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The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western

District of Missouri, adopting the report and recommendation of the Honorable Robert

E. Larsen, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Missouri. 

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 10-1907

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Western District of Missouri.

Joshua P. Randolph, *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: November 16, 2010

Filed: January 11, 2011

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Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.

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WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Joshua Randolph entered a conditional plea of guilty to being a felon in

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). He

appeals from the district court’s1

 denial of his motion to suppress evidence,

contending that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when police officers

initiated a traffic stop without reasonable suspicion to do so and unlawfully searched

the vehicle he had been driving. We affirm. 
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I. Background

Detective Don Stanze of the Kansas City police department and his partner

were conducting surveillance when they noticed Randolph driving a gold Chevrolet

Monte Carlo. Stanze recognized Randolph from a previous drug investigation and

recognized the Monte Carlo as belonging to a woman whom Stanze knew to traffic

phencyclidine (PCP). Stanze decided to follow Randolph.

Randolph drove to a residence, where he stopped and went inside. Two months

earlier, Stanze had received information that PCP was sold from the residence that

Randolph visited. After a minute or so, Randolph returned to the vehicle and drove

to a different residence, where he pulled into the driveway, exited the Monte Carlo,

and entered the residence. While there, Randolph met with some people and drank

a beer on the sidewalk in front of the house. After about half an hour, Randolph left

the house, with the detectives following him.

When Randolph stopped at a third residence, he pulled to the curb without

indicating his intent with his turn signal, which constituted a traffic violation. At that

point, Stanze asked a nearby uniformed patrol officer to stop the vehicle based on the

traffic violation and Randolph’s public consumption of alcohol. Stanze informed the

officer that the driver of the vehicle was Randolph and that he was known to carry a

gun.

Officer Kenny Miller arrived as Randolph exited the Monte Carlo. Miller

pulled up alongside the Monte Carlo and activated his emergency lights. Miller exited

his vehicle and asked Randolph to return to the car. Randolph responded that it was

not his car. When Miller asked whether Randolph had exited the Monte Carlo,

Randolph repeated that the car was not his and indicated that he had exited from the

car parked in front of the Monte Carlo. At Miller’s request, Randolph returned to the

Monte Carlo and placed his hands on the hood. 
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Miller frisked Randolph, retrieved his identification, and handcuffed him.

Miller then asked dispatch to run a criminal history check and was informed that

Randolph was a felon. Sergeant John Bryant arrived and spoke on the phone to

Detective Stanze. Bryant looked through the passenger’s side window and saw a

handgun lying on the driver’s side floorboard. Bryant asked Miller if Randolph was

a felon, and Miller responded that he was. At that point, Bryant reached through the

open window, unlocked the car door, and examined the gun. Bryant noticed the smell

of PCP in the car and found illegal drugs in the car’s console. Randolph was arrested

for being a felon in possession of a firearm, public consumption of alcohol, and

turning without signaling.

A subsequent search of the vehicles revealed a High Point .380 semi-automatic

handgun, crack cocaine, powder cocaine, PCP, marijuana, and documents in the name

of Joshua Randolph. 

Randolph moved to suppress evidence seized from his vehicle and his person

on the basis that the police did not have reasonable suspicion to justify the stop and

the search of the vehicle was illegal. The facts set forth above reflect the testimony

that Stanze, Miller, and Bryant gave at the suppression hearing. The magistrate judge

recommended that the motion be denied because (1) probable cause supported the

traffic stop, (2) Randolph lacked standing to challenge the search, and (3) even if he

had standing, the search of the car was a valid search incident to arrest. The district

court adopted the report and recommendation. On reconsideration in light of the

Supreme Court’s decision in Arizona v. Gant, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009), the magistrate

judge recommended that Randolph’s renewed motion to suppress be denied because

the search remained a lawful search incident to arrest. The district court again adopted

the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation.
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II. Discussion

Randolph contends that his motion to suppress should have been granted. He

argues that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigative stop,

that the search incident to arrest was illegal under Arizona v. Gant, and that he had a

legitimate expectation of privacy in the vehicle he had been driving. In reviewing the

denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we review the district court’s findings of fact

for clear error and review de novo its legal conclusions. United States v. Adler, 590

F.3d 581, 583 (8th Cir. 2009). 

A. Traffic Stop

An officer may initiate a traffic stop after the driver has stopped the car and

exited the vehicle. See Thornton v. United States, 541 U.S. 615, 621-24 (2004). The

decision to stop the driver is reasonable if the officer has probable cause to believe a

traffic violation occurred. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996).

“Any traffic violation, however minor, provides probable cause for a traffic stop.”

Adler, 590 F.3d at 583 (quoting United States v. Bloomfield, 40 F.3d 910, 915 (8th

Cir. 1994) (en banc)). This is true “even if the officer would have ignored the

violation but for a suspicion that greater crimes [were] afoot.” United States v. PenaPonce, 588 F.3d 579, 583 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Luna, 368 F.3d

876, 878 (8th Cir. 2004)). 

We have held that failing to signal a turn, in violation of the law, is sufficient

probable cause to support a traffic stop. See Adler, 590 F.3d at 585 (failure to signal

in violation of the Nebraska traffic code sufficient to establish probable cause); see

also United States v. Rodriguez-Lopez, 444 F.3d 1020, 1022-23 (8th Cir. 2006)

(officer’s objectively reasonable belief that the defendant’s failure to signal violated

Iowa code sufficient to establish probable cause). Randolph does not dispute that his
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To the extent Randolph disputes the fact that he failed to signal, we note that

Stanze testified that Randolph failed to signal, and we conclude that the finding to that

effect is not clearly erroneous. 

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failure to signal violated Kansas City municipal code;2

 instead he argues that the

violation was a ruse to justify the stop. As stated above, however, a traffic violation

provides probable cause to justify a stop, even if the officer is suspicious of other

crimes. Randolph’s traffic violation thus justified the subsequent stop.

B. Search Incident to Arrest

Randolph contends that Bryant’s search of the Monte Carlo was not a proper

search incident to arrest. Under Arizona v. Gant, “[p]olice may search a vehicle

incident to a recent occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance

of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe

the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest.” 129 S. Ct. at 1723. The

magistrate judge determined that Randolph was under arrest for being a felon in

possession of a firearm and that it was reasonable to believe the Monte Carlo

contained the firearm. Randolph contends that Bryant did not know that Randolph

was a felon when he reached into the Monte Carlo, unlocked and opened the door, and

inspected the gun. According to Randolph’s argument, he was under arrest only for

failing to signal and for public consumption of alcohol. 

The record, however, supports the magistrate judge’s finding that Randolph was

under arrest for the firearm offense when Bryant first entered the Monte Carlo. Bryant

testified that he looked through the window and saw the firearm in plain view. Miller

testified that after Bryant observed the gun, Bryant approached Miller, told him there

was a gun on the floorboard, and “asked if he come back as a registered felon, and I

answered yes.” Miller further testified that Bryant thereafter reached into the car,

opened the door, and handled the gun. Bryant initially testified that after he inspected

the firearm, he verified that Randolph was a felon. He later testified that after
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observing the gun through the car’s window, he asked Miller if Randolph was a felon

and Miller responded, “yeah, I think he is.” The magistrate judge credited Miller’s

testimony and found that Miller had been informed that Randolph was a felon, that

Miller told Bryant that Randolph was a felon, and that Randolph was under arrest for

the firearm offense before Bryant reached into the Monte Carlo. Miller’s testimony,

as well as a portion of Bryant’s testimony, supports these findings. 

Accordingly, the search was lawful under Arizona v. Gant because the Monte

Carlo contained evidence of the firearm offense. After Bryant observed the gun and

Miller confirmed that Randolph was a felon, the officers had probable cause to arrest

and did arrest Randolph for possessing a firearm. Having observed a gun on the

driver’s side floorboard, Bryant completed a lawful search incident to arrest.

C. Standing

Even if the search of the Monte Carlo were unconstitutional, we conclude that

Randolph has no standing to challenge the search. Randolph repeatedly disclaimed

any possessory or ownership interest in the car. When Miller stopped him, Randolph

denied having exited the Monte Carlo. To contest the validity of a search, a person

must have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched. See Katz v.

United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351-52 (1967). “Fourth Amendment rights are personal

and may not be vicariously asserted.” United States v. Washington, 197 F.3d 1214,

1216 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 174 (1969))

(internal omissions and alterations omitted). Since Randolph had repeatedly

disavowed any ownership interest in the Monte Carlo and failed to otherwise show

that he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the Monte Carlo, he is precluded

from claiming that the search of the Monte Carlo and the seizure of the firearm

violated his constitutional rights. See United States v. Amaral-Estrada, 509 F.3d 820,

827 (7th Cir. 2007) (concluding the defendant failed to manifest any expectation of

privacy because the defendant possessed the car for purposes of transporting
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contraband, others had entered the vehicle for the purpose of taking or leaving items

therein, and the defendant denied knowledge about the car and its contents); see also

Washington, 197 F.3d at 1216 (concluding that defendant lacked standing to challenge

the search of a bag because he disclaimed any ownership interest in the bag). 

III. Conclusion

The order denying the motion to suppress is affirmed. 

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