1

Filed 6/28/22 In re R.C. CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(San Joaquin)

----

In re R.C., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court 

Law.

C094893

SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY HUMAN SERVICES 

AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

P.C. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

(Super. Ct. No. 

STK-JV-DP-2019-0000315)

Mother and father of the minor R.C. appeal from the juvenile court’s September 

2021 order terminating parental rights and freeing the minor for adoption. (Welf. & Inst. 

Code, § 366.26.)1 Mother and father both contend conditional reversal is required 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code. 
2

because the San Joaquin County Human Services Agency (the Agency) and the court

failed to comply with the inquiry and notice requirements under the Indian Child Welfare 

Act (the ICWA). (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) They also argue that the court erred in 

terminating parental rights without a proper ICWA finding. We will affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Because the issues on appeal concern ICWA compliance, we limit our factual and 

procedural recitation to that issue.

In August 2019, the Agency filed a section 300 petition on behalf of the minor 

(born in October 2018). In the August 2019 detention report, the Agency advised the 

juvenile court there was no reason to believe the minor is or may be an Indian child. The 

Agency also reported that paternal grandmother was willing to care for the minor. That 

same month, mother submitted the “Parental Notification of Indian Status” form (ICWA020) and checked the box stating she had no known Indian heritage. 

During the August 2019, detention hearing, the court asked mother whether she 

had Indian ancestry, and she responded, “No.” Father, who was incarcerated, was not 

present during the hearing. The court ordered that the minor be detained. 

Since father was incarcerated, the Agency mailed him the ICWA-020 form with 

detailed completion instructions. Father submitted the completed form in September 

2019, checking the box stating he had no known Indian heritage. 

In October 2019, the court found the allegations in the petition to be true and took 

jurisdiction over the minor. Mother and father were both present during the hearing; the 

court did not ask father whether he had Indian ancestry. In December 2019, the court 

adjudged the minor to be a dependent of the court. The court ordered reunification 

services for mother but not for father. 

In the June 2020 status review report, the Agency noted that mother and father had 

both indicated they had no Indian heritage, and there was no reason to believe minor was 

an Indian child. The Agency asked the court to find that minor was not an Indian child. 
3

The same information was provided in the September 2020 and February 2021 status 

review reports. 

In March 2021, the Agency requested the court terminate services for mother. The 

proposed findings and orders included a finding that the minor was not an Indian child 

within the meaning of the ICWA. 

During the March 2021 hearing, the court terminated reunification services for 

mother and adopted the proposed findings and orders from the Agency’s March 2021 

status review report, including the finding that the minor was not an Indian child within 

the meaning of the ICWA. The court also set a section 366.26 hearing for July 2021. 

In the section 366.26 report issued in July 2021, the Agency recommended 

terminating mother and father’s parental rights and freeing the minor for adoption. The 

Agency noted there was no reason to believe the minor was an Indian child given that 

mother and father had both indicated they had no Indian ancestry. The same information 

regarding the ICWA’s application was repeated in the September 2021 status review 

report. 

During the September 2021 section 366.26 hearing, the court terminated mother 

and father’s parental rights and freed the minor for adoption. Although the court did not 

specifically address the applicability of the ICWA, it ordered that all prior orders not in 

conflict with the current order were to remain in full force and effect. 

Mother and father timely appealed. 

DISCUSSION

As a preliminary matter, we find no merit to mother and father’s contention that 

the juvenile court erroneously failed to make findings on the application of the ICWA in 

this case. In March 2021, the court adopted the proposed findings and orders from the 

Agency’s March 2021 status review report, including the finding that minor was not an 

Indian child within the meaning of the ICWA. When the court terminated parental rights 
4

in September 2021, it ordered that all nonconflicting prior orders remain in full force and 

effect, including the finding that minor was not an Indian child. 

We next turn to mother and father’s argument that the Agency and the court failed 

to make an adequate inquiry to determine if the minor had Indian ancestry. Even though 

mother and father both submitted ICWA-020 forms near the start of the proceedings 

indicating they had no known Indian ancestry, mother and father each contend the 

Agency should have contacted minor’s extended family to inquire whether minor might 

be an Indian child. Father also argues the court was required under section 224.2 to ask 

him about any Indian heritage during his first court appearance, even though he had 

already filed an ICWA-020 form stating he had no known Indian heritage. 

The juvenile court and the Agency have “an affirmative and continuing duty to 

inquire whether a child . . . is or may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) “The duty 

to inquire begins with the initial contact, including, but not limited to, asking the party 

reporting child abuse or neglect whether the party has any information that the child may 

be an Indian child.” (Ibid.) “If a child is placed into the temporary custody of a county 

welfare department[, the department] has a duty to inquire whether that child is an Indian 

child[, including] asking the child, parents, . . . extended family members, [and] others

who have an interest in the child” whether the child is or may be an Indian child. 

(§ 224.2, subd. (b).)

To the extent the juvenile court and the Agency erred in failing to ask (1) father 

about Indian heritage during his initial court appearance; and (2) extended family 

members about possible Indian heritage, neither father nor mother has ever made any 

assertion that contradicts their denial of Indian ancestry during the proceedings at issue 

here. “Where the record below fails to demonstrate and the parents have made no offer 

of proof or other affirmative assertion of Indian heritage on appeal, a miscarriage of 

justice has not been established and reversal is not required. [Citations.]” (In re 

Noreen G. (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1388; In re M.E. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 73, 85-
5

86 [errors in ICWA notice subject to harmless error analysis]; see also In re N.E. (2008) 

160 Cal.App.4th 766, 769 [failure to ask father whether he had Indian ancestry was 

harmless where father “does not assert on appeal that he in fact has any Indian 

heritage”].) 

There must be “some indication of prejudice—to the [parent] or to the tribes—

before we reverse a final order terminating parental rights.” (In re A.C. (2021) 65 

Cal.App.5th 1060, 1071, italics omitted [affirming order to terminate parental rights 

despite father’s challenge to ICWA compliance where there was neither information in 

the record nor an offer of proof on appeal supporting that the minor could have been an 

Indian child].) Finding none here, we will affirm.

DISPOSITION

The order of the juvenile court is affirmed.

 KRAUSE , J.

We concur:

 HULL , Acting P. J.

 MAURO , J.