NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

DAVID WAYNE HODGE, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 20-30155 

D.C. No. 

2:17-cr-00266-TSZ-1 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Washington

Thomas S. Zilly, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted November 16, 2020**

San Francisco, California

Before: NGUYEN, HURWITZ, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

David Wayne Hodge appeals from the revocation of his supervised release

and the sentence imposed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we 

affirm.

About six months after Hodge began a period of supervised release, the 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

NOV 19 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Probation Office filed a report alleging several violations of his terms of release, 

including driving with a suspended license and attempting to elude a police vehicle

in the early morning hours of June 3, 2020, in violation of Wash. Rev. Code § 

46.61.024. After a hearing at which the district court heard testimony from 

Hodge’s Probation Officer and Seattle police officer Chesney, the district court 

found by a preponderance of the evidence that Hodge had committed the eluding

and driving on suspended license violations, among others. The district court 

sentenced Hodge to six months of imprisonment, to be followed by thirty months 

of supervision. 

Hodge argues the evidence is insufficient to prove that he drove the vehicle 

in question, or that he drove in a “reckless manner,” which is an element of 

attempting to elude.1 Wash. Rev. Code § 46.61.024(1). We ask whether “viewing 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of a violation by a preponderance of the 

evidence.” United States v. Ochoa, 932 F.3d 866, 869 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting 

United States v. King, 608 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir. 2010)). 

1. The evidence is sufficient to prove that Hodge was driving the car. 

1 To the extent Hodge challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting other

violations, he fails to provide specific and distinct arguments, and therefore has 

forfeited those issues. See Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039, 1048 (9th Cir. 2003).
3 

Officer Chesney testified to his familiarity with Hodge’s physical appearance from 

prior investigative work. He also noted that Hodge usually has a thick beard and a 

shaved head, which made him “relatively easy to distinguish.” Chesney stated he 

saw Hodge a “minimum” of twice in the same car in the weeks prior to the June 3,

2020 incident: first, “in the driver[’s] seat” of the car while it was parked by a 

Walgreens; and second, in the car by a liquor store. Chesney testified that on June 

3, 2020, he recognized the car and followed it to identify the driver. As Chesney

approached the car from behind in his patrol car, he saw Hodge’s face in the 

driver’s side mirror. When Chesney pulled up to the right of the car at a stoplight, 

he also saw Hodge’s profile. There were no obstructions, and the streetlights were 

on. Chesney stated he was “100 percent confident” in the identification. 

The Probation Officer’s testimony also supported the finding that Hodge 

was the driver. The Probation Officer described social media posts from the same 

period, in which Hodge appears in the driver’s seat of a car that matched the one in 

question.

2. The evidence is also sufficient to prove that Hodge drove in a reckless 

manner. Wash. Rev. Code § 46.61.024(1); State v. Perez, 269 P.3d 372, 374-75 

(Wash. Ct. App. 2012). Reckless manner “means ‘a rash or heedless manner, with 

indifference to the consequences.’” State v. Naillieux, 241 P.3d 1280, 1286 (Wash. 

Ct. App. 2010) (quoting State v. Ratliff, 164 P.3d 516, 518 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007)). 
4 

The government need not prove that the defendant endangered anyone else or that 

there was a high probability of actual harm. State v. Refuerzo, 7 P.3d 847, 851 

(Wash. Ct. App. 2000).

The district court’s finding that Hodge drove in a reckless manner is amply

supported by the record. Officer Chesney testified that Hodge sped away “in the 

neighborhood or faster than 50 miles an hour” down Cherry Street, a twenty-five 

miles per hour zone, then turned onto 27th Avenue, a twenty miles per hour zone. 

Cherry Street narrows to a single lane in each direction in a residential area with 

parking on either side, and 27th Avenue is an “extremely narrow” and “very dark” 

street with space for just one car to pass at a time and a foot or two of clearance on 

each side. The government also submitted dashcam footage of the car speeding 

away, and the subsequent police pursuit. 

Hodge argues that his speed, without more, is not enough to show that he 

drove in a reckless manner. The argument fails for at least two reasons. First, the 

district court found that Hodge drove recklessly because of his speed and because 

the incident was in residential area. “Reckless manner” driving flows logically 

from the surrounding circumstances, like the parked cars and narrow streets. 

Second, a rational trier of fact could find by a preponderance of the evidence, 

which included Officer Chesney’s testimony and the dashcam footage, that Hodge 

drove in a reckless manner with indifference to the consequences. Ochoa, 932 
5 

F.3d at 869.

3. Finally, Hodge argues the district court miscalculated the sentencing 

guidelines range based on its mistaken conclusion that Hodge attempted to elude 

the police, a Grade B violation. Because the attempting to elude violation stands, 

so does the Grade B determination and resulting sentence.

AFFIRMED.