About the National Science and Technology Council

The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) was established by Executive Order on November

23, 1993.This Cabinet-level council is the principal means for the President to coordinate science, space,

and technology policies across the Federal government. NSTC acts as a "virtual agency" for science and

technology to coordinate the diverse parts of the Federal research and development enterprise.The NSTC

is chaired by the President. Membership consists of the Vice President, the Director of the Office of

Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Secretaries, agency heads with significant science and technology

responsibilities, and other White House officials.

Ordering Additional Copies

To order additional copies of this Supplement to the President’s FY 2003 Budget or other publications of

the National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, please contact:

National Coordination Office for IT R&D, Suite II-405, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia

22230; (703) 292-4873; fax: (703) 292-9097; e-mail: nco@itrd.gov.

Cover Design: Please see inside back cover for details

Buy American Report

Congress requires information concerning non-U.S. high-performance computing and communications

funding activities. In FY 2002, DARPA was the only NITRD agency that entered into grants, contracts,

cooperative agreements, or cooperative research and development agreements for information technology

research and development with either 1) a company other than a company that is either incorporated or

located in the U.S. and that has majority ownership by individuals who are citizens of the U.S., or 2) an

educational institution or nonprofit institution located outside the U.S. DARPA funded IT research-related

awards of $79,100 to University College, London (UK). In FY 2002, no NITRD procurement exceeds 

$1 million for unmanufactured articles, materials,or supplies mined or produced outside the U.S., or for

manufactured articles, materials, or supplies other than those manufactured in the U.S. substantially all

from articles, materials, or supplies mined, produced, or manufactured in the U.S.

About the Office of Science and Technology Policy

The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and

Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976. OSTP's responsibilities include advising the

President in policy formulation and budget development on all questions in which science and technology

are important elements; articulating the President's science and technology policies and programs; and

fostering strong partnerships among Federal, state, and local governments, and the scientific communities

in industry and academe.The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy oversees the

NSTC on behalf of the President and serves as co-chair of the President’s Council of Science and

Technology Advisors (PCAST).

For additional inform a t i on about OSTP, please ca ll (202) 456-7116. The Web site is: h t t p : / / w w w. o s t p. go v / .

inside front cover
NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

ST R E N G T H E N I N G

NAT I O N A L, HO M E L A N D,

A N D

EC O N O M I C SE C U R I T Y

A Report by the Interagency Working Group 

on Information Technology Research and Development

National Science and Technology Council

JULY 2002
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS:

I am pleased to forward with this letter the annual report on the multiagency Networking and

Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. Advanced networking

and information technologies developed through Federal NITRD investments are providing an

essential infrastructure for economic strength and national security. As outlined in the attached

report, these investments have enabled extraordinary advances in biomedical research, the

sciences, and engineering. The Federal government is deploying new technologies developed

through NITRD to increase the security of our borders, our transportation systems, and our

critical national infrastructures.

Investments in fundamental R&D are essential to our global leadership in science and

engineering. Programs such as NITRD will help assure that the United States continues to lead

the global science and engineering community by supporting fundamental research, education,

and the development of advanced networking and information technologies.

Sincerely,

John H. Marburger III

Director


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION 

FROM RESEARCH TO REALITY

Federal IT R&D Technologies Play Key Roles in Disaster Response ................................. 1

U.S. PRIORITIES

Strengthening National, Homeland, and Economic Security ............................................. 7

CIA Report: Maintain U.S. Leadership in Key Technologies ........................................... 9

THE NITRD PROGRAM

Leveraging IT Talents and Resources Through Interagency Collaboration ........................ 10

HIGH-END COMPUTING

New Technologies To Explore the Frontier of Complexity ................................................. 13

HIGH-END COMPUTING CAPABILITIES

Terascale Infrastructure for Discovery ............................................................................... 15

NSF’s Distributed Terascale Facility (DTF) .................................................................... 15

Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) at DOE ........................... 16

Long-Range Research in Revolutionary Architectures ...................................................... 17

LARGE-SCALE NETWORKING

Future Nets: Dynamic Flexibility, High Bandwidths, and Security ..................................... 18

Middleware MAGIC for Grids ....................................................................................... 20

ADVANCED NETWORKING APPLICATIONS

Connecting People and IT Resources for U.S. Scientific Leadership .................................. 21

Table of Contents


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

Broadening IT Capabilities To Support Human Needs and Goals ..................................... 23

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

The Information Tsunami (a digital scale) ............................................................... 24

Advanced Technologies To Build Knowledge From Data .................................................. 25

HIGH-CONFIDENCE SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS

Reliability, Security, and Safety for Mission-Critical Systems ............................................ 27

SOFTWARE DESIGN AND PRODUCTIVITY

Improved, Cost-Effective Software Through Science and Engineering .............................. 29

21ST CENTURY WORKFORCE

Enhancing IT Education and Training for the High-Skills World ..................................... 31

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IT

Assessing a Transforming Force To Guide Beneficial Human Uses .................................... 33

NITRD Agencies and Their IT Research Interests ........................................................... 35

Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area .................................................... 36

Participation in Federal NITRD Activities ........................................................................ 38

Agency Contacts ............................................................................................................... 39

Interagency Working Group on IT R&D ......................................................................... 47

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 48

Buy American Report ................................................................................ inside front cover

Ordering Additional Copies ....................................................................... inside front cover

Abstract ..................................................................................................... inside back cover

Cover Design and Imagery ......................................................................... inside back cover


T

his Supplement to the President’s FY 2003 Budget describes the Federal Networking and

Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program, the unique

endeavor of Federal agencies collaboratively engaged in advanced research and

development in these technologies.

The multiagency NITRD portfolio spans a balanced, diverse set of long-term, fundamental

research efforts in all aspects of large-scale and broadband networking and information

technologies. This ongoing research provides leading-edge networks, technologies, and tools for

vital Federal missions, drives innovation throughout the U.S. economy, and supports the research

talent that sustains U.S. global leadership in science and technology.

The first computers, the Internet, the graphical user interface, high-end parallel processing, the

first end-to-end optical networks, advanced computational modeling and simulation, and search

engine technologies are just a few of the results of Federal information technology (IT) research

that have fueled the digital revolution from which we all benefit. Today the NITRD Program

continues to be the Nation’s primary source of fundamental technological breakthroughs and

skilled human resources in the advanced computing, networking, software, and information

management technologies on which our 21st century infrastructure and quality of life will rely.

The Supplement to the President’s Budget, also known as the Blue Book, reports on the

coordinated research priorities and activities of the NITRD agencies for FY 2003. In the postSeptember 11 world, highest-quality IT capabilities and technical advances with broad

applications are needed more than ever. In that context, the Blue Book’s first two sections –

“From Research to Reality” and “U.S. Priorities” – highlight ways in which technologies

developed through Federal NITRD investments aided in disaster response efforts after 9/11 and

are playing critical roles in Federal initiatives to strengthen national, homeland, and economic

security. The next section – “The NITRD Program” – outlines the Program’s goals, management,

and research structure. Subsequent sections are devoted to each of the NITRD enterprise’s major

research areas: high-end computing, large-scale and broadband networking, human-computer

interaction and information management, high-confidence software and systems, software design

and productivity, and socieconomic and workforce implications of IT and IT workforce

development. Each section describes current issues and major research challenges and lists the

proposed FY 2003 research activities of the participating agencies.

jjj

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

I

n the hours immediately following the

September 11 terrorist attacks, four unusual

rescue teams sped toward New York City in

cars, vans, and planes from as far away as

California and Florida. Each team included

computer scientists and a collection of miniature

robotic vehicles, many of them first-generation

prototypes developed with funding from the

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA), the National Science Foundation

(NSF), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

At Ground Zero, the teams’ work was

coordinated by the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA).

Over the next two weeks, the teams’ shoebox- to

suitcase-sized, track-wheeled vehicles penetrated up to 45

feet inside the mountainous, fiery devastation of the World

Trade Center buildings through openings too small or too

hazardous for human rescuers to investigate. The density of

the collapsed rubble rendered the larger robots useless, but the smallest ones could be inserted into

spaces less than a foot wide. The vehicles sent back video images of their surroundings and many

carried microphones, transmitters, and infrared sensors to detect any signs of life and enable

communication to and from the surface. They were able to find pockets of space where survivors

might be and to identify structural conditions that posed dangers to those trying to remove debris.

But like the rescuers working frantically at the surface of the gigantic smoking piles, the robots

found no life, only remains.

The World Trade Center effort marked the first known use of robots in an urban search and

rescue operation. Other technologies pioneered through Federal information technology (IT)

research and development (R&D) investments provided advanced scientific maps and hazard

assessments at Ground Zero and the Pentagon that were critically important to emergency-response

activities after 9/11.

Federal IT R&D Technologies Play

Key Roles in Disaster Response

FROM RESEARCH TO REALITY

The memorial “Towers of Light”

at the World Trade Center.


The robotics teams were called into action by a

DARPA program manager specializing in robotic systems

who had developed a strong interest in the potential

applications of robots in urban search and rescue operations.

DARPA’s ongoing R&D in small, portable, unmanned

systems aims to increase the agility, mobility, and autonomy of

these systems for the tactical battlefield while decreasing their

size – characteristics that also are relevant in disasters.

On September 11, DARPA Director Anthony J. Tether

quickly approved the idea of sending an agency team with

some DARPA prototype robots to the World Trade Center.

Other robotics specialists also were called on, including Navy

researchers in San Diego, personnel from the Massachusetts technology firms Foster-Miller

and iRobot, and Dr. Robin Murphy, a leading robotics researcher at the University of South

Florida whose work has been supported by DARPA, the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA), ONR, and NSF. In addition to conducting her own research,

Murphy introduces undergraduate and graduate students to the theoretical and technical issues

of robotics engineering, in part with funding from NSF’s Research Experiences for

Undergraduates program. On 9/11 the professor of computer science and cognitive

neuroscience loaded her van with graduate students and robot prototypes and drove straight

through to the teams’ rendezvous site, arriving the morning of September 12. As things turned

out, an overriding issue for all the robotics specialists at Ground Zero was platform size: only 7

of the 17 vehicles brought to the site were small enough to be used amid the dense rubble.

Since 9/11 the value of robotic devices for search and rescue work and remote

reconnaissance in hazardous conditions is increasingly recognized within the Department of

Defense and in the emergency response community. For example, Murphy now works as a

volunteer to train local police, fire, and other first responders in urban search and rescue

techniques, including uses of robotic devices. And she and other robotics researchers

examining the technical lessons of the World Trade Center experience are making use of a

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

he advanced technologies – robotics, global positioning satellite (GPS) technologies, optical

technologies for remote sensing and environmental monitoring, high-speed networking,

computational chemical analysis techniques, and mapping, modeling, and simulation software

– used in three separate disaster response activities described here originated in Federally funded IT

R&D. In each effort, diverse information technologies working together provided the human responders

with essential, timely, and otherwise unavailable findings to guide their decisions and actions. These IT

capabilities made it possible to rapidly gather vast quantities of real-time data through remote sensing

devices, to process and analyze the data, and to represent the scientific results g raphically – transforming

raw information into timely tools for human understanding and informed action. Federal IT research

generates a continuing cycle of such advances from bench research to prototype demonstration to widescale deployment. The constant developmental effort supports critical Federal missions, seeds privatesector enterprise, and provides the lift for what John H. Marburger III, director of the White House

Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), calls the U.S. “trajectory of world leadership in science.”

Small volunteers ideally suited for dangerous missions

DARPA prototype “pacbot” robot at Ground Zero.

T


portable test course established in 2000 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) to evaluate robots’ functioning in disaster environments. NIST, DARPA, and robotics

research groups use the reference-testing facility to develop objective performance metrics;

several of the Ground Zero robots had been run through the course prior to the disaster.

Although current technology shows significant progress over earlier generations, the

systems employed in New York were still research platforms and exhibited serious shortfalls.

Murphy noted at a recent NSF briefing that, although the prototype vehicles successfully

contributed to the Ground Zero crisis response, their frustrated operators took away a long list

of needed improvements requiring a continued advanced research effort. The research issues

include durability (e very robot used was damaged); speed, power, and maneuverability (robots

flipped over and could not right themselves, or got stuck, or could not surmount obstacles);

computational component issues (the smallest robots had no onboard processing, so they had

to be wireline-tethered to surface-level controls, limiting mobility); camera occlusion and poor

image quality; inadequate sensing capabilities (disaster-response robots need to be able to relay

fine-grained and 3-D information about topology, materials, and other environmental

characteristics, as well as about their own situation and physical state); and serious software

problems (interfaces were difficult to use and software was not interoperable across robots).

As in tactical battlefield situations, the promise of robotics in disaster response is to

undertake critical tasks, such as real-time information gathering and transmission, under

conditions that are life-threatening for humans. Murphy noted that in the 1985 Mexico City

earthquake, 65 of the 135 rescuers who died lost their lives inside damaged buildings. “It’s not

about the robots,” Murphy said. “They are just another tool for emergency rescuers to use.

Urban search and rescue is all about information – and the information technology it takes to

get findings that rescuers urgently need into their hands right away.”

Shortly after the terrorist attacks, the geosensing

systems unit in the University of Florida (UF) Department of

Civil and Coastal Engineering received a phone call from the

Joint Precision Strike Demonstration Group of the

Department of Defense (DoD) asking for its laser-mapping

expertise in a collaborative effort with Federal agencies to

develop advanced scientific maps and damage and hazard

assessments at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

The UF researchers, whose Federally supported work applies

scanning laser technologies to topographical and structural

analysis, joined personnel and equipment from the National

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),

NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey, and Optech, Inc., a

Canadian manufacturer of laser devices, in the data-collection

and analysis activity. Optech provided airborne and groundbased laser scanning instruments, and NOAA contributed a

plane and pilot to collect the airborne observations. NSF added some “quick response” funding

to enable the UF team, which is developing a novel 3-D structural mapping technique, to make

additional laser observations and conduct a study of the results.

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Scientific maps and analyses to assess environmental, structural hazards

NOAA airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM)

image looking southwest over the World Trade

Center (WTC).The rubble of 7WTC is at lower

right.Behind it are 5WTC (left) and 6WTC (right,

damaged).Tower 1 stood behind 6W TC and Tower

2 stood behind and to the left of Tower 1.A wing of

4WTC remains standing at the left-rear of the site.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

At the same time, Robert O. Green, a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory

(JPL), was on the phone with research colleagues at the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) discussing what contribution the three

agencies might make to help emergency officials understand the environmental conditions at

Ground Zero. They agreed that NASA, USGS, and EPA technologies and analytical

capabilities could provide assessments of friable asbestos levels at the site and obtained a goahead from officials at their agencies to do the work. As the activity developed, however, the

scientists realized there were other significant issues – such as the locations and temperatures

of fires burning at Ground Zero, and the types and dispersion of airborne particulates – about

which emergency workers needed strategic scientific information for decision making. FEMA

and OSTP officials, recognizing the utility of the initial findings, asked the Federal scientists

to continue collecting data over the following week.

Information technologies applied in these two collaborative

Federal efforts included NASA’s advanced remote sensing capabilities,

DoD’s global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, USGS’s worldleading topographical and chemical analysis techniques, and computer

modeling and visualization technologies developed by DARPA, the

Department of Energy (DOE), NASA, NOAA, and NSF. These

capabilities, along with advances in networking and computational

power driven by IT R&D, enabled scientists involved in each of the

mapping and hazard-assessment projects to turn very large and complex

streams of sensor data rapidly into site maps and analyses.

NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

(AVIRIS) was flown by its JPL team over the Trade Center area on

September 16, 18, 22, and 23. AVIRIS is a unique hyperspectral remote

sensing instrument that delivers calibrated images of rising spectral

radiance in 224 contiguous bands with wavelengths from 400 to 2,500

nanometers. (The various bands make possible high-accuracy

measurements across a wide variety of target surfaces, ranges, and

atmospheric conditions.) After the initial flyovers, the Federal team was

able on September 18 to provide emergency workers with the first

information identifying three dozen thermal “hot spots” at Ground

Zero, ranging from 800 degrees to more than 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit.

By focusing on the targeted hot spots, firefighters were able to reduce

temperatures to near-normal by September 23, as verified by the

hyperspectral data collected in NASA’s flyover on that day.

Computational tools enable data analyses

Digital spectral data collected in the NASA flights were delivered by FEMA courier to

JPL in California, where Robert Green and colleagues worked through the night to process

the findings via high-performance computing. Then they were networked to the USGS

Imaging Spectroscopy Lab in Denver, where scientist Roger Clark and colleagues performed

computational analyses including surface reflectance calibration and spectral mapping. Physical

NASA’s hyperspectral imaging system assays hot spots, airborne particulates

NASA’s September 16 AVIRIS flight

over Ground Zero (upper right) at

mid-day revealed dozens of thermal

“hot spots” with temperatures as high

as 1,300 degrees F. In this image,

areas with the highest recorded temperatures are shown as white patches.

Analyses of AVIRIS data also showed

composition of airborne particulates.


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

samples collected at the site by USGS personnel also were analyzed for mineralogical and

chemical properties using such technologies as reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron

microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

On September 23, the researchers provided World Trade Center emergency workers

with complete maps and reports detailing the substances in the air and on the ground. The

results were consistent with the EPA ground team’s assessment that only trace levels of

asbestos were present in the air. But the spectral and sample analyses provided additional

significant details, pinpointing the precise composition and dispersion of particulates. Other

particulates included glass fibers, gypsum, concrete, paper, other substances commonly used in

construction, and some heavy metals such as chromium and molybdenum. The analyses found

that there were higher concentrations of asbestos on beam coatings but that the Ground Zero

asbestos was composed only of chrysotile asbestos, which studies have found to be less

carcinogenic than other forms. The interagency team agreed, however, with New York Public

Health recommendations that cleanup work should be done with appropriate respiratory

protection and dust control measures.

Meanwhile, the University of Florida group was working with a combination of imaging

and computing capabilities it has developed to generate a new type of 3-D map that can be

particularly useful in assessing structural integrity and vulnerabilities.The technique starts with

airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), also called light detection and ranging (LIDAR), a

line-of-sight technology first developed by NASA and USGS in the 1980s for wide-area

topographic mapping. In ALSM, a pattern of narrow pulses or beams of light (of much finer

PENTAGON RENOVATION PROGRAM: Around-the-clock efforts by thousands of workers have put the

reconstruction of the 60-year-old Pentagon ahead of schedule, and more than 2,000 employees have already

returned to their desks in the damaged section.The completed structure will be dedicated on September 11,2002.

ALSM technologies provide accurate views of damage to buildings


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

resolution than the broad radio waves of radar) is directed to the surface being mapped. A

digital optical receiver in the plane records, counts, and times the returning light pulses. Since

light travels at 30 centimeters per nanosecond, high-speed computation and visualization

software can convert these data points into high-resolution maps of topographical features.

NOAA’s Cessna Citation flew over the 16-acre World Trade Center site, scanning with

an Optech ALSM unit. The system recorded data points from 33,000 laser pulses per second

hitting and bouncing off the terrain at intervals of less than one meter across a swath parallel

to the plane’s path. At the same time, UF team members on the ground used an Optech

tripod-mounted laser scanner to record structural and ground surface data points at intervals

of a few centimeters. GPS receivers positioned at the site provided precision calibration and

orientation for both the air and ground-level laser scans. Using ALSM data only, the

researchers supplied the city with a preliminary topographical map of a six-kilometer-square

area around Ground Zero. They also developed high-resolution ground-level images of

structures still standing at the site. These images were used by emergency teams to help assess

the severity of structural damage and possible dangers to workers.

At the Pentagon, the NOAA aircraft made 30 ALSM scans totaling more than 31

million data points, and an Optech crew conducted 13 ground-level scans. The company

processed the data rapidly, providing Defense officials within days with topographical and eyelevel images of Pentagon structural damage.

Turning laser dots into precision 3-D digital elevation maps

Back at the University of Florida’s ALSM processing lab, the hundreds of millions of

data points gathered at the World Trade Center underwent intensive computational processing

and filtering, using algorithms developed by the researchers to eliminate irrelevant

topographical “noise” such as cars, airborne particulates, and vegetation, and to generate georeferenced data grids. The output images look like black and white photographs, but they are

in fact vast clouds of data points, each with its own spatial coordinates on three axes, accurate

to within a few centimeters. With these 3-D digital elevation maps, a viewer can look at a

structure from above and then zoom in to see the same view from other angles. The map user

can search for cracks and fissures, estimate the volume (and thus the mass) of debris fields or

holes, and superimpose a geometric mesh over a structural element to compute its degree of

deformation or deflection (thus stress) and the size and shape of surface damage.

As part of the NSF “quick response” funding, the University of Florida researchers will

recommend ways that their innovative mapping system can be used in future disaster

prevention and mitigation efforts – such as mapping potential earthquake and flood zones and

evacuation routes – as well as in emergency response situations.

he coordination of Federal IT research investments across many agencies and private-sector

partnerships leverages the Government’s mission-related research, producing general-purpose,

broadly useful, and interoperable technologies, tools, and applications. That makes the NITRD

Program a powerful engine of technology transfer. The large number of Federally funded IT

breakthroughs subsequently commercialized in the private sector – often by graduates of U.S. research

universities whose education was supported by NITRD funding – leverage the Federal investments

even further. The following pages describe the IT research priorities and plans of the NITRD agencies.

T


Strengthening National, Homeland,

and Economic Security

Workers at the Byee Stone Company

of Elletsville, Indiana, engraved and

signed this stone, which will be

placed at the Pentagon crash site

during September 11, 2002,

dedication ceremonies. Also signed by

construction workers at the site, the

plaque – and stones for the

restoration itself – come from the

same quarry used to build the

Pentagon originally.

NITRD agencies aid

in Federal response

N

ational security, homeland security, and economic security –

the three interconnected Administration priorities set forth

by President Bush in his January 29 State of the Union

address – have turned an unprecedented spotlight on the critical

significance of advanced information technologies in safeguarding

American citizens and institutions in the 21st century. In the war on

terrorism, capabilities conceived through Federal investment in

fundamental IT R&D are being deployed in advanced weaponry,

battlefield reconnaissance, and information operations environments;

bioterrorism countermeasures; intelligence gathering and analysis;

increased security for critical U.S. infrastructure, including digital

communications systems; and surveillance of our national borders

and visitor access processes. And in its plan for the 2003 fiscal year,

Dr. Marburger said at a recent scientific gathering, “the President’s

Budget acknowledges that the Nation’s highest priorities are all

served by investments in science, engineering, and education.”

In the computing field, Moore’s Law has for three decades reliably

predicted the doubling of transistors per silicon chip – and thus computing

speeds and IT advances – every 18 months. Today’s IT components must

be rapidly and continuously improved to sustain U.S. technological

leadership for both national security and economic development.

The NITRD agencies are active participants in Administration working

groups that have been tasked on a rapid-response basis to coordinate

Federal technological resources and needs for combatting terrorism. In

recent remarks to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and

Technology, Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans noted that the National

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) within the Department of

Commerce (DOC) supports 75 programs related to defense against

terrorism. NIST is also the formal research and technical resource for

FEMA efforts to apply state-of-the-art technologies to disaster

preparedness and crisis response. The Secretary also cited the role of

NOAA, another DOC agency, in providing satellite-based weather and

environmental analysis capabilities that help counter terrorist threats and

strengthen U.S. economic security. In addition, NITRD agency funding

supports the development of the Nation’s leading IT, science, and

U.S. PRIORITIES

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

High-end computing plan

for national security

Keeping IT R&D pipeline

full of innovations

Addressing networking 

and IT challenges in 

the national interest

engineering researchers, including the foremost specialists in cybersecurity

technologies and tools. (Please see page 31 for more on NITRD’s role in

building the skilled IT workforce that U.S. economic security requires.)

NITRD agencies are also participating in the development of a plan for a

long-term integrated supercomputing R&D program to strengthen national

security. In its report accompanying the FY 2002 Defense appropriation bill,

Congress tasked the Secretary of Defense to prepare such a plan by July 2002.

The information technologies now being fielded in U.S. counterterrorism

activities represent the outflow of the IT R&D pipeline. Fundamental Federal

IT research keeps the pipeline full of powerful, innovative ideas so that nextgeneration technical advances can be prototyped and commercially developed

even as the current generation is deployed. This is the process that fueled the

digital revolution and continues to drive U.S. economic growth.

Particularly in the areas of critical and networking infrastructure protection

and intelligence management, national and homeland security require:

• Intensified research in cybersecurity technologies and methods to

develop advanced networks that can replace the vulnerabilities of

today’s Internet with self-healing, trusted, high-bandwidth systems for

secure U.S. commerce, communication, and connectivity

• Advanced software algorithms for high-performance data mining,

synthesis, analysis, and management of massive quantities of

unstructured, heterogeneous information from many sources 

• New hardware and software assurance technologies

• Innovative methods to protect U.S. citizens from theft and misuse of

their identity information and to assure the security of travel 

Major Research Challenges

• Cost-effective advances in high-end computing to provide the data

storage and compute power for intelligence analysis, high-performance

national defense systems, and critical scientific research

• Large-scale data mining, intelligence analysis, and information

management technologies

• Advanced cryptography and authentication technologies for secure

communications

• New methods to achieve security, attack-resistance, and self-healing in

high-speed wireless and wired networks

• Embedded, networked sensor technologies for reconnaissance and

autonomous weapons systems

• High-assurance software design for mission-critical systems

• Improved interfaces and interoperability of heterogeneous, multimodal

IT devices and functionalities


The war on terro ri s m , the President said in his

State of the Union addre s s , makes this “a decisive

d e cade in the history of liberty. ” This Supplement to

the FY 2003 Budget describes the ways in which IT

capabilities developed by the NIT RD agencies are

s u p p o rting immediate Fe d e ral efforts to stre n g t h e n

n a t i on a l , h om e l a n d , and econ omic securi ty.

Federal IT R&D investments also play a longrange strategic role in sustaining the Nation’s

overall strength, according to a November 2001

report by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

In the report, “Global Technology Scenarios

Through 2015,” a panel of experts concludes that

U.S. national and economic security in the years

ahead will be inextricably linked to our continuing

world leadership in science and technology

innovation.

The panel identifies six technologies – gene

therapy, wireless communications, image

understanding, cloned or tailored organisms,

MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), and

nanotechnology – as those most likely to have

“high impact” on U.S. national security.

The rapid emergence of these high-impact

technologies is enabled by cutting-edge IT

capabilities – such as computational modeling,

simulation, and interactive digital instrumentation

– pioneered in Federal R&D, and all the highimpact technologies will rely on continuing

advances in IT R&D to further their development.

Four of the six technologies – wireless

communications, image understanding, MEMS

technologies, and nanotechnologies for advanced

computation and computing components – are the

focus of current research in the NITRD Program.

Five additional technologies that the CIA panel

calls “enablers” are seen as having a significant 

impact on national security by 2015 if 

technological innovation, market demand, and

synergy among the emerging technologies are all

robust between now and then. The enablers are:

optical communications, regenerative medicine,

efficient software development, sensor webs, and

advanced materials.

Three of these five enabling technologies are

high priorities today in the Federal NITRD

program, and research in the other two areas –

regenerative medicine and advanced materials –

requires high-end data storage and management,

computation, and networking technologies

developed by the NITRD agencies.

Among the hallmarks of new technologies that

are successfully adopted, the panel notes, are that

they result from Federal or commercial R&D “in

specific fields of technological innovation” and

“they are platform technologies with many

potential spinoff applications.” Predicting that the

pace of technological change will accelerate over

the period examined, the panel envisions that all

six of the high-impact technologies will have been

adopted in the U.S. by 2015.

The uncertainties affecting the relative

advantage or disadvantage for this country, the

panel concludes, lie in “the intensity of

technological development, the degree of U.S.

leadership, and the level of diffusion of

technologies (new and existing) to developed,

developing, and less developed nations.”

The panel argues that “the United States is well

positioned to maintain its current leadership role

in technology.” But it cautions that “continued

investments by government and industry in R&D”

and “an educational system capable of producing

sufficient graduates in science, engineering, and

medicine” will be critical to sustaining U.S.

preeminence.

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

CIA Report: Maintain U.S. Leadership 

in Key Technologies To Enhance National Security


Overview

The new American

infrastructure

Coordination,partnerships

with academe and industry

prove productive

Leveraging IT Talents and Resources 

Through Interagency Collaboration

Networks and other information technologies today provide the core

infrastructure, platforms, and tools for necessary activities across the whole

spectrum of American endeavor – from national defense and national

security, to communications, commerce, and industry, to biomedical and

scientific research, to health care and education, to agriculture and

transportation, to weather forecasting, energy management, environmental

protection, and citizen services. The critical components of IT systems and

devices combine fundamental and applied knowledge in mathematics,

physics, chemical, electrical, and mechanical engineering, and computer

science. Tailoring these components to specific application fields – such as

aerospace transportation and communication systems, weapons systems,

telecommunications networks, biomedical research, large-scale information

collection, storage, and management, and the like – requires additional

interdisciplinary collaboration between the technology builders and users.

Even at the time the Congress called for interagency IT research

collaboration in the High-Performance Computing (HPC) Act of 1991

(P.L. 102-194), it was by no means clear that computing and networking

technologies would, in only a few years, dramatically transform society. But

the bipartisan HPC legislation turned out to be prescient. It established a

strong interagency framework for Federal IT research, combining ambitious

goals with requirements for interagency cooperation, coordination, and

partnerships with academe and industry. The program has grown steadily

into a highly productive research enterprise involving all the major Federal

science and research agencies and collaborations with virtually all major U.S.

research universities and with many companies developing new information

technologies and applications.

THE NITRD PROGRAM

T

he multiagency Networking and Information Technology

Research and Development (NITRD) Program occupies a

unique position in the Federal science and technology research

portfolio. There is no other single area of either science or technology

whose impacts on government and society are at once so pervasive, so

profound, and so critical to the national interest. Information

technology is the ultimate interdisciplinary enabler, reaching into

many basic and applied sciences for its source materials and producing

devices and capabilities with universal applications.


Collaboration advances

enabling technologies

About the multiagency

NITRD Program

Participating agencies

Program Component Areas

(PCAs)

Over the course of the decade, not just the wisdom but the necessity of

interdisciplinary collaboration and coordination in IT research has become

more widely recognized, as the complexity and heterogeneity of systems and

software continue to spiral upward with the demand for new IT capabilities

and protections. In this context, the coordination of Federal IT R&D

investments – the Nation’s most important source of fundamental IT

research – across many agencies and private-sector partnerships powerfully

leverages both human talents and mission-related research. This accelerates

advances in the underlying technologies – called “enabling” technologies – on

which all computing and networking devices and systems are based. The

results are general-purpose, broadly useful, and interoperable technologies,

tools, and applications that enable Federal deployment of state-of-the-art

systems for critical agency missions and spur commercial development and

innovation throughout the economy.

The NITRD Program is one of the very few formal interagency research

efforts in the U.S. government. It has become a model for success in such a

collaborative enterprise. Criteria for participation are outlined on page 38.

The NITRD agencies are:

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

• Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

• Department of Defense, Office of the Director, Defense Research &

Engineering (ODDR&E)

• Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security

Administration (NNSA)

• Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science 

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• National Institutes of Health (NIH)

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

• National Security Agency (NSA)

• National Science Foundation (NSF)

The collaborative research agenda of the NITRD agencies is expressed in

seven Program Component Areas (PCAs), each of which focuses on

particular aspects of IT research. Each PCA has a Coordinating Group made

up of agency program managers in the relevant research fields. These groups

meet monthly to exchange information and coordinate multiagency activities

in their areas.The PCAs are:

• High End Computing (HEC), which includes both HEC R&D and

HEC Infrastructure & Applications (I&A)


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

Interagency Working

Group (IWG) on IT R&D 

and

National Coordination

Office (NCO) for IT R&D

NITRD Program funding

About the Supplement

to the President’s Budget 

for FY 2003 

Information on the Web

• Human Computer Interaction & Information Management 

(HCI & IM)

• Large Scale Networking (LSN) 

• LSN also fields three targeted teams – Joint Engineering Team

(JET), Middleware and Grid Infrastructure Coordination

(MAGIC), and Networking Research Team (NRT) – that

address specific technical issue areas.These teams include nonFederal members from academe and industr y.

• Software Design and Productivity (SDP) 

• High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS)

• Social, Economic, and Workforce Implications of IT and 

IT Workforce Development (SEW)

Overall coordination of NITRD activities is handled by the Interagency

Working Group (IWG) on IT R&D of the National Science and

Technology Council. The IWG is made up of representatives from each of

the participating agencies and from the Office of Management and Budget

(OMB), the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the National

Economic Council (NEC), and the National Coordination Office (NCO)

for IT R&D. The IWG is co-chaired by NSF’s Assistant Director for the

Computing and Information Science and Engineering Directorate and the

Director of the NCO, which coordinates planning, budget, and assessment

activities for the NITRD Program.

Agencies’ NITRD activities are funded through standard budgeting and

appropriations measures that involve the participating agencies and

departments, OMB, and the Congress and are signed into law by the

President. NITRD efforts typically involve multiagency collaboration, with

mutual planning and mutual defense of budgets; agencies provide funding

and management for their research contributions to the NITRD enterprise.

This Supplement to the President’s Budget for FY 2003 outlines the

current activities and plans of the NITRD Program, as required by the HPC

Act of 1991.The Supplement describes key roles being played by the

NITRD agencies in the war on terrorism and highlights major NITRD

research efforts to develop and prototype the next-generation IT component

technologies and tools that will power U.S. scientific and economic

innovation in the years ahead. The proposed NITRD budget for FY 2003 is

$1,889 million, a $59-million increase above the estimated $1,830 million in

FY 2002. FY 2002 budget estimates and FY 2003 requests for the NITRD

Program, by agency and by PCA, are shown on pages 36 and 37.

Copies of NCO publications, including this report, information about

NITRD activities, and links to participating agency and related Web sites

can be found at:

http://www.nitrd.gov/ 


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Terascale infrastructure;

systems software, middleware,

software environments,libraries,

visualization, data management,

and algorithms for heterogeneous

distributed high-end systems;

grid resource management;

quantum and biological concepts

DARPA: Polymorphous

architectures; high-end

productive, robust, intelligent

computing systems; very largescale integration of photonics for

intra- and inter-chip

communication,including

processor-in-memory arrays

DARPA/NSF:Biomolecular

structures applied to terascale

computation and storage

NASA: High-end software and

systems tuning and management

techniques;Information Power

Grid technologies and tools;

information physics (properties of

sensing, processing, and storage

systems); quantum and nanoscale

technologies

New Technologies To Explore 

the Frontier of Complexity

W

e are in the early stage of a revolution in science nearly as

profound as the one that occurred early in the last century with

the birth of quantum mechanics.This revolution is caused by two

developments: one is the set of instruments such as electron microscopy,

synchrotron x-ray sources, lasers, scanning microscopy, and nuclear magnetic

resonance devices; the other is the availability of powerful computing and

information technology. Together these have brought science finally within

reach of a new frontier, the frontier of complexity.

– John H. Marburger III, Director, OSTP

Beyond this frontier lie the tiniest units and processes of organic and

inorganic matter, the largest structures and farthest reaches of the universe,

the interactions and patterns of change among the elements of the biosphere

that enables life on Earth, and the possibility of novel materials,

pharmaceuticals, technologies, and tools we can barely imagine today.

The NITRD agencies are aggressively pursuing technical breakthroughs

in component technologies, high-end system and storage architectures,

systems software, and programming environments that will enable U.S.

science to lead the world in these promising realms. Attaining the necessary

highest-performance capabilities requires fundamental long-term research in

computer architecture, semiconductor design, and systems software, as well

as in areas with revolutionary potential, such as quantum and biomolecular

concepts, in all aspects of high-end systems and software (see pages 15-17).

NITRD research provides an essential bridge between the requirements of

the Federal government for cutting-edge national defense, national security,

and scientific applications and commercially available computing products.

In addition, NITRD-funded research is developing technologies and tools

for high-end collaboratories – “virtual” lab facilities shared over highperformance networks by distributed teams of scientists. The goal is a

networked infrastructure for advanced research that can seamlessly connect

distributed teams to the high-end computing systems, instruments,

advanced simulation and visualization software, and sensor networks they

need to work collaboratively on data- and computation-intensive problems.

One form of such interconnections is called “grid computing” because it

works as a patterned overlay on advanced networks, creating a grid of linked,

interoperating resources that can be widely distributed, with a governing

fabric of protocols and protections for the grid and its users as a whole. In

effect, a grid leverages the Internet to provide some of the i n f ra s t ru c t u re for

HIGH-END COMPUTING 

Head-on view of a protein nanotube

from prototype NASA Growler software for visualizing molecular

structures of 1,000 or more atoms.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

N I H : High-end biomedica l

c o m p u t i n g ; tools for determ i n i n g

3-D molecular stru c tu re s ; m e t h o d s

for displaying and analyzing

i m a ges from instru m e n tation data

DOE Office of Science: Scalable

mathematical algorithms and

software infrastructure (operating

systems, component technologies,

optimal mathematical solvers) for

terascale modeling and simulation

applications; partnerships for

terascale science

DOE/NNSA: Science and

engineering innovations in highspeed computation, terabyte data

storage and retrieval, and

visualization to enable

supercomputer modeling and

simulation for U.S.nuclear

stockpile stewardship

NSA: Collaborations with highend systems manufacturers;

operating system and

programming language

improvements; fundamental

technologies for special-purpose

devices (power controls, cooling,

interconnects, switches,and design

tools); computer memory

performance; fundamental physics

of quantum information systems

NOAA: Improved climate and

weather models via enhanced

Modular Ocean Model, Flexible

Modeling System, and Scalable

Modeling System

NIST: Research in quantum

computing,secure quantum

communication, optimization and

computational geometry,

photonics, nanotechnologies,

optoelectronics, and new chip

designs and fabrication methods

ODDR&E: University-based

research in quantum

communications and memory

EPA : Pa rad i g m s , te ch n i q u e s , a n d

tools for modeling complex

e n v i ro n m e n tal phenomena such as

i n teractions of a i r, w a ter, and soil

l a r g e - s ca l e, d i s t ri b u t e d , h i g h - p e rf o rmance com p u t i n g, and it extends highend capabilities to a wider com mu n i ty of scientists, e n g i n e e r s , and students.

With early, visionary support from DARPA, DOE, NASA, and NSF

over the past five years, researchers at the leading edge of grid design

prototyped and experimented with the open-standard Globus ToolkitTM.

Developed at DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the

University of Southern California, Globus is the first suite of middleware

software tools for linking and using computing resources in a grid

environment. NASA adopted Globus to build its Information Power Grid,

an ambitious initiative to network the agency’s high-end computing

resources and data repositories. In FY 2002, NSF brought national visibility

to the grid concept when it awarded an unprecedented $53 million to four

institutions to create a “Distributed Terascale Facility” with Globus as the

underpinning that knits the components into a whole (story on next page).

In recent months, 12 leading hardware and software vendors – including

Compaq, Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, Microsoft, NEC, SGI, and Sun

Microsystems – have announced that they will adopt the Globus ToolkitTMas

the basis for grid computing with their products. An IBM executive has

predicted that grid computing will transform U.S. business practices.

Even as NITRD research generates many such promising technology

transfers, the Program’s primary focus in high-end computing continues to

be on research to increase the most advanced and exacting capabilities of

high-end platforms for critical U.S. defense and civilian requirements,

including global science and technology leadership. For FY 2003, the

NITRD agencies will support research in: 1) the fundamental science of

supercomputing component technologies and system designs, and 2)

technologies, tools, and applications to enable the Nation’s researchers to

work computationally at the state of the art.

Major Research Challenges

• High performance computer architecture – understanding and

managing the complexity tradeoffs among hardware design and

architecture, systems software, and scientific applications to deliver

the greatest capability for scientific discovery and national security

• Revolutionary approaches – such as innovative processing and storage

concepts, including novel architectures, quantum and biomolecular

components, hybrid technologies, reconfigurable systems on a chip,

and processor-in-memory (PIM) technologies – to enable nextgeneration supercomputing platforms

• Systems software – advanced programming environments, compilers,

libraries, middleware, and performance engineering technologies

• New high-end algorithms and codes for scientific computation and

simulation; integrated and optimized software infrastructure for

distributed terascale computing environments


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

NSF’s Distributed Terascale Facility

Terascale Infrastructure for Discovery

HIGH-END COMPUTING CAPABILITIES

Tera- = A prefix denoting 1012, or a trillion. A terascale computing system can

make a trillion calculations, called floating point operations or “flops,” per second.

A terabyte is a trillion bytes of data. Federal research seeks to achieve petascale (1015,

or a thousand trillion calculations per second) systems by the end of this decade.

NSF’s new $53-million initiative aims to bring

the power and benefits of terascale computing to

the Nation’s college and university campuses. The

effort will build a unique distributed terascale

system outfitted for grid computing that will serve

as the experimental protot ype for a wider-scale

academic computing infrastructure of the future.

A longtime champion of improved computing

infrastructure for academe, NSF has, since the mid1990s, supported development of the Partnerships

for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (PACI),

two networks of universities working to expand

campus researchers’ access to high-end computing

facilities and tools.The National Partnership for

Advanced Computational Infrastructure (NPACI)

based at the University of California-San Diego’s

(UCSD) San Diego Supercomputing Center

(SDSC) is a collaboration of 30 other funded

partners and 16 domestic and international

affiliates; the National Computational Science

Alliance (the Alliance) is a group of more than 50

academic, government, and business organizations

based at the National Center for Supercomputing

Applications (NCSA) on the campus of the

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

In FY 2000, NSF commissioned an initial effort

to develop a terascale academic computing platform

at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. That

system, built in partnership with Compaq, came

online ahead of schedule in 2001 with a peak

performance of 6 teraflops and realized 75 percent

of peak with an existing application code. The

three-year Distributed Terascale Facility (DTF)

program will add to this developing academic

infrastructure the world’s first multisite terascale

computing system, with peak performance of 11.6

teraflops and more than 450 terabytes of storage.

The four sites chosen for DTF awards – SDSC,

NCSA, DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory

(ANL), and the California Institute of Technology

(Caltech) – will work with primary corporate

partners IBM, Intel, Myricom, Oracle, Qwest, and

Sun – to build the computing platforms and link

them through a 40-gigabit (40 billion bits-persecond) optical network. The DTF institutions will

divide up the developmental responsibilities:

• NCSA will be the lead in computational aspects

with an IBM Linux cluster using Intel’s 64-bit

Itanium “McKinley” processors. Peak

performance will be 6.1 teraflops, with 240

terabytes of secondary storage

• SDSC will head the project’s data- and

knowledge-management effort, with a 4-

teraflops IBM Linux cluster using McKinley

processors, 225 terabytes of storage, and a Sun

high-end server for managing data

• ANL will have a 1-teraflops IBM Linux cluster

to host advanced software for high-resolution

rendering, remote visualization, and grid

computing

• Caltech will focus on data, with a 0.54-teraflops

McKinley cluster and a 32-node IA-32 cluster

to manage 86 terabytes of online storage

These computational resources will be woven

together as the “TeraGrid,” a grid computing

framework using Globus that participants see as the

potential blueprint for tomorrow’s advanced

academic computing. The four sites are expected to

be linked and operational in FY 2003.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) at DOE

Scientific inquiry at the frontier of complexity

requires computational modeling and simulation, a

critical component of research across all areas of

DOE’s Office of Science. Today, the astonishing

advances in processing speeds over the last decade

have opened the prospect of new, even more

accurate physical, chemical, and biological models.

But these highly complex models can only be

effectively developed by interdisciplinary teams of

applications scientists, applied mathematicians, and

computer scientists.

The Office of Science’s Scientific Discovery

through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program,

a new initiative in FY 2001, has assembled such

teams to develop the scientific computing software

and hardware infrastructure needed to use terascale

computers to advance fundamental research in areas

related to DOE missions. Under the multiyear

SciDAC program, 51 projects have received a total

of $57 million to build terascale capabilities for

climate modeling, fusion energy sciences, chemical

sciences, nuclear astrophysics, high-energy physics,

and high-performance computing.

The SciDAC effort will help create a new

generation of scientific simulation codes. The codes

will take full advantage of the extraordinary

computing capabilities of terascale platforms to

address ever-larger, more complex problems. The

program also includes research on improved

mathematical and computing systems software that

will enable these codes to use modern parallel

computers effectively. Collaboratory software

developed within the SciDAC program will enable

geographically separated scientists to use scientific

instruments and computers remotely and work

together with distant colleagues as a team, sharing

data more readily.

Selected from more than 150 proposals, the

SciDAC activities include large projects funded for

three to five years and smaller projects supported for

three years. Success of the SciDAC program

depends on multidisciplinary teams from universities

and laboratories working in close partnership. The

projects involve collaborations among 13 DOE

laboratories and more than 50 colleges and

universities.

Thirty-three projects are in the biological,

chemical, and physical sciences. Specifically, 14

university projects will advance the science of

climate simulation and prediction. These projects

involve novel methods and computationally efficient

approaches for simulating components of the

climate system and work on the integrated “climate

model of the future.”

Ten projects will address the areas of quantum

chemistry and fluid dynamics, which are critical for

modeling energy-related chemical transformations

such as combustion, catalysis, and photochemical

energy conversion. The scientists involved in these

activities will develop new theoretical methods and

efficient computational algorithms to predict

complex molecular structures and reaction rates with

unprecedented accuracy.

Five projects are focused on developing and

improving the physics models needed for integrated

simulations of plasma systems to advance fusion

energy science. These projects will focus on such

fundamental phenomena as electromagnetic waveplasma interactions, plasma turbulence, and

macroscopic stability of magnetically confined

plasmas.

Four projects in high energy and nuclear physics

will significantly extend our exploration of the

fundamental processes of nature. The projects

include the search for the explosion mechanism of

core-collapse supernovae, development of a new

generation of accelerator simulation codes, and

simulations of quantum chromodynamics.

Seventeen projects are to develop the software

infrastructure to support research collaboration

using distributed resources and scientific simulation

on terascale computers.

Three Applied Mathematics Integrated Software

Infrastructure Centers will take on the challenge of

providing scalable numerical libraries. The centers

will provide new tools for near-optimal complexity


solvers for nonlinear partial differential equations

based on multilevel methods, hybrid and adaptive

mesh generation, and high-order discretization

techniques for representing complex, evolving

domains, and tools for the efficient solution of

partial differential equations based on locally

structured grids, hybrid particle/mesh simulations,

and problems with multiple-length scales.

Four Computer Science Integrated Software

Infrastructure Centers will address critical issues in

high-performance component software

technology, large-scale scientific data management,

understanding application/architecture relationships

for improved sustained performance, and scalable

system software tools for improved management

and utility of systems with thousands of processors.

Four national collaboratory, two middleware, and

four network research projects will have general

applicability. This work will investigate, develop,

deploy, and refine the underpinning software

environment that will enable innovative approaches

to scientific computing through secure remote

access to shared distributed resources, large-scale

transfers over high-speed networks, and

integration of collaborative tools with the

researcher’s desktop.

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Radically new component technologies and

system architectures are needed to make it possible

to design smaller supercomputing platforms that

cost less to build and maintain but increase speeds,

portability, and scalability. The current generation of

U.S. high-end platforms requires many thousands of

square feet of floor space and megawatts of power.

This approach, which packages many commodity

multiprocessor nodes into one large system, is

reaching the limits of scalability and affordability.

The NITRD research agenda supports long-range

efforts seeking fundamental breakthroughs in highend processor and systems architectures to reduce

the size, cost, and power requirements of platforms

and mass storage devices.This work includes highrisk experimentation with promising concepts in

biomolecular, quantum, and hybrid nanotechnologies for processing and storage;

reconfigurable systems on a chip; systems

architectures integrating component and device

technologies; and programming environments.

To create a supercomputing platform, very large

numbers of components must be brought together

and assembled. Achieving maximum possible

computational speeds dictates that all these

components be tightly spaced and closely

interconnected. To build such a platform on a scale

that increases portability and scalability will require

solution of the high-end field’s most difficult

challenges in fundamental science, including power

requirements, thermal management, component and

system architecture miniaturization, and

superconducting switches and interconnects.

Advanced national defense applications are a key

area in which new approaches to high-end

computing systems are urgently needed, a DoD

official noted at a March 2002 conference. To

achieve the necessary breakthroughs, DARPA is

undertaking an ambitious “High Productivity

Computing Systems” program, which challenges

industry, working with academic research partners,

to think “out-of-the-box” about architectures and

component technologies, with the goal of producing

an entirely new commercial system by 2010.

Working through three R&D phases from

innovative concept to technical design to prototype

fabrication, the DARPA development teams will be

expected to achieve the following metrics: 10 to 40

times today’s supercomputing performance;

significantly increased productivity through reduced

application development time and operational costs;

better portability (application software insulated

from system specifics); and substantially improved

robustness and reliability.

In addition, NSA is leading an effort involving

the national security R&D agencies and user

community to develop a plan for a long-term

integrated R&D program in high-end computing.

Congress has asked the Secretary of Defense to

provide the research blueprint by July 2002.

Long-Range Research in Revolutionary Architectures


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Research in middleware to

optimize the performance of

networked applications; highperformance connections for

colleges and universities; strategic

Internet technologies such as

network monitoring,problem

detection and resolution,

automated advanced tools for

active and intelligent networks,

collaborative applications, and

innovative access methods

NIH: Demonstrate application

of scalable, network-aware,

wireless, geographic information

system (GIS), and security

technologies for networked

health-related environments

DARPA: Scalable network

modeling and simulation tools

capable of predicting behavior at

scales ranging from milliseconds

to hours on networks of hundreds

of nodes;demonstrate hybrid

optical/RF self-healing networks

Future Nets: Dynamic Flexibility,

High Bandwidths, and Security

T

hree decades ago, a handful of Federally funded researchers

invented a way to send messages from one computer to

another over telephone lines. Their world-changing

breakthrough, elaborated in subsequent Federal and private sector

R&D, has evolved into the Internet – the basic, if awesomely diverse

and powerful, infrastructure for human enterprise in the new century.

Federal research in large-scale and broadband networking continues to

support U.S. leadership in advanced communications by developing and

prototyping next-generation technologies to dramatically increase the speed,

reliability, security, and versatility of networks. In the wake of 9/11, the

NITRD agencies’ ongoing research emphasis on network reliability, security,

and privacy has also become a shared national concern.

Although the Internet still has the aura of novelty about it, the reality is

that the Net is the product of older technologies that limit the speed and

size of data transfers, open networked devices to cyber attacks, and are not

scalable enough to extend reliable connectivity to fast-growing numbers of

wireless, mobile, and embedded devices. NITRD research focuses on

achieving the fundamental technical advances needed to make end-to-end

high speeds, reliability, security, and flexible access the standard features of

the Nation’s digital communications systems.

One key research area is optical technologies, which offer exponentially

higher bandwidths than today’s Internet and thus make possible advanced

applications and future network expansion. The NITRD agencies have

demonstrated the world’s first end-to-end optical network that is thousands

of times faster than the Internet and are working to further develop optical

systems, which also offer far greater network security and reliability than are

currently possible. For example, the NSF-supported STAR TAP, a Chicagobased cross-connect of U.S. and international high-speed networks, is

evolving into StarLight, an experimental optical testbed and infrastructure

for network services optimized for bandwidth-intensive applications.

StarLight will support experimental networks at 1, 2.5, and 10 gigabits per

second and research networks at speeds up to 10 gigabits. The connections

will allow production (ordinary uses) networks to operate at 1 gigabit levels.

NITRD research at the nexus of high-speed optical and wireless

technologies provides the basis for the significant networking advances the

Nation needs to keep pace with accelerating demands, including:

LARGE-SCALE NETWORKING

Visualization of a directory tree,

created with Walrus software tool

(see inside back cover for details).

Image courtesy of CAIDA.


NASA: Implement a high-speed

testbed network to develop and

demonstrate advanced computing,

networking, and collaborative

technologies; integrate network

services (QoS, passive monitoring,

resource reservation) for grid

environments; demonstrate hybrid

satellite/mobile wireless/ad hoc

network applications and Office of

the Future work environment

DOE Office of Science: Research

in high-performance transport

protocols enabling reliable TCP

delivery of terabits/sec throughput

to distributed high-end science

applications; development of endto-end performance monitoring,

network diagnosis, and scalable

cybersecurity services for largescale scientific collaborations

NSA: Research on advanced

network topologies and protocols,

network convergence, all-optical

networking, and network

management, including burst

switch technology, provisioning,

message passing, low-power

wireless nets, firewalls in highspeed systems, and security and

interoperability issues

NIST: Standards for networked

communication of pervasive

computing devices, including

models of industry protocols,

validation of emerging

specifications, evaluation of

adaptive control mechanisms;

metrics and protocols for ad hoc

wireless networks; approaches to

agile switching infrastructure;

protocols and standards for

Internet infrastructure security

NOAA: Early adoption of

scalable network capabilities and

applications in support of severe

weather forecasting and warning,

and hazardous materials response

ODDR&E: University-based

research in real-time faulttolerant network protocols

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• High levels of network trust (the system is highly reliable and the

information it carries is secure and private)

• Anytime, anywhere network connectivity

• End-to-end high bandwidths for high-performance applications

• Grids to connect computing systems, storage, and instrumentation

• Collaboratory security and quality of service (QoS), meaning

uninterrupted, uniform high network speeds with low latency

• Sensor nets – billions of networked, embedded sensors

In March 2001, the agencies held a major “Workshop on New Visions

for Large-Scale Networks: Research and Applications” in Vienna, Virginia.

More than 160 participants from government, academia, and industry

analyzed six scenarios for the networking future (including intelligent

warfare, disaster response, and air transport) and identified the research

needed to realize these visions (http://www.nitrd.gov/iwg/pca/lsn.html).

Their recommendations are helping guide NITRD research planning.

For FY 2003, NITRD focus areas include technologies and services to

enable wireless, optical, mobile, and hybrid communications; networking

software to enable information to be disseminated to individuals, multicast

to select groups, or broadcast to an entire network; research on scalability

and on modeling and simulation of the Internet; improved end-to-end

performance and performance measurement; software for efficient

development and execution of scalable distributed applications; software

components for distributed applications, such as electronic commerce,

digital libraries, and health care; and infrastructure support and testbeds.

NIH’s National Library of Medicine, for example, will extend its leadingedge research in telemedicine with a new program to demonstrate the

application of scalable, network-aware, wireless, geographic information

systems (GIS), and security technologies to networked health-care

environments. Project proposals will focus on applications for health-care

delivery systems, medical decision making, public health networks, largescale emergencies, health education, and medical research.

Major Research Challenges

• Trust: security, privacy, and reliability

• Adaptive, dynamic, and smart networking

• Measurement and modeling of network performance

• Scalable technologies for massive increases in heterogeneous network

traffic, including billions of wireless devices and sensors 

• Networking applications, including vertical integration and

supporting tools and services such as middleware (see page 20)

• Revolutionary research: theories of complexity, generalized control

theory, other models to address evolution of network functionality

amid exponential growth in connectivity


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

Middleware is vertical integration software that

enables networked resources and multiple

applications to work smoothly together to provide

end user services. As the name suggests, middleware

operates in between top-level software that end users

interact with and core networking and operating

system software at the lower end of the software

stack. Middleware is a facilitator and middle

manager. It provides transparency among network

service providers, for example, to enable information

to flow seamlessly and securely in a trustworthy

framework, and assures software functionality across

heterogeneous computing and storage systems to

meet user requirements, including the ability to

develop new applications.

Although state-of-the-art middleware is crucial to

improving the networked performance of most

applications, middleware development frequently

confronts two competing and contradictory

demands: optimizing the entire network for a single

application and sharing limited resources for the

common good of all applications.

Middleware R&D has begun to sort out these

seemingly incompatible requirements, most notably

through experimentation with implementations of

the Globus middleware suite (details on page 14).

But the area still requires significant attention from

the research community. To close the gap, a new

NSF middleware initiative aims to assemble

components already available and pinpoint those

areas that require new scientific knowledge and

insight. The initiative will focus on:

• Applied infrastructure research specifically

directed at middleware services, with the goal of

producing working prototypes

• A software distribution based on research

prototypes and operational middleware services

• Deployment of this middleware infrastructure to

experiment with new distributed applications

In addition to the NITRD agencies’ middleware

research, in January 2002 the Large Scale

Networking Coordinating Group added a new

Middleware And Grid Infrastructure Coordination

(MAGIC) team to its research program.The new

team joins two existing teams, the Joint Engineering

Team and the Network Research Team. MAGIC is

chartered to:

• Coordinate interagency middleware and grid

efforts

• Enhance and encourage interoperable grid

technologies and deployments

• Promote usable, widely deployable middleware

tools and services

• Provide a forum for effective international

coordination of these technologies

MAGIC membership includes representatives of

Federal agencies with responsibility for middleware

and grid projects and researchers, implementers,

operators, and users of middleware and grid

technologies from academia, the commercial sector,

and other institutions. Participants view the group as

a mechanism for exchanging information about

major agency efforts, such as NSF’s TeraGrid,

DOE’s Science Grid, and NASA’s Information

Power Grid, and addressing common technical

issues and concerns. At its initial meeting, the

MAGIC team set its sights on completing the

following three near-term tasks:

• Document the significant number of domestic

and international grid projects

• Develop a Summer 2002 workshop focusing on

middleware and grids to identify research,

development, implementation, and maintenance

needs to provide guidance to Federal research

and funding agencies

• Increase participation in MAGIC by application

developers, the commercial sector, and

middleware and grid users

Middleware MAGIC To Outfit Networks for Grids


Logo of the Grid Physics Network,

which will develop grid technologies

enabling researchers to access and use

large-scale data from the world ’s most

advanced physics experiments.

Selected agency activities

NSF

Network for Earthquake

Engineering Simulation

(NEES)

National Virtual Observatory

(NVO)

Grid Physics Network

(GriPhyN)

Connecting People and IT Resources 

for U.S. Scientific Leadership

B

ecause of their mission-oriented focus on advanced

computing and networking for scientific research, the

NITRD agencies are the world’s leaders in forging a

technical path toward the convergence of high-end computing and

high-speed networks. The fundamental paradigm shift in scientific

research methods now under way is highlighted by the increasing

number of Federally supported networking applications that call for

a grid infrastructure of connectivity to supercomputing platforms,

advanced instrumentation, and terascale data storage systems. In

addition to their scientific purposes, these initiatives are prototyping

more cost-effective, efficient models for future societal uses of highend computing and networking resources. The following examples

of current Federal networking applications point to what lies ahead.

The NEES program will use IT to serve a critical national need –

finding new ways to reduce the hazard that earthquakes present to life and

property. The NEESgrid, an Internet-based computational and

collaboratory infrastructure for the earthquake engineering community,

will link earthquake engineering research sites across the country, provide

data storage facilities and repositories, and offer remote access to the latest

research tools. The systems integration and development component of

the NEES program was established in 2001 by a consortium of

institutions led by NCSA. Grid components will be deployed by 2004.

In the NVO project, launched in FY 2002, astronomers at 17

universities led by Johns Hopkins and Caltech will use grid techniques to

enable researchers for the first time to access and computationally analyze

data from multiple sources among the leading archives of astronomical

information. In the absence of supercomputing resources, astronomers

traditionally have constructed theoretical models for simulations of

astrophysical phenomena. Networked high-end computing capabilities

will allow astronomers to explore massive amounts of observational data

and build their models and simulations inductively.

GriPhyN is an ambitious effort to make data from the world’s leading

physics research – such as the results of supercollider experiments –

available to and usable by the wider physics community. Expected to reach

many petabytes per year within a decade, the raw data generated by

particle detectors are simply too massive for most single computing

ADVANCED NETWORKING APPLICATIONS

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT


systems to store or analyze. Bringing together seven IT research groups and

scientists in four major NSF physics projects, this effort aims to establish a

common “virtual data” framework and protocols that will enable physicists

to use distributed high-end storage and computational resources over a grid.

The NBTS system can be deployed to aid force protection in tactical

settings as well as to enhance security both indoors and outdoors around

critical locations such as military bases, embassies, and airports. The system

processes and integrates feeds from tens to hundreds of video cameras onto

3-D site models, and it provides a remotely observable single integrated

picture of actions and movements within complex, 3-D settings. Using

enhanced image-processing, moving-target indication signals can also be

overlaid on the background. The NBTS prototype, developed for DARPA

by Sarnoff Laboratory, has been tested by the U.S. Air Force.

NASA computer scientists and aviation experts are using the agency’s

Information Power Grid (IPG), which won a NASA award for excellence in

2001, to conduct simulations in NASA’s aviation safety program, a

collaborative initiative with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

One simulation employed IPG resources to model commercial air traffic

flow across the U.S. using real-time data from radar tracks of departing and

arriving flights at Atlanta’s Hartsfield International Airport. The simulation

is part of a planned FAA National Airspace Simulation System.

The DOE national collaboratories program integrates national and

international facilities, distributed terascale computing resources, and several

thousand investigators into a virtual laboratory infrastructure.This

infrastructure enables easy access to computing resources, science facilities,

and research collaborators by providing advanced collaboratory technologies,

middleware, advanced network services, and scalable cybersecurity services.

The current lack of software interoperability sharply limits the ease and

speed of manufacturing processes and business-to-business interactions. In

collaboration with business partners, NIST is developing a Shared

Manufacturing B2B (business-to-business) Interoperability Testbed to help

companies boost the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the mission-critical

software products they increasingly rely on for managing production, sales,

supply chains, customer relations, transaction records, and the like. Software

components are run through the testbed’s Web-based, distributed evaluation

process, which checks the software’s conformance to emerging B2B

interoperability standards. NIST and its private-sector partners hope to

expand the capabilities of the testbed and turn it into an independent testing

facility that can be used by both government and business.

Seve ral NIT RD - s u p p o rted grid applica t i ons will be showcased at the

i n t e rn a t i onal iGrid show in autumn 2002 in Am s t e rd a m , i n cl u d i n g : t h e

Telescience Po rtal (Na t i onal Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research /

U C S D ) , enabling remote manipulation of electron microscopy specimens; a n d

C o ll a b o ra t i ve Vi s u a l i za t i on over the Access Grid (ANL/Unive r s i ty of

C h i ca go ) , a demon s t ra t i on of high-bandwidth QoS and ca p a b i l i t i e s .

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

DARPA

Network-Based Total

Surveillance System (NBTS)

NASA

Aviation safety simulations

DOE

Connecting researchers to

science and computing

facilities

NIST

Software interoperability

testbed for manufacturing

International iGrid

demonstrations


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003 

agency activities

NSF: Innovative IT applications

for learning; stochastic models of

human interaction; interactive

multimodal devices and assistive

technologies; technologies for

collaborative work

DARPA: Spoken dialogue systems;

enhanced cognitive processing

NIH: Modeling and simulation

tools for exploring biomedical data

NASA: Use neuro-engineering to

develop and integrate technologies

for task management, enhanced

cognitive performance of teams;

model knowledge use in context of

work; develop “smart” software

and autonomous devices

DOE Office of Science: Integrated

set of software tools for scientific

collaboratory environments

NIST: Evaluation methods for

spoken language technologies;

methods to improve usability of

automated systems; testing and

commercialization of devices for

universal access to information

ODDR&E: University-based

research in computer-assisted

tutorial systems

Broadening IT Capabilities

To Support Human Needs and Goals

N

ITRD research to advance U.S. computing and networking

capabilities to the highest levels of performance, reliability,

and security is complemented by significant efforts to expand

the scope of what digital technologies can do to serve human needs

and goals. One key emphasis of NITRD efforts is to make

computing capabilities and devices easier for people in all

circumstances and walks of life to use. A second emphasis is to

develop technical innovations that broaden the range and types of

services that information technologies can provide.

In FY 2003, the NITRD agencies will support research in multiple

modalities of human-computer interaction, such as by voice, sound, gesture,

touch, and vision. Development of systems integrating multimodal forms of

interaction is particularly important for advanced military and aerospace

applications, where operators need hands-free, untethered devices for

communications, command and control functions, and intelligence

management. Language-engineering technologies, which are a major focus

in this area of NITRD research, play a vital role in advanced national

defense and national security activities and international commercial

development. Capabilities under development include rapid automated

translation between languages and between spoken and written languages,

and spoken-language query systems for intelligence gathering and analysis.

Multimodal attributes also have vital applications in technologies, tools,

and devices that enable people to live full and independent lives, regardless

of their physical limitations. NSF-sponsored IT research, for example, has

generated “Baldi,” a talking and listening virtual tutor who helps hearingimpaired students understand and produce spoken language.

Major Research Challenges

• Advanced functionalities (language technologies; spoken, aural, and

multimodal interfaces; sensor technologies)

• Cognitive performance-based interactive system design – to present

the right information in the right form for increased human

capability; computer-assisted prosthetics for motion, sight, and

hearing; monitoring systems; and remote consultation technologies

• Methods and technologies for modeling and sharing expertise;

models and metrics for collaborative performance of complex tasks

HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

Baldi,the virtual tutor developed with

NSF funding,helps hearing- and

speech-impaired children model speech

and build vocabulary by demonstrating

audiovisually how the mouth shapes

word sounds.
Yottabyte [ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1024 bytes ]

Zettabyte [ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1021 bytes ]

5 exabytes: All words ever spoken by human beings

2 exabytes: Total volume of information generated worldwide annually

Exabyte [ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1018 bytes ]

200 petabytes: All printed material

8 petabytes: All information available on the Web

2 petabytes: All U.S. academic research libraries

1 petabyte: 3 years of Earth Observing System (EOS) data (2001)

Petabyte [ 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1015 bytes]

400 terabytes: National Climatic Data Center (NOAA) database

50 terabytes:The contents of a large mass storage system

10 terabytes:The printed collection of the U.S. Library of Congress

2 terabytes: An academic research library

1 terabyte: 50,000 trees made into paper and printed OR

daily rate of EOS data (1998)

Terabyte [ 1,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1012 bytes ]

500 gigabytes: The biggest FTP site

100 gigabytes: A floor of academic journals

50 gigabytes: A floor of books

2 gigabytes: 1 movie on a Digital Video Disk (DVD)

1 gigabyte: A pickup truck filled with paper

Gigabyte [ 1,000,000,000 bytes OR 109 bytes ]

500 megabytes: A CD-ROM

100 megabytes: 1 meter of shelved books

10 megabytes: A minute of high-fidelity sound

5 megabytes:The complete works of Shakespeare

2 megabytes: A high-resolution photograph

1 megabyte: A small novel OR a 3.5-inch floppy disk

Megabyte [ 1,000,000 bytes OR 106 bytes ]

200 kilobytes: A box of punched cards

100 kilobytes: A low-resolution photograph

50 kilobytes: A compressed document image page

10 kilobytes: An encyclopaedia page

2 kilobytes: A typewritten page

1 kilobyte: A very short story

Kilobyte [ 1,000 bytes OR 103 bytes ]

100 bytes: A telegram or a punched card

10 bytes: A single word

1 byte: A single character

Byte [ 8 bits ]

Bit [ A binary digit – either 0 or 1 ]



SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

THE INFORMATION TSUNAMI

Credit: “How Much Information?,”University of California at Berkeley, 2001,http://www.sims.berkele y.edu/research/projects/how-much-info/index.html


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Support for development of

new online collections; research in

architectures, tools, and

technologies for digital libraries;

preservation of digital records;

knowledge discovery, analysis,

and visualization in multiscale,

heterogeneous data sets;multilingual access to large audio

archives; methods of information

extraction and synthesis

DARPA:Multilingual

processing for summarization;

data-mining technologies with

cross-repository information

analysis functionality (semantic

retrieval, indexing, value

filtering, user-defined alerting,

and categorizing); biosurveillance technologies

Advanced Technologies

To Build Knowledge from Data

I

nformation superiority is really decision superiority, an executive

recently told a newsweekly. That sounds right – if the critical

pieces of information are readily available and identifiable. But

today information is, as one IT researcher puts it, a tsunami – an

inconceivable volume of data engulfing everyone and everything at an

overwhelming rate. A University of California-Berkeley study

estimates that the world now produces one to two exabytes of nonredundant information per year, about 93 percent of which is stored

in digital form. The U.S. generates more than 50 percent of the total

output, much of it in key scientific and government activities.

For example, to produce a single day’s 24-hour radar scan of the weather,

seen by billions of people around the world in televised weather forecasts,

NOAA’s National Weather Service collects a half-terabyte of real-time data

from Doppler radars and turns that computationally into near-real-time

visual images. The flagship Terra Spacecraft in NASA’s Earth Observing

System (EOS) program circles the globe every 99 minutes, gathering

information about the cycling of water, trace gases, energy, and nutrients

throughout the Earth’s climate system. Terra’s instruments generate 850

gigabytes of data every 24 hours – the contents of 100,000 encyclopedias.

The information tsunami, which experts predict will swell by orders of

magnitude over this decade, presents enormous challenges for society along

with unprecedented opportunities for U.S. advanced research and

technological innovation.The September 11 attacks showed that even a few

ruthless adversaries within our borders can use everyday information and

communication systems to devastating effect. Anticipating, detecting, and

thwarting such attacks in the future requires the Nation to sustain an

unprecedented level of national alertness. Among the most powerful tools in

this work will be high-end computing capabilities first developed by

NITRD agencies to collect, manage, search or “mine,” synthesize, analyze,

and visualize massive amounts of data.

For people who work with advanced scientific, engineering, and

commercial processes as well as in such time-critical activities as air traffic

control and intelligence gathering, accessing and making use of relevant

data are core necessities. NITRD research therefore focuses, not just on

technologies to store and organize information, but on how technologies

can help people find, “see” the significance of, and interact with the

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Idealized simulation of large-scale

ocean eddies from NOAA’s

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory. (The lighter areas are

warmer water.) Current global

models are not able to resolve data

for this vigorous oceanic action on

scales of 10-100 kilometers. We do

not yet understand the effects of the

constant eddies on global climate.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

NIH: Aggregate and manage

large-scale data resources for the

medical community

NASA: Novel algorithms and

software tools for extraction and

visualization of very-large-scale,

multisource data sets

DOE Office of Science: Research

in software and infrastructure to

manage very-large-scale data,

instrumentation, and research

results; integration of massive,

heterogeneous data sets

NIST: Evaluation methods to

measure relevance of content

extraction; metrics,standards,

and testing to advance

technologies for access to and use

of multimedia information;

measuring performance of

intelligent systems for

information handling

NOAA: Apply advanced

communications technologies to

speed national dissemination of

critical weather information;

extend real-time collaborative

access to disaster data with

synchronous interfaces and tools;

enhance scientific study of

environmental data through

advanced visualization

techniques

ODDR&E: University-based

research in reasoning across data

with diverse measures of

uncertainty; representations of

uncertainty for decision making

AHRQ: Information

management to enable studies of

health care and delivery system

effectiveness; tools to enhance

patient safety by reducing medical

errors; IT methods enabling

providers to share information

with patients; establish and

maintain National Quality

Measures ClearinghouseTM with

detailed online information about

health care metrics

information they need. These next-generation, interactive information

management technologies include the array of innovative hardware and

software capabilities we need to maximize the benefits of information to our

quality of life. Many scientists consider effectively managing the information

tsunami to be the top technical challenge of the new millennium.

In FY 2003, the NITRD agencies, which pioneered the Nation’s first

digital libraries and Internet search engines, will continue to support R&D

in interoperable technologies and tools for archiving, cataloguing, accessing,

and using heterogeneous materials in the online environment and

development of online information repositories for research and education.

The agencies will also support research in advanced search and data-mining

techniques; software and hardware issues in integrating, accessing, and using

very-large-scale data sets; advanced interactive methods and tools for

information display and analysis; and technical issues in scalable archiving

and digital preservation.

Major Research Challenges

• Ultra-large-scale data-mining technologies for rapid mining, filtering,

correlating, and assessing of vast quantities of heterogeneous and

unstructured data (such as text and audio in many languages, video,

images, and embedded code); intelligent search agents; tools for

abstraction and summarization

• User-oriented frameworks and interfaces for analysis, reporting, and

presentation

• Data storage and management technologies:

- Tools for collecting, indexing, archiving, and synthesis 

- Protocols for data compatibility, conversion, interoperability, and

interpretation in networked environments

- Technologies and tools for fusion of databases, such as molecules

and macromolecular structures or disparate real-time weather

observations, with remote access and analysis capabilities

- Component technologies and integration of dynamic, scalable,

and flexible information environments 

- Representation, preservation, and storage of multimedia

collections

- Digital classification frameworks and interoperable search

architectures

- Metadata technologies and tools for distributed multimedia

archives

- Testbeds for prototyping and evaluating integration of types of

digital content, software functionality, and large-scale

applications


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Innovative research in

trustworthy computing, including

scientific principles for

construction of high-confidence

systems, component technologies,

composition and decomposition

methods,modeling and analysis

techniques,design tradeoffs

between security and

performance; safety, security, and

privacy for Internet-enabled

systems; real-time distributed,

embedded, and hybrid systems;

fault-tolerance approaches for

critical infrastructure protection

Reliability, Security, and Safety

for Mission-Critical Systems 

A

s the NITRD research agenda attests, today software itself

faces the frontier of complexity. On one hand, software is

expected to make enormous systems and networks of systems

– such as power grids, air traffic control systems, financial data

networks, military command and control systems, and the Internet –

function faultlessly. It is also expected to direct the activities of lifecritical embedded devices such as implanted heart monitors,

nanoscale diagnostic instruments, and digital prostheses. Large-scale

systems, which embody hundreds to thousands of platforms, millions

of lines of programming, and trillions of bytes of data, are rapidly

becoming the norm, as are systems in which the processors

themselves are intricately embedded in the fabric of our lives and

even our bodies.

On the other hand, all these systems are being asked to function at

unprecedented levels of reliability, safety, and security. The events of

September 11 pointed to an overarching requirement that the systems

governing the Nation’s critical infrastructures and critical national defense

and national security missions be “hardened” against terrorist attacks,

clandestine penetration, and misappropriation. Systems must somehow

become more self-diagnosing, self-correcting, and self-healing – equally

proof against natural failures, deliberate interference and fraud, and innocent

but crucial mistakes by their users. These two features – rapidly expanding

size and rapidly expanding complexity – are the twin horns of a difficult

dilemma for contemporary software and systems.

To date, U.S. ingenuity in creating and interconnecting the inventions of

the IT revolution has outpaced the underlying science needed to assure that

the systems we build are engineered for reliability, security, safety, and

scalability (can the system grow without weakening its integrity and

reliability?). In the security and safety areas, for example, techniques in

cryptography, public key infrastructure (PKI), network management,

intrusion detection, and fault/failure tolerance have been developed largely

independent of core functionality and speed. We have not yet integrated the

high-confidence attributes we now know are necessary into the technical

design foundations for both large- and small-scale complex software and

systems. In the current incremental, add-on development process, the

responsibility for determining whether the system works falls largely to a

HIGH-CONFIDENCE SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS

NASA’s prototype Spacecraft Micro

Robot (SMR) is a mobile IT

assistant for astronauts. It is a

softball-sized unit integrating an

intricate array of technologies:an

operating system and monitor, twoway audio and video,wireless

ethernet,propulsion system with

remote controls,and environmental

and inertial sensors.The SMR

patrols the spacecraft,monitoring

internal environmental conditions;

it can be guided by ground

controllers or astronauts,support

space-ground teleconferences,and

can send and receive timely data in

flight.A key issue in SMR design is

engineering for ultra-reliability.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

NIH: Assurance methods and

technologies for life-critical

medical devices and telemedicine

applications; reliability, privacy,

and security of medical data and

IT infrastructures for research

NASA: Software design for safety,

including development of High

Dependability Software

Consortium with leading

universities and industry for

proving methods and techniques to

achieve very high reliability in

mission-critical software; artificial

intelligence and formal methods

techniques for specification,

automated fault detection,and

validation

NSA: Research in secure network

management, secure switched

network technologies, and

advanced research in cryptography

(key management, algorithms);

advanced research in highconfidence system technologies

(formal specification and

verification tools, domain-specific

languages for security evaluation);

and continuing advanced research

in securing end-user systems

(security middleware such as the

security-enhanced operating

system LINUX kernel, Object

Request Brokers)

NIST: Security technologies for

critical infrastructure protection;

standards, methods,and metrics in

authorization and authentication,

including biometric techniques;

tools for NIST’s advanced

encryption standard; with NSA,

support the National Information

Assurance Partnership to promote

cost-effective international

standards for software evaluation,

testing, and certification

ODDR&E: Support for defenserelated university research in

technical foundations for highassurance technologies,software

control systems, information

security, public key infrastructures,

and survivability technologies

costly, time-consuming, after-the-fact process of testing, which often fails

nonetheless to catch system failure conditions in the subtle interactions

among software and hardware components.

The fact is that we do not yet understand the underlying patterns of

failures in large complex systems, or even the systems themselves. The

NITRD agencies’ focused research effort in high-confidence software and

systems seeks to provide the missing theoretical and technological

underpinnings for assured construction of secure, highly reliable software

and systems.This revolutionary work will give system designers and

engineers a formal scientific grounding for building sound systems as well as

powerful new diagnostic and forensic tools for cost-effectively assessing

software and system reliability, security, and performance.

In FY 2003, the NITRD agencies will support research in modeling and

reasoning about whole systems and about their component technologies

(operating system, middleware, networking, safety and especially security

attributes) and mathematical and engineering approaches to specification,

component integration, and interoperability issues. Other research focus

areas are languages, tools, and automated techniques to eliminate sources of

error, and technical strategies for integrating high-confidence properties in

software and systems design.

Major Research Challenges

• Foundations of assurance, including rigorous modeling and reasoning

about high-confidence properties; interoperable methods and tools;

system composition; specification, safety, and security foundations

• Scalable fault prevention, detection, analysis, and recovery, including

robust system architectures and tools for monitoring and adaptive

response

• Correct-by-construction software technologies, including

programming languages, tools, and environments; systems software,

middleware, and networking (reusable middleware services such as

efficient, predictable, scalable, dependable protocols for timing,

consensus, synchronization, and replication for large-scale distributed

embedded applications and domain-specific services)

• Verification and validation technologies

• Forensic and diagnostic tools

• Experimentation with large-scale systems

• Reference implementations

• Domain-specific certification technologies

• Reduction of time, effort, and cost of assurance and certification

• Technological base of public domain, advanced prototype

implementations of high-confidence technologies to enable rapid

adoption in the private sector and in government


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Empirical software

engineering research;continuous

change management of

component-based software;

profiles and patterns of software

evolution; strategic software

design to move from a riskdriven to a value-driven

development model

DARPA:Model-based

integration of embedded

software; software-enabled

control; dynamic self-composition

and assurance in highly complex

systems that may be composed of

sensor nets or systems of systems

Improved, Cost-effective Software

Through Science and Engineering

I

n 2002 the semiconductor industry will produce more computer

chips than there are people on Earth. Only about 1 percent of all

these chips will go into recognizable computers. Most will be

inserted in other types of equipment – in small devices such as cell

phones, pagers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and remote

controls, and in large, complex physical systems such as cars,

airplanes, manufacturing machinery, weapons systems, and emergency

warning networks. One of the most promising new directions for

embedded computing technologies is networked systems of

microsensors that can gather and transmit critical data in near real

time. Such sensor networks are coming into use in a wide range of

applications, including environmental and hazard monitoring,

scientific agriculture, transportation management, and reconnaissance

and early-warning systems for theaters of battle.

The nascent revolution in embedded technologies confronts IT

researchers with unique new challenges, just at the time they are attempting

to address critical technical weaknesses in the existing generation of

software running the Nation’s computing and telecommunications

infrastructures. Today’s software is not as interoperable, scalable, or costeffective as it needs to be, despite the enormous sums spent on its

development and maintenance.

A key to solving the problem lies in converting software design and

development – historically a solitary art practiced by programming “wizards”

– into a formal science and engineering discipline governed by widely

accepted principles, methods, and best practices for achieving high-quality

results. Engineers would not dream of building a suspension bridge without

a detailed blueprint of the technical requirements, state-of-the-art

disciplinary knowledge of the principles and materials involved, and costeffective manufacturing processes to produce lasting structural elements of

certified quality. As a pervasive, critical underpinning of our national

infrastructure, software must be at least as scientifically engineered.

One NITRD research focus is on creating, testing, and evaluating models

for a new science of software development.The goal is to move beyond

today’s idiosyncratic, arcane code to stable, engineered designs that are

rational, modular, verifiable, and reusable. Scientific principles and methods

SOFTWARE DESIGN AND PRODUCTIVITY

Logo of DARPA’s Program

Composition for Embedded Systems

(PCES) research effort. PCES is

developing new strategies for

programming embedded systems that

reduce technical effort and generate

more robust code. Methods involve

designing core software to include

the cross-cutting properties needed

by the embedded system as a whole,

such as synchronization of

concurrent operations,sensor and

actuator timing constraints,and

safe, efficient cache, register, and

memory management.The goal is

reusable software suites, with

automated tools for dynamic

composition and testing.


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

NIH: Software investigations in

support of biomedical computing

applications

NSF/NASA: Cooperative

program in Highly Dependable

Computing and Communication

Systems Research for projects to

design, test,implement, evolve,

and certify dependable, costeffective software-based systems,

using a new NASA testbed

facility to evaluate research

findings on real-world hardware

and software artifacts

NASA: Automated software

engineering methods, including

technologies and tools for

embedded and robotic devices;

specification using Bayesian

techniques; experimental

evaluation of software

DOE/NNSA: Create common

software development/execution

environment for all Advanced

Simulation and Computing

(ASCI) high-end platforms that

supports end-to-end ASCI

application needs for robustness

and scalability as well as I/O,

storage, and visualization needs

NIST: Develop a common

reporting format for sharing

usability data with consumer

organizations;determination of

software quality using automated

and knowledge-based methods;

with industry partners, plan

shared manufacturing businessto-business interoperability

testbed

NOAA: Develop a componentbased modular research model of

the geophysical environment

ODDR&E: University-based

research in software model

checking for embedded systems;

real-time fault-tolerant network

protocols

will enable developers and users to design, build, test, and stress software

products using automated techniques to see how they perform and to

pinpoint, prior to deployment, weaknesses that now simply cannot be found

amid large-scale software’s millions of lines of handcrafted code.

Automating aspects of design and implementation and employing empirical

testbeds will curb today’s very high development costs by not only

streamlining the programming stage but speeding and improving the

expensive debugging process.

The end result will be a development methodology that dramatically

increases the “productivity” of software by making more products of higher

quality not only possible but substantially cheaper to generate and easier to

maintain.

Scientific foundations for software are vital for embedded systems, where

tiny computing components deep inside large-scale physical systems must

function in real time to support a huge variety of computing and noncomputing tasks. Just as we expect our hearts and lungs to function without

having to be commanded no matter where we are or what we are doing,

embedded processors must be able to do their jobs automatically and

continuously. And just as our lives are little affected as new cells are created

and old ones die, embedded systems are expected to keep on working even

as some of the individual embedded processors are damaged, destroyed,

added, or upgraded while the system as a whole continues to function

virtually automatically.

For FY 2003, the NITRD agencies will support fundamental research to

improve the quality of software and reduce its cost across the board, so that

this indispensable driver of the advanced technologies we increasingly

depend on provides greater benefit to society in both large-scale and 

micro- applications.

Major Research Challenges

• Software and system science, including languages and compilers;

composition methods; and design foundations for systems and

networks that are distributed and scalable

• Automated engineering, including efficient, reliable software

components and integration processes; methods (such as specification,

analysis, and verification) for integrated software and systems

development; interoperability of concurrently running networked

applications; and configurable tool environments for rapid

composition and customization of domain-specific development

environments

• Pilot applications and empirical studies of technologies for embedded

applications and systems development projects


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: IT tools and applications

in education and training,

including approaches to

increasing IT literacy; research

on barriers to IT careers for

women and minorities; and

multidisciplinary research

opportunities for students

NIH: Expanded opportunities

for IT training, especially in

bioinformatics; individual and

program grants for advanced IT

R&D training for health

professionals

Enhancing IT Education and Training

for the High-Skills World

O

ver the last 10 years, the infusion of networking and

computing technologies throughout our society is credited

with generating historic rates of productivity growth and the

world’s most vibrant economy. U.S. Department of Commerce

statistics show that between 1996 and 2000, the IT sector accounted

for 28 percent of real economic growth, two-thirds of productivity

growth, and thousands of new jobs created at twice the national

average rate. Even during the economic downturn of 2001,

productivity growth continued at a robust 1.9 percent rate instead of

decreasing as in all prior recessions, suggesting that information

technologies add resilience as well as strength to the economy.

R. Glenn Hubbard, chairman of the President’s Council of Economic

Advisors, put the case forcefully in a recent address, saying, “Our

productivity future hinges on IT.”

Current predictions see tremendous growth in IT-related employment

continuing over the coming decade, with an estimated total of 2.5 million

new workers needed, or some 250,000 annually. “The job of the IT

professional is more critical than ever before,” Vance Coffman, chairman and

CEO of Lockheed Martin Corporation, told Federal officials at a March

2002 conference. “IT permeates virtually every system, every process, every

action the government undertakes. Consequently, the results – whether it’s a

missile hitting its target or a commercial airliner taking off on time or a

satellite being placed in its proper orbit – very much depend upon the

performance of the individual IT professional.”

At the same time, however, leaders in industry and IT research are

sending strong warning signals of continuing shortages of workers with the

education and technical skills required to sustain IT advances and innovation

in the years ahead.

Employers suggest that a four-year college degree will be the minimum

expectation in the preponderance of IT jobs, along with technical, business,

and social skills. Continued U.S. leadership in advanced IT amid increasingly

competitive international research efforts will also require increased

production of Ph.D. recipients prepared to become the intellectual leaders in

next-generation technological research. One urgent example of the IT

training gap, noted by computer scientist Eugene Spafford of Purdue

21st CENTURY WORKFORCE

April 2002 NOAA computer graphic

of oceanic warming associated with a

developing El Niño pattern,which

could affect the U.S.climate from

summer 2002 through the winter.

The lighter ocean areas show the

warmer than average water

temperatures typical of El Niño

(white area at the top is polar ice

shelf).The demand for IT

professionals with the skills to work

with advanced applications of IT

such as those used in NOAA climate

modeling will grow substantially in

this decade. NITRD research dollars

have supported the training of the

current generation of leading IT

researchers and educators.


NASA: Use Internet for

training and development of

engineers and scientists in IT

security and collaborative

engineering 

DOE Office of Science:

Computational Science

Graduate Fellowship Program,

a nationwide competitive

program to train the next

generation of leaders in

computational science for DOE

and the Nation

University in Congressional testimony, is that only about two dozen students

trained in computer security technologies earned doctorates from U.S.

universities in 2001.

Most of the current generation of IT researchers and many industr y

leaders were supported in their graduate studies and postdoctoral research

with funding from NITRD agencies. As in the field of biomedical research,

the Federal government plays the primary role in supporting the

fundamental IT research and research leaders that together constitute a

strategic national resource. NIH’s National Library of Medicine (NLM), for

example, has pioneered in supporting advanced training in the emerging field

of bioinformatics, whose practitioners bring both high-end computer science

and medical expertise to the health care arena, in such areas as biomedical

research applications, telemedicine, and large-scale health care systems. The

NLM program of institutional support and individual fellowships is

establishing an academic training infrastructure and expanding the ranks of

bioinformatics professionals, who are still far too few in number to fill the

growing nationwide demand for these skills.

In FY 2003, the NITRD agencies will continue support for programs

providing advanced and specialized IT training. They will also support

efforts to increase IT literacy and to address fundamental questions about the

efficacy of IT in education, including theories and models of learning and

exploration of high-quality IT applications for learning environments.

Major Research Challenges

• Better understanding of IT workforce dynamics and their relationship

to strategic education and training needs

• Better understanding of barriers to IT careers among

underrepresented groups, such as women and minorities

• New knowledge about human cognitive development and about group

and individual learning in varied settings

• More substantial empirical data on the effects of IT systems in

education and training environments

• Software for self-instruction and collaborative learning

• Integration of information technologies in learning environments

• Innovative technologies for use in workforce hiring, retention,

development, and training 

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Representative FY 2003

agency activities

NSF: Support for research on

the socioeconomic implications

of IT, including studies of the

digital economy and the

information society; distributed

and collective action mediated

by IT, such as in collaborative

learning and work settings;

human values in IT design;

impacts of “smart” technologies

and environments; human

aspects of cybersecurity and

system vulnerabilities;

technologies and tools for

successful aging; and

computational approaches in

the economic, social, and

organizational sciences

Assessing a Transforming Force

To Guide Beneficial Human Uses

I

n the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, more than 100

million Americans – 57 percent of all U.S. Internet users – turned

to e-mail to send and receive messages of support and concern;

nearly a quarter of those citizens also reported that they received emailed expressions of sympathy from outside the countr y. These are

among the findings of a major ongoing survey by the University of

California at Los Angeles (UCLA) on the impacts of the Internet.

Funded by NSF and private corporations, the study marks the first

large-scale effort to assess how the Internet is affecting the lives and

habits of Americans. In 2001, the study’s second annual report found,

the percentage of Internet users climbed to 72.3 percent, up from 66.9

percent in 2000. Internet users enjoy and are spending more time

online and less time watching television, but a majority are very

concerned about privacy issues, and about 90 percent worry about theft

or misuse of personal identity information in the online environment.

Research to anticipate, identify, understand, and address the social and

economic impacts of information technology – on commerce, education,

employment, government services, civic and organizational structures and

practices, personal communication, and scientific research, to name only a

few areas – is a significant component of the NITRD program. The

overarching goal of such studies is to equip society with the knowledge

necessary to maximize the benefits of new information technologies for all

citizens and minimize the negative consequences.

Current work in this emerging interdisciplinary research area is examining

aspects of electronic markets such as theoretical frameworks, coordination

and decentralization, and economic and social dynamics; implications of

living with “sociable” technologies in “smart” environments; characteristics of

cybercitizenship, online communities, and collaborative distributed work; and

value-sensitive design of IT devices, including those to enable successful

aging. Researchers supported by NSF are investigating, for example, the

concept of robotic pets to provide psychosocial stimulation for elderly people

as well as ser ve as health-data monitors.

In addition to studies of the interactions of people with information

technologies, NITRD research encompasses novel applications of computing

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IT


in the social, economic, and organizational sciences. In one innovative example

of computation-based social research, described in the April 2002 issue of the

Atlantic Monthly, NSF-funded investigators are using advanced modeling and

simulation capabilities to create miniature computer-screen societies. Unlike

conventional social-science models in which the people are assumed to be

generally alike, in these artificial societies, called “agent-based models,” the

“agents” (people or social structures) are randomly given varied individual

characteristics and limited knowledge, just as in a real society. In each run of the

simulation, the agents act according to their own assigned rules of behavior – a

computationally intensive exercise requiring ample computing power.

The process yields remarkable results. While no two runs are ever alike, the

ultimate outcome – such as genocide in a simulation with two hostile ethnic

groups – is mathematically always the same. This larger result is not intended

by the individual agents, who simply make local rule-based choices. But at some

point during the simulation, the random assortment of activities progresses to a

stage at which it “tips” toward the mathematical end state. On the other hand, a

targeted outside intervention – such as adding police to the ethnic groups’

scenario – can change the end state, in that case from genocide to a stable

minority enclave. A key implication of the simulations is that individual choices

collectively generate larger social consequences, but these outcomes are largely

unintended and unexpected. By the same token, local interventions – such as

introducing midnight basketball into a crime-ridden neighborhood – and

individuals making different choices can change the larger social dynamic.

In FY 2003, NITRD research emphases will also include IT-related changes

in business, labor, and organizational processes; use of technologies in teaching,

learning, and collaborative work; life in “smart” environments; and human

aspects of cybersecurity and system vulnerabilities.

Major Research Challenges

• New knowledge about the interactions among individuals, groups,

computing applications, and information infrastructures across distances

and in various cultural, legal, economic, and ethical contexts

• New knowledge about participation in a digital society, including such

aspects as electronic markets, modes of work, cybercitizenship, interaction

with “sociable” technologies; barriers to universal IT accessibility; and

intellectual property and privacy issues

• Research on integration and uses of large-scale technologies for

collaboration and learning in science, education, and the workplace

• Significant advances in our scientific understanding of what technologies,

tools, and applications are effective for learning

• Greater understanding of the role of human values in IT design;

innovative technologies for successful aging

• Innovative IT applications in the social and behavioral sciences

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

AHRQ – the Agency for Healthcare Research and

Quality – focuses on research into state-of-the-art IT for

use in health care applications such as computer-based

patient records, clinical decision support systems, and

standards for patient care data, information access, and

telehealth.

DARPA – the Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency – is focused on future-generations computing,

communications, and networking as well as embedded

software and control technologies, and human use of

information technologies in national defense applications

such as battlefield awareness.

DOE/NNSA – the Department of Energy National

Nuclear Security Administration – was established to

develop new means of assessing the performance of

nuclear weapon systems, predict their safety and

reliability, and certify their functionality through highfidelity computer models and simulations of weapon

systems.

The DOE Office of Science is exploring, developing,

and deploying computational and networking tools that

enable researchers in the scientific disciplines to model,

simulate, analyze, and predict complex physical,

chemical, and biological phenomena important to DOE.

The office also provides support for the geographically

distributed research teams and remote users of

experimental facilities that are critical to DOE missions.

FY 2003 is the third year of the office’s Scientific

Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC)

initiative, which is focused on the next generation of

scientific simulation and collaboration tools for the

scientific areas that are the focus of DOE research.

EPA – the Environmental Protection Agency – has

the IT research goal of facilitating multidisciplinary

ecosystem modeling, risk assessment, and environmental

decision making at the Federal, state, and local levels,

and by other interested parties, through advanced use of

computing and other information technologies.

NASA – the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration – is extending U.S. technological

leadership to benefit the U.S. aeronautics, Earth and

space science, and spaceborne research communities.

NIH – the National Institutes of Health – is applying

the power of computing, both to manage and analyze

biomedical data and to model biological processes, in its

goal to develop the basic knowledge for the

understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of

human disease.

NIST – the National Institute of Standards and

Technology – is working with industry and with

educational and government organizations to make IT

systems more useable, secure, scalable, and interoperable;

apply IT in specialized areas such as manufacturing and

biotechnology; and encourage private-sector companies

to accelerate development of IT innovations.

NOAA – the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration – is an early adopter of emerging

computing technologies for improved climate modeling

and weather forecasting, and of emerging

communications technologies for disseminating weather

forecasts, warnings, and environmental information to

users such as policymakers, emergency managers, and

the general public.

NSA – the National Security Agency – is addressing

some of the most challenging problems in the country in

computing, storage, communications, networking, and

information assurance in order to help ensure our

national security.

NSF – the National Science Foundation – is the lead

NITRD agency, with interest in developing new

fundamental IT knowledge; applications in the

biological, chemical, geophysical, mathematical, physical,

social, and behavioral sciences and engineering;

educating world-class scientists and engineers and a

knowledgeable IT workforce; and research infrastructure.

 ODDR&E – Office of the Director, Defense Research

& Engineering, Department of Defense – manages the

University Research Initiative, which focuses on IT

R&D for Department of Defense applications, research

infrastructure, and science and engineering education.

Other Federal agencies participate in networking and

information technology research and development, and

coordinate with NITRD activities, using funds that are

not budgeted under the program.

NITRD Agencies and Their IT Research Interests 


Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area

FY 2002 Budget Estimate (dollars in millions)

High End Human

Computing High End Computer Software High Social,

Infrastructure Computing Interaction and Large Design Confidence Economic,

and Research and Information Scale and Software and and 

Applications Development Management Networking Productivity Systems Workforce

Agency (HEC I&A) (HEC R&D) (HCI & IM) (LSN) (SDP) (HCSS) (SEW) Totals

NSF 225.1 66.4 132.6 102.8 44.4 45.8 58.8 676

NIH 79.5 7.7 82.0 105.6 5.6 3.6 11.4 295

DARPA 17.4 63.9 35.8 35.0 65.6 218

NASA 36.1 26.0 27.8 14.4 22.4 47.1 7.0 181

DOE Office of Science 97.2 29.5 16.4 27.8 3.5 174

NSA 41.6 1.3 32.7 76

NIST 3.5 3.2 6.2 7.5 2.0 22

NOAA 13.8 1.8 0.5 2.8 1.8 21

ODDR&E 2.0 1.8 5.7 1.6 1.0 12

AHRQ 8.0 6.0 14

EPA 1.8 2

Subtotalsa 474.4 238.9 308.1 307.6 148.9 132.2 80.7 1,691

DOE/NNSA 42.1 33.5 25.9 33.2 4.2 139

Totalsa 516.5 272.4 308.1 333.5 182.1 132.2 84.9 1,830

Note:

a These totals include discrepancies from what appears in the President’s FY 2003 Budget

due to a combination of rounding and shifts in program estimates.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area

FY 2003 Budget Request (dollars in millions)

High End Human

Computing High End Computer Software High Social,

Infrastructure Computing Interaction and Large Design Confidence Economic,

and Research and Information Scale and Software and and 

Applications Development Management Networking Productivity Systems Workforce

Agency (HEC I&A) (HEC R&D) (HCI & IM) (LSN) (SDP) (HCSS) (SEW) Totals

NSF 215.2 68.3 132.2 102.4 45.8 50.1 64.8 679

NIH 88.2 8.9 90.8 117.5 5.8 3.7 11.8 327

DARPA 16.8 81.9 35.5 29.2 60.0 223

NASA 68.4 26.0 23.8 4.5 40.0 43.3 7.0 213

DOE Office of Science 98.5 39.3 16.4 28.1 3.5 186

NSA 31.9 1.3 28.1 61

NIST 3.5 3.2 6.2 7.5 2.0 22

NOAA 13.3 1.8 0.5 2.8 1.5 20

ODDR&E 1.8 1.8 6.3 1.9 1.0 13

AHRQ 5.0 4.0 9

EPA 1.8 2

Subtotalsa 505.7 259.9 309.2 302.3 162.5 128.2 87.1 1,755

DOE/NNSA 41.4 39.5 14.7 34.2 4.3 134

Totalsa 547.1 299.4 309.2 317.0 196.7 128.2 91.4 1,889

Note:

a These totals include discrepancies from what appears in the Pre s i d e n t’s FY 2003 Budget

due to a com b i n a t i on of rounding and shifts in pro g ram estimates.

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT


Participation in Federal NITRD Activities

The following are criteria developed by the multiagency IT research program that agencies 

considering participation can use to assess whether their research activities fit the NITRD profile.

NITRD Goals

Assure continued U.S. leadership in computing, information, and communications

technologies to meet Federal goals and to support U.S. 21st century academic, industrial, and

government interests

Accelerate deployment of advanced and experimental information technologies to maintain

world leadership in science, engineering, and mathematics; improve the quality of life;

promote long-term economic growth; increase lifelong learning; protect the environment;

harness information technology; and enhance national security

Advance U.S. productivity and industrial competitiveness through long-term scientific and

engineering research in computing, information, and communications technologies

Evaluation Criteria for Participation

Relevance/Contribution

The research must significantly contribute to the overall goals of Federal Networking and

Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD), which includes the goals of the seven

Program Component Areas – High End Computing Infrastructure and Applications (HEC I&A),

High End Computing Research and Development (HEC R&D), Human Computer Interaction and

Information Management (HCI & IM), Large Scale Networking (LSN), Software Design and

Productivity (SDP), High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS), and Social, Economic, and

Workforce Implications of Information Technology and Information Technology Workforce

Development (SEW) – to enable solution of Grand Challenge- and National Challenge-class

applications problems.

Technical/Scientific Merit

The proposed agency program must be technically/scientifically sound and of high quality and must

be the product of a documented technical/scientific planning and review process.

Readiness

A clear agency planning process must be evident, and the organization must have demonstrated

capability to carry out the program.

Timeliness

The proposed work must be technically/scientifically timely for one or more of the multiagency

research endeavor’s Program Component Areas.

Linkages

The responsible organization must have established policies, programs, and activities promoting

effective technical and scientific connections among government, industry, and academic sectors.

Costs

The identified resources must be adequate, represent an appropriate share of the total available R&D

resources (e.g., a balance among Program Component Areas), promote prospects for coordinated or

joint funding, and address long-term resource implications.

Agency Approval

The proposed program or activity must have policy-level approval by the submitting agency.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

AHRQ

* J. M i ch ael Fi t z m a u ri c e, Ph . D. , FAC M I

Senior Science Advisor for Information

Technology, Immediate Office of the

Director

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

2101 East Jefferson Street, Suite 600

Rockville, MD 20852

(301) 594-3938

FAX: (301) 594-2168

 

DARPA

Michael J. Foster, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Processing Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2245

FAX: (703) 696-4534

 

Robert Graybill

Program Manager, Information

Processing Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2220

FAX:(703) 696-4534

 

Gary M. Koob, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Processing Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-7463

FAX: (703) 696-4534

 

* Zachary Lemnios

Deputy Director, Information 

Processing Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2234

FAX:(703) 696-1920

** Douglas C. Schmidt, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Exploitation Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2239

FAX: (703) 696-4534

 

 DoD

* Frank W. Garcia, Jr.

Acting Director of Information Systems,

Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of

Defense for Science and Technology

Department of Defense

3080 Defense Pentagon

Washington, DC 20301-3080

(703) 588-7411

FAX: (703) 588-7560

 

Rodger Johnson

Program Manager, Defense Research and

Engineering Network

DoD High Performance Computing

Modernization Office

1010 North Glebe Road, Suite 510

Arlington, VA 22201

(703) 812-8205

FAX:(703) 812-9701

 

** Steven E. King, Ph.D.

Special Advisor for Critical Infrastructure

Protection,Information Systems

Directorate

Department of Defense

1777 N.Kent Street, Suite 9030

Rosslyn, VA 22209

(703) 588-7414

FAX: (703) 588-7560

 

Cliff G. Lau, Ph.D.

Associate Director for Corporate Programs,

Office of the Director of Basic Research

Office of Naval Research

4015 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 209

Arlington, VA 22203

(703) 696-0366

FAX: (703) 696-0569

 

 DOE

** Daniel A. Hitchcock, Ph.D.

Senior Technical Advisor for Advanced

Scientific Computing Research, Office of

Advanced Scientific Computing Research

(OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-30,Room E-225

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-6767

FAX: (301) 903-4846

Frederick C. Johnson, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-3601

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

Agency Contacts

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

** Norman H. Kreisman

Advisor, International Technology

Department of Energy, SC5

Mail Stop 3H049-FORS

Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20585

(202) 586-9746

FAX: (202) 586-7719

 

Thomas Ndousse-Fetter, Ph.D.

Program Manager for Networking,

Mathematical,Information, and

Computational Sciences (MICS)

Division, Office of Advanced Scientific

Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-9960

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

* C. Edward Oliver, Ph.D.

Associate Director, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-30,

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-7486

FAX: (301) 903-4846

 

Walter M. Polansky, Ph.D.

Acting Director, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-5800

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

Charles H. Romine, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-5152

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

Mary Anne Scott, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-6368

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

George R. Seweryniak

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-0071

FAX: (301) 903-7774

 

DOE/NNSA

* José L. Muñoz, Ph.D.

Acting Director, Office of Simulation and

Computer Science

Department of Energy, DP-14

Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20585

(202) 586-5132

FAX: (202) 586-0405

 

EPA

** Robin L.Dennis, Ph.D.

Senior Science Pro gram Manager,

MD E243-01

Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park,NC 27711

(919) 541-2870

FAX: (919) 541-1379

* Steven Fine, Ph.D.

Networking and Information Technology

R&D Program Manager, MD E243-04

Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park,NC 27711

(919) 541-0757

FAX: (919) 541-1379

 

EPA FedEx address:

US EPA

Attn: Steven Fine

MD 243-04

4930 Old Page Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27703

GSA

Susan B. Turnbull

Director, Center for IT Accommodation

General Services Administration

1800 F Street, N.W. (MKC) Room 2236

Washington, DC 20405

(202) 501-6214

FAX: (202) 219-1533

NASA

Ricky W. Butler

Senior Research Engineer, Airborne

Systems Competency Division,NASA

Langley Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 130

Hampton, VA 23681-2199

(757) 864-6198

FAX: (757) 864-4234

 

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


Agency Contacts

Betsy Edwards

Telecommunications Program Manager

for the Office of Space Flight

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code M

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-4639

FAX: (202) 358-3550

 

James R. Fischer

Project Manager, Earth and Space

Sciences Project, NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code 930 – NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-3465

FAX:(301) 286-1634

 

Kenneth Freeman

HPCC/NREN Project Manager,

NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 233-21

Moffett Field, CA 94035

(650) 604-1263

FAX:(650) 604-3080

 

* Lee B. Holcomb

Chief Information Officer

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code AO

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-1824

FAX: (202) 358-2810

 

Nand Lal, Ph.D.

Computer Scientist,Digital Library

Technologies,NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code 933 – NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt,MD 20771

(301) 286-7350

FAX: (301) 286-1775

 

** John H. Lee

Chief Information Officer,

Office of Aerospace Technology

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code R

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-0856

FAX:(202) 358-3197

 

Michael R. Lowry

Senior Research Scientist and Area Chief,

Automated Software Engineering,

NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 269-2

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-3369

FAX: (650) 604-3594

 

** David B. Nelson, Ph.D.

Deputy Chief Information Officer

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code AO

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-1817

FAX: (202) 358-3063

 

Stephen Scott Santiago

Chief Information Officer, NASA Ames

Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 233-7

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-5015

FAX:(650) 604-6999

Michael G. Shafto, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Human-Centered

Computing,NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 269-4

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-6170

FAX: (650) 604-6009

John P. Ziebarth, Ph.D.

Deputy Division Chief, NAS Systems

Division,NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 258-5

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-2761

FAX: (650) 604-2824

NIH

NIH IT R&D Coordinator

Vacant

CIT Program:

* Robert L. Martino, Ph.D.

Director, Division of Computational

Bioscience and Chief, Computational

Bioscience and Engineering Laboratory,

C e n ter for Inform a t i o n Te ch n o l o gy ( C IT)

National Institutes of Health

12 South Drive, MSC 5654

Building 12A, Room 2033

Bethesda, MD 20892-5654

(301) 496-1112

FAX: (301) 402-2867

NCI program:

Jacob V. Maizel, Ph.D.

Biomedical Supercomputer Center,

National Cancer Institute,

Frederick Cancer Research and

Development Center

National Institutes of Health

P.O. Box B, Building 469,Room 151

Frederick, MD 21702-1201

(301) 846-5532

FAX: (301) 846-5598

 

NCRR program:

Michael Marron, Ph.D.

Director, Biomedical Technology

National Center for Research Resources

National Institutes of Health

One Rockledge Center

6705 Rockledge Drive, Room 6160

Bethesda, MD 20892-7965

(301) 435-0753

FAX: (301) 480-3659


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

** Judith L. Vaitukaitis, M.D.

Director, National Center for Research

Resources

National Institutes of Health

31B Center Drive

Building 31,Room 3B11

Bethesda, MD 20892-2128

(301) 496-5793

FAX: (301) 402-0006

 

NIAID program:

Richard W. Morris, Ph.D.

Special Expert for Bioengineering,

Bioinformatics and Emerging

Technology, Division of Allergy,

Immunology and Transplantation,

National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases,

National Institutes of Health

Room 5126

6700 B Rockledge Drive, MSC 7640

Bethesda, MD 20892-7640

(301) 594-7634

FAX: (301) 402-2571

 

NIGMS program:

James C. Cassatt, Ph.D.

Director, Division of Cell Biology and

Biophysics, National Institute

of General Medical Sciences

National Institutes of Health

4500 Center Drive, MSC 4500

Bethesda, MD 20892

(301) 594-0828

FAX: (301) 480-2004

 

NLM program:

** Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D.

Assistant Director for High

Performance Computing and

Communications, National Library of

Medicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38A,Room B1N30

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

(301) 402-4100

FAX: (301) 402-4080

 

Milton Corn, M.D.

Associate Director, National Library of

Medicine, and Director,

Division of Extramural Programs

National Institutes of Health

Rockledge One Building, Suite 301

6705 Rockledge Drive

Bethesda,MD 20892

(301) 496-4621

FAX: (301) 402-2952

 

Donald A.B. Lindberg, M.D.

Director, National Library of Medicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38,Room 2E17B

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

(301) 496-6221

FAX:(301) 496-4450

 

David J. Lipman, M.D.

Director, National Center for

Biotechnology Information, National 

Library of Medicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38A, Room 8N803

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda,MD 20894

(301) 496-2475

FAX: (301) 480-9241

 

NIST

Ronald F. Boisvert, Ph.D.

Chief, Mathematical and Computational

Sciences Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8910

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910

(301) 975-3812

FAX: (301) 990-4127

 

James E. Fowler

Manager, Systems Integration for

Manufacturing Applications Program

(SIMA), Manufacturing Engineering

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8260

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260

(301) 975-3180

FAX: (301) 258-9749

 

Martin Herman, Ph.D.

Chief, Information Access and User

Interfaces Division,Information

Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8940

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8940

(301) 975-4495

FAX:(301) 670-0939

 

D. Richard Kuhn

Computer Scientist,Computer Security

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930

(301) 975-3337

FAX: (301) 948-0279

 

Doug Montgomery

Manager, Internetworking Technologies

Group, Advanced Network Technologies

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8920

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8920

(301) 975-3630

FAX:(301) 590-0932

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


Agency Contacts

Steven R. Ray, Ph.D.

Chief, Manufacturing Systems

Integration Division,Manufacturing

Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8260

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260

(301) 975-3524

FAX: (301) 258-9749

 

** Larry H.Reeker, Ph.D.

Senior Computer Scientist,Information

Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8901

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8901

(301) 975-5147

FAX: (301) 948-1784

 

Jean C.Scholtz, Ph.D.

Information Access Division

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8940

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8940

(301) 975-2520

FAX: (301) 975-5287

 

David Su, Ph.D.

Chief, Advanced Network Technologies

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8920

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8920

(301) 975-6194

FAX:(301) 590-0932

 

* Susan F. Zevin, Ph.D.

Acting Director and Deputy Director,

Information Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8900

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8900

(301) 975-2900

FAX:(301) 840-1357

NOAA

Ants Leetmaa, Ph.D.

Director, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Forrestal Campus, U.S. Route 1

P.O. Box 308

Princeton, NJ 08542-0308

(609) 452-6502

FAX: (609) 987-5070 

Alexander E. MacDonald, Ph.D.

Director, Forecast Systems Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80303

(303) 497-6378

FAX:(303) 497-6821

 

Bruce B. Ross, Ph.D.

Deputy Director, Geophysical Fluid

Dynamics Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Forrestal Campus, U.S. Route 1

P.O. Box 308

Princeton, NJ 08542-0308

(609) 452-6504

FAX: (609) 987-5070

 

* William T. Turnbull

Director, HPCC Office

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Room 9600

1315 East-West Highway

Silver Spring, MD 20910

(301) 713-3573

FAX: (301) 713-4040

 

Louis Uccellini

Director, National Centers for

Environmental Prediction

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

5200 Auth Road, Room 101

Camp Springs, MD 20746

(301) 763-8000

FAX: (301) 763-8434

 

NSA

Dean R. Collins, Ph.D.

Director, Advanced Research and

Development Activity in Information

Technology

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6530

Fort George G.Meade, MD 20750-6530

(301) 688-7092

FAX: (301) 688-7410

* George R. Cotter

Office of Corporate Assessments

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6217

Fort George G.Meade, MD 20755-6217

(301) 688-6434

FAX: (301) 688-4980

 

William Bradley Martin

Senior Computer Scientist

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6511

Fort George G.Meade, MD 20750-6511

(301) 688-1057

FAX: (301) 688-0056

 

William J. Semancik, Ph.D.

Director, Laboratory for

Telecommunications Sciences

National Security Agency

c/o U. S. Army Research Laboratory

Adelphi Laboratory Center

2800 Powder Mill Road, Building 601,

Room 131

Adelphi,MD 20783-1197

(301) 688-1709

FAX: (301) 291-2591

 

H.Gregory Smith, Ph.D.

Deputy Director, Advanced Research and

Development Activity in Information

Technology

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6644

Fort George G.Meade, MD 20755-6644

(301) 688-7092

FAX: (301) 688-7410


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

** Barbara Wheatley, Ph.D.

Office of Corporate Assessments

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6217

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6217

301) 688-8448

FAX:(301) 688-4980

 

NSF

S. Kamal Abdali, Ph.D.

Acting Division Director, ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8910

FAX: (703) 292-9059

 

Frank D. Anger, Ph.D.

Acting Deputy Division Director and

Program Director, Software Engineering

and Languages, ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8911

FAX: (703) 292-9059

 

William S. Bainbridge, Ph.D.

Deputy Division Director and Program

Director, Information and Intelligent

Systems Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX: (703) 292-9073

 

Alan R. Blatecky

Program Director, Advanced Networking

Infrastructure and Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8948

FAX: (703) 292-9010

 

Lawrence E. Brandt

Program Manager, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX: (703) 292-9030

Aubrey M. Bush, Ph.D.

Division Director, Advanced Networking

Infrastructure and Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8950

FAX:(703) 292-9010

John C.Cherniavsky, Ph.D.

Senior EHR Advisor for Research,

Research,Evaluation and

Communication Division,Directorate for

Education and Human Resources

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 855

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-5136

FAX:(703) 292-9046

Frederica Darema, Ph.D.

Program Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX: (703) 292-9030

 

* Peter A. Freeman, Ph.D

Assistant Director, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1105

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX: (703) 292-9074

Helen Gill, Ph.D.

Program Director, ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8910

FAX: (703) 292-9059

 

Thomas J. Greene, Ph.D.

Senior Program Director, Advanced

Networking Infrastructure and Research

Division,Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8948

FAX: (703) 292-9010

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


Agency Contacts

Stephen M.Griffin

Program Manager, Digital Libraries

Initiative, Information and Intelligent

Systems Division, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX: (703) 292-9073

 

Richard Hilderbrandt, Ph.D.

Program Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8963

FAX: (703) 292-9060

** Richard S. Hirsh, Ph.D.

Deputy Division Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8970

FAX: (703) 292-9060

C. Suzanne Iacono, Ph.D.

Program Director, Computation and

Social Systems,Information and

Intelligent Systems Division, Directorate

for Computer and Information Science

and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX:(703) 292-9073

 

Clifford A. Jacobs, Ph.D.

Section Head, UCAR and Lower

Atmospheric Facilities Oversight 

Section, Atmospheric Sciences Division,

Directorate for Geosciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 775

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8521

FAX: (703) 292-9022

 

Stephen R. Mahaney, Ph.D.

Senior Advisor for Budget Management

and Planning and Policy, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1105

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX:(703) 292-9074

 

Barry I.Schneider, Ph.D.

Program Director, Physics Division,

Directorate for Mathematical and

Physical Sciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1015

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-7383

FAX: (703) 292-9078

 

** George O. Strawn, Ph.D.

Executive Officer, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1105

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX: (703) 292-9074

Gary W. Strong, Ph.D.

Program Director, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX: (703) 292-9030

 

Thomas A. Weber, Ph.D.

Division Director, Materials Research

Division, Directorate for Mathematical

and Physical Sciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1065

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-4915

FAX: (703) 292-9035

 

Taieb F. Znati, Ph.D.

Senior Program Director, Advanced

Networking Infrastructure and Research

Division, Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8949

FAX: (703) 292-9010

 


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

OMB

David S. Trinkle

Program Examiner

Office of Management and Budget

Room 8225

New Executive Office Building

725 17th Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20503

(202) 395-4706

FAX: (202) 395-4652

 

OSTP

Thomas J. Mackin, Ph.D.

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Eisenhower Executive Office Building

1650 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20502-0001

(202) 456-6108

FAX: (202) 456-6021

 

Simon Szykman, Ph.D.

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Eisenhower Executive Office Building

1650 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20502-0001

(202) 456-6054

FAX: (202) 456-6021

 

Executive Office of the President


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

NSF

Representative

Peter A. Freeman

Alternates

Richard S. Hirsh

George O. Strawn

DARPA

Representative

Zachary Lemnios

Alternate

Douglas C. Schmidt

NIH

Representative

Robert L. Martino

Alternates

Michael J. Ackerman

Judith L. Vaitukaitis

NASA

Representative

Lee B. Holcomb

Alternates

David B. Nelson

John H. Lee

DOE Office of Science

Representative

C. Edward Oliver

Alternates

Daniel A. Hitchcock

Norman H.Kreisman

NSA

Representative

George R. Cotter

Alternate

Barbara Wheatley

NIST

Representative

Susan F. Zevin

Alternate

Larry H.Reeker

NOAA

Representative

William T. Turnbull

AHRQ

Representative

J. Michael Fitzmaurice

ODDR&E

Representative

Frank W. Garcia, Jr.

Alternate

Steven King

EPA

Representative

Steven Fine

Alternate

Robin L. Dennis

DOE/NNSA

Representative

José L. Muñoz

OMB

Representative

David S. Trinkle

OSTP

Representative

Simon Szykman

NCO

Representative

Cita M. Furlani

Alternate

Sally E.Howe

Interagency Working Group on IT R&D

Co-Chairs

Peter A. Freeman, NSF

Cita M. Furlani, NCO

High End Computing (HEC)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Richard S. Hirsh,NSF

José L.Muñoz, DOE/NNSA

Human Computer Interaction and

Information Management (HCI & IM)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Gary W. Strong, NSF

Jean Scholtz, NIST

Large Scale Networking (LSN)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

George O. Strawn, NSF

Daniel A.Hitchcock, DOE

LSN Teams:

Middleware and Grid Infrastructure

Coordination (MAGIC)

Co-Chairs

Alan R. Blatecky, NSF

Mary Anne Scott, DOE

Joint Engineering Team (JET)

Co-Chair

Thomas J. Greene, NSF

Vice-Chair

Paul E. Love, Internet2

Networking Research Team (NRT)

Co-Chairs

Taieb F. Znati, NSF

Thomas Ndousse-Fetter, DOE

Software Design and Productivity

(SDP) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Frank Anger, NSF

Douglas C. Schmidt, DARPA

High Confidence Software and Systems

(HCSS) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Helen Gill, NSF

Gary Koob, DARPA

Social,Economic,and Workforce

Implications of IT and IT Workforce

Development (SEW)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

Vacant

Universal Accessibility Team:

Chair

Susan B. Turnbull, GSA

PCA Coordinating Groups and Team Chairs


Acknowledgments

This Supplement to the President’s FY 2003 Budget, also known as the Blue Book, reflects the

broad impact of Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

activities on key agency missions and vital national interests, such as economic development,

education, national security, and scientific research.The Blue Book also reflects the editorial

contributions of many individuals, to whom we extend sincerest thanks.

The editors thank the agency program managers who developed the research goals and

program activities highlighted in this report and the NCO colleagues who provided ready and

able support in all aspects of the production process, especially proofreading, preparation of the

Web version, and distribution.

National Coordination Office (NCO)

for Information Technology Research and Development (IT R&D)

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2003 BUDGET

Cita M. Furlani

Director

furlani@itrd.gov

Sally E. Howe, Ph.D.

Associate Director

FY 2003 Blue Book Executive Editor

howe@itrd.gov

Martha K. Matzke

FY 2003 Blue Book Editor

Suite II-405

4201 Wilson Boulevard

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-4873

FAX: (703) 292-9097

nco@itrd.gov

Internet Web Site

http://www.nitrd.gov/

Frank D. Anger, NSF

David Bernholz, NCO

George R. Cotter, NSA

Amanda B. Cross, NCO

Steven Fine, EPA

J. Michael Fitzmaurice, ARHQ

Peter A. Freeman, NSF

Ed Garcia, NCO

Helen M. Gigley, NCO

Helen Gill, NSF

Robert Graybill, DARPA

Robert O. Green, NASA

Richard S. Hirsh, NSF

Daniel A. Hitchcock, DOE

Lee B. Holcomb, NASA

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

Fred Johnson, DOE

Steven E. King, ODDR&E

Gary M. Koob, DARPA

Norman H.Kreisman, DOE

John H. Lee, NASA

Stephen R. Mahaney, NSF

Michael Marron, NIH

Richard S. Martin, NCO

Grant Miller, NCO

Virginia Moore, NCO

José L. Muñoz, DOE/NNSA

Thomas Ndousse-Fetter, DOE

Larry H. Reeker, NIST

Douglas C. Schmidt, DARPA

Mary Anne Scott, DOE

George R. Seweryniak, DOE

Frank Sledge, NCO

Gary W. Strong, NSF

Alan Tellington, NCO

Diane R. Theiss, NCO

William T. Turnbull,NOAA

Barbara Wheatley, NSA

Susan F. Zevin, NIST

Contributors
Abstract

The Federal agencies that participate in the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

(NITRD) Program work together to maintain U.S. leadership in advanced computing, networking, and

information technologies. NITRD results help these agencies fulfill their 21st century missions.This Supplement

to the President's FY 2003 Budget summarizes the major FY 2002 NITRD accomplishments and FY 2003 plans

and includes a special section on how IT R&D products played key roles in the response to the September 11,

2001, attack on New York's World Trade Center. The report highlights promising high-end computing

technologies to explore the frontiers of complexity; dynamic, flexible, secure networks of the future; R&D on IT

to support human needs and goals; technologies to build knowledge from data; reliable, secure, and safe software

and systems; improved cost-effective software through science and engineering; and enhancing IT education and

training for the high-skills world.

Cover Design and Imager y

The cover design and graphics are by National Science Foundation (NSF) designer-illustrator James J. Caras.

Illustration note: The light areas of the continents on the world map show concentrations of nighttime electrical

illumination around the globe.The extraordinary composite view from which the cover map was made was

developed by scientists Marc Imhoff of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Christopher Elvidge

of NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center using visible radiance data gathered over nine months by the

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program sensors; the visualization was created by Craig Mayhew and Robert

Simmon of GSFC. See http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights_dmsp_big.jpg

Front cover images,left to right: 3-D physical model of bacillus anthracis (anthrax) fabricated by computercontrolled prototyping equipment using data from the NITRD agencies’ (DOE, NIH, NIST, and NSF)

collaborative online Protein Data Bank, an international repository of 3-D macromolecular structure data; the

investigator was Michael Bailey of the San Diego Supercomputer Center. High-resolution simulation from

NOAA’S Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University shows vase-like motion of polar air

from 14 to 42 kilometers above the earth’s surface; this circulation pattern influences ozone concentrations across

the lower latitudes. Screen shot from 3-D model of a particle (purple dot) moving through a fluid (green mesh),

generated using NWGrid and NWPhys software developed by DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laborator y;

these advanced software tools establish hybrid mesh topologies for visualizing and solving computational physics

problems – such as thermal diffusion characteristics, hydrodynamic and multimaterial flows, and fluid flows

through geological formations – on distributed parallel computing systems. NASA visualization shows five

interatomic surfaces, or “zero-flux” surfaces, in the gradient vector field of the electronic charge density for the

ethylene molecule (C2H4); these surfaces partition space into basins of attraction, constituting “atoms in

molecules” as advanced in the quantum theory of Richard Bader, and are precisely analogous to potential flow

separation surfaces in aerodynamics.

Back cover image: Visualization of the directory tree of an Internet node, created with Walrus software tool

developed by Young Hyun of the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) with support

from DARPA and NSF. From user-supplied data and specifications, Walrus employs 3-D hyperbolic geometry to

turn graph data into a multicolor interactive graphic display with a fisheye distortion. Within the fisheye sphere,

details are magnified at the center and reduced in size to zero at the periphery; the viewer can navigate the graph

to examine every part of the data set at the highest level of detail. Tools such as Walrus enable network analysts to

“see” the architectures of network connectivity and to better understand the complexity of Internet topology.

CAIDA recently used Walrus to create a visualization of the global spread of the Code Red computer worm in

July 2001 (http://www.caida.org/tools/visualization/walrus/examples/codered/). Image courtesy of CAIDA.