**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## PRODUCTION & FRAC WATER

**RECYCLING TRENDS**

**AND**

**FUTURE REQUIREMENTS**

by Tom Lewis III**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

## WHO ARE WE...

• **ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION** 

• **COMPANY HAS TWO PATENTS** 

**- HEAVY METALS** 
**REMOVAL AND CYANIDE DESTRUCTION** 
**TECHNOLOGIES**

• **PATENT PENDING SHALE GAS WATER RECYCLING** 
**PROCESS**

**MISSION STATEMENT...**

**TO PROVIDE ITS CUSTOMERS WITH A “SINGLE POINT OF**
**RESPONSIBILITY” TO IMPROVE SHALE GAS WATER**
**MANAGEMENT BY IMPLEMENTING “GREEN “ SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES ENABLING RESOURCE RECOVERY,** 
**WATER RECYCLING AND ECONOMIC SAVINGS. Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  **LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**

• Crane Naval Base**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## TRILLION
**DOLLAR**
**NATURAL GAS**
**RESERVE Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL y g "Fracking ” :injecting water, sand and special chemicals UNDER HIGH PRESSURE into the shale layer separates the pores in the rock sand particles "hold" the cracks open RELEASES NATURAL gas

FLOWBACK: 35%

- 40% OF INJECTED WATER IS RECVERD FROM THE WELL. NASTY STUFF: fluids CAN qualify as hazardous material TOXIC LEVELS OF carcinoge**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## Hydraulic Fracturing...

• **FRACING”**

**- INJECTING WATER, SAND AND** 

**CHEMICALS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE INTO THE**

**SHALE FORMATION.**

• **SEPARATES THE PORES IN THE ROCK , SAND**

**"HOLD" THE CRACKS OPEN**

**– RELEASES GAS** 

**FLOWBACK: 20%** 

**- 25%**  **OF INJECTED WATER IS**

**RECOVERED FROM THE WELL.**

• **NASTY STUFF: THERE’S AS MUCH AS TWO** 

**POUNDS OF SALT IN A GALLON OF FRAC WATER. Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

HYDROFRAC REQUIRES 6,000,000 GALLONS WATER

THAT’S 1200 TRUCKLOADS
OF WATER OR 9 OLYMPIC
SIZE SWIMMING POOLS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## WATER MANAGEMNT TRENDS...

**SMALL and MEDIUM SIZE DRILLERS**

• **OFF**

**- SITE DISPOSAL COSTLY TRUCKING AND** 

**DISPOSAL FEES**

**LARGE SIZE DRILLERS**

• **REUSE “DIRTY” FRAC WATER AND FRESH WATER**

• **DEEP WELL INJECT CONCENTRATED**

**BRINE WATER**

**LOSS OF VALUABLE WATER AND**

**RECOVERABLE RESOURCES Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

DIRTY FRAC

WATER DIRTY FRAC

WATER
FILTRATION

RECYCLED
FRAC WATER

DEEP WELL
INJECTION FRESH

WATER 

## FRAC WATER MANAGEMENT

DRILL

SITE ENVIRO

SHALE
PROCESS 

### 2nd

FRAC WATER

RECYCLED

5

– 6 TIMES

ELIMINATE DEEP
WELL INJECTION**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## FRAC WATER RECYCLING CRITERIA...

• **INORGANIC IMPURITIES**

BARIUM, STRONTIUM AND IRON

SULFATE AND CALCIUM

CHLORIDE LEVELS

• **ANY THING ELSE...**

ORGANICS CONTAMINANTS

• **IS THAT IT?**

SCALING FACTORS

– DISSOLVED GAS CO2



## THESE IMPACT THE REUSE OF FRAC WATER**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

2011 RECYCLING/FLOWBACK TREND ANALYSIS

IT E MS FLOWBACK

YEAR 2009 FLOWBACK

YEAR 2011 FLOWBACK

YEAR 2012

Sodium 12,200 15,500 18,800

Calcium 7,500 19,500 25,800

Magnesium 570 1,680 1,550

Iron 39 109 43.1

Barium 95 3,310 6,610

Strontium 103 4,040 7,630

Chloride 80,200 148,000 164,000

Bicarbonate 36 56 ND

Ammonia 107 135 148**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

HYDROFRAC REQUIRES 4,000,000 GALLONS WATER

THAT’S 800 TRUCKLOADS
OF WATER OR 6 OYLIMPIC
SIZE SWIMMING POOLS 12,200 15,500 18,800

7500 19,500 25,800

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

2009 2010 2012INORGANIC SPECIES (PPM) 

### CALCIUM

- SODIUM THREAD

ANALYSIS

Sodium

Calcium**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

HYDROFRAC REQUIRES 4,000,000 GALLONS WATER

THAT’S 800 TRUCKLOADS
OF WATER OR 6 OYLIMPIC
SIZE SWIMMING POOLS

95 3,310 6,610

103 4,040 7,630

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

2009 2010 2012INORGANIC SPECIES (PPM) 

## BARIUM

- STRONTIUM THREAD ANALYSIS

Barium

Strontium 

## SUMMARY...

• CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

INCREASED BY 100%.

• BARIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS

INCREASED 30

– 40 TIMES.

• CALCIUM CONCENTRATION INCREASED

2

– 3 TIMES.

• TDS LEVELS INCREASED 2

– 3 TIMES.

THESE INCREASES ARE GAME CHANGERS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

HYDROFRAC REQUIRES 4,000,000 GALLONS WATER

THAT’S 800 TRUCKLOADS
OF WATER OR 6 OYLIMPIC
SIZE SWIMMING POOLS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL y g "Fracking ” :injecting water, sand and special chemicals UNDER HIGH PRESSURE into the shale layer separates the pores in the rock sand particles "hold" the cracks open RELEASES NATURAL gas

FLOWBACK: 35%

- 40% OF INJECTED WATER IS RECVERD FROM THE WELL. NASTY STUFF: fluids CAN qualify as hazardous material TOXIC LEVELS OF carcinoge



### FRAC AND PRODUCED
WATERS ARE
TRANSPORTED TO
VARIOUS TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR
RECYCLING. A LARGE
PERCENTAGE IS
DISPOSED VIA DEEP
WELL INJECTION.**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

CLASS II INJECTION WELL

ANNULUS

ACCESS

DRILLING
MUD

CEMENT

TUBING

INJECTION
ZONE 

## WHAT IS DEEP WELL
INJECTION...

WASTE IS PUMPED INTO THE
EARTH UNDER A SEALED
PIPING SYSTEM.**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL y g "Fracking ” :injecting water, sand and special chemicals UNDER HIGH PRESSURE into the shale layer separates the pores in the rock sand particles "hold" the cracks open RELEASES NATURAL gas

FLOWBACK: 35%

- 40% OF INJECTED WATER IS RECVERD FROM THE WELL. NASTY STUFF: fluids CAN qualify as hazardous material TOXIC LEVELS OF carcinoge



## DEEP WELL INJECTION

**THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY...**

• GOOD

**– IF AVAILABLE, LOW COST; HANDLES A** 

**WIDE RANGE OF WASTE W/ COMPLETE DISPOSAL.**



## • **IF THE REGION’S GEOLOGY SUPPORTS DISPOSAL**

**ITS HEAVILY USED.**



## • BAD

**– LIMITED CAPACITY AND NOT CHEAP** 

**- $2MM** 



## • **LOCATION LIMITED; MAY HAVE TO TRUCK.**



## • UGLY

**– WELLS CAN BE PLUGGED WITH SCALE.** 



## • **INJECTION WELLS CAN CAUSE EARTH TREMORS. Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## TWO MAJOR ISSUES INTERSECT...

**LOW TDS DISCHARGE REGULATIONS**

**FOR NEW DISPOSAL FACILITIES**

**&**

**ZERO DISCHARGE FRAC WATER**

**RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY**



## WORKING TOGETHER WINS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## TITLE 25 PA CODE CHAPTER 95...

NEW SOURCES OF HIGH TDS WASTE WATERS

AFTER AUGUST 1, 2010

SHALE GAS WASTE WATER DISCHARGE LIMITS

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 500 mg/l

TOTAL CHLORIDES 250 mg/l

TOTAL SULFATES 250 mg/l

TOTAL BARIUM 10 mg/l

TOTAL STRONTIUM 10 mg/l**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## FRAC WATER TREATMENT CHOICES...

• 

## REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)

• OZONE DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

• EVAPORATION (THERMAL DISTILLATION)

• **ENVIRO**

**- SHALE PROCESS** 

**–**
ZERO DISCHARGE

LET’S REVEIW HOW EACH ONE WORKS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** **Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

OZONE STRENGTH WEAKNESS

ALLEGHENY OZONE
SOMERSET, PA DESTRUCTS

ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS NEEDS ELECTRICITY TO

MAKE OZONE

ECOSPHERE

TECHNOLOGIES

DELAWARE CORP. PATENTED

PROCESS VERY EXPENSIVE

CAPITAL EQUIPMENT

HIGH ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

STILL HAS WASTE

STREAM**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**

### DISTILLATION STRENGTH WEAKNESS

GE WATER (USA) RECOVERS AND

CONCENTRATES

FINANCIALLY

STRONG EXPENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

HIGH ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

FOUNTAIN QUAIL
(USA) INDUSTRY

ACCEPTANCE CONCENTRATE

DISPOSAL

HIGH MAINTENANCE

COSTS

**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## • DISTILLATE MEETS NEW DISCHARGE REGULATIONS, BUT
BRINE MUST BE DEEP WELL
INJECTED DUE TO INORGANIC
IMPURITIES

.**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** **Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### CRYSTALLIZER STRENGTH WEAKNESS

GE WATER (USA) CONCENTRATES

HIGH TDS

FEED STOCKS

FINANCIALLY

STRONG VERY EXPENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

HIGH ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

AQUA

- TECH (USA ) NO UNITS IN

MARCELLUS PLAY CONCENTRATE

DISPOSAL

HIGH MAINTENANCE

COSTS

**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## EXTENSIVE RECYCLING OF FRAC
FLUIDS HAS REDUCED THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF RECOVERY
TECHNOLOGIES DUE TO THE HIGH TDS
AND CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 80,200 148,000 164,000
125,000 200,000 250,000

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

2009 2010 2012INORGANIC SPECIES (PPM) 

### CHLORIDES

- TDS THREAD ANALYSIS

Chloride

TDS 

## 120K

– 180K PPM**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**

### Brine Concentrator/Crystallizer



## ISSUES...

STILL NEED DEEP WELL INJECTION.

OPTIONS...

BY

- PRODUCT RECOVERY**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## ENVIRO

**- SHALE PROCESS** 

**–** ZERO DISCHARGE

...

• PROPRIETARY TECHNOLOGY (PATENT PENDING)

• MOBILE (ON

- SITE) TREATMENT PRODUCES

SUITABLE WATER FOR REUSE

• LOW ENERGY USAGE

• ELIMINATES LARGE VOLUMES OF FRAC FLUIDS

FOR DISPOSAL

• RECOVERS BRINE AS SALEABLE SALT



## SAVES MONEY AND RESOURCES

WHILE IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## ENVIRO

**- SHALE PROCESS (ESP)** 

TWO STAGE PROCESS

• 1 st 

### STAGE

– REMOVES OIL/GREASE, ORGANICS

AND IRON

• 2 nd 

### STAGE

– REMOVES TRACE ORGANICS AND

NONDESIRED INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

• ESP EFFLUENT IS CLEAR AND ORGANIC FREE

• SCALING FACTORS REDUCED

ESP EFFLUENT CAN BE RECYCLED BACK TO
DRILLING OPERATION OR DISTILLATION FEEDSTOCK**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems Cost Effective Solutions For ....**  **Today’s Problems** 

## HOW THE ENVIRO

- SHALE PROCESS WORKS

Ba Ba

Sr Sr Cl Cl

Cl CARBON

CARBON

CARBON

RAW FRAC WATER WITH BARIUM,
STRONTIUM AND CHLORIDES THE WATER COMES IN CONTACT WITH
THE LEWIS CARBON THE BARIUM AND STRONTIUM ARE
ADSORBED ON THE CARBON’S SURFACE

THE FRAC WATER IS UPGRADED WITH
A “CLEAN” CHLORIDE STREAM**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## CASE STUDY

**– RECYCLING FRAC** 
**WATER AT DEEP WELL INJECTION**
**FACILITY ...**

• **14 DAY TRIAL WITH 5 DAYS OPERATION.**

• **DEMONSTRATION PERFORMED AT DEEP**

**WELL FACILITY.**

• **MOBILE UNIT OPERATED IN THE FIELD.**

**HIGH LIGHTS OF THE DEMONSTRATION Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems**  

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**FEED WATER CHARACTERIZATION**

**ITEM RAW** 

**VALUE FEED** 

**RANGES**

**TDS** 306,000

- 138,000

**pH** 7.4

- 5.4

**TOTAL IRON**  109

- 93

**TOTAL CHLORIDE** 185,600

- 130,000

**TOTAL BARIUM**

**TOTAL STRONTIUM**

**CALCIUM** 3,479

5,420

23,000 - 1,360

- 3,600

- **18,800**

**TOC** 136

- 52

**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

RAW
FRAC

WATER ESP

EFFLUENT**ENVIRO**

**- SHALE PROCESS RESULTS** 

**ITEM AVERAGE** 

**EFF VALUE**  **%**

**REMOVAL**

**TDS** 153,700 14.0

**CARBON DIOXIDE** 14.1 71.6

**TOTAL IRON**  0.2 99.9

**TOTAL CHLORIDE** 126,300 18.5

**TOTAL BARIUM**

**TOTAL STRONTIUM**

**CALCIUM** 740

3,742

19,003 **72.1**

**22.0**

**6.2**

**TOC** 27 69.0

**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL



## SUMMARY OF RESULTS ...

• **PROCESSED 74,200 gals ( 1,766 bbl) OVER** 

**A 5 DAY PERIOD.**

• **ESP EFFLUENT TESTED BY DRILL**

**CHEMICAL COMPANY AND GIVEN**

**“GREEN” LIGHT TO REUSE AT DRILL SITE.**

• **REDUCED CONTAMINANTS AND**

**ORGANICS LEVELS.**

• **REDUCED SCALING FACTORS.** BOTTOM LINE

– UPGRADED AND RECYCLED

FRAC WATER SCHEDULED

FOR DISPOSAL VIA DEEP

WELL INJECTION.**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

HIGH PURITY BRINE PURIFICATION

Barium 12,100 3.4 99.97%
Calcium 24,200 0 100.00%

Iron 36.2 0 100.00%

Magnesium 1,540 110 92.86%

Sodium 24,000 75,100

- 212.92%

Strontium 12,900 4.8 99.96%

Total Dissolved Solids 259,000 245,000 5.41%

Bromide 1,030 1,150

- 11.65%

Chloride 186,000 181,000 2.69%

Sulfate 0 0

Carbon Dioxide 8.9 0 100.00% 

## CLEAN BRINE TO

DISTILLATION / CRYSTALLIZER

SALABLE BY

- PRODUCTS.**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems** 

### LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL

ENVIRO

- SHALE PROCESS TEST RESULTS

ITEM RAW FEED ESP

-
STAGE 1&2 FINAL

DISTILLATE % REMOVED

TDS (mg/l) 181,000 191,000 306 99.77%

pH 5.63 6.42 6.82

TOTAL IRON ( mg/l) 143 <0.1 <0.1 99.93%

TOTAL CHLORIDE 78,000 71,900 95 99.87%

TOTAL BARIUM

TOTAL STRONTIUM

OIL & GREASE 95.3

108

77.0 1.04

0.94

< 5 <0.1

<0.1

< 5 99.89%

99.90%

99.70 %

TOC 62.76 0.61 <0.1 99.84% 

## • THIS MEETS THE
NEW HIIGH TDS
DISCHARGE LIIMITS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** **Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** **Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## SELECTIVE
INORGANIC

BY

- PRODUCT
RECOVERY REDUCE SOLIDS
DISPOSAL AND NEED
FOR DEEP WELL
INJECTION

IMPROVE PROFIT
MARGINS**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## HIGH PURITY
BARIUM
SULFATE**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## HIGH PURITY
CALCIUM
SULFATE**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



# SUMMARY...

ZERO DISCHARGE TECHNOLOGY WILL

POSITIVELY IMPACT MARCELLUS AND

UTICA SHALE DRILLING EXPLORATION.

PROVIDE NEEDED WATER

MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING

SOLUTIONS

REDUCE COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT.MARCELLUS SHALE

TREATMENT OPTION DEEPWELL ESP ON

- SITE

RECYCLE

DEEP WELL INJECTION FEE $ 4.20 4 5.04

TRANSPORTATION TO DW 3.36 X

OHIO STATE TIP FEE 0.20 X

WATER REPLACEMENT 0.01 X

TRANSPORTATION WATER 3.36 X

TOTAL COST PER BARREL $ 11.13 $ 5.04

RECOVERY SAVINGS 

## 55%

**Cost Effective Solutions For .... Today’s Problems LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL** 



## ESP PROCESS SAVES

– DISPOSAL FEES

WATER

TRUCKING