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S. HRG. 112–893 

PROHIBITING THE USE OF DECEPTIVE PRACTICES 

AND VOTER INTIMIDATION TACTICS IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS: S. 1994 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS 

SECOND SESSION 

JUNE 26, 2012 

Serial No. J–112–84 

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary 

( 
(II) 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman 

HERB KOHL, Wisconsin 

DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California 

CHUCK SCHUMER, New York 

DICK DURBIN, Illinois 

SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island 

AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota 

AL FRANKEN, Minnesota 

CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware 

RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut 

CHUCK GRASSLEY, Iowa 

ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah 

JON KYL, Arizona 

JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama 

LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina 

JOHN CORNYN, Texas 

MICHAEL S. LEE, Utah 

TOM COBURN, Oklahoma 

BRUCE A. COHEN, Chief Counsel and Staff Director 

KOLAN DAVIS, Republican Chief Counsel and Staff Director 
(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS 

Page 

Leahy, Hon. Patrick J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Vermont .................... 1 

prepared statement .......................................................................................... 28 

Grassley, Hon. Chuck, a U.S. Senator from the State of Iowa ............................ 3 

Schumer, Hon. Charles E., a U.S. Senator from the State of New York, 

prepared statement .............................................................................................. 30 

Sessions, Hon. Jeff, a U.S. Senator from the State of Alabama, prepared 

statement .............................................................................................................. 32 

WITNESSES 

Witness List ............................................................................................................. 27 

Cardin, Hon. Benjamin L., a U.S. Senator from the State of Maryland ............. 5 

prepared statement .......................................................................................... 42 

House, Tanya Clay, Director of Public Policy, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil 

Rights Under Law, Washington, DC .................................................................. 8 

prepared statement .......................................................................................... 50 

Park, John J., Jr., of Counsel, Strickland Brockington Lewis LLP, Atlanta, 

Georgia .................................................................................................................. 10 

prepared statement .......................................................................................... 66 

Flanagan, Jenny, Director of Voting and Elections, Common Cause, Washington, DC ............................................................................................................. 12 

prepared statement .......................................................................................... 69 

QUESTIONS 

Questions submitted by Senator Leahy for Jenny Flanagan ............................... 75 

Questions submitted by Senator Grassley for Tanya Clay House ....................... 76 

Questions submitted by Senator Grassley for John J. Park, Jr. ......................... 82 

Questions submitted by Senator Grassley for Jenny Flanagan ........................... 85 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

Responses of Tanya Clay House to questions submitted by Senator Grassley .. 95 

Responses of John J. Park, Jr. to questions submitted by Senator Grassley ..... 111 

Responses of Jenny Flanagan to questions submitted by Senators Leahy 

and Grassley ......................................................................................................... 119 

MISCELLANEOUS SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD 

Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, New York, 

New York, statement ........................................................................................... 138 

De ̄mos Ideas & Action, Brenda Wright, Vice President, Legal Strategies, 

Washington, DC, June 25, 2012, letter .............................................................. 140 

Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), Lillie Coney, Associate Director, Washington, DC, statement ......................................................................... 142 

Executive Summary from Deceptive Practices, June 2012 Report ...................... 146 

Henderson, Wade, President & CEO, Leadership Conference on Civil and 

Human Rights, statement ................................................................................... 148 

National Bar Association, Daryl D. Parks, President, Tallahassee, Florida, 

statement .............................................................................................................. 151 

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), Washington, DC, statement .. 156 

National Urban League, Marc H. Morial, President and CEO, New York, 

New York, statement ........................................................................................... 158 
Page

IV 

New York Times, ‘‘In 5-Year Effort, Scant Evidence of Voter Fraud’’, April 

12, 2007, article .................................................................................................... 162 

Project Vote, Washington, DC, statement and attachments ................................ 168 

Shelton, Hilary O., Director, NAACP, Washington, DC, statement .................... 172 

U.S. Department of Justice, Judith C. Appelbaum, Acting Assistant Attorney 

General, July 2, 2012, letter ............................................................................... 175 

ADDITIONAL SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD 

Submissions for the record not printed due to voluminous nature, previously 

printed by an agency of the Federal Government or other criteria determined by the Committee: 

Deceptive Practices 2.0: Legal and Policy Responses—issued by Common 

Cause, The Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and The 

Century Foundation: 

http://www.commoncause.org/research-reports/ 

National_102008_Report_Deceptive_Practices_2-0.pdf 

Deceptive Election Practices and Voter Intimidation—The Need for Voter 

Protection—issued by Common Cause and The Lawyers’ Committee for 

Civil Rights Under Law, July 2012: 

http://www.commoncause.org/research-reports/ 

National_070612_Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation.pdf 
(1) 

PROHIBITING THE USE OF DECEPTIVE PRACTICES AND VOTER INTIMIDATION TACTICS 

IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS: S. 1994 

TUESDAY, JUNE 26, 2012 

U.S. SENATE, 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, 

Washington, DC. 

The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:06 a.m., in Room 

SD–226, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Patrick J. Leahy, 

Chairman of the Committee, presiding. 

Present: Senators Leahy, Schumer, Whitehouse, Coons, Grassley, 

and Lee. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. PATRICK J. LEAHY, A U.S. 

SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF VERMONT 

Chairman LEAHY. Thank you all for being here. We are holding 

a hearing to consider the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2011. It is intended to protect one of the 

most fundamental rights Americans enjoy: the right to vote. In December, I joined Senators Schumer, Cardin, Whitehouse, and others to introduce the bill. Actually, in 2007, I joined on similar legislation by then-Senator Barack Obama. 

The legislation has the support of the Justice Department. The 

Attorney General has identified it as one of three areas ‘‘crucial in 

driving progress’’ to protect all Americans and their right to vote. 

I think we have to be doing all we can to protect people’s access 

to the ballot box. 

The right to vote and to have your vote count is a foundational 

right, like our First Amendment rights, because it secures the effectiveness of other protections. Also, you have to be assured that 

everybody has the right to vote to give legitimacy of our Government. Attempts to deny Americans access to voting undermine our 

democracy. 

I am fortunate to be from a State like Vermont where most 

places you vote are very small areas, and everybody knows everybody. We never had any indication of a suppression of voters. But 

that does not happen everywhere. 

Protecting access for people is ever more important in the aftermath of the Citizens United decision by the Supreme Court, but we 

now know that as a result of the fact that corporations rather than 

individuals are wielding more and more influence over our electoral 

processes. In fact, just yesterday, without even a hearing, the Supreme Court doubled down on Citizens United by summarily strik-
2 

ing down a 100-year-old Montana State law barring corporate contributions to political campaigns, even though the record was very 

complete that the reason the law had been passed was because of 

the corrupting influence and the—actually, the corruption that occurred in Montana because of those same corporate contributions. 

I think that those on the Court who opened the floodgates to unlimited and unaccountable corporate spending on federal political 

campaigns have now taken another step to break down public safeguards against corporate money drowning out the voices of hardworking Americans. I am not one who thinks of corporations as 

being persons in that regard. If they were, we could say just because we elected General Eisenhower as President, why can’t we 

elect General Electric as President? Unfortunately, the way this is 

going, that may not be too far-fetched. 

Like Montana, Vermont is a small State, and we take our civic 

duties seriously and cherish our vital role in the democratic process. And I think the wave of corporate money we are seeing being 

spent around the country is a matter of concern, certainly in my 

State, and I think the Court dealt another severe blow to the rights 

of Vermonters and all Americans to be heard in public discourse 

and elections. 

Our country has come a long way in expanding and enshrining 

the right to vote, and I worry that we forget our history when we 

never should. We should never forget the significant areas we have 

overcome as a Nation. Pictures of Americans beaten by mobs, attacked by dogs, and blasted by water hoses for trying to register 

to vote are seared into our national consciousness. We even have 

a Member of the House of Representatives who nearly died when 

he tried to vote during that time. He was saved at the last minute 

by having his skull crushed by the clubs of the police officers. 

We remember a time when discriminatory practices such as poll 

taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were commonplace. 

But brave Americans struggled long and hard to get rid of that, 

and some did pay with their lives for their right to vote. I do not 

want to see this country backtrack on hard-won progress. 

Recently, rather than increasing access, we have seen restrictive 

voting laws. The recent action to purge Florida’s voter rolls of legal 

voters is but one example. Burdensome identification laws are others. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 

since 2001 nearly 1,000 voter ID bills have been introduced in 46 

States. Only three States do not have a voter ID law and did not 

consider voter ID legislation last year. One of those States is my 

own State of Vermont. But we are seeing laws that make it significantly harder for millions of eligible voters to cast ballots. I am not 

talking about people who would have been ineligible otherwise, but 

eligible voters, millions of them, are finding it harder to cast ballots. These include young voters, African Americans, those earning 

$35,000 per year or less, and the elderly. 

I will put all my statement in the record, but I remember the recall election in Wisconsin when voters got a robocall telling them, 

‘‘If you signed the recall petition, your job is done and you do not 

need to vote on Tuesday.’’ In the 2010 midterm elections, a robocall 

went out to over 110,000 Democratic voters in Maryland before the 

polls had closed stating that Democratic Governor Martin O’Malley 
3 

and President Obama had been successful and that there was no 

need to vote. No need to vote. It said, ‘‘Our goals have been met. 

The polls were correct. . . . We are okay. Relax. Everything is fine. 

The only thing left is to watch on TV tonight.’’ I mean, this is Orwellian in the evilness, and it is evil as well as illegal. 

President Obama was not on the ballot that year, and falsely 

telling voters to stay home could have cost Governor O’Malley and 

the people of Maryland if the election had been close. In 2010, in 

African American neighborhoods in Houston, Texas, a group circulated flyers stating that voting for one Democratic candidate 

would count as a vote for the whole ticket. 

So I think the need for the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act is documented, it is real. The bill would prohibit any person from purposely misleading voters regardless of 

qualifications or restrictions. 

The bill offers new ways to enforce these prohibitions, and it provides a tool for effective oversight by requiring the Attorney General to report to Congress on allegations of the dissemination of 

false information within 180 days of an election. 

And I might note that the first witness will be Senator Benjamin 

Cardin. Senator Cardin, we found gripping the stories you told of 

what happened in Maryland. These are the things we read about 

in our history books, but to see it in a recent time, it is evil and 

wrong. 

I yield to Senator Grassley and then to Senator Cardin, and I 

will put my full statement in the record. 

[The prepared statement of Chairman Leahy appears as a submission for the record.] 

STATEMENT OF HON. CHUCK GRASSLEY, A U.S. SENATOR 

FROM THE STATE OF IOWA 

Senator GRASSLEY. Mr. Chairman, to paraphrase Justice Scalia, 

frequently a bill raises a First Amendment issue ‘‘clad, so to speak, 

in sheep’s clothing.’’ The potential harm is understood only after 

careful study, and then to quote again, ‘‘But this wolf comes as a 

wolf.’’ 

This bill represents a frontal attack on First Amendment freedom of speech. The bill before us today was originally proposed by 

then-Senator Obama. At the 2007 hearing on this bill, a Maryland 

county executive complained about campaign literature and statements that were made supposedly by his opponent. In supporting 

this bill, he testified that he was ‘‘offended and outraged’’ that his 

opponent had displayed signs with what he terms the false statement, ‘‘We are not slaves to Democrats.’’ That statement is core political speech, fully protected by the First Amendment, no matter 

how much it might offend and outrage politicians. 

Unfortunately, that witness is unable to appear before us today 

as he is now serving a lengthy sentence in federal prison for engaging in extortion and conspiracy. 

President Obama has inaccurately attacked the Supreme Court 

rulings that protect core political speech, and now we hear that the 

same majority that claims to reverse the Constitution plans a hearing this summer on a constitutional amendment that would repeal 
4 

part of the First Amendment protection of political speech, and this 

should deeply trouble all Americans. 

The bill’s unconstitutionality goes beyond this criminalizing of 

what one of today’s witnesses refers to as ‘‘arguably fraudulent information.’’ Its structural unsoundness would create not a chilling 

effect but a freezing effect. How can anyone know in advance what 

is ‘‘arguably fraudulent’’ ? That effect is there even if the Public Integrity Section of the Justice Department cannot obtain any convictions. 

Proponents of this bill seem not to understand the dangers of 

having the Justice Department inject itself at the behest of politicians into prosecuting other politicians. Again quoting Justice 

Scalia from his same opinion, ‘‘Nothing is so politically effective as 

the ability to charge that one’s opponent and his associates are in 

all probability crooks, and nothing so effectively gives an appearance of validity to such charges as a Justice Department investigation and, even better, prosecution.’’ 

Even worse are the bill’s provisions for private right of action. 

The bill’s proponent erroneously believe that private suits can only 

be shields and never swords. No intermediary is necessary to file 

a civil suit against a political opponent on the eve of an election. 

Those claims will force your opponent to spend money on lawyers 

rather than against you. The press will report the claim of dirty 

tricks on the eve of an election. The victim will be unable to respond effectively to refute claims. Once again, the forces pushing 

for self-censorship would be enormous. 

No one condones the violation of criminal law, and although one 

would not know it from the bill’s supporters, the kinds of activities 

that occurred in Maryland and elsewhere that are on the bill’s findings are already prohibited by federal law. That is the conclusion 

of the Justice Department manual for criminal election prosecutions. Those who set up robocalls that jam phone banks were prosecuted. Maryland successfully prosecuted the makers of the ‘‘Relax, 

the election is won’’ calls. 

Existing federal law is violated by prohibiting false information 

on dates of election or polling place locations or false claims of eligibility to vote among other practices that witnesses rightfully decry. 

The constitutionality of prohibiting various claims of endorsement 

will have to wait until the Supreme Court’s decision in Alvarez is 

handed down, hopefully Thursday. 

This bill is also notable for what it omits. Voter dilution through 

allowing ineligible voters to vote is a serious constitutional violation. None of the proponents of this bill want to do anything about 

that. The Obama administration first denied Florida access to its 

database of illegal aliens for 9 months and then sued the State for 

trying to remove ineligible voters supposedly too close to the election. Florida and other States should be able to use the database 

to remove ineligible voters after the election and to prosecute those 

who voted illegally. 

If we want to go after deceptive statements in federal elections 

and existing law is insufficient, why doesn’t this bill criminalize 

voting by people here illegally or use the voter database to make 

sure that voter registration rolls do not contain such people who 

are here illegally? And why doesn’t this bill criminalize inten-
5 

tionally deceptive statements made by candidates themselves, such 

as whether or not they are Native Americans or whether they 

served in the military when they did not? This bill is a potential 

Pandora’s box that threatens First Amendment rights. 

Thank you. 

Chairman LEAHY. Well, Senator Cardin, you have seen firsthand 

what happens when we do not have the ability to stop these things, 

and I would note that you have had a great deal of experience both 

in the Maryland Legislature but also in the U.S. Senate and as a 

former member and valued member of this Committee. We are delighted to have you here. Please go ahead. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Before he speaks, can I have a statement by 

Senator Sessions included in the record? 

Chairman LEAHY. We will keep the record open until the end of 

the day for any statements by any Senators. 

[The prepared statement of Senator Sessions appears as a submission for the record.] 

STATEMENT OF HON. BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, A U.S. SENATOR 

FROM THE STATE OF MARYLAND 

Senator CARDIN. Chairman Leahy, thank you very much, Senator 

Grassley, Senator Klobuchar. It is a pleasure to return to the Judiciary Committee. 

Senator Leahy, I want to thank you and your Committee for its 

leadership on these issues, Senator Durbin and the Constitution 

Subcommittee holding hearings on what is happening in our States 

that are disenfranchising voters, and your continued leadership. 

Senator Grassley, I look forward to working with you. It looks like 

I have a little bit more work to do, but we are going to continue 

to try to find ways that we can advance the ability of all Americans 

to be able to cast their votes who are eligible to vote. 

As the Chairman pointed out, this legislation has been previously 

heard by the Judiciary Committee in 2007, and I was proud to be 

a cosponsor with Senator Obama at that time and Senator Schumer. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee, and a 

similar bill was passed in the U.S. House of Representatives by a 

voice vote. 

Let me just give a little bit of the history here. It has been nearly 

a century and a half since Congress and the States ratified the 

15th Amendment to the Constitution in 1870, which states that 

‘‘the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of 

race or color.’’ The amendment also gives Congress the power to enforce the Article by appropriate legislation. 

African Americans suffered through nearly another 100 years of 

discrimination at the hands of Jim Crow laws and regulations designed to make it difficult, if not impossible, for African Americans 

to register to vote due to literacy tests, poll taxes, and outright harassment and violence. 

It took Congress and the States nearly another century until we 

adopted the 24th Amendment to the Constitution in 1964, which 

prohibited poll taxes or any tax on the right to vote. And in 1965, 

Congress finally enacted the Voting Rights Act, which once and for 
6 

all was supposed to prohibit discrimination against voters on the 

basis of race or color. 

It is time for Congress to once again take action to stop the latest 

reprehensible tactics that are being used against African Americans, Latinos, and other minorities to interfere with their right to 

vote or their right to vote for the candidate of their choice as protected by the Constitution and in the civil rights statutes. These 

tactics undermine and erode our very democracy and threaten the 

very integrity of our electoral system. 

Mr. Chairman, our 2007 hearing record contains numerous examples of deceptive practices, so I will not repeat them in detail 

today. Suffice it to say the hearing record contained numerous examples, including listing the wrong day for the election, intentionally aimed at minority communities so that they would not 

show up to vote; telling Republicans to vote on Tuesday and Democrats to vote on Wednesday; warning recent immigrants not to vote 

due to the possibility of deportation; warning voters with unpaid 

parking tickets not to vote or face prison terms or loss of custody 

of their children. And as the Chairman pointed out, in my own 

election in 2006, I woke up on the morning of the election to see 

a piece of literature put out by my opponent who claimed to be the 

Democrat and endorsed by prominent African Americans who had 

endorsed me in an effort to confuse the African American vote. 

Mr. Chairman, this is not freedom of speech. These are deceptive 

practices that have no place in our election system. We know elections are rough businesses, but there need to be limits, and it is 

important for Congress to point it out. 

I want to bring to your attention deceptive practices that have 

happened since the last hearing. In 2008, Ohio residents reported 

receiving misleading automated calls giving voters incorrect information about the location of their polling place. In the same year, 

flyers were distributed, predominantly in African American neighborhoods in Philadelphia, falsely warning that people with outstanding warrants or unpaid parking tickets could be arrested if 

they showed up at polls on election day. In the same year, messages were sent to users of the social media website, Facebook, 

falsely stating that the election had been postponed a day. 

Students at some universities, including Florida State University, received a text message also saying the election had been postponed for the day. In the same year, a local registrar of elections 

in Montgomery County, Virginia, issued two releases incorrectly 

warning that students at Virginia Tech who registered to vote at 

their college could no longer be claimed as dependents on their parents’ tax returns or could lose scholarships or coverage under their 

parents’ car or health insurance. 

In the 2010 elections, in African American neighborhoods in 

Houston, Texas, a group called Black Democratic Trust of Texas 

distributed flyers falsely warning that a straight ticket vote for the 

Democratic Party would not count and that a vote just for a single 

Democratic candidate would count for the entire Democratic ticket. 

And as you pointed out, the 2010 elections in Maryland where the 

robocalls were made by the Republican candidate, but not identified that way, saying this was a call from the Democratic candidate 
7 

for Governor and from Barack Obama, there was no need to vote 

because the election already had been won. 

Senator Grassley, you are correct, that person was prosecuted 

under State law, not under federal law, prosecuted and a conviction 

was had. We want to make sure that in federal elections we have 

the protection that these types of fraudulent, deceptive communications will not be tolerated. This legislation is carefully drafted to 

comply with the First Amendment of the Constitution. It is carefully timed as to when the communications occur and the types of 

communications, and it gives the Department of Justice the tools 

they need to ensure the integrity of our election process and to 

make it clear that we will not tolerate that type of communication 

in a federal election which is aimed at disenfranchising minority 

voters. 

We thought those days were over, but they are not, and it is important for Congress to act to give the tools the Department of Justice they need. 

I am proud that Attorney General Holder supports this legislation. He believes it is needed as a tool so that they can do their 

jobs on behalf of the American people, and I would urge the Committee to favorably consider this legislation once again. 

Chairman LEAHY. Would you agree with me that simply putting 

up a First Amendment argument is not enough? If you could have 

deceptive—if deceptive statements were protected by the First 

Amendment, then somebody selling, for example, prescription 

drugs that had been proven to be totally unsafe could say, well, 

this has been certified as being very safe for your heart condition, 

for example, and if somebody then dies from it, they would say, 

well, we have a First Amendment right to say that. Is that too absurd an example? 

Senator CARDIN. The Chairman is absolutely right. The Supreme 

Court has said on numerous occasions that none of the rights in 

the Bill of Rights are absolute, that they are all subject to reasonable interpretation since we know that there is speech that is not 

protected under the First Amendment. 

Chairman LEAHY. Thank you. Thank you very much, Senator 

Cardin. I appreciate your being here. We still miss you on this 

Committee, but I am proud of your work on the other committees 

you are on. 

Senator CARDIN. I would ask that my entire statement be made 

part of the record. 

Chairman LEAHY. Of course, it will be made part of the record. 

Senator CARDIN. Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Senator Cardin appears as a submission for the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. As I have noted, statements by any Senators 

who wish to be added will be made part of the record. Thank you. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Thank you, Senator Cardin. 

Chairman LEAHY. I would like to ask Tanya House, John Park, 

and Jenny Flanagan to please come forward and take their seats. 

I do not know if those name plates have the same name on the 

back, but I think you are all in the right place. 

I am going to ask each of you to give your statements. Your full 

statements will be made part of the record. I apologize for the 
8 

voice. The allergies or whatever is in the air in Washington do not 

agree with me quite as much as in Vermont, and I seem to be reactive to the pollens. But nobody could complain about what a beautiful day it is. 

Ms. House is the director of the Public Policy Department at the 

Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, where she focuses 

on a variety of voting rights and social justice issues. She received 

her law degree from the University of Texas Law School. 

Ms. House, it is good to have you here. Please go ahead. 

STATEMENT OF TANYA CLAY HOUSE, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC 

POLICY, LAWYERS’ COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER 

LAW, WASHINGTON, DC 

Ms. HOUSE. Thank you. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Grassley, and everyone here today, thank you so much for allowing us 

to be here to talk about protecting the voting rights of all Americans. My name is Tanya Clay House. I am the director of public 

policy at the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. The 

Lawyers’ Committee is actively engaged in enforcing the right to 

vote and ensuring the integrity of our elections through litigation 

and policy advocacy, and we strongly support the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2011, and we want 

to thank particularly Senator Leahy as well as Senators Schumer 

and Cardin for reintroducing this bill that we have consistently 

supported since its inception in 2005. 

In the limited time I have, I want to focus primarily on why current federal and State laws are insufficient, also the particular importance of the corrective action provisions in Senate Bill 1994, as 

well as how this bill addresses actual and documented fraud 

against voters. During the questions and answers, I am happy to 

respond to any questions regarding the First Amendment protections. 

As previously stated by Senator Cardin, deceptive practices intentionally disseminate false and misleading information with the 

express purpose of influencing the outcome of elections. As technology becomes increasingly sophisticated, deceptive practices 

reach wider audiences, including taking the form of such things as 

flyers, robocalls, as well as text messages and even through the 

Internet. 

I want to showcase here—examples of a couple of flyers—some 

of which have already been mentioned by Senator Cardin, one in 

particular here in Texas. This does speak to the challenges that are 

faced particularly in certain communities, telling people when to 

vote, telling them the wrong information about voting on a Republican ticket versus a Democratic ticket. 

Additionally, we have another flyer here claiming to be from the 

Virginia State Board of Elections, stating that due to a larger expected voter turnout, the Democrats must vote on November 5th 

and that Republicans and their supporters may vote on November 

4th. 

Once again, this is a deceptive practice. This is false and misleading information. This is not protected speech. 

For years, the Lawyers’ Committee has documented this type of 

rise in deceptive tactics throughout our leadership of the Election 
9 

Protection non-partisan coalition, which is the largest type of protection and voter education effort. In fact, it was out of these efforts 

that we realized that there was a need for legislation such as the 

deceptive practices bill. 

Through our 866–OUR–VOTE hotline, which is also a way in 

which we receive calls and information about reports throughout 

this country, we have already received calls from over half a million people complaining about problems in their elections. This includes deceptive tactics like we have mentioned here today. 

My colleague, Jenny Flanagan, will speak further to the instances that we encountered in the Wisconsin recall election. 

Recently, we have also released a report, a 2012 report, on deceptive practices, again, with Common Cause. In this report, we do 

provide recommendations on how to move forward, and in this particular report, we discuss the insufficiencies of federal and State 

law. 

Now, while we agree that there must be proper enforcement of 

current voting rights statutes—and that proper enforcement can 

provide a significant deterrent against many forms of intimidation, 

they are not always sufficient. In particular, some point to Section 

11(b) of the Voting Rights Act as an adequate measure in preventing deceptive tactics. However, this section, commonly known 

as the ‘‘anti-intimidation provision,’’ does not contain the necessary 

criminal penalties to punish deceptive practices. 

Moreover, only a few States actually have laws protecting voters 

from these types of practices, and those that have done so, it is not 

completely clear exactly what type of deceptive practices would be 

criminalized. 

In sum, because these current laws do not uniformly address 

variations of these types of deceptive tactics, prosecutions are, 

therefore, rare. Ensuring that misinformation is immediately corrected and disseminated in a timely manner may often actually be 

the best remedy, especially when Election Day is near, and this is 

why not only the private right of action but also the corrective action component of this bill is particularly important. 

This immediate dissemination of information, of corrective information, will mitigate the confusion experienced by voters, particularly as expressed by Senator Cardin earlier, as encountered in 

Maryland. 

I would like to briefly address the claims of massive voter fraud, 

including false and multiple registrations. In short, the evidence 

does not substantiate this to be a true claim. Actual voter fraud is 

extremely rare, and often it is not intentional. On the other hand, 

deceptive practices indeed are intentional efforts to disenfranchise 

entire communities. 

The Lawyers’ Committee strongly supports the deceptive practices bill, and we urge this Committee to move forward with all deliberate speed in order to pass this law. As we come upon our 50th 

anniversary in 2013, we hope that we will also be celebrating the 

progress that this Nation has taken to protect the voting rights of 

all. As our Grand Marshal John Lewis often says, ‘‘The time to act 

is now.’’ We urge this Committee to fulfill our country’s democratic 

promise of fair and equal elections and pass the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2011. 
10 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. House appears as a submission 

for the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. Thank you. Every time I see my friend John 

Lewis, I cannot help but think it was not that long ago when Congressman Lewis was a young man marching for the right to vote 

and nearly died because he wanted to exercise his right to vote. 

Ms. HOUSE. Exactly. 

Chairman LEAHY. Our next witness is John Park, Jr. He is of 

Counsel with Strickland Brockington Lewis in Atlanta. He specialized in election, redistricting, and legislative government affairs. 

He received his law degree from Yale University. 

Mr. Park, delighted to have you here. Please go ahead, sir. And 

your whole statement will be made part of the record. 

STATEMENT OF JOHN J. PARK, JR., OF COUNSEL, STRICKLAND 

BROCKINGTON LEWIS LLP, ATLANTA, GEORGIA 

Mr. PARK. Mr. Chairman, Senator Grassley, thank you for the 

opportunity to speak this morning on Senate Bill 1994. As I indicated, I have concerns about this bill because it raises serious constitutional questions and because it is underinclusive, not because 

I approve of or condone the use of deceptive practices, voter intimidation, or both. 

The first point I would like to make is that before Congress creates new tools for the Department of Justice and private individuals to use, it should encourage the use of the ones that are presently existing. Those tools, including Section 11(b) of the Voting 

Rights Act, are generally underutilized and should be put to use 

before new criminal penalties are created. 

We are talking about regulating political speech which we know 

to be at the core of the First Amendment’s protection, and we know 

that regulation chills speech. The bill under consideration may chill 

legitimate expressions of opinion. It may chill statements on unsettled grounds of fact or law. It may chill the making of even truthful 

statements, and it will do so within 90 days of an election, and that 

is both federal and State elections because they frequently coincide. 

During that time, anyone who wishes to speak will have to think 

about not simply whether what they are saying is truthful but, 

rather, whether that statement could expose them to an action 

from the opposing party. And what we know is coming on probably 

Thursday, we are talking about false statements, and the Court in 

Alvarez will address the power of Congress to impose criminal penalties for statements that are untruthful. And we know we cannot 

read anything into an oral argument, but it is going to be an interesting decision one way or the other. 

What you propose to do is give the Department of Justice and 

lawyers new tools, and when lawyers get tools, they put them to 

use, and frequently they put them to use trying to pound round 

pegs into square holes and square pegs into round holes. 

When you talk about knowing, what do we understand knowing 

to be? Do we know knew, somebody knew it? But we also think 

about whether they should have known it. So we are going to back 

up to should have known. We are going to back up to reckless. 

Somebody makes a statement that may be—that someone will 
11 

deem reckless. Is that knowing? Is a statement that is made negligently a knowing statement? 

We are also likely to see, if a private right is created, a movement from effect to impute intent and from intent to impute knowledge. And all of this has an obvious effect on the opposing campaign and the opposing parties. 

In my experience in Alabama, as I talk about in my statement, 

with the Judicial Inquiry Commission, the canons that govern the 

conduct of judicial candidates regulated their ability to make statements that were neither known to be false or with reckless disregard of whether that information was false, and statements 

knowing that the information disseminated would be deceiving or 

misleading to a reasonable person. 

While there was no private right of action and only the Judicial 

Inquiry Commission could initiate charges, individuals would 

flyspeck the ads of their opposing candidates and make complaints 

to the Judicial Inquiry Commission in the hope that it would have 

an effect on the candidate. It would knot them up, require them to 

come in and explain the basis for their statement, and that had a 

pernicious effect in at least one campaign. 

I would note that you are talking about 90 days before an election. That is a sensitive time, and that should be read to heighten 

constitutional concerns. 

With respect to underinclusion, I have noted that Senate 1994 

does not address fraudulent registration, multiple registrations, or 

compromised absentee ballots, and I encourage the Committee to 

address those. 

Thank you for this opportunity, and I will be happy to answer 

any questions you may have. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Park appears as a submission for 

the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. Well, thank you. As I said your statement will 

be made part of the record. 

I notice that in that you—I want to put something else in the 

record. You said that the part of your opposition is based on that 

the bill is underinclusive because it does not address fraud, and 

you identified testimony which raised some of the same concerns 

raised in this Committee in 2007. But I would also note that in 

2007 the New York Times article reported that at that point 5 

years into the Bush administration’s crackdown on voter fraud, 

they turned up virtually no evidence of any organized effort at 

voter fraud, and so I will put that article also in the record. 

[The article appears as a submission for the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. Our next witness will be Ms. Jenny Flanagan. 

Ms. Flanagan is the director of voting and elections at Common 

Cause. Prior to that time, she worked with the New York State 

Legislature to implement the Help America Vote Act. She received 

her law degree and her master’s in social work from the University 

of Denver. 

As with all witnesses, Ms. Flanagan, your full statement will be 

made part of the record. Please go ahead. 
12 

STATEMENT OF JENNY FLANAGAN, DIRECTOR OF VOTING 

AND ELECTIONS, COMMON CAUSE, WASHINGTON, DC 

Ms. FLANAGAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Senator Grassley, for 

the opportunity to testify here today about the Deceptive Practices 

and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act and how this bill provides 

proactive means to guard against this most heinous form of voter 

suppression we are talking about today. 

Common Cause is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to empowering citizens, ordinary people, to make their voices 

heard in our political process. Common Cause, along with its coalition partners, including the Election Protection Coalition, have received numerous complaints over the years at our State offices 

around the country, from Colorado to Wisconsin, from Ohio to 

Pennsylvania. We have been responding to the kinds of intimidation and misleading acts that are being discussed here this morning. 

‘‘Voter suppression’’ has become a household phrase in recent 

months, and this is nothing to be proud of. There is a gap between 

the rhetoric and the reality of voter fraud, and that cannot go unnoticed. What we are focused on today is a real threat to our elections—coordinated, intentional efforts to intimidate and deceive 

voters to suppress turnout in our elections. 

The single most fundamental right of all Americans is to cast a 

ballot in an election and be counted in our democratic process, so 

it is disheartening that today we are here to address a crisis in our 

elections where partisan operatives utilize trickery, lies, and deceit 

to change election outcomes. 

Most Americans are shocked and appalled when they hear that 

these campaigns exist, but we know that they do, and we cannot 

stand by and wait for it to get worse. 

I want to focus my few minutes here to talk about some recent 

examples of deceptive practices that have affected voters and how 

this bill will address those problems, because the impact of spreading false information is very real. When we receive a call from a 

voter who has been misled or is confused because of a deceptive 

flyer or robocall, we do everything in our power to help them access 

the correct information so that they can vote. But we do not hear 

from every affected voter. 

In Pueblo, Colorado, on November 3, 2008, on the eve of the 

Presidential election, voters in a heavily Latino Community received robocalls telling them that their precinct had changed and 

gave them incorrect precinct locations to go to instead. The clerk 

and recorder found out about this call from a family member and 

immediately called the local media and held an impromptu press 

conference on his front lawn. 

On election day, his office was still inundated by calls from confused and angry voters who wondered how their precinct could 

have changed so suddenly the night before an election. Without 

other tools for corrective action, Clerk Ortiz in Pueblo took the necessary steps to make sure that his voters were able to vote on election day. That is not the case around the country. 

Earlier this month, voters in Wisconsin, as has been discussed 

already, reported receiving robocalls on election day giving them 

false information. Specifically, voters stated that the calls said, ‘‘If 
13 

you signed the recall petition, your job is done and you do not need 

to vote on Tuesday.’’ 

Well, to counter these calls, elected officials, civic engagement 

groups locally and nationally, including Common Cause and the 

Lawyers’ Committee through our Election Protection Coalition, we 

issued statements, we reached out to the media, calls for immediate corrective action, and let voters know what their rights were, 

and responsibilities, in order to participate in the election. 

The time for federal reform is now. Many States do not have 

statutes that adequately address deceptive practices, and where 

they do exist, they vary greatly in scope and strength. The prevention and redress of deceptive practices should be addressed uniformly. 

As I just told you about the Colorado clerk, immediate corrective 

action in the wake of deceptive practices must take place as soon 

as reports come in. This legislation establishes the framework to do 

just that on or prior to election day because after the election it is 

simply too late. 

Once enacted, this bill will be stronger and more comprehensive 

than existing State laws, and the critical components to combating 

deceptive practices requires the strong penalties, the immediate 

corrective action, and a true assessment of the problems that voters 

face each and every election. With these actions, we can assure 

that Americans can enjoy the free exercise of elections. 

Deceptive practices are among the worst forms of voter suppression where we intentionally mislead voters about the process and 

prevent them potentially from voting. It often goes unaddressed, 

and perpetrators are virtually never caught. Therefore, it is time 

to do something about it here and now so that our elections really 

can be of, by, and for the people. 

I appreciate the opportunity to testify today, and I look forward 

to the questions you may have. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Flanagan appears as a submission for the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. I appreciate you being here. I appreciate all 

three of you being here. 

I am going to direct this to Ms. House. As I read the legislation, 

I see a very narrow carveout to avoid infringing on constitutionally 

protected speech. I am the son of a printer from Vermont, and I 

remember my parents one time as a child telling me to protect and 

revere the First Amendment, the right of free speech, the right to 

practice any religion you want, or none if you want, guaranteeing 

diversity of thought and views in America and guaranteeing our 

democracy. So I watch that very carefully. 

But let me ask you, you are a civil rights lawyer. You have had 

a lot of experience in this field. Do you have any concerns this legislation might have a chilling effect on speech? 

Ms. HOUSE. Thank you for that question, and the answer to your 

question is no. We have specifically put in place, working with your 

office and with Senator Schumer and Senator Cardin, language 

that would ensure that this is not indeed chilling political speech. 

It is narrowly tailored, and it serves a compelling interest of the 

State in order to protect this fundamental right to vote. And, by 

specifically putting an intent standard in there—we have to show 
14 

that there is an intent to provide misleading and false information 

and that they knowingly did so, additionally providing that there 

is a timeline limiting this speech, so that this type of speech is only 

limited within that 90-day period before the election, and also ensuring that there is a limitation on the type of speech that we are 

actually regulating, which is time, place, manner. That is the type 

of tailoring that is necessary to conform to the standards which the 

Supreme Court has set forth in order to ensure that the First 

Amendment protections are provided. 

Chairman LEAHY. Well, you know, one of the things we always 

look at in any legislation that comes up is: Is this necessary? And 

one of the arguments we are hearing against this legislation is 

there are plenty of remedies currently available to protect voters 

from intimidation and deception. I take it you do not agree with 

that. 

Ms. HOUSE. You are right. I do not agree with that, and the evidence does not bear that. We have documented this and have put 

together this report with Common Cause looking at the State laws 

that are currently in effect, and I believe only about 10 of the 

States currently, I think upwards of 10 or so, that actually have 

some form of deceptive practices laws on the books. And, in fact, 

they are not very vigorous and not everyone is actually enforcing 

those laws in a way that is going to ensure that we are protecting 

people’s rights when they do have these types of deceptive tactics 

and flyers that are occurring within their State. 

Maryland is an anomaly, and we are very encouraged and happy 

that there was proper enforcement that took place after what happened, particularly during Senator Cardin’s race. However, that is 

not the case across the board. And as Jenny indicated earlier, we 

need a uniform law, particularly on the federal level, to ensure that 

we do have this type of enforcement by the Federal Government 

and that we are able to provide corrective action. 

Chairman LEAHY. I looked at some of the material getting ready 

for this, the letters in Spanish targeting California Latino voters 

stating that it was a crime for immigrants to vote. I think of my 

grandparents who were immigrants from Italy and very, very 

proud American citizens, and I remember as a little boy going with 

them into the small town hall in Vermont where they lived to 

watch them vote. 

This letter did not point out that naturalized citizens like my 

parents and my grandparents or my wife’s parents can vote just as 

any of the rest of us. 

Is this just one very rare example of intimidation, or do you have 

others? 

Ms. HOUSE. Unfortunately, that is not a rare example of intimidation. We have experienced that in other States as well. We have 

experienced those types of flyers, also other things in Arizona. We 

have also experienced types of flyers telling people that they will 

be criminalized or sent to jail, if they have a traffic ticket, therefore 

they cannot vote, they are ineligible, things like that in Wisconsin. 

It is particularly discouraging to have these types of flyers that 

are occurring across the country, and particularly when we know 

that they are being targeted to a certain demographic of voters. As 

you mentioned, the flyer that you spoke about was targeted to im-
15 

migrants. Well, unless I know my history lessons wrong, I believe 

everyone is an immigrant except the Native American population 

here. I may not be an immigrant because my family was brought 

here as slaves, but, anyway, the point is that it is not something 

that we need to allow to continue in this country because this, in 

fact, is an attempt to undermine a very core value that we have 

in the democratic process, which is the right to vote. 

Chairman LEAHY. My time has expired, and I have other questions and, Ms. Flanagan, I have a couple questions for you for the 

record, which I would like answered. 

Chairman LEAHY. Senator Grassley. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thanks to all the 

witnesses. 

Mr. Park, you have experience in private right of action litigation 

involving political candidates. Most of the witnesses today see only 

very positive results that could come from private right of action 

suits under the bill. Could you describe some of the negative effects 

of private right of action in practice and under the Constitution 

against deceptive statements in the context of a political campaign? 

Mr. PARK. Going back to my experience with the Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission, one of the effects of bringing charges 

against a candidate who was then a judge was to disqualify that 

judge from further service, and the Judicial Inquiry Commission 

brought charges against one of the candidates for chief justice in 

a campaign with respect to certain statements made in advertisements. That affected the court’s business and affected his ability to 

do his job, and as it turned out, the canons were substantially unconstitutional, the regulated speech that was within the scope of 

the First Amendment. 

Moving to this bill, you are empowering people to file lawsuits 

to seek to stop speech with which they disagree, and that speech 

may or may not be knowingly false, but the lawsuit is available for 

them to do that, and that will have a chilling effect on them. It will 

give them a tool that they can use to knot up opposing campaigns, 

and for those reasons I think Congress should hesitate before it 

creates this private right of action. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Your prepared testimony mentions that many 

of the practices in the bill seek to prohibit what are already violations of federal criminal law. One of the few that is not is endorsement provisions. Could you outline how federal law already criminalizes many of the deceptive and intimidating practices that have 

been offered to supposedly justify the law? 

Mr. PARK. There are several federal statutes, including one 

criminal statute, 18 U.S. Code 241. There is Section 11(b) of the 

Voting Rights Act, which is civil. And there is 42 U.S. Code 

1971(b). 

In New Hampshire, the successful prosecution was brought 

under 18 U.S. Code 241, is my understanding. In Maryland, I believe it was under State law. 

If the Department of Justice does not want to use the existing 

remedies, it should explain why it has not used them to date. 

Senator GRASSLEY. The bill would prohibit claims that a candidate or party has endorsed a candidate that it has not. Could you 

explain First Amendment problems with that prohibition? 
16 

Mr. PARK. A claim that someone has endorsed a candidate is not 

always easy to determine whether that is, in fact, true. Endorsements are sometimes subtle. Can you endorse by presence at a 

campaign event? And can you claim the support of someone with 

whom you have spoken privately? And the bill would give somebody a tool to file suit and say you were not, in fact, endorsed by 

that other person whose support you claim. And you are entitled 

to make truthful statements, and you would have to defend the 

truthfulness of the statement that you made. 

Senator GRASSLEY. One of the witnesses today favors this bill because it affects only ‘‘unprotected speech’’ and would prohibit ‘‘the 

dispersal of arguably fraudulent speech.’’ Is arguably fraudulent 

speech unprotected speech under the First Amendment? 

Mr. PARK. I do not think so. One of the points you can draw from 

the oral argument transcript in Alvarez is the Court seems to disagree with the notion that there is no—that the First Amendment 

does not prohibit all statements that are false, much less statements that are arguably false. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Could you describe the unconstitutional 

chilling effect the enactment of this bill would create? 

Mr. PARK. In the 90-day period before an election, someone who 

wishes to speak about any of the subjects that are in the bill, and 

in that regard there are things you can say that are truthful. Some 

people cannot vote. Some non-citizens in particular are not entitled 

to vote. 

You have to consider whether your expression of opinion, your 

expression with respect to an unsettled question, or simple truthful 

speech with which an opponent may disagree could bring you a 

lawsuit, and you have to weigh the value of that speech and your 

making that speech against the possibility that you will be sued, 

and the chilling effect is one to which the Supreme Court has repeatedly pointed to in First Amendment cases. 

Senator GRASSLEY. Thank you. 

Chairman LEAHY. Well, thank you. I am going to submit for the 

record statements in support for the bill from the NAACP, the National Urban League, the National Bar Association, the Leadership 

Conference, Brennan Center, Project Vote. 

[The statements appear as a submission for the record.] 

Chairman LEAHY. I have to go to the floor. I am going to yield 

to Senator Whitehouse and then Senator Lee, and Senator Schumer is coming to take over the gavel. Thank you all for being here. 

We will chat more. 

Senator Whitehouse. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. Thank you, Chairman. 

I wonder if I could ask any of the witnesses to speak for a mom 

about the procedure known as ‘‘voter caging’’ and the history of 

that kind of activity and the extent to which this would be addressed by the measure you are describing. Ms. House. 

Ms. HOUSE. Voter caging is another type of deceptive and intimidation tactic that has also been occurring and—— 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. Could you describe it for the record of this 

hearing? 

Ms. HOUSE. Sure, absolutely. It is essentially kind of a term of 

art that is usually used in marketing, but now it is essentially 
17 

when people—when organizations attempt to send materials or 

documentation to verify people’s residency, and if that information 

is sent back and is not verified by no fault of their own, then they 

are challenged at the voting booth as not being a resident or eligible to vote. And this is something that we have been seeing that 

also has been on the rise, that we have encountered through Election Protection, particularly even in the last federal elections. Especially in 2008, we encountered a lot of voter caging that was occurring in Michigan, in Ohio, challenges that were happening particularly because of the foreclosure crisis. That is ongoing, and this is 

particularly sad because we know that we are in such a stark economic situation, even as we are getting better. However, people are 

still having challenges in the housing arena. Therefore, people are 

taking advantage of that situation and claiming that simply because a person or a family may be in the process of foreclosure proceedings, that therefore they are not eligible to vote. And that could 

not be further from the truth. They are—— 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. On the evidence of the mail having been 

returned. 

Ms. HOUSE. Exactly. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. It could also signify that they are a student away at school, a soldier, away on assignment. 

Ms. HOUSE. It could signify numerous things. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. There could be any number of reasons. 

Ms. HOUSE. That is right. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. And the reason that this is pernicious is 

because political organizations do it targeting specific neighborhoods in order to challenge the vote out of that neighborhood, and 

they choose neighborhoods that are associated with strong votes for 

the opposing party, correct? 

Ms. HOUSE. That is correct. That is correct. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. Would this bear on the voter caging problem? 

Ms. HOUSE. This particular bill? 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. Yes. 

Ms. HOUSE. Well, this bill would address on some level the 

false—you know, challenges to inhibiting registration. It does not 

address, I think, as much as we need to, voter caging. I think that 

is one area in which we also support other types of legislation that 

you have introduced and we have supported in the past. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. I just wanted to be clear that this did not 

displace my legislation. 

Ms. HOUSE. No, it does not. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. It does not. It will be a supplement to it. 

Very good. 

Ms. HOUSE. We still support it. 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. I will yield my time back. I see that Senator Schumer—— 

Senator SCHUMER [presiding]. The Chair will note that no one 

ever displaces Sheldon Whitehouse or his legislation. 

Senator Lee. 

Senator LEE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thanks to all of you 

for joining us. 
18 

Ms. House, I wanted to start with you and just ask if you wanted 

to respond to Mr. Park’s assertion that federal law in this area is 

sufficient as it now exists, or at least could cover much or most of 

the conduct that we are concerned about. 

Ms. HOUSE. Sure. Well, as Mr. Park indicated, correctly, 11(b) is 

civil and so it does not criminalize and does not actually address 

deceptive tactic, and neither do other federal statutes, in fact. I 

mean, there are other conspiracy laws, and they deal with intimidation. They have not been utilized in a manner that is necessary 

in order to get to specific issues regarding flyers such as this. 

Senator LEE. Is their non-utilization due to the fact that the law 

itself is inadequate or is it just that the prosecutors have not—— 

Ms. HOUSE. It is inadequate. It is both inadequate, and it has not 

been utilized by law enforcement authorities in order to prosecute 

these types of claims. And, in fact, the Department of Justice has 

indicated as such, that is why they support this type of legislation 

because it would enable them to be very directed in addressing 

these types of deceptive tactics and flyers. 

Senator LEE. With regard to State law, anytime I look at expanding our existing body of federal law, I instinctively tend to ask the 

question, you know, is State law adequate, particularly if we are 

talking about a criminal provision. 

When you referred to the fact that State law is not covering it, 

is this because State laws are themselves inadequate? Or is it the 

manner of their implementation that is inadequate? 

Ms. HOUSE. Well, it is both. For the most part, they are inadequate, and I think I misstated earlier, there are not 10 deceptive 

practices bills. There are a number of States upwards of, I think, 

eight or so that actually have types of either fraud or other statutes in place that could be utilized to prosecute deceptive practices. 

Senator LEE. Garden variety fraud. 

Ms. HOUSE. Garden variety fraud statutes. They are not being 

utilized in that manner, and there are only a couple that actually 

have specific deceptive practices on the books, and they still are not 

clear in their definition of exactly what types of deceptive practices 

would be covered under that. And, therefore, it does make it very 

difficult to prosecute, and also it does not necessarily provide the 

required corrective action component that we are suggesting here 

today within Senate Bill 1994. 

Senator LEE. And do you believe that—let us suppose States 

were to adopt those. Is it your position that States should not be 

the ones focused on protecting federal elections, protecting the honesty and integrity of federal elections, that that ought to be a federal function because we are talking about federal offices? 

Ms. HOUSE. So you are asking whether or not if the States do 

everything, therefore we do not need the federal law? 

Senator LEE. Could States—if you had States adopting legislation that was more robust, would you still prefer to have federal 

legislation on the books to cover elections involving federal offices? 

Ms. HOUSE. Yes. Yes, I mean, we are working on both fronts. We 

are working both to try to work in the States to provide more robust statutes in the State legislatures, but we also believe that it 

is necessary on the federal level to have a more uniform requirement. 
19 

Additionally, it is not always the case that State and local authorities will prosecute, nor is it the case that they will also provide 

the necessary information to disseminate if we do have deceptive 

flyers. And that is something that we do oftentimes rely upon the 

Federal Government to do, especially when you have targeted communities, particularly communities of color and those who are vulnerable that may not otherwise be protected by the State and local 

authorities. 

Senator LEE. Okay. Do you care to respond to Mr. Park’s comments regarding the concerns that he has raised regarding the private right of action and how that might be abused? 

Ms. HOUSE. I think that as an attorney myself, a private right 

of action is a necessary vehicle in order to protect—in order to ensure that people’s rights are protected, I think any law can be 

abused, and I do not think that it is justifiable to suggest that simply because there is potential for abuse that, therefore, you should 

not enact a law or provide a provision that could be so effective in 

protecting a fundamental right, which is the right to vote. 

Senator LEE. I understand that. I understand that, but you 

would agree with the fact that as law makers we have to look at 

each bill that we look at and try to figure out whether we would 

be creating as many or more problems as we are solving with it. 

Ms. HOUSE. Sure. 

Senator LEE. And so that is a legitimate thing for—— 

Ms. HOUSE. It is a legitimate question to ask, and I think that 

in this regard we do not feel, the Lawyer’s Committee does not feel 

that we would be creating more harm than good. In fact, it would 

be the complete opposite, that, in fact, we would be really providing 

those vehicles—a vehicle to deter and stop some of these deceptive 

tactics that are taking place across the country. 

Senator LEE. Okay. I see my time has expired. Thank you very 

much. 

Thank you, Chairman. 

Senator SCHUMER. Well, thank you, Senator Lee. 

First, I have a statement that I am going to put in the record. 

[The prepared statement of Senator Schumer appears as a submission for the record.] 

Senator SCHUMER. I have cared long about this. In fact, I am the 

lead cosponsor with Senator Cardin on the legislation. It is absolutely despicable what some people do. And to say that the First 

Amendment protects anything but threats does not make any sense 

whatsoever. The First Amendment is not absolute. Our Supreme 

Court should know that also. No amendment is absolute. We have 

libel laws. You cannot falsely scream ‘‘Fire’’ in a crowded theater. 

We have antipornography laws. I take it you support some of these 

things, Mr. Park. Do you support antipornography laws? 

Mr. PARK. Yes, Senator Schumer. 

Senator SCHUMER. And you support libel laws? 

Mr. PARK. Yes, Senator Schumer. 

Senator SCHUMER. Right, Okay. So the First Amendment is 

clearly not absolute. We know that because we all—no amendment 

is absolute. And, by the way, I believe that of all the amendments. 

Balancing is very important. It is easy to be an absolutist, and it 
20 

is wrong, because life is shades of gray in just about every area. 

And in our Constitution as well, there are always balancing tests. 

So I just think some of these practices are just despicable, sending on what looks like official letterhead, ‘‘Your date of voting has 

changed to Wednesday,’’ just to Democrats and not to Republicans. 

These things—to me, people like this really belong in jail because 

they are really violating the fabric of our democracy. I just find 

them despicable. Despicable. 

One of the things we are facing in this democracy is less and less 

faith in it, and one of the reasons is because people have found 

ways to interfere with democracy that nobody would support. 

There is a movement to suppress voting. ALEC and other groups 

have done this, and, again, I find that to just be corrosive of democracy. 

So no amendment is absolute. Obviously, there is a 15th Amendment, there is a First Amendment. So I guess my question—this 

is to Mr. Park—is: You would agree that a specific threat, it is 

verbal, ‘‘If you vote, I am going to shoot you’’—Okay, let us take 

a bald, horrible one—could be prohibited federally? Is that true? 

Mr. PARK. I think it could be prohibited—— 

Senator SCHUMER. Under the 15th Amendment? 

Mr. PARK [continuing]. Under existing law. 

Senator SCHUMER. What? 

Mr. PARK. I think it could be prohibited under existing law. 

Senator SCHUMER. Well, maybe it could, but let us say some 

State does not have a law that covers that specific situation. Just 

hypothetically, I am asking you could the 15th Amendment—would 

the 15th Amendment trump the First Amendment—because obviously it is just speech, but speech that we have always prohibited— 

in that instance? Assuming the State had no law, let us just agree 

for the sake of argument. 

Mr. PARK. Assuming that there was neither federal or State law, 

I think that you could criminalize that conduct. 

Senator SCHUMER. Okay. So then the question is: The conduct we 

are talking about prohibiting here, which is not direct threat but 

a step down, two steps down—you can define it as you will—why 

is that protected—or why does not the 15th Amendment trump 

that type of activity as well? I would like to hear that out from you. 

I know some people have talked in similar questions, but I would 

like to hear a direct answer on that. It has the same effect, by the 

way, of prohibiting people from voting, getting them not to vote, 

and by being deliberate—you know, there are stringent requirements in the bill—by deliberately lying to them. There is no intent 

to inform or anything else. 

Mr. PARK. I understand that, Senator Schumer. My argument 

was that existing federal law, which is underutilized, already provides the possibility of deterring and punishing that kind of—— 

Senator SCHUMER. No, I understand that, sir, but my question to 

you is whether this law is unconstitutional or violative of the First 

Amendment. And you are arguing that it is, I presume. 

Mr. PARK. My argument is that it raises serious constitutional 

concerns in that it may chill protected speech. And we do not know 

yet what the U.S. Supreme Court is going to do in United States 

v. Alvarez, the Stolen Valor case. It will speak one way or another 
21 

and may provide substantial guidance on the ability of Congress to 

punish speech that is not truthful. 

Senator SCHUMER. Right. And here we are not disputing that the 

speech is not truthful. We are not disputing that it was done maliciously. We are not disputing that the intent was to prevent people 

from voting. To me, the distinction on a constitutional basis between the direct threat, which we would all agree would be constitutionally—the law going after that would be constitutionally 

protected, and this is not—it is not a real distinction. It is not a 

difference that makes a difference, as the professors used to say at 

law school. 

Do either Ms. House or Ms. Flanagan want to comment on that? 

Ms. FLANAGAN. Thank you. I think this is an important discussion, and let us remember what we are talking about. We are talking about lying. We are talking about intentionally lying to deceive 

an eligible from participating in an election, our most fundamental 

right to access our democracy. 

So I do not think that this can or should be protected. I mean, 

as you said in your opening comments, you cannot yell ‘‘Fire’’ in a 

crowded theater. There are—— 

Senator SCHUMER. Falsely. 

Ms. FLANAGAN. Falsely. There are limitations. 

[Laughter.] 

Ms. FLANAGAN. And that is the point here, too, right? 

Senator SCHUMER. Yes. 

Ms. FLANAGAN. False information, lies about our right to vote 

cannot be protected, and we have got to do something about it. And 

I think what is important about this bill is not just penalizing 

those actions, but doing something about it by requiring this corrective action so we have an immediate response and by gathering 

more information through the reporting requirement. You know, 

groups like ours, we have been researching and talking with voters 

over the years, but we need to create a congressional record so we 

can truly make the changes necessary. 

Senator SCHUMER. All right. Ms. House. 

Ms. HOUSE. I would simply agree with what Ms. Flanagan has 

stated. We completely believe that this is not protected speech, that 

deceptive flyers and tactics cannot go unaccounted for and 

unaddressed. It is particularly pernicious because we are targeting 

these vulnerable communities. And so, I mean, I do not know that 

there is much else to say other than this has to be addressed, that 

we are talking about protecting a fundamental right. And if we 

simply state that we cannot provide for this protection of a fundamental right because we are worried that somewhere down the line 

there may be a potential—some possibility that speech may be 

chilled is simply unacceptable because there are limitations on 

speech. And this is false speech. These are false claims, misrepresentations and misinformation, and, therefore it is not protected. 

And we do believe that there is Supreme Court precedent to substantiate that. And even with Alvarez coming in the near future, 

that case does provide still some guidance as to what we are talking about within this bill. 

We indeed provide that there has to be an intent. The information has to be shown to be materially false, and knowingly. And so, 
22 

therefore, that actually still is within the guidelines of what we are 

talking about in Alvarez, either way it goes. 

And so, regardless, we do believe that this is a bill that we can 

move forward with and that would not only protect the fundamental right to vote, but not chill political speech. 

Senator SCHUMER. Thank you, Ms. House. And I see Senator 

Coons is here. But we drafted it very carefully that way, and, you 

know, you can always make the argument against any intentional 

tort or intentional—or in criminal law, with intent, ‘‘Well, you are 

going to chill something because some people might do something 

carelessly,’’ or whatever. That is why we have intent. And if you 

do not believe that intent works, you are going to throw out, you 

know, 20 percent of the laws in this country. And I think it is a 

subterfuge, to be honest with you. I think it is people who—some 

of the people who argue this are not really appalled by the kind 

of behavior we have talked about, and so they hide behind an example that would not fit under the intentional clause. 

Ms. HOUSE. Right. If I could add briefly, I want to be very clear 

that the Lawyer’s Committee has always vigorously supported the 

right to freedom of speech, and so this is not about a preference 

of one particular amendment over another. We are here because we 

believe in the importance of enforcing all of these rights, and this 

right is fundamental, the right to vote, and we do have these limitations on false speech. 

Senator SCHUMER. Okay. Well, thank you all. 

I am going to call on Senator Coons, but, again, I want to thank 

Senator Cardin for his leadership, and I am proud to be his partner 

in this effort. 

Senator Coons. 

Senator COONS. Thank you, Senator Schumer. 

To Ms. Clay House, if I might, I just want to thank you for your 

testimony, which I had the chance to read. I have been presiding 

for the last hour, thus my late arrival. I want to thank the Lawyers’ Committee for the great work it has done since President 

Kennedy urged its formation, now a generation ago, and to thank 

you for the work you have done to defend the rights of voters 

across America as well as to ensure Section 5 of the Voting Rights 

Act endures. 

You have also been instrumental in ensuring compliance with 

the National Voter Registration Act, and that has resulted in hundreds of thousands of citizens being able to vote. 

You made some reference to recent efforts, techniques to advance 

voter suppression in particularly chilling or disturbing ways, and 

I am interested in ways that new media, including social media, 

has been used to suppress voter participation in very targeted 

ways. Could you talk in a little more detail about that, about those 

trends, and about what you think we can and should be doing to 

deter that? 

Ms. HOUSE. Sure, I am happy to. Once again, we have addressed 

some of these issues in our report that we will be releasing, but 

with the new technology—Facebook, Twitter, something that I 

barely know much about, but my son will teach me very soon—this 

type—text messaging is going out across the country in which we 

have noticed particular targeting against students, by those who 
23 

are utilizing this type of technology. On the Internet, we have seen 

messages going out throughout college campuses giving them false 

information. Because there is an ability to reach these wider audiences, it is particularly distressing, and it is much more difficult 

to try to stop some of these types of tactics if we do not have laws 

that are in place that are very specific to these types of acts. 

And so, again, they are really targeting particularly those communities that are really utilizing these types of media, as I mentioned, Facebook and Twitter accounts, and through smartphones 

and text messaging. 

And so we have taken the deliberate action of trying to make 

sure that we are doing our best to get the right information out if 

we are finding out about these types of incidents through Election 

Protection and even through a new app coming out on smartphones 

to also make sure that we have an ability to get information to 

those who have this. 

So, you know, this is something that we have encountered, and 

we are really trying to address this as best as possible. 

Senator COONS. So the good old-fashioned practices of voter misinformation and voter suppression through flyers or hand-distributed leaflets have continued in the modern age. 

Ms. HOUSE. It has continued in the modern age, yes. It is the 

same type of misinformation, now just through the Internet and 

now through other types of social media. 

Senator COONS. An example that was cited, I think, in prepared 

testimony of students at George Mason, thousands of them, literally thousands of them receiving mistaken information about the 

timing of the vote. 

Ms. HOUSE. Yes. 

Senator COONS. Have there been other examples of that, or is 

that really the sole example in the country? 

Ms. HOUSE. No, there are other examples. I cannot pull them all 

out from memory at the moment. I apologize. But there are, I believe, other examples, and that is just one of them that we wanted 

to particularly illuminate. 

I will say that, you know, I think we mentioned—correct information was sent out in order to make sure the students did get the 

right information, and that is something we want to encourage and 

happen, but it is not guaranteed. And so, therefore, that is why we 

need to have this type of legislation to mandate that corrective action, by different authorities. 

Senator COONS. I also understand there has been more active, in 

some cases more aggressive, use of challengers at polling places 

that seem to be specifically targeted at raising concerns or fears 

amongst those voting in particular districts or areas. Can you 

speak a little bit more about that? 

Ms. HOUSE. Absolutely. There has been this wave of this type of 

voter suppression tactics that have been taking place across the 

country, and deceptive tactics is one of them we have seen in addition to other types of intimidation tactics. People being challenged 

at the polling place is distressing, again, targeted at certain communities, communities of color, immigrant communities, targeted 

at students. We know of an organization, True the Vote, who has 

already determined that they are going to send, I believe, a million 
24 

people across the country to be challengers and to specifically challenge people at the polling place as they are attempting to exercise 

this right to vote. And what that does is it creates or it puts in 

place a whole round of restrictions or requirements that a voter is 

now going to have to jump through in order to vote. 

Under many State laws, once you have been challenged, you 

have to provide additional State ID or additional identification. 

And fortunately we do have the Help America Vote Act, which does 

allow for people, if they do not have the necessary identification, 

that they are allowed to vote by provisional ballot. However, because of the loopholes that are in place in some State laws, they 

are not able to necessarily have that vote counted. It is not guaranteed. 

So the reason that these challengers are put in place is in order 

to create that type of confusion and because people are not aware 

of the types of IDs and other types of information they are going 

to need to have in order to vote, and it creates this confusion at 

the polling place and also could ultimately change the election because you have many voters who thought that they were going to 

be able to have their vote counted but no longer are. And that is 

a very distinct form of voter suppression that has to be addressed. 

Senator COONS. Last, if I might, the Help America Vote Act, the 

ability to vote on a provisional ballot, this process of challengers at 

polls and demanding identification and proof of citizenship and so 

forth, the argument for why that is legitimate or necessary activity 

is allegations of widespread voter impersonation fraud. 

How many demonstrated, proven cases of voter impersonation 

fraud are there? How widespread a problem is this in keeping our 

electoral process legitimate, free, fair, and open? 

Ms. HOUSE. Right. Well, the numbers are so minimal that it is 

not massive, it is not widespread, as I think even Senator Leahy 

indicated earlier. Even during the Bush administration, the Department of Justice conducted its own investigation over a period 

of 5 years and did not find any type of massive voter impersonation 

fraud taking place across this country. 

In fact, what was instead found was that many people might 

have had multiple registrations only because they moved or it was 

unintentional or there were administrative errors by election officials. And so this was not an attempt, particularly of immigrants 

and those who are ineligible to vote, to try to commit voter fraud 

at the polling place, which, again, is not reasonable considering 

that anyone, if they are undocumented, would not go to the polling 

place to subject themselves to the potential to be deported over voting. It is not a reasonable assumption or claim that I think is being 

made to state that there are attempts at massive voter fraud. 

Senator COONS. Well, thank you, Ms. Clay House. Thank you for 

your testimony today. 

Just in closing, I think we have a balance we have to strike. We 

need to, I think, be vigorous and engaged in preventing disenfranchisement of those who are eligible to vote, who are entitled to 

vote, and who we want to vote by restrictive ID laws, and to strike 

a fair and appropriate balance where there are very few cases of 

demonstrated voter impersonation fraud. We should instead be investing the resources and the time in ensuring that those who can 
25 

vote are registered to vote, that the process of voting is free and 

fair and open. We hold ourselves out to the rest of the world as sort 

of a beacon of democracy, and I think we can all agree that what 

we should be doing is protecting the right to vote and ensuring that 

everyone who has a right to vote is able to exercise that franchise 

freely. 

Thank you to all the members of the panel, and thank you, Senator Schumer, for holding the hearing open for a few moments so 

that I could join you. 

Senator SCHUMER. Well, thank you, Senator Coons. It was worth 

it given your questions. 

I would just make one point. Our legislation applies no matter 

who is targeted. You could target the poorest people in town, the 

richest people in town. If you do these kinds of things for whatever 

your political purpose, it would apply. 

With that, I want to thank our witnesses. This is important stuff. 

It goes to the wellspring of our democracy, and the hearing record 

will be open for 7 days for people to submit statements and additional questions for the witnesses. 

Thank you, and the hearing is adjourned. 

[Whereupon, at 11:29 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.] 

[Questions and answers and submissions for the record follow.] 

(27) 

A P P E N D I X 

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. PATRICK LEAHY
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. CHARLES E. SCHUMER
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. JEFF SESSIONS
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. BENJAMIN L. CARDIN
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF TANYA CLAY HOUSE
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF JOHN J. PARK, JR. 
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PREPARED STATEMENT OF JENNY FLANAGAN
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QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR LEAHY FOR JENNY FLANAGAN
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QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR GRASSLEY FOR TANYA CLAY HOUSE
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QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR GRASSLEY FOR JOHN J. PARK, JR. 
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QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR GRASSLEY FOR JENNY FLANAGAN
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RESPONSES OF TANYA CLAY HOUSE TO QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR GRASSLEY
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RESPONSES OF JOHN J. PARK, JR. TO QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATOR GRASSLEY
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RESPONSES OF JENNY FLANAGAN TO QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY SENATORS LEAHY AND

GRASSLEY
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MISCELLANEOUS SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD
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Æ