channel region, 107b: low-resistance region, 107c: low-resistance region, 108: oxide semiconductor film, 108a: channel region, 108b: low-resistance region, 108c: low-resistance region, 108d: region, 108e: region, 108f: low-resistance region, 108g: low-resistance region, 108h: low-resistance region, 108i: low-resistance region, 109: oxide semiconductor film, 109a: channel region, 109b: low-resistance region, 109c: low-resistance region, 110: multilayer film, 110a: channel region, 110b: low-resistance region, 110c: low-resistance region, 110d: region, 110e: region, 110f: low-resistance region, 110g: low-resistance region, 110h: low-resistance region, 110i: low-resistance region, 115: insulating film, 116: insulating film, 117: insulating film, 117a: insulating film, 117b: insulating film, 119: conductive film, 119a: conductive film, 119b: conductive film, 120: conductive film, 120a: conductive film, 120b: conductive film, 122: mask, 123: mask, 125: impurity element, 126: insulating film, 127: insulating film, 134: conductive film, 135: conductive film, 136: conductive film, 137: conductive film, 141: insulating film, 145: film, 146: oxygen, 161: nitride insulating film, 162: nitride insulating film, 500: FET, 501: substrate, 502: substrate, 504B: light-emitting element, 504G: light-emitting element, 504R: light-emitting element, 504W: light-emitting element, 506: conductive film, 507: conductive film, 508: partition wall, 509: structure, 510: EL layer, 512: conductive film, 514B: coloring layer, 514G: coloring layer, 514R: coloring layer, 514W: coloring layer, 516: substrate, 518: sealing film, 541: pixel circuit, 542: pixel portion, 544: driver circuit portion, 544a: gate driver, 544b: source driver, 546: protection circuit, 547: terminal portion, 550: transistor, 552: transistor, 554: transistor, 560: capacitor, 562: capacitor, 570: liquid crystal element, 572: light-emitting element, 600: housing, 601: display portion, 602: display portion, 603: speaker, 604: LED lamp, 605: operation key, 606: connection terminal, 607: sensor, 608: microphone, 609: switch, 610: portable information terminal, 612: display portion, 613: hinge, 615: housing, 620: infrared port, 621: memory medium reading portion, 627: charger, 700: display device, 700a: display device, 701: substrate, 702: pixel portion, 704: source driver circuit portion, 705: substrate, 706: gate driver circuit portion, 708: FPC terminal portion, 710: signal line, 711: wiring portion, 712: sealant, 716: FPC, 719: insulating film, 720: adhesive, 730: insulating film, 732: sealing film, 734: insulating film, 736: coloring film, 738: light-blocking film, 739: insulating film, 740: adhesive, 750: transistor, 752: transistor, 760: connection electrode, 766: insulating film, 770: planarization insulating film, 772: conductive film, 774: conductive film, 775: liquid crystal element, 776: liquid crystal layer, 778: structure, 780: anisotropic conductive film, 782: light-emitting element, 784: conductive film, 786: EL layer, 788: conductive film, 790: capacitor, 5100: pellet, 5120: substrate, 5161: region, 8000: display module, 8001: upper cover, 8002: lower cover, 8003: FPC, 8004: touch panel, 8005: FPC, 8006: display panel, 8007: backlight, 8008: light source, 8009: frame, 8010: printed board, 8011: battery.
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2014-022864 filed with Japan Patent Office on Feb. 7, 2014, Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2014-022865 filed with Japan Patent Office on Feb. 7, 2014, Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2014-051134 filed with Japan Patent Office on Mar. 14, 2014, and Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2014-051138 filed with Japan Patent Office on Mar. 14, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

## Claims

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate;
a first insulating film over the substrate;
a second insulating film over the first insulating film; and
a first transistor over the substrate, the first transistor including:
a first gate electrode over the substrate;
the first insulating film over the first gate electrode;
a first oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film, the first oxide semiconductor film overlapping with the first gate electrode;
a third insulating film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film;
a second gate electrode over the third insulating film, the second gate electrode comprising a metal oxide film; and
a first conductive film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the first oxide semiconductor film and the second gate electrode,
wherein the first oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the second gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film, and


a second transistor over the substrate, the second transistor including:
a second oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film;
a fourth insulating film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film;
a third gate electrode over the fourth insulating film; and
a second conductive film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the second oxide semiconductor film and the third gate electrode,


wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the third gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein the second insulating film comprises hydrogen.

3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in a rare gas than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in the rare gas than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein the second transistor has a single-gate structure.

6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein a cross-section of a channel formation region taken along a channel width direction of the first transistor shows that the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are connected to each other through an opening in the first insulating film and the second insulating film.

7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,
wherein an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film is different from an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film.

8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a channel length of the first transistor is greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm.

9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first transistor is in a driver circuit portion and the second transistor is in a pixel portion.

10. A semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate;
a first insulating film over the substrate;
a second insulating film over the first insulating film; and
a first transistor over the substrate, the first transistor including:
a first gate electrode over the substrate;
the first insulating film over the first gate electrode;
a first oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film, the first oxide semiconductor film overlapping with the first gate electrode;
a third insulating film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film;
a second gate electrode over the third insulating film, the second gate electrode comprising a metal oxide film; and
a first conductive film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the first oxide semiconductor film and the second gate electrode,
wherein the first oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the second gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film, and


a second transistor over the substrate, the second transistor including:
a second oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film;
a fourth insulating film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film;
a third gate electrode over the fourth insulating film; and
a second conductive film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the second oxide semiconductor film and the third gate electrode,


wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the third gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is a nitride insulating film comprising hydrogen,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen and a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen and a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in a rare gas than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in the rare gas than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

12. The semiconductor device according to claim 10,
wherein the second transistor has a single-gate structure.

13. The semiconductor device according to claim 10,
wherein a cross-section of a channel formation region taken along a channel width direction of the first transistor shows that the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are connected to each other through an opening in the first insulating film and the second insulating film.

14. The semiconductor device according to claim 10,
wherein an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film is different from an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film.

15. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein a channel length of the first transistor is greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm.

16. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the first transistor is in a driver circuit portion and the second transistor is in a pixel portion.

17. A semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate;
a first insulating film over the substrate;
a second insulating film over the first insulating film; and
a first transistor over the substrate, the first transistor including:
a first gate electrode over the substrate;
the first insulating film over the first gate electrode;
a first oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film, the first oxide semiconductor film overlapping with the first gate electrode;
a third insulating film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film;
a second gate electrode over the third insulating film, the second gate electrode comprising a metal oxide film; and
a first conductive film on and in direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the first oxide semiconductor film and the second gate electrode,
wherein the first oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the second gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film, and


a second transistor over the substrate, the second transistor including:
a second oxide semiconductor film over the first insulating film;
a fourth insulating film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film;
a third gate electrode over the fourth insulating film; and
a second conductive film on and in direct contact with the second oxide semiconductor film through an opening in the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is over the second oxide semiconductor film and the third gate electrode,
wherein the first oxide semiconductor film has a multilayer structure including at least a first film and a second film,
wherein the first film and the second film have different atomic ratios of metal elements,
wherein the second oxide semiconductor film has a multilayer structure including at least a third film and a fourth film,
wherein the third film has the same atomic ratio of metal elements as the first film and the fourth film has the same atomic ratio of metal elements as the second film,


wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a first region overlapping with the third gate electrode and a second region in direct contact with the second insulating film,
wherein the second insulating film is a nitride insulating film comprising hydrogen,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen and a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in hydrogen and a higher concentration in nitrogen than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

18. The semiconductor device according to claim 17,
wherein the second region of the first transistor has a higher concentration in a rare gas than the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film, and
wherein the second region of the second transistor has a higher concentration in the rare gas than the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film.

19. The semiconductor device according to claim 17,
wherein the second transistor has a single-gate structure.

20. The semiconductor device according to claim 17,
wherein a cross-section of a channel formation region taken along a channel width direction of the first transistor shows that the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are connected to each other through an opening in the first insulating film and the second insulating film.

21. The semiconductor device according to claim 17,
wherein an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the second oxide semiconductor film is different from an atomic ratio of metal elements contained in the first region of the first oxide semiconductor film.

22. The semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein a channel length of the first transistor is greater than or equal to 1.45 μm and less than or equal to 2.2 μm.

23. The semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein the first transistor is in a driver circuit portion and the second transistor is in a pixel portion.