### J - S65022 - 17

NON - PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v. ISAIAH DICKERSON

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 79 EDA 2017 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 28, 2016 In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at No(s): CP - 23 - CR - 0006546 - 2015 BEFORE: OLSON, J., OTT, J., and MUSMANNO, J. MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED DECEMBER 28, 2017 Isaiah Dickerson appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed October 28, 2016, in the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas. The trial court sentenced Dickerson to an aggregate term of 54 to 120 months’ imprisonment followed by f ive years’ consecutive probation, after finding him guilty of robbery, criminal conspiracy, and possessing an instrument of crime (“PIC”), 1 

### for a June 2015, hold - up of a Sunoco gas station convenience store. On appeal, Dickerson challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence identifying him as one of the perpetrators of the crime. For the reasons below, we affirm. The facts underlying Dickerson’s arrest and conviction are well - known to the parties and recounted in detail in the trial court’s opini on. See Trial

_________________ ____________________ _______ 1 

### 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3701(a )(1) (ii), 907 (a) , and 903, respectively.

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Court’s Opinion, 6/6/2017, at 10 - 14 , 23 n.35 . Accordingly, we need not reiterate them herein . To summarize, o n June 18, 2015, at approximately 6:15 p.m., Dickerson and a cohort, with their faces partially covered, robbed a convenience sto re clerk at gunpoint. The clerk recognized Dickerson as a prior patron of the store, and positively identified him from a photo array. Dickerson was subsequently arrested , and charged with , inter alia , robbery, conspiracy, and PIC. At the preliminary h earing, the clerk refused to identify Dickerson as one of the robbers, although he acknowledged that he had previously identified Dickerson from a photo array. Dickerson, thereafter, filed a notice of alibi defense. On July 11, 2016, the case proceeded t o a non jury trial. At trial, the clerk positively identified Dickerson as the gun - wielding robber, and explained he had been reluctant to testify at the preliminary hearing for fear of his safety. On July 14, 2016, the trial court found Dickerson guilty of all charges. The case proceeded to sentencing on October 28, 2016. The trial court sentenced Dickerson to a term of 54 to 120 months’ imprisonment for the robbery conviction, a concurrent term of five years’ probation for the conspiracy conviction, a nd a term of five years’ probation for the PIC conviction to run consecuti ve ly to the robbery sentence , but concurrentl y to the conspiracy sentence. Dickerson filed timely post - sentence motions challenging the weight and sufficiency of the evidence. Following a hearing,

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the court denied the motions on November 28, 2016. This timely appeal follows. 2 

### On appeal, Dickerson challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence as it relates to his identification as one of the perpetrators of the crime. First, he argues the evidence was insufficient to establish his identi t y because the store clerk “did not make an identification of [him] close in time to the crime” and no corroborating evidence was found at the time of his arrest . Dickerson’s Brief at 12 - 13. Moreover, he emphasizes the clerk had his phone number, and was aware of his identifying tattoos from their prior encounters, but never provided that information to the police. See id. at 13. Similarly, Dickerson also asserts the verdict was against the weight of the evidence because the clerk’s identification of him was “conflicting and incredible.” Id. at 14. When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence , “[t]he standard we apply ... is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact - finder to find every element of the crime b eyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Valentine , 101 A.3d 801, 805 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quotation omitted), appeal denied , 124 A.3d 309 (Pa. 2015). Furthermore,

_________________ ____________________ _______ 2 

### On January 4, 2017, the trial court ordered Dickerson to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). After requesting and receiving an extension of time, Dickerson complied with the court’s directive and filed a concise statement on March 2, 2017,

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with respect to a specific claim that the identification of the defendant as perpetrator i s flawed, we must bear in mind the following: In determining whether a particular identification was reliable, the court “should consider the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of [his or her] prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation. The opportunity of the witness to view the actor at the time of the crime is the ke y factor in the totality of the circumstances analysis.” Commonwealth v. Bruce , 717 A.2d 1033, 1037 (Pa.Super.1998) (citations omitted). [E]vidence of identification need not be positive and certain to sustain a conviction. Although common items of clothi ng and general physical characteristics are usually insufficient to support a conviction, such evidence can be used as other circumstances to establish the identity of a perpetrator. Out - of - court identifications are relevant to our review of sufficiency o f the evidence claims, particularly when they are given without hesitation shortly after the crime while memories were fresh. Given additional evidentiary circumstances, any indefiniteness and uncertainty in the identification testimony goes to its weight . Commonwealth v. Orr , 38 A.3d 868, 874 (Pa.Super.2011). Id. at 806. When considering a challenge to the weight of the evidence, we must bear in mind: A weight of the evidence claim concedes that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict, but seek s a new trial on the ground that the evidence was so one - sided or so weighted in favor of acquittal that a guilty verdict shocks one’s sense of justice.

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Commonwealth v. Lyons , 79 A.3d 1053, 1067 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted), cert. denied , 134 S.Ct. 17 92 (U.S. 2014). Our re view of a weight claim is well - settled : 3 

### Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial ju dge has had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the interest of ju stice. However, the exercise of discretion by the trial court in granting or denying a motion for a new trial based on a challenge to the weight of the evidence is not unfettered. The propriety of the exercise of discretion in such an instance may be ass essed by the appellate process when it is apparent that there was an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v. Widmer , 744 A.2d 745, 753 (Pa. 2000) (internal citations omitted). After our independent review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and the re levant statutory and case law, we find the trial court thoroughly analyzed and properly disposed of Dickerson’s claims on appeal in its June 6, 2017, opinion. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/6/2017, at 5 - 33 (finding (1) eviden ce was sufficient to establish Dic kerson was one of the assailant s because the store clerk (a) was acquainted with Dickerson as a prior customer, (b) identified

_________________ ____________________ _______ 3 

### We note Dickerson properly preserved his weight of the evidence claim in a timely filed post - sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A)(3).

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Dickerson from photo array, and (c) contacted police after he recogniz ed Dickerson’s mother’s vehicle; (2) Dickerson’s height and age mat ched clerk’s description; and (3 ) ver di c t was not against the weight of the evidence because clerk’s prior refusal to identify Dickerson at preliminary hearing was due to clerk’s concern for his safety) . Accordingly, we rest on its well reasoned bases. Judgment of sentence affirmed. Judgment Entered. Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary Date: 12/28 /17Circulated 12/13/2017 01:46 PM J u n 0 6 2 0 1 7 0 1 : 4 6 P M H P F a x J u d g e K e ll y 6 1 0 8 9 1 5 4 8 2 p a g e 2



### IN T H E C O U R T O F C O M M O N P L E A S O F D E L A WA RE C O U N TY , P ENN S YL VA

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### N o . 2 ( b ) ( c ) ( d) . 

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p p e ll ant al l e g e s th e e v i d e n c e wa s i n s u ffi c i e nt. 

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### Ga r la n d , 6 3 A. 3 d 3 3 9 , 3 4 4 ( P a S u pe r . 2 0 13 ) ; 

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o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### S e i b e r t , 7 99 A . 2 d 5 4 , 6 2 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e D e fe n d ant v i a h i s a p p e ll at e c o mp l ai nt s s t at e m e nt c l a i m i n g a s a m att e r o f l aw h i s c o nv i c t i o n s c ann o t b e s u s t a i n e d c e rta i n l y o n i t s fa c e c o mp li e s w i th th e l e tt e r o f th i s a p pe a l s co urt d i r e c t i v e that s u ffi ci e n c y c h a ll e n g e s fo r a p pe 11 at e re v i e w mu st b e av e rr e d wi th s u c h s p e c i fi ci ty . 

### S e e S tat e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 (b ) ( c ) ( d) . H o w e v e r , s u c h e rr or a s s i gnm e nt s wh e n vi e w e d 

### i n th e c o nte xt o f th e tri a l ar e s e e n t o be e i th e r j u s t v ari o u s r es t at e m e nt s o f th e d e f en s e ' s c o nt e nt i o n th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s uffi c i e nt l e g a ll y t o p r o v e D e fe n d ant D i c k e rs o n wa s i n fa c t th e arm e d r o b b e r o r ar e c o ntr ary t o th e s p i ri t un d e rl y i n g th e m an d at e o f a ll e g i n g wi th p art i c u l ari ty 5J U n u o L U I I U I ; 4 w 1 · 1 H t' r- a x .u c q e t\ e l l Y O I u o � I ::J 4 0 .:'. p a g e r

th e tar g e t ed c ri m e s ' s u p p o s e d l y l a c ki n g el e m e nt s ( s ) , b e c aus e o n c e as a m att e r o f J aw 

### h i s i d e nti fi c at i o n i s e s t a

b li s h e d , any ar gum e nts th at th e o th e r r e qui s i t e p ro o f s o f h i s c o nv i c t i o n s ar e le g a ll y d e fi c i e nt o n th e i n s t ant r e c o r d ar e j us t fri v o l o u s . 2 2 T h e thru s t o f th i s c o urt ' s b e l o w d i s c u s s i o n w ill thu s fo c us o n th e l e g aJ s u ffi ci e n c y o f th e tri a l e v i d e n c e s al i e nt t o th e D e f e n dant ' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n 

### w i th s umm ary c o mm e ntary ab o ut th e s e 1f - e v i d e nt n at

ur e o f 

### h i s c o nv i c ti o n s ' a d d i ti o n a l , n e ce s s ary e l e m e nt s b e i n g a s a m atte r o fl aw p ro v e n . I n e v a lu at i n g any 

### type o f s u ffi c i e n c y c l a i m , th e c o urt mu st a c c e p t th e e v i d e n c e i n th e li ght m o s t fav o rab l e t o th e C o mm o nw e a l th an d a l s o dr aw i n g al l rat i o n al e v i d e nti ar y i n f e r e n c e s s u c h s u p p o rt s d e t e rm i n e wh e th e r a re a s o n ab l e j ury c o u l d h av e fo un d th at ea c h e l e m e nt o f th e c ri m e ( s ) c h ar g e d w as e s t ab li s h e d b e y o n d a r e as o n ab l e d o ub t. C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. Pa tte r

s o n , 9 4 0 A. 2 d 4 9 3 , 5 0 0 ( P a . S u

pe r . 2 0 0 7 ) an d C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v. R o s a r i o , 4 3 8 P a . S u p e r . 2 4 1 , 2 6 0 - 6 1 , 6 5 2 A .2 d 3 5 4 , 3 6 4 ( 1 9 9 4 ) c i ti ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. C a ld e r i n i , 4 1 6 P a . S u

p e r . 2 5 8 , 2 6 0 - 6 1 , 6 1 1 A. 2 d 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 ( 1 9 9 2 ) c iti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. 

### J a c ks o n , 5 0 6 P a . 4 6 9 , 4 7 2 - 7 3 , 4 8 5 A . 2 d 1 10 2 , 1 10 3 (1 9 8 4 ) . A c o urt r e v i e w i n g a s u ffi c i e n c y c ha ll e n g e " . . . m ay n o t w e i gh th e e vi d e n c e an d s ub s t i tut e [ i t s ] j u d g m e nt fo r th e fa c t - fi n d e r . " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. O rr

, 3 8 A . 3 d 8 6 8 , 8 7 2 

### ( P a . S u pe r . 2 0 11 ) 

### c i ti ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v. H a n s le y , 2 4 A. 3 d 4 10 , 4 1 6 

### ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 1 ) 

### q u o ti ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h 

### v . J o n es , 8 7 4 A . 2 d 1 0 8 , 1 2 0 - 2 1 (P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 5 ) 

### q u o ti ng C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. B ul /i c k , 8 3 0 A. 2 d 9 9 8 , 1 0 0 0 ( P a . S u pe r . 2 0 0 3 ) q u o ti ng C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . G o o d

i ng , 8 1 8 A . 2 d 5 4 6 , 5 4 9 ( P a S u

pe r . 2 0 0 3 ) , 

### a

p p e a l d e n i e d, 5 7 5 P a . 6 9 1 , 8 3 5 A. 2 d 7 0 9 ( 2 0 0 3 ) . Th e e v i d e n c e at tr i a l n e e d n o t " ' . . . p r e c lu d e e v e ry p o s s i b ili ty o fi nn o c e n c e , an d th e fa c t fi n d e r i s fr e e t o re s o l v e 

### any d o ub t s r e g ar d i n g a d e fe n d ant ' s gu i l t . ' " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v , 

### H a ns le y 

### s u p ra 2 4 A . 3 d at 4 1 6 q u o ti ng C o m m o nw e a l t

h v , J o n es s u p ra 8 7 4 A . 2 d at 1 2 0 - 2 1 q u o ti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. B u /li c k s u p ra 8 3 0 A. 2 d at 10 0 0 q u o ti ng C o m m o nw e a l t

h v . G o o d

i ng s u p ra 8 1 8 6p a g e �



### A . 2 d a t 

### 5 4 9, a

p p e a l d e n i e d, 5 7 5 P a . 6 9 1 , 8 3 5 A . 2 d 7 0 9 . 

### A l th o u g h a c o nv i c t i o n mus t be 

### b as e d o n " . . . m o r e th an m e r e s u s p i ci o n o r c o n j e c t ur e , th e C o mm o nw e a l th n ee d n o t e s tab li s h gu il t t o a 

### m ath e m ati c a l c e rta i nty . " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### D av i s, 8 6 1 A . 2 d 3 1 0 , 3 2 3 ( P a . S u p e r , 2 0 0 4 ) ci ti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v , C o o n , 

### 6 9 5 A. 2 d 7 9 4 , 7 9 7 

### (P a . S u p e r . 1 99 7 ) . " . . . [ I ] f th e 

### r e c o r d co nt a i n s 

### s u p p o rt fo r th e c o nv i c t i o n s , th e y m ay n o t be d i s t ur b e d . " I d 

### 8 6 1 A . 2 d at 3 2 3 - 2 4 

### c iting C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. M a r ks, 7 0 4 A . 2 d l 0 9 5 , 1 0 9 8 

### ( P a. S u p e r , 1 9 9 7 ) 

### ci ti ng C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. M u d r i c k , 5 10 P a . 3 0 5 , 3 0 8 , 5 0 7 A . 2 d 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 13 ( 1 9 8 6) . T h e s e l o n g - s e tt le d p ri n c i p le s o f l aw g o v e rn in g a 

### s u ffi c i e n c y cl a i m ar e e qu a ll y a p p li c ab l e 

### t o c a s e s wh e r e th e e v i d e n c e i s ci r c um s t anti a l r ath e r th an 

### d i r ec t , p ro v i d e d th at th e c o mb i nat i o n 

### o f 

### i nf e r e nt i a l e v i d e n c e li nk s th e a c c u s e d t o th e c ri m i n a li ty an d / o r e st ab li s h e s th e cri m e ' s r equi s i t e e l e rn e nt ( s ) b e y o n d a 

### r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. 

### K r i e g / e r , 1 2 7 A . 3 d 8 4 0 , 8 4 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 5 ) 

### q u o t i ng C

o m m o nw e a lt

h v. B a r ti e, 8 9 4 A .2 d 8 0 0 , 8 0 3 - 0 4 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 6 ) 

### q u o t i ng 

### C

o m m o n w e a lth v. T

h o m a s, 8 6 7 A . 2 d 5 9 4 , 5 9 7 (P a . S u pe r . 2 0 0 5 ) . 

### S

e e 

### a l s o C o m m o n w e a lth v. C

o x , 

### 5 4 6 P a . 5 1 5 , 5 2 8 , 6 8 6 A . 2 d 1 2 7 9 , 1 2 8 5 ( 1 9 9 6 ) . I n d e ci d in g wh e th e r a s a m att e r o f l aw th e tri a l e v i d e n ce w a s 

### s u ffi c i e nt t o 

### s u s ta i n a 

### c o nv i c t i o n , i t mu s t b e r e m e mb er e d " ' [ w ] h e n e v a l u at i n g th e c r e d ib ili ty an d w e i ght o f th e e v i d e n ce , th e 

### fa c t fi n d e r i s fr e e 

### t o b e li e v e 

### al l , p art o r n o n e o f th e e v i d e n c e . ' .. C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. 

### Pa tte r s o n s u p ra 

### 9 4 0 A. 2 d at 5 0 0 q u o t i ng C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. E m le r , 

### 9 0 3 A . 2 d 1 2 7 3 , 1 2 7 6 - 7 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 6 ) . 

### S

e e a l s o C o m m o n w e a lth v , 

### H

a n s le y su p ra 2 4 A .3 d at 4 1 6 . F urth e rm o r e , 

### th e fi n d e r o f fa c t i s tas k e d w i th 

### b e i n g th e " . . . s o l e j u d g e [ ] 

### o f th e c r e d ib ili ty an d 

### w e i g ht o f al l 

### t e s ti m o ny , " an d i s ce rta i n l y fr ee t o r e j e c t o r a c c e p t, in 

### wh o l e o r p art , th e t e s t im o ny o f any w itn e s s . P a . S S JI ( C ri m ) 2 . 0 4 . R e g ar d i n g th e o ff er e d t e st im o ny an d o th e r tr i al 

### e vi d e n c e , th e 

### fa c t fi n d e r s i n m aki n g 

### s u c h d e c i s i o n s m ay c h o o s e 

### wh at th e y v a lu e an d d i s c o unt wh at th e y fi n d 7J u n U b L U 1 f U 1 : 4 8 f-! M H f-! 1- a x J u d g e K e l l y b 1 U 8 � 1 � 4 8 L p a g e �

unp e r s uas i v e . " Th i s s t an d ar d o f d e fe r e n c e i s n o t a l te r e d 

### in c a s e s i nv o l v i n g a be n c h tri a 1 , b e c au s e

' th e pr o v i n c e o f a tri a l j u d g e s i tt i n g wi th o ut a j ury i s t o d o wh at a j ury i s r equ ir e d t o d o .' " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. Le e, 9 5 6 A. 2 d 1 0 2 4 , 1 0 2 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 

### 2 0 0 0 ) q u o ti ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . L a m b e r t , 7 6 5 A . 2 d 3 0 6 , 3 6 2 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 0 ) . R e l e v ant t o th e l e g a l s u ffi c i e n c y o f a d e fe n d ant' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n , th e S u p e ri o r C o urt h as p as t h e l d th e fo lJ o w i n g :



### In d e t e rmi ni n g wh e th e r a p art i c u l ar i d e nti fi c at i o n w a s r e li ab l e , th e c o urt ' s h o u l d c o n s i d e r th e o p po rt uni ty o f th e w i tn e s s t o v i e w th e c r i m i n a l at th e t i m e o f th e c ri m e , th e w i tn e s s ' d e gr e e o f att e nt i o n , th e a c c ur a c y o f [h i s or h e r ] p ri o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e c ri m i n a l , 

### th e l e v e l o f c e rt ai nty d e m o n s tr at e d 

### at th e c o nfr o nt at i o n , 

### an d th e t i m e be tw e e n th e c ri m e an d th e c o n fr o nt at i o n . Th e o p p o rtuni ty o f th e w i tn e s s t o v i e w th e a c t o r at th e t im e o f th e c ri m e i s th e k e y fa c t o r i n th e t o t a li ty o f

th e c i r c um stan ce s an a l y s i s . . . • [ E ] v i d e n c e o f i d e nti fi c ati o n n e e d n o t b e p o s i t i v e an d c e rta i n t o su s t ai n 

### a c o nv i ct i o n . A l th o u g h 

### c o mm o n i t ems 

### o f c l o th i n g an d g e n e ra l p hy s i ca ] c hara c t e ri s ti c s ar e u s u a ll y in s uf fi c i ent t o s u

p p o rt a c o nv i c t i o n , s u c h e v i d e n c e c an b e u s e d a s o th e r ci r c um s t an c e s t o e s tab li s h th e i d e nt i ty o f a p e rp e tr at o r . O ut - o f - c o urt i d e nt i fi c ati o n s ar e r e l e v ant t o o ur re v i e w o f s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e c l a i m s , p art i c u l arl y wh e n th e y ar e gi v e n wi th o ut h e s i tat i o n s h o rt l y aft e r th e 

### c ri m e wh i l e m e m o ri e s w e r e fr es h . G i v e n a d d i ti o n al e v i d e nt i ary ci r c um s t an c e s , any i n d e fi n i t e n e s s an d un c e rt ai nty i n th e i d e nt i fi c at i o n t e s t i m o ny g o e s t o i t s w e i g ht. ' 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. V a le n ti n e, 1 0 1 A .3 d & 0 1 , 8 0 6 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 4 ) 

### q u o t i ng C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. B ru c e, 7 1 7 A . 2 d 10 3 3 , 10 3 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 

### 1 9 9 8 ) an d 

### C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. O rr , 3 8 A. 3 d 8 6 8 , 8 7 4 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 1 ) . 

### S

e e 

### a l s o C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. Ov a lles , 1 4 4 A. 3 d 9 5 7 , 9 7 0 ( P a . S u pe r . 2 0 1 6 ) 

### q u o t i ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v. O rr s u

p ra 3 8 A. 3 d at 8 7 4 . Th e S u p e ri o r C o urt i n 

### V

a le n ti n e fo un d th e i d ent i fi c at i o n o f th e d e fe n d ant t o b e s u ffi c i e nt as a m att e r o f l aw b as ed o n th e v ic t i m ' s o b s e rv at i o n o f th e m i n i m a ll y , un c o n c e a l e d p o rt i o n o f h i s fa c e , a c o n s i s t e nt d e s c ri p t i o n o f c l o th i n g , b o dy typ e an d e thn i ci ty , th e pr i o r i nt e r a c t i o n s b e tw e e n th e r o b b e r an d th e v i c t i m , as w e ll as th e v i c t i m ' s p o s i t i v e i d e nt i fi c at i o n o f th e d e fe n d ant at tri a l an d th e p r e li m i n ar

y h e ari n g . 

### C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. V a le n tin e s u p ra 1 0 1 A . 3 d at 8 0 6 . 

### 8J u n U b £'. U ' I ( U ' I : 4 � 1-' M H I-' 1- a x J u d g e K e l l y b ' I u � � ' l '.:J 4 � i p a g e t o

T he a p p e ll at e 

### c o urt s h av e a l s o h e l d an 

### i d e nt i fi c at i o n t o b e l e g a ll y s u ffi ci e nt wh e r e " . . . th e c o mp l a i n ant t e s t i fi e d p o s i ti v e l y 

### an d w i th o ut qu al i fi c at i o n 

### th at Ap p e ll ant pe rp e tr at e d th e 

### o ff e n s e s . " 

### C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . 

### Pa tte r

s o n , 9 4 0 A . 2 d 4 9 3 , 5 0 2 

### ( P a . S u p e r , 2 0 0 7 ) 

### c i ti ng 

### C o m m o nw e a lth v. W

ild e r , 2 5 9 P a . S u

p er . 4 7 9 , 4 8 3 , 3 9 3 A. 2d 

### 9 2 7 . 92 8 ( 1 9 7 8 ) ( S t at i n g a p o s it i v e i d e nti fi cat i o n b y o n e w i tn e s s i s s uffi c i e nt fo r c o nv i cti o n . ) . 

### S e e a l s o C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. S im m o n s , 6 4 7 A. 2 d 5 6 & , 5 7 1 ( P a . S u pe r . 1 9 9 4 ) . R e c o gn i z i n g wi tn e s s c r e d i b ili ty an d th e w e i g ht o f w i tn e s s i d e nt i fi c at i o n s o f th e 

### c ri mi n a l a s s a il ant ar e th e fa c t fi n d e r ' s e x c1 u s i v e p r e ro g at i v e " ' . . . a w e ak i d e nt i fi c ati o n , t o g e th e r w i th o th e r tr i al e v i d e n c e r e l e v ant t o th e p e rpe tr at o r ' s i d e nt i ty 

### m ay v e r y w e1 1 b e s u ffi c i e nt t o c o nv i n ce 

### a j ury 

### o f th e d e fe n d ant ' s gu i l t be y o n d a r ea s o n ab l e d o u b t .' " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. N e l s o n , 

### 3 3 7 

### P a S u p e r . 2 9 2 , 3 0 0 , 4 8 6 A . 2 d 1 3 4 0 , 13 44 ( 1 9 8 4 ) , 

### o v e rru le d o n o t h e r gro u n d

s, C o m m o nw e a l t

h 

### v . Cla r k , 7 4 6 A. 2 d 1 1 2 8 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 0 ) 

### q u o ti ng 

### C

o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . K lo i b e r , 3 7 8 P a 4 1 2 , 4 2 5 , 10 6 A . 2 d 8 2 0 , 8 2 7 . 

### S

e e a l s o 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . 

### B a k e r , 5 3 1 

### P a . 5 4 1 , 5 5 3 - 5 4 , 6 1 4 A. 2 d 6 6 3 , 6 6 9 

### (1 9 9 3 ) . " [ A

j ny un c e rt ai nty i n an e y e wi tn e s s ' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n o f a d e fe n dant 

### i s a qu e s t i o n o f th e w e i ght 

### o f th e e v i d e n c e , n o t 

### i t s s u ffi c i e n c y . " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. C a i n , 9 0 6 A. 2 d 1 2 4 2 , 1 2 4 5 (P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 6 ) 

### c iti ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### Mi n n i

s, 3 1 2 P a . S u

pe r . 5 3 , 5 7 , 4 5 8 A. 2 d 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 

### ( 1 9 8 3 ) . R e l at e d l y , a tri a l co urt p ro p e rl y p e rm i tt e d th e 

### j ury t o c o n s i d e r th e wi tn e s s ' i d e nt i fi c at i o n o f th e d e fe n d ant an d m ak e i ts o wn j u d g m e nt a s t o th e w e i g ht , 

### i f any , 

### i t w a s to b e a f fo r d e d , a l th o u g h th e wi tn e s s w a s n o t ab l e t o p o s i t i v e l y i d e nti fy th e d e fe n d ant , b ut m e r e l y t e s t i fi e d th at h e r e s e mb l e d th e s h o o t e r . 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. F lo y d, 4 9 4 P a . 5 3 7 , 5 4 4 , 4 3 1 A . 2 d 9 8 4 , 9 8 8 (1 9 8 1 ) . 

### S e e a l s o C o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . Pa tte r

s o n s u p ra 9 4 0 A . 2 d 

### at 5 0 2 

### c i ti ng C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. Ga llo w ay

, 4 9 5 P a . 5 3 5 , 5 3 9 , 4 3 4 A . 2 d 1 2 2 0 , 1 2 2 2 ( 1 9 8 l ) ( V ari an c e s i n t e stim o ny c o n c e rn th e c r e d i b il i ty o f

9J u n u o zu I t u 1 : 4 � t' 1 v 1 H t' i- a XJ u a g e t\ e l l Y o I u o � 1 :::i 4 0 ,::: p a g e 1 1

w i tn e s s e s an d 

### n o t s u ffi ci e n c y o f 

### e v i d e n c e ) an d 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. Ha l ye , 7 1 9 

### A. 2 d 7 6 3 , 7 6 4 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 9 8 ) ( e n 

### b a n e

) , a p p e a l d e n i e d , 5 6 0 P a . 6 9 9 , 7 4 3 A. 2 d 9 1 6 ( 2 9 9 9 ) , 

### c e r t . d e n i e d s u b n o m , Pe n ns

y lv a n i a v. H

a / y e, 5 2 9 U . S . 10 1 2 , 1 2 0 S . C t. 1 2 8 7 , 1 4 6 L. E d . 2 d . 2 3 3 ( 2 0 0 0 ) ; an d 

### C o m m o nw e a lt

h v . 

### T r i n i d ad , 9 6 A. 3 d 1 0 3 1 , 1 0 3 8 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 4 ) . S al i e nt 

### t o c urr e nt c o n s i d e r ati o n s , th e fa c t s s umm ari z e d be l o w w e r e c re d ib ly e s tab li s h ed at D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n ' s tri al . O n Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 , J av o n Ab r ah am w a s e mp l o y e d an d th e n w o rk i n g a s a c as h i e r at a S un o c o g as s tat i o n l o c at e d i n S h ar o n H ill , D e l awar e C o unty . 2 3 N . T . 7 /1 11 1 6 , p . 2 5 . M r . Ab r ah am t e s ti fi e d th at h e ha d be e n p a s t tra i n e d o n th e p r o t o c o l t o fo ll o w 

### in th e e v e nt th e s t at i o n w a s ro b b ed . M o r e s p e c i fi c a ll y , h e r e l at e d th i s i n s tru c t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f th e fo ll o w i n g : R e po rt i n g 

### th e r o b b ery ; C o mp l y i n g w i th th e ro b b e r ( s ) ' d e m an d s ; N o ti n g th e o ff e n d e r( s )' i d e nt i ty , i n clu d i n g p hy s i caJ f

eat ure s an d cl o th i n g , a s w e ll a s th e d ir e c t i o n th e p e rp e tr at o r ( s ) fl e d . N . T . 7 / 1 11 1 6 , p p . 2 5 - 2 7 . Ap p ro x im at e l y 6 : 1 5 P . M . • th at da y ( Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 ) , tw o ( 2 ) A f ri c an - Am e ri can m a l e s e nt e r e d th e s t o r e , o n e (1 ) wi th a li g ht e r s k i n t o n e wh il e th e o th er h a d a d ark e r c o mp l e x i o n . N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , pp . 2 9 - 3 0 . A t tri a l , M r . Ab r ah am d e s c ri b ed th e i r ag e r an g e a s ab o ut n in e te e n (1 9 ) t o tw e nty ( 2 0 ) y e ar s o l d . N . T . 7 / 11 /1 6 , p . 4 6 . T h e cl e rk furth e r r e co unt e d th at th e tw o ( 2 ) m e n w e r e o f m e d i um b u i l d an d a p p r o x i m at e l y fi v e fe e t e i ght in c h es ( 5 ' 8 " ) t a ll . 2 4 N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 0 , 3 1 . T h e tw o ( 2 ) a s s a il ant s w e r e att i re d i n h oo d e d s w eat s h i rt s w i th th e h o o d s p u 11 e d o v e r th e i r h e a d s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p , 3 2 . Th e l o w e r o r " s h i rt " p arts o f th e pe rp e trat o rs ' s w e at s h i rt s w e r e dr awn u p w ar d s c o v e ri n g th e l i p s an d e x t e n di n g t o b e n e ath th e i r n o s e s . N . T . 7 / 11 / 1 6 , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 . A lth o u gh p o rt i o n s o f th e a s s a il ant s ' fa c e s w e r e c o n cea l e d , th e v i c t i m c o u l d 

### cl earl y o b s e rv e th e



### I OJ u n u o l'. U I r u 1 : 4 � t' 1 · 1 H t' ra xnm q e t\ e l l Y o I u o � 1 :::, 4 0 ,: p a g e 1 ,:

tw o ( 2 ) 

### m e n fr o m j u s t ab o v e th e m o uth s , thro u g h th e n o s e s , a s w e ll as u p t o an d i n cl u d i n g 

### ri ght o v e r th e i r e y e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 3 - 3 4 . M r. Abr ah am w a s p o s i ti o n e d at th e s t ati o n ' s c a s h r e g i s t e r wh e n th e tw o ( 2 ) r o b b e r s 

### e nt e r e d th e 

### s t o r e an d imm e d i at e l y c o n fr o nte d h i m . N . T . 7 / 1 1 11 6 , p p . 

### 3 1 - 3 2 . Th e li ght s ki nn e d 

### m al e p r oc e e d e d d ir e c tl y 

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### s i d e . 2 5 

### N . T . 7 /1 1 /1 6 , p . 

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### i n c h e s fr o m M r . Ab r ah am ' s fa c e . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 . A s th e 

### fi r e arm w a s m e n ac i n g l y j u s t m e r e i n c h e s fr o m h i s fa c e , M r . Ab r ah am h e ar d 

### th e o th e r o ff e n d e r thr e at e n h i m tw o ( 2 ) o r three ( 3 ) ti m e s t o " ' h an d o v e r th e m o n e y ,' o r e l s e . . . h e w ill s h o o t . " 

### N . T . 

### 7 1 1 1 1 1 6, p p . 

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### that b e kn e w th e 

### li g ht s ki nn ed ro b b e r t o b e a fr equ e nt p atro n o f th e g a s s t at i o n . N. T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 3 8 - 3 9 , 5 0 . T h i s r e c o g n it i o n p r o mp t e d h i m t o 

### e x cl a i m , " [ W ] hy ar e y o u d o in g th i s ? . . . 1 kn o w 

### y o u . " Th e h an d gun 

### w i e l d i n g m a l e d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o th i s 

### s t at e m e nt. N . T . 

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### tri al , M r . Ab r ah am , w i th o ut e qu i v o c at i o n , i d e nt i fi e d D e f e n d ant D i c k e r s o n a s th e arm e d , li g ht e r s ki n t o n e d ro b b e r. 2 6 N . T . 7 /1 J/1 6 , 

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### th e o th e r r o b b e r utt e r e d 

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### r e g i s t e r wh i c h c o nt ai n e d 

### a p p ro x i m at e l y o n e hun dr e d d o ll ar s ( $ 10 0 . 0 0 ) o f Uni t e d S t at e s c urr en c y i n m ark e d b ill s . 2 7 N . T . 

### 7 11 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 2 , 3 7 , 

### 3 8 , 4 1. T h e v i c ti m r e m o v e d th i s m o n e y an d h an d e d 

### it to 

### th e d ark c o mp l e c t e d m a l e , wh o p l a ced th e c as h i n a b a g an d th e tw o ( 2 ) 

### m e n th e n fl e d . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p . 3 8 . M r . Ab rah am i mm e d i at e l y a c t i v at e d th e s t o r e ' s s e c ur i ty a l arm . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p . 4 1.

11J u n u o c u I r u 1 : :::> u t-' 1 • 1 H t' i- a x J u a g e t\ e u y o I u o � 1 :::, 4 0 .::: p a g e J ,j

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### l aw e n fo r c e m e nt an d r e s p o n d i n g p o li c e arr i v e d fi v e ( 5 ) m i nute s l at e r . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 4 1 · 4 3 . A fe w 

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### g as . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 4 8 , 4 9 . P ri o r t o th e 

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y . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , pp . 4 8 -4 9 , 5 0 . T h e v ic t i m n o t e d th e C h e vro l e t ' s l i c e n s e p l at e an d p r o v i d e d th i s i n fo rm at i o n t o th e i nv e s t i g at in g po li c e . N . T . 7 / l l/ 1 6 , 

### p . 4 9 . M r . Ab rah am r e l at e d l y e xp l a i n e d th at D e f e n d ant D i c k er s o n h a d p atr o ni ze d th e s t o r e ab o ut a d o z e n t i m e s p r e v i o u s t o th e r o b b e ry (Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 ) an d 

### h e h a d o b s e rv e d d uri n g th e c o ur s e o f a

p p ro x im at e l y h a l f th o s e i n s t an c e s th e D e fe n d ant i n th is s am e b l u e , C h e vro l e t S UV . 

### N . T . 7 /1 1 /l 6 , p p . 71 , 7 6 . M r . Ab r ah am a l s o d e s c rib e d th e r e w e r e num e r o u s t i m e s wh e n D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n v i s i t e d th e s t at i o n an d th e tw o ( 2 ) w o u l d o ft e n e x c h an g e p l e as antr i e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p . 7 1. M r . Ab r ah am an d th e D e fe n d ant h a d d i s c u s s i o n s a b o ut D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n ' s tatt o o s an d th e D e fe n d ant e v e n p r o v i d e d th e v i c t i m h i s p h o n e numb e r ; h o w e v e r , M r . Ab rah am d i d n o t s av e th e s am e i n hi s c e llu l ar p h o n e . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 7 1 - 7 2 . 

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### 1 2J u n U b t

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### wh o co mm i tt e d th e r o b b e ry . N . T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 

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### r e a d i l y i d e nt i fi e d o n e ( 1 ) o fth e ro b b e r s . 

### N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p . 

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### T h e p r o s ec ut o r 

### n e xt p r e s e nt e d th e v ic ti m 

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p p e ar i n g A fri c an - Am e ri c an m a l e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , 

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s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o t o Array . M r . Ab r ah am e xp l a i n ed th at h e r e c o g n i z e d p h o t o g r a

p h numbe r s i x ( 6 ) as 

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e n d ant D i c k e r s o n . N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p p . 6 2 - 6 3 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o t o Array . T h e v i c t i m t e sti fi e d th at h e c i r c l e d an d s i gn e d th e D e fe n d ant ' s p h o t o g r a p h (N o . 6 ) i n th e arr ay 

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### 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 6 3 - 6 4 . S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e al th E xhi b i t C - 3 

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### thi s b lu e , C h e vr o l e t S UV , P e nn s y l v an i a H VN 7 6 7 2 . N .T . 7 / 13 / 1 6 , p p . 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 - 1 7 . S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a lth E xhi b i t C - 7 - C hi e f H e rr o n ' s R e p o rt . U s i n g th i s i nf o rm ati o n, C h i e f H e rr o n d e t e rm i n e d th e v e h i cl e was 

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### P A. N . T . 7 / 13 /1 6 , p . 1 1 8 . A furth e r s e ar c h r e v e al ed th e D e fe n d ant as w e ll l i v e d at th i s r e s i d e n c e . N . T . 7 / 13 / 1 6 , p . 1 1 8 .

13J u n U b , : '.U' I r u · 1 : rn .... 1 v 1 H I-' t- a x J u d g e K e l l y b · 1 U l:S \f l '.) 4 1:S i:::'. p a g e · 1 '.)

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p p e ar an c e . C h i e f H e rr o n a l s o d e t a il e d that h e c r e at e d a p h o to array 

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### p ic t ur e an d p r e s e nt e d th e s am e o n Ju l y 7 , 

### 2 0 1 5 , t o M r . Ab r ah am . N . T . 7 / 13 / 1 6 , 

### p . 11 9 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o t o Arra y . 

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### d at e an d th e 

### t i m e o n th e p h o t o gr a p h . " N . T . 7 / 13 /1 6 , 

### p p . 1 2 0 - 2 1 , 1 2 2 . T h e c h i e f e xp l a i n e d 

### a ft e r " . . . a p p r o x i m at e l y 1 0 - 1 5 s e c o n d s an d , wi th o ut h e s i t at i o n , [ M r . Ab r ah am ] i mm e d i at e l y po i nt e d to numbe r s i x an d s t at e d th at w a s o n e o f th e m a l e s th at h a d r o b b e d h i m th at n i g ht. " N . T . 7 / 1 3 / 1 6 , p . 1 2 1 . C h i e f H e rr o n at tr i al i d e nti fi e d D e fe n d ant D i c k e r so n a s th e i n d i v i d ua l i n th e arr ay ' s p o s i t i o n s ix ( 6 ) . N . T . 7 / 1 3 / 1 6 , p p . 1 2 1 - 2 2 . F o r e m o s t , 

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### S e e S t at e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l ai n e d, N o . 2 (b ) ( c )( d) . B a s e d o n th e ab o v e - r e c o unt e d , s a li e nt fa c t s e s tab li s h e d at tri a l , as w e ll a s a c c e p ti n g th e e v i d e n ce i n the l i ght m o s t be n e fi ci al t o th e p ro s e c ut i o n an d th o s e r e a s o n e d 

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### O n r e vi e w i n g th e t o ta li ty o f th e c i r c um s t an c e s s e e n m o s t fav o rab l e t o th e C o mm o nw e al th , i t w a s p ro v e n a s a m att e r o f l aw that D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n w a s th e fir e arm b ran d i s h i n g a s s a i l ant , wh o o n Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 , r o b b e d at gun p o int , M r . Ab r ah am , th e s t o r e ' s 

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### 4 7 2 - 7 3 , 4 8 5 A . 2 d at 1 1 0 3 . 

### M r . Ab r ah am i n h i s tr a i n i n g as a S un oc o e mp l o y e e w a s i n s tru c t e d 

### to p ay c ar e ful att ent i o n t o d e t a i l wh e n vi c ti m i z e d d ur i n g a 

### r o b b e ry . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , 

### p p . 2 5 - 2 7 . A t tri al , M r . Ab r ah am r e c o unt e d 

### th e a g e , c o mp l e x i o n , h e i g ht an d cl o th in g o f th e tw o ( 2 ) a ss a il ant s . N . T . 

### 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 , 3 1 , 4 6 . Wh il e th e tw o ( 2 ) m e n h a d th e i r v i s a g e s p art i al l y c o v e r e d , h e was ab l e t o cl e arl y s ee th e ar ea ab o ut th e i r fa c i al f eatur e s fr o m j u s t abo v e th e m o uth s thr o u g h an d in c lu d i n g th e e y e s , p arti c u l arl y D e f

e n dant D i c k e r s o n , a s h e s t o o d 

### li te r al l y w i th i n o n e ( 1 ) fo o t o f h i m . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 , 3 3 - 3 4 , 3 5 . Th i s imm e d iat e , p hy s i c a l 

### p ro x im i ty o f th e De f en dant p e rm i tt ed

1 5p a g e · 1 r



### M r . Ab r ah am 

### t o r e c o gn i z e 

### D e fe n d ant D ic k e r s o n , a fr e qu e nt p atr o n 

### o f th e 

### g a s s tat i o n an d w i th wh o m h e h a d o n 

### num e ro u s o c c a s i o n s d i r e c tl y i nt e ra c t e d . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , 

### p p . 3 8 - 3 9 , 5 0 , 7 1 - 72 . M o r e o v e r , o n l y a fe w d ay s fo ll o w in g th e ro b b e ry , M r . Ab rah am s aw a m o t o r v e h i cl e at th e 

### g a s s t at i o n th at 

### h e th o u g ht 

### w as b e i n g o p e r at e d 

### b y th e D e f e n d ant ' s m o th e r . 

### N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 4 8 , 5 0 . T h i s b e l i e f o f th e 

### v i c t i m w as fi rm l y 

### g ro un d e d o n h i s p r e v i o u s an d v ari o u s o b s erv at i o n s o f D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n i n th e c o mp any o f th i s s am e w o m an , a l o n g wi th h i s num e ro u s , p a s t an d 

### d i r e c t i nt e r a c t i o n s w i th th e D e fe n dant wh i l e 

### w o rk i n g wh i c h w e nt w e ll 

### b e y o n d a s t o r e 

### cl e rk m e r e l y att e n d i n g t o a c u s t o m e r , i n clu d i n g m any p e r so n al c o nv e r s at i o n s an d D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n 

### p ro v i d i n g M r . Ab r ah am w i th 

### h i s t e l e p h o n e numb e r . 

### N . T . 7 / 11 /1 6 , p p . 4 8 -4 9 , 

### 5 0 , 7 1 - 7 2 . T h e n at ur e , fr e qu e n c y , an d t i m i n g r el at i v e t o th e c ri m e o f th e s e p ri o r c o nt a c t s b e tw e e n th e tw o ( 2 ) m e n 

### w e r e s u c h th at d

uri n g th e ro b b e r

y th e v i c t i m r e c o g n i z e d th e D e fe n d ant a s ki n g o f h i m , " [ W ] hy ar e y o u d o i n g th i s ? . .. I kn o w y o u . " N . T . 7 11 1 / 1 6 , p . 3 9 . M r . Ab rah am n o t e d th e b lu e , C h e vro l e t S UV ' s 

### li c e n s e p l at e an d 

### fo rw ar d e d th i s i nf o rm at i o n t o th e i nv e s t i g at in g auth ori ti e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p . 4 9 . C h i e f H e rr o n th e n d e t e rm i n e d , 

### i n te r a li a , th at 

### th e D e fe n d ant r e s i d e d at th e s am e h o m e t o whi c h th i s v e h i cl e w a s r e gi s t e r e d . N . T . 7 /1 3 /1 6 , 

### p p . 11 5 - 1 7 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 7 - C h i e f 

### H e rr o n ' s R e p o rt . C h i e f 

### H e rr o n a l s o 

### r e fe r e n c e d v i a h i s c ri m in a l c o mp l a i nt 

### th e D e fe n d ant 

### i s fi v e f ee t n i n e 

### i n c h e s ( 5 ' 9 " ) 

### tal l wh ic h c o mp o rts 

### wi th 

### th e M r . Ab r ah am ' s d e s c ri pti o n o f th e gun b ran d i s h i n g 

### ro b b e r ' s h e i g ht. N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p p . 3 0 , 3 1. N . T . 7 / 1 3 /1 6 , p . 1 2 3 . S i m i l arl y , 

### th e c ri m i n a l c o mp l a i nt li s t s 

### th e D e fe n d ant ' s d at e o f b i rth a s D e c e mb e r 3 0 , 1 9 9 6 , m ak i n g h i m n i n e t e e n an d o n e h a lf ( 1 9 . 5 ) y e ar s o f a g e at th e t i m e o f th e r o b b e ry c o n s i s t e nt w i th th e v i c t i m ' s d e s cri p t i o n o fth e arm e d a s s a il ant a s b e i n g a p p r o x i m at e l y n i n e t e e n (1 9 ) o r 

### tw e nty ( 2 0 ) y e ar s o l d . N . T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p . 4 6 . 

### S e e a l s o C ri m i n a 1 C o mp l a i nt . 1 6J u n 0 6 L U1 f U1 : � L P M H P 1- a x J u d g e K e ll y 6 10 8 9 1 � 4 8 L p a g e 1 8

M r. Ab r ah am ' s 

### i n - c o urt i d e nt i fy i n g o f D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n at tri al a s th e 

### fi r e arm wi el d i n g , li g ht s ki nn e d ro b b e r w a s ab s e nt 

### any h e s i t an c y an d/ o r qu al i fi c at i o n s . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , 

### p p . 3 9 - 3 0 . Th e c e rta i nty o f Mr . Ab r ah am ' s tri a l i d e nti fi c at i o n th at th e D e fe n dant w a s th e ro b b e r 

### wh o w e nt 

### ar o un d 

### th e s t o r e ' s c o unt e r 

### an d b r an d i s h e d 

### ab o ut h i s fa c e a h an d gun w a s h i gh l i g ht e d 

### b y th e be l o w 

### c r o s s - e x ami n at i o n e x c h an g e :



### M s . G a e rtn e r : S o b a s e d o n 

### th at y o u th o u g ht h e 

### w a s s o m e o n e wh o

ha d b e e n 

### in th e s t o r e be fo re , i s th at c o rr e c t ? M r . Ab rah am : 

### I d i dn ' t th o u g ht 

### [ s i c ]. I kn e w . 

### N . T . 7 / 1 1 11 6 , p . 

### 7 0 . S

e e a l s o 

### N . T . 7 /1 1 /1 6 , p p . 

### 3 1 - 3 5 . Li k e w i s e , o n l y a fe w m o m e nt s l at e r hi s i d e nt i fi cat i o n w as o n c e 

### m o r e c h al l e n g e d 

### b y d e fe n s e c o un s e l 

### as fo ll o w s : " S o , o n e furth e r ti m e , b a s e d o n s e e i n g 

### n o s e an d e y e s 

### an d wi th a gun p o i nt e d 

### in y o ur fa c e , y o u ' r e s ti ll - y o u ' r e s t ill s ur e y o u kn o w 

### wh o 

### i t w as th at 

### day ?" t o whi c h 

### th e v i c t i m r e p l i e d , " Y es . " N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p . 92 . 

### In f urth e r s u p p o rt 

### o f h i s i d e nt i f

y i n g th e D e fe n d ant , th e v i c t i m s h o rtl y aft e r th e 

### ro b b e ry pe r h i s o wn t es t i m o ny , as w e l l a s th at o f C h i e f H e rr o n , i d e nti fi e d D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n v i a th e 

### p h o t o arr ay a s o n e ( 1 ) o f th e o ff e n d e r s , " .. . w i th o ut h e s i tat i o n . .. . " N . T . 7 / 11 /1 6 , p p . 6 2 - 6 4 . N . T . 7 11 3 /1 6 , p p . 1 1 9 - 2 1 , 1 2 2 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xhi b i t C - 3 = P h o t o Arr ay . Gi v e n th e fo r e g o i n g e v i d e n c e at tr i a l , wh e n v i e w e d i n th e li ght 

### m o st fav o rab l e t o th e C o mm o nw e a l th , t o g e th e r w i th th e rat i o n a l i n f e r e n c e s 

### s u c h r e as o n ab l y 

### a ll o w s , th e i d e nti fi c at i o n 

### o f D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n be i n g th e arm e d r o b b e r i s 

### l e g all y s o un d . A l th o u g h th e D e f e n d ant' s fa c e thr o u gh o ut 

### th e r o b b e ry w as p art i al l y o b s c ur e d , M r . Ab r ah am ' s o p p o rtun i ty o th e rw i s e t o o b se rv e 

### h i m w a s th at 

### o f b e i n g 

### i n h i s i mm e d i at e p hy s i ca l p r o x i m i ty w i th 

### th e tri a l 

### e vi d e n c e s u g g e s ti n g th e 1 7J u n 0 6 L U1 f U1 : � L P M H P 1- a x J u d g e K e ll y 6 10 8 9 1 � 4 8 L p a g e 1 9

s t o r e ' s i nt e ri o r li g ht i n g a ll o w e d fo r s u c h e xp e c t e d 

### o b s e rv at i o n s o f D e fe n d ant 

### D i c k e r s o n o n l y b e i n g 

### a p p ro x i m at e l y a fo o t aw ay fr o m h i m . N .T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 1 - 3 9 . P e r h i s p a s t 

### tr a i n i n g r e g ar d i n g wh at t o d o i n th e e v e nt o f b e i n g v i c t i m i z ed , M r . Ab rah am w a s att e nt i v e l y w at c h fu l 

### thr o u g h th e c o ur s e o f th e ro b b e ry , i n cl u d in g as t o th o s e ci r c um s tan c e s m at e ri a l t o th e D e f e n d ant' s i d e nti fi c ati o n . 

### N . T . 7 /1 1 /1 6 , 

### p p . 2 5 - 2 7 , 3 1 - 4 0 . H i s 

### d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e arm e d ro b b e r ' s h e i g ht an d a g e w as c o n s i s t e nt w i th th o s e c h ar a c t e ri s t i c s o f 

### D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n . N . T . 

### 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , 

### p p . 3 1 - 4 0 . N . T . 7 /1 3 /1 6 , p . 1 2 3 . S e e a l s o 

### C ri m i n al C o mp l a i nt an d P r o b ab l e C au s e A ffi d av i t. W i th o ut 

### h e s i tati o n , M r . Ab r ah am sh o rt l y a ft e r th e r o b b e ry v i a a p h o t o arr ay r e a d i l y i d e nt i fi e d th e D e fe n d ant. N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 5 9 - 6 4 . N . T . 7 / 13 /1 6 , p p . 1 1 9 - 2 2 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e al th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o t o A rra y . M r . Ab r ah am ' s i n - c o urt i d e nti fi c ati o n o f De f e n d ant Di c k e r s o n 

### a s th e li g ht s k i nn e d , fi r e arm b r an d i s hi n g ro b b e r w as c e rt a i n an d w i th o ut any 

### r e s e rv at i o n s . N . T . 

### 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 3 9 -4 0 , 7 0 , 92 . Un l i k e m o s t o th e r 

### c o nv e n i e n ce s t o r e 

### ro b b e ri e s wh e r e th e p e rp e trat o r i s a s tran g e r 

### p r e v i o u s l y unkn o wn to 

### th e c l e rk - v i c t im , h i s p ri o r c o nt a c ts w i th th e D e fe n dant w e r e o f s u c h a n atur e an d fr e qu e n c y th at M r . Ab r ah am d urin g th e ro b b e r

y th e n t o l d D e fe n d ant D i c k er s o n , ' ' I kn o w y o u . " N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 1 p . 3 9 . 

### S e e a l s o N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 3 , 

### p p . 4 8 - 5 0 , 7 1 - 72 , 7 6 . 

### T h e t o t al i ty o f 

### th i s e v i d e n c e c o mb i n e s t o d e m o n s trat e 

### th e l e g a l s u f fi ci e n c y 

### o f th e D e fe n d ant' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n a s th e h an d gun wi e l d i n g ro b b e r. 

### C o m m o nw e a lth v . 

### V

a le n ti n e s u p ra 1 0 1 A . 3 d at 8 0 6 

### q u o t i ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. B ru c e s u

p ra 7 1 7 A .2 d at 10 3 7 an d 

### C o m m o n w e a lth v. O rr s u

p ra 3 8 A .3 d at 8 7 4 . T h e tri a l re c o r d h av i n g e s t ab li s h e d as a m att e r o f l aw D e fe n d ant D i c k e rs o n w as th e 

### arm e d a s s a i l ant , 

### h i s c o nv i c t i o n s ar e o th e rw i s e 

### s u p po rt e d 

### b y 

### l e g a ll y s u ffi c i e nt e v i d e n c e . 2 8 T h i s co urt a c t i n g as th e n o n - j ury f ac t - fi n d e r w a s " fr e e t o r e s o l v e any d o ub ts r e g ar d in g 

### [ th e ] [ D ] e fe n d ant' s gu il t. " 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. H a n s le y s u p ra 2 4 A .3 d at 4 1 6 

### q u o ti ng 1 8J U l l u o l'. U I I u 1 ; :J ,j t' f • 1 H t' t" cl X J U U !:J E= l'\ e ll y O I U O � l :J '+ O l'.



### C o m m o nw e a l t

h v . 

### J o n es s u p ra 8 7 4 A . 2 d at 1 2 0 - 2 1 

### q u o ti ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h v , B u /li c k 

### s u p ra 8 3 0 A . 2 d at 1 0 0 0 

### q u o ti ng C

o m m o n w e a lth v. G o o d

i ng s u p ra 8 1 & A . 2 d at 5 4 9 . S i mi l arl y , th e c o urt as th e " . . . s o l e j u d g e [] o f th e c r ed i b ili ty an d w e i ght o f a ll 

### t e s t i m o ny " w a s " fr e e t o b e l i e v e all , p art 

### or n o n e o f

th e e v i d e n c e . " P a . S S JI ( C ri m ) 2 . 0 4 . S e e a l s o C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. 

### Pa tte r s o n s u p ra 9 4 0 A . 2 d 

### at 5 0 0 

### q u o ting C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### E m le r s u p ra 90 3 A . 2 d 

### at 12 7 6 - 7 7 . Th e D e fe n d ant ' s p r e s e nt e rr o r a s s i g nm e nt s c h a ll e n g i n g th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e r e l at i n g t o h i s r o b b e ry , 2 9 c ri m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y t o c o mm i t 

### r o b be ry . i ? an d p o s s e s s i n g 

### i ns trum e nt s o f 

### c ri m e c o nv i c ti o n s ar e m e ri tl e s s . 3 1 S e e S t at e m e nt o fM att e r s C o mp l ai n e d , N o . 2 ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) . A s " . . . th e [ tri a l ] r e c o r d c o nt a i n s s u p p o rt fo r th e c o nvi c t i o n s , " th e gui l ty v e r di c ts mu s t 

### r e m a i n as th i s c o urt c o n cl u d e d . 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. D av i

s s u p ra 

### 8 6 1 A. 2 d 

### at 3 2 3 - 2 4 ci ti ng C o m m o nw e a l t

h 

### v. M a r ks 

### s u p ra 

### 7 0 4 A . 2 d 

### at 1 0 9 8 

### c iti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v. M u d r i c k s u p ra 5 1 0 

### P a . at 3 0 8 , 5 0 7 A. 2 d at 1 2 13 . B . W e i g h t o f t h e E v i d e n c e Th e D e f e n d ant b y h i s fi n a l a

p pe ll at e c o mp l ai nt s e e m i n gl y av e r s a s t o a ll thr e e ( 3 ) o f h i s c o nv ic t i o n s ( r o b be r

y , 3 2 c ri m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y t o c o mm it r o b b e r y , 3 3 an d p o s s e s s in g i n s trum e nt s o f c ri m e r'" 

### th at th e " v e r d ic t w as a g a i n s t th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n ce . " 

### S e e S t at e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 ( a ) . I n s u p p o rt o f th i s e rr o r a s s i gnm e nt , D e fe n d ant D i c k er s o n c h a ll e n g e s th e v i c t im ' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n as " [ t ] h e o n l y ev i d e n c e p r e s e nt e d t o p l a c e th e Ap p e 11 ant at th e s ce n e o fth e c ri m e w as th e i d e nt i fi c at i o n o fth e e y e w i tn e s s , wh o t e s ti fi e d th at h e 

### o n l y s aw th e a s s a i l ant ' s e y e s an d n o s e . " 

### S

e e 

### S t ate m e nt o f M att e r s 

### C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 ( a ) . 

### An e x am i n at i o n o f th e tri a l re c o r d un d e r th e c o ntr o lli n g s t an d ar d o f r e v i e w s h o ws th i s a p p e ll at e c o mp l a i nt t o a s w e ll b e w i th o ut m e ri t. 1 9J u n 0 6 2 01 7 01 : 5 3 P M H P F a x J u d g e K e ll y 6 1 0 8 9 1 5 4 8 2 p a g e 2 1

F o r a w e i ght o f the e vi d e n c e att a c k t o b e pr o p e r l y ra i s e d o n a p p e a l , s u c h a c l a i m " . . . mu s t [h av e b e e n ] p re se rv e d e i th e r i n a p o s t - s e nt e n c e m o ti o n , b y a wri tt e n m o t i o n b e fo r e s e nt e n c i n g , o r o r a ll y p ri o r t o s e nt e n c i n g . " 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . 

### L o fto n , 5 7 A . 3 d 1 2 7 0 , 1 2 7 3 

### ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 1 2 ) 

### ci ting P a . R. C ri m . P . 6 0 7 an d 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . 

### Pr i es t , 1 8 A .3 d 1 2 3 5 , 1 2 3 9 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 1 ) . " F ai l ur e t o c h a ll e n g e th e w e i ght o f th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e nt e d at tri a l i n an o ra l o r wri tt e n m o t i o n p ri o r t o s e nt e n ci n g o r i n a p o s t - s e nt e n c e m o t i o n w ill res u l t i n wa i v e r o f th e c l a i m . " 

### C

o m m o n w e a lth v , 

### B ry a n t , 5 7 A. 3 d 1 9 1 , 1 9 6 ( P a . S u p er . 2 0 1 2 ) 

### c it i ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### B o n d , 6 0 4 P a . 1 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 9 8 5 A . 2 d 8 10 , 8 2 0 ( 2 0 0 9 ) . D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n thro u g h c o un s e l h av i n g a dv an c e d s u c h a cl a i m vi a h i s t i m e l y l o d g e d po s t - s e nt e n c e m o t i o n s , th i s w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e c h a ll e n g e fo r th e p e n d i n g a p p e ll ate r e v i e w h a s ri g htl y b e e n p r e s e rv e d . S e e P o s t - S e nt e n c i n g M o t i o ns d at e d N o v e mb er 4 , 2 0 1 6 . N . T . 1 1/2 3 / 1 6 . 

### S

e e a l s o C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. L o ft o n s u p ra 5 7 A. 3 d at 1 2 7 3 

### ci t i ng P a . R. C r im . P . 6 0 7 an d 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . Pr i es t s u

p ra 1 8 A. 3 d 

### at 1 2 3 9 . A c h a ll e n g e t o th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e " ' . . . c o n ced e s th at th e r e i s s u ffi c i e nt e v i d e n c e t o s u s t a i n th e v e r d i c t. ' " 

### C o m m o nw e a l t

h v. D u p re, 8 6 6 A . 2 d 10 8 9 , 11 0 1 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 5 ) 

### q u o t i ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v. S u lli v a n , 8 2 0 A. 2 d 7 9 5 , 8 0 5 - 0 6 

### ( P a . S u pe r . 2 0 0 3 ) , 

### a

p p e a l d e n i e d , 5 7 4 P a . 77 3 , 8 3 3 A. 2 d 1 4 3 ( 2 0 0 3 ) . F urth e rm o r e , " ' . .. th e tri a l c o urt i s un d e r n o o b li g at i o n t o v i e w th e e v i d e n c e 

### in th e li ght m o st fav o r ab l e t o th e v e r d i c t wi nn e r . ' " 

### I d . 8 6 6 A. 2 d at 1 1 0 1 - 0 2 ( E mp h a s i s o m i tt e d) 

### q u o ti ng C o m m o nw e a lth 

### v , S

u lli v a n s u p ra 8 2 0 A . 2 d at 8 0 5 - 0 6 . D e fe r e n c e i s y e t a ff o r d e d t o th e gu il ty v e rd i c t s r e c o g n i zi n g i n i t s e x c 1 u s i v e fa c t - fi n d i n g fun c t i o n th at th e c o urt s i tt i n g n o n -

j ur y w as " . . . t o a d

j u d g e th e c r e d i b i l i ty o f wi tn e s s e s an d to d e t e rm i n e wh e th e r th e i r t e s ti m o ny , i f b e li e v e d , e s t ab l i s h e s th e el e m e nt s o f th e o ff e n s e s c h ar g e d . " 

### C

o m m o nw e a l t

h v . 

### S ta y s, 7 0 A. 3 d 1 2 5 6 , 1 2 6 7 ( P a . S up er . 2 0 13 ) . 

### 2 0J u n U b L U ' I 

### r U'I : '.J 4 t-' M H t-' - a xj u o q e K e l l y b ' l u � � fl '.J 4 � L p a g e L L

A w e i g ht o fth e e v i d e n c e cl ai m i s i n i t i a ll y c o mm i tt e d t o th e tri a l c o urt ' s d i s c re t i o n s ub j e c t 

### t o a p p e ll at e r e v i e w o f wh e th e r 

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### be l o w : A 

### c l ai m a ll e g i n g 

### th e v e r d i c t wa s a g a i n s t th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e

i s a d dr e s s e d 

### to th e d i s c r e t i o n 

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### a p p e ll at e c o urt r e v i e w s th e e x e r ci se o f th e 

### tri al c o urt ' s d i s c re t i o n ; 

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### w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e . 

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### w e ll s e tt l e d that th e [j ury ) i s fr e e t o 

### b el i e v e a ll , p art , o r 

### n o n e o f th e e v i d e n c e 

### an d t o d e t e rm i n e 

### th e c r e d ib ili ty o f 

### th e wi tn e s s e s , an d a n e w tri a l 

### b as e d o n a w e i g ht o f th e 

### e v i d e n c e c l a i m i s o n l y w arr ant ed wh e r e th e [j ury ' s ] v e r d i c t i s s o c o ntr ary t o 

### th e e v i d e n c e th at 

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### o f j us t ic e . 

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### th i s s tand ar d h as be e n m e t , a p p e ll at e r e v i e w 

### i s l imi t ed t o wh e th e r 

### th e tri a l j u d g e ' s d i s c r e t i o n w a s p r o pe rl y e x e r ci s e d , 

### an d r e li e f w ill 

### o nl y b e gr ant ed wh e r e th e fa c t s an d 

### i nf e r e n c e s o f r e co r d d i s cl o s e a p alp ab l e ab u se o f d i s c r e t i o n . 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . 

### B ro w n , 7 1 A .3 d 10 0 9 , 1 0 13 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 13 ) . 

### S

e e a l s o C o m m o n w ea lt

h v . 

### K a rn s, 

### 5 0 A . 3 d 1 5 8 , 1 6 5 (P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 2 ) ; C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v. D a v i d

s o n , 8 6 0 A .2 d 5 7 5 , 5 8 1 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 4 ) q u o ti ng D av i s v. M u lle n , 5 6 5 P a . 3 8 6 , 3 9 0 , 7 7 3 A . 2 d 7 6 4 , 7 6 6 ( 2 0 0 1 ) ci ti ng 

### C a ta l a n o v . B u j a k , 5 3 7 P a . 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 , 6 4 2 A. 2 d 4 4 8 , 4 5 0 (1 9 9 4 ) ; C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. D u p re s u p ra 8 66 A . 2 d at 

### 1 1 0 1 - 0 2 ; C o m m o nw e a lth v. S

u ll iv a n s u

p ra 8 2 0 A . 2 d at 8 0 5 - 0 6 ; C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. K im , 8 8 8 A . 2 d 8 4 7 , 8 5 1 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 5 ) q u o ti ng 

### C

o m m o nw e a l t

h v. C h a m p n e y , 5 7 4 P a . 4 3 5 , 44 4 , 8 3 2 A. 2 d 4 0 3 , 4 0 8 ( 2 0 0 3 ) ; an d 

### C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. W i d m e r , 5 6 0 P a . 3 0 8 , 3 2 1 , 7 44 A . 2 d 7 4 5 , 7 5 3 ( 2 0 0 0 ) 

### ci ti ng C

o m m o nw e a lth v. B ro w n , 5 3 8 P a . 

### 4 1 0 , 4 3 6 , 64 8 A . 2 d 1 1 7 7 , 1 1 8 9 ( 1 9 9 4 ) . 

### A tri a l c o urt j u d g e' s d e c i s i o n r e g ar d i n g a w e i g ht o f th e e vi d e n c e c h a ll e n g e i s g i v e n m e a s ur e d d e fe r e n c e " [ b j e c au s e th e tri a l j u d g e has h a d th e o p p o rt un i ty t o h e ar an d s e e th e e v i d e n c e 

### p r e s e nt e d , an a p p e ll at e co urt 

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### c o n s i d e rat i o n t o th e fi n d i n g s an d 

### r e a s o n s adv an c e d b y 

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### j u d g e wh e n r e v i e w i n g a tri al c o urt ' s d e t erm i n at i o n th at 

### the v er d i c t i s a g ai n s t th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e . " 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. W i d m e r s u p ra 5 6 0 P a . at 3 2 1 , 7 4 4 

### A . 2 d at 7 5 3 ci t i ng C

o m m o nw e a l t

h v. F a rq u h a r s o n , 46 7 P a . 5 0 , 6 0 , 3 5 4 A . 2 d 5 4 5 , 5 5 0 (1 9 7 6 ) . An a p pe 1l at e c o urt 

### w ill n o t s ub s t i tut e i t s d ec i s i o n 

### fo r th at re a c h ed 

### b y th e tri a l c o urt , " ' [ i j n s t e a d , th i s [ S u p e ri or ] C o urt d e t e rm i n e s wh e th er th e tri al c o urt ab u s e d 

### i ts d i s c r e ti o n i n r e a c hi n g what e v e r d e c i s i o n i t 

### m a d e o n 

### th e m o ti o n , wh e th e r o r n o t th at d ec i s i o n i s 

### th e o n e w e m i g ht h av e 2 1p a g e £'. ,j



### m a d e i n th e fi r s t i n s t an c e . ' " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v S ta y s s u p ra 7 0 A .3 d at 1 2 6 8 q u o t i ng 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. W es t , 9 3 7 A . 2 d 5 1 6 , 5 2 1 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 7 ) 

### ci ti ng C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### C o u s a r , 5 9 3 P a . 2 0 4 , 2 2 3 , 9 2 8 A . 2 d 1 0 2 5 , 1 0 3 6 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . 

### Th e P e nn s y l v an i a S u

p r e m e C o urt h a s d e s c rib e d th i s d i s c r e t i o n o f th e tri a l c o urt an d th e a b us e fi n d i n g n e c e s s ar

y t o r el i ef o n a

p p e a l r el at e d t o a w e i g ht o fth e e vi d e n c e cl a i m as fo ll o ws : [ Th e pr o p e r us e o f tri a l c o urt d i s c r e t i o n ] . . . i mp o rts th e e x e r c i s e o f j u d g m e nt , 

### w i s d o m an d s k i l l s o as t o re a c h a di s p a s s i o n at e c o n clu s i o n , w i th i n th e fr am e w o rk o f th e l aw , an d i s n o t e x e r c i s e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f g i v i n g e ff ec t t o th e 

### w ill o fth e j u d g e . D i sc r e t i o n mu st b e e x e r c i sed o n th e fo un d at i o n o f re as o n , as o p p o s e d t o p re j u d i c e , p e r s o n al m o ti v at io n s , c a p ri c e o r ar

b i tr ary a c ti o ns . D i s c r e t i o n 

### i s ab u s e d wh e n th e c o ur s e p urs u e d r e p r e s e nt s n o t m e r e l y an 

### e rr o r o f



### j u d gm e nt , b ut wh e r e th e j u d g m e nt i s m an i fe s tl y unr e a s o n ab le o r wh e r e th e l aw 

### i s n o t a p p l i e d 

### o r wh er e th e r e c o r d 

### s h o w s th at th e a c ti o n i s a r e su lt o f p art i a li ty , p r e j u d i c e , b i as o r 

### ill w i l l. 

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h 

### v. W i d m e r s u p ra 

### 5 6 0 P a . at 3 2 2 , 7 44 A .2 d at 7 5 3 q u o ti ng C o ke r v. S M 

### F li c k i nge r C o m p a n y , In c . , 5 3 3 P a. 44 1 , 4 4 7 , 6 2 5 A . 2 d 1 1 8 1 , 1 1 8 4- 8 5 ( 1 9 9 3 ) . On l y 

### i f i t c an b e fo un d th at th e tri a l j u d g e c o mmi tt e d an ab u s e o f d i s c r e ti o n w ill 

### a w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e e rr or a s s i g nm e nt b e fo un d s u c c e s s ful . 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. B ro w n s u

p ra 7 1 A .3 d at 1 0 13 . Th e ab us e o f d i sc r e t i o n r e qui r e d i n s u c h a d e t e rm i n at i o n i s o n e " [ w ] h e n ' th e fi gur e o f Ju s t ic e t o tt e rs o n h e r ped e stal , ' o r wh e n ' th e j ury ' s 

### v e r d i c t , at th e t i m e o f i t s r e n d i t i o n , caus e s th e tr i al j u d g e t o l o s e h i s b r e ath , t e mp o rari l y , an d c au s e s h i m t o a lm o s t fa ll fr o m th e b e n c h , th e n i t i s 

### tru l y s h o c ki n g t o th e j u d i c i a l c o n s ci e n c e . " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. D a v i d

s o n s u p ra 8 6 0 A . 2 d at 5 8 l 

### q u o t i ng N

u d e l m a n v. G ilb r i d

e, 4 3 6 P a . S u

p e r . 4 4 , 5 1 , 6 4 7 A. 2 d 2 3 3 , 2 3 7 ( 1 9 9 4 ) 

### q u o t i ng L u p i v . K e e n a n , 3 9 6 P a . 6 , 1 5 - 1 6 , 1 5 1 A . 2 d 4 4 7 , 4 5 2 � 5 3 ( 1 9 5 9 ) (M u s m ann o , 

### J. , d i s se nt i n g ) . V i e w i n g th i s c h a ll e n g e un d e r th e ab u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n s t an d ar d an d w i th th e r e qu i r e d m e a s ur e d d e fe r e n c e , th i s c o urt d i d n o t e rr 

### in i t s c o n s i d e rati o n o f th e tr i a l e v i d e n ce an d fi n d i n g D e f e n d ant D i c k e r s o n gu i lty . 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. W i d m e r s u p ra 5 6 0 P a . at 3 2 1 , 7 44 A. 2 d at 7 5 3 

### 2 2.J U I ] u o C. U I I u 1 ; ::J ::J t"' l ' I M t"' rd X .J U U !:J e r- e uy O I U O � l ::J '!- O C.



### c i ti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h v. F a rq u h a r s o n s u p ra 4 6 7 P a . at 6 0 , 3 .5 4 A. 2 d at 5 5 0 . S e e 

### a l s o 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v S ta y s s u p ra 1 0 A . 3 d at 1 2 6 8 

### q u o ti ng C o m m o n w e a l t

h v , 

### W e s t s u p ra 

### 9 3 7 A. 2 d 

### at 5 2 1 

### c i ting C

o m m o n w e a lth v. C

o us a r s u p ra 5 9 3 P a . at 

### 2 2 3 , 9 2 8 A . 2 d at 1 0 3 6 . H av i n g b e e n th e fa c t fi n d e r at th e D e fe n d ant' s tr i a l , li st e n e d 

### att e nti v e l y t o th e e nti r e ty o f th e 

### e v i d e nt i ary p r es e nt at i o n , 

### an d o b s e rv e d th e t e s t i m o n i a l d e m e an o r o f th e v ari o u s p ro s e c uti o n 

### an d d e fe n s e w i tn e s s e s , 3 5 

### a s w e ll a s h e ar d th e 

### r e s pe c t i v e ar gum e nt s o f c o un s e l , th i s c o urt c o n cl u d e d D e f

e n d ant D i c k e r s o n 

### h a d be en p ro v e n gu il ty 

### b e y o n d a r e as o n a b l e d o ub t a s t o r o b b e r y ,3 6 

### c ri m i n a l co n s p ira c y t o 

### c o mm it r o b be ry , 3 7 

### an d p o s s es si n g i n s tr um e nt s o f c ri m e . 3 8 

### M o s t c e rta i n l y , h a d i ts 

### c o n s i d e rati o n o f th e tri a l r e c o r d l e ft th i s c o urt w i th any 

### re a s o n ed d o ub t a s t o h i s gu i l t , th i s c o urt 

### w e ll a p p r e c i at i n g th e p ro s e c ut i o n ' s fun d am e nt al b ur d e n o f p ro o f w o u l d h av e a c qu i tt e d th e D e fe n d ant. 

### T h e tri a l r e c o r d i s 

### d e v o i d o f any 

### e vi d e n c e o f " ' . . p art i al i ty , 

### p r e

j u d i c e , b i as o r 

### i1l w ill . ' " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. W i d m e r s u p ra 

### 5 6 0 P a . at 3 2 2 , 7 4 4 A. 2 d at 7 5 3 q u o ti ng C o k e r v. S .M F li c ki ng e r C o m p a n y , I n c . s u p ra 

### 5 3 3 P a . at 44 7 , 6 2 5 A . 2 d at 

### 11 8 4 - 8 5 . Th e i n s t ant r e c o r d li k e w i s e l a c k s any e v i d e n c e th at th e l aw w as o v e rri d d e n o r m i s a p p l i e d at any p o i nt o f th e tri a l. I d. 5 6 0 P a . at 3 2 2 , 7 44 A. 2 d at 7 5 3 

### q u o ti ng C o k e r v . 

### S . M Fli c k i nge r C o m p a n y . I n c . 

### s u p ra 5 3 3 

### P a . at 4 4 7 , 6 2 5 

### A. 2 d at 1 1 8 4 - 8 5 . T he r e i s n o e v i d e n c e th at th e a bo v e - c a p t i o n ed m att e r w as tri e d o n 

### any b a s i s o th e r th an f ai rl y 

### an d d i s p as s i o n ate l y b y 

### th i s 

### co urt . B a s e d o n th e a

p p li c ab l e l aw an d th e 

### a

b o v e - d e ta i le d fa c ts th i s c o urt fo un d c r e di b l y 

### p r o v e n at tri a l , D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n ' s a p p e ll at e c o mp l a i nt th at th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e d i d n o t s u p p o rt th e 

### c o urt ' s d e ci s i o n t o fi n d 

### h i m gu i lty 

### o f r o b b e ry , 3 9 

### c r i m i nal c o n sp i r a c y t o 

### c o mm i t r o b b e ry . l " 

### an d p o s s e s s i n g i n s trum e nt s o f c ri m e 4 1 

### i s m e ri t l e s s .

2 3J u n o o t u · 1 

### r u · 1 : ::> ::> l-' M H I-' t- a x.J u o g e t\e l l Y 0 · 1 u � · :: :r 1 ::i � t

Il l . 

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### F o r a ll th e ab o v e r e a s o n s , D e fe n d ant Di c k e r s o n ' s c o nv i c t i o n s an d j u d g m e nt o f s e nt e n c e 

### s h o u l d b e a ffi rm ed ,

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### e r.

2 4J u n u o .::: u I r u 1 : : J: :> t' 1 · 1 H t' ra x . u c q e l'\ e u y o I u o � 1 ::> 4 0 <'.'.

1 1 8 P a. C . S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a){ 1 X i i ) . 2 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . 3 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 3 . 4 1 8 P a . C. S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a ) ( 1 X i i ) . s 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 7 ( a) . 6 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 1 ( a ) ( J ) ( i i )) . p a g e z o

7 Ju s t p ri o r t o the co mm e n c e m e nt o f th e tri a l' s e v i d e nti ary p re s e nt at i o n , ab s e nt o b j e c t io n , the C o mm o nw e al th , o f - re c o r d , in o p e n c o urt , w i th dr e w a ll o th e r c o unt s an d / s u b c o unt s o f i t s p a s t l o d g e d c r i m i n a l i n f o rm ati o n , e x c e p t th o s e d e c i d e d b y th e co urt ' s v e r d i c t . N . T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p . 1 2 . S e e a/ s o V e rct ic t d at e d Ju l y 1 4 , 2 0 1 6 , 8 1 8 P a . C. S . § 3 7 0 l ( a ) (1 X i i ) . 9 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . 1 0 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 J ( 3 7 0 1 ( a ) (I X ii )) . 1 1 T h e c o urt furthe r m e m o ri a l i z e d i t s p o s t - v e r d i c t b a il m od i fi c at i o n v i a an ord e r o f th at s am e d ay (Ju l y 1 4 , 2 0 1 6 ) . S e e O rd e r d at e d Ju l y 1 4 , 2 0 1 6 . 12 A l th o u g h s e nten c i n g w a s o ri g i n a ll y s c h e d u l e d t o t ak e p l a c e o n S e p te mb e r 1 3 , 2 0 1 6 , th e D e f en d ant s h o rt l y p ri or t o th i s d at e h a d r e ta i n e d n e w c o un s e l , S h ak a M . J o hn s o n , E s qu i re , wh o w a s un av a il ab l e t o att e n d th i s l i s t i n g . A d d i t i o n a ll y , th e p re s e nt e n c e a i d s as p a s t o rd e r e d b y th i s c o urt w e r e n o t th e n c o mp l e t e d , N . T . 7 /1 4 /1 6 , p p . 6 - 7 an d N . T . 9 / 1 3 /1 6 , p p . 3 - 5 . 1 1 1 8 P a . C . S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a ) ( 1 )( i i ) . 1 4 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 l ( aX l ) ( i i ) ) . i i 1 8 P a . C . S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a } ( l ) ( ii ) . 1 6 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . 17 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 1 ( aX I ) ( ii ) ) . 1 8 6 1 P a . C . S . § § 3 9 0 1 e t s e q . 1 9 6 1 P a . C . S . § § 4 5 0 1 e t s e q . 2 0 P ar a gr a

p h numb e r on e ( l ) o f D e fe n d ant D i c k e rs o n ' s s t at e m e nt o f m att e rs c o mp l a i n e d d o e s n o t av e r an e rr o r a s s i g nm e nt , b ut s i mp l y re c o gn i ze s that h i s e x t e n s i o n a p p l i c at i o n fo r th e s tate m e nt ' s fi l i n g w a s b y th i s c o urt a ll o w e d . S e e S tat e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . I . Se e a l s o P e t i t i o n fo r E x t e n s i o n o f T i m e d at e d J anu ary 2 5 , 2 0 17 , an d O r d e r d at e d F e b ru ary 3 , 2 0 1 7 . 2 1 T h e D e fe n d ant ' s s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e nc e e rr o r a s s i gnm e nt s are d e ta il e d b e l o w :

b ) T h e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e nt a s a m att e r o f l aw t o c o nv i c t th e Ap p e ll ant o f R o b b e ry - T hr e at l mm e d S e r In j ury [ s i c ]. T he C o mm o nw e a l th fa i l e d t o p r o v e b e y o n d a r ea s o n ab l e d o u b t th at ( 1 ) Ap p e ll ant w a s th e a s s a il ant , an d ( 2 ) Ap p e ll ant thr e at e n e d an o th e r w i th o r i nt e nt i o n a ll y p ut h i m in f ear o f i mm e d i at e s e ri o u s b o d i l y i n

j ury . c ) Th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e nt a s a m att e r o f l aw t o c o nv i c t th e Ap p e ll ant o f P o s s In s tr

um e nt o f C ri m e W/ l nt [ s i c ]. T h e C o mm o nw e a l th f a i l e d to p r o v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at ( I ) Ap p e ll ant p o s s e s s e d a fi r e arm , ( 2 ) th e fi r earm w a s an i n s trum e nt o f c ri m e , an d ( 3 ) Ap pe ll ant p o s s e s s e d th e i t e m w i th i nt e nt t o e mp l o y i t c ri m i n a ll y . d ) Th e e vi d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e nt a s a m att e r o f Jaw t o c o nvi c t th e Ap pe ll ant o f C o n s p i ra c y t o c o mm i t ro b b e ry Thre at o f I mm e d B o d i l y I n j ury [ s i c ] w i th an unkn o wn i n d i v i d

u al . Th e C o mm o nw e a l th fa il e d t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u b t th at ( 1 ) an ag re e m e nt e x i s t e d b e tw e e n Ap p e ll ant an d an un i d e nt i fi e d 

### in d i v i d u al , ( 2 ) Ap p e ll ant an d th e un i d e nti fi e d in di v i d u a l int e n d e d t o p ro m o t e o r 2 5J u n u o £'. U I I U I : :: )O t"' l " I H t"' - a xu c q e t\ e L LY O I u o � I :) 4 0 £'. p a g e c t

fa c ili t at e th e c o mm i tt i n g o f th e c ri m e , an d ( 3 ) Ap p e ll ant o r th e un i d e nt i fi e d i n d i v i d u a l c o mm i tt ed an o v e rt a c t i n furth e ran c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . S e e S t at e m e nt o f M att e rs C o mp l a i n e d , N o , 2 ( b ) ( c )( d) . 2 2 A c c e p t i n g th e tri a l e v i d e n c e le ga ll y p ro v e d D e fe n d ant D i c ke rs o n ' s i d e nti fi cat i o n , th e p ro s e c ut i o n ' s e v i d e nti ary p r e s e nt ati o n a l s o un qu e s ti o n ab l y e s tab li s h e d th at h e an d a c ri m i n a l c o h o rt e nt e r ed a l o c a l S un o c o g as stati o n e a c h w i th th e i r s h i rts p u ll e d u p t o th e i r m o uth s an d th e h o o d s o f th e i r s w e ats h i rt s p u ll e d d o wn o nto th e i r fo r e h e a d s . N . T . 7 (1 1 11 6 , p p . 2 9 - 3 4 . Th e as s a il ant s p r o c e e d e d d i r e c t l y t o th e s t o r e ' s c le r k w i th th e gun to ti n g D e fe n d ant w a l k i n g aro un d th e c o unt e r t o d i r e c t l y c o n fr o nt th e vi c t i m - c l e r k . N . T . 7 /1 1 /1 6 , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 , 3 6 . Wh il e D e fen d ant D i c k e r s o n b r an d i s h e d h is fi re arm ab o ut th e fa ce o f th e cl e rk - v i c ti m . h i s c o - c o n s p i r at or v e rb a ll y thr e at e n e d th e y o un g m an at l e a s t tw ic e t o " . .. h an d o v e r th e m o n e y , o r e l se .. . h e w ill s h oo t. " N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 2, 3 8 , 4 1. Ri ght a ft e r th e v i c ti m - cl e r

k c o mp li e d an d s urr e n d e re d th e s h o p ' s m o n e y t o th e unk n o wn c o - a s s ai l ant , bo th he an d th e D e fe n d ant t o g e th e r i mm e d i at e l y fl e d th e s c e n e . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 8 , 4 1. P e r th at f

urth e r d i s c u s s e d i n

fra , th e s e f

a c t s r ec o unt e d i mm e d i ate l y ab o v e w i th th e D e fe n dant ' s i d e nti fi cat i o n h av i n g b ee n p ro v e n a s a m att e r o f l aw m o s t c e rt a i n l y d e m o n s tr at e th at a ll o th e r n ece s s ar y c l e m e nt s o f h i s c o nv i c ti o n s w e r e l e g a ll y e s tab li s h e d . S e e E n dn o t e N o . 2 8 , p . 1 8 . 2 3 M r . Ab r ah am ' s te s t i m o ny b e g an w i th the c o n c e ss i o n th at h e d i d n o t w ant t o b e t e s t i f y i n g i n c o urt ab o ut th e r o b b e ry an d h i s v i c t i m i z at i o n , b ut w a s o n l y a p p eari n g a s a p r o s e c ut i o n w i tn e s s b e c au s e h e w as s o s u b p o e n a e d . N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p p . 2 3 - 2 5 . l 4 T h e v i c t i m ' s h e i g ht d e s c r i p t i o n s o f th e r o b b e r s w e r e b a s e d o n h i s o wn k n o w l e d g e th at h e i s fi v e f ee t fi v e i n c h e s ( 5 ' 5 " ) ta ll an d th e p e rp e tr at o r s w e r e a fe w i n c h e s t a ll e r th an h i m . N . T . 10 /2 8 / 1 6 , p . 7 6 . F o ll o w i n g M r . Ab rah am ' s p h o t o array i d e nt ifi c ati o n , C h i e fH e rr o n dr a ft e d th e c ri m i n a l c o mp l a i nt at b ar wh i c h li s t ed th e D e f e n d ant ' s h e i g ht a s fi v e fe e t n i n e i n c h e s ( 5 ' 9 " ) . N . T . 7 / 1 3 /1 6 , p . 1 2 3 . 2 5 Th e c o unt er w a s m o s t m o d e s t i n s i z e a p p ro x i m at i n g th at o f a h o u s e h o l d t ab l e an d th e o n l y p hy s i c a l s e p ar ati o n b e tw ee n th e s h o p ' s p u

b li c ar e a an d th at o f the c as h i e r . M r . Ab rah am w as n o t e n s c o n c e d i n s o m e p ro t e c ti v e l i k e c u b i c l e aff o r d i n g h i m at l e a s t a m e a s ur e o f s a fe ty fr o m th e ro b b e rs . 

### S e e C o mm o nw eahh E xh i b i t C - 2 - S un o c o S urv e ill an c e F oo ta g e fr o m Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 . S e e a l s o N. T , 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p . 3 6 . 2 6 Th e v i c ti m w as p r e se nt e d at tri a l w i th th e p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g n o t e s . P e r th i s tr an s c rip t , M r . Ab r ah am at th e p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g fi r st r e fu s e d to r e s p o n d t o qu e st i o n s ab o ut th e arm e d ro b b e r ' s i d e nt i ty an d o n b e i n g adv i s ed b y th e p r e s i d i n g m a gi s te ri a l d i s tri c t j u d g e th at h e w as r e qu i r e d t o an s w e r s u c h i n qu i ri e s te s t ifi ed that th e i nd i v i d u a l at th e p r e l i m i n ar

y h e ari n g , th e D e f

e n d ant , w a s n o t o n e ( 1 ) o fth e ro b b e r s fr o m Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 . D e s p i t e s u c h r e l u c t an c e to i d e nt i fy th e De fe n d ant at th e p r e li m i n ar y h e ari n g , wh e n c o n fro nt e d at th e s am e p r oc e e d i n g w i th th e p h o t o arr ay , Mr . Ab r ah am a c k

n o w l e d g e d p a s t e x e c ut i n g , d at i n g, c i r c li n g , an d i d e nti fy i n g th e i n d i v i d u a l i n p h o t o gra

p h s i x (N o . 6 ) , a s th e fi r e arm w i e l d i n g ro b b e r , D e fe n d ant Di c k e r s o n . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 6 5 - 6 9 , 77 � 9 1. S e e a ls o C omm o nw e a l th E xh ib i t C - 4 - P r e li m i n ary H e ari n g T r an s c rip t, p p . l 0 - 1 4 , 1 6 an d S t at e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 ( a) . B e c au s e s u c h e qu i v o c a l p r e - tri al i d e nti fi c at i o n t es ti m o ny i s m or e p ro p e rl y s e e n t o b e w i th i n th e p urvi e w o f th e D e fe n d ant ' s c h a ll e n g e t o th e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e a p p e ll at e c o mp l a i nt g i v e n th e s t an d ar d c o ntr o ll i n g l e g a l s u ffi c i e n c y cl a i m s , i t i s i n th at c o nt e x t d i s c u s s e d b e l o w . C o m m o nw e a lth ¥

. C a i n s u p ra 9 06 A . 2 d at 1 2 4 5 ci t i ng 

### C o m m o n w e alth v . 

### M

in n i s s u p ra 3 1 2 P a . S u

p e r , at 5 7 , 4 5 8 A. 2 d at 2 3 3 . 

### S e e a l s o C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. Potte r s o n su p ra 9 4 0 A . 2 d at 5 0 2 c i ti ng C o m m o n w e a lth v. Ga llo w ay s u p ra 4 9 5 P a . at 5 3 9 , 4 3 4 A . 2 d at 12 2 2 an d C o m m o nw e a l t

h v . H a ly e s u p ra 7 1 9 A . 2 d at 7 6 4 ; an d C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. T r in i d a d s u p ra 9 6 A. 3 d at 1 0 3 8 . 2 7 At tri a l , M r . Ab rah am e xp l a i n e d th at co nn e c t e d t o th e r e g is t e r i s a h i d d en draw e r c o nt a i n i n g o v e r o n e hun dr e d d o ll ar s ( $ 1 0 0 . 0 0 ) o f' vm ark ed " Un i t e d S t at e s c urr e n c y an d S unoc o e mp l o y ee s i n th e e v e nt o f a ro b be ry are tra i n ed t o s urr e n d e r th i s " m ark e d " m o n e y fr o m th i s s e c re ted c o mp artm e nt. N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 3 6 - 3 7 . 2 8 I n l i g ht o f th e ab o v e s umm ari z ed tri al e v i d e n c e , i t j u s t c ann o t b e r e as o n ab l y o r o th e rw i s e argue d th at D e fe n d ant 

### D i c k e r s o n di d n o t in th e co urse o f c o mm i tti n g a th e ft thr eat e n an o th e r w i th o r int e nti o n a ll y p ut th e c l e rk - v i c ti m in 2 6p a g e <'.'. �

f e ar o f i mm e d i at e s e r i o u s b o d il y i n j ury . 1 8 P a. C . S . § 3 7 0 J ( a) (1 X i i ) . S e e a l s o C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. K u b is, 9 7 8 A. 2 d 3 9 1 , 3 9 6 ( P a . S u

p e r . 2 0 0 9 ) an d C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . T ho m a s, 3 7 6 P a . S u

per , 4 5 5 , 4 6 0 , 5 4 6 A. 2 d 11 6 , 1 1 9 � 1 0 ( 1 9 8 8 ) c i ting C o m m o n w e a lth v. M

ay s, 2 4 8 P a . S u

p e r , 3 1 8 , 3 2 1 , 3 7 5 A . 2 d 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. Du ff e y, 5 1 9 P a . 3 4 8 , 3 5 7 - 5 8 , 5 4 8 A. 2 d 1 1 7 8 , 1 1 8 2 ( 1 9 8 8 ) ci t i ng C o m m o nw e a lth v , B ro w n , 5 0 6 P a . 1 6 9 , 1 7 6 , 4 84 A . 2 d 7 3 8 , 7 4 1 ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . M a tth ew , 5 8 9 P a . 4 8 7 , 4 9 4 - 9 5 , 9 09 A. 2 d 1 2 5 4 , 1 2 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) ; C o m m o nw e a l

th v . Ha ll , 5 7 4 P a . 2 3 3 , 2 4 2 , 8 3 0 A. 2 d 5 3 7 , 5 4 2 ( 2 0 0 3 ) ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. A lf o rd , 8 8 0 A. 2 d 6 6 6 , 6 7 5 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 5 ) ci ting C o m m o nw e a lt

h v , H o p k i n s, 

### 7 4 7 A. 2 d 9 1 0 , 9 1 4 - 1 5 ( P a . S u p e r . 20 0 0 ) ; an d P a . S S JI ( C ri m ) 1 5 .3 7 0 l ( A ) . S e e a ls o S t at e m e nt o f M att e r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 ( b ) . L i k e w i s e , th i s e v i d e n c e m o s t c e rta i n l y e s t ab li sh e d th e h an d gun w a s an in s trum e nt o f c ri m e an d p o s s e s s e d b y th e D e f e n d ant w ith an int e nt t o e mp l o y th e fi r e arm c ri m i n a ll y . 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . S

e e a l s o C o m m o nw e a lt

h v , B as k

e rv i lle, 4 5 2 P a . S u

p e r , 8 2 , 9 3 , 6 8 1 A . 2 d 1 9 5 , 2 0 1 (1 9 9 6 ) c i t i ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h v . G lo v e r

, 3 9 9 P a . S u

p e r . 6 10 , 6 1 6 , 5 8 2 A. 2 d 1 1 11 , 1 1 1 4 ( 1 9 9 0 ) c i t i ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. J a c ks o n s u p ra 5 0 6 P a . at 4 7 3 , 4 8 5 A. 2 d at 1 1 04 ; C o m m o n w e a lth l' . H

e n n i gan , 7 5 3 A. 2 d 2 4 5 , 2 5 3 ( P a . S u p e r . 20 00 ) q u o ting C o m m o nw e a lt

h v , J o h n s o n , 7 1 9 A . 2 d 7 7 8 , 7 8 4 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 9 8 ) (

e n b a n e ) , a p p e a l d e n i e d. 5 5 9 P a . 6 8 9 , 7 3 9 A . 2 d 1 0 5 6 ( 1 9 9 9 ) c i ti ng C

o m m o nw e a lth v. S

w erd lo w , 4 3 1 P a . S u

p e r . 4 5 3 , 4 5 8 , 6 3 6 A. 2 d 1 1 7 3 , 11 7 6- 1 1 7 7 ( 1 9 9 4 ) ; C o m m o nw e a lt

h v . S a n c h ez , 8 2 A . 3 d 9 4 3 , 9 7 3 ( P a . 2 0 1 3 ) c i ti ng C o m m o nw e a lt

h v. W e im e r , 6 0 2 P a . 3 3 , 3 9 , 9 77 A . 2 d 1 1 0 3 , 1 1 0 6 ( 2 0 0 9 ) ; C

o m m o n w e a lth v , M

u r p h y , 5 7 7 P a . 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 8 4 4 A . 2 d 1 2 2 8 , 1 2 3 8 ( 2 0 0 4 ) c it i ng C o m m o nw e a l t

h v . W ay n e, 5 5 3 P a . 6 1 4 , 6 3 0 , 72 0 A. 2 d 4 5 6 , 4 6 3 - 6 4 ( 1 9 9 8 ) ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . Ru iz , 8 1 9 A. 2 d 9 2 , 9 8 ( P a . S u pe r . 2 0 0 3 ) q u o ti ng C

o m m o nw e alth v . La m b e r t , 7 9 5 A . 2 d 1 0 10 , 1 0 1 6 - 1 7 ( P a. S u p e r . 2 00 2 ) qu o ti ng C

o m m o nw e a lth v , G a l i n des , 7 8 6 A . 2 d 1 0 0 4 , I O I l ( P a . S u p e r , 2 0 0 1 ) ; C

o m m o nw e a lth v . B a c h er t

, 2 7 1 P a . S u

pe r . 72 , 77 , 4 1 2 A. 2 d 5 8 0 , 5 8 3 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; an d P a . S S J I ( C ri m ) 1 2 . 9 0 3 ( A )( B ) . S e e a l s o S t at e m e nt o f M atte r s C o mp l a i n e d, N o . 2 ( c ) . T h i s tr i a l e v id e n c e s i m i l ar l y p ro v e s w i th o ut qu e s t i o n an a g r e e m e nt t o c o mm i t a r o b b e ry b e tw e e n D e f en d ant D ic k e r s o n an d h i s unkn o wn c o n fe d e r ate w i th th e int e nt t o fa c i l i t at e o r p r o m o t e th e s am e , 

### as w e ll 

### as th e o b v io u s o ve rt a ct o f th e c o mp l e t e d arm e d ro b b e ry ' s p e rp etr ati on . 1 8 P a . C S . § 90 3 ( 3 7 0 1 ( aX I X i i) ) . S e e a l s o C o m m o nw e a l t

h v. G l a d d e n , 4 4 5 P a . S u p e r , 4 3 4 , 4 4 4 , 6 6 5 A. 2 d 1 20 1 , 1 2 00 (1 9 9 5 ) an d P a . S S JI ( C ri m ) 12 . 9 0 7 ( A ) . S e e a l s o S t at.e m e nt o f M atte r s C o mp l a i n e d , N o . 2 ( d ) . S e e g e n era ll y C o m m o nw e a l t

h v , Pa tte r

s o n s u pra 9 4 0 A . 2 d at 5 0 0 an d C o m m o n w e a lth v . K r le gle r s u p ra 1 2 7 A . 3 d at 8 4 7 q u o ti ng C o m m o n w e a lth v. H

ar li e su p ra 11 9 4 A . 2 d at 90 3 -0 4 q u o t i ng C o m m o n w e a lt

h v. T h o m a s s u p ra 8 6 7 A. 2 d at 5 9 7 . 29 1 8 P a . C . S . § 3 7 0 l ( a) (l ) ( i i ) . 3 0 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 1 ( aX l ) ( i i ) ) . 3 1 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . n 1 8 P a. C. S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a ) (l )( i i ) . 3 1 1 8 P a. C . S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 l ( aX l ) ( i i )) . 3 4 1 8 P a. C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . 3 5 M r . Ab r ah am w a s qu e s t i o n e d at tr i al b y th e att o rn e y s ab o ut i n c o ns i s te n ci e s b e tw ee n h i s p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g an d tri a l i d e nt i fi c ati o n t e s t i m o ny . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 6 5 - 6 9 , 7 7 - 9 1 . H o w e v e r , th e s e d i s c r e p an c i e s w e re cl ar i fi e d at tri a l a s d i s c u s s e d i mm e d i ate l y b e l o w thr o u g h furth e r i n qu i r j e s b y b o th th e p r o s e c ut i o n an d d e f e n s e c o un s e l . R e l e v ant t o th e De fe n d ant ' s i d e nt i fi c ati o n, M r . Ab rah am at th e p r e l i m i n ary h e ari n g c o nt i nuo u s l y o ff e r e d , " I ' m no t c o m fo rtab l e an s w e ri n g th at qu e s t i o n , " an d o n b e i n g p r e s s e d b y th e m a g i s t e ri a l d i s tri c t j u d g e to p ro v i d e an an s w e r h e r e p e at e d h i s " d i s c o m fo rt " an d / o r c l a i m e d h e d i d n o t th e n r e c o g n iz e th e D e fe n d ant. N . T . 7 / 1 1 11 6 , p p . 6 6 , 6 8 , 6 9 , 77 - 7 8 , 8 0 - 8 1 , 8 6 , 8 9 . S

e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 4 - P re l i m i n ar y H e ar in g T ran s c rip t , p p . 8 , 1 1 , 2 1 - 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 . O n furth e r i n qu i ry b y th e C o mm o nw e a l th at tri a l int o h i s p as t r e l u c t an c e t o th e n an s w e r th e s e qu e s t i o n s b e fo r e th e m a g i s t e ri al d i s tri c t c o urt , Mr . Ab rah am p ro v i d ed c r ed i b l e e xp l an at i o n s abo ut h i s " unc o m f o rtab l e n e s s " i n n o t o n l y i d e nt i fy i n g th e D e fe n d ant , b ut a l s o a p p eari n g at th e p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g an d tri a l a s a p ro s e c ut i o n w i tn e s s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 6 6 , 8 3 - 8 4 . E v e ntu a ll y , M r . Ab rah am r e v ea l e d h i s p a s t an d p r e s e nt c o n c e rns w i th t e st i fy i n g a s a w i tn e ss fo r th e C o mmo nw e a l th p e r th e fo 1I o w i n g :

M r . Ab r ah am : 1 d i dn ' t g e t hurt , an d i t w as n ' t my m o n e y . Ri ght - - .. . - - i f i t

w o u l d ' v e 

### p ut m e in d an g e r , o r , 

### l i k e , i f I w a s i n d an g e r , or li k e

2 7J U I ] u o L U I I U L :.J l t' l ' I M t' rd l \J U U y e r-. e L L Y O I U 0 '.:::1 1 :.J <+ O L

- n o t - i f 1 w a s hurt , I p ro b ab l y w o u l d ' v e s a i d s o m e th i n g . If y o u w e r e t o hurt o n e o f my fam i l y m e mb e r s , I w o u l d ' v e s a i d s o m e th i n g , b ut s i n c e h e j u s t d i d i t , I gu e ss , fo r th e m o n e y , I' m 

### gu e s s i n g . I 

### m e an , h e g o t li k e $ 1 2 0 . S un o c o , w e m ak e th at m o n e y ri g ht b a c k u

p . I w as n ' t hurt . I w a s j u s t - I w a s j u s t o v e r th e s i tu at i o n . An d I j u s t d i dn ' t w ant t o c o m e h e re an d j u s t t e l l , I gu e s s . . .. M r. Di Ro s ato ; Wh at y o u ' v e t o l d th e C o urt h e r e t o d ay , is th at th e tr uth ? M r . Ab r ah am : Y e s . M r . Di R os at o : W

h o d ld y o u s e e ro b y o u h a c k 0 1 , J u n e JB' h o f 2 0 1 5 ? M r. Ab rah am : H

i m r i g h t h e r e. . • • M r . D i R o s at o :

. . . Do y o u f e e l o b li g at e d t o c o m e i n h e r e an d t e st i fy li k e i t w as s o me M r . A b ra h a m : Y e s , b e c au s e I - fr o m th e b e g i nn i n g , th e fi r s t t e s ti m o ny o r

th e - y e ah , th e fi rs t C o urt d at e 1 h a d , I to l d y o u I d i dn ' t w ant t o co m e , an d y o u a ll m a d e m e c am e { s i c ]. M r . Di R o s at o : W e ll , d i d y o u t e 11 m e , o r d i d y o u t e ll s o m e o n e e l s e ? M r . Ab r ah am : T h e p o l i c e o ffi c e r s . .. M r . D i Ro s at o : S o wh o d i d y o u t e ll wh e n yo u g o t n o ti c e to c o me t o th e

D i s tri c t Co urt h e r e , the l o c a l C o urt ? M r . Ab rah am : E

v e ry o n e t h a t J s p o k e to , tl , e o ffi c e rs . E

v e ry o n e . I to l

d t h e m I d i d n o t w a n t to tes ti

fy b e c a us e I w a s n o t c o m f o rta b le .

2 8J u n U b l'. 0 1 f U 1 : !:l � f-! M H f-! 1- a x J u d g e K e l l y b 1 U � � 1 !:> 4 � l'.

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S o , a g a i n , wh at w a s m aki n g y o u s o un c o m fo rt ab l e ? M r . Ab rah am : B e c au s e I u s e d t o w o r k at S un o co , an d h o w s m a ll i t 

### is , anyb o dy c an c o m e • - i f I w as t o be li k e , h e d i d i t - J s a w h i m a c o u p le d a y s a fte r tlla t , a n d a n y t h i ng c o ul d ' v e 

### h a p p e n e d. H e c o u l d ' v e s t ill c am e [ s i c ] i n th e s t o r e an d d i d anyth i n g . I j u s t w a s n ' t c o m fo rta

b l e . M r. D i R o s at o : D i d y o u e v e r s e e h i m a ft e r th e p r e li m i n ary h e ar in g th e

D e fe n d ant , a ft e r O c t o b e r 2 8 1 h , c o m e i n y o ur st o r e ? M r . Ab r ah am : Y e s . M r . Di R o s at o : Wh e n d i d y o u s t op w o rki n g at S un o c o ? M r . Ab rah am : 1 c an ' t re m e mb e r th e d at e e x a c tl y . I c an ' t r e m e mb e r th e e x a c t

d at e . M r . Di R o s at o : W a s i t a ft e r th e p r e l i m i n ary h e ari n g, th at l oca l Di s tr i c t C o urt

h e ar in g ? M r . Ab r ah am : Y e s . M r . Oi R o sat o : Wh at a b o ut y o ur s a fe ty ? D i d s a f ety e v e r i mpa c t y o ur d e ci s io n t o t e s t i fy o r n o t w ant t o t e s t i fy ? Mr . Ab r ah am : Y es . M r . D i R o s at o : What ab o ut y o ur sa fe ty ? Wh at w e r e y o u c o n ce rn ed a b o ut ? I f h e d i dn ' t hurt y o u th e fi r s t ti m e , why w o u l d y o u ' v e th o u g ht y o u ' d b e hurt a ft e r ? 2 9M r . Ab r ah am : p a g e s 1

M r . D i R o sat o : M r . Ab r ah am : M r . Dl Ro s at o : M r . Ab r ah am : M r . D i R o s at o :

M r . Ab rah am : M r . Di R o sat o :

M r . Ab r ah am : M r . D i Ro s at o : M r . Ab r aham : M r . Di Ro s at o : H e ' d b e - j ust my s a f e ty . I t w a s j u s t - if I s ee hi m i n th e s tr e e ts, anyth i n g c o u l d h a

p p e n , I' m n o t s ay i n g - h e i s c a p ab l e o f , l i k e , hurt i n g m e , b ut I' m - I w as n ' t s car e d , j u s t anyth i n g c o u l d h a p p e n . S o l e t' s c l e ar u

p - I c o u l d g e t -

- · o n e m o r e th i n g b e fo r e I -

- I c o u l d g e t j ump e d . Anyth in g c o u l d h a p p e n . D o y o u r e m e mb e r t e 11in g th e C o urt b ac k o n Oct o b e r 2 8 th o f 2 0 1 5 th at wh at y o u m e ant b y n o t c o m fo rt ab l e i s , ' I ' m w o rk i n g at S un o co , an d i t ' s o p e n . ' Um - hum . I s th at a y e s ? Y e s . W a s th at g o i n g t o y o ur s a f e ty , th e c o n c e rn s fo r y o ur sa fe ty ?

Y e s . An d th e n o n p a g e 2 6 , l i n e 1 3 , y o u w e r e as k e d , ' S i r , y o u s tart ed t o an s w e r th e que s ti o n b y say i n g S un o co w a s o p e n . ' Ans w e r at 1 5 , ' Y es .' T h e qu e s t i o n w a s , ' E xp l a i n wh at y o u 

### m e an . ' Do 

### y o u re m e mb e r 

### t e lli n g th e C o urt 

### o n li n e 1 7 ,

3 0p a g e 3£'.'.

' Anyth i n g c o u l d h ap p e n , li k e any o n e co u l d c o m e i n th e s t o re an d d o anyth in g t o m e . ' An d th e n th e qu e s t i o n p o s e d t o y o u i s , ' D o anyth in g s i m il ar t o wh at 

### h a p p e n e d o n Jun e 1 st " ?' An s w e r , ' Y es .' Q u e s t i o n , ' So th at m ak e s y o u un c o m f o rt ab l e , th at i t c o ul d h a

p p e n a g a i n , i s th at wh at y o u ' re t e lli n g th e C o urt ? ' Y o ur an s w e r w a s , ' Y e s .' M r . Ab r ah am : Y e s . M r. D i R o s at o : Wir en y o u test ifi e d a t t h ep re li m i n a ry k

e a ri ng , w a s a c o n ce rn f o r y o u r s a

f e ty o n e o f til e d r i v i ng f a c to rs a b o u t y o u r a n s w e r s t M r . Ab rah am : Y

e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 8 5 - 8 7 , 9 0 - 9 1. ( E mp h as i s a d d e d . ) Se e a l s o C o mm o nw ea l th E xh ib i t C -4 - Pre l i mi n ary H e ari n g T ran s c rip t. I n a dd it i o n t o M r . Ab r aham ' s e xp l an at i o n th at it w as c o n c e rn s ab o ut h i s s af e ty wh i c h l e d h i m t o n o t i d e nt i fy D e fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n as th e gun t o ti n g r o b b e r at th e p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g , h e a c kn o w l e d g e d th e D e f e n d ant w a s in fa c t p r e se nt b e fo r e th e m a g i st e ri al d i s tr ic t c o urt, N . T . 7 / 1 l !I 6 , p . 6 6 . M o r e s p e c i fi c a ll y , M r . Ab r ah am t esti fi e d as fo ll o w s : M r . Di R o s at o : S o , th e p e r s o n in th at C o urtr oo m [ s i c ] b a c k o n O c t o b e r 

## z s " w as n ' t a d i f

f e r e nt pe r s o n . Y o u j u s t d i dn ' t want t o m ak e th e i d e nt i fi cat i o n ? M r . Ab rah am : Y e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p . 6 7 . S

e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C -4 - P r e li m in ary H e ari n g T r an sc rip t , p p . 6 5 - 6 9 , 7 7 - 9 1 . T h i s c o urt ' s a c c e p ti n g i n i ts f a c t fi n d i n g fun c t i o n M r . Ab r ah am ' s i d e nt i fi c ati o n o f D e f e n d ant D i c k e r s o n w a s g r o un d e d o n s u c h m ate ri a l c i r c um s tan c e s ' t o t a li ty , aJl o f wh i c h c o mb i n e d to c o nv i n c e i t b e y o n d a re a s o nab l e d o u b t th at th e De fe n d ant w a s i n fa ct th e fi r earm w i e l d i n g ro bb e r . A l th o u g h D e fe nd ant D i c k e r s o n ' s fa c e w a s p art i a ll y c o n c e al e d thr o u g h o ut th e r o b b e ry , M r. Ab r ah am w as in hi s i mm e d i at e p hy s i c a l p ro x i m i ty at a d i s t an ce o f ap p r o x i m at e l y o n e ( 1 ) fo o t an d o th e rw is e a ff o r d e d a c le ar o p p o rtun i ty t o o b s e rv e th e D e f

e n d ant un d e r th e s t o r e ' s i nt e ri o r li ghti n g c o n d i ti o n s . N .T . 7 / 1 11 1 6 , p p . 3 1 - 3 9 . M r . Ab r ah am h a d r e c e i v e d p a s t tra i n i n g a bo ut wh at h e s h o u l d do i f v i c ti m i z e d wh i1 e w o rki n g at th e g a s s t ati o n an d w a s atte nt i v e thro u g h o ut th e r o b b e ry p e r th at i n s tru c t i o n , i n c lu d i n g a s t o th o s e c irc um s t an ce s b e ar i n g o n D e fe n dant Di c k e r s o n ' s i d e nt i fi c at i o n . N .T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 2 5 - 2 7 , 3 1 - 4 0 .

3 1J u n Ub ,:: '.U' I 

### r U'I : ::i tS r' M H r' - a xj u c q e K e l l y b ' l UtS ' : fl ::J 4 tS .::'. p a g e 3 3

Hi s d e s crip t i o n o f th e arm e d ro b b e ry ' s e thn i c i ty , b o dy b u i l d , h e i g ht an d a g e w a s c o n s i st e nt w i th th o s e o f th e D e f e n d ant. N . T . 7 /1 1 /1 6 , p p . J l - 4 0 . N . T . 7 / 1 3 / 1 6 , p . 1 2 3 . S e e a l s o C ri m i n a l C o mp l ai nt an d P r o b ab l e C au s e Af fi d av i t. S h o rtl y a ft e r th e r o b b e ry ( Ju l y 7 , 2 0 1 5 ) , M r . Ab rah am , w i th o ut h e s i tat i o n , wh e n s h o wn a p h o t o ar ray b y C h i e f H e rr o n re ad i l y i d e nt i fi e d De fe n d ant D i c k e r s o n a s th e arm e d ro b b e r . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 5 9 - 6 1 , 6 3 - 6 4 . N . T . 7 / 13 / 1 6 , p p . 1 I 9 - 2 2 . M r . Ab rah am 

### at tri a l 

### r e a d il y c o n firm e d h i s p as t p i c to ri a l i d e nti fi c ati o n o f th e D e f e n d ant an d furth e r i d e nt i fi e d th e p h o t o g r a

p h h e s e l e c t e d (N o . 6 ) a s b e i n g th at o f D e f e n d ant D i c k e r s o n . N . T . 7 / 1 1 1 1 6 , p p . 6 1 - 6 3 . 

### S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o to Arra y , Wh i l e at th e p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g , M r . Ab r ah am fo r th o se r e a s o n s d e t a il e d ab o v e re fu s ed t o m ak e an i n - c o urt i d e nti fi c at i o n o f th e D e f e n d ant , h e th e n d i d wh e n c o n fr o nt e d wi th th e p h o t o array ac kn o w l e d g e h av i n g s i g n e d , d at e d , an d c i r cl e d p i c tur e numb e r s i x ( 6 ) , i d e nt ify i n g th e D e fe n dant a s th e h an d gun b r an d i s hi n g ro b b e r . N . T . 7 11 1/ 6 , p p . 6 5 - 6 9 , 7 7 - 9 1. S

e e a l s o C o mm onw e a l th E xh i b i t C -4 - Pr e li m i n ary H eari n g T ran s c r i p t , p p . 1 0 - 1 4 , 1 6 an d C o mm o nw e a l th E xh i b i t C - 3 - P h o t o Array . M o r e o v er , th e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e at b ar th at M r . Ab rah am e v e r i d e nt i fi e d any o n e a s th i s arm ed r o b b e r o th e r th an D e fe n d ant D i c k e rs o n . Th i s c o urt at tri a l h av i n g k ee n l y o b s e rv e d h i s t e s t i m o n i a l d e me an o r fo un d c red ib l e M r . Ab rah am ' s e xp l an at i o n s a b o ut h i s fe ar o f c o o p e r at i n g w i th th e p ro se c ut i o n c au s i n g h i m t o r e fu s e duri n g the p r e li m i n ary h e ari n g t o i d e nt i fy th e D e fe n d ant. N . T . 7 / 11 / 1 6 , p p . 8 5 - 8 7 , 9 0 - 9 1. Hi s t e s t i m o ny at tri a l ab o ut a fe ar fu l r e lu c t.an c e t o a p p e ar as a C o mm o nw e a l th w i tn e s s w a s l i k e w i se c o n s i s t e nt w i th an d furth e r c o rr o b o rat e d b y th at wh i c h h e o ff e r e d b e fo r e th e m ag i s t e ri a l d i stri c t j u d g e . Se e Co mm o nw ea l th E xh ib i t C - 4 - Pr e li m i n ary H e ari n g T ran s c rip t , p p . 8 , 1 1 , 2 1 � 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 . Un i qu e t o th e m att e r at b ar , th e ro b b e ry v i c ti m , M r . Ab rah am , an d D e fe n d ant Di c k e r s o n w e r e n o t s tr an g e r s . P ri o r t o th e ro b b e ry ( Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 ) , the D e fe n d ant h a d b e e n a c u st o m e r o f th e s t o r e o n a r e c urr e nt b a s i s . T h e fr e qu e n c y o f h i s p atr o n iz i n g th e s t at i o n w as s u c h th at th e D e fe n d ant 

### an d Mr . Ab rah am h a d s tr u c k u p an a c qu a i nt an c es h ip wh i c h i n c l u d e d m any pe r s o n a l d i s c u s s i o n s , an d D e f e n d ant D i c k e r s o n h a d e v e n g i v e n t o M r . Ab r ah am h i s t e l e p h o n e numb e r . N . T . 7 /l l/ 1 6 , p p . 4 8 - 5 0 , 7 1 - 72 , 7 6 . Th e r e gu l ari ty w i th wh i c h th e D e fe n d ant h a d b e e n t o th e s t o r e w a s o f a n atur e th at M r . Abr ah am c am e t o kn o w th at h e w as o ft e n i n th e c o mp any o f h i s m o th er , a w o m an dri v i n g a b lu e , C h e vr o l e t S lN . N . T . 7 / 1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 7 1 , 7 6 . Wh e n h e a g a i n o b s e rv e d th i s w o m an o p e r at i n g th e s am e aut o m o b il e j u s t a fe w d ay s a ft e r th e r o b b e ry , o n M r . Ab rah am fo r w ar d i n g t o th e p o l i ce th e P e nn s y l v an i a li c e n s e p l at e o f h e r m o t o r v e h i c l e ( H V N 1 6 72 ) , C h i e f H e rr o n d e te rm in e d th e S UV w as r e g i s t e r e d at D e fe n d ant D ic k e r s o n ' s ad dr ess . N . T . 7 /1 1 / 6 , p p . 4 8 - 5 0 . N . T . 7 / 13 / 1 6 , p p . 1 1 5 - J 8 . S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a lth E xh ib i t C - 7 - C h i e fH e rr o n ' s Rep o rt . M r. Ab r ah am ' s p r e v i o u s fam ili ari ty w i th th e D e fe n d ant m an i fe s t e d i ts e l f at tri a l as th e r e a s o n e d fo un d at i o n o n wh i c h h i s i de nt i fi c at i o n fi rm l y r e st e d . F ro m th e n at ur e , fr e qu e n c y , an d t i m i n g r e l at i v e t o th e r o b b e ry o f th es e p ri or Int e ra c t i o n s , M r . Ab rah am r e a li ze d in th e c o ur s e o f th e ro b b e ry D e fe n d ant Di c k e r s on ' s i d e nt i f y e v e n th e n t e lli n g h i m , " l kn o w y o u . " N . T . 7 /1 Jl 1 6 , p . 3 9 . S e e a l s o N . T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p p . 4 8 - 5 0 , 7 1 - 72 , 7 6 . P e r th at b e l o w , d es p it e b e i n g ab l y an d un d e rs tand a

b l y c o n fr o nt e d d

ur i n g c r o s s -e x am i n at i o n a b o ut h i s r e fu s a l t o m ak e an i n - c o urt p r e l im i n ary h e ari n g i d e nti fi c at i o n an d th e p art i a l c o n ce a l m e nt o f th e arm e d ro b b e r ' s f a c i a l fe at ur e s , M r . Ab rah am w a s y e t as r es o lut e i n h i s i d e nt ifi c at i o n o f th e De fe n d ant b e in g th e fi r e arm b r an d i s h i n g as s a il ant as h e w as wh e n h e un e qu i v oc a l l y an d wi th ce rt a i nty m a d e th e s am e i d e nt i fi c at i o n d uri n g th e p ro s e c ut i o n ' s qu e s t i o n i n g : M r . G a e rtn e r : S o b a s e d o n th at y o u th o u ght h e w a s so m e o n e wh o h a d b e e n

in th e s t o r e b e fo r e , i s th at c o rr e c t ? M r . Ab rah am : I d i dn ' t th o u g ht [ s ic ]. I kn e w . ..

3 2J u n u o .::: u 1 r u 1 : :::J � t"' l " I H t"' - a x .nr o q e r- e u y 0 1 u o � 1 :::, 4 0 ,:::

M r. G a ertn e r : p a g e .j 4

S o o n e furth e r t i m e , b a s ed o n s e e i n g th e n o s e an d e y e s an d w i th a gun p o int e d in y o ur f a c e , y o u ' re s t ill - y o u ' re s t ill s ure y o u kn o w wh o i t 

### w a s that d ay ? M r . Ab r ah am : Y e s . N . T . 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 7 0 , 92 . S e e a l s o N . T . 7 11 1 / 1 6 , p p . 32 - 3 4 , 3 9 -4 0 , 6 5 - 6 9 , 7 1 , 77 � 9 1. T h e s e c uri ty c am e r a fo o ta g e fr o m th e ga s s tat i o n w a s at tri a l p l ay ed fo r th e c o urt . N . T . 7 11 1 / 1 6 , p p . 5 3 - 5 9 . R e g ar d i n g th e s urv e ill an c e s y s t e m ' s v i d e o fo o t a g e , th e att o rn e y s s t ip u l at e d to th e s e c uri ty c am e r a s ' fun c t i o n ab i l l ty an d a p r o p e r c u st od i a l c h a i n . N . T . 7 /1 1/ 1 6 , p . 5 2 . S e e a l s o C o mm o nw e a lth E xh i b i t C - 2 - S un o c o S urv e ill an c e F o o t a g e f

r o m Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 . T h i s c am e r a s y s t e m p r o v i d e d s urv e i l l an c e a b o ut th e g a s s t at i o n ' s i nt e ri o r an d e x t e r i o r fr o m e i ght ( 8 ) d i ff e re nt v ant a g e p o i nt s . T w o ( 2 ) c am e r a po s i t i o n s s h o w e d th e s t o r e ' s i nt e ri o r , tw o ( 2 ) o th e r s d e p i c t e d j us t o ut s i d e th e 

### s h o p ' s d oo r fr o m o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s , o n e ( 1 ) fo c u s e d o n th e p ark in g l o t , an d th e r e m a i n i n g thr e e ( 3 ) cam e r a l o c at i o ns r e v e a l e d n o th i n g m at e ri a l. S e e C o mm o nw e a lth E xh i b i t C - 2 - S uno c o S urv e ill an c e F oo ta g e fr o m Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 . S e e a ls o N . T . 7 / 1 1 /1 6 , p p . 5 3 - 5 9 . A l th o u g h th e s a li e nt c am e r a l o c at i o n s d e p i c t e d th e ro b be r s e nt e r i n g th e s t o r e , a c co s ti n g M r . Ab rah am , l e av i n g th e s h o p , an d th e n fl e e i n g t o g e th e r thr o u g h th e g a s s t at i o n ' s p arki n g l o t, th e c am e r as ' an g l e s , d i s tan ce s , f oc a l p o int s , p o s i t i o n i n g s , r an g e s o f th at s h o wn , an d o v e ra ll p i c tur e cl ar i ty r e n d e r e d th i s s urv e i l l an c e f oo t ag e , i n d i v i d

u a l an d/ o r c o ll e c t i v e l y , anyth i n g b ut d i s po s i t i v e a s t o th e i d e nt i fi c at i o n i s s u e . A t b e s t , th at d e p i ct e d thr o u g h th e s urv e i l l an c e s y s t e m a ll o w e d fo r th e c o rr o b o r at i o n o f M r . Ab rah am ' s n arr at i v e ab o ut th e ro b b e ry ' s e v e nt s e qu e n c e an d h i s d e s c rip t i o n o f th e a s s a il ant s ' p hy s ic al c h ar a c t e r i s t i cs g en e r a ll y , b ut p ro v i d e d o f e i th e r ro b b e r n o d e p i c t i o n s o f any m e an i n g fu l co mp arat i v e , i d e nt i fi c at i o n b e n e fi t. S tan d i n g a l o n e , th e s urv e ill an c e v i d e o f oo tag e thu s o ff

e re d th i s c o urt a s th e tri a l ' s fi n d e r o f fa c t v e r y li tt l e , i f anyth i n g , e s ta b li s hi n g D e fe n d ant D ic k e rs o n w as o r w as n o t i n fa c t th e aJTI1 e d r o b b e r . S

e e C o mm o nw e a lth E xh i b i t C - 2 - S un o co S urv e ill an c e F o o ta g e fr o m Jun e 1 8 , 2 0 1 5 . S e e a ls o N . T 7 / 1 1 / 1 6 , p p . 5 3 - 5 9 . T h i s c o urt ' s a c c ep tan c e o f M r . Ab r ah am ' s un qu a l ifi e d i d e nt ifi c at i o n th at D e fe n d ant D i c k e rs o n w a s th e fi rearm b ran d i s h i n g r o b b e r i n li g ht o f th e s e c o mb i n ed , s a li e nt c i r c um s tan ces r eco unt e d ab o v e wa s a r ea s o n e d e x erc i s e o f i ts fa c t fi n d i n g p re ro g at i v e . C o m m o n w e a lth v . S

tay s s u p ra 7 0 A. 3 d at 1 2 6 7 . R e l at e d l y , th e c o urt ' s d e n i a l o f th e D e f e n d ant ' s po s t - s e nt e n c e w e i g ht o f th e e v i d e n c e c h a ll e n g e dri v e n b y th e c o nt e nt i o n M r . Ab r ah am ' s i d e nt ifi c at i o n w as s o l e g a ll y l a c ki n g s ho u l d no t b e s e e n o n th e i n s tant re c o r d t o b e a m an i fe s t a b u s e o f i t s d i sc r e t i o n . C o m m o nw e a l

th v . B ro w n s u

p ra 71 A .3 d at l O 13 . 3 6 1 8 P a . C . S . § 3 7 0 1 ( a ) (1 X ii ) . 3 7 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 I ( a) ( l )( ii )) . 3 8 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 7 ( a ) . 3 9 1 8 P a . C . S . § 3 7 0 l ( a )( l ) ( i i ) . 4 0 1 8 P a . C . S . § 9 0 3 ( 3 7 0 l ( a ) ( l ) ( ii )) . 4 1 1 8 P a . C. S . § 9 0 7 ( a) .

3 3