# Patent

## Title
Stable driving scheme for active matrix displays

## Abstract

A method and system for operating a pixel array having at least one pixel circuit is provided. The method includes repeating an operation cycle defining a frame period for a pixel circuit, including at each frame period, programming the pixel circuit, driving the pixel circuit, and relaxing a stress effect on the pixel circuit, prior to a next frame period. The system includes a pixel array including a plurality of pixel circuits and a plurality of lines for operation of the plurality of pixel circuits. Each of the pixel circuits includes a light emitting device, a storage capacitor, and a drive circuit connected to the light emitting device and the storage capacitor. The system includes a drive for operating the plurality of lines to repeat an operation cycle having a frame period so that each of the operation cycle comprises a programming cycle, a driving cycle and a relaxing cycle for relaxing a stress on a pixel circuit, prior to a next frame period.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/263,628, filed Apr. 28, 2014, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/909,177, filed Jun. 4, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,743,096, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/736,751, filed Apr. 18, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,477,121, issued Jul. 2, 2013, which claims priority to Canadian Patent Application No. 2,544,090, filed Apr. 19, 2006; the entire contents of each of the foregoing are incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.


FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to light emitting device displays, and more specifically to a method and system for driving a pixel circuit.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electro-luminance displays have been developed for a wide variety of devices, such as cell phones. In particular, active-matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays with amorphous silicon (a-Si), poly-silicon, organic, or other driving backplane have become more attractive due to advantages, such as feasible flexible displays, its low cost fabrication, high resolution, and a wide viewing angle.
An AMOLED display includes an array of rows and columns of pixels, each having an organic light emitting diode (OLED) and backplane electronics arranged in the array of rows and columns. Since the OLED is a current driven device, the pixel circuit of the AMOLED should be capable of providing an accurate and constant drive current.
However, the AMOLED displays exhibit non-uniformities in luminance on a pixel-to-pixel basis, as a result of pixel degradation, i.e., aging caused by operational use over time (e.g., threshold shift, OLED aging). Depending on the usage of the display, different pixels may have different amounts of the degradation. There may be an ever-increasing error between the required brightness of some pixels as specified by luminance data and the actual brightness of the pixels. The result is that the desired image will not show properly on the display.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a method and system that is capable of suppressing the aging of the pixel circuit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and system that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of existing systems.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of operating a pixel array having at least one pixel circuit. The method includes the steps of: repeating an operation cycle defining a frame period for a pixel circuit, including at each frame period, programming the pixel circuit, driving the pixel circuit; and relaxing a stress effect on the pixel circuit, prior to a next frame period.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a display system. The display system includes a pixel array including a plurality of pixel circuits and a plurality of lines for operation of the plurality of pixel circuits. Each of the pixel circuits includes a light emitting device, a storage capacitor, and a drive circuit connected to the light emitting device and the storage capacitor. The display system includes a drive for operating the plurality of lines to repeat an operation cycle having a frame period so that each of the operation cycle comprises a programming cycle, a driving cycle and a relaxing cycle for relaxing a stress on a pixel circuit, prior to a next frame period.
This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all features of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a timing chart for suppressing aging of a pixel circuit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a pixel circuit to which the timing schedule of FIG. 1 is suitably applied;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary timing chart for a compensating driving scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a display system for implementing the timing schedule of FIG. 1 and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating measurement results for a conventional driving scheme and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a timing chart illustrating an example of frames based on the timing schedule of FIG. 1 and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the measurement result of threshold voltage shift based on the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the measurement result of OLED current based on the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a driving scheme applied to a pixel array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10(a) is a diagram illustrating an example of array structure having top emission pixels applicable to the display system of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 10(b) is a diagram illustrating an example of array structure having bottom emission pixels applicable to the display system of FIG. 4.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention are described using a pixel circuit having an organic light emitting diode (OLED) and a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs). The pixel circuit may contain a light emitting device other than the OLED. The transistors in the pixel circuit may be n-type transistors, p-type transistors or combinations thereof. The transistors in the pixel circuit may be fabricated using amorphous silicon, nano/micro crystalline silicon, poly silicon, organic semiconductors technologies (e.g., organic TFT), NMOS/PMOS technology, CMOS technology (e.g., MOSFET) or combinations thereof. A display having the pixel circuit may be a single color, multi-color or a fully color display, and may include one or more than one electroluminescence (EL) element (e.g., organic EL). The display may be an active matrix light emitting display (e.g., AMOLED). The display may be used in DVDs, personal digital assistants (PDAs), computer displays, or cellular phones. The display may be a flat panel.
In the description below, “pixel circuit” and “pixel” are used interchangeably. In the description below, “signal” and “line” may be used interchangeably. In the description below, the terms “line” and “node” may be used interchangeably. In the description below, the terms “select line” and “address line” may be used interchangeably. In the description below, “connect (or connected)” and “couple (or coupled)” may be used interchangeably, and may be used to indicate that two or more elements are directly or indirectly in physical or electrical contact with each other.
FIG. 1 illustrates a timing schedule for suppressing aging for a pixel circuit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The pixel circuit, which is operated using the timing schedule of FIG. 1, includes a plurality of transistors and an OLED (e.g., 22, 24, 26 of FIG. 2). In FIG. 1, a frame 10 is divided into three phases: a programming cycle 12, a driving (i.e., emitting) cycle 14, and a relaxing cycle 16. The frame 10 is a time interval or period in which a display shows a frame of a video signal. During the programming cycle 12, a pixel circuit is programmed with required data to provide the wanted brightness. During the driving cycle 14, the OLED of the pixel circuit emits required brightness based on the programming data. Finally, during the relaxing cycle 16, the pixel circuit is OFF or biased with reverse polarity of the driving cycle 14. Consequently, the aging effect causes by the driving cycle 14 is annealed. This prevents aging accumulation effect from one frame to the other frame, and so the pixel life time increases significantly.
To obtain the wanted average brightness, the pixel circuit is programmed for a higher brightness since it is OFF for a fraction of frame time (i.e., relaxing cycle 16). The programming brightness based on wanted one is given by:




  
    
      
        
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where “LCP” is a compensating luminance, “LN” is a normal luminance, “TR” is a relaxation time (16 of FIG. 1), and “TF” is a frame time (10 of FIG. 1).

As described below, letting the pixel circuit relax for a fraction of each frame can control the aging of the pixel, which includes the aging of driving devices (i.e., TFTs 24 and 26 of FIG. 2), the OLED (e.g., 22 of FIG. 1), or combinations thereof.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a pixel circuit to which the timing schedule of FIG. 1 is applicable. The pixel circuit 20 of FIG. 2 is a 2-TFT pixel circuit. The pixel circuit 20 includes an OLED 22, a drive TFT 24, a switch TFT 26, and a storage capacitor 28. Each of the TFTs 24 and 26 have a source terminal, a drain terminal and a gate terminal. In FIG. 2, CLD represents OLED capacitance. The TFTs 24 and 26 are n-type TFTs. However, it would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the driving schemed of FIG. 1 is applicable to a complementary pixel circuit having p-type transistors or the combination of n-type and p-type transistors.
One terminal of the drive TFT 24 is connected to a power supply line VDD, and the other terminal of the drive TFT 24 is connected to one terminal of the OLED 22 (node B1). One terminal of the switch TFT 26 is connected to a data line VDATA, and the other terminal of the switch TFT 26 is connected to the gate terminal of the drive TFT 24 (node A1). The gate terminal of the switch TFT 26 is connected to a select line SEL. One terminal of the storage capacitor 28 is connected to node A1, and the other terminal of the storage capacitor 28 is connected to node B1.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary time schedule for a compensating driving scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, which is applicable to the pixel of FIG. 2. In FIG. 3, “32” represents “VCP-Gen cycle”, “34” represents “VT-Gen cycle”, “36” represents “programming cycle” and associated with the programming cycle 12 of FIG. 1, and “38” represents “driving cycle” and associated with the driving cycle 14 of FIG. 1.
The waveforms of FIG. 3 are used, for example, in the cycles 12 and 14 of FIG. 1. During the VCP-Gen cycle 32, a voltage is developed across the gate-source voltage of a drive TFT (e.g., 24 of FIG. 2). During the VT-Gen cycle 34, voltage at node B1 becomes −VT of the drive TFT (e.g., 24 of FIG. 2) where VT is the threshold voltage of the drive TFT (e.g., 24 of FIG. 2). During the programming cycle 36, node A1 is charged to VP which is related to Lcp of (1).
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, during the first operating cycle 32 (“VCP-Gen”), VDD changes to a negative voltage (−VCPB) while VDATA has a positive voltage (VCPA). Thus, node A1 is charged to VCPA, and node B1 is discharged to −VCPB. VCPA is smaller than VTO+VOLEDO, where the VTO is the threshold voltage of the unstressed drive TFT 24 and the VOLEDO is the ON voltage of the unstressed OLED 22.
During the second operating cycle 34 (“VT-Gen”), VDD changes to Vdd2 that is a voltage during the driving cycle 38. As a result, node B1 is charged to the point at which the drive TFT 24 turns off. At this point, the voltage at node B1 is (VCPA−VT) where VT is the threshold of the drive TFT 24, and the voltage stored in the storage capacitor 28 is the VT of the drive TFT 24.
During the third operating cycle 36 (“programming cycle”), VDATA changes to a programming voltage, VCPA+VP. VDD goes to Vdd1 which is a positive voltage. Assuming that the OLED capacitance (CLD) is large, the voltage at node B1 remains at VCPA−VT. Therefore, the gate-source voltage of the drive TFT 24 ideally becomes VP+VT. Consequently, the pixel current becomes independent of (ΔVT+ΔVOLED) where ΔVT is a shift of the threshold voltage of the drive TFT 24 and ΔVOLED is a shift of the ON voltage of the OLED 22.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a display system for implementing the timing schedule of FIG. 1 and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3. The display system 1000 includes a pixel array 1002 having a plurality of pixels 1004. The pixel 1004 corresponds to the pixel 20 of FIG. 2. However, the pixel 1004 may have structure different from that of the pixel 20. The pixels 1004 are arranged in row and column. In FIG. 4, the pixels 1004 are arranged in two rows and two columns. The number of the pixels 1004 may vary in dependence upon the system design, and does not limited to four. The pixel array 1002 is an active matrix light emitting display, and may form an AMOLED display.
“SEL[i]” is an address line for the ith row (i= . . . k, k+1 . . . ) and corresponds to SEL of FIG. 2. “VDD[i]” is a power supply line for the ith row (i= . . . k, k+1 . . . ) and corresponds to VDD of FIG. 2. “VDATA[j]” is a data line for the jth row (i= . . . 1, 1+1 . . . ) and corresponds to VDATA of FIG. 2.
A gate driver 1006 drives SEL[i] and VDD[i]. The gate driver 1006 includes an address driver for providing address signals to SEL[i]. A data driver 1008 generates a programming data and drives VDATA[j]. The controller 1010 controls the drivers 1006 and 1008 to drive the pixels 1004 based on the timing schedule of FIG. 1 and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 illustrates lifetime results for a conventional driving scheme and the compensating driving scheme. Pixel circuits of FIG. 2 are programmed for 2 μA at a frame rate of  ̃60 Hz by using the conventional driving scheme (40) and the compensating driving scheme (42). The compensating driving scheme (42) is highly stable, reducing the total aging error to less than 10%. By contrast, in the conventional driving scheme (40), while the pixel current becomes half of its initial value after 36 hours, the aging effects result in a 50% error in the pixel current over the measurement period. The total shift in the OLED voltage and threshold voltage of the drive TFT (i.e., 24 of FIG. 2), Δ(VOLED+VT), is  ̃4 V.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of frames using the timing schedule of FIG. 1 and the compensating driving scheme of FIG. 3.
In FIG. 6, “i” represents the ith row in a pixel array, “k” represents the kth row in the pixel array, “m” represents the mth column in the pixel array, and “l” represents the lth column in the pixel array. The waveforms of FIG. 6 are applicable to the display system 1000 of FIG. 4 to operate the pixel array 1002 of FIG. 4. It is assumed that the pixel array includes more than one pixel circuit 20 of FIG. 2.
In FIG. 6, “50” represents a frame for the ith row and corresponds to “10” of FIG. 1, “52” represents “VCP-Gen cycle” and corresponds to “32” of FIG. 3, “54” represents “VT-Gen cycle” and corresponds to “34” of FIG. 3, and “56” represents “programming cycle” and corresponds to “36” of FIG. 3. In FIG. 6, “58” represents “driving cycle” and corresponds to “38” of FIG. 3. In FIG. 6, “66” represents the values of the corresponding VDATA lines during the operating cycle 56.
In FIG. 6, “60” represents a relaxing cycle for the ith row and corresponds to “16” of FIG. 1. The relaxing cycle 60 includes a first operating cycle “62” and a second operating cycle “64”. During the relaxing cycle 60 for the ith row, SEL[i] is high at the first operating cycle 62 and then is low at the second operating cycle 64. During the frame cycle 62, node A1 of each pixel at the ith row is charged to a certain voltage, such as, zero. Thus, the pixels are OFF during the frame cycle 64. “VCP-Gen cycle” 52 for the kth row occurs at the same timing of the first operating cycle 62 for the ith row.
During the first operating cycle 52 for the kth row, which is the same as the first operating cycle 62 for the ith row, SEL[i] is high, and so the storage capacitors of the pixel circuits at the ith row are charged to VCPA. VDATA lines have VCPA. Considering that VCPA is smaller than VOLEDO+VTO, the pixel circuits at the ith row are OFF at the second operating cycle 64 and also the corresponding drive TFTs (24 of FIG. 2) are negatively biased resulting in partial annealing of the VT-shift at the cycle 64.
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate results of a longer lifetime test for a pixel circuit employing the timing cycles of FIG. 6. To obtain data of FIGS. 7 and 8, a pixel array having more than one pixel 20 of FIG. 2 was used.
In FIG. 7, “80” represents the measurement result of the shift in the threshold voltage of the drive transistor (i.e., 24 of FIG. 2). The result signifies that the above method and results in a highly stable pixel current even after 90 days of operation. Here, the pixel of FIG. 2 is programmed for 2.5 μA to compensate for the luminance lost during the relaxing cycle. The Δ(VOLED+VT) is extracted once after a long timing interval (few days) to not disturb pixel operation. It is clear that the OLED current is significantly stable after 1500 hours of operation which is the results of suppression in the aging of the drive TFT (i.e., 24 of FIG. 2) as shown in FIG. 7.
In FIG. 8, “90” represents the measurement result of OLED current of the pixel (i.e., 20 of FIG. 2) over time. The result depicted in FIG. 8 confirms that the enhanced timing diagram suppresses aging significantly, resulting in longer lifetime. Here, Δ(VOLED+VT) is 1.8 V after a 90 days of operation, whereas it is 3.6 V for the compensating driving scheme without the relaxing cycle after a shorter time.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of the driving scheme applied to a pixel array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 9, each of ROW (i), ROW(k) and ROW (n) represents a row of the pixel array. The pixel array may be the pixel array 1002 of FIG. 4. The frame 100 of FIG. 9 includes a programming cycle 102, a driving cycle 104, and a relaxing cycle 106, and has a frame time “tF”. The programming cycle 102, the driving cycle 104, and the relaxing cycle 106 may correspond to the operation cycles 12, 14, and 16 of FIG. 1, respectively. The programming cycle 102 may include the operating cycles 32, 34 and 36 of FIG. 3. The relaxing cycle 106 may be similar to the relaxing cycle 60 of FIG. 6.
The programming cycle 102 for the kth row occurs at the same timing of the relaxing cycle 106 for the ith row. The programming cycle 102 for the nth row occurs at the same timing of the relaxing cycle 106 for the kth row.
FIG. 10(a) illustrates an example of array structure having top emission pixels. FIG. 10(b) illustrates an example of array structure having bottom emission pixels. The pixel array of FIG. 4 may have the array structure of FIG. 10(a) or 10(b). In FIG. 10(a), 200 represents a substrate, 202 represents a pixel contact, 203 represents a (top emission) pixel circuit, and 204 represents a transparent top electrode on the OLEDs. In FIG. 10(b), 210 represents a transparent substrate, 211 represents a (bottom emission) pixel circuit, and 212 represents a top electrode. All of the pixel circuits including the TFTs, the storage capacitor, the SEL, VDATA, and VDD lines are fabricated together. After that, the OLEDs are fabricated for all pixel circuits. The OLED is connected to the corresponding driving transistor using a via (e.g., B1 of FIG. 2) as shown in FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b). The panel is finished by deposition of the top electrode on the OLEDs which can be a continuous layer, reducing the complexity of the design and can be used to turn the entire display ON/OFF or control the brightness.
In the above description, the pixel circuit 20 of FIG. 2 is used as an example of a pixel circuit for implementing the timing schedule of FIG. 1, the compensating driving schedule of FIG. 3, and the timing schedule of FIG. 6. However, it is appreciated that the above timing schedules of FIGS. 1, 3 and 6 are applicable to pixel circuits other than that of FIG. 2, despite its configuration and type.
Examples of the driving scheme, compensating and driving scheme, and pixel/pixel arrays are described in G. R. Chaji and A. Nathan, “Stable voltage-programmed pixel circuit for AMOLED displays,” IEEE J. of Display Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 347-358, December 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
One or more currently preferred embodiments have been described by way of example. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

## Claims

1. A method of operating a pixel array having pixel circuits arranged in rows and columns, each pixel circuit including a drive transistor and a light emitting device, and driven by repeating an operation cycle defining a frame period for each pixel circuit, the method comprising:
setting a data line of a first column at a first voltage;
providing the first voltage to a first pixel circuit in the first column during a first operation cycle of a frame period of the first pixel circuit by activating a first select line coupled to the first pixel circuit; and
providing the first voltage to a second pixel circuit in the first column during a second operation cycle of a frame period of the second pixel circuit which overlaps in time the first operation cycle of the frame period of the first pixel by activating a second select line coupled to the second pixel circuit.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first operation cycle comprises a first programming operation cycle and wherein the second operation cycle comprises a first relaxing operation cycle.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is sufficient to cause, during the first operation cycle of the frame period of the first pixel circuit, the drive transistor of the first pixel circuit to turn on and the light emitting device of the first pixel to remain off.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is sufficient to cause, during the second operation cycle of the frame period of the second pixel circuit, the drive transistor of the second pixel circuit to turn off and the light emitting device of the second pixel to turn off.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is sufficient to cause, during the second operation cycle of the frame period of the second pixel circuit, negative biasing of the transistor of the second pixel circuit.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
during the first operation cycle of the frame period of the first pixel circuit,
adjusting a first controllable power supply line for the first pixel circuit to a first supply voltage, the first supply voltage opposite in polarity to that of the first voltage; and
during the second operation cycle of the frame period of the second pixel circuit, adjusting a second controllable power supply line for the second pixel circuit to a second supply voltage, the second supply voltage corresponding to a voltage used to drive the light emitting device of the second pixel circuit.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
setting the data line at a second voltage during a second operation cycle of the frame period of the first pixel circuit, the second voltage comprising at least a programming voltage for the first pixel circuit, and
ensuring the second select line is deactivated during a second operation cycle of the frame period of the first pixel circuit isolating the second pixel circuit from the second voltage.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
deactivating the second select line at the end of the second operation cycle of the frame period of the second pixel circuit.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is smaller than VT0+VOLED0 where VT0 is a threshold voltage of the drive transistor of the first pixel circuit in an unstressed state and VOLED0 is and on voltage of the light-emitting device of the first pixel circuit in an unstressed state.