United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 13-2233

___________________________

Salvador Silva

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; Savvis Communications Corporation

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees

------------------------------

Thomas E. Perez, Secretary of U.S. Department of Labor

lllllllllllllllllllllAmicus on Behalf of Appellant(s)

____________

 Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis

____________

 Submitted: January 14, 2014

 Filed: August 7, 2014

____________

Before GRUENDER, BRIGHT, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

____________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.
Abel Silva ("Abel") died on June 27, 2010. His father, Salvador Silva

("Silva"), sought to recover the benefits of Abel's life insurance policy. The insurer

denied Silva's claim, asserting that Abel did not actually have a policy because he had

not provided required paperwork. Silva brought suit against Abel's employer, Savvis

Communications Corporation ("Savvis"), and the insurer, Metropolitan Life

Insurance Company ("MetLife"), under the Employee Retirement Income Security

Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001 et seq. The district court denied relief,

and Silva appeals. For the reasons below, we reverse and remand.

I. Background

Silva's son, Abel, began working at Savvis in September 2004. Abel was

eligible to purchase Supplemental Life Insurance benefits when he started his job but

declined to do so. He signed the following statement at that time:

I have been given the opportunity to enroll in SAVVIS Communications

Corporation's Group Supplemental Life Insurance plans. I understand

that if I decline now, but later decide to enroll, I will be required to

provide evidence of good health that is satisfactory to Hartford Life and

understand my request for coverage may be denied.

1

Several yearslater, Abel decided hewanted Supplemental Life Insurance and enrolled

for a policy through Savvis's online enrollment system. He requested a coverage

level of five times his salary, which amounted to $429,000. Abel's benefits were

apparently scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2010, and the policy appeared on

Abel's "Benefits Election Package" page on the Savvis intranet. Savvis withheld

2

Hartford Life was the prior insurer for the Savvis Plan. MetLife became the

1

insurer in 2008.

Defendants, Saavis and MetLife, stress that this web page merely showed

2

insurance policies Abel had selected, rather than insurance policies that had been

-2-
approximately $10 fromAbel's bi-weekly paychecks for the policy until Abel died on

June 27, 2010. He had paid roughly $128 in premiums for the life insurance policy.

Abel had named Silva as his policy's beneficiary. Following Abel's death,

Silva requested payment ofthe life insurance proceeds fromMetLife. MetLife denied

Silva's claimbecause the company believed that Abel had not successfully completed

the enrollment conditions required to obtain a supplemental life insurance policy. In

particular, MetLife required that Abel provide "evidence of insurability" before

MetLife would approve his request for insurance. In MetLife's letters of denial to

Silva, and in several internal MetLife communications, various MetLife

representatives indicated that the company requires "evidence of insurability" (1) in

all instances of late requests ; and (2) for requests of coverage in excess of three times 3

an employee's base salary amount, whether such requests are timely or not. At least

one internal MetLife communication involved MetLife representatives discussing a

grant of partial coverage to Abel. In that communication, one of the representatives

raised the issue of granting Abel three times his base salary amount as a life insurance

benefit, presumably because MetLife considered three timesthe base salary generally

not to require evidence of insurability. Ultimately, however, MetLife asserted in its

letters to Silva that Abel was required to provide evidence of insurability to obtain

any coverage due to the fact that his request was a late request.

Evidence of insurability is explained in the Savvis Plan ("the Plan"), which is

96 pages long. Two of those pages describe MetLife's "Evidence of Insurability"

requirement. Under the "Eligibility Provisions: Insurance for You" page, it reads, in

part:

approved. We note that the screen shot of Abel's "Benefits Election" web page does

not say whether his insurance selections were approved.

MetLife defines a late request for coverage as a request made 31 days or more

3

after becoming eligible.

-3-
ENROLLMENT PROCESS

If You are eligible for insurance, You may enroll for such insurance by

completing the required form. In addition, You must give evidence of

Your Insurability satisfactory to Us at Your expense if You are required

to do so under the section entitled EVIDENCE OF INSURABILITY.

The EVIDENCE OF INSURABILITY section reads, in part:

We require evidence of insurability satisfactory to Us as follows: . . .

5. [I]f You make a request during an annual enrollment period to

increase the amount of Your Supplemental Life Insurance to an

option which is more than one level above Your current amount

of Supplemental Life Insurance

If You do not give Us evidence of insurability or the evidence of

insurability is not accepted by Us as satisfactory, the amount of

Your Supplemental Life Insurance will not be increased. . . .

9. [I]f You make a late request for Supplemental Life Insurance. A

late request is one made more than 31 days after You become

eligible.

If You do not give Us evidence of insurability or the evidence of

insurability is not accepted by Us as satisfactory, You will not be

covered for Supplemental Life Insurance.

Because Abel electronically selected a policy coverage level that required

evidence of insurability, Savvis asserts that a prompt window appeared on his

computer screen. The prompt allegedly notified Abel to contact the Savvis Benefits

Department (located in the same office building as Abel) to complete a Statement of

Health form, which was a necessary step to fulfill MetLife's evidence of insurability

requirement. Savvis would then send the form to MetLife for review and approval

or denial of a life insurance policy.

-4-
We pause here to emphasize four points: First, there is no mention of a

Statement of Health form anywhere in the Savvis Plan, only that plan participants

must provide evidence of insurability. In fact, there are no directions at all for how

to fulfill the evidence of insurability requirement. Second, Defendants have not

produced a copy of a Statement of Health form or any other evidence regarding what

information MetLife required plan participants to provide. Third, Defendants have

not provided evidence of the online prompt, which they assert notified Abel of the

Statement of Health form requirement. The only evidence that this prompt existed

is a single internal memo from a MetLife representative stating that such a prompt

exists, but without providing any additional information such as the text included in

the prompt or a screen capture. That memo, which is in the form of a call log

4

comment section, reads: "ee's complete their enrollment online and if they elect more

than 3x their bae [basic annual earnings] they r prompted to complete a paper soh

[statement of health] and submit that to their HR dept. HR does not follow up on if

the SOH was completed or not as it is the ee's responsibility to complete[.]" Finally,

as discussed below, it was later revealed that around 200 other Savvis employees

similarly had not submitted their Statement of Health forms, or if they had, they had

not been provided to MetLife.

MetLife addressed and defended some of these complications in its benefits

denial letter to Silva's attorney, which stated, in part:

Even though evidence of insurability is not defined in the Plan, the

online enrollment system advised [Abel] of the Statement of Health

requirement. Regardless, . . . the Plan requires that evidence of

insurability be 'accepted by Us as satisfactory.' MetLife requires a

Statement of Health, which is then reviewed in connection with

At oral argument, Defendants' counsel could not explain why evidence of this 4

online prompt was not in the record and hypothesized that Savvis must have changed

the computer system and that the prompt was no longer in use.

-5-
underwriting. [Abel's] attendance at work with no health issues is not

sufficient proof of evidence of insurability. Finally, premium payments

are not a guarantee of coverage and the acceptance of premium

payments in error does not create coverage under an ERISA-governed

Plan.

Further, Defendants are unsure whether Abel received a copy of the Plan

(which contained information regarding the evidence ofinsurability requirement), and

if he did, when and how he received it. Defendants claim that Abel should have

received a copy of the Plan atsome point, either when he wasfirst hired at Savvis and

declined coverage or when he later signed up for supplemental life insurance in

January 2010. In any case, the Plan was available for viewing on the Savvis intranet.

ERISA mandates that plan administrators provide a condensed and

understandable Plan explanation, in the form of a summary plan description, to plan

participants. 29 U.S.C. §§ 1022, 1024(b). A summary plan description is required 5

to advise participants, in plain and simple terms, how to obtain coverage and in what

instances participants can lose coverage, such as by not providing evidence of

insurability. See § 1022. MetLife contends that the Plan itself, which is nearly 100

pages, also functioned as the Plan's summary plan description. It appears that no

separate summary plan description existed for the Plan.

After this lawsuit began, MetLife conducted an internal investigation to see if

other Savvis Plan policy holders also did not have an approved Statement of Health

form on file. The company discovered around 200 Savvis employees lacked this

documentation. Savvis notified these employees and allowed them to correct or 6

The Plan is an ERISA-governed plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1003. Savvis is the plan

5

administrator, and MetLife is also a plan fiduciary.

The internal investigation log includes, in part, the following note from what

6

appears to be a MetLife employee: "There are a whole truckload of people who filled

out a SOH but they were never submitted due to a glitch in the employer's enrollment

-6-
submit the required documents but did not allow Silva to do so. Silva points out that 7

Defendants have not shown any disqualifying health condition or activity that would

have prompted MetLife to deny Abel life insurance coverage had they received a

completed Statement of Health form from him.

II. Procedural History

As noted above, MetLife, the plan fiduciary responsible for reviewing claims,8

denied Silva's claim for Abel's supplemental life insurance benefits. MetLife

determined that Abel's request for supplemental life insurance was never approved

by MetLife because Abel did not submit a Statement of Health form. Silva sued

MetLife and Savvis in Missouri state court, and Defendants removed the case to the

process."

At oral argument, Defendants' counsel stated that many of these Savvis

7

employees had filled out Statement of Health forms, but that Savvis had neglected to

send the completed forms to MetLife. Defendants' counsel argued that this fact

distinguishes the grandfathered policies from Abel, since according to Defendants,

Abel had not filled out a form at all. We find this distinction unpersuasive because

the end result—MetLife failing to receive the forms tomake a coverage determination

on a request for supplemental life insurance—is the same.

MetLife and Savvis both have fiduciary obligations to plan participants under

8

ERISA because they are both administrators of the Plan. See 29 U.S.C.

§§ 1002(16)(A) (definition of "administrator"), 1102(a)(1) ("Every employee benefit

plan . . . shall provide for one or more named fiduciaries who jointly orseverally shall

have authority to control and manage the operation and administration of the plan."),

1002(21)(a) (definition of a "fiduciary" under ERISA), 1104(a)(1)(B) ("[A]fiduciary

shall discharge his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest of the

participants and beneficiaries . . . with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under

the circumstances prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar

with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and

with like aims.")

-7-
Eastern District of Missouri. 28 U.S.C. § 1441. In his complaint, Silva claimed

ERISA allowed him "to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to

enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits

under the terms of the plan[.]" 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) 

After the deadline set by the district court passed, Silva moved to amend his

complaint to add a cause of action under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3), which allows "a

participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates

any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other

appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any

provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan[.]" (emphasis added). When

analyzing the untimely amendment, the district court noted that Silva had shown good

cause due to later-discovered facts (notably, the information that 200 other Savvis

employees also should have submitted a Statement of Health form but did not). The

district court, however, found that the phrase "other appropriate equitable relief under

§ 1132(a)(3)(B)" did not allow Silva to claim life insurance benefits because that

would be a compensatory remedy, not an equitable one. Because Silva's claim could

not provide him with the relief he sought, the district court denied Silva's request to

amend as futile.

After denying Silva's motion to amend the complaint, the district court granted

summary judgment in favor of Defendants on Silva's § 1132(a)(1)(B) claim. The

district court found that the nearly 100-page Plan could double as a summary plan

description and was "distributed to employees and available on Savvis' intranet."

Silva v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 912 F. Supp. 2d 781, 787 (E.D. Mo. 2012). The

district court also found that "the enrollment Abel completed online prompted him

to complete a statement of health form." Id. at 788. Thus, the court found that

MetLife had not abused its discretion when it denied Silva's claim to Abel's life

insurance benefits. The district court also found that, even if MetLife erroneously

deducted insurance premiums from Abel's paychecks, such error did not constitute

-8-
a waiver of the evidence-of-insurability requirement. Thus, the district court

concluded that Abel had not completed the requirements for obtaining approval for

a late-enrollment supplemental life insurance policy, and therefore, MetLife did not

owe Silva payment under the terms of any such policy.

Silva appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment on his

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) claim and the district court's denial of his motion to amend his

complaint to add a claim under § 1132(a)(3).

III. Analysis

The Savvis Plan provides that Metlife, as a plan fiduciary, "shall have

discretionary authority to interpret the terms of the Plan and to determine eligibility

for and entitlement to Plan benefits in accordance with the terms of the Plan." When

a plan grants an administrator this type of discretion, the district court reviews the

"administrator's construction of the plan terms for an abuse of discretion; and we

review de novo the district court's application of that deferential abuse-of-discretion

standard." Tussey v. ABB, Inc., 746 F.3d 327, 333 (8th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation

marks omitted). "[A]n administrator's decision is upheld if it is reasonable, that is,

supported by substantial evidence . . . [which] means 'more than a scintilla but less

than a preponderance.'" Darvell v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 597 F.3d 929, 934 (8th

Cir. 2010) (citations omitted).

In this case, MetLife had the responsibility of both determining eligibility for

benefits and also paying those benefits. This dual role creates a conflict of interest. 

Manning v. Am. Rep. Ins. Co., 604 F.3d 1030, 1038 (8th Cir. 2010). In such cases,

our circuit recognizes that this conflict can "trigger a less deferential standard of

review" before reviewing courts. Tillery v. Hoffman Enclosures, Inc., 280 F.3d 1192,

1197 (8th Cir. 2002). While our circuit has not definitively articulated what that less

deferential standard of review should be, we have said that "a reviewing court should

-9-
consider that conflict as a factor" when determining if an administrator has abused its

discretion. Manning, 604 F.3d at 1038. We do so here.

A. § 1132(a)(1)(B) Claim

The district court granted summary judgment to Defendants because it found

that Silva was not entitled to benefits under the Plan. Summary judgment is

appropriate when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a). We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, "considering all

evidence in the light most favorable to, and making all reasonable inferences for, the

nonmoving party." Carmody v. Kan. City Bd. of Police Comm'rs, 713 F.3d 401, 404

(8th Cir. 2013).

Section 1132(a)(1)(B) allows Silva to bring a civil action "to recover benefits

due to him under the terms of his plan." Defendants argue that Silva is not entitled

to "recover benefits under the terms of his plan" because the terms of the Plan

required Abel to submit evidence of insurability as a late enrollee. Silva argues that

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) entitles him to benefits owed under the Plan. To succeed, Silva must

show that MetLife's determination that he had not provided "evidence ofinsurability"

was an abuse of discretion. See Manning, 604 F.3d at 1039. We look at the

following five factors when making this determination: "(1) whether the

administrator's language is contrary to the clear language of the plan; (2) whether the

interpretation conflicts with the substantive or proceduralrequirements of ERISA;(3)

whether the interpretation renders any language in the plan meaningless or internally

inconsistent; (4) whether the interpretation is consistent with the goals of the plan;

and (5) whether the administrator has consistently followed the interpretation."

Manning, 604 F.3d 1030, 1041–42. In addition to these five factors, we keep in mind

MetLife's conflict and weigh that accordingly. See id. at 1038.

-10-
Silva's § 1132(a)(1)(B) argument turns on the following question: What does

the phrase "evidence of insurability" mean in the Plan? The Plan itself does not

define the phrase. MetLife only requires evidence ofinsurability in a few instances—

(1) when a person elects coverage exceeding three times his or her base salary, or (2)

when a person enrolls in a policy more than a month after first being eligible. Among

other reasons, MetLife has an interest in not allowing those who may be very ill from

taking out a large life insurance policy shortly before death. Evidence of insurability

allows MetLife to scrutinize certain policy selections before approving an untimely

policy request. However, it is unclear what evidence of a person's health the Savvis

Plan required. MetLife asserts that plan participants satisfy this prerequisite for

coverage by submitting a completed Statement of Health form that MetLife then

approves, but that language does not appear in the Plan. In addition, there is no

evidence that a summary plan description exists for the Plan, which could have

explained the Statement of Health form requirement to Plan participants. Further,

because there is no Statement of Health form in evidence, we do not know what

information that form required.

To resolve what "evidence ofinsurability" means, it may be necessary to know:

what Savvis communicated to Abel regarding the Statement of Health form

requirement through the online prompt or otherwise; what information would be

disclosed in the Statement of Health form; and whether Abel's allegedly healthy, daily

presence at work could be sufficient to establish insurability. These facts are material

in the sense that their resolution may show that MetLife's interpretation of the Plan

is "contrary to the clear language of the plan" or that MetLife's interpretation

"conflicts with the substantive or procedural requirements of ERISA" due to the

seeming lack of notice to Abel of the requirements of his Plan. See Manning, 604

F.3d at 1041. We are troubled by MetLife's unsupported characterization of the facts. 

We have a duty to review whether MetLife abused its discretion when it denied

Silva's request for the benefits of Abel's supplemental life insurance policy. These

outstanding questions of material fact prevent our court from assessing whether

-11-
MetLife abused its discretion. Accordingly, we reverse and remand Silva's

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) claim to the district court for further proceedings.

B. Motion to Amend—Addition of § 1132(a)(3)Claimfor EquitableRelief

Silva also appeals the district court's denial of his motion to amend his

complaint to add an additional ERISA claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). That

subsection reads:

(a) Persons empowered to bring a civil action

A civil action may be brought --

(3) by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act

or practice which violates any provision of this subchapter or the

terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable

relief (i) to redress such violations, or (ii) to enforce any

provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan[.]

(emphasis added). Silva attempted to amend his complaint after the final scheduling

order's deadline, which requires him to show good cause. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4)

("A schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge's consent."). 

The district court found that Silva had shown good cause because he had received

additional information regarding the Savvis online enrollment process. Specifically,

Silva learned that roughly 200 other Savvis employees also lacked a required

Statement of Health form, suggesting that there was some issue of notice regarding

if and how Defendants requested thisinformation. However, the district court denied

the motion, finding that the § 1132(a)(3) claimwasfutile because Silva sought money

damages ($429,000 in policy benefits), rather than equitable relief, which the district

court concluded was unavailable under that section of the statute.

-12-
District courts have discretion to allow a party to amend his or her complaint

after the scheduled deadline. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) ("The court should freely

give leave when justice so requires."). District courts can deny motions to amend

when there "'are compelling reasons such as . . . futility of the amendment.'" Reuter

v. Jax Ltd., 711 F.3d 918, 922 (8th Cir. 2013). Some examples of futile claims are

onesthat are duplicative orfrivolous, id., or claims that "could not withstand a motion

to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)[,]" Zutz v. Nelson, 601 F.3d 842, 850 (8th Cir. 2010). 

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) (failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face."

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) ((internal quotation marks and citation

omitted)); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) ("While a

complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed

factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligations to provide the grounds of his entitlement

to relief requires more than labels and conclusions." (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted)). Further, we "review for abuse of discretion the district court's denial

of leave to amend a complaint, but when the district court bases its denial on the

futility of the proposed amendments, we review the underlying legal conclusions de

novo." Walker v. Barrett, 650 F.3d 1198, 1210 (8th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

We agree with the district court's finding that Silva had good cause to amend

his complaint after the deadline passed. Therefore, we focus our review on the

district court's finding of futility. The district court held that bringing a claim for

equitable relief based on the breach of fiduciary duties was futile where the relief

sought was "compensation for the benefits that would have been paid but for the

defendants' errors." The district court based its denial of Silva's motion mainly on

Pichoff v. QHG of Springdale, Inc., 556 F.3d 728 (8th Cir. 2009). In Pichoff, the

Eighth Circuit decided whether the phrase "other appropriate equitable relief" in

§ 1132(a)(3) allowed the plaintiff to recover life insurance he would have been

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entitled to had the plan's administrator not failed to extend his coverage, an alleged

breach of fiduciary duty. Id. at 731. The court explained that the term "'other

appropriate equitable relief' is limited to relief that was 'typically available in equity

(such asinjunction, mandamus, and restitution, but not compensatory damages).'" Id.

(quoting Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 256–57 (1993)). Applying

Pichoff, the district court in this case determined that Silva could not seek

compensatory relief under § 1132(a)(3), so his claim was futile because the court

could not grant that relief.

The district court also addressed the Supreme Court's more recent decision in

CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, 131 S. Ct. 1866 (2011), but ultimately determined that

Amara did not overrule Pichoff. In Amara, the Supreme Court identified three

possible "equitable" theories of recovery under § 1132(a)(3) for an administrator's

breach of fiduciary duty: surcharge, reformation, and estoppel. Id. at 1879–80. Silva

and the Department of Labor argue that Amara abrogated Pichoff in the sense that

Amara's characterization of "other appropriate equitable relief" under § 1132(a)(3)

is broad enough to encompass Silva'srequested compensatory relief in this case—the

full amount of the supplemental life insurance policy. We discuss below these three

types of equitable claims, and we explain how Amara has changed the availability of

relief and the scope of that relief.

1. Fiduciary Duty Claim Against Savvis—Surcharge

Silva claims that Savvis, as a plan administrator, breached an ERISA-imposed

fiduciary duty by failing to provide Abel with a summary plan description, which

could have explained the Statement of Health form requirement as being a

prerequisite. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1109 (liability for breach of fiduciary duty), 1104

(listing the duties incumbent upon the fiduciary), 1022 (listing the description and

requirements for a summary plan description), 1024(b) (stating the an administrator

"shall furnish" a summary plan description to each participant). Silva argues the

-14-
absence of a summary plan description caused harm because it would have listed the

requirements for enrolling in a life insurance policy in an easy-to-understand format;

and, if Abel had been provided with that information, he would have completed the

requirements to enroll in the Plan.

9

Under ERISA, the plan administrator must distribute a summary plan

description to all participants. 29 U.S.C. § 1022. The summary plan description

"shall be written in a manner calculated to be understood by the average plan

participant," § 1022(a), and it must contain, among other requirements,

"circumstances which may result in disqualification, ineligibility, or denial or loss of

benefits," § 1022(b). The Supreme Court has said that the summary plan description's

objective is to provide "clear, simple communication" that states the terms and

conditions of the Plan. Amara, 131 S.Ct. at 1877. In addition, the summary plan

description must be "furnished" by the plan administrator to the plan participants. 

See 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1); see also Leyda v. AlliedSignal, Inc., 322 F.3d 199, 208

(2d Cir. 2003) ("[T]he summary plan description 'must be sent by a method or

methods of delivery likely to result in full distribution,' that the 'administrator shall

use measures reasonably calculated to ensure actual receipt of the material by plan

participants,' and that 'in no case isit acceptable merely to place copies of the material

in a location frequented by participants.'") (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 2520.104b-1(b)(1)). 

Defendants argue that if no separate summary plan description existed, then the

Plan can function as both. Regardless of the potential viability of such an argument

in other cases, we disagree on the present facts. The Plan in this case is nearly 100

pages long and contains technical language unlikely to be read or understood by "the

Defendants do not assert that Abel had a disqualifying medical condition or 9

that the Statement of Health form would have alerted MetLife that Abel was

ineligible for supplemental life insurance. Defendants' denial of benefits is based

solely on Defendants' position that Abel did not complete a Statement of Health form.

-15-
average plan participant." 29 U.S.C. § 1022(a). It is not a "clear" and "simple"

communication. Amara, 131 S.Ct. at 1877. Silva also alleges in his pleading that

even if there exists a different summary plan description, it was not provided to

Abel. We conclude these alleged facts, if proven, show that Savvis breached its

10

fiduciary duty to act in the interest of plan participants when it failed to provide Abel

with necessary information regarding enrolling in the Plan. See Gallagher v. City of

Clayton, 699 F.3d 1013, 1016 (8th Cir. 2012) (stating that on a motion to dismiss, the

court must "accept as true all facts pleaded by the non-moving party and grant all

reasonable inferences from the pleadings in favor of the non-moving party").

The next question we ask is whether this wrong has a remedy. We recognize

that some ERISA violations do not always have remedies. See, e.g., Mayberry v.

United States, 151 F.3d 855, 859 n.4 (8th Cir. 1998) ("Most of the circuits had held

at the time of the settlement. . . that such damages [for a breach of fiduciary duty]

were not available under ERISA."); Brown v. Ampco-Pittsburgh Corp., 876 F.2d 546,

550 (6th Cir. 1989) ("The failure to comply with ERISA's procedural requirements

is not ordinarily a basis for substantive relief."). In Pichoff, our court described this

phenomenon as a "remedy-less 'regulatory vacuum' created by ERISA's broad

preemption of state law claims and the Supreme Court's narrow interpretation of

'other appropriate equitable relief.'" Pichoff, 556 F.3d at 732. For example, our court

has held that a plan administrator's failure to distribute a summary plan description

did not entitle harmed plan participants to benefits. Antolik v. Saks, Inc., 463 F.3d

796, 802 (8th Cir. 2006).

Silva also claims it is possible Abel never received a copy of the Plan itself. 10

Defendants suggest that Abel should have received one when he started working at

Savvis, several years before he elected to sign up for life insurance coverage. 

Defendants also suggest that it is possible Abel received a copy of the Plan when he

elected to enroll in a benefits plan, but Savvis has no evidence of this.

-16-
However, the Supreme Court's decision in Amara changed the legal landscape

by clearly spelling out the possibility of an equitable remedy under ERISA for

breaches of fiduciary obligations by plan administrators. Amara, 131 S. Ct. at 1881. 

The Amara Court directly addressed the need for this remedy, stating: "[I]t is not

difficult to imagine how the failure to provide proper summary information, in

violation of the statute, injured employees. . . . We doubt that Congress would have

wanted to bar those employees from relief." Amara, 131 S. Ct. at 1881.

Silva argues the remedy for his claim against Savvis is the equitable theory of

surcharge. The Amara Court described equitable surcharge under § 1132(a)(3) as

follows:

Equity courts possessed the power to provide relief in the form of

monetary "compensation" for a loss resulting from a trustee's breach of

duty, or to prevent the trustee's unjust enrichment. Indeed, prior to the

merger of law and equity this kind of monetary remedy against a trustee,

sometimes called a "surcharge," was "exclusively equitable."

The surcharge remedy extended to a breach of trust committed by a

fiduciary encompassing any violation of a duty imposed upon that

fiduciary.

Amara, 131 S.Ct. at 1880 (internal citations and citations to authority omitted). To

obtain relief under the surcharge theory, a plan participant is required to show harm

resulting from the plan administrator's breach of a fiduciary duty. See Amara, 131 S.

Ct. at 1881–82 ("We believe that, to obtain relief by surcharge for violations of §§

[1022 and 1024(b)], a plan participant or beneficiary must show that the violation

injured him or her. But to do so, he or she need only show harm and causation. 

Although it is not always necessary to meet the more rigorous standard implicit in the

words 'detrimental reliance,' actual harm must be shown.").

-17-
Because Silva pleads facts that, if proven to be true, could show an ERISA

violation and resulting harm, and because that breach has a remedy under the

equitable theory of surcharge, we reverse the district court's determination that a

claim under § 1132(a)(3) against Savvis would be futile.

2. Fiduciary Duty Claim Against MetLife—Reformation

In addition to his claim against Savvis, Silva claims that MetLife breached its

fiduciary duties to Abel by collecting insurance policy premiums from him for six

months and then, after Abel's death, denying that he had a valid policy. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1104(a)(1)(B) (establishing the fiduciary duties of "care, skill, prudence, and

diligence"). Silva argues that MetLife's premium deductions, coupled with the facts

described above, reasonably induced Abel to believe that his application for a

supplemental life insurance policy was approved by MetLife and that no further

action was needed, either to ensure coverage with MetLife or to acquire other

insurance privately. Silva also argues that MetLife's actions should be deemed a

waiver of the evidence-of-insurability requirement. The district court rejected this

argument, stating that while MetLife's collection of premiums was in error, "an error

is not always a waiver." Silva, 912 F. Supp. 2d at 791. The district court concluded

11

that "[a]ny confusion created by the deduction of premiums for excess insurance did

not overcome the clear limitation in the plan documents."

Silva argues that MetLife "waived" the "evidence of insurability" provision in

the Plan because the company appeared to approve Abel's request for coverage when

it began to deduct premium payments. Silva argues a remedy for his claim exists in

the equitable theory of reformation. We find support for this in Amara's discussion

of reformation under § 1132(a)(3). See Amara, 131 S. Ct. at 1879. There, the Court

The district court did order MetLife to refund Silva the amount the company 11

had deducted from Abel's paychecks for six months, which totaled $128.76.

-18-
stated that "[t]he power to reform contracts (as contrasted with the power to enforce

contracts as written) is a traditional power of an equity court, not a court of law, and

was used to prevent fraud." Id. (citations omitted). On remand, the District of

Connecticut described the reformation remedy available under § 1132(a)(3) as

allowing courts "to reform contracts that failed to express the agreement of the

parties, owing either to mutual mistake or to the fraud of one party and the mistake

of the other." Amara v. CIGNA, 925 F. Supp. 2d 242, 252 (D. Conn. 2012).

On remand, Silva may be able to show mutual mistake or "fraud of one party

and the mistake of the other." See Id. It was arguably fraudulent for MetLife to

collect premiums from a Savvis employee who, MetLife now argues, never had an

approved policy. Further, MetLife did not just erroneously collect premiums from

Abel—an internal MetLife investigation showed that roughly 200 Savvis employees

had been paying premiums for policies that were never approved by MetLife. We

conclude that Silva is allowed to make his waiver argument on remand, and if

successful, receive monetary damages, as will be discussed below.

3. Fiduciary Duty Claim Against MetLife—Estoppel

Because MetLife admitted error in collecting the premiums and Abel relied on

that collection as proof that he had a policy, Silva argues that MetLife should also be

equitably estopped from claiming that no policy existed. Again, without resolving

Silva's claim on the merits, we find that this alleged wrong can survive a Rule

12(b)(6) motion because relief could be granted under § 1132(a)(3)'s catchall

provision using the traditional equitable estoppel theory discussed in Amara, 131 S.

Ct. at 1880. The concept of equitable estoppel is simple; it "operates to place the

person entitled to its benefit in the same position he would have been in had the

representations been true." Id. (citation omitted).

-19-
In Todd v. Dow Chemical Co., 760 F.2d 192 (8th Cir. 1985), the court

discussed estoppel in a life insurance policy dispute where the insured-decedent

received a letter stating he was insured and had premiums deducted from his policy.

The court stated the requirements for showing estoppel:

[P]rejudice or detrimental reliance is an essential element of estoppel. 

Courts have held that wrongful retention of premiums can satisfy the

prejudice requirement. Evidence showing that the insured did not obtain

additional life insurance in reliance upon the insurer'srepresentation that

the insured was covered by a policy of insurance is also sufficient to

satisfy this element.

Id. at 195–96 (internal citations omitted). The court went on to find that there was

no such evidence of prejudice or detrimental reliance, and because of that, the

decedent's family could not recover monetary damages under the life insurance

policy. 

The district court in the present case quoted from a more recent Eighth Circuit

case, Lincoln General Hospital v. BlueCross/Blue Shield of Nebraska, 963 F.2d 1136

(8th Cir. 1992), for the proposition that "[i]n general, the doctrine of equitable

estoppel requires proof of words or deeds (or sometimes omissions to speak or act)

that create a misleading impression upon which a reasonable person would rely." Id.

at 1141. The district court relied on Lincoln General Hospital to find that Defendants

had no affirmative duty to tell Abel that he needed to submit evidence of insurability,

stating that "[a]ny neglect by the employer and the insurer did not alter the terms of

the plan placing the burden for providing the required [evidence of insurability] on

the employee." Silva, 912 F. Supp. 2d at 793. Because the district court determined

that Defendants did not make any misleading representations to Abel except for

deducting premiums from his paycheck, the district court refused to apply equitable

estoppel.

-20-
We reverse the district court and hold that Silva's § 1132(a)(3) claim based on

equitable estoppel can survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. The evidence that MetLife

collected premium paymentsfrom 200 other Savvis employees who lacked approved

policies convinces us that Abel also relied on MetLife's wrongful collection of his

premiums. In addition, Abel did not obtain any other supplemental life insurance

policy. It is unclear what a reasonable person in Abel's position would have done

differently to prevent this situation. Even if Abel read the entire Plan, he reasonably

could have believed that MetLife had sufficient evidence of insurability from him or

that the provision did not apply to himsince MetLife began deducting premiums from

his paycheck and the supplemental life insurance policy showed up on his Savvis

online benefits enrollment page. Todd captures this situation succinctly: "[T]he

objectivelyreasonable expectations of applicants and intended beneficiaries regarding

the terms of insurance contracts will be honored even though painstaking study of the

policy provisions would have negated those expectations." 760 F.2d at 196 n.2

(quoting Robert Keeton, Ins. Law Rights at Variance with Policy Provisions, 83

Harvard L. Rev. 961, 967 (1970)). 

4. Available Relief

Because we determined that Amara changed the law as our court had

previously interpreted it, we conclude a remedy may be available. The question

remains, however, what might that remedy look like. At oral argument, Silva's

counsel and the Department of Labor, appearing as an amicus, agreed that the

appropriate remedy under § 1132(a)(3)isthe payment of benefits that were seemingly

owed under the Plan—$429,000. Their request for make-whole, monetary relief

under § 1132(a)(3) is supported by the case law of other circuit courts of appeals. 

See, e.g., Osberg v. Foot Locker, Inc., 555 F. App'x 77, 80–81 (2d Cir. 2014);

Kenseth v. Dean Health Plan, Inc., 722 F.3d 869, 891–92 (7th Cir. 2013) ("[Amara]

substantiallychanges our understanding ofthe equitable relief available under section

1132(a)(3). [The plaintiff] has argued for make-whole relief in the form of monetary

-21-
compensation for a breach of fiduciary duty . . . We now know that, in appropriate

circumstances, that relief is available under section 1132(a)(3)."); Gearlds v. Entergy

Servs., Inc., 709 F.3d 448, 452 (5th Cir. 2013); McCravy v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 690

F.3d 176, 182–83 (4th Cir. 2011); Teisman v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 908 F.

Supp. 2d 875, 880 (W.D. Mich. 2012) ("[T]he Court finds that § 1132(a)(3)

authorizes the 'make-whole' equitable relief sought by Plaintiff because [the

company] is a fiduciary."). But see Moyle v. Liberty Mut. Retirement Ben. Plan, No.

985 F. Supp. 2d 1247, 1266 (S.D. Cal. 2013) ("'Appropriate equitable relief' does not

authorize suits for money damagesfor breach offiduciary duty."). The FourthCircuit

stressed why allowing plan participants to seek the full amount of benefits for a

breach of fiduciary obligations under § 1132(a)(3) is so important:

[W]ith Amara, the Supreme Court clarified that remedies beyond mere

premium refunds . . . are indeed available to ERISA plaintiffs suing

fiduciaries under Section 1132(a)(3). This makessense—otherwise, the

stifled state of the law interpreting Section 1132(a)(3) would encourage

abuse by fiduciaries. Indeed, fiduciaries would have every incentive to

wrongfully accept premiums, even if they had no idea as to whether

coverage existed—or even if they affirmatively knew that it did not. 

The biggest risk fiduciaries would face would be the return of their illgotten gains, and even this risk would only materialize in the (likely

small) subset of circumstances where plan participants actually needed

the benefits for which they had paid. Meanwhile, fiduciaries would

enjoy essentially risk-free windfall profits from employees who paid

premiums on non-existent benefits but who never filed a claim for those

benefits. With Amara, the Supreme Court has put these perverse

incentives to rest and paved the way for [the plaintiff] to seek a remedy

beyond mere premium refund.

McCravy, 690 F.3d at 182–83.

We agree and direct the district court to allow Silva to amend his complaint to

add his claims against Savvis and MetLife under § 1132(a)(3) based on the equitable

-22-
theories of surcharge, reformation, and equitable estoppel as described by the

Supreme Court in Amara.

C. Simultaneous Claims Under § 1132(a)(1)(B) and § 1132(a)(3)

Because we conclude that an equitable remedy may be available, the motion

to amend cannot be rejected on a theory of futility. We next address the separate

question of whether it could be denied on the basis of redundancy. Defendants argue

that Silva should not be allowed to amend his complaint to add a claim under

§ 1132(a)(3) based on the Supreme Court case Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489

(1996), which our court recently interpreted in Pilger v. Sweeney, 725 F.3d 922 (8th

Cir. 2013). In Varity, the Court discussed the interaction between the subsections in

29 U.S.C. § 1132, including the two at issue in this case, §§ 1132(a)(1)(B) and (a)(3). 

516 U.S. at 512. The Court stated that § 1132(a)(1)(B) focused upon providing a

remedy for the "wrongful denial of benefits and information," while § 1132(a)(3) was

a "catchall" that provided "'appropriate equitable relief' for 'any' statutory violation."

Id. The Court noted that this "structure suggests that these 'catchall' provisions act

as a safety net, offering appropriate equitable relief for injuries caused by violations

that § [1132] does not elsewhere adequately remedy." Id. The Court then concluded

that "where Congress elsewhere provided adequate relief for a beneficiary's injury,

there will be no need for further equitable relief, in which case such relief normally

would not be 'appropriate.'" Id. at 515 (emphasis added).

In Pilger, our court interpreted Varity to stand for the proposition that if a

plaintiff brings a cause of action under § 1132(a)(1)(B), then the plaintiff is barred

from pursing a claim under § 1132(a)(3). Pilger, 725 F.3d at 927. At oral argument,

Defendants argued that Silva must choose between § 1132(a)(1)(B) or § 1132(a)(3)

at the pleading stage because Pilger foreclosed the ability to argue for relief under

both. Under Defendants' reading of Pilger, injured plaintiffs would need to assess

-23-
their possible claims under 29 U.S.C. § 1132 and then select only the subsection they

believed most likely to bring them the relief they seek.

We do not read Varity and Pilger to stand for the proposition that Silva may

only plead one cause of action to seek recovery of his son's supplemental life

insurance benefits. Rather, we conclude those cases prohibit duplicate recoveries

when a more specific section of the statute, such as § 1132(a)(1)(B), provides a

remedy similar to what the plaintiff seeks under the equitable catchall provision,

§ 1132(a)(3). See A.A., ex rel. J.A. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ill., No. 2:13-cv00357, 2014 WL 910144, at *11 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 7, 2014) ("Dismissal of a Section

[1132](a)(3) claimis appropriate at the summary judgment stage where a plaintiff has

asserted, and obtained relief for, a claim under Section [1132](a)(1)(B)." (emphasis

added)); Jones v. Allen, No. 2:11-cv-380, 2014 WL 1155347, at *9 (S.D. Ohio Mar.

21, 2014) ("It [is] well established in [the Sixth] Circuit that plaintiffs [can] bring

claims for breaches of fiduciary duty in ERISA cases, and [can] even do so alongside

a claim for benefits in certain circumstances.").

Contrary to Defendants' argument, Varity does not limit the number of ways

a party can initially seek relief at the motion to dismiss stage. The case Black v. Long

Term Disability Insurance summarizes our views well:

Varity Corp. does not hold that when an ERISA plaintiff alleges facts

supporting both a § 1132(a)(1)(B) and a § 1132(a)(3) claim, a court must

or should grant a defendant's Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the latter

claim. Varity Corp. did not deal with pleading but rather with relief. . . .

Further, nothing in Varity Corp. overrules federal pleading rules. And,

under such rules, a plaintiff may plead claims hypothetically or

alternatively. To dismiss an ERISA plaintiff's § 1132(a)(3) claim as

duplicative at the pleading stage of a case would, in effect, require the

plaintiff to elect a legal theory and would, therefore, violate [the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure].

373 F. Supp. 2d 897, 902–03 (E.D. Wis. 2005) (internal citations omitted).

-24-
Silva presentstwo alternative—as opposed to duplicative—theories ofliability

and is allowed to plead both. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(3) ("A pleading that states a

claim for relief must contain . . . a demand for the relief sought, which may include

relief in the alternative or different types of relief."); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2) ("A party

may set out 2 or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically,

either in a single count or defense or in separate ones."); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 18

("A party asserting a claim . . . may join, as independent or alternative claims, as

many claims as it has against an opposing party."). The plaintiff is simply not

allowed to recover twice.

We find further support for our interpretation of Varity in Amara. In Amara,

the plaintiffs sought relief under § 1132(a)(1)(B). After discussing § 1132(a)(1)(B)

and determining that plaintiffs could not obtain relief under that section of ERISA,

the Court turned to § 1132(a)(3) and stated that plaintiffs may be able to obtain

equitable relief under that section. 131 S. Ct. at 1878–79. The Court addressed the

issue in terms of available relief and did not say that plaintiffs would be barred from

initially bringing a claim under the § 1132(a)(3) catchall provision simply because

they had already brought a claim under the more specific portion of the statute,

§ 1132(a)(1)(B).

We recognize that this interpretation of Varity may seem to be at odds with

earlier Eighth Circuit cases. See, e.g., Pilger, 725 F.3d at 927 ("Plaintiffs' ability to

seek this relief in their § 1132(a)(1)(B) claim forecloses them from also pursing it in

this § 1132(a)(3)(B) claim."); Antolik, 463 F.3d at 803 (same); Wald v. Sw. Bell

Corp. Customcare Med. Plan, 83 F.3d 1002, 1006 (8th Cir. 1996) (same). These

cases, however, are distinguishable based on the stage of litigation the court was

reviewing. All three cases were on appealfroma motion for summary judgment—not

a motion to dismiss. This isimportant because claims are more developed by the time

a motion for summary judgment is filed. At summary judgment, a court is better

equipped to assessthe likelihood for duplicate recovery, analyze the overlap between

-25-
claims, and determine whether one claim alone will provide the plaintiff with

"adequate relief."

At the motion to dismiss stage, however, it is difficult for a court to discern the

intricacies of the plaintiff's claims to determine if the claims are indeed duplicative,

rather than alternative, and determine if one or both could provide adequate relief. 

See Black, 373 F. Supp. 2d at 901–02 ("[A] district court should generally not dismiss

a § 1132(a)(3) claim as duplicative of a claim for benefits at the motion to dismiss

stage of a case."); Allbaugh v. Cal. Field Ironworkers Pension Trust, No. 2:12-cv00561, 2014 WL 2112934, at *6 (D. Nev. May 20, 2014) ("[A]t the pleading stage,

a plaintiff may advance multiple, alternative, even contradictory theories of liability

[under ERISA]."). At the pleading stage, it is difficult to determine if relief is indeed

owed under § 1132(a)(1)(B), and requiring the plaintiff to pursue that path may

foreclose the plaintiff from bringing a better case pursuant to § 1132(a)(3). For

example, the Eastern District of Missouri—the same district where the present case

originates—recently declined to dismiss a plaintiff's claims for relief under

§§ 1132(a)(1)(B) and (a)(3) on a motion to dismiss because the factual record had not

been developed sufficiently for the court to be able to discern if the claims were

indeed duplicative. Martin v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., No. 4:13cv1108, 2014 WL

2009079, at *4 (E.D. Mo. May 16, 2014) (noting that the prohibition against

duplicative ERISA claims applies "only when § 1132(a)(1) provides an adequate

remedy").

At oral argument, Defendants' counsel argued that because Silva has a claim

under § 1132(a)(1)(B), albeit, according to Defendants, not a successful one, he is

barred from asserting a claim under § 1132(a)(3). Defendants' argument illustrates

the unfairness of their position. As stated at length above, we believe Varity only

bars duplicate recovery and does not address pleading alternate theories of liability. 

Under § 1132(a)(1)(B), Silva is arguing that the insurance policy was valid and that

Abel's failure to provide evidence of insurability does not alter the validity of the

policy. In the alternative, under § 1132(a)(3), Silva is arguing that if Abel's policy

-26-
was never validly approved and therefore did not go into effect due to the missing

Statement of Health form, MetLife and Savvis are still liable to him due to fiduciary

misconduct. These arguments assert different theories of liability. Because these

12

claims are based on alternative legal bases for relief, Silva may plead both. If on

remand, the district court finds Defendants liable under Silva's § 1132(a)(1)(B) claim,

then the court need not reach his claim under the equitable catchall provision,

§ 1132(a)(3), as the former subsection has already provided Silva with "adequate

relief." See Varity, 516 U.S. at 515. But at the motion to dismiss stage of litigation,

Under § 1132(a)(1)(B), the remedy Silva seeks is payment of the $429,000

12

life insurance policy. The remedy under § 1132(a)(3) is less clear, but at oral

argument, Silva's counsel and counsel for the Department of Labor argued that the

remedy should be the same: make-whole relief, taking the form of the full payment

of benefits under the policy. See Amara, 131 S. Ct. At 1880 ("[T]he fact that this

relief takes the form of a money payment does not remove it from the category of

traditionally equitable relief."). The fact that the remedy sought is the same amount

of money in this case does not affect our analysis because the arguments Silva makes

to reach that remedy remain alternate, equitable theories of liability. See Echague v.

Met. Life Ins. Co., No. 12-CV-00640, 2014 WL 2089331, at *11 (N.D. Cal. May 19,

2014) ("The mere fact that the amount that plaintiff seeks under her (a)(3) claim is

similar to the amount plaintiffseeks under her (a)(1)(B) claim does not automatically

preclude her (a)(3) claim."). Indeed, in the context of a life insurance policy, the

remedy sought under § 1132(a)(3) generally always be the full benefits available

under the policy. Therefore, similarity in the formof the remedy sought does not alter

our view that Silva should have the opportunity to plead and argue both claims. See

Jones v. Am. Gen. Life & Accident Ins. Co., 370 F.3d 1065, 1073–74 (11th Cir.

2004) (concluding thatsimilarity ofthe relief sought does not determine whether both

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) and (a)(3) claims can proceed). In addition, prior to this suit,

MetLife internal correspondence shows that the company thought Silva may be

entitled to three times his salary, $257,100, rather than the entire value of the life

insurance policy. Although Silva is asking for full relief, it is not clear that the relief

under §§ 1132(a)(1)(B) and (a)(3) is necessarily the same.

-27-
we simply hold that on remand that Silva is allowed to assert liability under the two

subsections of 29 U.S.C. § 1132 at issue in this case.13

IV. Conclusion

We reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment to Defendants on

Silva's § 1132(a)(1)(B) claimand the district court's denial of Silva's motion to amend

to add a claim under § 1132(a)(3). We remand to the district court so Silva has a full

opportunity to litigate both of his ERISA claims in light of our decision.

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I join the opinion of the court with respect to its disposition of Silva’s motion

to amend his complaint to add a claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). However,

because I believe that the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor

of MetLife and Savvis on Silva’s claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), I

respectfully dissent from Part III.A of the opinion of the court.

In considering a § 1132(a)(1)(B) claim, we review a plan administrator’s

benefits determination for abuse of discretion when, as here, the “plan grants the

administrator discretion to determine eligibility for benefits and to interpret the plan’s

terms.” Green v. Union Sec. Ins. Co., 646 F.3d 1042, 1050 (8th Cir. 2011). Under

this standard, a plan “administrator’s decision should be affirmed if it is reasonable.” 

Id.(internal citations and quotations omitted). As the court observes, the ERISA plan

in this case provides that Abel’s supplemental-life-insurance coverage would not

commence if he did not give MetLife “evidence of insurability or the evidence of

insurability is not accepted by [MetLife] as satisfactory.” See ante at 4. MetLife

interpreted this provision to require Abel to submit a Statement of Health, which he

We leave for another day the issue of whether future cases may require the

13

plaintiff to elect which theory it is going to pursue at trial once full discovery has

been conducted.

-28-
did not do. The dispositive question in this case, then, is whether MetLife’s

interpretation was reasonable. See ante at 11. 

In reviewing [a plan administrator’s] interpretation of its

plan language, we generally examine the following factors

[often known as the Finley factors]: (1) whether the

interpretation is consistent with the goals of the plan; (2)

whether it renders any language in the plan meaningless or

internally inconsistent; (3) whether it conflicts with the

substantive or procedural requirements of ERISA; (4)

whether [the plan administrator] has interpreted the

provisions at issue here consistently; and (5) whether the

interpretation is contrary to the clear language of the plan. 

McClelland v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 679 F.3d 755, 759 (8th Cir. 2012) (citing

Finley v. Special Agents Mut. Benefit Ass’n, 957 F.2d 617, 621 (8th Cir. 1992)).14

“[W]e do not search for the best or preferable interpretation of a plan term.” Hutchins

v. Champion Intern. Corp., 110 F.3d 1341, 1344 (8th Cir. 1997). “[W]e may not find

the interpretation invalid merely because we disagree with it, but only if it is

unreasonable.” Id.

Consideration of the Finley factors shows that MetLife reasonably interpreted

the plan to require submission of a Statement of Health. First, MetLife’s

interpretation is consistent with the clear language of the plan. The plan requires

participants to submit evidence of insurability that is “satisfactory” to MetLife. This

Although we also must consider MetLife’s inherent conflict of interest as 14

both insurer and plan administrator, that conflict will be most relevant “‘as a

tiebreaker’ when the issue is close” or “‘where circumstances suggest a higher

likelihood that it affected the benefits decision.’” Jones v. ReliaStar Life Ins. Co.,

615 F.3d 941, 946 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554

U.S. 105, 117 (2008)). I do not find this case so close as to require a tiebreaker, and

Silva has not pointed to any evidence that MetLife’s conflict of interest was

particularly likely to affect this specific benefits decision.

-29-
phrasing necessarily contemplatesthat MetLife would require some evidence—such

as a Statement of Health—that is not specified by the plan’s terms and that MetLife

would be the judge of the adequacy of that evidence. Silva has not provided any

reason to doubt that requiring the submission of a Statement of Health is a fair

method of assessing the health of a life-insurance applicant. Second, the record

demonstrates that MetLife has applied its interpretation consistently. As the court

observes, approximately 200 other Savvis employees were found not to have

completed a Statement of Health. See ante at 6-7. MetLife applied the same plan

interpretation to these employees as it did to Silva and required them to submit

Statements of Health. See Appellant’s Appendix at 565 (containing MetLife internal

claims-determination file) (“[W]e have determined that we will not be grandfathering

these individuals into the plan at the amounts they’ve requested. We will require

ALL past participants to submit a form.”). This consistent application supports the

reasonableness of MetLife’s interpretation. Third, requiring submission of a

Statement of Health also comports with at least one plan goal, that is, ensuring

affordability for participants. As the court notes, the evidence-of-insurability

provision can prevent “those who may be very ill from taking out a large life

insurance policy shortly before death.” Ante at 11. By limiting MetLife’s risk

exposure, such a requirement could in turn reduce premium costs for other

participants. Refusing to enforce this provision in the reasonable manner selected by

MetLife could impose future premium increases on other plan participants. Finally,

none ofthe other Finley factors undermines MetLife’s interpretation. In light ofthese

factors, which the court does not specifically analyze, I conclude that MetLife

reasonably interpreted the plan to require submission of a Statement of Health, a

requirement with which Abel did not comply. 

The court objects that the administrative record omits certain facts that the

court deems necessary to determining whether MetLife abused its discretion. But I

am not convinced that these evidentiary lacunae are so glaring. In particular, the

administrative record shows that MetLife investigated Savvis’s method of notifying

employees that submitting a Statement of Health is required. And Savvis responded

-30-
that when employees attempt to enroll for benefits through its online enrollment

system, the system prompted them to complete a Statement of Health and directed

them to the company’s benefits department, from which the form could be obtained. 

See Appellant’s Appendix 573-76. Silva did not present evidence to contradict the

results of MetLife’s investigation. Thus, the uncontradicted evidence in the

administrative record supports the conclusion that Abel received notice that he was

required to complete a Statement of Health. See Green, 646 F.3d at 1050 (explaining

that a plan administrator’s benefits determination is reasonable if “it is supported by

substantial evidence”). As such, I believe that the district court correctly granted

summary judgment in favor of MetLife and Savvis on Silva’s § 1132(a)(1)(B) claim.

As noted above, I agree with the court that Silva was permitted to plead

simultaneously claims under both § 1132(a)(1)(B) and § 1132(a)(3). The court

correctly explains that at this early stage of litigation, an ERISA plaintiff may plead

claims under both provisionsin the alternative. See ante at 23-28. Critically, though,

a § 1132(a)(3) claim—even if pled in the alternative—cannot survive a motion to

dismiss if the plaintiff seeks to enforce rights that arise under the terms of an ERISA

plan; § 1132(a)(1)(B) provides the exclusive remedy for vindicating rights arising

under the terms of the plan. See Pilger v. Sweeney, 725 F.3d 922, 927 (8th Cir.

2013). Here, however, Silva premises his § 1132(a)(3) claim on alleged breaches of

the defendants’ fiduciary duties that prevented him from becoming eligible for

benefits under the plan. See Gearlds v. Entergy Servs., Inc., 709 F.3d 448 (5th Cir.

2013); McCravy v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 690 F.3d 176 (4th Cir. 2012). Accordingly,

I join the court’s disposition of Silva’s motion to amend his complaint to add a claim

under § 1132(a)(3).

______________________________

-31-