# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 3- 21 79

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Trav is W ay ne Gib so n

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el la nt

v.

Ri ck Co ok ; J eff M it ch el l; Jo sh Ben to n; Cit y of De xt er; Carl Hefn er;
Ro xa nn e Co ok ; Ca th eri ne Ric e; Tom m y Hort on

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t
fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - C ap e Gir ard eau

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 4, 2 01 4

Fil ed : Au gu st 20 , 20 14

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Befo re LOKEN, MURPHY, and KELLY , Cir cu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __

LOKEN, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Dex te r, Mi ss ou ri, po li ce of fic ers arre st ed Trav is Gib so n in Ja nu ary an d Apr il

20 08 fo r vi ol at in g a Ju ly 2 00 7 Fu ll Ord er of P r o t e c ti on , wh ic h th e Ci rcu it Co ur t of

St od da rd Co un ty h ad gr an te d in res p o n s e t o a pe ti ti on by Gi bs on ’s e st ran ge d wife

, Ann

. Gib so n pl ead ed gu il ty to vi ol at in g th e Fu ll Ord er aft er eac h a r r e s t

, rece iv in g

su sp en de d se nt en ces an d pr ob at io n. In May 20 08

, Gib s o n w a s arre st ed fo r bl at an tdi sr eg ard of a sp eci al co nd it io n of pr ob at io n th at he no t co nt act A n n

. H e a d m it te d

m ul ti pl e vi ol at io ns . Prob at io n was rev ok ed , and he was s en te nc ed to th ree y ears in

pr is on

. In Decem

be r 20 09

, a St od da r d C o un ty jud ge gr an te d Gib so n’s m ot io n to

wit hd raw hi s gu il ty pl ea an d or de red hi m rel eas ed

. Gib so n rem ai ne d in cu st od y on e

ad di ti on al da y be cau se th e St at e of Lou is ia na ha d is su ed a de ta in er ba se d on pe nd in g

ch arg es in th at juri sd ic ti on

. Fo ll owi ng hi s rel eas e, Gib so n fil ed th is act io n, as se rti ng

va rio us st at e an d fed eral cl ai m s ag ai ns t, in te r al ia

, th e arre st in g of fic ers , th e Ci ty of

Dex te r, hi s pu bl ic de fen de r, hi s pr ob at io n of fic er, an d two St od da rd Co un ty sh eri ffs

fo r de la y in g h is rel eas e. Defen da nt s re m ov ed . Exte ns iv e d is co ve ry en su ed

.

Gib so n ap pe al s th e di st ric t co ur t’s gr an t of su m m ary jud gm en t di sm is si ng hi s 1

42 U.S.C. § 19 83 cl ai m s ag ai ns t th os e de fen da nt s. He do es no t ap pe al th e di sm is sa l

of pe nd in g st at e la w cl ai m s wit ho ut pr ejud i c e

. V i e w in g di sp ut ed fact s in th e li gh t

m os t fav or ab le to Gib so n, an d rev ie win g th e gr an t of su m m ary jud gm en t de no vo , we

a f f i rm

. Fi sh er v. W al -Ma rt St or es , In c., 61 9 F.3 d 81 1, 81 4 n.3 (8 th C i r

. 2 0 1 0 )

(s ta n d a r d o f rev ie w). Mag is tra te Ju dg e Bl an to n’s fo rty-pag e op in io n th or ou gh ly

rev ie wed th e fact s an d le ga l is su es su rro un di ng each ph as e of th is pr ot ract ed di sp ut e.

Gib so n v . Coo k, No . 1: 10 -CV-0 01 07 -LMB, 2 01 3 WL 18 17 78 6 (E.D. Mo . Apr. 2 9,

20 13 ). W e wil l l i mi t th is op in io n to fact s es se nt ia l to each § 19 83 cl ai m Gib so n

ap pe al ed ; ad di ti on al ba ck gr ou nd m ay be fou nd in Ju dg e Bl an to n’s o pi ni on

.

A. T h e J a n u a r y 12

, 20 08 Arres t. On Ja nu ary 10

, 20 08

, on e of Ann ’s co

wor ke rs cal le d th e po li ce “ be cau se [An n’s] hu sb an d was in th e pa rk in g lo t an d th ere

ha d b e e n p r e vi ou s pr ob le m s be twee n th e two in th e pa st .” W he n Dex te r Po li ce

Offi cer Je ff Mi tc he ll arri ve d, he learn ed “ th at Mrs

. Gib so n had an act iv e Fu ll Ord er

of Pro te ct io n ag ai ns t Mr. Gib so n.” Gib so n was arre st ed fo r vi ol at in g th e Fu ll Ord er.

The Hon or ab le Lewis M. Bl a n t o n , Uni te d St at es Mag is tra te Ju dg e fo r th e 1

East ern Dis tri ct of Mi ss ou ri, pr es id in g wit h th e co ns en t of th e pa rti es pu rs ua nt to 28 U.S.C. § 6 36 (c).

-2

-Mi tc he ll ’s in ci de n t rep or t in cl ud ed th e Fu ll Ord er’s cas e nu m be r an d Ju ly 22

ex pi rat io n d at e an d t he di sp at ch er’s co py of th at Orde r.

On t he m or ni ng of Ja nu ary 12 , a cal le r rep or te d yell in g a nd arg ui ng at An n’s

res id en ce. Offi cer Mi tc he ll an d Offi cer Ant h o ny Ro be rts were di sp at ch ed to

in ve st ig at e whe th er Gib so n was vi ol at in g th e Fu ll Ord er. W he n th ey arri ve d, Gib so n

to ld Offi cer Mi tc he ll he was th ere to pi ck up hi s s on , a nd Ann ex pl ai ne d to Offi cer

R o b e r t s “tha t ch il d cu st od y was wor ke d ou t th ro ug h th e co ur t.” The of fic er s

co nc lu de d th e Fu ll Ord er al lo wed Gib so n to be pr es en t fo r th is pu rp os e, an d he was

no t ar res te d. Offi cer R ob ert s wai te d a t An n’s re si de nc e u nt il Gib so n l eft

.

Tha t aft ern oo n, Offi cers Mi tc he ll an d Ro be rts were ag ai n di sp at ch ed to Ann ’s

res id en ce aft er Ann ’s da ug ht er cal le d to r e p o r t th at “ Trav is is ba ck y el li ng at he r

m ot he r.” On arri vi ng , Offi cer Ro be rts sa w Gib so n in th e ki tc he n “ do wn on on e kn ee

ta lk in g to Ann who was st an di ng ag ai ns t th e co un te r.” Ann to ld Offi cer Ro be rts sh e

“ to ld Trav is to le av e se ve ral ti m es bu t he wou ld n’t go ,” Sh e ga ve th e of fic ers a co py

of th e Fu ll Orde r, whi ch st at ed , in rel ev an t p art

,

The Co ur t he reb y or de rs

. . . [t]ha t th e ab ov e na m ed Res po nd en t [Trav is

Gib so n] be res tra in ed fro m an y co nt ac t wit h th e Pet it io ne r [An n Gib so n].

* * * * *

Res po nd en t sh al l no t ab us e, t h r eat en to ab us e, m ol es t, st al k or di st ur b

th e p eace of P et it io ne r whe rev er Pe ti ti on er m ay be fou nd

.

* * * * *

Res po nd en t sh al l no t co m m un ic at e wit h Pet it io n e r i n an y m an ne r or th ro ug h a ny m ed iu m

.

-3

-Res po nd en t sh al l no t en te r or s t a y u p o n th e pr em is es of whe rev er

Pet it io ne r m ay

res id e.

Ann an d Gib so n to ld Offi cer Ro be rts th at th ei r cu st od y ag reem en t “ was in th e

co ur t or de red se pa rat io n pa pe rwo rk .” Neit he r Gib so n no r Ann pr ov id ed th e of fic ers

wit h a co py of th e se pa rat io n d ecre e, an d Gi bs on di d n ot cla im he was p res en t for a

cu st od y ex ch an ge

. Gib so n cl ai m s he to ld th e of fic ers he was no t vi ol at in g t he Fu ll

Ord er be cau se th e Nov em be r 20 07 se pa rat io n de cree te rm in at ed so m e pr ov is io ns of

th e Fu ll Ord er, pu rs ua nt to Mo . R ev . S ta t. § 45 5.0 60

. The of fic ers arre st ed Gib so n

fo r vi ol at in g th e Fu ll Ord er be cau se th ey fo un d no th in g in th at Ord er al lo win g Gib so n

to be pr es en t at Ann ’s res id en ce. As Offi cer Mi tc he ll ex pl ai ne d at hi s de po si ti on , “ if

th at or de r of pr ot e c t i o n i s s ti ll in th e co m pu te r as va li d an d we ha ve it se nt fro m

St od da rd Co un ty th at [it ]’ s va li d, th at ’s al l th at we ha ve to go on [at ] th e sc en e. And

if we ha ve pr ob ab le cau se to be li ev e th at act iv e or de r of pr ot ect io n ha s be en vi ol at ed

, th en we wil l ar res t h im .”

Gib so n arg ue s th at Offi cers Mi tc he ll vi o l at ed Gib so n’s Fo ur th Am en dm en t
rig ht s b y a rres ti ng hi m wit ho ut pr ob ab le cau se or an arre st warra nt

. W he th er a

warra nt le ss arre st was su pp or te d by pr ob ab le cau se “ is a qu es ti on of la w fo r a co ur t

to de c i d e .” Fi sh er, 61 9 F.3 d at 81 6. In ev al ua ti ng pr ob ab le cau se , “ we lo ok at th e

to ta li ty o f th e c i r cu m st an ces as se t fo rth in th e in fo rm at io n av ai la bl e to th e of fic ers

at th e ti m e o f a r r e st .” It is si gn ifi can t fo r su m m ary jud gm en t pu rp os es th at Gib so n

do es no t di sp ut e th e of

fic ers ’ acco un ts of wha t th ey ob se rv ed an d wha t Ann an d he r

da ug ht er to ld th e m p r i o r to th e arre st

. Gib so n cl ai m s Ann li ed to th e of fic ers , bu t

“ [o ]fficer s are ge ne ral ly en ti tl ed to rel y on th e ve raci ty of in fo rm at io n su pp li ed by th e

vi ct im of a cri m e.” Id . at 8 16 -1 7 (q uo ta ti on s o m it te d)

.

At th e ti m e of arre st

, Offi cer Mi tc he ll kn ew th at Gib so n ha d be en in si de Ann ’s

ho m e. A cal le r rep or te d he was y el li ng at Ann

, an d Ann sa id Gib so n refu se d to le av e.

Ann pr ov id ed Offi cer Mi tc he ll a co py of th e un ex pi red Fu ll Ord er, whi ch pr oh ib it ed

-4

-Gib so n fro m co m m un i c a t in g wit h Ann or “ en te r[i ng ]

. . . up on th e pr em is es of

whe rev er Pet it io ne r m ay res id e.” Offi cer Mi tc he ll ha d pa rti ci pa te d in an arre st of

Gib so n two da y s earl ie r fo r vi ol a t i n g t h e Fu ll Ord er. Bas ed on th is in fo rm at io n,

Offi cer Mi tc he ll ha d pr ob ab le cau se to ar r e s t Gib so n fo r vi ol at in g Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 45 5.0 85 .8 (v io la ti ng th e te rm s of a fu ll or de r of pr ot ect io n “ [b y ] en tra nc e up on th e

pr em is es of t he pe ti ti on er’s d well in g u ni t . . . sh al l b e a cl as s A m is de m ean or ”).

Gib so n arg ue s th at Mi tc he ll la ck ed pr ob ab le cau se be cau se h e di d no t

ad eq ua te ly in ve st ig at e Gib so n’s cl ai m s th at th e se pa rat io n de cree te rm in at ed rel ev an t

po rti on s of th e Fu ll Ord er by reas on of Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 45 5.0 60 .4, whi ch in Ja nu ary

20 08 pro vi de d i n re le va nt pa rt:

All pr ov is io ns of an or de r of pr ot ect io n sh al l term in at e up on en try of a de cree of

. . . le ga l se pa rat io n ex cep t

. . . pr ov is io ns whi ch

. . . en joi n th e

res po nd en t fro m ab us in g, m ol es ti ng , st al ki ng or di st ur bi ng th e pe ace of

th e pe ti ti on er an d whi ch en joi n th e res po n d e n t fro m en te rin g th e

pr em is es of th e dwe ll in g un it of th e pe ti ti on er as de sc rib ed in th e or de r of pr ot e c t i o n whe n th e pe ti ti on er co nt in ue s to res id e in th at dwe ll in g

un it un le ss th e res po nd en t i s awa rd ed po ss es si on of t he dwel li ng un it

.

Thi s co nt en ti on is wit ho ut m eri t. Fi rs t, it is well -es t ab li sh ed th at “ of fic ers are no t

req ui red to co nd uc t a ‘m in i-t ria l’ be fo re a r r e s t

. ” F is he r, 61 9 F.3 d at 81 7, qu ot in g

Am rin e v. Bro ok s, 52 2 F.3 d 82 3, 83 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 08 ). Thi s was no t a si tu at io n whe re

Mi tc he ll “ di sr eg ard [ed ] pl ai nl y ex cu lp at or y ev id en ce,” or “ un reas on ab ly fai le d to

in te rv ie w w it ne ss es at [th e] sc en e,” ci rcu m st an ces th at m ay crea te a du ty to

in ve st ig at e m or e th or ou gh ly, “ at le as t in th e ab se nc e of ex ig en t ci rcu m st an ces ” su ch

as th e ris k of do m es ti c vi ol en ce pres en t in th is cas e. Kue hl v. Burt is

, 17 3 F.3 d 64 6,

65 0 (8t h Cir. 19 99 ). Thu s, Office r Mi tc he ll was no t ob li ga te d to se ek ou t a co py of

th e se pa rat io n de cree an d res earc h th e pa ram et ers of th is st at e st at ut e be fo re de fu si ng

a po te nt ia ll y da ng ero us do m es ti c di sp ut e by arre st in g th e pa rty who was vi ol at in g a

Fu ll Ord er. Onc e pr ob ab le cau se was es ta bl is he d, Mi tc he ll ha d no co ns ti tu ti on al du ty

to in ve st ig at e fu rth er. Cl ay bo rn v. St ru eb in g, 73 4 F.3 d 80 7, 80 9- 10 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ).

-5

-Seco nd

, th is was no t a cas e whe re “ m in im al fu rth er in ve st ig at io n wou ld ha ve

ex on erat ed th e su sp ect .” Kue hl

, 17 3 F.3 d at 65 0 (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. The se pa rat io n

de cree in fact m ad e no m en ti on of th e ou ts ta nd in g Fu ll Ord er. The st at ut e on whi ch

Gib so n rel ie s, whi ch to ou r kn owl ed ge ha s n o t be en jud ic ia ll y co ns tru ed

, pr ov id es

th at a pr ov is io n in a pr e-d ecre e pr ot ect io n or de r en joi ni ng res po nd en t fro m en te rin g

“ th e dwe ll in g un it of th e pe ti ti o ne r as de sc rib ed in th e or de r” rem ai ns in effe ct

. Gib so n as se rts th is pa rt o f t h e F u l l O rd er te rm in at ed whe n Ann m ov ed to a ne w

res id en ce. Bu t th e Fu ll Ord er pr oh ib it ed en te rin g th e pr em is es “ whe rev er [An n] m ay

res id e.” Thu s, as in Bo rg m an v. Ked le y , 64 6 F.3 d 51 8, 52 3- 24 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ), ev en

if Offi cer Mi tc he ll ha d in ve st ig at ed fu rth er by ob ta in in g an d st ud y in g th e se pa rat io n

de cree an d § 455 .06 0.4

, he st il l wou ld ha ve ha d pro ba bl e cau se to arre st Gib so n fo r

vi ol at in g § 45 5.0 85 .8.

B. The A p r i l 9 A r res t. Fo ll owi ng hi s Ja nu ary 12 arre st

, Gib so n pl ead ed

gu il ty to a mi s d e mea n o r vi ol at io n of th e Fu ll Ord er. He rece iv ed a su sp en de d

se nt en ce and twel ve m on th s pro ba ti on co nd it io ne d on no co nt act wit h Ann

. On th e

ev en in g of Apr il 9, 20 08

, Ann ’s da ug ht er cal le d th e p o l i c e an d rep or te d, “ Trav is

Gib so n is at he r ho us e an d he r m ot h e r is ou ts id e wit h hi m

. Trav is is y el li ng .”

Offi cers Jo sh Ben to n an d Ri ck Co ok were di sp at c h e d t o in ve st ig at e; th e di sp at ch

no te d, “ The re is an act iv e e x -p art e [o rd er of pr ot ect io n] ag ai ns t hi m .” W he n th e

of fic ers arri ve d, Gib so n was in hi s r e d p i c k u p pa rk ed ne xt to Ann in he r ve hi cl e.

Gib so n sa id it was hi s ni gh t to ha ve cu st od y of th ei r so n, an d he h a d fo ll owe d Ann

ho m e be cau se th e so n di d no t ha ve a ho us e ke y

. Ann rep or te d th at Gib so n “ fo ll owe d

he r ho m e an d he pa rk ed ne xt to he r an d st art ed at ta ck in g he r wit h qu es ti on s; wan te d

to kn ow whe re sh e was go in g an d whe re sh e ha d be en , tri ed to ki ss he r se ve ral ti m es

. Sh e tri ed to pu sh hi m away fro m he r, he ke pt reac hi ng fo r he r face an d te ll in g he r to

lo ok at hi m .” Sh e al so sai d, “ th ere i s n o c hi ld cu st od y ex ch an gi ng

. . . to ni gh t” an d

no r e a s o n f

o r Trav is to be at th e res id en ce be cau se cu st od y ex ch an ge s al way s

oc cu rred at s ch oo l. The of fic ers co nf

irmed wit h di sp at ch th ere was an act iv e or de r

-6

-of pr ot ect io n na m in g Ann as pe ti ti on er an d Gib so n as res po nd en t an d arre st ed Gib so n

fo r vi ol at in g t ha t o rd er.

Gib so n arg ue s th at Offi cers Ben to n an d Co ok la ck ed pr ob ab le cau se to arre st

h i m , cl ai m in g he to ld th em th e se pa rat io n de cree m ad e th e or de r of pr o t e c t i o n

in effe ct iv e un de r § 45 5.0 60 .4. W e reject th es e co nt en ti on s for th e reas on s st at ed in

Part A. W e ag ree wit h th e di st ric t co ur t th at Ben to n an d Co ok ha d pr ob ab le cau se to

arre st Gib so n fo r a cri m in al vi ol at io n o f th e Fu ll Orde r.

C. Cla im Agai ns t Gi bs on ’s Publ ic Defen der. Fo ll owi ng hi s Ap ril 9 ar res t,

Gib so n was ch arg ed wit h a Cla ss D felo ny vio la ti on of th e Fu ll Ord er, bas ed on hi s

pr io r m is de m ean or co nv ic ti on

. See M o

. R e v

. St at

. § 45 5.0 85 .8. Pu bl ic Defen de r

Cat he rin e Ri ce was ap po in te d to rep res en t Gib so n. Afte r R i c e en ga ge d in pl ea

ne go ti at io ns wit h th e pr os ecu to r, Gib so n pl ead ed gu il ty on Ma y 7 a n d r ecei ve d a

su sp en de d s en te nc e wit h fi ve y ears pro ba ti on

.

In a pa rad ig m ex am

pl e o f “ bi ti ng th e ha nd th at feed s y ou ,” Gib so n as se rts a 2

§ 19 83 cl ai m ag ai ns t Ri ce, a pr iv at e act or , al le gi ng th at sh e co ns pi red wit h th e

pr o s e c u to r an d ot he r of fic ia ls act in g un de r co lo r of st at e la w to vi ol at e hi s

co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s. To su rv iv e su m m ary jud gm en t on th is fa

r- fe tc he d cl ai m , Gib so n

m us t es ta bl is h “ no t on ly th at a pr iv at e act or cau se d a de pr iv at io n of co ns ti tu ti on al

rig ht s, bu t th at th e pr iv at e act or wil lfu ll y pa rti ci pa te d wit h st at e of fic ia ls an d reac he d

a m ut ua l un de rs ta nd in g co nc ern in g th e un la wfu l ob jecti ve of a co ns pi racy.” Dos se tt

v. Fi rs t St at e Ban k, 3 99 F.3d 94 0, 9 51 (8t h C ir. 2 00 5)

.

Gib so n te st ifi ed he sa w Ri ce ta lk wit h th e pr os ecu to r -- an un su rp ris in g ev en t

du rin g pl ea neg ot ia ti on s -- bu t di d no t ov erh ear anythi ng th at wou ld be ev id en ce o f

As de fin ed in W eb st er’s Thi rd N e w In te rn at io na l Dict io na ry , “ to in jure a 2

be ne fact or m al ic io us ly.”

-7

-a co ns pi racy. He arg ue s th ere was su ffi ci en t ev id en ce of a co ns pi racy be cau se he to ld

Ri ce an d th e pr os ecu to r ab ou t § 45 5.0 60 .4, y et th e pr os ecu to r pr oc eed ed wit h th e cas e

whe n th ere was no le ga l ba si s fo r th e ch arg e, an d Ri ce al lo wed Gib so n to pl ead gu il ty

wit ho ut arg ui ng th e effe ct of th is st at ut e to th e co ur t. Th e d i st ric t co ur t gr an te d

su m m ary jud gm en t di sm is si ng th e cl ai m ag ai ns t Ri ce, co nc lu di ng th at Gib so n “ fai le d

to po in t to fact s su ffi ci en t to su gg es t Defen da nt Ri ce reac he d an un de rs ta nd in g wit h

th e pr os ecu to r o r ot he r st at e act or s to vi ol at e hi s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s.” W e ag ree.

Mo reo ve r, th e al le ge d co ns ti tu ti on al vi ol at io n -- pl ead in g gu il ty to a cri m e whe n th ere

was no ba si s fo r th e ch arg e -- i s co m pl et el y un fo un de d, as we ex pl ai ne d i n P art A.

D. The May 1 5 Arres t. Pro ba ti on Offi cer Ro xa nn e Co ok was as si gn ed to

su pe rv is e Gib so n’s fiv e-year pro ba ti on aft er he pl ead ed gu il ty t o a fel on y vi ol at io n

of M o

. R e v

. S t a t . § 45 5.0 85 .8. One sp eci al co nd it io n was th at Gib so n no t co nt act

Ann

. Kno win g of th at co nd it io n, he cal le d Ann an d le ft a vo ic e m ai l on May 11

, fo ur

da y s aft er hi s gu il ty pl ea. W he n P.O. Co ok in tro du ced he rs el f to Ann on May 14

, Ann to ld Co ok th at Gib so n ha d c o n t a c t e d h er by m ai l an d vo ic e m ai l on May 11

. Bel ie vi ng th e ph on e cal l sh owe d “ bl at an t di sr eg ard ” fo r th e Fu ll Ord er an d vi ol at ed

th e no -co nt act pr ob at io n co nd it io n, Co ok m et wit h Gib so n. He cl ai m ed a st at e st at ut e

“ vo id ed ” th e Fu ll Ord er an d to ld Co ok th at “ he w ou ld co nt in ue to co nt act [An n],

th ere was no co ur t or pr ob at io n of fic er th at wou ld ke e p h i m f r o m it .” Co ok is su ed

a warra nt ba se d on th e pr ob at io n vi ol at io n. Gib so n was arre st ed on May 15

. Gib so n

arg ue s th at P.O. Co ok di d no t ha ve pr ob ab le cau se fo r th is a r r e s t

. Lik e th e di st ric t

co ur t, we di sa gr ee. G i b s o n a d m it te d co nt act in g Ann

, de sp it e kn owi ng of th e no

c o n t a c t p ro ba ti on co nd it io n. Part ic ul arl y in li gh t of Gib so n’s de fia nt refu sa l t o

co m pl y wit h th at co nd it io n, P.O. Co ok ha d pr ob ab le cau se to is su e th e warra nt

. See

Mo . Rev . Sta t. § 21 7.7 22 .1.

E. Ex tend ed Custo dy on December 1, 20 09

. Afte r Gib so n furt he r vi ol at ed

th e no -co nt act co nd it io n o f hi s pr ob at io n, th e St od da rd Co un ty co ur t rev ok ed

pr ob at io n in Aug us t 20 08 an d se nt en ce d G i b s o n t o th ree y ears in pr is on

. W hi le

-8

-i n c a r c erat ed

, he fil ed a pr o se m ot io n to wit hd raw hi s May 20 08 gu il ty pl ea to t h e

fel on y vi ol at io n. At a he ari ng on De c e mb e r 1

, 2 00 9, a St od da rd Co un ty jud ge

gr an te d t he m ot io n a nd ord ered Gib so n re le as ed

.

Pri or to th at he ari ng , th e Mi ss ou r i D e p a r tm en t of Co rrec ti on s (“ MDOC”)

tra ns po rte d Gib so n to St od da rd Co un ty wit h in st ru ct io ns th at

, “ If [Gib so n’s] cas e is

se t as id e pl e a s e ret ur n th e of fen de r to th e [MDOC] faci li ty fo r rel eas e.” St od da rd

Co un ty Dep ut y Sh eri ff Tom m y Hor to n acco m

pa ni ed Gib so n to th e he ari ng an d

ad vi se d th e jud ge th at Gib so n was an in m at e of MDOC, no t th e co un ty. Afte r ru li ng

th at Gib so n sh ou ld be rel eas ed

, th e jud ge ag reed th at Dep ut y Hor to n sh ou ld co nt act

MDOC be fo re rel eas in g Gib so n

. W he n co nt act ed

, MDOC fir st in fo rm ed Dep ut y

Hor to n th a t i t w o u l d p ic k up Gib so n on Decem be r 3 “ fo r ret ur n to DOC to be

rel eas ed .” One ho ur la te r, MDOC in fo rm ed Dep ut y Hor to n “ th at th e St at e of

Lou is ia na ha d pl aced a de ta in er on Mr

. G i b s on [d ue to a pe nd in g ch arg e]” an d

th eref or e DOC wou ld pi ck hi m up on Decem be r 2. Dep ut y Hor to n br ie fed St od da rd

Co un ty Sh eri ff Carl Hefne r; Gib so n rem ai ne d in th e St od da rd Co un ty Jail th e ni gh t

of Decem be r 1. The ne xt da y at 4 p.m ., MDOC in st ru ct ed St od da rd Co un ty, by fax

,

“ Pl eas e rel eas e [Gib so n] as so on as po ss ib le

. . . . Lou is ia na ha s wit hd rawn th ei r

de ta in er an d re m ov ed th ei r ho ld .” Gib so n was pro m pt ly relea se d.

Gib so n arg ue s th at Dep ut y Hor to n an d S h e r i f f Hefn er vi ol at ed Gib so n’s

co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s b y

im pr is on in g h im

aft er th e jud ge ord ered hi s re le as e wit ho ut

“ co nd uc ti ng an y fu rth er in ve st ig at io n in to th e va li di ty of th e pu rp or te d ho ld .” To

su rv iv e su m

m ary jud gm en t on th is cl ai m , Gib so n m us t sh ow th at Dep ut y Hor to n an d

Sh eri ff Hefn er were de li be rat el y in di ffer en t to hi s rig ht to a ti m el y rel eas e. Gol db erg

v. Hen ne pi n Cn ty., 41 7 F.3 d 80 8, 81 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ). Afte r ev al ua ti ng th e su m m ary jud gm en t reco rd

, th e di st ric t co ur t con cl ud ed : “ Und er the se ci rcu m st an ces , th ere is

no ev id en ce th at Dep ut y Hor to n or S h e r i f f H efn er were de li be rat el y in di ffer en t. It

was reas on ab le fo r Dep ut y Hor to n an d Sh eri ff Hefn er to ho ld pl ai nt iff fo r th e twen tyei gh t ho ur pe rio d at is su e in li gh t of th e i n s t r u c t io ns fro m th e MDOC

. . . an d th e

-9

-fel on y ch arg es pe nd in g in Lou is ia na .” W e ag ree. Gib so n’s co nt en ti on th at Mo

. Rev

.

St at

. § 2 2 1 .51 0 req ui red th e co un ty sh eri ffs to se arch fo r ou ts ta nd in g warra nt s is

wit ho ut m eri t (in de ed

, fri vo lo us ). Tha t st at ut e ap pl ie s to al l la w en fo rcem en t of fic ia ls

ha vi ng cu st od y of in m at es to be rel eas ed

, in cl ud in g “ de pa rtment of co rrec ti on s

of fic ia l[s ]. ” It do es no t pr es cri be whi ch of fic ia l m us t m ak e th e ou ts ta nd in g- warra nt

in qu iry. Here, it was en ti rel y pr op er fo r th e St od da rd Co u n t y sh eri ffs

, wit h th e

ag reem en t o f th e rel eas in g ju dg e, to de fer t o M DOC.

F. Cla ims ag ai ns t the City of Dex ter. Fi na ll y , Gib so n a r g u es th at

, if th e

arre st in g po li ce of

fic ers vi ol at ed hi s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s, th e Ci ty was no t en ti tl ed to

su m m ary jud gm en t di sm is si ng Gib so n’s cl ai m s th at it fai le d to tra in an d su pe rv is e it s

po li ce of fic ers

. Our co nc lu si on th a t O f f i c e r s Mi tc he ll

, Ben to n, an d Co ok are no t

in di vi du al ly li ab le be cau se th ey ha d pr ob ab le cau se to arre st Gib so n fo recl os es th es e
§ 19 83 cl ai m s ag ai ns t th e Ci ty. See, e.g ., Moo re v . Cit y of De sl og e, Mo ., 64 7 F .3d

84 1, 8 49 (8t h C ir. 2 01 1)

.

The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

.

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