Measuring Bullying 

Victimization, 

Perpetration, 

and Bystander 

Experiences:

A Compendium of Assessment Tools

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control 

Division of Violence Prevention
Measuring Bullying Victimization, Perpetration, and 

Bystander Experiences: A Compendium of Assessment 

Tools is a publication of the National Center for Injury 

Prevention and Control of the Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director

National Center for Injury Prevention 

and Control 

Linda C. Degutis, DrPH, MSN, Director

Division of Violence Prevention 

W. Rodney Hammond, PhD, Director

Suggested Citation: Hamburger ME, Basile KC, 

Vivolo AM. Measuring Bullying Victimization, 

Perpetration, and Bystander Experiences: A 

Compendium of Assessment Tools. Atlanta, GA: 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National 

Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2011.
Measuring 

Bullying 

Victimization, 

Perpetration, 

and Bystander

Experiences:

A Compendium of Assessment Tools

Compiled and Edited by

Merle E. Hamburger, PhD

Kathleen C. Basile, PhD

Alana M. Vivolo, MPH, CHES

Atlanta, Georgia 2011

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

Division of Violence Prevention

4770 Buford Highway NE, MS-F64

Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3742

www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention
Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge several colleagues 

who contributed to this document: Renee WilsonSimmons, DrPH, and Anna Wang, PhD, conducted 

much of the initial research that led to the creation 

of this compendium; Elizabeth Gaylor assisted with 

editing; and the following CDC colleagues provided 

valuable feedback: 

E. Lynn Jenkins, PhD

Linda Dahlberg, PhD

Mikel Walters, PhD

We also want to thank Alida Knuth and Peggy Dana 

for editing, layout, and design assistance.
Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Section A

Bully - Only Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Section B

Victim - Only Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Section C

Bully and Victim Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Section D

Bystander, Bully, and/or Victim Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Scale Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

1

Introduction and Definition of the Problem

Bullying, particularly among school-age children, 

is a major public health problem both domestically 

and internationally (Nansel, Craig, Overpeck, 

Saluja, & Ruan, 2004). Current estimates suggest 

that nearly 30% of American adolescents reported 

at least moderate bullying experiences as the bully, 

the victim, or both. Specifically, of a nationally 

representative sample of adolescents, 13% reported 

being a bully, 11% reported being a victim of 

bullying, and 6% reported being both a bully and a 

victim (Nansel et al., 2001).

How bullying experiences are defined and 

measured, however, varies greatly. Much of the 

work on bullying has adopted the definition 

of Daniel Olweus, whose work in the 1990s 

increased attention on bullying as a research topic. 

According to Olweus, a person is bullied when 

he or she is exposed repeatedly over time to 

negative actions by one or more others, excluding 

cases where two children of similar physical and 

psychological strength are fighting (Olweus, 1994). 

Olweus added that bullying can be direct (open 

attacks that are physical or verbal in nature) and 

indirect (exclusion). Since the 1990s, researchers 

have modified Olweus’ definition of bullying, for 

example, to assess the difference in power between 

bullies and victims (e.g., Vaillancourt, Hymel, & 

McDougall, 2003). Regarding measurement, some 

scholars provide respondents with a definition 

of bullying similar to Olweus’ definition (e.g., 

Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, & Schiedt, 

2003) before inquiring about their experiences 

with bullying, while others measure bullying by 

providing behaviorally specific questions, such 

as the frequency of name-calling or hitting (e.g., 

Bosworth, Espelage, & Simon, 1999).

Despite the variability in the literature, scholars 

agree that bullying experiences include not only 

physical aggression, but also verbal aggression, 

including verbal harassment, spreading rumors, or 

social rejection and isolation. Moreover, research 

suggests that boys are more likely to engage in 

physical aggression, while verbal aggression, often 

called relational aggression, is more common 

among girls (e.g., Baldry & Farrington, 2000; 

Nansel et al., 2001; Rivers & Smith, 1994).

Studies indicate that bullying experiences are 

associated with a number of behavioral, emotional, 

and physical adjustment problems. Adolescents 

who bully others tend to exhibit other defiant 

and delinquent behaviors, have poor school 

performance, be more likely to drop-out of school, 

and be more likely to bring weapons to school 

(e.g., Berthold & Hoover, 2000; Nansel et al., 2003; 

Nansel et al., 2004; Sourander, Helstela, Helenius, 

& Piha, 2000). Victims of bullying tend to report 

feelings of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, 

and isolation; poor school performance; suicidal 

ideation; and suicide attempts (e.g., Bond, Carlin, 

Thomas, Ruin, & Patton, 2001; Eisenberg, NeumarkSztainer, & Perry, 2003; Gladstone, Parker, & Malhi, 

2006; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Klomeck, Marrocco, 

Kleinman, Schonfeld, & Gould, 2007; Nansel 

et al., 2004; Sourander et al., 2000). Evidence 

further suggests that people who are the victims 

of bullying and who also perpetrate bullying (i.e., 

bully-victims) may exhibit the poorest functioning, 

in comparison with either victims or bullies (e.g., 

Nansel et al., 2004). Emotional and behavioral 

problems experienced by victims, bullies, and bullyvictims may continue into adulthood and produce 

long-term negative outcomes, including low selfesteem and self-worth, depression, antisocial 

behavior, vandalism, drug use and abuse, criminal 

behavior, gang membership, and suicidal ideation 

(e.g., Nansel et al., 2001; Gladstone et al., 2006; 

Hugh-Jones & Smith, 1999; Olweus, 1994).

In the bullying literature, the experiences of 

bystanders—that is, individuals who watch 

bullying happen or hear about it—have largely 

been overlooked (Twemlow, Fonagy, & Sacco, 

2004). What is known is that youth who witness 

bullying often report increased feelings of guilt 

or helplessness for not confronting the bully 

and/or supporting the victim (Hoover, Oliver, & 

Hazler, 1992; O’Connell, Pepler, & Craig, 1999). 

Additionally, adolescent bystanders may separate 

themselves from a bullied peer to avoid being 

bullied (Salmivalli, 2001).
2

Purpose of the Compendium

This compendium provides researchers, 

prevention specialists, and health educators with 

tools to measure a range of bullying experiences: 

bully perpetration, bully victimization, bullyvictim experiences, and bystander experiences. 

Some researchers continue to examine the 

risk and protective factors associated with 

bullying experiences. Others are working 

to design, implement, and evaluate bully 

prevention interventions aimed at reducing 

bully victimization and perpetration, as well as 

increasing prosocial bystander involvement in 

bullying situations. The ability to measure bullying 

experiences broadly and completely is crucial to 

the success of these activities.

Given that numerous measures of bullying 

experiences exist, researchers and practitioners—

particularly those new to the field—may find it 

challenging to identify which of the available 

measures is appropriate for assessing a particular 

bullying experience. This compendium represents a 

starting point from which researchers can consider 

a set of psychometrically sound measures for 

assessing self-reported incidence and prevalence of 

a variety of bullying experiences.

What the Compendium Includes

This compendium contains 33 measures, which 

were selected using specific procedures. Bullying 

search terms were drawn from a review of the 

most salient literature on bullying victimization 

and perpetration as well as bystander experiences 

among adolescents and young adults. These 

terms were used to conduct searches of multiple 

electronic databases, which yielded a variety of 

different measures and scales.

We used the following inclusion criteria:

•	 To maximize inclusiveness of our review of

measures, we included a measure if the article in 

which it was published referred to the construct 

“bullying,” even if the authors did not assess the 

power differential and chronicity of the target 

behavior or did not label the behavior as bullying 

for the research participants.

•	 The measure had to assess constructs related to

bullying, such as physical aggression, relational 

aggression, sexualized and homophobic 

bullying, and bystander experiences.

•	 The measure had to have been administered to

respondents between 12 and 20 years of age.

•	 Since the bulk of work on bullying began in

the 1990s, the measures had to be developed 

or revised between 1990 and 2007 (when the 

review of literature was concluded).

•	 Measures had to be self-administered in English.

•	 The measure had to be published in a

peer-reviewed journal or book, including 

psychometric information about the measure, 

when available.

If the authors modified a measure, and the 

psychometric properties of the modified version 

had been published, we included only the modified 

version of the measure in the compendium. The 

current compendium contains more bullying and 
3

victimization measures than it does bully-victim or 

bystander measures. This likely reflects the historical 

focus of the field on either bully perpetration 

or victimization. As more research identifies the 

importance of having experiences as both a bully 

and a victim of bullying, as well as the experiences 

of bystanders, it is likely more scales will be 

developed to assess these constructs.

The measures in the compendium are presented to 

help researchers and practitioners make informed 

decisions when choosing measures to use in their 

work. CDC does not endorse any particular scale 

presented in this compendium. Additionally, it is not 

an exhaustive listing of available measures. Other 

measures were identified but could not be included 

because we were unable to obtain copyright 

permission. The appendix provides the scale name 

and the citation of measures for which we did not 

receive copyright permission to publish.

It should be noted that some of the behaviors 

assessed by scales included in this compendium 

are considered crimes (e.g., sexual harassment and 

physical assault). The inclusion of these scales in 

this compendium does not diminish the seriousness 

of such illegal behaviors.

How the Compendium Is Organized

This compendium includes measures of bully 

perpetration only (Section A: Bully Only); bully 

victimization only (Section B: Victim Only); being 

both a bully and a victim (Section C: Bully and 

Victim); and being a bully, a bystander (observer), 

and/or a victim of bullying situations (Section D: 

Bystander, Bully, and/or Victim). Each section 

begins with a table summarizing important 

information about each of the measures in the 

section: the name of the measure, developer(s), 

year of publication, characteristics of the measure, 

target groups with whom the measure has been 

tested, and reliability and validity information when 

known.

For each measure, the compendium provides 

measure items, response categories, scoring 

instructions, and the information provided to 

respondents at the beginning of the measure, 

when available. Because the majority of the 

measures in this compendium have been published 

previously, CDC obtained permission to reprint the 

measure, either in full or in part, from the author 

of the measure and the journal in which it was 

published as necessary. In some cases, the author 

or publishing company required CDC to include a 

statement about a scale’s copyright status. In those 

cases, a scale’s copyright status is referenced in the 

summary table at the beginning of each section, and 

specific copyright information is provided at the end 

of the scale.

How to Use the Compendium

When selecting bullying measures for use, 

researchers, prevention specialists, and health 

scientists should consider measurement issues 

such as: what specific bullying experiences 

he or she is interested in measuring, how 

bullying is defined by the specific measure, and 

what reporting time frame is used. Moreover, 

developing measures that are psychometrically 

sound and free of bias may not be possible. 

Thus, the following criteria may be helpful when 

choosing among measures in this compendium.

General Rating Criteria for Evaluating Measures

Criterion Rating Exemplary Extensive Moderate Minimal

Inter-Item

Correlation 

Average of 0.30 

or better

Average of 0.20 to 0.29 Average of 0.10 to 0.19 Average below 0.10

Alpha-Coefficient 0.80 or better 0.70 to 0.79 0.60 to 0.69 Less than 0.60

Test-Retest 

Reliability

Scores correlate more than 

0.50 across a period of at least 

1 year.

Scores correlate more than 

0.40 across a period of 

3–12 months.

Scores correlated more than 

0.30 across a period of 1–3 

months.

Scores correlated more 

than 0.20 across less than a 

1 month period.

Convergent 

Validity

Highly significant correlations 

with more than two related 

measures.

Significant correlations 

with more than two related 

measures.

Significant correlations with 

two related measures.

Significant correlations 

with one related measure.

Discriminant Validity Significantly different from 

four or more unrelated 

measures.

Significantly different from 

two or three unrelated 

measures.

Significantly different from 

one unrelated measure.

Different from one 

correlated measure.

Source: Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
4

Future Considerations

Since the 1980s, researchers investigating bullying 

have made a great deal of progress. The three 

hallmarks of bullying are (a) aggressive behavior 

(either physical or relational/verbal) that is (b) 

repeated over time and (c) involves a real or 

perceived imbalance of power or strength. All of 

the bullying measures included in this compendium 

assess the aggressive nature of the bullying behavior. 

Many of the measures assess the frequency with 

which these aggressive behaviors occur. Almost 

none of the measures, however, address the power 

differential in the relationship between a bully 

and his or her victim. With the exception of those 

measures that specifically define or reference 

bullying, most of the measures in this compendium 

could as likely be classified as assessing youth 

violence and/or aggression as they are classified as 

assessing bullying. Future measures of bullying need 

to better assess the power differential between the 

bully perpetrator and his or her victim.

Future measures also need to better assess 

bullying of a sexual nature and bullying that 

occurs electronically. Bullying has been defined 

as physical or nonphysical bullying behavior 

that is based on a person’s sexual life or gender. 

Homophobic bullying, teasing, threats, harassment, 

and assault based on negative beliefs, attitudes, and 

stereotypes about gays and lesbians, is an example 

of sexualized bullying that is prevalent among 

adolescents but remains largely unstudied. Much of 

the research on homophobic bullying focuses on 

homosexual respondents (e.g., Rivers, 2001); less 

research investigates its use among heterosexual 

respondents, who are also likely victims of 

homophobic bullying (e.g., Kimmel & Mahler, 2003). 

Only one measure was identified for inclusion in the 

compendium that assesses homophobic bullying.

It is estimated that more than 9 in 10 adolescents 

use some form of online communication (Center 

for the Digital Future, 2009), leading to increased 

opportunities for youth to use and be exposed 

to bullying online. This electronic aggression, or 

cyberbullying, is typically defined as intentional 

and repeated harm inflicted through the use of 

computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices 

(Hinduja & Patchin, 2009). Although research 

indicates that adolescents are more likely to be 

bullied in person rather than online (e.g., Li, 2007), 

the effects of these online bullying experiences are 

not trivial and are often similar to those associated 

with in-person bullying (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009). 

Only two measures of electronic aggression were 

identified for inclusion in this compendium. Future 

work is needed to expand our knowledge and 

measurement of electronic aggression.

It is our hope that this document will provide a 

starting point for researchers and others who are 

interested in studying bullying behavior and serve 

as a guide for developing future measures that can 

assess all types of bullying behavior as well as the 

interpersonal dynamics (e.g., power differentials) 

that are so important when assessing bullying.
5
6
7

Section A: 

Bully-Only

Scales

A1. Aggression Scale

A2. Bullying-Behavior Scale

A3. Children’s Social Behavior Scale – 

Self Report 

A4. Modified Aggression Scale
8

Description of Measures

Scale/

Assessment Characteristics Target Groups Psychometrics Developer

A1. Aggression Scale 11-item measure assessing 

frequency of self-reported 

perpetration of teasing, 

pushing, or threatening 

others.

Youth 10–15 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 

0.88 to 0.90

Orpinas & Frankowski, 

2001; Orpinas, Horne, & 

Staniszewski, 2003

© 2001 Sage Publications

A2. Bullying-

 Behavior Scale

6-item measure to 

assess bullying behavior at 

schools.

Youth 8–11 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 0.82 Austin & Joseph, 1996

© 1996 The British 

Psychological Society

A3. Children’s Social 

Behavior Scale – 

Self Report 

15-item measure with 6 

subscales assessing the 

relative frequency of various 

types of aggressive and 

prosocial behaviors and 

loneliness.

Youth 8–14 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Overt aggression = 0.94

Relational aggression = 0.83

Prosocial behavior = 0.91

Loneliness = 0.92

Crick & Grotpeter, 1995

© 1995 Wiley-Blackwell 

Publishing

A4. Modified

Aggression Scale 

9-item measure with 2 

subscales assessing bullying 

behavior and anger. Modified 

version of the Aggression 

Scale (A1).

Youth 10–15 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 

Bullying = 0.83

Anger = 0.70

Bosworth et al., 1999

© 1999 Sage Publications
9

A1. Aggression Scale

Think about what happened DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, when you answer these questions.

During the last 7 days: 0

times

1

time

2

times

3

times

4

times

5

times

6+

times

 1. I teased students to make them angry. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 2. I got angry very easily with someone. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 3. I fought back when someone hit me first. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 4. I said things about other kids to make other students laugh. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 5. I encouraged other students to fight. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 6. I pushed or shoved other students. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 7. I was angry most of the day. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 8. I got into a physical fight because I was angry. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 9. I slapped or kicked someone. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

10. I called other students bad names. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

11. I threatened to hurt or to hit someone. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

Copyright © 2001 Sage Publications. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher; Sage Publications from: The Aggression Scale: A self-report measure 

of aggressive behavior for young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 50–67 by Pamela Orpinas & Ralph Frankowski.

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above. This 

scale is scored by adding responses to all items. 

Possible score range is 0 to 66 points. Higher 

scores indicate a greater frequency of engaging in 

overt and relational aggression.

If four or more items are missing, the score 

cannot be computed. If three or fewer items 

are missing, these values are replaced by the 

respondent’s average.

References

Orpinas, P., & Frankowski, R. (2001). The 

Aggression Scale: A self-report measure of 

aggressive behavior for young adolescents. Journal 

of Early Adolescence, 21, 50–67.

Orpinas, P., Horne, A. M., & Staniszewski, D. (2003). 

School bullying: Changing the problem by changing 

the school. School Psychology Review, 32, 431–444.

Developer’s Contact Information

Pamela K. Orpinas, PhD

University of Georgia, School of Health Promotion 

and Behavior

319 Ramsey Center

Athens, GA 30602

Tel: 706-542-4370

porpinas@uga.edu
10

A2. Bullying-Behavior Scale

Really 

true

for me

Sort

of true

for me

Sort

of true

for me

Really 

true

for me

7   Some children do not hit and push 

other children about BUT Other children do hit and push other children about  

15   Some children often bully other 

children BUT Other children do not bully other children  

23   Some children do not laugh at 

other children BUT Other children often laugh at other children  

31   Some children often pick on 

other children BUT Other children do not pick on other children  

39   Some children often tease other 

children BUT Other children do not tease other children  

47   Some children do not call other 

children horrible names BUT Other children often call other children horrible names  

Copyright © 1996, The British Psychological Society. Reproduced with special permission from the British Journal of Educational Psychology and the British 

Psychological Society, St. Andrews House, 48 Princess Road East, Leicester, LE1 7DR, United Kingdom from: Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8–11 year olds by 

Sharon Austin and Stephen Joseph. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from the British Psychological Society. 

Scoring Instructions

Item numbers refer to position inserted on the SelfPerception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985). 

For each question, respondents indicate which of 

two discordant statements is most like him or her. 

Then, respondents indicate how true (“really” or 

“sort of”) the statement is for him or her.

Each item is scored 1 (Really True for Me on the 

left side) to 4 (Really True for Me on the right side). 

Items 15, 31, and 39 are reverse-scored. The scale is 

scored by computing the mean item score (i.e., sum 

of the items / 6). The scale has a range of 1 to 4. 

Higher scores indicate greater bullying behavior.

References

Austin, S., & Joseph, S. (1996). Assessment of 

bully/victim problems in 8–11 year-olds. 

British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 

447–456.

Developer’s Contact Information

Stephen Joseph, PhD

Centre for Trauma, Resilience, and Growth

University of Nottingham

Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Tel: +44 115 951 5410

stephen.joseph@nottingham.ac.uk
11

A3. Children’s Social Behavior Scale – Self Report

Instruction to Respondents

We are interested in how kids get along with one another. Please think about your relationship with 

other kids and how often you do these things while you’re with them.

Sample Items

Relational Aggression

 1. Some kids tell lies about classmates so that the 

other kids won’t like the classmates anymore. 

How often do you do this?

10. Some kids tell their friends that they will stop 

liking them unless the friends do what they say. 

How often do you tell friends this?

Overt Aggression

 5. Some kids hit other kids at school. How often do 

you do this?

 8. Some kids yell at others and call them mean 

names. How often do you do this?

Prosocial Behavior

 3. Some kids try to cheer up other kids who feel 

upset or sad. How often do you do this?

 7. Some kids help out other kids when they need 

it. How often do you do this?

Loneliness

 5. Some kids wish that they had more friends at 

school. How often do you feel this way?

Copyright © 2005 Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, PO Box 805, 9600 Garsington Road, 

Oxford OX4 2ZG, UK, from: Relational Aggression, Gender, and Social-Psychological Adjustment by Nicki R. Crick & Jennifer K. Grotpeter. Further reproduction is 

prohibited without permission from Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Visit www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0009-3920 for additional information.

Response Alternatives

Never, Almost Never, Sometimes, Almost All of the 

Time, All of the Time

Scoring Instructions

Item numbers refer to position inserted on the 

Children’s Social Behavior Scale – Self Report 

(CSBS-S). Scores on individual items on each 

subscale are summed and then compared across 

the sample.

References

Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational 

aggression, gender, and social psychological 

adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.

Developer’s Contact Information

Nicki Crick, PhD

Institute of Child Development

University of Minnesota – Twin Cities

51 East River Rd.

Minneapolis, MN 55455

Tel: 612-625-8879

Crick001@umn.edu
12

A4. Modified Aggression Scale

Choose how many times you did this activity or task in the last 30 days. In the last 30 days...

Never 1 or 2 

times

3 or 4 

times

5 or 

more

 times

Bullying

1. I pushed, shoved, slapped, or kicked other students.

2. I called other students names.

3. I said things about other students to make other students laugh.

4. I teased other students.

5. I threatened to hit or hurt another student. 

Anger

6. I was angry most of the day. 

7. I was grouchy or irritable, or in a bad mood, so even little things

 made me mad.

Never Seldom Sometimes Often Always

8. I frequently got angry.

9. I took my anger out on an innocent person.

Copyright © 1999 Sage Publications. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Sage Publications from: Factors associated with bullying 

behavior in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341–362 by Kris Bosworth, Dorothy L. Espelage, & Thomas R. Simon. 

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as follows:

Never = 0 Never = 0

1 or 2 times = 1 Seldom = 1

3 or 4 times = 2 Sometimes = 2

5 or more times = 3 Often = 3

Always = 4

Scores on the Bullying subscale are computed by summing across subscale items. This subscale has a 

possible range of 0 to 15. Because the response options for the Anger subscale are dissimilar across items, 

individual item scores are converted to z scores and summing across z scores. High scores indicate more 

bullying behavior and anger.

References

Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & Simon, T. R. (1999). Factors associated with bullying behavior in 

middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341–362.

Developer’s Contact Information

Kris Bosworth, PhD

College of Education

The University of Arizona

PO Box 210069

Tucson, AZ 85721

Tel: 520-626-4350

boswortk@email.arizona.edu

14
15

Section B: 

Victim-Only

Scales

B1. Gatehouse Bullying Scale

B2. Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale

B3. “My Life in School” Checklist 

B4. Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS)

B5. Peer Victimization Scale

B6. Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire 

B7. Victimization Scale

B8. Weight-Based Teasing Scale
16

Description of Measures

Scale/

Assessment Characteristics Target Groups Psychometrics Developer

B1. Gatehouse Bullying

 Scale

12-item measure 

assessing overt and 

covert victimization.

Youth 10–15 years old 3-week item test-retest 

reliability (kappa) ranged 

from 0.36 to 0.63 (across 

items)

Bond, Wolfe, Tollit, Butler, & 

Patton, 2007

© 2007 Blackwell Publishing

B2. Multidimensional 

 Peer-Victimization

 Scale

16-item measure with 

4 subscales assessing 

physical and verbal 

victimization, social 

manipulation, and 

property attacks.

Youth 11–16 years old Internal consistency:

Physical victimization = 

0.85

Verbal victimization = 0.75

Social manipulation = 0.77

Property attacks = 0.73

Mynard & Joseph, 2000

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons 

Inc.

B3. “My Life in School”

 Checklist

40-item measure assessing 

events (including acts 

of bullying) that might 

happen in school. 6 items 

are used to assess bully 

victimization.

Youth 8–17 years old Split-half reliabilities for 

two samples were 0.80 

and 0.93

Arora & Thompson, 1987

B4. Perception of 

 Teasing Scale (POTS)

22-item measure 

assessing the frequency 

and effect of teasing and 

bullying.

Youth 17–24 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Weight Teasing = 0.90

Competency Teasing = 0.85

Thompson, Cattarin, 

Fowler, & Fisher, 1995

© Taylor & Francis, LTD.

B5. Peer Victimization

 Scale

6-item measure assessing 

bully victimization 

problems at school.

Youth 8–11 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 0.83 Austin & Joseph, 1996

© 1996 The British 

Psychological Society

B6. Retrospective Bulling 

Questionnaire

44-item measure assessing 

the frequency, seriousness, 

and duration of bully 

victimization in primary 

and secondary school; 

bully-related psychological 

trauma, suicidal ideation 

if bullied, and bullying in 

college and the workplace.

Young adults/Adults 18–40 

years old

2-month test- retest: 

Primary school r = 0.88

Secondary school r = 0.87

 Trauma r = 0.77

Shäfer et al., 2004

B7. Victimization Scale 10-item measure assessing 

the frequency of being 

teased, pushed, or 

threatened.

Youth 10–15 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 0.85 Orpinas, 1993

B8. Weight-Based

 Teasing Scale

5-item measure assessing 

the frequency of weightbased teasing.

Youth 10–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 0.84 Eisenberg et al., 2003
17

B1. Gatehouse Bullying Scale

1a. Has anyone TEASED YOU or 

CALLED YOU NAMES recently?

0 No (skip to 2a)

1 YES

1b. How often?

1 Most days

2 About once a week

3 Less than once a week

1c. How upsetting was it when you were teased?

1 Not at all

2 A bit

3 I was quite upset

2a. Has anyone spread RUMOURS 

ABOUT YOU recently?

0 No (skip to 3a)

1 YES

2b. How often?

1 Most days

2 About once a week

3 Less than once a week

2c. How upsetting were the rumours?

1 Not at all

2 A bit

3 I was quite upset

3a. Have you been DELIBERATELY LEFT OUT

OF THINGS recently?

0 No (skip to 3a)

1 YES

3b. How often?

1 Most days

2 About once a week

3 Less than once a week

3c. How upsetting was it being left out of things?

1 Not at all

2 A bit

3 I was quite upset

4a. Have you been THREATENED PHYSICALLY

OR ACTUALLY HURT by another student 

recently?

0 No (skip to 3a)

1 YES

4b. How often?

1 Most days

2 About once a week

3 Less than once a week

4c. How upsetting was it being threatened or hurt?

1 Not at all

2 A bit

3 I was quite upset

Copyright © 2007 Blackwell Publishing. Reproduced by special 

permission of the publisher, Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington 

Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK, from: A comparison of the Gatehouse 

Bullying Scale and the Peer Relations Questionnaire for students in 

secondary schools by Lyndal Bond, Sarah Wolfe, Michelle Tollit, Helen 

Butler, and George Patton. Further reproduction is prohibited without 

permission from Blackwell Publishing.

Scoring Instructions

A score for peer victimization is computed for 

each of the four types of bullying (teasing, rumors, 

deliberate exclusion/social isolation, and physical 

threats/violence). This scale was devised with the 

objective of rating the severity of peer victimization 

to which an individual was subjected. Being bullied 

frequently and being upset by bullying were 

considered to have equal value; the presence of both 

factors was considered to be worse than either factor 

on its own. Thus, the following scale is used to score 

each of the four types of bullying:

0 = Not bullied

1 = Bullied but not frequently and not upset

2 = Bullied, either frequently or upset, but not both

3 = Bullied frequently and upset

Item scores can be used individually or a scale score 

can be computed by taking the mean item score 

across the four types of bullying

References

Bond, L., Wolfe, S., Tollit, M., Butler, H., 

& Patton, G. (2007). A comparison of the 

Gatehouse Bullying Scale and the Peer Relations 

Questionnaire for students in secondary school. 

Journal of School Health, 77, 75–79.

Developer’s Contact Information

Lyndal Bond, PhD

MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit

4 Lilybank Gardens

Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK

Tel: +44 141 357 3949

l.bond@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk

Gatehouse Project: http://wch.org.au/

gatehouseproject/resources/index.cfm?doc_id=175
18

B2. Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale

Below is a list of things that some children do to other children. How often during the last school year has 

another pupil done these things to you? Please answer by putting a tick in one of the three columns for each of 

the 16 questions.

Not at all Once More than

once

 1. Called me names   

 2. Tried to get me into trouble with my friends   

 3. Took something of mine without permission   

 4. Made fun of me because of my appearance   

 5. Made fun of me for some reason   

 6. Punched me   

 7. Kicked me   

 8. Hurt me physically in some way   

 9. Beat me up   

10. Tried to break something of mine   

11. Tried to make my friends turn against me   

12. Stole something from me   

13. Refused to talk to me   

14. Made other people not talk to me   

15. Deliberately damaged some property of mine   

16. Swore at me   

Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Mail Stop 8-02, Hoboken, NJ 07030 

from: Development of the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale by Helen Mynard and Stephen Joseph. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from 

John Wiley & Sons Inc. Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as follows:

Not at all = 0

Once = 1

More than once = 2

Physical victimization scale: Items 6, 7, 8, and 9

Verbal victimization scale: Items 1, 4, 5, and 16

Social manipulation scale: Items 2, 11, 13, and 14

Attacks on property scale: Items 3, 10, 12, 15

Scale scores are computed by summing item 

responses. Scores on the total scale have a possible 

range of 0 to 32; scores on each of the four subscales 

have a possible range of 0 to 8. Higher scores reflect 

more victimization.

References

Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development 

of the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale. 

Aggressive Behavior, 26, 169–178.

Developer’s Contact Information

Stephen Joseph, PhD

Centre for Trauma, Resilience, and Growth

University of Nottingham

Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Tel: +44 115 951 5410

stephen.joseph@nottingham.ac.uk
19

B3. “My Life in School” Checklist

Introducing the Checklist

Pupils should be given some explanation about why they are being presented with the questionnaire, for 

example, “We would like to know what happens to people in school. In this booklet are various things that 

might have happened to you during the last week.” At least the first item should be read out loud to the pupils. 

They should be shown how to complete the questions. Each item can be read out loud, and if there are 

children with a reading age below 8 years, they may need individual assistance.

Achieving the Right Atmosphere

Pupils should work individually. Each pupil should have as much privacy as possible. There should be no 

discussion between pupils whilst the checklist is being completed.

I) SCHOOL LIFE (Enter Year)

I am: a girl  a boy 

Age_________ Year_________

II) MY LIFE IN SCHOOL CHECKLIST

Tick the boxes that are right for you.

This week another child: Never Once More than

once

 1. Called me names   

 2. Said something nice to me   

 3. Was nasty about my family   

 4. Kicked me/hit me   

 5. Was very nice to me   

 6. Was unkind to me   

 7. Shared something with me   

 8. Said they’d beat me up   

 9. Asked me for lunch/sweets   

10. Tried to make me give them money   

11. Frightened me   

12. Played with me   

13. Stopped me playing a game   

14. Laughed at me   

15. Got a gang on me   

16. Made me fight   

17. Smiled at me   

18. Tried to get me into trouble   

19. Helped me   

20. Walked with me to school   

21. Told me a joke   

22. Played a nice game with me   

23. Visited me at home   

25. Hurt me/tried to hurt me   

26. Chatted to me   

27. Took something off me   

28. Was rude about the way I looked   

29. Shouted at me   
20

30. Tripped me up   

31. Said they would tell on me   

32. Spoiled my work   

33. Hid something of mine   

34. Told a lie about me   

35. Helped me with my work   

36. Laughed at me horribly   

37 Made me laugh   

38. Tried to break something of mine   

39. Gave me something nice   

40. Tried to hit me   

41. Said they liked me   

Think of the unfriendly incident that upset you most.

1. Was the person that did this:

 Your age  Older  Younger

2. Where did it happen?

 Class Room  Toilets  Corridor  Play Ground  Outside School  Elsewhere

3. Did you tell a member of staff? 5. If you did tell someone, did it help?

 Yes  No  Yes  No

4. Did you tell your parents? 6. Should the school do more to stop this sort of thing?

 Yes  No  Yes  No

III) HOW I FEEL IN SCHOOL CHECKLIST

Tick the face that shows how you feel

I feel Happy Sad

On my way to school   Is there anywhere in school you feel unhappy?

When I’m waiting in the playground  

When I’m in the classroom  

 Playtime in the playground   Do you tell the teacher if you are unhappy?

How can we make you feel safer? Wet playtimes  

 Dinner time in the playground  

Wet dinner time  

Scoring Instructions

Bully Victimization Index: Items 4, 8, 10, 24, 37, and 39

The Index should be used with groups of forty pupils or more (i.e., a whole year group) to establish levels 

of bully victimization in a school. For groups smaller than forty, the Index will not be sufficiently reliable to 

allow valid comparisons. For schools with small classes, the Bully Victimization Index can be calculated for 

the whole school.
21

Steps for scoring the bully victimization index:

Step One:

For each of the six items above, count the number of times that a tick was placed under the category 

“more than once.” Do this separately for each of the six key items (items 4, 8, 10, 24, 37, 39).

Step Two:

Divide the scores for each separate item by the number of checklists completed. This will give you the 

percentage of pupil responses for each item.

Step Three:

Add all the six percentages.

Step Four:

Divide this number by six. Use two decimal points e.g., 7.12 or 8.03. This figure is the “Bully Victimization 

Index” for your school.

Interpreting the Results: Gender Differences

Boys’ responses are normally around two or three times as high as girls’ responses. This does not 

necessarily mean that boys are bullied more often than girls. Girls are more likely to engage in subtler, 

indirect forms of bullying and these behaviors are not referred to in the checklist. The six items used to 

score the bullying index have a bias towards more physical bullying. Consequently, bullying by boys 

may be detected more easily with the Index than bullying by girls. However, physical and verbal bullying 

usually co-exist, so a high Bullying Index can be interpreted as indicating the likelihood of a high level of 

bullying all round, and vice versa. 

For the same reasons, girls who are bullied may not be as readily identified with the six items alone. Other 

items e.g., Item 35, ”Laughed at me horribly,” or item 38, “Told a lie about me,” may be useful in identifying 

girls’ bullying. Alternatively, additional items that refer to more indirect forms of bullying can be included.

References

Arora, C. M. J., & Thompson, D. A. (1987). My Life in School Checklist. Cited in Sharp, S. (1999). Bullying 

behaviour in schools. Windsor, Berkshire: NFER-NELSON. Updated by Woverhampton LEA (1992).

Developer’s Contact Information

Tiny Arora, PhD

School of Education, University of Sheffield

388 Glossop Road

Sheffield S10 2JA, UK

Tel: +44 114 222 8108

c.m.arora@sheffield.ac.uk
22

B4. Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS)

The following questions should be answered with respect to the period of time when you were growing 

up (ages 5–16). First, rate how often you think you have been the object of such behavior (using the scale 

provided, never to very often). Second, unless you responded never to a particular question, rate how upset 

you were by the teasing (not upset to very upset).

1. People made fun of you because you were heavy. Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

1a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

 1 2 3 4 5

2. People made jokes about you being too heavy. Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

2a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

3. People laughed at you for trying out for sports 

because you were heavy. 

Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

3a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

4. People called you names like “fatso.” Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

4a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

5. People pointed at you because you were overweight. Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

5a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

6. People snickered about your heaviness when you 

walked into a room alone. 

Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

6a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

7. People made fun of you by repeating something that you 

said because they thought it was dumb.

Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

7a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

8. People made fun of you because you were afraid 

to do something. 

Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

8a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

9. People said you acted dumb. Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

9a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

10. People laughed at you because you didn’t 

understand something.

Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

10a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

11. People teased you because you didn’t get a joke. Never Sometimes Very Often

1 2 3 4 5

11a. How upset were you? Not Upset Somewhat Upset Very Upset

1 2 3 4 5

Copyright © 1995 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 325 Chestnut St., Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106 

(http://www.informaworld.com) from: The Perceptions of Teasing Scales (POTS): A revision and extension of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). 

Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 146-157 by J. Kevin Thompson, Jill Cattarin, Barbara Fowler, & Eric Fisher.
23

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assessed as indicated above. This 

tool contains a Weight-Related Teasing (Items 1–6) 

and a Competency-Related Teasing (Items 7–11) 

subscale. The subscales are summed and scored 

separately. The range of scores on the WeightRelated Teasing subscale is 6–30, and the range 

for the Competency-Related Teasing subscale is 

5–25. Higher scores denote higher bullying/teasing 

victimization frequency.

The tool also assesses the teasing effect for each 

subscale: Weight Teasing Effect is assessed by items 

1a–6a; Competency Teasing Effect is assessed by 

items 7a–11a. Per the instructions, respondents 

were only to provide an effect score if they 

indicated something other than “Never” for the 

teasing behavior. Effect scores for each subscale 

are computed by taking the sum of all non-“Never” 

teasing behaviors in that subscale and dividing by 

the number of non-“Never” teasing behaviors. For 

example, if a respondent reported three teasing 

behaviors on the Weight-Related Teasing subscale, 

they should also provide an effect rating for each of 

those behaviors. The summed effect score would 

be divided by 3, yielding a mean effect score for 

the subscale. The range of scores on both effect 

measures is 1–5, and higher scores indicate more 

teasing-based distress.

References

Thompson, J. K., Cattarin, J., Fowler, B., & Fisher, E. 

(1995). The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS): A 

revision and extension of the Physical Appearance 

Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). Journal of 

Personality Assessment, 65, 146–157.

Developer’s Contact Information

J. Kevin Thompson, PhD

Dept. of Psychology, PCD 4118G

University of South Florida

4202 E. Fowler Ave.

Tampa, FL 33620-8200

Tel: 813-974-0367

Thompson@cas.usf.edu
24

B5. Peer Victimization Scale

Really 

true

for me

Sort

of true

for me

Sort

of true

for me

Really 

true

for me

3   Some children are often teased by 

other children BUT Other children are not teased by other children  

11   Some children are often bullied by 

other children BUT Other children are not bullied by other children  

19   Some children are not called 

horrible names BUT Other children are often called horrible names  

27   Some children are often 

picked on by other children BUT Other children are notpicked on by other children  

35   Some children are not hit and 

pushed about by other children BUT Other children are often hit and pushed about by other children  

43   Some children are not laughed at 

by other children BUT Other children are often laughed at by other children  

Copyright © 1996 The British Psychological Society. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, British Journal of Educational Psychology, and The British 

Psychological Society, St. Andrews House, 48 Princess Road East, Leicester, LE1 7DR, United Kingdom, from: Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8–11 year-olds 

by Sharon Austin and Stephen Joseph. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from The British Psychological Society. 

Scoring Instructions

Item numbers refer to position inserted on the SelfPerception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985). 

For each question, respondents indicate which of 

two discordant statements is most like him or her. 

Then, respondents indicate how true (“really” or 

“sort of”) the statement is for him or her.

Each item is scored 1 (Really True for Me on the 

left side) to 4 (Really True for Me on the right side). 

Items 3, 11 and 27 are reverse scored so that higher 

scores indicate greater experience of victimization. 

The scale is scored by computing the mean item 

score (i.e., sum of the items / 6). The scale has a 

range of 1 to 4. Higher scores indicate greater 

bully victimization.

References

Austin, S., & Joseph, S. (1996). Assessment of 

bully/victim problems in 8–11 year-olds. 

British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 

447–456.

Developer’s Contact Information

Stephen Joseph, PhD

Centre for Trauma, Resilience, and Growth

University of Nottingham

Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Tel: +44 115 951 5410

stephen.joseph@nottingham.ac.uk
25

B6. Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire

The following questions are about bullying. Bullying is intentional hurtful behavior. It can be 

physical or psychological. It is often repeated and characterized by an inequality of power so 

that it is difficult for the victim to defend him/her self.

All answers will be treated confidentially.

Are You Male  Female 

Age:_________

Please think back to your school days. You may have seen some bullying at school, and you 

may have been involved in some way. (Tick the choice which best describes your own experiences at 

school)

I was not involved at all, and I never saw it happen 

I was not involved at all, but I saw it happen sometimes 

I would sometimes join in bullying others 

I would sometimes get bullied by others 

At various times, I was both a bully and a victim 

Can you briefly describe an incident in which you observed someone else being bullied 

or an incident in which you felt you were bullied?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
26

PART I: PRIMARY SCHOOL 

This part deals with your experiences at primary school (4–11 years).

Tick the boxes that are right for you.

1. Did you have a happy time at primary school?



detested 

   

disliked neutral liked a bit liked a lot

2. Did you have a happy time at home with your family while in primary school?

    

detested disliked neutral liked a bit liked a lot

The next questions are about physical forms of bullying – hitting and kicking, 

and having things stolen from you.

3. Were you physically bullied at primary school?

hit/punched yes  no 

stolen from yes  no 

4. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

5. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about verbal forms of bullying – being called nasty names, 

and being threatened.

6. Were you verbally bullied at primary school?

called names yes  no 

threatened yes  no 

7. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

8. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about indirect forms of bullying – having lies or nasty rumours 

told about you behind your back, or being deliberately excluded from social groups.

9. Were you indirectly bullied at primary school?

had lies told about you yes  no 

excluded yes  no 
27

10. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

11. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about bullying in general.

12. How long did the bullying attacks usually last?

    

I wasn’t bullied just a few days weeks months a year or more

13. How many pupils bullied you in primary school?

I wasn’t bullied 

Mainly by one boy 

By several boys 

Mainly by one girl 

By several girls 

By both boys and girls 

14.If you were bullied, why do you think this happened?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
28

PART II: SECONDARY SCHOOL

This part deals with your experiences at secondary school (11–18 years).

15. Did you have a happy time at secondary school?

    

detested disliked neutral liked a bit liked a lot

16. Did you have a happy time at home with your family while in secondary school?

    

detested disliked neutral liked a bit liked a lot

The next questions are about physical forms of bullying – hitting and kicking, and 

having things stolen from you.

17. Were you physically bullied at secondary school?

hit/punched yes  no 

stolen from yes  no 

18. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

19. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about verbal forms of bullying – being called nasty names and 

being threatened.

20. Were you verbally bullied at secondary school school?

called names yes  no 

threatened yes  no 

21. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

22. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about indirect forms of bullying – having lies or nasty rumours 

told about you behind your back, or being deliberately excluded from social groups.

23. Were you indirectly bullied at secondary school?

had lies told about you yes  no 

excluded yes  no 
29

24. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

25. How serious did you consider these bullying-attacks to be?

    

I wasn’t bullied not at all only a bit quite serious extremely serious

The next questions are about bullying in general.

26. How long did the bullying-attacks usually last?

    

I wasn’t bullied just a few days weeks months a year or more

27. How many pupils bullied you in secondary school?

I wasn’t bullied 

Mainly by one boy 

By several boys 

Mainly by one girl 

By several girls 

By both boys and girls 

28.If you were bullied, why do you think this happened?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
30

PART III: GENERAL EXPERIENCES AT SCHOOL

29. Which were the main ways you used to cope with the bullying?

(Please tick one or more options)

I wasn’t bullied at school 	 I got help from a teacher 

I tried to make fun of it 	 I got help from family / parents 

I tried to avoid the situation 	 I tried to handle it by myself 

I tried to ignore it 	 I did not really cope 

I fought back 	 Other 

I got help from friends 

30. Did you ever take part in bullying anyone while you were at school?

hit/punched yes  no 

stole from yes  no 

called names yes  no 

threatened yes  no 

told lies about yes  no 

excluded yes  no 

31. Did this happen?

    

never rarely sometimes frequently constantly

32. How often did you try to avoid school by pretending to be sick or by playing truant because 

you were being bullied?

I wasn’t bullied at school 	 Sometimes 

Never 	 Maybe once a week 

Only once or twice 	 Several times a week 

33. When you were being bullied, did you ever, even for a second, think about hurting yourself 

or taking your own life?

I wasn’t bullied at school 	 Yes, once 

No, never 	 Yes, more than once 

34. Have you been bullied since leaving school?

I haven’t been bullied since leaving school 

I have been bullied by my family 

I have been bullied by others (please specify): 

______________________________________________

Recollections of being bullied at school

(Only answer these questions, if you were bullied):

35. Do you have vivid memories of the bullying event(s) which keep coming back causing you distress?

    

no, never not often sometimes often always
31

36. Do you have dreams or nightmares about the bullying event(s)?

    

no, never not often sometimes often always

37. Do you ever feel like you are re-living the bullying event(s) again?

    

no, never not often sometimes often always

38. Do you ever have sudden vivid recollections or “flashbacks” to the bullying event(s)?

    

no, never not often sometimes often always

39. Do you ever feel distressed in situations which remind you of the bullying event(s)?

    

no, never not often sometimes often always

40.If you were bullied, do you feel it had any long-term effects? If so, please describe below:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
32

PART IV: BULLYING OR HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE

41. Have you ever experienced bullying in your workplace?

I wasn’t bullied in my workplace 	 I have been bullied in my present job 

I was bullied in one of my previous jobs 	 I have been bullied in all of my jobs 

I was bullied in more than one of my

previous jobs 

42. Please state whether you have been bullied at work over the last six months.

No 	 Yes, several times per month 

Yes, very rarely 	 Yes, several times per week 

Yes, now and then 	 Yes, almost daily 

43.If yes, when did the bullying start?

Within the last 6 months 	 Between 6 and 12 months ago 

Between 1 and 2 years ago 	 More than 2 years ago 

44.If you have been bullied, what did you do?

(Please tick one or more options)

Tried to avoid the situation 	 Saw my doctor (GP) 

Tried to ignore it 	 I went for counseling 

Confronted the bully 	 I got psychiatric help 

Went to the union/staff association 	 Made use of the organisation’s 

 grievance procedure 

Went to personnel 	 I left the job 

Discussed it with colleagues 	 Did not really cope 

Went to occupational health 	 Other 

Went to the welfare department 

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 

YOUR COOPERATION.

Scoring Instructions

Victims are identified from their responses about 

frequency and intensity of reported physical, 

verbal, and indirect bullying. A respondent is 

considered a victim if they report being bullied 

in one or more ways “sometimes” or more often 

(frequency) AND classified the experience as 

“quite serious” or “extremely serious” (intensity). 

This measure can be used to differentiate 3 

types of victims: those who only experienced 

victimization in primary school (primary 

school victims); those who only experienced 

victimization in secondary school (secondary 

school victims); and those who experienced 

victimization in both (stable victims).

References

Schäfer, M., Korn, S., Smith, P. K., Hunter, S. C., 

Mora-Merchán, J. A., Singer, M. M., et al. (2004). 

Lonely in the crowd: Recollections of bullying. 

British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22,

379–394.

Developer’s Contact Information

Mechthild Schäfer, PhD

Department für Psychologie der LMU

Institut für Entwicklungspsychologie

Und Pädagogische Psychologie

Leopoldstr. 13

D-80802 München, Germany

Tel: +49 89 2180 3780

mechthild.schaefer@psy.lmu.de
33

B7. Victimization Scale

Think about what happened DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, when you answer these questions.

During the last 7 days: 0

times

1

time

2

times

3

times

4

times

5

times

6+

times

 1. A student teased me to make me angry. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 2. A student beat me up. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 3. A student said things about me to make other students

 laugh (made fun of me). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 4. Other students encouraged me to fight. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 5. A student pushed or shoved me. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 6. A student asked me to fight. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 7. A student slapped or kicked me. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 8. A student called me (or my family) bad names. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

 9. A student threatened to hurt or to hit me. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

10. A student tried to hurt my feelings. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above. This 

scale is scored by adding all responses. Possible 

range is 0 to 60 points. Higher scores indicate a 

greater frequency of being the victim of overt and 

relational aggression.

If three or more items are missing, the score 

cannot be computed. If two or fewer items 

are missing, these values are replaced by the 

respondent’s average.

References

Orpinas, P. (1993). Skills training and social 

influences for violence prevention in middle 

schools: A curriculum evaluation. Doctoral 

dissertation, University of Texas-Houston, 

School of Public Health. Dissertation Abstracts 

International, 94-01778.

Developer’s Contact Information

Pamela K. Orpinas, PhD

University of Georgia, School of Health Promotion 

and Behavior

319 Ramsey Center

Athens, GA 30602

Tel: 706-542-4372

porpinas@uga.edu
34

B8. Weight-Based Teasing Scale

How often do any of the following things happen?

Never

Less than 

once 

a year

A few 

times 

a year

A few 

times a 

month

At least 

once 

a week

1. You are treated with less respect than other people

2. People act as if they’re better than you

3. You are called names or insulted

4. You are teased about your appearance

5. You are teased about your weight

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as follows:

Never = 0

Less than once a year = 1

A few times a year = 2

A few times a month = 3

At least once a week = 4

Responses can be used individually or can be 

summed to create a single scale score; the range 

for the scale score is 0 to 20. Individual item 

responses are examined descriptively, and the 

overall scale score is examined in relationship 

to school connectedness and academic 

achievement. Higher scores indicate more 

weight-based teasing victimization.

References

Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, 

D., & Perry, C. L. (2003). Peer 

harassment, school connectedness, 

and academic achievement. Journal 

of School Health, 73, 311–316.

Developers’ Contact Information

Marla Eisenberg, ScD

Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine

Department of Pediatrics

University of Minnesota

200 Oak St., SE, Ste. 260

Minneapolis, MN 55454

Tel: 612-626-9462

eisen012@umn.edu

Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, PhD

Division of Epidemiology and Community Health

University of Minnesota

1300 South Second St., Ste. 300

Minneapolis, MN 55454

Tel: 612-624-0880

neuma011@umn.edu
35
36Section C: Bully and Victim Scales
37

Section C: 

Bully and 

Victim Scales

C1. AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey

C2. Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument 

C3. Child Social Behavior Questionnaire

C4. Homophobic Content Agent Target Scale

C5. Illinois Bully Scale

C6. Introducing My Classmates 

C7. Modified Peer Nomination Inventory

C8. Olweus Bullying Questionaire

C9. Peer Interactions in Primary School Questionnaire

C10. Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale

C11. School Life Survey

C12. School Relationships Questionnaire

C13. Setting the Record Straight
38

Description of Measures

Scale/

Assessment Characteristics Target Groups Psychometrics Developer

C1. AAUW Sexual 

Harassment Survey

14-item measure with 2 

subscales assessing the 

frequency of verbal/nonphysical and physical sexual 

harassment as both the 

perpetrator and victim.

Youth 10–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Physical victimization = 0.91

Verbal victimization= 0.76

American Association of 

University Women, 2001

C2. Adolescent 

Peer Relations 

Instrument

36-item measure with 6 

subscales assessing the 

frequency of physical, verbal, 

and social bullying as both 

the perpetrator and victim.

Youth 12–17 years old Chronbach’s alpha:

Total bully score = 0.93

Total victim score = 0.95 

Subscale scores = 0.83 to 0.92

Parada, 2000

C3. Child Social 

Behavior 

Questionnaire

24-item measure with 5 

subscales assessing the 

frequency of prosocial, 

antisocial, and victimization 

experiences.

Youth 9–10 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Prosocial = 0.68

Antisocial = 0.63

Warden, Christie, Cheyne, & 

Fitzpatrick, 2000; Warden, 

Cheyne, Christie, Fitzpatrick, 

& Reid, 2003

C4. Homophobic 

Content Agent 

Target Scale

10-item scale with 2 

subscales with 5 items per 

subscale (i.e., Agent and 

Target), with 5 response 

options. The scale assesses 

frequency of homosexual 

name-calling directed at 

different targets by different 

sources.

Youth 10–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Agent subscale = 0.77–0.85

Target subscale = 0.81–0.85

Poteat & Espelage, 2005

© 2005 Springer Publishing 

Company

C5. Illinois 

Bully Scale

18-item scale with 3 subscales 

assessing the frequency of 

bullying behavior, fighting, and 

victimization by peers.

Youth 8–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha for subscales:

Bullying = 0.87

Fighting = 0.83 

Victimization = 0.88

Espelage & Holt, 2001

© 2001 The Haworth Press, Inc.

C6. Introducing 

My Classmates

8-item peer-nomination 

measure in which respondents 

identify classmates that are 

similar to fictitious characters 

described in each item. 

Nominations are made from a 

provided list of all classmates.

Youth 8–12 years old Evidence of convergent 

validity

Gotthiel & Dubow, 2001a

C7. Modified Peer 

Nomination 

Inventory 

26-item peer-nomination 

measure used to identify 

same-sex classmates that have 

bullied others or been the 

victim of bullying.

Youth 10–14 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Victimization scale = 0.96

Victimization scale: 3-month 

test-retest reliability = 0.93

Perry, Kusel, & Perry, 1988

© 1988 American 

Psychological Association 

(APA)

Original Inventory:

© 1961 Southern Universities 

Press

C8. Olweus Bullying 

Questionnaire

39-item measure assessing 

the frequency of bully 

perpetration and victimization.

Youth 11–17 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Bully perpetration = 0.88

Bully victimization = 0.87

Solberg & Olweus, 2003

© Hazelden Publishing
39

C9. Peer Interactions 

in Primary School 

Questionnaire

22-item measure with 2 

subscales assessing direct 

and indirect bullying and 

victimization.

Youth 8–12 years old Cronbach’s alpha: Overall scale 

= 0.90

1- to 3-day test-retest 

reliability: Victimization scale: 

ICC = 0.88 

Bully scale: ICC = 0.84

Tarshis & Huffman, 2007

© 2007 Lippincott Williams & 

Wilkins (LWW)

C10. Reduced 

Aggression/ 

Victimization Scale

11-item measure with 2 

subscales assessing experience 

with overt and relational 

aggression as both the 

perpetrator and victim.

Youth 8–12 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Victimization = 0.84

Aggression = 0.86

Orpinas & Horne, 2006

C11. School Life Survey 24-item, 2-part measure, 

assessing the frequency of 

physical, verbal, and relational 

bullying as both the perpetrator 

and the victim.

Youth 8–12 years old Bully perpetration items: 

1-week test-retest reliability 

= 0.84

Victimization items: Cronbach’s 

alpha = 0.83

1-week test-retest reliability 

= 0.94 

Chan, Myron, & Crawshaw, 

2005

© 2005, Sage Publications, Ltd.

C12. School 

Relationships 

Questionnaire

20-item measure with 4 

four subscales assessing the 

victimization and perpetration 

of direct and relational bullying/

aggression.

Youth 6–9 years old NA Wolke, Woods, Bloomfield, & 

Karstadt, 2000

C13. Setting the Record 

Straight

30-item measure with 2 

subscales assessing bullying 

and victimization experiences. 

The measure assesses these 

experiences from both the 

respondents’ point of view 

(self-report) and how the 

respondents believe they are 

viewed by their peers.

Youth 8–11 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Self-report subscales:

Bullying = 0.72

Victimization = 0.88

Perceived peer perception 

subscales:

Bullying = 0.69

Victimization = 0.85

Gottheil & Dubow, 2001b

© 2001 The Haworth Press, Inc.
40

C1. AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey

1. During the last year, how often, if at all, has anyone (this includes students, teachers, other school 

employees, or anyone else) done the following things TO YOU during school-related times when you 

did not want them to?

School-related times include when you are on your way to or home from school; when you are on 

school grounds, including before, during, or after school hours; and when you’re on a school trip.

Never 1-2

times

3-5

times

6+

times

Not

Sure

a. Made sexual comments, jokes, gestures, or looks. a b c d e

b. Showed, gave, or left you sexual pictures, photographs, illustrations, 

messages, or notes. a b c d e

c. Wrote sexual messages/graffiti about you on bathroom walls, in 

locker rooms, etc. a b c d e

d. Spread sexual rumors about you. a b c d e

e. Said you were gay or lesbian. a b c d e

f. Spied on you as you dressed or showered at school. a b c d e

g. Flashed or “mooned” you. a b c d e

h. Touched, grabbed, or pinched you in a sexual way. a b c d e

i. Pulled at your clothing in a sexual way. a b c 3 e

j. Intentionally brushed against you in a sexual way. a b c d e 

k. Pulled your clothing off or down. a b c d e

l. Blocked your way or cornered you in a sexual way. a b c d e

m. Forced you to kiss him/her. a b c d e

n. Forced you to do something sexual, other than kissing. a b c d e

If you have answered NEVER to ALL the above listed behaviors in question 1, go to QUESTION 6.

2. This question refers to the types of behaviors listed in Question 1 that you have experienced during 

school-related times during the last year. Were these behaviors done to you by ... (Select all that apply)

YES NO

a. One person ( a male) a b

b. One person (a female) a b

c. More than one person (all male) a b

d. More than one person (all female) a b

e. More than one person (both male and female) a b
41

3. This question refers to the types of behaviors listed in Question 1 that you have experienced during 

 school-related times during the last year. Were these behaviors done to you by ... (Select all that apply)

YES NO

a. A student a b

b. A former student a b

c. A teacher a b

d. A teacher’s aide a b

e. A principal a b

f. A counselor a b

g. A coach a b

h. A substitute teacher a b

i. A bus driver a b

j. Another school employee a b

k. Someone else a b

4. This question refers to the types of behaviors listed in Question 1 

that you have experienced during school-related times during the 

last year. Were these behaviors done to you ... (Select all that apply)

YES NO

a. In a classroom a b

b. In the hall a b

c. In the gym or playing field a b

d. In the cafeteria a b

e. In the locker room area a b

f. In the bathroom a b

g. In the parking lot a b

h. Outside the school (on school grounds) other than 

the parking lot a b

i. On school transportation on the way to school or 

on the way home a b

j. At a school-sponsored trip a b
42

5. This question refers to the types of behaviors listed in Question 1 that you have experienced during 

school-related times during the last year. Which of the following best describes how you felt right after 

these behaviors were committed? ... (Select only ONE)

a. I was very upset 

b. I was somewhat upset 

c. I wasn’t very upset 

d. I wasn’t at all upset 

e. Not sure 

6. During the last year, how often, if at all, have YOU done the following things to someone (this 

includes students, teachers, other school employees, or anyone else) during school-related 

times when that person did not want you to?

Again, school-related times include when you are on your way to or home from school, when 

you are on school grounds, including before, during, or after school hours, and when you’re on 

a school trip.

Never 1-2

Times

3-5

Times

6+

Times

Not

Sure

a. Made sexual comments, jokes, gestures, or looks. a b c d e

b. Showed, gave, or left someone sexual pictures, photographs, 

illustrations, messages, or notes. a b c d e

c. Wrote sexual messages/graffiti about someone on 

bathroom walls, in locker rooms, etc. a b c d e

d. Spread sexual rumors about someone. a b c d e

e. Said someone was gay or lesbian. a b c d e

f. Spied on someone as they dressed or showered at school. a b c d e

g. Flashed or “mooned” someone. a b c d e

h. Touched, grabbed, or pinched someone in a sexual way. a b c d e

i. Pulled at someone’s clothing in a sexual way. a b c d e

j. Intentionally brushed against someone in a sexual way. a b c d e

k. Pulled someone’s clothing off or down. a b c d e

l. Blocked someone’s way or cornered someone in a 

sexual way. a b c d e

m. Forced someone to kiss you. a b c d e

n. Forced someone to do something sexual, other than kissing. a b c d e
43

7. During school-related times in the past year, have you ever directed these 

types of behaviors listed in Question 6 towards... 

YES NO

a. A student the same sex as you a b

b. A student who is the other sex a b

c. A teacher or other school employee the same sex as you a b

d. A teacher or other school employee who is the other sex a b

8. A list of reasons why people say they have done the types of 

behaviors in Question 6 to others follows. Do the following reasons 

describe why you did these towards someone in the past year during 

school-related times?

YES NO

a. It’s just part of school life; a lot of people do it; it’s no big deal a b

b. I wanted that person to think I had some sort of power 

over them a b

c. I wanted something from that person a b

d. My friends encouraged me / “pushed” me into doing it a b

e. I thought the person liked it a b

f. I wanted a date with the person a b

Scoring Instructions

Questions 1 and 6:

a = 0 b = 1 c = 2 d = 3 e = missing value

For questions 1 and 6: Verbal/non-physical: Items 

a–g, Physical: Items h–n

Item responses to questions 1 and 6 can be 

summed to create a total score and/or verbal 

and physical subscale scores can be separately 

computed as indicated above. The range for the 

total scores for these questions is 0 to 72; range 

for the subscales is 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate 

more sexual harassment experiences as either a 

perpetrator or a victim.

Questions 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8: Yes = 1 No = 0

Item responses are summed individually and 

analyzed accordingly.

References

American Association of University Women (2001). 

Hostile hallways: The AAUW Survey of Sexual 

Harassment in America’s Schools. Washington, DC. 

Developer’s Contact Information

AAUW Educational Foundation

American Association of University Women

1111 Sixteenth St. NW

Washington, DC 20036

Tel: 800-326-2289 or 202-785-7700

connect@aauw.org

www.aauw.org
44

C2. Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument

SECTION A

Since you have been at this school THIS YEAR how often HAVE YOU done any of the following things to a 

STUDENT (or students) at this school. CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT IS CLOSEST TO YOUR ANSWER.

In the past year at this school I... Never Sometimes

Once or 

twice a 

month

Once a 

week

Several 

times a 

week

Everyday

 1. Teased them by saying things to them 1 2 3 4 5 6

 2. Pushed or shoved a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

 3. Made rude remarks at a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

 4. Got my friends to turn against a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

 5. Made jokes about a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

 6. Crashed into a student on purpose as they walked by 1 2 3 4 5 6

 7. Picked on a student by swearing at them 1 2 3 4 5 6

 8. Told my friends things about a student to get them into trouble 1 2 3 4 5 6

 9. Got into a physical fight with a student because I didn't 

like them 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. Said things about their looks they didn’t like 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. Got other students to start a rumor about a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. I slapped or punched a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. Got other students to ignore a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. Made fun of a student by calling them names 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Threw something at a student to hit them 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. Threatened to physically hurt or harm a student 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Left them out of activities or games on purpose 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. Kept a student away from me by giving them mean looks 1 2 3 4 5 6
45

SECTION B

Please indicate how often a student (or students) at this school has done the following things TO YOU 

since you have been at this school this year. CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT IS CLOSEST TO YOUR ANSWER. 

In the past year at this school ... Never Sometimes

Once or 

twice a 

month

Once a 

week

Several 

times a 

week

Everyday

 1. I was teased by students saying things to me 1 2 3 4 5 6

 2. I was pushed or shoved 1 2 3 4 5 6

 3. A student wouldn’t be friends with me because other people didn’t like me 1 2 3 4 5 6

 4. A student made rude remarks at me 1 2 3 4 5 6

 5. I was hit or kicked hard 1 2 3 4 5 6

 6. A student ignored me when they were with their friends 1 2 3 4 5 6

 7. Jokes were made up about me 1 2 3 4 5 6

 8. Students crashed into me on purpose as they walked by 1 2 3 4 5 6

 9. A student got their friends to turn against me 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. My property was damaged on purpose 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. Things were said about my looks I didn’t like 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. I wasn’t invited to a student’s place because other people didn’t like me 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. I was ridiculed by students saying things to me 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. A student got students to start a rumor about me 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Something was thrown at me to hit me 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. I was threatened to be physically hurt or harmed 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. I was left out of activities, games on purpose 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. I was called names I didn’t like 1 2 3 4 5 6

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above.

Section A contains the bullying items. 

Subscale scores are computed as follows:

Verbal bullying: Items 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14

Social bullying: Items 4, 8, 11, 13, 17, and 18

Physical bullying: Items 2, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 16

Section B contains the victim items. 

Subscale scores are computed as follows:

Verbal victimization: Items 1, 4, 7, 11, 13, and 18

Social victimization: Items 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, and 17

Physical victimization: Items 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, and 16

Scoring is achieved by adding the items up 

for each individual total score (bullying and 

victimization) or for each subscale score (verbal, 

social, and physical). Any student who scores 18 

for either the bullying or victimization total score 

has never been bullied or has never bullied others. 

There are no cut off scores for this instrument. For 

the subscales, a score of 6 means the respondent 

has never been bullied or has never bullied others 

in that particular way.

References

Parada, R. H. (2000). Adolescent Peer Relations 

Instrument: A theoretical and empirical basis for 

the measurement of participant roles in bullying 

and victimization of adolescence: An interim 

test manual and a research monograph: A test 

manual. Penrith South, DC, Australia: Publication 

Unit, Self-concept Enhancement and Learning 

Facilitation (SELF) Research Centre, University of 

Western Sydney.

Developer’s Contact Information

Roberto Parada, PhD

Centre for Educational Research

University of Western Sydney

Bankstown Campus, Building 19

Locked Bag 1797

Penrith NSW 2751, Australia

Tel: +61 2 9772 6747

r.parada@uws.edu.au
46

C3. Child Social Behavior Questionnaire

How often do you think you... Often Sometimes Never

 1. Help another child in your class with their work?   

 2. Work on a computer?   

 3. Are hit by another child in your class?   

 4. Hit or kick another child?   

 5. Play with another child in your class who has nobody to play with?   

 6. Are left out of a game?   

 7. Push or trip another child in your class on purpose?   

 8. Help another child if they’ve fallen over or hurt themselves?   

 9. Are picked on by another child in your class?   

10. Have a school dinner?   

11. Let another child in your class play with your game or toy?   

12. Join in with a group of children to hurt another child?   

13. Are upset because another child keeps being nasty to you?   

14. Are nice to another child in your class who is sad or unhappy?   

15. Read a comic or magazine?   

16. Share crisps or sweets with another child during playtime or dinnertime?   

17. Stop another child in your class from joining in a game?   

18. Stick up for another child in your class who is in trouble?   

19. Spread nasty stories about another child in your class?   

20. Break another child’s things because you want to upset them?   

21. Play football?   

22. Cheer up another child who is crying or upset?   

23. Call another child names or make fun of them because you want to upset them?   

24. Threaten to hurt another child in your class if they don’t do something?   

Copyright © 2003 University of Stratclyde, Glascow, Scotland; Reproduced with permission from Dr. Donald Christie.

NOTE: This scale is the self-report version of the Child Social Behavior Questionnaire. There are also peer-nomination and teacher-rating versions of this scale 

reported in Warden et al. (2003).
47

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as follows:

Never = 0 

Sometimes = 1

Often = 2

Practical prosocial behavior: Items 1, 8, 11, and 16

Relational prosocial behavior: Items 5, 14, 18, and 22

Overt antisocial behavior: Items 4, 7, 12, and 20

Relational antisocial behavior: Items 17, 19, 23, and 24

Victimization: Items 3, 6, 9, and 13

Scale scores are computed by summing up the 

respective items scores for each subscale. Each 

subscale has a range of 0 to 8. High scores indicate 

more experience with the construct assessed by 

the subscale.

References

Warden, D., Christie, D., Cheyne, B., Fitzpatrick, 

H., & Reid, K. (2000). The Child Social Behaviour 

Questionnaire. Glascow: University of Strathclyde.

Warden, D., Cheyne, B., Christie, D., Fitzpatrick, H., 

& Reid, K. (2003). Assessing children’s perceptions 

of prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Educational 

Psychology, 23, 547–567.

Developer’s Contact Information

Donald Christie, PhD

Department of Childhood and Primary Studies

Faculty of Education

University of Strathclyde

Jordanhill Campus

Glasgow G13 1PP, UK

Tel: +44 141 950 3360

donald.christie@strath.ac.uk

David Warden, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Strathclyde

40 George St.

Glascow G1 1QE, UK

Tel: +44 141 548 2576

d.warden@strath.ac.uk
48

C4. Homophobic Content Agent Target Scale

Agent Scale

Some kids call each other names such as gay, lesbo, fag, etc. How many 

times during the last week did you say these things to: Never 1 or 2Times

3 or 4

Times

5 or 6

Times

7 or more

Times

 1. A friend 1 2 3 4 5

 2. Someone I did not know 1 2 3 4 5

 3. Someone I did not like 1 2 3 4 5

 4. Someone I thought was gay 1 2 3 4 5

 5. Someone I did not think was gay 1 2 3 4 5

Target Scale

Some kids call each other names such as gay, lesbo, fag, etc. How many 

times in the last week did the following people call you these things: Never 1 or 2Times

3 or 4

Times

5 or 6

Times

7 or more

Times

 1. A friend 1 2 3 4 5

 2. Someone I did not know 1 2 3 4 5

 3. Someone who did not like 1 2 3 4 5

 4. Someone I thought was gay 1 2 3 4 5

 5. Someone I did not think was gay 1 2 3 4 5

Copyright © 2005 by the Springer Publishing Company LLC. Reproduced with the permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, New York, NY 10036. The official 

citation that should be used in referencing this material is Poteat, V. P. & Espelage, D.L. (2005). Exploring the relation between bullying and homophobic verbal content: 

The Homophobic Content Agent Target (HCAT) Scale. Violence and Victims, 20, 513–528.

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above.

Compute separate subscale (Agent and Target) 

scores by summing the responses to items a–e for 

each subscale. The Agent subscale emerged as a 

distinct factor from the Victim subscale in factor 

analysis; thus, it is inappropriate to compute a total 

scale score. Scores for each subscale range from 5 

to 25. Higher scores on the Agent subscale indicates 

greater perpetration of homophobic teasing, while 

higher scores on the Target subscale indicate more 

experience being the victim of homophobic teasing. 

References

Poteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2005). Exploring the 

relation between bullying and homophobic verbal 

content: The Homophobic Content Agent Target 

(HCAT) Scale. Violence and Victims, 20, 513–528.

Developer’s Contact Information

Paul Poteat, PhD

Boston College

Dept. of Counseling, Developmental, & Educational 

Psychology

Lynch School of Education, Campion Hall 307

140 Commonwealth Ave.

Chestnut Hill, MA 02467

Tel: 617-552-4234

poteatp@bc.edu
49

C5. Illinois Bully Scale

For each of the following questions, choose how many times you did this activity or how 

many times these things happened to you in the LAST 30 DAYS.

Never 1 or 2

Times

3 or 4

Times

5 or 6

Times

7 or more

Times

 1. I upset other students for the fun of it. a b c d e

 2. In a group I teased other students. a b c d e

 3. I fought students I could easily beat. a b c d e

 4. Other students picked on me. a b c d e

 5. Other students made fun of me. a b c d e

 6. Other students called me names. a b c d e

 7. I got hit and pushed by other students. a b c d e

 8. I helped harass other students. a b c d e

 9. I teased other students. a b c d e

10. I got in a physical fight. a b c d e

11. I threatened to hurt or hit another student. a b c d e

12. I got into a physical fight because I was angry. a b c d e

13. I hit back when someone hit me first. a b c d e

14. I was mean to someone when I was angry. a b c d e

15. I spread rumors about other students. a b c d e

16. I started (instigated) arguments or conflicts. a b c d e

17. I encouraged people to fight. a b c d e

18. I excluded other students from my clique of friends. a b c d e

Copyright © 2001 The Haworth Press. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, The Haworth Press Inc.: Journal of Emotional Abuse, 10 Alice 

Street, Binghamton, NY 13904 from: Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences and psychosocial correlates by Dorothy 

Espelage and Melissa Holt.

Scoring Instructions 

Point values are assigned as follows:

Never = 0 

1 or 2 times = 1

3 or 4 times = 2

5 or 6 times = 3

7 or more times = 4

Victim subscale: Items 4, 5, 6, and 7

Bully subscale: Items 1, 2, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18

Fight subscale: Items 3, 10, 11, 12, and 13

Subscale scores are computed by summing the 

respective items. The range for the victim subscale 

is 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating more 

victimization. The range for the bully subscale is 

0 to 36, with higher scores indicating more bully 

perpetration. The range for the fight subscale is 0 to 

20, with higher scores indicating more fighting.

References

Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. (2001). Bullying and 

victimization during early adolescence: Peer 

influences and psychosocial correlates. Journal of 

Emotional Abuse, 2, 123–142.

Developer’s Contact Information

Dorothy L. Espelage, PhD

Department of Educational Pyschology

University of Illinois

220A Education Building

1310 S. 6th St.

Champaign, IL 61820

Tel: 217-333-9139

espelage@illinois.edu
50

C6. Introducing My Classmates 

Below you will read brief descriptions of different boys and girls. After reading the descriptions, 

use the list of students in your class you feel are similar to the boy or girl in the description.

A. This boy, Felix, is good at sports, has lots of friends, seems to understand his homework, and rarely gets upset.

Write the code numbers for all the boys on your list that you feel are like Felix.

 B. This boy, Oscar, is picked on, made fun of, called names, and is hit and pushed by other kids. Kids do mean things to him and try to hurt his feelings.

Write the code numbers for all the boys on your list that you feel are like Oscar.

C. This boy, Alex, is funny, always telling jokes, and making the other kids laugh. He is fun to be around.

Write the code numbers for all the boys on your list that you feel are like Alex.

 D. This boy, Johnny, makes fun of people, says he can beat everyone up, hits and pushes others around, tries to pick fights, and if someone gets in his 

way he is likely to shove that person out of the way

Write the code numbers for all the boys on your list that you feel are like Johnny.

E. This girl, Rachel, is good at sports, has lots of friends, seems to understand her homework, and rarely gets upset.

Write the code numbers for all the girls on your list that you feel are like Rachel.

F. This girl, Loraine, is picked on, made fun of, called names, and is hit and pushed by other kids. Kids do mean things to her, and try to hurt her feelings.

Write the code numbers for all the girls on your list that you feel are like Loraine.

G. This girl, Lynetta, is funny, always telling jokes, and making the other kids laugh. She is fun to be around.

Write the code numbers for all the girls on your list that you feel are like Lynetta.

H. This girl, Marianna, makes fun of people, says she can beat everyone up, hits and pushes others around, tries to pick fights with people, and if 

someone gets in her way she is likely to shove that person out of the way.

Write the code numbers for all the girls on your list that you feel are like Marianna.

NOTE: All students must be provided with a list of names of all the students in the class; each name should be linked with a unique identification code for 

the respondents to record in response to the survey questions.
51

Scoring Instructions

Bully items = D and H; Victim items = B and F. 

Scores are computed separately by adding up 

all the nominations a given child receives from 

his or her classmates on the respective bully 

and victim items. These scores are then divided 

by the total number of raters and multiplied 

by 100 to obtain a percentage score of peernominated bully and victim behavior. Scores 

can range from 0 to 100 with higher scores 

reflecting a greater percentage of classmate 

nominations. 

References

Gottheil, N. F., & Dubow, E. F. (2001a). The 

interrelationships of behavioral indices of bully and 

victim behavior. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2,

75–93.

Gottheil, N. F., & Dubow, E. F. (2001b). Tripartite 

beliefs model of bully and victim behavior. Journal of 

Emotional Abuse, 2, 25–47.

Gottheil, N. F. (2000, August). Tripartite beliefs models 

of bully and victim behavior. Paper session presented 

at the108th Annual Convention of the American 

Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Developer’s Contact Information

Neil Gottheil, PhD

School of Psychology

Psychology Services, Children’s Hospital of Eastern 

Ontario

401 Smyth Road

Ottawa, Ontario

Canada K1H 8L1

Tel: 613-738-3264

ngottheil@cheo.on.ca
52

C7. Modified Peer Nomination Inventory

 1. S/He’s always losing things.

 2. S/He’s a fast runner.

 3. Kids make fun of her/him.

 4. S/He is the kind of kid I like.

 5. When s/he doesn’t get her/his way s/he gets real mad.

 6. S/He gets beat up.

 7. S/He has lots of friends.

 8. S/He’s just plain mean.

 9. S/He shares her/his things with others.

10. S/He gets called names by other kids.

11. S/He’s a real smart kid.

12. S/He makes fun of people.

13. S/He says s/he can beat everybody up.

14. S/He’s a good looking kid.

15. Kids do mean things to her/him.

16. S/He tries to get other people in trouble.

17. S/He’s a good friend of mine.

18. S/He hits and pushes others around.

19. S/He likes to help the teacher.

20. S/He gets picked on by other kids

21. S/He’s good at sports.

22. S/He gets hit and pushed by other kids.

23. All the kids like her/him.

24. S/He tries to pick fights with people.

25. Kids try to hurt her/his feelings.

26. S/He’s a real nice kid.

Copyright © 1988 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission. The official citation that should be used in referencing this material is 

Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807–814.

Original Peer Nomination Inventory: Copyright©1961 by Southern Universities Press. Reproduced with permission of authors and publisher from: Wiggins, J. S., & 

Winder, C. L. (1961). The Peer Nomination Inventory: An empirically derived sociometric measure of adjustment in preadolescent boys. Psychological Reports, 9, 

643–677. (Monogr. Suppl. 5-V9).

NOTE: The names of all same -sex classmates are presented along the top of the survey form and respondents are asked to palce an X under the name of each 

classmate who fit the behavior described in each item. Respondents are instructed to cross their own name off the list, so they cannot nominate themselves.

References

Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J. & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims 

of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24,

807–814.

(Original inventory: Wiggins, J. S. & Winder, 

C. L. (1961). The Peer Nomination Inventory: 

An empirically derived sociometric measure 

of adjustment in preadolescent boys. 

Psychological Reports, 9, 643–677.)

Developer’s Contact Information

David G. Perry, PhD

Department of Psychology

Florida Atlantic University

228 Behavioral Science

Boca Raton, FL 33431

Tel: 561-297-3364

perrydg@fau.edu

Scoring Instructions

Victimization scale: Items 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 22, 

and 25

Aggression scale: Items 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18, 

and 24

A victimization score for each child is computed 

by calculating the percentage of same-sex 

classmates who nominated him or her for 

each victimization item and then totaling these 

percentages. Because there are seven items on 

the Victimization scale, it has a range of 0 to 700, 

with higher values indicate more victimization. An 

aggression score for each child is computed for 

each child in an analogous way. Because there 

are seven items on the Aggression scale, it has a 

range of 0 to 700, with higher values indicating 

more aggressive behavior.
53

C8. Olweus Bullying Questionnaire

Sample Items

ABOUT BEING BULLIED BY OTHER STUDENTS

Here are some questions about being bullied by other students. First, we define or explain the word 

bullying. We say a student is being bullied when another student or several other students:

•	 say mean and hurtful things or make fun of him or her or call him or her mean and hurtful names;

•	 completely ignore or exclude him or her from their group of friends or leave him or her

out of things on purpose;

•	 hit, kick, push, shove around, or lock him or her inside a room;

•	 tell lies or spread false rumors about him or her or send mean notes and try to make other students

dislike him or her;

•	 and other hurtful things like that.

When we talk about bullying, these things happen repeatedly, and it is difficult for the student being 

bullied to defend himself or herself. We also call it bullying, when a student is teased repeatedly in a 

mean and hurtful way.

But we don’t call it bullying when the teasing is done in a friendly and playful way. Also, it is not bullying 

when two students of about equal strength or power argue or fight.

4. How often have you been bullied at 

school in the past couple of months?

I haven’t been bullied at school in the past couple 

of months

It has only happened once or twice

2 or 3 times a month

About once a week

Several times a week

Have you been bullied at school in the past couple of months in one or more of the following 

ways? Please answer all questions.

5. I was called mean names, was made 

fun of, or teased in a hurtful way.

It hasn’t happened to me in the past couple months

Only once or twice

2 or 3 times a month

About once a week

Several times a week

17. How long has the bullying lasted? I haven’t been bullied at school in the past couple 

of months

It lasted one or two weeks

It lasted about a month

It has lasted about 6 months

It has lasted about a year.
54

ABOUT BULLYING OTHER STUDENTS

24. How often have you taken part in 

bullying another student(s) at school 

the past couple of months?

I haven’t bullied another student(s) at school in 

the past couple of months

It has only happened once or twice

2 or 3 times a month

About once a week

Several times a week

27. I hit, kicked, pushed and shoved him 

or her around, or locked him or her 

indoors.

It hasn’t happened in the past couple of months

It has only happened once or twice

2 or 3 times a month

About once a week

Several times a week

35. Has any adult at home talked with 

you about your bullying other 

students at school in the past 

couple of months?

I haven’t bullied other student(s) at school in 

the past couple of months.

No, they haven’t talked with me about it

Yes, they have talked with me about it once

Yes, they have talked with me about it several times

Copyright © 2007 by Hazelden Foundation: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Hazelden Foundation, 15251 Pleasant Valley Rd., Center City, MN 55012

Scoring Instructions

This scale is copyrighted. Scoring and analysis 

typically occurs with a special statistical program 

(BVQ-Stat), which presents the data in a userfriendly and efficient way. For permission to use 

and specific scoring information, contact Hazelden 

Publishing at 1-800-328-9000 (United States and 

Canada) or 651-213-4000 (Elsewhere).

References

Solberg, M., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation 

of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim 

Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239–268..

Developer’s Contact Information

Dan Olweus, PhD

Research Centre for Health Promotion

University of Bergen

Christiesgt. 13

N-5015 Bergen, Norway

Tel: +47 55 58 28 08, dir: +47 55 58 23 27

dan.olweus@psych.uib.no
55

C9. Peer Interactions in Primary School Questionnaire 

Grade__________________ Date_______________ I am a (circle one) Boy Girl

Place an X in the box.

A lot Sometimes Never

 1. Other students make me cry   

 2. I tease other students   

 3. Other students take things from me that I do not want to give them   

 4. I push or slap other students   

 5. Other students look at me in a mean way   

 6. I tell other students I will hit or hurt them   

 7. At recess, I play by myself   

 8. I say mean things about a student to make other kids laugh   

 9. Another student tells me they will hurt me   

10. I make other students feel sad on purpose   

11. I am hit or kicked by other students   

12. I call other students bad names   

13. Other students tease me   

14. I am mean to other students   

15. Other students ignore me on purpose   

16. I hit or kick other students   

17. Other students make me feel sad   

18. I feel bad because I am mean to other students   

19. Other students make fun of me   

20. I want to stay home from school because students are mean to me   

21. I give other students mean or “dirty” looks   

22. Other students leave me out of games on purpose   

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW). Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, LWW, 351 W Camden Street, 4 North, Baltimore, MD 

21201 from: Psychometric Properties of the Peer Interactions in Primary School (PIPS) questionnaire by Thomas Tarshis and Lynne Huffman in the Journal of 

Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007, Volume 28, pp. 125–132. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from LWW.

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as follows:

Never = 0 Sometimes = 1 A Lot = 2

Victim subscale: Items 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 

19, 20, and 22

Bully subscale: Items 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 

18, and 21

Items on each subscale are summed. The intended 

range for the Victim subscale is 0–24, with higher 

scores indicating more victimization. The intended 

range for the Bully subscale is 0–20, with higher 

scores indicating more bully perpetration.

References

Tarshis, T. P., & Huffman, L. C. (2007). 

Psychometric properties of the Peer Interactions 

in Primary School (PIPS) questionnaire. Journal 

of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28,

125–132.

Developer’s Contact Information

Thomas Tarshis, MD

Bay Area Children’s Association

20380 Town Center Lane, Suite 215 

Cupertino, CA 95014

Tel: 408-996-7950

ttarshis@bayareachild.org
56

C10. Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale

Think about what happened DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, when you answer these questions.

During the last 7 days: 0

times

1

time

2

times

3

times

4

times

5

times

6+

times

1. How many times did a kid from your school tease you? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

2. How many times did a kid from your school push, shove, or hit you? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

3. How many times did a kid from your school call you a bad name? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

4. How many times did kids from your school say that they were going 

to hit you? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

5. How many times did other kids leave you out on purpose? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

6. How many times did a student make up something about you to make other 

kids not like you anymore? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

7. How many times did you tease a kid from your school? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

8. How many times did you push, shove, or hit a kid from you school? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

9. How many times did you call a kid from your school a bad name? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

10. How many times did you say that you would hit a kid from your school? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

11. How many times did you leave out another kid on purpose? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

12. How many times did you make up something about other students to make 

other kids not like them anymore? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+

Adapted by Pamela Orpinas from the Aggression Scale: Orpinas & Frankowski, 2001.

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above.

Victimization Scale:

Overt aggression: Items 1–4

Relational aggression: Items 5–6

Aggression Scale: 

Overt aggression: Items 7–10

Relational aggression: Items 11–12

Each point represents one instance of victimization 

or aggression reported by the student during the 

week prior to the survey. If four or more items 

are missing, the score cannot be computed. If 

three or fewer items are missing, these values are 

replaced by the respondent’s average. Ranges for 

the victimization and aggression subscales are 0 to 

24 and 0 to 12 for overt and relational aggression, 

respectively. Higher scores indicate higher levels of 

victimization and aggression.

References

Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullying 

prevention: Creating a positive school climate and 

developing social competence. Washington, DC: 

American Psychological Association.

Developer’s Contact Information

Pamela K. Orpinas, PhD

University of Georgia, School of Health Promotion 

and Behavior

319 Ramsey Center

Athens, GA 30602

Tel: 706-542-4372

porpinas@uga.edu
57

C11. School Life Survey

PART I:

These questions are about yourself, during the past four weeks in school: YES NO If YES, indicate number of 

times in the past four weeks

1. I hit or beat up other students and hurt them.  

2. I teased other students and made cruel jokes about them.  

3. I kept those I didn’t like from joining in play time or group activities.  

4. I took things from other students and did not give them back.  

5. I told other students that I would hurt them.  

6. I told lies and stories about other students to make them look bad.  

7. I pushed other students, made them fall and get hurt.  

8. I said mean things about other students and called them bad names.  

9. I kept other students from being friends with people I didn’t like.  
58

PART II:

Did this happen to you, during the past four weeks in school? (Leave the item blank if it did not happen 

to you). Read the items below and put a check mark in the box  for the ones that are true for you. For 

each item you have checked, write down:

•	 the number of times it took place during the past four weeks

•	 the name of the student who did it to you – you can write a name more than once

•	 his/her grade

These questions are about yourself, during the past four weeks in school: Number of times in 

the past 4 weeks

Who did this 

to you?

His/her 

grade

 1. This student hurt me by hitting or beating me up.

 2. This student said s/he would harm me or do bad things to me.

 3. This student set me up to make others blame me.

 4. This student took my things and did not give them back to me.

 5. This student teased me and made fun of me in a mean way.

 6. This student told lies and stories about me to make others dislike me.

 7. This student broke my things on purpose.

 8. This student called me bad names or made cruel jokes about me.

 9. This student told others not to be my friend.

 10. This student pushed me on purpose, made me fall and get hurt.

 11. This student phoned me to give me a hard time.

 12. This student said s/he would not be my friend if I didn’t do what s/he said.

 13. This student locked me up in a room or closed space.

 14. This student made mean jokes, noises, or faces at me when I walked by.

 15. This student made others leave me out of things.

Copyright © 2005 Sage Publications, Ltd. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Sage Publications, Ltd, 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Rd., London, EC1Y 1SP, 

UK from: The efficacy of non-anonymous measures of bullying. School Psychology International, 26, 443–458 by John F. Chan, Rowan Myron, & Martin Crawshaw.

Scoring Instructions

PART I

Physical Bullying: Items 1, 4, and 7

Verbal Bullying: Items 2, 5, and 8

Relational Bullying: Items 3, 6, and 9

PART II

Physical Victimization: Items 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13

Verbal Victimization: Items 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14

Relational Victimization: Items 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15

Underlying the scoring rationale of the questionnaire 

is a frequency and dura¬tion parameter designed to 

operationally define persistence over time, and it is 

the average occurrence of at least one incident per 

week during the past four weeks, expressed as a 

frequency of f ≥ 4.

The application of the cut-off criterion at P + V + R ≥ 

4 (P stands for physical, V for verbal, R for relational) 

must be considered exploratory. This criterion was 

chosen for its comparability to other studies in 

defining a magnitude of weekly occurrence.

It is also reasonable to expect that with equal 

weight assigned to the three types of bullying and 

victimization in the combined rates P + V + R ≥ 4 

cut-off, student’s responses will be pushed towards 

reporting less severe events, which would not have 

been included as bullying if the global method had 

been used instead.

Scores on the subscales are computed by summing 

the reported frequency of occurrence across 

subscale items. A frequency of four acts during the 

past four weeks is selected as the cut-off level for 

determining whether someone has engaged in bully 

perpetration or experienced bully victimization (e.g., 

P + V + R ≥ 4, where P stands for physical, V for 

verbal, and R for relational).

References

Chan, J. H. F., Myron, R. R., & Crawshaw, C. M. 

(2005). The efficacy of non-anonymous measures 

of bullying. School Psychology International, 26,

443–458.
59

School Life Survey Disclaimer:

You may use this instrument for the purpose of 

conducting school surveys, prevention, intervention, 

and other kinds of anti-bullying work, as well as for 

research. The usual rules of research ethics need to 

be observed, and the researchers are expected to 

explicitly cite the source in all publications.

For the advancement of knowledge, the instrument 

authors would also like to receive information about 

studies conducted using this instrument.

The School Life Survey (SLS) provides a new 

procedure for measuring school bullying and 

victimization, and at this stage, it remains 

largely experimental in nature. Its properties, 

administration, and limitations are detailed in 

Chan’s (2002) unpublished doctoral dissertation 

(Psychology Department, University of Hull, UK). 

However, it was not intended for public use, and 

a test manual or interpretive guide has not been 

compiled to assist those who might be interested in 

using it.

Anyone choosing to use the School Life Survey

in its current form, therefore, assumes sole 

responsibilities for its use and application. 

Users should be familiar with the Standards for 

Educational and Psychological Testing (APA, 

1999) and are reminded of the need to adhere to 

the ethical standards pertaining to research with 

human participants (e.g., APA Ethical Principles 

of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 2002), as 

well as compliance with local laws and regulations 

governing the use of the knowledge and data 

collected using the instrument.

The precautions and ethical issues in relation 

to conducting non-anonymous surveys were 

addressed in Chan’s original unpublished 

doctoral dissertation:

Chan, H. F. J. (2002). The School Life Survey – 

A new instrument for measuring bullying and 

victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 

University of Hull, UK.

Some of these issues and ethical dilemmas were 

discussed in the following article:

Chan, H. F. J., & Rauenbusch, F. (2004). Bullies and 

victims now have a name and a face. The bully 

issue. Orbit Magazine, 34, 18–21.

Developer’s Contact Information

John H. F. Chan, PhD

Psychological Services

Toronto Catholic District School Board

80 Sheppard Avenue East

Toronto, ON, M2N 6E8, Canada

Tel: 416-222-8282

john.chan@tcdsb.org
60

C12. School Relationships Questionnaire

Age: ___ ___ Gender: male / female

ID number: ___ ___ ___ School:________________________________________________

This questionnaire asks about your relationships with other pupils at school. All of the questions refer to 

experiences you have had since the start of this school year (i.e., since the end of the summer holidays 

in September). Please answer all of the questions as honestly as possible.

If you have any queries, please raise your hand and ask. If at any point you do not wish to continue with 

the questionnaire, please stop.

This questionnaire is completely confidential and anonymous. The information that you give will not be 

seen by any other pupils or teachers. You will not be asked for your name, or anybody else’s.

Section 1. Direct Aggression Received

This section asks you about any bullying behavior that you have received.

We would like to find out about any bullying behavior that may have happened to you since the start of 

this school year (i.e., since the end of the summer holidays in September).

Please answer the following questions as honestly as possible.

What has happened to you since the start of this school year?

Please circle the answer that best fits your experience. For example: yes no

a. Have you ever had personal belongings taken? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?

  

Not very often Often Very often

(1-3 times) (more than 4 times) (at least once a week)

b. Have you been threatened / blackmailed? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?

  

Not very often Often Very often

(1-3 times) (more than 4 times) (at least once a week)

c. Have you been hit or beaten up? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?

  

Not very often Often Very often

(1-3 times) (more than 4 times) (at least once a week)

d. Have other things happened to you? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?

  

Not very often Often Very often

(1-3 times) (more than 4 times) (at least once a week)

 Please describe. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
61

Section 2. Verbal and Relational Aggression Received

a. Have other pupils called you nasty names? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

b. Have other pupils not wanted to hang around with you (to make you upset)? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

c. Have other pupils said they wouldn’t be friends with you anymore, or said they would tell-tale 

 (tell other people things about you)? yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

d. Have other pupils told lies, said nasty things, or told stories about you that were not true?

 yes no

 If yes, how often has this happened?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

e. Have other pupils spoilt activities (for example, sports games or class activities) on purpose 

(to make you upset)? yes no

If yes, how often has this happened?

 

Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)

Very often 

(at least once a week)

Section 3. Direct Aggression Given

This section asks you about any bullying behavior that you have taken part in.

We would like to find out about any bullying behavior that you have carried out since the start of this 

school year (i.e., since the end of the summer holidays in September).

Please answer the following questions as honestly as possible.

What have you done to others since the beginning of the school year?

Please circle the answer that best fits your experience. For example: yes no

a. Have you taken others personal belongings? yes no

If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)
62

b. Have you threatened / blackmailed someone? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

c. Have you hit or beaten someone up? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

d. Have you done any other things? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)

Please describe.



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Section 4. Verbal and Relational Aggression Given

a. Have you called other pupils nasty names? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

b. Have you not hung around with another pupil/other pupils (to make them upset)? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)
63

c. Have you told other pupils that you did not want to be friends with them anymore, or said that 

 you would tell-tale (tell other people things about them)? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

d. Have you told lies, said nasty things, or told stories about other pupils that were not true?

 yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

e. Have you spoilt activities for other pupils (for example, sports games or class activities) 

 on purpose (to make them upset)? yes no

 If yes, how often have you done this?



Not very often 

(1-3 times)



Often 

(more than 4 times)



Very often 

(at least once a week)

Thank you very much for completing this questionnaire.

Scoring Instructions

The SRQ is subdivided into four sections: “Direct 

Aggression Received,” “Verbal & Relational 

Aggression Received,” “Direct Aggression Given,” and 

“Verbal & Relational Aggression Given.” The SRQ 

allows the classification of four roles for both direct 

(physical) and relational bullying: (1) “pure bully” 

(perpetrator of aggressive acts only), (2) “pure victim” 

(receiver of aggressive acts), (3) “bully/victim” (both 

perpetrator and receiver), and (4) “neutral” (noninvolvement in bullying or victimization). 

Responses are scored 0–2 depending on how 

frequently the individual has been involved in a 

victimization or bullying situation (“not very often” 

= 0, “often” = 1 or “very often” = 2). Scores of 1 or 

2 (often or very often) in the “Direct Aggression 

Received” section result in categorization as a 

direct victim. Scores of 1 or 2 (often or very often) 

in the “Direct Aggression Given” section result in 

categorization as a direct bully. Classification as both 

a direct victim and a direct bully (scores of 1 or 2, 

often or very often, in both the “Direct Aggression 

Received” and “Direct Aggression Given” sections) 

result in categorization as a direct bully/victim. All 

other subjects are categorized as direct neutrals. The 

same principles are applied for categorization as a 

relational victim, bully, bully/victim, and neutral.

References

Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L., & Karstadt, 

L. (2000). The association between direct and 

relational bullying and behaviour problems among 

primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology 

and Psychiatry, 41, 989–1002.

Developer’s Contact Information

Dieter Wolke, PhD

Department of Psychology and Health Sciences 

Research Institute

Warwick Medical School

UK-Coventry CV4 7AL

Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3537

D.Wolke@warwick.ac.uk

Sarah Woods, PhD

School of Psychology

University of Hertfordshire

College Lane, Hatfield

Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB

UK 

Tel: +44 (0)1707 285057

s.n.woods@herts.ac.uk
64

C13. Setting the Record Straight

TRUE FALSE

1. My classmates probably think that kids make fun of me.  

2. Kids make fun of me.  

3. My classmates probably think that I get beat up.  

4. I get beat up.  

5. My classmates probably think that I get called names by other kids.  

6. I get called names by other kids.  

7. My classmates probably think that I make fun of people.  

8. I make fun of people.  

9. My classmates probably think that kids do mean things to me.  

10. Kids do mean things to me.  

11. My classmates probably think that I hit and push others around.  

12. I hit and push others around.  

13. My classmates probably think that I get picked on by other kids.  

14. I get picked on by other kids.  

15. My classmates probably think that I get hit and pushed by other kids.  

16. I get hit and pushed by other kids.  

17. My classmates probably think that kids try to hurt my feelings.  

18. Kids try to hurt my feelings.  

19. My classmates probably think that if someone gets in my way I will shove them out of the way.  

20. If someone gets in my way I will shove them out of the way.  

21. My classmates probably think that when I get picked on I don’t like to fight back.  

22. When I get picked on I don’t like to fight back.  

23. My classmates probably think that I get teased a lot.  

24. I get teased a lot.  

25. My classmates probably think that there are certain kids I like to bother.  

26. There are certain kids I like to bother.  

27. My classmates probably think that I can beat everyone up.  

28. I can beat everyone up.  

29. My classmates probably think that I don’t defend myself.  

30. I don’t defend myself.  

Copyright © 2001, The Haworth Press Inc. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, The Haworth Press Inc.: Journal of Emotional Abuse. 10 Alice Street, 

Binghamton, NY 13904, from: The interrelationships of behavioral indices of bully victim behavior by Neil F. Gottheil and Eric F Dubow. Further reproduction is 

prohibited without permission from The Haworth Press Inc.
65

Scoring Instructions

Points are assigned as follows:

True = 1 False = 0

Self-report

Victimization subscale: Items 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 

22, 24, and 30

Bully subscale: Items 8, 12, 20, 26, and 28

Perceived peer perception

Victimization subscale: Items 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 21, 

23, and 29

Bully subscale: Items 7, 11, 19, 25, and 27

The score for each of the four subscales is computed 

by summing item scores, dividing this sum by the 

total number of items for a given subscale, and 

multiplying the result by 100 (so that a percentage is 

obtained). Scores for each subscale range from 0 to 

100, with higher scores reflecting more bullying and/

or victimization.

References

Gottheil, N. F., & Dubow, E. F. (2001a). The 

interrelationships of behavioral indices of bully 

and victim behavior. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 

2, 75–93.

Gottheil, N. F., & Dubow, E. F. (2001b). Tripartite 

beliefs model of bully and victim behavior. 

Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 25–47.

Developer’s Contact Information

Neil Gottheil, PhD

School of Psychology

Psychology Services, Children’s Hospital 

of Eastern Ontario

401 Smyth Road

Ottawa, Ontario 

Canada, K1H 8L1

Tel: 613-737-7600, ext. 3264

ngottheil@cheo.on.ca
66
67

Section D: 

Bystander, Bully, 

and/or Victim Scales

D1. Bully Survey

D2. Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Survey 

D3. Cyber-Harassment Student Survey 

D4. Exposure to Violence and Violent Behavior Checklist

D5. Gay, Lesbian, Straight, Education Network (GLSEN)

National School Climate Survey

D6. Participant Role Questionnaire 

D7. Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Inventory

D8. Student School Survey
68

Description of Measures

Scale/

Assessment Characteristics Target Groups Psychometrics Developer

D1. Bully Survey Multi-part measure assessing 

experiences with bullying 

victimization, perpetration, 

witnessing, and attitudes 

toward bullying.

Youth 10–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 

Physical bullying = 0.79

Verbal bullying = 0.85

Swearer & Carey, 2003; 

Swearer, Turner, Givens, & 

Pollack, 2008

D2. Cyberbullying and 

Online Aggression 

Survey

52-item measure with 

2 subscales to measure 

cyberbullying victimization, 

perpetration, and bystander 

experiences.

Youth 12–17 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Victimization scale = 0.74

Offending scale = 0.76

Patchin & Hinduja, 2006; 

Hinduja & Patchin, 2009

© 2009 Sage Publications

D3. Cyber-Harassment 

Student Survey

15-item measure assessing 

the respondents’ awareness 

of cyber-harassment and 

their experience with cyberharassment as both the victim 

and perpetrator. The measure 

also assesses the emotional/ 

behavioral impact of being 

cyber-harassed.

Youth 12–15 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 

emotional and behavioral 

impact = 0.88

Beran & Li, 2005

© Baywood Publishing 

Co., Inc.

D4. Exposure to 

Violence and 

Violent Behavior 

Checklist

135-item measure assessing 

violence perpetration, 

victimization, and witnessing 

in one’s home, school, and 

neighborhood

Youth 8–12 years old Evidence of content validity Nadel, Spellman, 

Alvarez-Canino, 

Lausell-Bryant, & 

Landsberg, 1996

D5. Gay, Lesbian, Straight, 

Education Network 

(GLSEN) National School 

Climate Survey

68-item measure assessing 

awareness of homophobic 

verbal bullying and 

experience with verbal and 

physical in-school harassment 

and assault.

Youth 10–18 years old Cronbach’s alpha: 0.70 to 0.90

Evidence of criterion validity

Kosciw & Diaz, 2006

D6. Participant Role 

Questionnaire

15-item measure with 5 

subscales assessing the 

frequency of bullying 

perpetration, bullying 

assistance, reinforcement, 

defending, and bystander 

experiences.

Youth 7–10 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Bully scale = 0.93

Assistant scale = 0.95

Reinforcer scale = 0.90

Defender scale = 0.89

Outsider scale = 0.88

Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, 

Bjorkqvist, Osterman, 

& Kaukiainen, 1996; 

Salmivalli & Voeten, 2004 

© 1996 John Wiley & 

Sons Inc.

D7. Peer Estimated Conflict 

Behavior Inventory

A peer nomination–based 

measure assessing 7 constructs: physical aggression, 

verbal aggression, indirect 

aggression, constructive 

conflict resolution, third-party 

intervention, withdrawal, and 

victimization.

Youth 8–15 years old Evidence of content validity Österman et al., 1997

D8. Student School Survey 70-item measure assessing 

the frequency of bully 

perpetration, victimization, 

and bystander behavior. 

Other subscales include social 

cohesion and trust, perceived 

peer support, self-esteem, 

bully-related attitudes, and 

informal social control.

Youth 10–17 years old Cronbach’s alpha:

Bully perpetration = 0.73

Moral approval of bullying 

= 0.93

Social cohesion and trust = 0.84

Perceived peer support = 0.79

Williams & Guerra, 2007

© 2007 The Colorado 

Trust
69

D1. Bully Survey

The Bully Survey – Student Version (BYS-S)

This project is being undertaken by researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Creighton Prep. 

Participation in this survey is voluntary and you may stop any time you desire. 

Instructions:

In this survey you will be asked to respond to questions and statements about “bullies” and “bullying.”

Bullying happens when someone hurts or scares another person on purpose and the person 

being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself. Usually, bullying happens over and 

over. Examples include the following:

•	 Punching, shoving, and other acts that hurt people physically

•	 Spreading bad rumors about people

•	 Keeping certain people out of a “group”

•	 Teasing people in a mean way

•	 Getting certain people to “gang up” on others

There are four parts to this survey: (A) When you were bullied by others, (B) When you saw other students 

getting bullied, (C) When you were a bully, and (D) Your thoughts about bullying. 

The Bully Survey - Part A

In this part, you will be asked about times when you were bullied.

REMEMBER: Bullying happens when someone hurts or scares another person on purpose and the person being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself. Usually, bullying happens over and over.

•	 Punching, shoving, and other acts that hurt people physically

•	 Spreading bad rumors about people

•	 Keeping certain people out of a “group”

•	 Teasing people in a mean way

•	 Getting certain people to “gang up” on others

Have you been bullied this school year?

 Yes  No

IF YES, how often have you been bullied? (Check one)

 one or more times a day,  one or more times a week,  one or more times a month.

If you have not been bullied this year, you may move on to Part B.

1a. Where have you been bullied? Check all the places:

 homeroom  cafeteria

 academic class  before school

 bus  after school

 gym  dances

 hallway  sporting events

 bathroom  online

 telephone  text message

1b. From the list above, circle the ONE place you have been bullied the most.
70

2. How did you get bullied? (Check how often this happened)

Never

happened

Rarely

happened

Sometimes

happened

Often

happened

Always

happened

a. Called me names     

b. Made fun of me     

c. Said they will do bad things to me     

d. Played jokes on me     

e. Won’t let me be a part of their group     

f. Broke my things     

g. Attacked me     

h. Nobody would talk to me     

i. Wrote bad things about me     

j. Said mean things behind my back     

k. Pushed or shoved me     

l. Other ways you were bullied:

3. Who bullied you most often (check all that are true):

 older boys  older girls

 younger boys  younger girls

 boys in my grade  girls in my grade

 someone who is strong  someone who is an adult

 someone who is powerful  someone who is popular

 someone who has many friends  someone who is smart

 other_________________________________  someone who I didn’t know

4. How much of a problem was the bullying for you?

Never a 

problem

Rarely a

problem

Sometimes

problem

Often a

problem

Always a

problem

a. Made me feel sick     

b. I couldn’t make friends     

c. Made me feel bad or sad     

d. Made it difficult to learn at school     

e. Didn’t come to school     

f. I had problems with my family     

g. Other:
71

5a. Why do you think you were bullied? Check all that are true. Because:

 they think my face looks funny 

 they think I’m fat 

 they think I’m skinny 

 they think I look too old 

 they think I look too young 

 they think I am a wimp 

 they think my friends are weird 

 I’m sick a lot 

 I’m disabled 

 I get good grades 

 I get bad grades 

 where I live 

 the clothes I wear 

 the color of my skin 

 the country I’m from 

 I am different 

 the church I go to

 my parents

 my brother

 my sister

 my family is poor

 my family has a lot of money

 someone in my family has a disability

 I am too tall

 I am too short

 I am in special education

 I get angry a lot

 I cry a lot

 I can’t get along with other people

 they say I’m gay

 the way I talk

 other (describe) ____________________________

 ___________________________________________

5b. From the list above, circle the MAIN reason you were bullied.

6. Did the teachers and school staff know about the bullying that happened to you?

 Yes  No  I don’t know

7a. How do you think your teachers and school staff took care of the bullying?

 Very well  Okay  Bad  I don’t know

8. Tell us what the teachers and school staff did to take care of the bully.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

9a. Did your parents know about the bullying that happened to you?

 Yes  No  I don’t know

9b. Tell us what your parents did to take care of the bullying.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

10. Were you able to defend yourself from the bullying?

 Yes  No

Explain:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
72

11. Does anyone bully you at home? (Check everyone who has bullied you)

 no one  sister  friend

 father  stepfather  other relative

 mother  stepmother  neighbor

 brother  grandparent  other:___________________________

11a. Is the bullying at home different from the bullying at school? If so, how?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

The Bully Survey - Part B

In this part, you will be asked about other students who have been bullied.

REMEMBER: Bullying happens when someone hurts or scares another person on purpose and the person 

being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself. Usually, bullying happens over and over.

•	 Punching, shoving, and other acts that hurt people physically

•	 Spreading bad rumors about people

•	 Keeping certain people out of a “group”

•	 Teasing people in a mean way

•	 Getting certain people to “gang up” on others

Did you ever see a student other than yourself who was bullied this school year?

 Yes  No

IF YES, how often did you see this student being bullied? (Check one)

 one or more times a day,  one or more times a week,  one or more times a month.

If you do not know any students who have been bullied this year, you may move on to Part C.

1a. Where was the student bullied? Check all the places:

 homeroom  cafeteria

 academic class  before school

 bus  after school

 gym  dances

 hallway  sporting events

 bathroom  online

 telephone  text message

1b. From the list above, circle the ONE place you saw the student bullied the most.
73

2. How did this student get bullied? (Check how often this happened)

Never

happened

Rarely

happened

Sometimes

happened

Often

happened

Always

happened

a. Called them names     

b. Made fun of them     

c. Said they will do bad things to them     

d. Played jokes on them     

e. Won’t let them be a part of their group     

f. Broke their things     

g. Attacked them     

h. Nobody would talk to them     

i. Wrote bad things about them     

j. Said mean things behind their back     

k. Pushed or shoved them     

l. Other ways they were bullied:

3. Who bullied this student (check all that are true):

 older boys  older girls

 younger boys  younger girls

 boys in my grade  girls in my grade

 someone who is strong  someone who is an adult

 someone who is powerful  someone who is popular

 somoene who has many friends  someone who is smart

 other_________________________________  someone who I didn’t know

4. How did seeing the bullying affect you?

Never a 

problem

Rarely a

problem

Sometimes

problem

Often a

problem

Always a

problem

a. Made me feel sick     

b. I couldn’t make friends     

c. Made me feel bad or sad     

d. Made it difficult for me to learn     

e. I didn’t come to school     

f. I had problems with my family     

g. Other:
74

5a. Why do you think this student was bullied? (Check all that are true). Because:

 their face looks funny  the church they go to

 they are fat  their parents

 they are skinny  their brother

 they look too old  their sister

 they look too young  their family is poor

 they are a wimp  their family has a lot of money

 their friends are weird  someone in their family has a disability

 they are sick a lot  they are too tall

 they are disabled  they are too short

 they get good grades  they are in special education

 they get bad grades  they get angry a lot

 where they live  they cry a lot

 the clothes they wear  they can’t get along with other people

 the color of their skin  they are gay

 the country they are from  the way they talk

 they are different  other (describe) ____________________________

 ___________________________________________

5b. From the list above, circle the MAIN reason this student was bullied.

6. Did the teachers and school staff know about the bullying that you saw?

 Yes  No  I don’t know

7a. How do you think your teachers and school staff took care of the bullying?

 Very well  Okay  Bad  I don’t know

7b. Tell us what the teachers and school staff did to take care of the bullying.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

8. Tell us what you did about the bullying.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

The Bully Survey - Part C

In this part, you will be asked about when you bullied other students.

REMEMBER: Bullying happens when someone hurts or scares another person on purpose and the person 

being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself. Usually, bullying happens over and over.

•	 Punching, shoving, and other acts that hurt people physically

•	 Spreading bad rumors about people

•	 Keeping certain people out of a “group”

•	 Teasing people in a mean way

•	 Getting certain people to “gang up” on others
75

Did you ever bully anyone this school year?

 Yes  No

If yes, how often did you bully this person? (Check one)

 one or more times a day,  one or more times a week,  one or more times a month.

If you never bullied other students this year, go to Part D and answer the rest of the questions.

1a. Where did you bully him or her? Check all the places:

 homeroom  cafeteria

 academic class  before school

 bus  after school

 gym  dances

 hallway  sporting events

 bathroom  online

 telephone  text message

1b. From the list above, circle the ONE place you bullied the person the most.

2. How did you bully this person? (Check how often this happened)

Never

happened

Rarely

happened

Sometimes

happened

Often

happened

Always

happened

a. Called them names     

b. Made fun of them     

c. Said they will do bad things to them     

d. Played jokes on them     

e. Won’t let them be a part of my group     

f. Broke their things     

g. Attacked them     

h. Didn’t talk to them     

i. Wrote bad things about them     

j. Said mean things behind their back     

k. Pushed or shoved them     

l. Other:

3. Who did you bully? (check all that are true)

 older boys  older girls

 younger boys  younger girls

 boys in my grade  girls in my grade

 someone who is weak  someone who is an adult

 someone who has no power  someone who is not popular

 somoene who has no friends  someone who is dumb

 other_________________________________  someone who I didn’t know
76

4. How much was this a problem for you?

Never a 

problem

Rarely a

problem

Sometimes

problem

Often a

problem

Always a

problem

a. Made me feel sick     

b. I couldn’t make friends     

c. Made me feel bad or sad     

d. Made it difficult for me to learn     

e. I didn’t come to school     

f. I had problems with my family     

g. Other:

5a. Why did you bully this person? (Check all that are true) Because:

 their face looks funny  the church they go to

 they are fat  their parents

 they are skinny  their brother

 they look too old  their sister

 they look too young  their family is poor

 they are a wimp  their family has a lot of money

 their friends are weird  someone in their family has a disability

 they are sick a lot  they are too tall

 they are disabled  they are too short

 they get good grades  they are in special education

 they get bad grades  they get angry a lot

 where they live  they cry a lot

 the clothes I wear  they can’t get along with other people

 the color of their skin  they are gay

 the country they are from  the way they talk

 they are different  other (describe) ____________________________

 ___________________________________________

5b. From the list above, circle the MAIN reason you bullied this person.

6. Did the teachers and school staff know about the bullying that you did?

 Yes  No  I don’t know

7. How do you think your teachers and school staff took care of the bullying?

 Very well  Okay  Bad  I don’t know

8. Tell us what the teachers and school staff did to take care of the bullying.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
77

The Bully Survey - Part D

In this part, you will be asked about your thoughts about bullying.

1. How much do you agree with each sentence?

Totally

false

Sort of

false

Both true 

and false

Sort of

true

Totally

true

a. Most people who get bullied ask for it.     

b. Bullying is a problem for kids.     

c. Bullies are popular.     

d. I don’t like bullies.     

e. I am afraid of the bullies at my school.     

f. Bullying is good for wimpy kids.     

g. Bullies hurt kids.     

h. I would be friends with a bully.     

i. I can understand why someone would 

 bully other kids.     

j. I think bullies should be punished.     

k. Bullies don’t mean to hurt anybody.     

l. Bullies make kids feel bad.     

m. I feel sorry for kids who are bullied.     

n. Being bullied is no big deal.     

2. Is bullying a problem in your school? 

 Yes  No

3. Do you think that schools should worry about bullying? 

 Yes  No

4. Has bullying at <INSERT SCHOOL NAME> changed in the last year for you? 

 Yes  No

What do you think has caused that change?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Please write any other ideas you have about bullying and being bullied.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
78

5. What language is spoken in your home? _________________________________________________

6. What country is your family from? _______________________________________________________

7. Gender:  Male  Female

8. Age:___________

9. Race:

 White  Black/African American

 Latino/Hispanic  Asian American

 Native American  Middle Eastern

 Eastern European  Asian

 Biracial (Please specify)  other ____________________________

 __________________________________

10. Circle only your current grade: 

Grade: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

11. How well do you do in your schoolwork? On your last report card, if you think 

of all of your subjects, what did you get (Check one)?

 Mostly As  As and Bs

 Mostly Bs  Bs and Cs

 Mostly Cs  Cs and Ds

 Mostly Ds  Ds and lower

Scoring Instructions

Points are assigned as follows:

Never happened = 0 

Rarely happened = 1 

Sometimes happened = 2 

Often happened = 3

Always happened = 4

To assess being bullied, use Items 2a–k in Part A. 

To asses being a bystander, use items 2a–k in Part 

B. To assess bullying others, use items 2a–k in Part 

C. Seven items assess verbal bullying and four items 

assess physical bullying. Scale scores are created by 

summing item scores. The range for each scale is 0–44. 

Higher scores indicate more frequent bully-related 

experiences.

Although not behavioral in nature, Part D assesses 

attitudes toward bullying. Items are scored on a 

5-point Likert-type scale (1 = “Totally false” to 5 = 

“Totally true”). In Part D, items 1b, 1e, 1g, and 1j–m 

are reversed scored. The range for the scale is 12–60. 

Higher scores denote more pro-bullying attitudes.

References

Swearer, S. M., & Cary, P. T. (2003). Perceptions and 

attitudes toward bullying in middle school youth: A 

developmental examination across the bully/victim 

continuum. . Journal of Applied School Psychology, 

19, 63–79.

Swearer, S. M., Turner, R. K., Givens, J. E., & Pollack, 

W. S. (2008). “You’re so gay!”: Do different forms 

of bullying matter for adolescent males? School 

Psychology Review, 37, 160–173.

Developer’s Contact Information

Susan Swearer, PhD

University of Nebraska at Lincoln

40 Teachers College Hall

Lincoln, NE 68588-0345

Tel: 402-472-1741

sswearer@unlserve.unl.edu
79

D2. Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Survey

How often in the last 30 days have you experienced the following?: Never Once or 

twice 

A few 

times 

Many 

times Every day

1. In the last 30 days, have you been made fun of in a chat room? a b c d e

2. In the last 30 days, have you received an email from someone you know 

that made you really mad? a b c d e

3. In the last 30 days, have you received an email from someone you didn’t 

know that made you really mad? This does not include “spam” mail. a b c d e

4. In the last 30 days, has someone posted something on your My Space 

page that made you upset or uncomfortable? a b c d e

5. In the last 30 days, has someone posted something on another

web page that made you upset or uncomfortable? a b c d e

6. In the last 30 days, have you received an instant message that made you 

upset or uncomfortable? a b c d e

7. In the last 30 days, have your parents talked to you about being safe 

on the computer? a b c d e

8. In the last 30 days, has a teacher talked to you about being safe 

on the computer? a b c d e

9. In the last 30 days, have you been bullied or picked on by another 

person while online? a b c d e

10. In the last 30 days, have you been afraid to go on the computer? a b c d e 

11. In the last 30 days, has anyone posted anything about you

online that you didn’t want others to see? a b c d e

12. In the last 30 days, has anyone emailed or text messaged you

and asked questions about sex that made you uncomfortable? a b c d e

How often in the last 30 days have you done the following? Never Once or 

twice 

A few 

times 

Many 

times every day

13. In the last 30 days, have you lied about your age while online? a b c d e

14. In the last 30 days, have you posted something online about

someone else to make others laugh? a b c d e

15. In the last 30 days, have you sent someone a computer text 

message to make them angry or to make fun of them? a b c d e

16. In the last 30 days, have you sent someone an email to make

them angry or to make fun of them? a b c d e

17. In the last 30 days, have you posted something on someone’s MySpace, 

Xanga, or Friendster page to make them angry or to make fun of them? a b c d e

18. In the last 30 days, have you taken a picture of someone and posted it 

online without their permission? a b c d e
80

Cyberbullying is when someone repeatedly makes fun of another person online or repeatedly 

picks on another person through email or text message or when someone posts something 

online about another person that they don’t like.

19. In my entire life, I have cyberbullied others: 

a. never b. seldom c. sometime d. fairly often e. often f. very often

20. In the last 30 days, I have cyberbullied others: 

a. never b. once or twice c. a few times d. many times e. every day 

21. If so, what was the most important reason for cyberbulling that person?

a. to get revenge b. they deserved it 

c. because others were doing it d. for fun 

e. because they picked on me at school f. to vent my anger

g. to demonstrate power h. I hate them

i. other reasons j. I have not cyberbullied another person 

 in the last 30 days

22. In my entire life, I have been cyberbullied: 

a. never b. seldom c. sometime d. fairly often e. often f. very often

23. In the last 30 days, I have been cyberbullied: 

a. never b. once or twice c. a few times d. many times e. every day

If you have ever been cyberbullied, tell us about the most recent experience.

24. Did you know who it was who did this to you?

a. friend b. someone else from school 

c. ex-friend d. ex-boyfriend or girlfriend 

e. someone I knew from a chat room f. stranger

g. many people h. other 

i. No one has ever cyberbullied me 

25. Was the bully someone you have met in real life? 

a. yes b. no c. don’t know d. No one has ever cyberbullied me

How often in the last 30 days have you done the following? Never Once Sometimes Often Many

Times

26. Where you ever cyberbullied by another student at your school? a b c d e

27. Where threats made online carried out at school? a b c d e

28. Did you tell someone about the cyberbullying experience? a b c d e

29. Did you tell your parents about the cyberbullying experience? a b c d e

30. Did you tell a friend about the cyberbullying experience? a b c d e

31. Did you tell a teacher about the cyberbullying experience? a b c d e

32. How did you respond to the cyberbullying experience? 

a. logged off computer b. blocked bully

c. changed screen name or email d. left site 

e. called the police f. did nothing 

g. did something else h. No one has ever cyberbullied me 
81

How did you feel about this cyberbullying experience?

NOTE: If you have not been cyberbullied, choose “f. N/A” which means not applicable. 

How did you feel about this cyberbullying experience? Never Once Sometimes Often Many

Times N/A

33. Where you sad? a b c d e f

34. Where you scared? a b c d e f

28. Where you frustrated? a b c d e f

29. Where you embarrassed? a b c d e f

30. Where you angry? a b c d e f

31. Where you not bothered by it? a b c d e f

Copyright © 2009 Sage Publications. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Sage Publications from: Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and 

responding to cyberbullying by Sameer Hinduja & Justin Patchin.

Scoring Instructions

Points are assigned as follows:

Never = 0

Once or twice = 1

A few times = 2

Many times=3

Every day = 4

Cyberbullying Victimization Scale: Items 1–6, 9–11 

Cyberbullying Offending Scale: Items 14–18 

Scale score created by summing item scores. Range 

of the victimization scale is 0–36; range of the 

offending scale is 0–20. Higher values represent more 

involvement with cyberbullying.

References

Patchin, J.W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond 

the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. 

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169.

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying beyond 

the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to 

cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Developer’s Contact Information

Justin W. Patchin, PhD

Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire

105 Garfield - PO Box 4004

Eau Claire, WI 54702

Tel: 715-836-4058

patchinj@uwec.edu

Sameer Hinduja, PhD

Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Florida Atlantic University

5353 Parkside Drive

Jupiter, FL 33458-2906

Tel: 561-799-8227

hinduja@fau.edu
82

D3. Cyber-Harassment Student Survey

Thank you for participating in this survey.

School __________________________ Grade ________ Gender ________ 

Harassment occurs when a student, or several students, say mean and hurtful things or make fun of 

another student or call him or her mean and hurtful names, completely ignore or exclude him or her from 

their group of friends, or leave him or her out of things on purpose, tell lies or spread false rumors about 

him or her, send mean notes and try to make other students dislike him or her, and other hurtful things 

like that. When we talk about harassment, these things happen repeatedly, and it is difficult for the student 

being harassed to defend himself or herself. We also call it harassment when a student is teased repeatedly 

in a mean and hurtful way. But we don’t call it harassment when the teasing is done in a friendly and 

playful way. Also, it is not harassment when two students of about equal strength or power argue or fight.

1. Have you heard of students using technology to harass other students (for example, the Internet, computers, cell phones, answering machines, video cameras)? If yes, what types of 

technology were used?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. If yes, how was the technology used? Please describe the event.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Never Once/Twice A few times Many times Every day

3. Have these types of harassing behaviors involving 

technology been directed toward you?     

4. If yes, how have you been impacted? (Check One)     

a. I felt sad and hurt.     

b. I felt angry.     

c. I felt embarrassed.

d. I felt afraid.     

e. I felt anxious.     

f. I missed school because of it.     

g. I cried.     

h. I had difficulty concentrating.     

i. My marks have dropped because of it.     

j. I blame myself.     

5. Do the people who harrassed you by using technology 

also harrass you in other way (not using technology)?     

6. Do you ever use technology to harass others?     

Copyright © 2005 Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 26 Austin Ave. PO Box 337, 

Amityville, NY 11701, from: Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior by Tanya Beran and Qing Li. Further reproduction is prohibited without 

permission from Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.
83

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above. Items 

1–3, 5, and 6 are treated individually and responses 

are examined descriptively. Responses to Item 1 may 

need to be categorized. The developers used the 

following general categories: computer, cell phone, 

voicemail/answering machine, and video camera. 

The computer category was further subdivided 

based on means of cyber-harassment (e.g., via 

email or instant messaging, chat rooms, web pages, 

etc.). Higher scores indicate more awareness of or 

experience with cyber-bullying. 

The emotional/behavioral impact items can be 

summed together for an overall impact scale score or 

by type, yielding an emotional impact score (sum of 

7 emotion items) and a behavioral impact score (sum 

of 3 behavior items). High scores indicate greater 

impact as a result of cyber-bullying.

References

Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: 

A study of a new method for an old behavior. 

Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32,

265–277.

Developer’s Contact Information

Tanya Beran, PhD

Division of Applied Psychology

University of Calgary

AB, Canada T2N 1N4

Tel: 403-220-5110

tnaberan@ucalgary.ca
84

D4. Exposure to Violence and Violent Behavior Checklist

At school, how often have you been... Never Once Sometimes Often 

1. Hit by a student. 1 2 3 4

2. Hit by school staff. 1 2 3 4

3. Kicked or pushed by a student. 1 2 3 4

4. Kicked or pushed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

5. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

6. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

8. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused by a student, that is, being called names or having things 

said to you that make you feel bad about yourself or afraid. 1 2 3 4

10. Verbally or emotionally abused by school staff. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually harassed by a student. 1 2 3 4

12. Sexually harassed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

13. Sexually assaulted. 1 2 3 4

14. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

At school, how often have you seen others being ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit by a student. 1 2 3 4

2. Hit by school staff. 1 2 3 4

3. Kicked or pushed by a student. 1 2 3 4

4. Kicked or pushed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

5. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

6. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

8. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused by a student. 1 2 3 4

10. Verbally or emotionally abused by school staff. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually harassed by a student. 1 2 3 4

12. Sexually harassed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

13. Sexually assaulted. 1 2 3 4

14. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

15. In a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4

In your neighborhood, how often have you been ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit. 1 2 3 4

2. Kicked. 1 2 3 4

3. Pushed or shoved. 1 2 3 4

4. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

8. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused, that is, being called names or having things 

said to you that make you feel bad about yourself or afraid. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted. 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed. 1 2 3 4
85

In your neighborhood, how often have you seen others being ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit. 1 2 3 4

2. Kicked. 1 2 3 4

3. Pushed or shoved. 1 2 3 4

4. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

8. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted. 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

13. In a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4

At school, how often have you heard of other students being ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit by a student. 1 2 3 4

2. Hit by a school staff. 1 2 3 4

3. Kicked or pushed by a student. 1 2 3 4

4. Kicked or pushed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

5. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

6. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

8. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

9. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

10. Verbally or emotionally abused by a student, that is, they were called names or had things 

said to them that made them feel bad about themselves or afraid. 1 2 3 4

11. Verbally or emotionally abused by school staff. 1 2 3 4

12. Sexually harassed by a student. 1 2 3 4

13. Sexually harassed by school staff. 1 2 3 4

14. Sexually assaulted. 1 2 3 4

15. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

16. In a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4

In your neighborhood, how often have you heard of others being ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit. 1 2 3 4

2. Kicked. 1 2 3 4

3. Pushed or shoved. 1 2 3 4

4. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

8. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

13. In a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4
86

At home, in the past, how often have you been ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit. 1 2 3 4

2. Kicked. 1 2 3 4

3. Pushed or shoved. 1 2 3 4

4. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

8. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed. 1 2 3 4

At home, in the past, how often have you seen other family members being ... Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit. 1 2 3 4

2. Kicked. 1 2 3 4

3. Pushed or shoved. 1 2 3 4

4. Badly beaten up. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Threatened with a gun. 1 2 3 4

8. Shot at. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed. 1 2 3 4
87

At school, how often have you done these things? Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit or kicked someone. 1 2 3 4

2. Pushed or shoved someone when you were angry. 1 2 3 4

3. Badly beaten somebody up. 1 2 3 4

4. Carried a knife or sharp weapon or other blade. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened someone with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked someone with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Carried a weapon. 1 2 3 4

8. Threatened someone with a gun. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused someone, that is, said something that made them feel bad 

about themselves or afraid. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed someone. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted someone. 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed someone. 1 2 3 4

13. Been suspended. 1 2 3 4

14. Gotten into a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4

Outside of school, how often have you done these things? Never Once Sometimes Often

1. Hit or kicked someone. 1 2 3 4

2. Pushed or shoved someone when you were angry. 1 2 3 4

3. Badly beaten somebody up. 1 2 3 4

4. Carried a knife or sharp weapon or other blade. 1 2 3 4

5. Threatened someone with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

6. Attacked someone with a knife or sharp weapon. 1 2 3 4

7. Carried a weapon. 1 2 3 4

8. Threatened someone with a gun. 1 2 3 4

9. Verbally or emotionally abused someone, that is, said something that made them feel bad 

about themselves or afraid. 1 2 3 4

10. Sexually harassed someone. 1 2 3 4

11. Sexually assaulted someone. 1 2 3 4

12. Robbed someone. 1 2 3 4

13. Been suspended. 1 2 3 4

14. Gotten into a fight after drinking or getting high. 1 2 3 4

Scoring Instructions

Point values are assigned as indicated above. Items 

are scored by domain (school, community, family) 

and by whether violence is direct or vicarious. More 

specific timeframes can be used with this measure 

(e.g., past 30 days, past 3 months, past 6 months). 

Higher scores reflect more bullying experiences.

References

Nadel, H., Spellmann, M., Alvarez-Canino, T., 

Lausell-Bryant, L., & Landsberg, G. (1996). The cycle 

of violence and victimization: A study of the schoolbased intervention of a multidisciplinary youth 

violence-prevention program. American Journal of 

Preventive Medicine, 12, 109–119.

Dahlberg, L. L., Toal, S. B., Swahn, M., & Behrens, 

C. B. (2005). Measuring violence-related attitudes, 

behaviors, and influences among youths: A 

compendium of assessment tools., (2nd ed.) Atlanta, 

GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

Developer’s Contact Information

Gerald Landsberg, MSW, MPA, DSW

New York University

Silver School of Social Work

1 Washington Square North

New York, NY 10003

Tel: 212-998-5965

gl1@.nyu.edu
88

D5. Gay, Lesbian, Straight, Education Network (GLSEN) 

National School Climate Survey

SECTION A

This first set of questions is about homophobic remarks you may have heard at your school. Please circle 

the answer that best describes your experience at your school.

1. How often do you hear the expression “That’s so gay,” or “You’re so gay” in school? 

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

2. How often have you heard other homophobic remarks used in school (such as “faggot,” 

“dyke,” and “queer” used in a derogatory manner)? 

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

3. How often do you hear these homophobic remarks from other students? 

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

4. Would you say that homophobic remarks are made by: 

Most of the students Some of the students Some of the students

5. How often do you hear these homophobic remarks from teachers or school staff? 

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

6. In general, how much has it bothered or distressed you when you’ve heard words like

“gay” or “queer” used to describe something in a derogatory way, like “That class was so gay”?

Not at all A little Pretty much Extremely

7. When you hear homophobic remarks, how often has a teacher or other school staff person

been present?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

(Go to 8) (Go to 8) (Go to 8) (Go to 9)

8. When homophobic remarks are made and a teacher or other school staff person is present,

how often does the teacher or staff person intervene? 

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

9. When you hear homophobic remarks, how often does another student intervene? 

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never
89

SECTION B

This next set of questions is about racist remarks you may have heard at your school. Please circle the 

answer that best describes your experience at your school.

1. How often have you heard racist remarks used in school (such as “nigger,” “kike,” “spic,” 

“gook,” used in a derogatory manner)?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

2. How often do you hear racist remarks from other students?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

3. Would you say that racist remarks are made by: 

Most of the students Some of the students A few of the students

4. How often do you hear racist remarks from teachers or school staff? 

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

5. When you hear racist remarks, how often has a teacher or other school staff person 

been present? 

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

(Go to 6) (Go to 6) (Go to 6) (Go to 7)

6. When racist remarks are made and a teacher or other school staff person is present, 

how often does the teacher or staff person intervene? 

 Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

7. When you hear racist remarks, how often does another student intervene? 

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never
90

SECTION C

This set of questions is about sexist remarks you may have heard at your school. Please circle the answer 

that best describes your experience at your school.

1. How often have you heard sexist remarks used in school (such as someone being 

called a “bitch” in a derogatory way or comments about girls’ bodies or talk of girls 

being inferior to boys)?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

2. How often do you hear sexist remarks from other students?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

3. Would you say that sexist remarks are made by: 

Most of the students Some of the students A few of the students

4. How often do you hear sexist remarks from teachers or school staff?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

5. When you hear sexist remarks, how often has a teacher or other school staff person

been present?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

(Go to 6) (Go to 6) (Go to 6) (Go to 7)

6. When sexist remarks are made and a teacher or other school staff person is present, 

how often does the teacher or staff person intervene?

 Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

7. When you hear sexist remarks, how often does another student intervene? 

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

SECTION D

This set of questions is about remarks you may have heard at your school related to people’s gender 

expression. Please circle the answer that best describes your experience at your school.

1. How often have you heard comments about students not acting “masculine” enough?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

2. How often have you heard comments about students not acting “feminine” enough?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

3. How often do you hear these remarks from other students?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

4. Would you say that these remarks are made by: 

Most of the students Some of the students A few of the students

5. How often do you hear these remarks from teachers or school staff?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never
91

6. When you hear sexist remarks, how often has a teacher or other school staff person

been present?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

(Go to 7) (Go to 7) (Go to 7) (Go to 8)

7. When these remarks are made and a teacher or other school staff person is present, 

how often does the teacher or staff person intervene?

 Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

8. When you hear these remarks, how often does another student intervene?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

SECTION E

This set of questions is about harassment or fights that you may have encountered at your school. For 

each question, please circle or check the answer that best describes your experience at your school. 

1. In the last month of school, how many times did you skip a class because you felt 

uncomfortable or unsafe in that class?

0 times 1 time 2 or 3 times 4 or 5 times 6 or more times

2. In the last month of school, how many days did you not go to school because you felt 

uncomfortable or unsafe at school or on your way to or from school?

0 times 1 time 2 or 3 times 4 or 5 times 6 or more times

3. Do you feel unsafe at your school because of... (check all that apply)

 your sexual orientation

 your gender

 your race or ethnicity

 how you express your gender 

(how traditionally“masculine” or 

“feminine” you are in your 

appearance or in how you act)

 your disability or because people 

think you have a disability

 your religion or because people 

think you are of a certain religion

4. In the past year, how often have you been verbally harassed (name calling, threats, 

etc.) at your school because of... 

a. your sexual orientation? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

b. your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

c. how you express your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

d. your race or ethnicity? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

e. your disability or because people 

think you have a disability?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

f. your religion or because people think 

you are of a certain religion?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never
92

5. In the past year, how often have you been physically harassed (shoved, pushed, etc.) at 

your school because of...

a. your sexual orientation? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

b. your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

c. how you express your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

d. your race or ethnicity? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

e. your disability or because people 

think you have a disability?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

f. your religion or because people 

think you are of a certain religion?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

6. In the past year, how often have you been physically assaulted (punched, kicked, 

injured with a weapon) at your school because of...

a. your sexual orientation? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

b. your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

c. how you express your gender? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

d. your race or ethnicity? Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

e. your disability or because people 

think you have a disability?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

f. your religion or because people 

think you are of a certain religion?

 Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

7. How often have you been sexually harassed at your school, such as sexual remarks made

toward you or someone touching your body inappropriately?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

8. In the past year, how often have you had mean rumors or lies spread about you in school?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

9. In the past year, how often have you had your property stolen or deliberately damaged, 

such as your car, clothing, or books in school?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

10. In the past year, how often have you received harassing or threatening emails, instant 

messages (IMs), or text messages from students at your school?

Frequently Often Sometimes Rarely Never

SECTION F

These next questions ask about who you talk to when you have experienced harassment or assault in 

your school, regardless of whether it was related to your sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, gender, or 

gender expression. If you have not experienced any incidents of harassment in school this past year, please 

skip to Section G.
93

1. How often did you report when you were harassed or assaulted in school to a teacher, 

the principal, or other school staff person?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never (Go to 1c)

1a. How often did you report when you were harassed or assaulted in school to a 

teacher, the principal, or other school staff person? (Please answer in the space below): 

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

1b.Overall, how effective were the teachers or school staff in addressing the problems?

 Very effective Somewhat effective Somewhat ineffective Not at all effective

1c. Why did you NOT report being harassed or assaulted to a teacher or staff person? 

(Please answer in the space below): 

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. How often did you tell a parent or guardian when you were harassed or assaulted in school?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never (Go to 4)

3. How often did your parent or guardian talk to your teacher, principal, or other school staff 

because you had been harassed or assaulted in school?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

4. How often did you tell another family member, other than your parent or guardian, when you 

were harassed or assaulted in school?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never (Go to Section G)

5. How often did another family member (besides your parent or guardian) talk to your teacher, 

principal, or other school staff because you had been harassed or assaulted in school?

Always Most of the time Some of the time Never

SECTION G

This next set of questions is about some characteristics of your school. If you no longer attend school (for 

instance, if you have graduated or have stopped going to school), please answer the questions about the 

last school you attended in this school year. 

1. Is your school... (check the box next to the best answer)

 a public school

 If it is a public school  Is it a charter school?  Yes  No  Not Sure 

 Is it a magnet school?  Yes  No  Not Sure

 a religious-affiliated school  Catholic 	  Jewish

If it is a religious-affiliated school,  Episcopal 	  Lutheran

 please check which religion   Friends 	  Muslim

  Christian Non-  Other religion

 denominational ________________________ 

 another kind of non-public, private, or independent school
94

2. Where is your school? State____________ School District________________________________

(If you attended a non-public school, please list the name of the school district you live in.)

3. Is your school in a:

 Large city (pop’n over 250,000)  Suburb of a mid-size city

	  Mid-size city (pop’n under 250,000)  Town (not a major metropolitan area)

	  Suburb of a large city  Rural area

4. Is your school a: 

 K through 12 school  Elementary school 

	  Lower school (elementary and middle school grades)  Middle school

	  Upper school (middle and high school grades)  High school

5. Does your school have a policy or a procedure for reporting incidents of harassment or 

assault in school?

 Yes  No  Don’t know

5a. Does this policy specifically mention sexual orientation?

 Yes  No  Not Sure

5b.Does this policy specifically mention gender identity/expression?

 Yes  No  Not Sure

6. In the current school year, were you taught about lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender 

(LGBT) people, history, or events in any of your classes?

 No (Go to 7)

 Yes If yes, please check which classes (check as many as apply) 

  History/Social Studies  Foreign Language

  Science  Music

  Health  Math

  Gym/Physical Education  Art

  English  Other _______________________________________

6a. Overall, in those classes where LGBT topics were taught, do you think the 

representations of LGBT people, history, or events were:

 Very positive  Somewhat positive  Somewhat negative  Very negative

7. In your school health classes, was discussion about sexual orientation ever included, 

such as in discussions of dating, sexuality/sex education, or family relationships?

 Yes  No  Don’t know  Not applicable

7a. How positive or negative were representations of LGBT people?

 Very positive  Somewhat positive  Somewhat negative  Very negative

7b. In your school health classes, does your school follow an “abstinence-only” 

curriculum when teaching sexuality/sex education? For example, were you taught 

that you are expected to wait until marriage to engage in sexual activity, or that 

sexual activity outside of marriage is likely to have harmful effects on you?

 Yes  No  Don’t know  Not applicable

8. Do any of your textbooks contain information about LGBT people, history, or events?

 Yes  No  Don’t know
95

9. Are there books or other resources in your school library that contain information 

about LGBT people, history, or events?

 Yes  No  Don’t know

10. Are you able to use school computers to access websites about LGBT people, history, 

or events? 

 Yes  No  Don’t know  Don’t have internet access at my school

11. Does your school have a Gay/Straight Alliance (GSA) or another type of club that 

addresses LGBT student issues?

 Yes  No (Go to 13)

12. How often do you attend GSA meetings?

  Frequently  Often  Sometimes  Rarely  Never

12a. Have you participated as a leader or officer of your GSA?

 Yes  No  Not applicable

12b. How supportive is your principal or other head school official of your school’s GSA?

 Very  Somewhat  Neutral  Somewhat  Very

 Supportive Supportive Unsupportive Unsupportive

12c. What activities has your GSA done during this school year? 

(Please check all that apply)

 Organized social activities for its members.

 Created a supportive environment where members could talk about unique challenges

some LGBT people face.

 Worked with teachers or school officials to reduce anti-LGBT bullying and harassment,

including conducting teacher-trainings.

 Gave members the opportunity to make friends with LGBT students and allies.

 Helped members cope with anti-LGBT name calling, bullying, and harassment.

 Worked with teachers or school officials to increase representation of important LGBT people,

events, or history in classes.

 Advocated with a teacher or school administrator on behalf of an LGBT student who was 

being bullied or harassed in school.

 Combated other types of social injustices, such as racism and sexism.

 Helped members to develop leadership skills for creating safer skills.

 Raised awareness of anti-LGBT harassment in your school and in society.

 Organized a school-wide event to raise awareness about LGBT issues, such as an assembly.

 Organized other types of awareness activities such as writing a school newspaper article,

distributing educational materials, or raising money for an LGBT charity or cause.

 Other (please specify in the space below):

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

13. How often do you attend a program or group for LGBT youth outside of your school?

  Frequently  Often  Sometimes  Rarely  Never
96

14. How many teachers or other school staff persons are supportive of LGBT students at 

your school?

  None  One  Between 2 and 5  Between 6 and 10  More than 10

15. How many teachers or other school staff at your school are open about being lesbian, 

gay, bisexual, or transgender?

  None  One  Between 2 and 5  Between 6 and 10  More than 10

16. Besides yourself, how many other LGBT students are there in your school that you 

know of?

  None  One  Between 2 and 5  Between 6 and 10  More than 10

17. In general, how supportive do you think people in your community are of LGBT people?

 Very  Somewhat  Neutral  Somewhat  Very

Supportive Supportive Unsupportive Unsupportive

18. For each of the following types of school staff, please indicate how many times you have 

talked with each one about LGBT issues in this school year. Then, for each person you have 

talked to, please indicate how positive or negative the interaction was. (If there is more than 

one of a certain category you have talked to about LGBT issues, such as more than one 

teacher, answer for the one with whom you have had the most contact.)

18a. Teacher

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to b) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

18b. Principal

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to c) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

18c. School counselor or psychologist 

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to d) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

18d. Coach (or other sports person) at school

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to e) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

18e. Nurse

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to e) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10
97

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

18f. Librarian or other resource staff person

 None  One  Between  Between  More

 (Go to e) time 2 and 5 6 and 10 than 10

Overall, how positive were these interactions?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very  Had no interaction

 Positive Positive Negative Negative about LGBT issues

SECTION H

The following section asks questions about your academic experiences and goals.

1. During the current school year how would you describe the grades you received in school?

 Mostly A’s  A’s and B’s  Mostly B’s  B’s and C’s

 Mostly C’s  C’s and D’s  Mostly D’s  Mostly F’s

2. What is the highest level of education you ever expect to complete?

 Less Than High School Graduation

 High School Graduation Only

Vocational, Trade, Or Technical School After High School

 Less than two years

 Two years or more

College Program

 Less than two years of college

 Two or more years of college (including two-year degree)

 Finish college (four- or five-year degree)

 Master’s degree or equivalent

 PhD, MD, or other advanced professional degree

Do you plan to go to college or university right after high school?

 Yes  No  Don’t know

Write in here the name of the job or occupation that you expect or plan to have when you are 

30 years old. Even if you are not at all sure, write in your best guess.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
98

SECTION I

The next set of questions is about how comfortable you are at your school as an LGBT student.

1. In general, how comfortable would you be talking to your teachers, one-on-one, about 

LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

2. How comfortable would you be talking to your school principal about LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

3. How comfortable would you be talking to your school counselor or school psychologist about 

LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

4. How comfortable would you be talking to your school nurse about LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

5. How comfortable would you be talking to your school coach about LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable
99

6. How comfortable would you be talking to your school librarian about LGBT issues?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

7. How many times have you raised LGBT issues in your classes?

 Never  Once  Between 2 and 5  More than 5 times

8. How comfortable would you be raising LGBT issues in your classes?

 Very  Somewhat  Somewhat  Very

Comfortable Comfortable Uncomfortable Uncomfortable

SECTION J

This last section is about some of your personal characteristics.

1. Below is a list of terms that people often use to describe their sexuality or sexual orientation. 

Please check all those terms that apply to you. 

 Gay  Lesbian  Bisexual  Straight  Questioning

If none of these terms apply to you, please tell us how you describe your sexuality or sexual orientation:

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Below is a list of terms that people often use to describe their gender. Please check all those 

terms that apply to you.

 Male  Female  Transgender

 Transgender Male-to-Female  Transgender Female-to-Male

If none of these terms apply to you, please tell us how you describe your sexuality or sexual orientation:

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which of the following best describes how “out” you are at school about your being gay, 

lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or questioning?

 I am “out” to 

everybody at school

 I am “out” to most 

people at school

 I am “out” only to a

few people at school

 I am not “out” to 

anyone at school

4. What is your race or ethnicity? Please check all those terms that apply to you. 

Please check all those terms that apply to you.

 White or

EuropeanAmerican

 African American

or Black

 Hispanic or 

Latino/Latina

 Asian or 

Pacific Islander

 Native

American

 Other (please specify)________________________________________________________

5. What percentage of the students in your school are the same race/ethnicity as you: ______%
100

6. Which of the following do you most closely identify as your religious affiliation or preference?

 Baptist  Buddhist  Catholic  Christian-Nondenominational

 Eastern Orthodox  Episcopalian/Anglican  Hindu  Jehovah’s Witness

 Jewish  Lutheran  Methodist  Mormon

 Muslim  Pentecostal/Charismatic  Presbyterian  Seventh-Day Adventist

 Unitarian/Universalist  None  Other________________________________

7. How old are you?___________

8. Did you attend school during this school year?

 Yes 	8a. What grade are you currently?_______________

 No 	 8b. When was the last time you attended school? _________ ___________

 (Month) (Year) 

9. What is your zip code? _________________ (format: 99999)

10. Did you participate in GLSEN’s 2003 National School Climate Survey?

 Yes  No  Not sure

Scoring Instructions

Primarily, data have been reported at the individual item level. Mean scale scores can be used for 

various subsections (simple arithmetic 

mean).

References

Kosciw, J. G., & Diaz, E. M. (2006). The 2005 

National School Climate Survey: The experiences of 

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our 

nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.

Developer’s Contact Information

Joseph G. Kosciw, PhD

Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network

90 Broad Street, 2nd Floor

New York, NY 10004

Tel: 212-727-0135

jkosciw@glsen.org
101

D6. Participant Role Questionnaire

Students were told to fill out the questionnaire based on their evaluations of other student’s behavior (this 

is a peer-nomination instrument). Students were provided with the following definition of bullying:

“One child being exposed repeatedly to harassment and attacks from one or several other 

children; harassment and attacks may be, for example, shoving or hitting the other one, 

calling names or making jokes of him/her, leaving him/her outside the group, taking his/her 

things, or any other behavior meant to hurt the other one.” 

The name of each student in the class is printed on the questionnaire. Respondents are asked to determine, on 

a 3-point scale (never, sometimes, often), how often each of their classmates behaves in the ways described.

The Bully Scale Never Sometimes Often

1. Starts bullying   

2. Makes the others join in.   

3. Always finds new ways of harassing the victim   

The Assistant Scale Never Sometimes Often

1. Joins in the bullying, when someone else has started it   

2. Assists the bully.   

3. Helps the bully, maybe by catching the victim   

The Reinforcer Scale Never Sometimes Often

1. Comes around to see the situation.   

2. Laughs   

3. Incites the bully by shouting or saying: “Show him/her!”   

The Defender Scale Never Sometimes Often

1. Comforts the victim or encourages him/her to tell the teacher about the bullying   

2. Tells the others to stop bullying   

3. Tries to make the others stop bullying   

The Outsider Scale Never Sometimes Often

1. Is not usually present in bullying situations   

2. Stays outside the situation   

3. Doesn’t take sides with anyone   

Copyright © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reproduced by special permission of the publisher, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Mail Stop 8-02, 

Hoboken, NJ 07030, from: Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group by Christina Salmivalli et al. 

Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Scoring Instructions

Points are assigned as follows:

Never = 0, Sometimes = 1, Often = 2

Scale scores are computed by summing items 

ratings on each scale and dividing by the number of 

evaluators (i.e., the number of classmates present), 

producing a continuous score from 0.00 to 2.00 for 

each student on each scale.

References

Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections 

between attitudes, group norms, and behaviors 

associated with bullying in schools. International 

Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246-258.

For a longer version: Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, 

K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. 

(1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant 

roles and their relations to social status within the 

group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15.

Developer’s Contact Information

Christina Salmivalli, PhD

Department of Psychology,

University of Turku,

FIN-20014

Turku, Finland

Tel: +358 2 333 5426

tiina.salmivalli@utu.fi
102

D7. Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Inventory

AN INVENTORY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CONFLICT BEHAVIOR IN SCHOOL CHILDREN

The purpose of this inventory is to find out what children do when they have problems with or get angry 

with other pupils in their class. We hope that you will, as honestly as possible, tell exactly how you and your 

friends act in such situations.

There are no right or wrong answers to these questions. You should only answer what you think is right.

The answers are secret. Nobody except for the researchers (no teachers or anybody else!) will ever know 

how you answered these questions.

Please answer all the questions carefully, still quickly. Use the first choice that comes to your mind; do not 

think too long.

Thank you for helping us

Country ____________________________ School____________________________________________

City _________________________________ Class and grade ____________________________________

Your first name ___________________________

(if there is somebody else in your class with the same first name, write the first letter of your last name, too)

Mark the right alternative.

1. Are you:

	a girl

 a boy 

2. How old are you? ______ years old.

3. How tall are you? ______ cm/ft. in.

4. How much do you weigh? ______ kg/lbs.

5. Do you like going to school? 

 very much

 fairly much

	sometimes

 I don’t really like it

 I really hate school

On the following pages, tell us how each of your 

classmates act when he/she has problems with or 

gets angry with another classmate.

Answer the questions on the following pages by 

marking the alternative which seems to tell about 

how each boy or girl in the class behaves in the 

closest way.

Please remember to mark for each one of your 

classmates, even those who may be away today.
103

Physical Aggression: Who is physically aggressive, that is, who hits, kicks, trips, shoves, or pushes others?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     

Verbal Aggression:Who is verbally aggressive, that is, who yells, insults, calls names, or teases others?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     

Indirect Aggression:Who is indirectly aggressive, that is, who gossips, tells bad or false stories, says bad things behind 

the other’s back, or tries to get others to dislike the person?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     
104

Constructive Conflict Resolution: Who tries to solve his/her problems with others so that nobody will get hurt or sad, 

for instance by calming down the situation and talking the problems over?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     

Third-Party Intervention: When others have problems, who goes between and tries to solve them, who stops fights 

between others?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     

Withdrawal:Who withdraws from conflict, who goes away or gives in?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     
105

Victimization: Who is the victim of others’ aggression, who is for instance hit, teased, yelled at, or gossiped about?

Names of the pupils in the class: Never Seldom Sometimes Quite Often Very Often

1.     

2.     

3.     

4.     

5.     

6.     

7.     

8.     

9.     

10.     

Scoring Instructions

Points are assigned as follows:

Never = 0 Seldom = 1

Sometimes = 2 Quite Often = 3

Very Often = 4

As a peer-nomination measure, the names of all

students in the class should be listed in the first 

column on each table. Respondent data for fellow 

classmates are considered peer-estimated data, 

while data about him/herself are considered selfestimations.

Peer-estimated scores are computed by calculating 

the mean rating for each student: the sum of the 

peer-nomination ratings for each respondent (a 

respondent’s self-estimation should be excluded 

when computing these scores) divided by the total 

number of respondents present, minus one (the 

child him/herself). Higher scores in each section 

indicate more experience with construct being 

assessed in that section.

References

Österman, K., Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., 

Landau, S. F., Fraczek, A., & Pastorelli, C. (1997). 

Sex differences in styles of conflict resolution: A 

developmental and cross-cultural study with data 

from Finland, Israel, Italy, and Poland. In D. P. Fry, 

& K. Bjorkqvist (Eds.), Cultural variation in conflict 

resolution: Alternatives to violence (pp. 185–197). 

Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Björkqvist, K., & Österman, K. (1995). PECOBE 

Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior: An inventory for 

the measurement of conflict behaviour in school 

children. Vasa, Finland: Åbo Akademi University.

Developer’s Contact Information

Kaj Björkqvist, PhD

Åbo Akademi University, Finland

Developmental Psychology

Vasa, Finland

P.B. 311, FIN-65101

Tel: +358 6 3247 469

kaj.bjorkqvist@abo.fi
106

D8. Student School Survey

WELCOME TO THE SURVEY!

We really appreciate your help. This survey is a series of statements allowing you to tell us how you 

think and feel about things in your school. Remember: we are only asking for what you think, not what 

other people think. There are no right and wrong answers, so please choose the answer that best tells 

us how you think or feel about each statement. If you do not wish to respond to the question, please 

choose the “pass” option.

MY SCHOOL Think about how strongly you disagree or agree with the following statements about your school. 

Mark the answer that best shows us what you feel based on your experience since this past year.

Really 

Disagree Disagree Agree Really 

Agree Pass

 1. Students in my school can be trusted.     

 2. Students in my school generally get along with each other.     

 3. Students in my school generally feel the same way about things.     

 4. Teachers and staff in my school can be trusted.     

 5. Teachers and staff in my school usually get along with students.     

 6. Teachers and staff in my school generally feel the same way about things.     

 7. This is a pretty close-knit school where everyone looks out for each other.     

 8. My teachers respect me.     

 9. My teachers are fair.     

10. Teachers in my school are nice people.     

11. When students break rules at my school, they are treated fairly.     

12. The principal asks students about their ideas at my school.     

13. My school is a good place to be.     

14. I feel like I belong at my school.     

15. My school is important to me.     

16. Teachers and staff at my school are doing the right things 

to prevent bullying.     

HOW BIG A PROBLEM Think about whether the following things are problems at your school. Mark the answer that 

shows how big of a problem you think they have been since this past year.

How much of a problem is: A Huge 

Problem

A Pretty Big 

Problem

Sort of a 

Problem Not at All Pass

 17. Students picking fights with other students.     

18. Students who push, shove, or trip weaker students.     

 19. Students who hurt or threaten to hurt teachers or adults at school.     

20. Students teasing, spreading rumors and lies, or saying mean things 

to other students.     

 21. Students saying mean things about teachers to make them feel bad.     

22. Students telling lies or making fun of other students using the Internet 

(email, instant messaging, cell phone text messaging, or websites).     
107

GETTING ALONG WITH OTHERS Think about how many times each of the following things has happened in over the past 

year. Mark how often these things have happened since this past year.

First, think about things you might have done. A Lot Several 

Times

Once or 

Twice Never Pass

 23. I pushed, shoved, tripped, or picked fights with students who I know 

are weaker than me.     

24. I teased or said mean things to certain students.     

 25. I spread rumors about some students.     

26. I told lies or made fun of some students using the Internet (email, instant 

messaging, cell phone text messaging, or websites).     

 27. I encouraged students to push, shove, or trip weaker students.     

28. I cheered when someone was beating up another student.     

 29. I joined in when students were teasing and being mean to certain students.     

30. I joined in when students told lies about other students.     

 31. I stood by and watched other students getting hit, pushed, shoved, or tripped.     

32. I ignored rumors or lies that I heard about other students.     

33. I tried to defend the students who always get pushed or shoved around.     

34. I asked an adult to help someone who was getting teased, pushed, or 

shoved around by other students.     

Now, think about things that might have happened to you. A Lot Several 

Times

Once or 

Twice Never Pass

35. A particular student or group of students pushed, shoved, tripped, or 

picked fights with me.     

36. A particular student or group of students teased and said mean things to me.     

37. A particular student or group of students spread rumors or made fun of me.     

38. A student or group of students told lies or made fun of me using the 

Internet (email, instant messaging, cell phone text messaging, or websites).     

ABOUT ME AND OTHERS Now, think about students your age (not just your closest friends) since this past year. 

Mark how true each of the following statements are for you.

Students my age: No, Not 

at All A Little Pretty

Much

Yes,

Completely Pass

 39. Really care about what happens to me.     

40. Are there for me whenever I need help.     

 41. Can be trusted a lot.     

42. Care about my feelings.     

 43. Only think about themselves.     

44. Think bad things about me.     
108

ABOUT ME AND OTHERS Now, think about your opinion of yourself since this past year. Mark whether or not you 

agree or disagree with each of the statements below.

Really 

Disagree Disagree Agree Really

Agree Pass

45. I feel I am just as good as other students.     

 46. I feel there are lots of good things about me.     

47. All in all, I feel like a failure.     

48. I am able to do things as well as most other people.     

49. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.     

50. I take a positive attitude toward myself.     

51. I wish I could have more respect for myself.     

52. I certainly feel useless at times.     

WRONG AND RIGHT Now think about whether the following actions are WRONG or OK for students your age based 

on your experience since this past year. Mark whether you think the actions are really wrong, sort of wrong, sort of 

OK, or perfectly OK.

Is it Wrong or OK when ... Really

Wrong

Sort of

Wrong

Sort of

OK

Perfectly

OK Pass

 53. Students tease weaker students in front of others.     

54. Students spread rumors and lies about other students behind their back.     

55. Students tell lies or make fun of less popular students using the Internet 

(email, instant messaging, cell phone text messaging, or websites).     

56. Students push, shove, or pick fights with weaker students.     

 57. Students encourage others to fight weaker students and cheer them on.     

58. Students encourage others to be mean and spread lies about less 

popular students.     

59. Students ignore it when someone weaker is being pushed around.     

 60. Students defend others who are being shoved around by stronger students.     

61. Students go to the teacher or an adult for help when someone is 

getting beaten up.     

62. Students go to the teacher or an adult for help when others are spreading 

rumors and lies about someone.     

SITUATIONS Think about what most STUDENTS in your SCHOOL would do in the following situations since this past 

year. Could MOST STUDENTS IN YOUR SCHOOL be counted on to stop what is happening?

STUDENTS in your school would help out if: Never Sometimes Most of

the Time Always Pass

 63. A student is making fun of and teasing another student who is 

obviously weaker.     

64. A student is spreading rumors and lies about another student behind 

their back.     

65. A student in my school is telling lies or making fun of another student who 

gets picked on a lot using the Internet (email, instant messaging, cell phone 

text messaging, or websites).

    

66. A student or group of students is pushing, shoving, or trying to pick a fight 

with a weaker student.     
109

SITUATIONS Now think about what TEACHERS and STAFF at school would do in the following situations since this 

past year. Could TEACHERS AND STAFF AT YOUR SCHOOL be counted on to stop what is happening?

TEACHERS and STAFF in your school would help out if: Never Sometimes Most of

the Time Always Pass

67. A student is making fun of and teasing another student who is 

obviously weaker.     

 68. A student is spreading rumors and lies about another student 

behind their back.     

69. A student in your school is telling lies or making fun of another student who 

gets picked on a lot using the Internet (email, instant messaging, cell phone 

text messaging, or websites).

    

70. A student or group of students is pushing, shoving, or trying to pick a fight 

with a weaker student.     

First Name_________________________________ Last Name_________________________________________

School Name_________________________________

How old are you?  10-12  13-15  16-18  19 or older

Which of the following do you most closely identify as your religious affiliation or preference?

 White  Hispanic/Latino  African American

 Native American  Asian/Pacific Islander  Other________________________________

 Bi-racial  Multi-racial

What grade are you in?  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th  11th  12th

Are you a ...?  Male  Female

How many BROTHERS do you have?  None(0)  One(1)  Two(2)  More than two

How many SISTERS do you have?  None(0)  One(1)  Two(2)  More than two

Where are you in the birth order?  Only Child  Oldest  Second Oldest  Third or younger

Were you born in the United States?  Yes  No

Scoring Instructions

The Student School Survey employs several 

response alternatives. Researchers are encouraged 

to assign item scores as appropriate. Scale scores 

(see scale items below) can be computed either 

additively or as mean scores. They can also be 

treated as weighted factor scores.

Individual Scales

Social cohesion and trust: Items 1–7

School climate: Items 8–16

Perceived problem of bullying at school: Items 17–22

Bully perpetration: Items 23–26

Bully bystander behavior: Items 27–34

Bully victimization: Items 35–38

Perceived peer support: Items 39–44

Self-esteem: Items 45–52

Moral approval of bullying: Items 53–62

Informal social control: Items 63–70

References

Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence 

and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of 

Adolescent Health, 41, s14–s21.

Developer’s Contact Information

Kirk R. Williams and Nancy G. Guerra in collaboration with The Colorado Trust

The Colorado Trust

1600 Sherman Street

Denver, CO 80203

Tel: 303-837-1200 or 888-847-9140 (toll-free)

www.coloradotrust.org
110References
111

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Appendix: Additional Measures

Following is a table of scales identified during the literature review process for which CDC was unable 

to obtain copyright permission for their inclusion in this compendium.

Section/Scale Citation

 B. Victim-Only

Coping with Sexual Harassment Questionnaire Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring 

sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. 

Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 425–445.

 C. Bully and Victim

Bull-S Questionnaire Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2005). Bullying in Spanish and English 

pupils: A sociometric perspective using the BULL-S 

questionnaire. Educational Psychology, 25, 353–367. .

Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist (DIPC) Ireland, J. L. (1999). Bullying behaviors among male and female 

prisoners: A study of adults and young offenders. Aggressive 

Behavior, 25, 161–178. .

Peer Relations Questionnaire (PRQ) Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1993). Dimensions of interpersonal 

relating among Australian school children and their 

implications for psychological well-being. Journal of Social 

Psychology, 133, 33–42. .

 D. Bystander, Bully, and/or Victim

Overt-Covert Aggression Scale Kaukianen, A., Salmivalli, C., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., 

Lahtinen, A., Kostamo, A., et al. (2001). Overt and covert 

aggression in work settings in relation to the subjective wellbeing of employees. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 360–371.
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119

Scale Index

AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey, 40

Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument, 44

Aggression Scale, 9

Bully Survey, 69

Bullying-Behavior Scale, 10

Child Social Behavior Questionnaire, 46

Children’s Social Behavior Scale – Self Report, 11

Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Survey, 79

Cyber-Harassment Student Survey, 82

Exposure to Violence and Violent Behavior Checklist, 84

Gatehouse Bullying Scale, 17

GLSEN National School Climate Survey, 88

Homophobic Content Agent Target Scale, 48

Illinois Bully Scale, 49

Introducing My Classmates, 50

Modified Aggression Scale, 12

Modified Peer Nomination Inventory, 52

Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale, 18

My Life in School Checklist, 19

Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, 53

Participant Role Questionnaire, 101

Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Inventory, 102

Peer Interactions in Primary School Questionnaire, 55

Peer Victimization Scale, 24

Perception of Teasing Scale, 22

Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale, 56

Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire, 25

School Life Survey, 57

School Relationships Questionnaire, 60

Setting the Record Straight, 64

Student School Survey, 106

Victimization Scale, 33

Weight-Based Teasing Scale, 34
120

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control 

Division of Violence Prevention

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

Division of Violence Prevention

4770 Buford Highway NE, MS-F64

Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3742

www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention

CS219815-C