Traditional Statistical Measures 

Comparing Weather Research and Forecast Model Output 

to Observations Centered Over Utah 

by John Raby, Jeff Passner, Robert Brown, Yasmina Raby 

ARL-TR-5422 January 2011 

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Army Research Laboratory 

White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501 

ARL-TR-5422 January 2011 

Traditional Statistical Measures 

Comparing Weather Research and Forecast Model Output 

to Observations Centered Over Utah

John Raby, Jeff Passner, Robert Brown, and Yasmina Raby 

Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Traditional Statistical Measures Comparing Weather Research and Forecast Model 

Output to Observations Centered Over Utah 

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John Raby, Jeff Passner, Robert Brown, and Yasmina Raby 

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U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

Battlefield Environment Division 

Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL (RDRL-CIE-M) 

White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501

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14. ABSTRACT 

The Model Assessment Project automated legacy scripts produce model validation statistics using the National Center for 

Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model Evaluation Tools (MET) software. The project also accessed the Meteorological 

Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) mesonet observation data to augment the legacy National Centers for 

Environmental Prediction (NCEP) PrepBUFR METAR observational data to provide a twentyfold increase in the number of 

observations to compare with model forecasts. MET Point-Stat was used to generate statistics based on the point differences 

between the model forecast and the observations. The statistics were then aggregated to produce a summary of results for 

twenty case study days for nine surface meteorological variables. The model forecasts were generated by the Nowcast 

Modeling Project in support of a request from Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) to compare the performance of the 

Advanced Research Version of the Weather Research Forecasting model (WRF-Advanced Research WRF [ARW]) using seven 

different model parameter settings. These model runs were executed over the Dugway, Utah area and evaluation of the 

statistical output is discussed with some graphical examples. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Weather, forecast verification, model evaluation tools, WRF model 

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John Raby 

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iii 

Contents 

List of Figures v

List of Tables xiv

Acknowledgements xvii

Executive Summary xix

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Subject .............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................1

2. Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures 2

2.1 MET Tools ......................................................................................................................2

2.2 Model Assessment Process Automation .........................................................................4

2.3 Case Studies ....................................................................................................................4

3. Results and Discussion 9

3.1 Extraction and Depiction of Case Study Results.............................................................9

3.2 Comparison Of Case Study Surface Results By Model Parameter Setting ..................10

3.2 Overall Surface Results Aggregated Over All Case Study Days By WRF Variation ..13

3.3 Comparison Of Case Study Surface Results By Model Resolution ..............................13

3.4 Overall Surface Results By Hour ..................................................................................17

3.5 Overall Upper Air Results .............................................................................................17

4. Conclusions 18

5. References 19

Appendix A. Tabular and Graphical Error Statistics for Surface Meteorological Variables 

for the Three Combinations of WRF Spatial Resolution and Domain for each of the Seven 

WRF Parameter settings 21
iv 

Appendix B. Tabular and Graphical Error Statistics for Surface Meteorological Variables 

for the Three Combinations of WRF Spatial Resolution and Domain for both WRF 

Resolutions. 137

Appendix C. Synoptic Weather Charts Showing the General Meteorological Situation for 

Each Case Study Day 231

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 313

Distribution 314 
v 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. Domains 1 and 2. .......................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2. Expanded view of Domain 2. ....................................................................................................... 3

Figure 3. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 10

Figure 4. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 11

Figure 5. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 12

Figure 6. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 7. Comparison of the wind speed RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km 

WRF, Domain 2, for Control parameter setting. .................................................................................. 14

Figure 8. Comparison of the wind speed RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km 

WRF, Domain 2, for the 3Second parameter setting. ........................................................................... 15

Figure 9. Comparison of the temperature RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km 

WRF, Domain 2, for the MYJ BL parameter setting. .......................................................................... 16

Figure 10. Comparison of the temperature RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km 

WRF, Domain 2, for the Control parameter setting. ............................................................................ 17

Figure A-1. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 23

Figure A-2. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 

1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................................. 24

Figure A-3. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 25

Figure A-4. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 26

Figure A-5. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. .................................................................................................. 27

Figure A-6. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. .................................................................................................. 28

Figure A-7. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 29

Figure A-8. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 30

Figure A-9. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 31
vi 

Figure A-10. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 32

Figure A-11. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 33

Figure A-12. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 34

Figure A-13. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 35

Figure A-14. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 36

Figure A-15. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 37

Figure A-16. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 38

Figure A-17. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 39

Figure A-18. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 40

Figure A-19. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 41

Figure A-20. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 42

Figure A-21. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 43

Figure A-22. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 44

Figure A-23. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 45

Figure A-24. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 46

Figure A-25. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 47

Figure A-26. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 

2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................................. 48

Figure A-27. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 49

Figure A-28. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 50

Figure A-29. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 51
vii 

Figure A-30. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 52

Figure A-31. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 53

Figure A-32. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 54

Figure A-33. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 

2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................................. 55

Figure A-34. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 56

Figure A-35. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 57

Figure A-36. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 58

Figure A-37. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 59

Figure A-38. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 60

Figure A-39. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 61

Figure A-40. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 62

Figure A-41. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 63

Figure A-42. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 64

Figure A-43. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 65

Figure A-44. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 66

Figure A-45. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 67

Figure A-46. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 68

Figure A-47. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 69

Figure A-48. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 70

Figure A-49. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 71
viii 

Figure A-50. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................................. 72

Figure A-51. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 73

Figure A-52. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 74

Figure A-53. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 75

Figure A-54. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 76

Figure A-55. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 77

Figure A-56. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 78

Figure A-57. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................................. 79

Figure A-58. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 80

Figure A-59. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 81

Figure A-60. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 82

Figure A-61. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. .................................................................................................. 83

Figure A-62. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 84

Figure A-63. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 85

Figure A-64. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 86

Figure A-65. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. ..................................................................................................................... 87

Figure A-66. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 88

Figure A-67. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for 

all parameter settings. ........................................................................................................................... 89

Figure A-68. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 90

Figure A-69. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 91
ix 

Figure A-70. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, for all 

parameter settings. ................................................................................................................................ 92

Figure A-71. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 93

Figure A-72. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. ................................................................................................... 94

Figure B-1. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. ................................................................................................................................... 143

Figure B-2. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Control setting. ................................................................................................................. 144

Figure B-3. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. ................................................................................................................................... 145

Figure B-4. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. ................................................................................................................................... 146

Figure B-5. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Control setting. ................................................................................................................. 147

Figure B-6. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Control setting. ................................................................................................................. 148

Figure B-7. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. ................................................................................................................................... 149

Figure B-8. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Control setting. ................................................................................................................. 150

Figure B-9. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Control setting. ................................................................................................................. 151

Figure B-10. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 156

Figure B-11. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................... 157

Figure B-12. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 158

Figure B-13. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................................ 159

Figure B-14. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................... 160

Figure B-15. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................... 161

Figure B-16. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 162

Figure B-17. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................... 163
x 

Figure B-18. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics2 setting. ............................................................................................................... 164

Figure B-19. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 169

Figure B-20. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. ............................................................................................................... 170

Figure B-21. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 171

Figure B-22. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, Physics8 setting. ............................................................................................................................. 172

Figure B-23. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. ............................................................................................................... 173

Figure B-24. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. ............................................................................................................... 174

Figure B-25. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. ................................................................................................................................. 175

Figure B-26. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-

km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. .............................................................................. 176

Figure B-27. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-

km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. ............................................................................................... 177

Figure B-28. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. .................................................................................................................................. 182

Figure B-29. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. ............................................................................................................... 183

Figure B-30. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. .................................................................................................................................. 184

Figure B-31. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, 3Second setting. .............................................................................................................................. 185

Figure B-32. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. ................................................................................................................ 186

Figure B-33. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. ................................................................................................................ 187

Figure B-34. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. .................................................................................................................................. 188

Figure B-35. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-

km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. .............................................................................. 189

Figure B-36. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-

km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. ............................................................................................... 190

Figure B-37. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 195
xi 

Figure B-38. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 40Levels setting. .............................................................................................................. 196

Figure B-39. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 197

Figure B-40. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, 40Levels setting. ............................................................................................................................. 198

Figure B-41. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 40Levels setting. ............................................................................................................... 199

Figure B-42. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 40Levels setting. ............................................................................................................... 200

Figure B-43. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 201

Figure B-44. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-

km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. .............................................................................. 202

Figure B-45. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-

km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. .............................................................................................. 203

Figure B-46. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 208

Figure B-47. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 80Levels setting. ............................................................................................................... 209

Figure B-48. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 210

Figure B-49. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, 80Levels setting. ............................................................................................................................. 211

Figure B-50. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 80Levels setting. ............................................................................................................... 212

Figure B-51. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 80Levels setting. ............................................................................................................... 213

Figure B-52. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. ................................................................................................................................. 214

Figure B-53. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-

km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. .............................................................................. 215

Figure B-54. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-

km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. .............................................................................................. 216

Figure B-55. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. ................................................................................................................................. 221

Figure B-56. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. ............................................................................................................... 222

Figure B-57. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. ................................................................................................................................. 223
xii 

Figure B-58. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 

2, MYJ BL setting. ............................................................................................................................. 224

Figure B-59. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. ............................................................................................................... 225

Figure B-60. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. ............................................................................................................... 226

Figure B-61. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. ................................................................................................................................. 227

Figure B-62. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-

km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting............................................................................... 228

Figure B-63. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-

km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. ............................................................................................... 229

Figure C-1. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090326. ................................................. 232

Figure C-2. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090326. ....................................... 233

Figure C-3. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090327. ...................... 234

Figure C-4. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090326. ............................................. 235

Figure C-5. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090421. ................................................. 236

Figure C-6. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090421. ....................................... 237

Figure C-7. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090422. ...................... 238

Figure C-8. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090421. ............................................. 239

Figure C-9. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090519. ................................................. 240

Figure C-10. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090519. ..................................... 241

Figure C-11. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090520. .................... 242

Figure C-12. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090519. ........................................... 243

Figure C-13. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090626. ............................................... 244

Figure C-14. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090626. ..................................... 245

Figure C-15. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090627. .................... 246

Figure C-16. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090626. ........................................... 247

Figure C-17. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091103. ............................................... 248

Figure C-18. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091103. ..................................... 249

Figure C-19. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091104. .................... 250

Figure C-20. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091103. ........................................... 251

Figure C-21. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091114. ............................................... 252

Figure C-22. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091114. ..................................... 253

Figure C-23. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091115. .................... 254

Figure C-24. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091114. ........................................... 255

Figure C-25. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091116. ............................................... 256

Figure C-26. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091116. ..................................... 257

Figure C-27. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091117. .................... 258

Figure C-28. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091116. ........................................... 259
xiii 

Figure C-29. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091222. ............................................... 260

Figure C-30. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091222. ..................................... 261

Figure C-31. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091223. .................... 262

Figure C-32. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091222. ........................................... 263

Figure C-33. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100204. ............................................... 264

Figure C-34. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100204. ..................................... 265

Figure C-35. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100205. .................... 266

Figure C-36. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100204. ........................................... 267

Figure C-37. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100205. ............................................... 268

Figure C-38. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100205. ..................................... 269

Figure C-39. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100206. .................... 270

Figure C-40. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100205. ........................................... 271

Figure C-41. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100207. ............................................... 272

Figure C-42. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100207. ..................................... 273

Figure C-43. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100208. .................... 274

Figure C-44. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100207. ........................................... 275

Figure C-45. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100304. ............................................... 276

Figure C-46. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100304. ..................................... 277

Figure C-47. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100305. .................... 278

Figure C-48. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100304. ........................................... 279

Figure C-49. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100307. ............................................... 280

Figure C-50. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100307. ..................................... 281

Figure C-51. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100308. .................... 282

Figure C-52. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100307. ........................................... 283

Figure C-53. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100309. ............................................... 284

Figure C-54. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100309. ..................................... 285

Figure C-55. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100310. .................... 286

Figure C-56. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100309. ........................................... 287

Figure C-57. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100413. ............................................... 288

Figure C-58. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100413. ..................................... 289

Figure C-59. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100414. .................... 290

Figure C-60. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100413. ........................................... 291

Figure C-61. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100617. ................................................ 292

Figure C-62. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100617. ..................................... 293

Figure C-63. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100618. .................... 294

Figure C-64. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100617. ........................................... 295

Figure C-65. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100621. ............................................... 296

Figure C-66. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100621. ..................................... 297

Figure C-67. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100622. .................... 298

Figure C-68. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100621. ........................................... 299
xiv 

Figure C-69. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100627. ............................................... 300

Figure C-70. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100627. ..................................... 301

Figure C-71. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100628. .................... 302

Figure C-72. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100627. ........................................... 303

Figure C-73. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100630. ............................................... 304

Figure C-74. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100630. ..................................... 305

Figure C-75. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100701. .................... 306

Figure C-76. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100630. ........................................... 307

Figure C-77. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100704. ............................................... 308

Figure C-78. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100704. ..................................... 309

Figure C-79. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100705. .................... 310

Figure C-80. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100704. ........................................... 311

List of Tables 

Table 1. WRF Parameter settings. ............................................................................................................... 7

Table A-1. Figures and tables of appendix A in the order they appear organized by WRF parameter 

setting. .................................................................................................................................................. 22

Table A-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Control 

setting. .................................................................................................................................................. 95

Table A-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Control 

setting. .................................................................................................................................................. 97

Table A-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control 

setting. .................................................................................................................................................. 99

Table A-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Physics2 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 101

Table A-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 103

Table A-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 105

Table A-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Physics8 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 107

Table A-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 109

Table A-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 111

Table A-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 3Second 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 113
xv 

Table A-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 115

Table A-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 117

Table A-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 40Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 119

Table A-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 121

Table A-16. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 123

Table A-17. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 80Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 125

Table A-18. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 127

Table A-19. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 129

Table A-20. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, MYJ BL 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 131

Table A-21. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 133

Table A-22. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 135

Table B-1. Figures and tables of appendix B in the order they appear organized by WRF parameter 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 138

Table B-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Control 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 139

Table B-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 141

Table B-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 152

Table B-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 154

Table B-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 165

Table B-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 167

Table B-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 178

Table B-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 180
xvi 

Table B-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 191

Table B-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 193

Table B-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 204

Table B-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 206

Table B-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 217

Table B-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL 

setting. ................................................................................................................................................ 219

Table C-1. Figures of appendix C in the order they appear organized by case study day. ..................... 231
xvii 

Acknowledgements 

The error statistics included in this data report were generated using the Model Evaluation Tools 

(MET), developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) through a grant 

from the United States Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) (National Center for Atmospheric 

Research, 2009).

In addition, AFWA provided funding and guidance to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

(ARL) to provide Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model research. 

Special appreciation is extended to Mr. Robert Craig and his colleagues in the Model 

Assessment group at AFWA for reviewing the draft statistical results and providing useful 

suggestions on better ways to present the results. 

Special appreciation is extended to Mr. Robert Dumais of ARL, BED who provided his 

interpretation and insights from a numerical modeler’s perspective. 

Special appreciation is extended to Mr. Robert Flanigan of ARL, BED who provided system 

administration expertise, which enabled to automation of the model evaluation processes 

necessary to accomplish the calculation of error statistics using the MET software. 

Special appreciation is extended to Mr. R.W. Hornbaker of Serco, Inc, under contract with ARL 

for his assistance in information assurance, network administration and script writing, which 

enabled to automation of the model evaluation processes necessary to accomplish the calculation 

of error statistics using the MET software. 
xviii 

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
xix 

Executive Summary 

Problem 

Weather has a significant impact on Army personnel, weapons, tactics, and operations, so 

accurate weather forecasts can be a deciding factor in any conflict, large or small. The weather 

forecasting task has shifted from a human forecaster located in-theater to computerized 

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with the human forecaster located far from the area of 

interest. 

Weather forecast validation has always been of interest to the weather forecasting community, 

civilian and military, and this interest has recently shifted from the accuracy of human 

forecasters to the accuracy of the NWP models. The validation of the models, especially high 

resolution models produced by the NWP, has proven to be especially difficult when addressing 

small time and space scales. 

Results 

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL)’s Battlefield Environment Division (BED) has 

performed case studies investigating the performance of various NWP to develop appropriate 

weather forecast applications for predominantly military use. Previous studies have included 

some traditional statistical measures including bias Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error 

(MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values, but resource constraints dictated a fairly 

small number of data points used for the calculations. A cornerstone study that incorporated the 

use of the Model Evaluation Tools (MET) for the first time at ARL enabled more comprehensive 

statistical evaluations of current DoD options for using the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) 

model (Sauter et al., 2009). 

The authors used those previously developed methods as the core for a more robust 

implementation of MET with the inclusion of a twentyfold increase in Meteorological 

Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) observational data. The MET process was also 

automated to generate ME, MAE, and RMSE statistics based on 140 WRF runs for 20 case study 

days during the period from the end of March 2009 through July 2010. A longer-term goal is to 

use the spatial verification capability in MET, although this study made significant headway 

toward the ability to generate statistically significant numbers of comparisons of forecast model 

output to point observation data. 

Conclusions 

The statistical results presented here are from 20 case studies conducted over complex, 

mountainous terrain in Utah and thus any conclusions drawn from the results are limited to 

domains of similar characteristics. The case studies do not characterize the day-to-day variations 
xx 

of WRF model performance as would continuous evaluations of performance. The cases present 

snapshots at various times of the year and during certain types of weather conditions of error 

statistics produced by comparing point weather observations with WRF forecasts values 

interpolated to the location of the observation. The WRF parameter settings and resolution were 

varied so that error statistics for each perturbation could be compared. 

The comparison of error statistics for the seven WRF variations for the 20 case study days 

suggests that no particular variation gives significantly lower overall errors. There is an 

exception in the case of one of the boundary layer parameter settings, which appears to yield 

greater errors compared to the control run boundary layer setting. It is not yet clear as to the 

conclusive reasons for this and further investigation is necessary. 

The comparison of error statistics for the two WRF model spatial resolutions shows no 

significant difference between the two models. This conclusion holds true regardless of the 

WRF parameter setting used. 

Recommendations 

The MET tool has proven to be a powerful means to assess the accuracy of the WRF model. The 

automation effort of the three components of MET (Point-Stat, Grid-Stat, Method for Objectbased Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) (Davis et al., 2009), and the use of Ensemble/Probabilistic 

forecasting must be continued. 
1 

1. Introduction 

1.1 Subject 

The atmosphere is a non-linear system with intertwined feedback loops, thus accurate weather 

forecasting has proven to be a daunting task, even for state-of-the-art Numerical Weather 

Prediction (NWP) models. The models are typically segregated or “nested” according to space 

and time resolutions into synoptic, mesoscale, and microscale. The synoptic scale resolves 

weather systems approximately the size of the Continental U.S. with a temporal period of 24−72 

hours. According to Orlanski (1975), mesoscale generally spans weather systems of spatial 

scales from 2−2000 km and temporal periods of 6−24 hours. Microscale resolves weather 

systems covering areas of a few city square blocks to approximately 2 km and temporal periods 

of seconds to a few hours. The Army is very interested in weather phenomenon scales from the 

meso-gamma (2−20 km) to the microscale. Additionally, the Army focuses its attention on the 

weather conditions in the boundary layer, a highly variable layer near the surface of the earth that 

changes frequently and diurnally based on the time of day and synoptic atmospheric conditions. 

Forecasting in the boundary layer is extremely difficult due to the interaction of the atmosphere 

with terrain, vegetation, buildings, and bodies of water. 

The assessment of model accuracy relies on the ability, or lack thereof, to generate verification 

statistics that compare the model output to actual observations. This is especially difficult for 

high-resolution model verification that requires time, as well as spatial forecast verification. A 

model, for example, may predict rain in a certain area at a specified time. Did the forecast “hit” 

if it did rain at the specified time but missed the intended area, or what if it rained at the intended 

area but missed the predicted time by several hours? 

The validation efforts are further complicated by the necessity of measuring the validity of newer 

numerical model forecast systems, such as probabilistic and ensemble forecasts. These methods 

must also address the propriety and equitability of the verification measures, as well as the 

verification of extreme or rare events. 

1.2 Purpose 

The target audience of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Model Assessment Project is 

twofold: (1) research meteorologists and modelers interested in the forecast accuracy of the 

Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model, and (2) Army research meteorologists, 

stakeholders and managers interested in the “value added” of such weather research to the Army. 

In short, are the research efforts to improve the forecast accuracy at the finer scales worth the 

time, energy, and resource investment? 
2 

The WRF model is a mesoscale numerical weather prediction system intended for use for 

operational forecasting and atmospheric research needs. The model was developed and 

improved by a collaborative partnership of the National Center for Atmospheric Research 

(NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Centers 

for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the NOAA Global Systems Division, the Air Force 

Weather Agency (AFWA), the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the University of Oklahoma, 

and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The Army, through the United States Air Force 

(USAF), intends to apply WRF to meet Army operational and research requirements. 

NWP development requires consistent methods to evaluate the models and then modify, 

improve, and increase their capabilities based on these assessments. The validation and 

assessment of the WRF forecast model is a high priority for the NWP community, as well as 

ARL’s Nowcast Modeling Project. ARL intends to work closely with the NOAA Developmental 

Testbed Center (DTC), the developers of MET, and AFWA, a major sponsor of the MET 

program and ARL’s research program. 

The ARL has ongoing efforts to adapt, enhance, validate, and operate the WRF. The goal is to 

produce a Weather Running Estimate-Nowcast (WRE-N) tool for transition to the tactical Army 

to provide 0−3 hour hourly updated Nowcast grids for Army systems, such as Distributed 

Common Ground System-Army (DCGS-A), as well as fine resolution initialization input for 

boundary layer/urban meteorological models and gridded meteorological fields for advanced 

acoustic and/or electro-optical wave propagation algorithms. 

The WRF model is used operationally at both the AFWA and the NCEP. The ARL WRFAdvanced Research WRF (ARW) model research is to develop better understanding and 

treatment of the model’s fine-scale meteorological processes for use in Air Force and Army 

applications, and increase ARL collaboration and visibility with both the DTC and the larger 

university atmospheric modeling community. 

2. Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures 

2.1 MET Tools 

The MET is a set of verification tools developed by the WRF DTC for use by the numerical 

weather prediction community, especially users and developers of the WRF model, to help them 

assess and evaluate the performance of the models (National Center for Atmospheric Research, 

2009). 

The ARL Model Assessment Project will over time utilize all three components of the MET. 

The initial phase started in FY 2009 and continued through 2010, focusing on the use of the 
3 

MET Point-Stat tool and a domain centered on the Dugway Proving Ground, Utah (figures 1 and 

2). 

Figure 1. Domains 1 and 2. 

Figure 2. Expanded view of Domain 2. 
4 

We will soon (FY 2011) start using the Grid-Stat tool eventually migrating to the MODE tool. 

In the future, these studies will also take advantage of a data rich area over central Florida, and 

use special observations provided by the Kennedy Space Center mesonet. 

The three main statistical analysis components of the current version of MET are named PointStat, Grid-Stat, and MODE. 

The Point-Stat tool is used for grid-to-point verification, or verification of a gridded forecast 

field against a point-based observation (i.e., surface observing stations, rawinsondes, and other 

point observations). The MET Point-Stat tool provides forecast verification scores for both 

continuous (e.g. temperature) and categorical (e.g. rain) variables, and confidence intervals are 

also produced. Confidence intervals take into account the uncertainty associated with 

verification statistics due to sampling variability and sample size limitations. 

The Grid-Stat tool produces verification statistics when a gridded field is used as the 

observational dataset. Like the Point-Stat tool, the Grid-Stat tool also produces confidence 

intervals. By using either the MET Grid-Stat or the MODE modules, severe limitations exist due 

to the lack of suitable independent gridded observation data. Other than for precipitation data 

derived from NEXRAD; there was no source for gridded observational data in our Utah study. 

The recent development of a Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA) product by NWS seems to 

have an answer to this dilemma for surface-based analyses only. The RTMA product is at a 2.5 

km spatial resolution, which is at the lower end of the resolution requirements of future Grid-Stat 

and MODE applications (Caldwell, 2010). For higher resolution WRF forecasts, a higher 

resolution analysis product will be needed. 

The MODE tool also uses gridded fields as observational datasets, defining objects in both the 

forecast and observation fields. The objects in the forecast and observation fields are then 

matched and compared to one another. 

2.2 Model Assessment Process Automation 

The sequential process of post-processing the WRF output data, acquiring the required 

observation data, performing data format conversions, and running Point-Stat and the StatAnalysis routines on several different computers required the coordination of over 100 Unix 

scripts. The complexity of the process, plus the acquisition of a large number of observations 

and the need to produce case study results for a statistically significant number of cases, 

necessitated the automation of the model evaluation process. 

2.3 Case Studies 

The WRF model was run with an outer nest over Utah and portions of several surrounding states, 

and a single inner nest centered over Dugway Proving Ground. These domains are shown by the 

red rectangles on the first map (figure 1). The outer nest (Domain 1) was run with a grid spacing 

of 3 km, and the inner nest (Domain 2) was run with grid spacing of 3 km and 1 km. In the case 
5 

of the 3-km WRF run over Domain 2, the results were interpolated onto the 1-km inner nest grid 

space. In the case of the 1-km WRF run over Domain 2, the results populated the 1-km inner nest 

grid space. 

WRF version 3.0.1.1 was used in this study. WRF runs were initialized at 0600 Coordinated 

Universal Time (UTC) with output generated every hour from 0−24-hour forecast hours for the 

following dates: 

• March 26, 2009 

• April 21, 2009 

• May 19, 2009 

• June 26, 2009 

• November 3, 14, and 16, 2009 

• December 22, 2009 

• February 4, 5, and 7, 2010 

• March 4, 7, and 9, 2010 

• April 13, 2010 

• June 17, 21, 27, and 30 2010 

• July 4, 2010 

Most of the dates were selected based on expected weather conditions on those days. There was 

an effort to find an equal number of clear and cloudy days with a variety of temperature and 

precipitation types. The days selected to run the model were chosen to provide a “challenge” for 

the WRF and to provide a wide spectrum of conditions for the statistical verification. As an 

example, March 26, 2009 was selected because it was a situation with localized upslope snow 

over the high terrain. The days of June 26, 2009 and June 17, 2010 were more traditional Utah 

“monsoon” conditions with moist southerly flow in the summer. Also chosen were benign 

weather days to assess WRF ability to reproduce normal diurnal weather conditions under weak 

synoptic forcing (i.e., ridging) conditions. These days were: April 21, 2009, November 3, 2009, 

November 16, 2009, June 27, 2010, June 30, 2010, and July 4, 2010. Two days were included 

because they were interesting cases of mid-level moisture advection―May 19, 2009 and 

February 5, 2010. There were several days selected for their moisture in the form of clouds, rain, 

or snow. Included in the cloudy days were November 14, 2009, December 22, 2009, February 4, 

2010, February 7, 2010, March 4, 2010, March 7, 2009, March 9, 2010, and April 13, 2010. The 

June 21, 2010 case was a warm and dry day with southwest flow in the upper atmosphere. 
6 

Appendix C contains synoptic scale meteorological charts that characterize each case study day 

(U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010). 

One of the strengths and advantages of the WRF-ARW is the ability of the user to edit or modify 

the model controls through an input namelist file. In other words, the user can determine the 

location and horizontal resolution of model domains, the number of vertical levels in the model 

run, the internal time step, the model physical parameterizations, model dynamics, data 

assimilation options and boundary controls. Thus, the WRF results can be altered based upon 

the user input of all these namelist parameters. Often, these operations are done in a “research” 

mode where the user is studying the result of the model based on certain inputs, or the user has 

determined that these options are the best combination of parameters for the environment that 

model is being run in. For this ARL study, the parameters were tested as a research effort to find 

the best combination for the Utah complex terrain, desert environment. The model was set with 

a “control” set of parameters, the parameters and configuration most likely to be used by AFWA 

for the WRF-ARW, and then six other cases were run with either different boundary layer, 

microphysics, vertical resolution or time step namelist input values. 

Three different microphysics schemes were used in the model simulations for this project. They 

are: 
7 

1. Lin’s, sometimes called “Purdue” scheme (microphysics=2) which is a 6-class scheme that 

includes graupel, ice sedimentation, and time split fall terms (Lin et al., 1983). 

2. WSM (WRF single-moment microphysics scheme) 5-class scheme (microphysics=4). This 

includes ice, supercooled water, snow melt, ice sedimentation, and time-split fall terms 

(Hong et al., 2004). 

3. Thompson’s scheme (microphysics=8). This includes a 6-classes including graupel and 

time-split terms. The routine also includes ice-number concentration, which makes it a 

double-moment scheme for ice (Thompson et al., 2006). 

The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is vital to the forecasts of surface 

and boundary-layer weather. Both the Mellor-Yamada-Janic (MYJ) scheme and Yonsei State 

University (YSU) schemes were tested in this study. The MYJ is a local mixing scheme that 

implements the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 turbulence closure model through the full range of 

atmospheric turbulent regimes. Turbulent Kinetic Energy production is nonsingular in the case 

of growing turbulence (Chiao, 2006). The YSU scheme is a modification of the older MRF 

scheme to reduce nonlocal mixing and to include explicit entrainment fluxes of heat, moisture, 

and momentum, counter-gradient transport of momentum, and different specification of the PBL 

height (Hong and Pan, 1996). 

Additional tests were done by changing the number of vertical levels, varying them from 60 

levels in the control run to cases of 40 and 80 levels (using all the other control run options). 

Another model test was conducted by testing one case using a 3-second time advective step in 

the model against the control value of 9 seconds. This was done in order to see if model 

numerical stability changed the results of the model temperature, moisture, and wind fields. 

WRF runs were done using a “control” parameter setting and six other parameter setting 

“variations” as shown in table 1. 

Table 1. WRF Parameter settings. 

Parameter Setting 

Name 

Size of Internal 

Time Step (secs) 

Number of Vertical 

Levels 

Microphysics 

Choice 

Boundary Layer 

Choice 

Control (CO) 9 60 4 YSU 

Physics2 (P2) 9 60 2 YSU 

Physics8 (P8) 9 60 8 YSU 

3Second (T3) 3 60 4 YSU 

40Levels (L4) 9 40 4 YSU 

80Levels (L8) 9 80 4 YSU 

MYJ BL (B2) 9 60 4 MYJ 
8 

WRF output, interpolated from model sigma terrain-following coordinates onto pressure-level 

surfaces was generated with the WRF Post Processor version 3 (WPPV3), and those values were 

compared to point observations including surface, upper air, and aircraft data. All the 

observations were within 21 minutes before or after the model valid time on the hour. The 

METAR observations, considered acceptable for operational use, were obtained from the NCEP 

PrepBUFR files for Domain 1. Approximately 20−25 PrepBUFR surface station observations 

were available each hour for Domain 1, with only a sporadic single surface observation within 

Domain 2. The PrepBUFR observations also include two upper air soundings at Salt Lake City, 

UT (KSLC) and Elko, NV (KEKO) and sporadic aircraft observations. Based on the potential 

for increasing the numbers of surface observations used in the Domain 1 evaluations, the 

MADIS mesonet data was added to the PrepBUFR METAR observations increasing the typical 

number of observations from 20−25 to approximately 500. These also included up to 25 surface 

station observations within Domain 2, as shown in the second map (figure 2). These Domain 2 

mesonet surface data are predominantly provided by Dugway Proving Ground, and their quality 

control is considered to be acceptable. No upper air soundings were available within Domain 2 

for this study. 

This report documents the Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean 

Square Error (RMSE) error statistics and uses them to analyze WRF performance. As a matter 

of convenience, results are noted to two decimal places even though the data are not significant 

to that degree of accuracy. MET also provides many more statistical, correlation, and confidence 

measures that are not included in this report. Since variations between different model runs were 

generally very small, it was not considered worthwhile to note the confidence limits. Wind 

direction errors were omitted for any observed wind speed less than 1 m/s. MET calculates wind 

direction MEs in two different ways: 

 
9 

1. For the “ROW_MEAN_WDIR” line, the mean forecast wind direction, mean observation 

wind direction, and the associated error are computed for each forecast-observation vector 

difference. Then the means are computed across each of these forecast wind directions, 

observation wind directions, and their errors. 

2. For the “AGGR_WDIR” line, all the forecast vectors are summed. Then the observation 

vectors are summed. The vector difference between these two summed (aggregated) 

vectors provides an aggregated difference from which, the mean forecast wind direction, 

observation wind direction, and the associated error are computed and written out. 

Both wind direction errors are included in this report. Bias values near 180 degrees are 

misleading since they are actually very close to a 0 degree bias. 

3. Results and Discussion 

3.1 Extraction and Depiction of Case Study Results 

The depiction of statistical results for the independent case studies was achieved by extracting 

the statistics from the Stat-Analysis files. Stat-Analysis can aggregate the Point-Stat results by 

observation type, by hour, by case study day and over numbers of case study days. For this 

report, the results for surface meteorological variables by case study day were calculated. The 

results were differentiated by model parameter setting and by model horizontal resolution. 

The extract files are database files (.dat) that were imported directly into MS Excel worksheets 

that were used to produce the tabular results. The line and column charts were created using the 

MS Excel chart tools. The line chart option worked well for the plots, comparing all three 

statistics for the two model resolutions, but it was noted by AFWA reviewers that the plots 

comparing results by WRF parameter variations were misleading. The impression given by 

connecting the independent case study data points with lines was that the results appeared to 

form a time series of error statistic behavior. The jumpiness of the plots led to the mistaken 

conclusion that model performance varied greatly over time. The reality of this is that the model 

performance varied from case study to case study as a result of meteorological conditions and 

season, thus making connection of the individual case study data points inappropriate for 

discontinuous data. The decision was made to plot the results for WRF parameter variations 

using clustered column charts that break up the case studies into discreet groups of data points. 

The vertical scale of the plots had to be adjusted so as to exploit the full range of the error 

statistic values, thereby revealing more detail about the error behavior from case study to case 

study and thus varying the y-axis from one plot to the next. 
10 

Appendices A and B contain the complete set of tabular and graphical results. 

3.2 Comparison Of Case Study Surface Results By Model Parameter Setting 

Figures 3−6 are example plots that show the salient features of interest for analysis and 

discussion. 

Figure 3. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, for 

all parameter settings. 
11 

Figure 4. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
12 

Figure 5. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
13 

Figure 6. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 

In general, these results show that the RMSE error for surface temperature varies from case study 

day to case study day and that the particular WRF variation does not have a significant influence 

on the size of the RMSE error with the exception of the MYJ setting. 

There is an obvious large RMSE error for mean sea level pressure on June 27, 2010, which is the 

result of an error introduced by an incorrect pressure in one of the observations. 

3.2 Overall Surface Results Aggregated Over All Case Study Days By WRF Variation 

These results will be produced in a future phase of the project, which is expected to be completed 

in 2011. 

3.3 Comparison Of Case Study Surface Results By Model Resolution 

The 1-km resolution WRF was run only over Domain 2 so the only comparisons between the 3-

km WRF and the 1-km WRF are over Domain 2. Figures 7−10 are noteworthy examples of the 

results obtained in this comparison. 
14 

Figure 7. Comparison of the wind speed RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for Control parameter setting. 
15 

Figure 8. Comparison of the wind speed RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for the 3Second parameter setting. 
16 

Figure 9. Comparison of the temperature RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 

1-km WRF, Domain 2, for the MYJ BL parameter setting. 
17 

Figure 10. Comparison of the temperature RMSE, MAE and Bias statistics for the 3-km and 

1-km WRF, Domain 2, for the Control parameter setting. 

In general, these results show that the surface temperature errors for the two WRF resolutions are 

very similar in size. The size of the temperature error for the 20091116 is significant and is 

attributable to the WRF forecast data. The errors in the wind speed forecasts vary from case 

study to case study with no obvious pattern and with no significant difference attributable to the 

WRF resolution. The above observations are the same regardless of which WRF parameter 

setting was used. 

3.4 Overall Surface Results By Hour 

These results will be produced in a future phase of the project, which is expected to be completed 

in 2011. 

3.5 Overall Upper Air Results 

These results will be produced in a future phase of the project, which is expected to be completed 

in 2011. 
18 

4. Conclusions 

The following list contains the conclusions evident to the authors based on their analysis of the 

results: 

 Analysis of all statistical results shows that running the WRF at 3-km and 1-km spatial 

resolution over Domains 1 and 2 in Utah produced similar error statistics regardless of 

what parameter setting was used. The only notable difference is a higher error when using 

the MYJ planetary boundary layer scheme for reasons not clear at this time. 

 There were no significant differences in error statistics arising from the use of the different 

WRF parameter settings that were studied. 

 The results for temperature on November 16, 2009 show a higher error, believed to be a 

result of the model over forecasting the early morning surface temperatures. 

 WRF model surface temperature forecasts appear better in the warm season than in the cold 

season. The days with the largest errors related to days when upper ridging occurred, 

mainly under clear skies. 

 WRF model surface dew point forecasts appear better in the warm season than in the cold 

season. There appears to be an obvious trend for better forecasts when there are observed 

clouds and precipitation. 

 WRF surface wind speed and direction forecasts have errors that vary from day-to-day, 

with no obvious trend and no clear relationship to the synoptic situation. 

 All surface parameters we examined (temperature, dew point, winds) appear to have no 

substantial biases. 
19 

5. References 

Caldwell, D. Product and Service Description Document–Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis. 

Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, November 27–30, 2006. 

Chiao, S. Performance of Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes in the WRF Model. Presented at 

the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, 2006. 

Davis et al. The Method for Object-Based Diagnostic Evaluation Applied to Numerical Forecasts 

from the 2005 NSSL/SPC Spring Program. Weather and Forecasting 2009, 24, 1252−1267. 

Hong, S. Y.; Dudhia, J.; Chen, S. H. A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the 

Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 2004, 132, (1), 103–120. 

Hong, S. Y; Pan, H. L. Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium RangeForecast Model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1996, 124, (10), 2322–2339. 

Lin, Y.-L.; Farley, R.; Orville, H. Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model. J. 

Climate Appl. Meteor. 1983, 22, 1065−1092. 

National Center for Atmospheric Research. Model Evaluation Tools Version 2.0 User’s Guide, 

Developmental Testbed Center: Boulder, CO, 2009.

Orlanski, I. Rational Subdivision of Scales for Atmospheric Processes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 

1975, 56, 527–530.

Sauter et al. Traditional Statistical Measures Comparing Weather Research and Forecast Model 

Output to Observations Centered Over Utah; ARL internal report; U.S. Army Research 

Laboratory: White Sands Missile Range, NM, 2009.

Thompson, G.; Hall, B.; Field, P.; Rasmussen, R. A New Bulk Microphysical Parameterization 

in WRF. 7th WRF Users’ Workshop, Boulder, CO, 2006.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Daily Weather Maps. 

http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/dailywxmap/index_20100823.html (accessed September 

2010). 
20 

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
21 

Appendix A. Tabular and Graphical Error Statistics for Surface 

Meteorological Variables for the Three Combinations of WRF Spatial 

Resolution and Domain for each of the Seven WRF Parameter settings 

Appendix A contains tables and graphs of the error statistics of Bias or ME, MAE, RMSE and 

the total number of matched forecast-observation pairs (TOTAL) used in calculating the statistics 

for the following surface meteorological variables: 

 Air temperature (degrees Kelvin, 2-m level) 

 Dew point temperature (degrees Kelvin, 2-m level) 

 Relative humidity (percent, 2-m level) 

 Mean sea level pressure (HectoPascals, 0-m level) 

 U-component wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 V-component wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 Wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 Row mean wind direction (degrees, 10-m level) 

 Aggregate wind direction (degrees, 10-m level) 

Note: MET does not calculate RMSE for wind direction. MET does not calculate MAE for 

aggregate wind direction. 

The figures (A-1 through A-72) with their associated tables (A-2 through A-22) are presented in 

the following order shown in table A-1. 
22 

Table A-1. Figures and tables of appendix A in the order they appear organized by 

WRF parameter setting. 

Parameter Setting Associated Figures and Tables 

All WRF parameter settings 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―figures A-1−A-24 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―figures A-25−A-48 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―figures A-49−A-72 

Control (CO) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-2 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-3 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-4 

Physics2 (P2) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-5 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-6 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-7 

Physics8 (P8) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-8 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-9 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-10 

3Second (T3) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-11 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-12 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-13 

40Levels (L4) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-14 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-15 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-16 

80Levels (L8) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-17 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-18 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-19 

MYJ BL (B2) 3-km WRF, Domain 1 (m1o1)―table A-20 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table A-21 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table A-22 
23 

Figure A-1. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
24 

Figure A-2. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
25 

Figure A-3. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
26 

Figure A-4. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
27 

Figure A-5. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
28 

Figure A-6. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
29 

Figure A-7. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
30 

Figure A-8. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
31 

Figure A-9. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
32 

Figure A-10. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
33 

Figure A-11. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
34 

Figure A-12. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
35 

Figure A-13. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
36 

Figure A-14. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
37 

Figure A-15. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
38 

Figure A-16. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
39 

Figure A-17. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
40 

Figure A-18. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
41 

Figure A-19. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
42 

Figure A-20. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
43 

Figure A-21. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
44 

Figure A-22. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
45 

Figure A-23. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

for all parameter settings. 
46 

Figure A-24. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 1, for all parameter settings. 
47 

Figure A-25. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
48 

Figure A-26. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. 
49 

Figure A-27. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
50 

Figure A-28. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
51 

Figure A-29. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
52 

Figure A-30. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
53 

Figure A-31. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
54 

Figure A-32. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
55 

Figure A-33. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
56 

Figure A-34. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. 
57 

Figure A-35. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
58 

Figure A-36. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
59 

Figure A-37. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
60 

Figure A-38. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
61 

Figure A-39. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
62 

Figure A-40. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
63 

Figure A-41. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
64 

Figure A-42. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
65 

Figure A-43. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
66 

Figure A-44. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
67 

Figure A-45. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, 

Domain 2, for all parameter settings. 
68 

Figure A-46. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
69 

Figure A-47. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
70 

Figure A-48. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
71 

Figure A-49. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
72 

Figure A-50. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
73 

Figure A-51. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
74 

Figure A-52. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
75 

Figure A-53. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
76 

Figure A-54. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
77 

Figure A-55. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed RMSE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
78 

Figure A-56. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
79 

Figure A-57. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
80 

Figure A-58. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
81 

Figure A-59. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
82 

Figure A-60. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
83 

Figure A-61. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
84 

Figure A-62. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
85 

Figure A-63. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction MAE statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
86 

Figure A-64. Comparison of the 2-m air temperature Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
87 

Figure A-65. Comparison of the 2-m dew point temperature Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
88 

Figure A-66. Comparison of the 2-m relative humidity Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
89 

Figure A-67. Comparison of the mean sea level pressure Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
90 

Figure A-68. Comparison of the 10-m U-component wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
91 

Figure A-69. Comparison of the 10-m V-component wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
92 

Figure A-70. Comparison of the 10-m wind speed Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
93 

Figure A-71. Comparison of the 10-m row mean wind direction Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
94 

Figure A-72. Comparison of the 10-m aggregate wind direction Bias statistic for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

for all parameter settings. 
95 

Table A-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Control setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_CO_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 0.01 1.75 2.27 11966 0.54 1.95 2.52 8189 0.60 10.77 14.10 8214 3.20 3.23 3.82 2472 

20090421 -0.40 2.29 2.86 10878 -0.17 2.43 3.05 7778 -2.53 10.00 13.29 7828 -2.89 2.99 3.31 2387 

20090519 0.78 2.17 2.78 9710 -1.13 2.56 3.28 6921 -4.44 8.61 11.94 6968 -5.51 5.57 6.03 2272 

20090626 -0.11 2.07 2.67 11930 0.85 2.12 2.76 8392 3.48 12.13 15.77 8416 -3.65 3.82 4.28 2407 

20091103 0.45 2.47 3.14 11557 -0.17 2.22 2.88 8951 -5.77 11.63 15.45 8947 -2.22 2.35 2.89 2475 

20091114 0.75 1.87 2.40 11717 0.02 1.76 2.29 8497 -5.35 11.65 15.03 8499 1.88 2.17 2.71 2506 

20091116 0.97 2.75 3.42 10991 0.02 2.21 2.78 7939 -7.58 14.24 17.45 7939 1.32 2.75 3.59 2335 

20091222 0.62 2.01 2.62 12520 1.05 1.73 2.24 8975 -1.36 8.97 11.71 8973 1.73 2.26 2.78 2106 

20100204 -1.17 2.78 3.49 12481 1.34 2.17 2.91 9271 9.85 12.93 16.30 9270 2.94 3.15 3.65 2183 

20100205 -1.15 2.14 2.76 13118 0.33 1.58 2.10 9386 6.07 11.46 14.39 9386 0.84 1.76 2.31 2192 

20100207 -1.11 2.07 2.74 13146 -1.35 1.89 2.42 9435 -3.49 11.17 15.22 9436 0.86 1.79 2.32 2216 

20100304 -0.98 2.11 2.66 13089 0.35 1.68 2.12 9359 4.71 14.25 17.99 9358 1.01 1.71 2.16 2497 

20100307 -0.99 2.28 2.97 12027 -0.88 1.87 2.55 8513 -1.52 13.14 16.90 8513 0.17 1.30 1.65 2369 

20100309 -1.50 2.31 2.89 12855 -0.32 1.82 2.34 9172 5.24 12.80 16.38 9179 0.56 1.67 2.11 2384 

20100413 -0.51 1.76 2.31 12489 0.08 1.56 2.06 8865 1.00 11.22 14.59 8865 0.51 1.73 2.16 2439 

20100617 -0.38 1.80 2.28 12261 0.83 2.69 3.34 8620 2.11 9.44 12.65 8620 -2.21 2.46 3.04 2454 

20100621 -1.10 2.11 2.66 12155 -0.18 2.48 3.29 8567 1.75 8.33 11.61 8567 -3.14 3.46 3.93 2439 

20100627 0.05 1.99 2.54 10629 1.89 2.77 3.42 7977 3.12 8.29 10.57 7976 -5.91 6.08 7.19 2300 

20100630 -0.10 2.06 2.64 11728 0.04 2.74 3.46 8552 -0.64 8.39 11.78 8552 -5.05 5.43 6.38 2302 

20100704 0.21 1.88 2.41 11806 0.39 2.55 3.28 8545 -0.67 8.35 11.27 8545 -4.57 4.63 5.15 2395 
96 

Table A-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

Control setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.20 2.34 3.11 7958 -1.87 2.89 3.65 7958 1.61 2.82 3.56 8072 -7.97 8.55 25 -10.23 6759 

20090421 0.15 1.17 1.59 8407 -0.20 1.17 1.56 8407 -0.50 1.23 1.61 8552 -1.97 37.99 25 -43.29 5700 

20090519 0.98 2.28 3.00 7323 0.92 2.54 3.33 7323 0.91 2.35 2.99 7421 -13.67 21.40 25 -12.52 5795 

20090626 0.29 2.04 2.76 8689 -0.03 2.17 2.93 8689 0.69 2.05 2.69 8767 -7.89 22.60 25 -12.71 6363 

20091103 0.28 1.26 1.80 9463 0.10 1.13 1.56 9463 -0.18 1.27 1.73 9560 -19.99 28.11 25 -10.17 5421 

20091114 0.80 1.92 2.63 8483 -0.94 2.13 2.81 8483 1.30 2.18 2.84 8572 -15.31 18.74 25 -4.87 5602 

20091116 0.11 1.07 1.52 8106 0.20 1.08 1.54 8106 -0.37 1.11 1.55 8228 -27.10 30.73 25 -23.24 4442 

20091222 0.62 1.75 2.57 8997 0.48 2.87 3.83 8997 1.89 2.60 3.52 9015 -2.54 26.01 25 43.08 5356 

20100204 0.26 1.25 1.76 9616 0.29 1.22 1.66 9616 -0.07 1.29 1.75 9741 -7.78 18.08 25 -5.34 5435 

20100205 0.34 1.60 2.18 9590 1.41 2.13 2.83 9590 1.03 2.00 2.66 9699 -8.44 10.98 25 -8.47 5716 

20100207 -1.29 2.14 3.07 9397 0.13 1.56 2.08 9397 0.72 2.05 2.81 9572 -33.39 33.39 25 -36.63 6182 

20100304 0.57 2.24 3.08 9317 1.23 2.52 3.23 9317 1.09 2.34 3.04 9334 -12.95 16.96 25 -20.68 6950 

20100307 -0.18 1.51 2.03 8691 0.78 1.87 2.48 8691 0.39 1.71 2.27 8716 9.75 17.69 25 -9.50 5497 

20100309 0.76 2.05 2.75 9032 -0.14 2.46 3.25 9032 1.34 2.46 3.23 9067 -8.05 21.71 25 13.07 6682 

20100413 0.92 2.17 2.91 8810 -0.18 2.10 2.78 8810 0.83 2.00 2.58 8909 -27.29 27.99 25 -24.09 6610 

20100617 0.62 1.68 2.31 8952 0.28 1.50 1.96 8952 0.14 1.50 2.00 9003 -15.97 26.83 25 6.29 6557 

20100621 0.19 1.49 2.00 8920 0.11 1.62 2.15 8920 0.07 1.53 1.96 8976 6.77 14.24 25 15.74 6741 

20100627 0.08 1.28 1.69 8302 -0.42 1.35 1.78 8302 -0.04 1.28 1.64 8418 5.20 16.44 25 1.76 5690 

20100630 0.51 2.25 2.96 8634 1.91 3.04 3.86 8634 1.56 2.70 3.39 8695 -10.05 12.35 25 -9.03 7146 

20100704 0.07 1.72 2.30 8734 -1.38 2.08 2.68 8734 0.57 1.77 2.26 8823 -37.57 37.86 25 -22.09 6427 
97 

Table A-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_CO_sfc

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.57 1.68 2.11 608 -0.57 1.80 2.37 608 -8.80 12.01 15.17 608 2.81 2.85 3.19 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.21 442 

20090519 0.60 1.68 2.10 578 -0.19 1.76 2.38 595 -0.59 3.91 5.07 595 -5.54 5.54 5.66 446 

20090626 -0.19 1.88 2.27 593 1.83 2.21 2.75 578 5.16 9.72 11.65 578 -4.03 4.03 4.32 459 

20091103 2.59 2.93 3.71 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.37 7.38 9.04 582 -2.47 2.51 3.03 479 

20091114 2.12 2.26 2.74 558 1.05 2.35 2.79 563 -4.34 10.21 12.65 563 1.71 1.85 2.17 468 

20091116 4.68 4.70 5.26 539 -0.63 2.28 2.77 560 -20.28 20.83 22.89 560 0.02 2.21 2.59 471 

20091222 2.04 2.15 2.61 514 0.48 1.32 1.58 520 -9.71 9.99 12.68 520 3.01 3.17 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.37 2.77 3.36 570 -0.78 1.42 1.74 576 7.45 8.96 11.96 576 4.07 4.08 4.65 425 

20100205 -1.51 2.08 2.65 578 -1.11 1.36 1.64 579 2.11 9.05 11.15 579 0.10 1.91 2.34 424 

20100207 -0.95 1.49 1.76 591 -1.70 1.78 2.21 591 -4.25 7.49 9.86 591 1.32 1.76 2.09 424 

20100304 0.81 2.07 2.59 609 -0.34 1.98 2.44 610 -5.17 17.98 21.64 610 -0.72 1.44 1.79 480 

20100307 -0.52 1.53 1.92 595 -0.91 1.35 1.61 599 -1.97 9.42 11.64 599 -0.36 1.11 1.36 470 

20100309 -1.25 1.49 1.75 609 -1.20 2.01 2.43 611 0.49 8.84 10.97 611 0.17 1.43 1.77 482 

20100413 0.76 1.35 1.81 580 -0.46 1.49 2.01 579 -4.28 8.87 11.91 579 -1.42 2.00 2.47 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.49 3.16 3.66 571 4.43 8.48 10.86 571 -3.98 3.99 4.41 471 

20100621 -0.02 1.46 1.86 577 1.69 1.97 2.64 573 3.36 5.16 7.45 573 -5.24 5.24 5.45 463 

20100627 1.11 1.65 2.26 574 3.92 3.94 4.28 589 5.28 6.29 7.47 589 -8.19 8.84 10.93 435 

20100630 -0.93 1.87 2.25 650 1.08 2.74 3.46 631 2.21 4.27 5.73 631 -6.66 6.69 6.85 445 

20100704 1.05 1.55 2.10 608 0.23 2.06 2.62 608 -0.96 3.64 5.12 608 -6.80 6.80 6.93 442 
98 

Table A-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.56 2.19 2.78 586 -1.12 2.42 3.05 586 1.16 2.32 2.89 586 3.37 9.89 25 2.90 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.70 32.93 25 89.20 502 

20090519 0.97 2.54 3.16 537 0.29 3.19 4.25 537 -0.17 2.57 3.19 537 -4.13 31.92 25 -11.42 518 

20090626 0.13 2.09 2.80 550 0.15 2.74 3.66 550 -0.03 2.24 2.92 550 -7.93 19.11 25 -1.97 526 

20091103 -0.24 1.08 1.37 583 -0.07 1.10 1.48 583 -0.88 1.16 1.50 583 -9.89 46.54 25 -69.22 463 

20091114 0.63 1.68 2.14 554 -0.76 2.09 2.78 554 0.30 1.94 2.58 554 3.80 36.31 25 3.93 487 

20091116 -0.23 1.21 1.51 565 0.61 1.32 1.72 565 -0.30 1.11 1.40 565 -21.24 52.22 25 -11.71 436 

20091222 0.18 1.52 1.96 514 -0.40 2.25 2.90 514 1.60 2.01 2.51 514 22.62 45.11 25 -2.87 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.10 1.44 576 0.19 1.19 1.50 576 -0.20 0.99 1.27 576 3.13 30.27 25 -0.82 442 

20100205 -0.09 1.47 1.85 574 2.67 3.17 3.95 574 1.35 2.58 3.25 574 -14.34 47.95 25 -23.06 473 

20100207 0.00 1.31 1.68 586 0.39 1.62 2.07 586 -0.68 1.58 2.06 586 2.22 10.10 25 2.06 533 

20100304 2.19 4.09 5.11 595 1.74 3.06 3.88 595 1.42 2.75 3.44 595 -33.59 43.71 25 -31.53 571 

20100307 -0.10 1.42 1.83 596 1.43 2.21 2.81 596 -0.27 1.61 2.05 596 4.22 85.46 25 167.08 460 

20100309 1.28 2.27 2.79 578 -0.92 2.32 3.11 578 0.47 2.38 3.06 578 -8.83 14.08 25 8.36 564 

20100413 1.31 2.61 3.50 559 -0.76 2.54 3.35 559 -0.22 2.15 2.75 559 -24.01 55.12 25 -52.30 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.69 1.72 2.14 576 -0.82 1.31 1.68 576 13.24 58.81 25 -36.96 539 

20100621 -0.62 1.57 1.96 563 0.76 1.93 2.47 563 -0.84 1.79 2.26 563 0.56 37.19 25 -13.17 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.48 1.82 585 -0.53 1.44 1.85 585 -0.22 1.27 1.58 591 -16.01 31.85 25 -6.17 509 

20100630 0.42 2.16 2.80 606 0.69 2.23 2.82 606 0.46 2.16 2.77 609 -4.11 11.63 25 -2.83 594 

20100704 0.05 1.72 2.21 607 -1.78 2.55 3.22 607 0.87 1.97 2.59 607 15.63 33.40 25 -5.15 559 
99 

Table A-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_CO_sfc

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.51 1.61 1.99 608 -0.60 1.78 2.35 608 -8.67 11.88 15.09 608 2.89 2.92 3.27 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.79 3.29 587 -7.33 11.88 16.08 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.56 1.65 2.05 578 -0.20 1.76 2.39 595 -0.55 3.93 5.09 595 -5.46 5.46 5.58 446 

20090626 -0.23 1.85 2.23 593 1.79 2.20 2.74 578 5.20 9.91 11.88 578 -3.81 3.81 4.15 459 

20091103 2.56 2.97 3.73 538 1.46 1.76 2.21 582 -3.31 7.40 9.04 582 -2.36 2.42 2.93 479 

20091114 2.06 2.21 2.70 558 1.03 2.35 2.80 563 -4.16 10.21 12.69 563 1.80 1.92 2.27 468 

20091116 4.58 4.60 5.18 539 -0.66 2.26 2.71 560 -20.07 20.38 22.52 560 0.16 2.19 2.59 471 

20091222 1.99 2.09 2.54 514 0.45 1.29 1.55 520 -9.52 9.81 12.49 520 3.15 3.30 3.79 378 

20100204 -2.57 2.94 3.55 570 -0.86 1.49 1.82 576 8.30 9.41 12.52 576 4.49 4.49 5.02 425 

20100205 -1.55 2.09 2.65 578 -1.09 1.32 1.62 579 2.41 8.87 10.97 579 0.29 1.95 2.40 424 

20100207 -0.99 1.41 1.70 591 -1.67 1.74 2.16 591 -3.79 7.14 9.35 591 1.55 1.90 2.25 424 

20100304 0.73 2.03 2.53 609 -0.30 1.95 2.42 610 -4.56 17.77 21.48 610 -0.63 1.44 1.79 480 

20100307 -0.59 1.54 1.95 595 -0.91 1.34 1.60 599 -1.59 9.38 11.61 599 -0.16 1.08 1.36 470 

20100309 -0.69 1.03 1.30 609 -1.08 1.89 2.34 611 -1.52 9.93 12.00 611 -0.37 1.50 1.82 482 

20100413 0.66 1.27 1.73 580 -0.43 1.47 1.97 579 -3.80 8.49 11.62 579 -1.28 1.95 2.41 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.29 1.61 571 2.51 3.15 3.69 571 4.81 8.67 11.18 571 -3.90 3.93 4.34 471 

20100621 -0.15 1.37 1.77 577 1.74 1.99 2.68 573 3.58 5.24 7.43 573 -5.03 5.03 5.24 463 

20100627 1.10 1.61 2.24 574 3.93 3.95 4.30 589 5.23 6.25 7.37 589 -8.00 8.65 10.80 435 

20100630 -0.98 1.87 2.25 650 1.09 2.78 3.51 631 2.29 4.40 5.92 631 -6.64 6.67 6.82 445 

20100704 0.99 1.50 2.04 608 0.24 2.09 2.66 608 -0.84 3.67 5.23 608 -6.75 6.75 6.89 442 
100 

Table A-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.57 2.24 2.84 586 -1.17 2.44 3.08 586 1.24 2.36 2.94 586 3.40 9.95 25 2.89 580 

20090421 0.36 1.15 1.44 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.93 34.30 25 93.85 502 

20090519 1.03 2.59 3.24 537 0.26 3.22 4.32 537 -0.06 2.58 3.23 537 -5.02 31.84 25 -12.69 518 

20090626 0.15 2.13 2.87 550 0.20 2.76 3.68 550 0.08 2.26 2.95 550 -8.24 19.40 25 -2.38 526 

20091103 -0.25 1.08 1.38 583 -0.08 1.09 1.44 583 -0.82 1.15 1.46 583 -10.79 47.01 25 -84.29 463 

20091114 0.70 1.72 2.21 554 -0.79 2.09 2.80 554 0.40 1.96 2.61 554 4.55 36.06 25 4.74 487 

20091116 -0.11 1.18 1.47 565 0.62 1.29 1.67 565 -0.32 1.08 1.38 565 -27.96 54.06 25 -18.20 436 

20091222 0.17 1.60 2.09 514 -0.43 2.26 2.94 514 1.66 2.08 2.61 514 22.71 44.70 25 -3.46 403 

20100204 0.00 1.11 1.47 576 0.14 1.15 1.46 576 -0.22 0.99 1.28 576 1.14 34.67 25 -3.01 442 

20100205 -0.13 1.53 1.94 574 2.63 3.15 3.97 574 1.40 2.60 3.30 574 -14.77 48.18 25 -22.61 473 

20100207 0.04 1.29 1.65 586 0.48 1.62 2.08 586 -0.62 1.58 2.06 586 3.36 10.01 25 3.17 533 

20100304 2.13 4.10 5.15 595 1.80 3.20 4.01 595 1.59 2.83 3.54 595 -33.29 43.48 25 -30.79 571 

20100307 -0.04 1.46 1.88 596 1.45 2.24 2.84 596 -0.16 1.66 2.10 596 2.86 90.25 25 163.39 460 

20100309 1.52 2.42 2.97 578 -1.24 2.38 3.17 578 1.02 2.48 3.21 578 -7.99 14.26 25 8.05 564 

20100413 1.37 2.58 3.50 559 -1.04 2.58 3.38 559 -0.25 2.14 2.74 559 -28.31 60.54 25 -63.67 529 

20100617 0.55 1.53 2.02 576 0.74 1.78 2.20 576 -0.79 1.33 1.70 576 11.93 57.80 25 -38.90 539 

20100621 -0.65 1.64 2.07 563 0.73 1.97 2.54 563 -0.70 1.80 2.30 563 -0.87 38.59 25 -13.49 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.53 1.89 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.22 1.28 1.59 591 -15.01 30.77 25 -6.01 509 

20100630 0.39 2.15 2.79 606 0.80 2.28 2.86 606 0.60 2.17 2.78 609 -3.72 11.09 25 -2.42 594 

20100704 -0.03 1.78 2.32 607 -1.86 2.63 3.32 607 1.00 2.06 2.72 607 14.47 33.47 25 -6.46 559 
101 

Table A-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Physics2 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_P2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 0.15 1.77 2.30 11966 0.55 1.95 2.52 8189 0.06 10.53 13.82 8214 3.02 3.08 3.69 2472 

20090421 -0.40 2.28 2.86 10878 -0.17 2.43 3.05 7778 -2.53 9.99 13.29 7828 -2.89 2.99 3.31 2387 

20090519 0.64 2.16 2.76 9710 -1.16 2.61 3.32 6921 -4.20 8.62 11.87 6968 -5.36 5.42 5.90 2272 

20090626 0.08 2.06 2.65 11930 0.71 2.03 2.66 8392 2.12 11.33 14.76 8416 -3.80 3.95 4.37 2407 

20091103 0.44 2.46 3.13 11557 -0.17 2.22 2.88 8951 -5.76 11.62 15.43 8947 -2.22 2.34 2.89 2475 

20091114 0.88 1.93 2.45 11717 -0.06 1.79 2.31 8497 -6.45 12.27 15.57 8499 1.69 2.06 2.59 2506 

20091116 0.75 2.65 3.31 10991 -0.06 2.20 2.77 7939 -7.13 14.14 17.33 7939 1.49 2.79 3.66 2335 

20091222 0.75 2.06 2.65 12520 1.22 1.79 2.30 8975 -1.12 9.01 11.70 8973 1.62 2.14 2.65 2106 

20100204 -1.41 2.87 3.56 12481 1.26 2.12 2.86 9271 10.17 13.21 16.55 9270 2.86 3.05 3.51 2183 

20100205 -1.05 2.07 2.69 13118 0.41 1.53 2.05 9386 5.93 11.24 14.08 9386 0.75 1.77 2.33 2192 

20100207 -1.11 2.08 2.76 13146 -1.32 1.87 2.40 9435 -3.46 11.08 15.14 9436 0.80 1.76 2.28 2216 

20100304 -0.91 2.12 2.66 13089 0.38 1.67 2.11 9359 4.49 14.33 17.90 9358 0.85 1.68 2.13 2497 

20100307 -0.92 2.25 2.95 12027 -0.95 1.92 2.62 8513 -2.35 13.00 16.81 8513 0.00 1.33 1.69 2369 

20100309 -1.25 2.18 2.75 12855 -0.16 1.68 2.18 9172 4.61 12.44 15.82 9179 0.16 1.57 2.00 2384 

20100413 0.06 1.69 2.22 12489 0.32 1.71 2.25 8865 -0.32 11.32 14.67 8865 0.00 1.78 2.20 2439 

20100617 -0.41 1.80 2.28 12261 0.84 2.70 3.34 8620 2.25 9.41 12.59 8620 -2.20 2.45 3.03 2454 

20100621 -1.10 2.12 2.67 12155 -0.19 2.48 3.29 8567 1.78 8.35 11.62 8567 -3.13 3.44 3.92 2439 

20100627 0.34 1.99 2.58 10629 1.87 2.76 3.43 7977 2.52 8.05 10.40 7976 -6.12 6.29 7.38 2300 

20100630 -0.04 2.07 2.65 11728 -0.18 2.74 3.49 8552 -1.03 8.41 11.81 8552 -5.14 5.50 6.44 2302 

20100704 0.10 1.84 2.35 11806 0.45 2.52 3.24 8545 -0.25 8.07 10.78 8545 -4.47 4.53 5.05 2395 
102 

Table A-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

Physics2 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.20 2.37 3.17 7958 -1.94 2.96 3.72 7958 1.70 2.89 3.65 8072 -7.83 8.56 25 -10.41 6759 

20090421 0.15 1.17 1.59 8407 -0.20 1.17 1.56 8407 -0.50 1.23 1.61 8552 -1.75 37.67 25 -43.41 5700 

20090519 1.05 2.33 3.05 7323 0.98 2.63 3.43 7323 0.98 2.42 3.06 7421 -14.25 21.61 25 -13.15 5795 

20090626 0.38 2.03 2.76 8689 -0.16 2.17 2.98 8689 0.59 2.07 2.75 8767 -19.83 23.90 25 -18.25 6363 

20091103 0.28 1.26 1.80 9463 0.10 1.13 1.56 9463 -0.18 1.26 1.73 9560 -20.01 28.19 25 -10.27 5421 

20091114 0.84 1.93 2.65 8483 -0.96 2.17 2.88 8483 1.36 2.21 2.89 8572 -13.81 17.37 25 -4.58 5602 

20091116 0.13 1.06 1.51 8106 0.18 1.07 1.53 8106 -0.39 1.11 1.55 8228 -28.71 32.32 25 -24.66 4442 

20091222 0.65 1.80 2.61 8997 0.47 2.96 3.90 8997 2.00 2.67 3.59 9015 -1.78 25.76 25 42.76 5356 

20100204 0.26 1.25 1.76 9616 0.32 1.22 1.67 9616 -0.06 1.30 1.76 9741 -6.71 18.11 25 -4.12 5435 

20100205 0.37 1.61 2.17 9590 1.49 2.19 2.90 9590 1.12 2.06 2.70 9699 -9.14 11.67 25 -9.17 5716 

20100207 -1.31 2.15 3.08 9397 0.11 1.55 2.06 9397 0.75 2.04 2.80 9572 -32.92 32.92 25 -36.12 6182 

20100304 0.54 2.22 3.05 9317 1.22 2.52 3.24 9317 1.09 2.36 3.08 9334 -12.71 16.37 25 -20.14 6950 

20100307 -0.21 1.50 2.02 8691 0.80 1.87 2.48 8691 0.39 1.71 2.27 8716 9.95 17.71 25 -9.31 5497 

20100309 0.74 2.07 2.79 9032 -0.11 2.46 3.28 9032 1.39 2.48 3.28 9067 -5.98 21.03 25 13.44 6682 

20100413 1.20 2.19 2.92 8810 -0.31 2.12 2.83 8810 0.85 2.02 2.59 8909 -30.21 30.66 25 -29.32 6610 

20100617 0.62 1.68 2.31 8952 0.27 1.50 1.96 8952 0.14 1.50 2.00 9003 -15.91 26.99 25 6.14 6557 

20100621 0.19 1.49 2.00 8920 0.12 1.62 2.15 8920 0.06 1.53 1.97 8976 7.04 14.06 25 16.27 6741 

20100627 0.11 1.29 1.70 8302 -0.47 1.37 1.80 8302 0.01 1.28 1.64 8418 5.85 17.06 25 2.65 5690 

20100630 0.62 2.24 2.92 8634 1.80 2.96 3.78 8634 1.44 2.65 3.32 8695 -11.44 13.62 25 -10.62 7146 

20100704 0.08 1.69 2.26 8734 -1.30 2.02 2.62 8734 0.50 1.73 2.23 8823 -36.98 37.19 25 -21.32 6427 
103 

Table A-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_P2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.64 1.71 2.13 608 -0.66 1.74 2.34 608 -9.46 11.59 14.80 608 2.64 2.69 3.03 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.21 442 

20090519 0.55 1.68 2.12 578 -0.10 1.90 2.55 595 -0.27 4.17 5.45 595 -5.45 5.45 5.59 446 

20090626 0.41 1.83 2.24 593 1.67 2.14 2.66 578 3.65 8.83 11.04 578 -4.34 4.34 4.57 459 

20091103 2.61 2.95 3.71 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.40 7.38 9.04 582 -2.47 2.51 3.02 479 

20091114 2.23 2.34 2.74 558 0.74 2.62 3.05 563 -5.71 12.66 15.25 563 1.53 1.83 2.14 468 

20091116 4.35 4.37 4.94 539 -0.68 2.23 2.69 560 -19.42 19.84 21.93 560 0.31 2.17 2.56 471 

20091222 2.25 2.39 2.80 514 0.63 1.55 1.81 520 -10.13 10.52 12.88 520 2.84 2.97 3.43 378 

20100204 -2.50 2.96 3.53 570 -0.70 1.33 1.63 576 6.40 8.78 11.50 576 3.55 3.56 4.08 425 

20100205 -1.55 2.10 2.62 578 -0.79 1.14 1.38 579 4.15 9.63 12.07 579 0.14 1.91 2.34 424 

20100207 -0.63 1.29 1.58 591 -1.64 1.68 1.99 591 -5.84 7.70 10.11 591 1.16 1.70 2.03 424 

20100304 0.87 2.18 2.68 609 -0.29 1.91 2.39 610 -5.29 18.10 21.66 610 -0.91 1.64 2.05 480 

20100307 -0.08 1.26 1.57 595 -1.01 1.48 1.75 599 -5.00 8.51 10.99 599 -0.76 1.35 1.64 470 

20100309 -0.86 1.26 1.51 609 -1.04 1.80 2.28 611 -0.71 8.93 11.09 611 -0.46 1.41 1.73 482 

20100413 0.88 1.50 1.95 580 -0.19 1.57 2.08 579 -3.31 9.23 12.33 579 -1.64 2.29 2.81 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.49 3.16 3.67 571 4.44 8.50 10.87 571 -3.97 3.98 4.40 471 

20100621 -0.04 1.45 1.85 577 1.68 1.97 2.64 573 3.36 5.16 7.44 573 -5.20 5.20 5.42 463 

20100627 1.44 1.79 2.44 574 3.76 3.79 4.13 589 4.50 5.70 6.96 589 -8.45 9.10 11.14 435 

20100630 -0.90 1.87 2.25 650 0.02 2.47 3.13 631 1.19 3.88 5.38 631 -6.71 6.74 6.89 445 

20100704 1.00 1.52 2.06 608 0.35 2.11 2.70 608 -0.62 3.76 5.31 608 -6.72 6.72 6.86 442 
104 

Table A-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.46 2.13 2.68 586 -1.17 2.54 3.16 586 1.17 2.40 2.96 586 3.09 10.13 25 2.12 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.75 33.00 25 88.54 502 

20090519 0.99 2.66 3.33 537 0.45 3.50 4.79 537 -0.08 2.57 3.18 537 -1.00 39.02 25 -9.27 518 

20090626 0.37 2.27 3.13 550 -0.72 2.76 3.73 550 -0.13 2.39 3.07 550 -10.22 20.18 25 0.21 526 

20091103 -0.25 1.08 1.37 583 -0.07 1.10 1.48 583 -0.88 1.16 1.50 583 -9.78 46.97 25 -74.65 463 

20091114 0.66 1.74 2.22 554 -0.84 2.14 2.86 554 0.31 2.05 2.77 554 -11.83 37.12 25 3.62 487 

20091116 -0.09 1.18 1.46 565 0.50 1.21 1.58 565 -0.46 1.10 1.40 565 -25.96 52.83 25 -15.28 436 

20091222 0.10 1.47 1.92 514 -0.41 2.43 3.11 514 1.70 2.07 2.61 514 21.80 44.58 25 -4.18 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.08 1.42 576 0.20 1.15 1.47 576 -0.29 1.00 1.27 576 3.47 29.56 25 -0.45 442 

20100205 0.01 1.48 1.86 574 2.46 3.02 3.81 574 1.14 2.50 3.15 574 17.54 48.77 25 -23.62 473 

20100207 0.11 1.36 1.75 586 0.31 1.58 2.03 586 -0.58 1.55 2.04 586 4.09 11.72 25 4.08 533 

20100304 2.08 3.94 4.90 595 1.83 2.92 3.75 595 1.37 2.62 3.32 595 -33.16 43.36 25 -30.40 571 

20100307 0.08 1.45 1.86 596 1.40 2.23 2.92 596 -0.16 1.56 2.03 596 27.07 82.26 25 151.78 460 

20100309 1.01 2.07 2.58 578 -0.50 2.04 2.68 578 0.30 2.07 2.66 578 -4.73 11.10 25 9.49 564 

20100413 1.52 2.71 3.58 559 -1.15 2.80 3.68 559 -0.15 2.15 2.69 559 -27.60 64.40 25 -73.27 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.68 1.72 2.13 576 -0.83 1.31 1.68 576 13.68 59.02 25 -36.10 539 

20100621 -0.61 1.57 1.96 563 0.71 1.91 2.45 563 -0.82 1.78 2.25 563 1.78 35.51 25 -12.79 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.49 1.84 585 -0.62 1.47 1.87 585 -0.11 1.26 1.57 591 -15.92 31.00 25 -5.79 509 

20100630 0.87 2.15 2.76 606 0.32 2.00 2.60 606 0.14 2.01 2.63 609 -8.19 12.05 25 -6.87 594 

20100704 -0.04 1.76 2.26 607 -1.66 2.48 3.12 607 0.76 1.90 2.50 607 14.81 33.91 25 -6.00 559 
105 

Table A-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_P2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.58 1.65 2.01 608 -0.68 1.73 2.33 608 -9.33 11.47 14.71 608 2.72 2.77 3.12 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.79 3.29 587 -7.33 11.88 16.07 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.49 1.65 2.07 578 -0.12 1.91 2.56 595 -0.22 4.18 5.47 595 -5.35 5.35 5.50 446 

20090626 0.37 1.80 2.18 593 1.64 2.13 2.65 578 3.66 8.92 11.15 578 -4.11 4.11 4.38 459 

20091103 2.57 2.98 3.73 538 1.46 1.76 2.21 582 -3.34 7.40 9.05 582 -2.36 2.42 2.93 479 

20091114 2.17 2.28 2.67 558 0.73 2.61 3.05 563 -5.47 12.64 15.26 563 1.62 1.91 2.24 468 

20091116 4.32 4.34 4.93 539 -0.70 2.23 2.67 560 -19.39 19.75 21.87 560 0.34 2.17 2.57 471 

20091222 2.20 2.32 2.71 514 0.60 1.50 1.75 520 -9.91 10.29 12.69 520 3.01 3.13 3.59 378 

20100204 -2.64 3.02 3.60 570 -0.72 1.32 1.62 576 6.99 9.17 11.95 576 3.84 3.84 4.34 425 

20100205 -1.53 2.06 2.57 578 -0.78 1.14 1.38 579 4.17 9.20 11.69 579 0.33 1.95 2.40 424 

20100207 -0.75 1.23 1.50 591 -1.63 1.67 2.01 591 -5.10 7.17 9.34 591 1.44 1.83 2.18 424 

20100304 0.79 2.13 2.61 609 -0.27 1.90 2.38 610 -4.77 17.86 21.55 610 -0.80 1.62 2.02 480 

20100307 -0.28 1.32 1.65 595 -1.03 1.48 1.75 599 -4.02 8.35 10.80 599 -0.50 1.26 1.54 470 

20100309 -0.90 1.19 1.46 609 -1.09 1.83 2.31 611 -0.78 8.92 10.99 611 -0.35 1.35 1.68 482 

20100413 0.74 1.43 1.90 580 -0.07 1.54 2.04 579 -2.40 9.01 12.15 579 -1.42 2.20 2.71 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.30 1.61 571 2.52 3.15 3.70 571 4.82 8.69 11.19 571 -3.90 3.92 4.33 471 

20100621 -0.16 1.37 1.77 577 1.73 2.00 2.69 573 3.60 5.26 7.44 573 -5.00 5.00 5.21 463 

20100627 1.42 1.76 2.42 574 3.75 3.78 4.13 589 4.45 5.67 6.88 589 -8.27 8.91 11.00 435 

20100630 -0.96 1.85 2.23 650 0.01 2.49 3.15 631 1.24 3.95 5.49 631 -6.71 6.74 6.89 445 

20100704 0.95 1.48 2.01 608 0.35 2.16 2.75 608 -0.53 3.78 5.42 608 -6.68 6.68 6.83 442 
106 

Table A-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.47 2.17 2.73 586 -1.24 2.57 3.19 586 1.26 2.45 3.01 586 3.12 10.18 25 2.12 580 

20090421 0.35 1.15 1.45 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.97 34.39 25 93.12 502 

20090519 1.04 2.69 3.39 537 0.46 3.53 4.89 537 0.03 2.57 3.22 537 -1.54 39.17 25 -9.83 518 

20090626 0.40 2.33 3.24 550 -0.67 2.76 3.77 550 0.01 2.41 3.07 550 -10.77 20.89 25 -0.61 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.08 1.38 583 -0.08 1.09 1.44 583 -0.82 1.15 1.46 583 -11.09 47.11 25 -89.67 463 

20091114 0.69 1.77 2.25 554 -0.85 2.14 2.86 554 0.38 2.07 2.78 554 -12.05 35.51 25 4.04 487 

20091116 -0.10 1.21 1.50 565 0.53 1.26 1.63 565 -0.38 1.13 1.42 565 -27.66 53.53 25 -16.93 436 

20091222 0.09 1.54 2.05 514 -0.44 2.45 3.16 514 1.76 2.14 2.71 514 21.33 43.67 25 -4.46 403 

20100204 -0.03 1.09 1.45 576 0.16 1.12 1.43 576 -0.28 0.99 1.27 576 3.96 31.97 25 -1.09 442 

20100205 -0.05 1.52 1.96 574 2.48 2.99 3.83 574 1.23 2.52 3.20 574 5.87 51.40 25 -23.37 473 

20100207 0.15 1.35 1.73 586 0.46 1.57 2.03 586 -0.54 1.54 2.01 586 5.51 11.65 25 5.35 533 

20100304 2.04 3.94 4.94 595 1.86 3.09 3.91 595 1.51 2.73 3.45 595 -33.19 43.38 25 -29.94 571 

20100307 0.10 1.49 1.90 596 1.34 2.18 2.83 596 -0.15 1.56 2.01 596 28.31 85.55 25 150.58 460 

20100309 1.05 2.11 2.64 578 -0.46 2.05 2.73 578 0.45 2.09 2.72 578 -4.11 10.79 25 10.34 564 

20100413 1.55 2.67 3.54 559 -1.25 2.80 3.73 559 -0.12 2.17 2.69 559 -14.57 64.89 25 -78.85 529 

20100617 0.55 1.53 2.02 576 0.72 1.77 2.19 576 -0.79 1.33 1.69 576 12.43 58.05 25 -38.12 539 

20100621 -0.63 1.64 2.07 563 0.68 1.96 2.53 563 -0.68 1.80 2.30 563 1.49 36.19 25 -13.01 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.54 1.92 585 -0.58 1.47 1.87 585 -0.09 1.28 1.59 591 -14.81 30.12 25 -5.47 509 

20100630 0.84 2.09 2.71 606 0.40 2.05 2.64 606 0.25 2.01 2.62 609 -7.84 11.29 25 -6.46 594 

20100704 -0.11 1.86 2.43 607 -1.73 2.55 3.21 607 0.91 2.00 2.63 607 13.88 34.10 25 -7.08 559 
107 

Table A-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, Physics8 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_P8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 -0.16 1.73 2.24 11966 0.83 1.96 2.53 8189 2.90 10.84 14.16 8214 3.46 3.48 4.04 2472 

20090421 -0.40 2.28 2.86 10878 -0.18 2.42 3.04 7778 -2.53 9.99 13.28 7828 -2.88 2.99 3.31 2387 

20090519 0.78 2.24 2.86 9710 -1.33 2.70 3.45 6921 -4.65 8.87 12.21 6968 -5.65 5.70 6.17 2272 

20090626 -0.15 2.14 2.75 11930 0.61 2.05 2.66 8392 2.83 12.50 16.08 8416 -3.53 3.75 4.26 2407 

20091103 0.43 2.46 3.13 11557 -0.19 2.22 2.87 8951 -5.78 11.63 15.42 8947 -2.22 2.34 2.89 2475 

20091114 0.53 1.79 2.30 11717 0.26 1.78 2.29 8497 -3.03 11.29 14.47 8499 2.14 2.35 2.90 2506 

20091116 0.75 2.65 3.31 10991 -0.06 2.20 2.77 7939 -7.13 14.14 17.33 7939 1.49 2.79 3.66 2335 

20091222 0.53 2.04 2.64 12520 1.20 1.76 2.28 8975 -0.02 8.80 11.66 8973 1.88 2.35 2.87 2106 

20100204 -1.78 3.09 3.82 12481 1.31 2.19 2.93 9271 12.97 15.13 19.20 9270 3.71 3.89 4.42 2183 

20100205 -1.34 2.20 2.83 13118 0.30 1.63 2.16 9386 6.95 12.15 15.18 9386 0.96 1.84 2.42 2192 

20100207 -1.18 2.07 2.73 13146 -1.08 1.78 2.29 9435 -1.62 10.91 14.88 9436 1.10 1.84 2.42 2216 

20100304 -1.25 2.18 2.77 13089 0.63 1.72 2.19 9359 7.84 14.83 19.04 9358 1.44 1.89 2.37 2497 

20100307 -1.00 2.28 2.98 12027 -0.63 1.86 2.53 8513 -0.07 13.52 17.42 8513 0.31 1.38 1.73 2369 

20100309 -1.20 2.11 2.67 12855 0.13 1.81 2.29 9172 6.08 13.09 16.80 9179 0.25 1.57 2.00 2384 

20100413 -0.86 1.88 2.50 12489 0.31 1.61 2.13 8865 4.25 12.28 16.47 8865 1.09 1.93 2.37 2439 

20100617 -0.44 1.81 2.29 12261 0.82 2.70 3.36 8620 2.21 9.44 12.63 8620 -2.19 2.45 3.02 2454 

20100621 -1.13 2.13 2.68 12155 -0.21 2.48 3.30 8567 1.84 8.36 11.65 8567 -3.12 3.43 3.91 2439 

20100627 0.03 1.98 2.53 10629 1.87 2.75 3.40 7977 3.13 8.29 10.57 7976 -5.90 6.08 7.18 2300 

20100630 -0.10 2.06 2.63 11728 -0.17 2.72 3.48 8552 -0.86 8.29 11.71 8552 -5.18 5.53 6.48 2302 

20100704 0.21 1.94 2.48 11806 0.27 2.57 3.30 8545 -0.93 8.53 11.61 8545 -4.60 4.66 5.19 2395 
108 

Table A-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

Physics8 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.14 2.33 3.06 7958 -1.75 2.82 3.58 7958 1.50 2.76 3.52 8072 -7.00 7.80 25 -9.09 6759 

20090421 0.15 1.17 1.59 8407 -0.20 1.17 1.56 8407 -0.50 1.23 1.62 8552 -1.90 38.29 25 -43.07 5700 

20090519 0.94 2.38 3.15 7323 0.86 2.51 3.29 7323 0.91 2.36 3.01 7421 -13.11 20.39 25 -12.65 5795 

20090626 0.29 2.11 2.88 8689 -0.16 2.24 3.04 8689 0.83 2.13 2.80 8767 -14.46 25.22 25 -13.74 6363 

20091103 0.28 1.26 1.80 9463 0.10 1.13 1.56 9463 -0.17 1.26 1.73 9560 -20.09 28.13 25 -10.43 5421 

20091114 0.90 1.98 2.72 8483 -0.87 2.15 2.87 8483 1.33 2.22 2.90 8572 -14.02 18.08 25 -2.38 5602 

20091116 0.13 1.06 1.51 8106 0.18 1.07 1.53 8106 -0.39 1.11 1.55 8228 -28.71 32.32 25 -24.66 4442 

20091222 0.62 1.77 2.59 8997 0.50 2.85 3.81 8997 1.87 2.59 3.52 9015 -2.16 25.47 25 43.34 5356 

20100204 0.29 1.26 1.78 9616 0.17 1.24 1.69 9616 -0.07 1.30 1.76 9741 -12.45 19.94 25 -13.03 5435 

20100205 0.35 1.59 2.16 9590 1.41 2.14 2.85 9590 1.02 2.00 2.65 9699 -8.44 10.97 25 -8.44 5716 

20100207 -1.21 2.08 2.97 9397 0.19 1.57 2.09 9397 0.64 1.99 2.73 9572 -33.87 33.87 25 -37.11 6182 

20100304 0.49 2.23 3.05 9317 1.24 2.55 3.25 9317 1.06 2.34 3.03 9334 -10.54 16.08 25 -18.32 6950 

20100307 -0.20 1.53 2.07 8691 0.79 1.92 2.55 8691 0.44 1.74 2.32 8716 10.20 18.01 25 -8.92 5497 

20100309 0.80 2.12 2.84 9032 -0.28 2.53 3.33 9032 1.57 2.56 3.34 9067 -7.93 18.48 25 10.05 6682 

20100413 0.83 2.17 2.89 8810 -0.06 2.14 2.81 8810 0.90 2.04 2.64 8909 -18.22 19.26 25 -20.12 6610 

20100617 0.61 1.67 2.30 8952 0.27 1.50 1.96 8952 0.13 1.50 2.00 9003 -16.23 27.15 25 6.32 6557 

20100621 0.19 1.49 2.00 8920 0.14 1.63 2.16 8920 0.05 1.53 1.98 8976 6.82 14.47 25 17.38 6741 

20100627 0.08 1.28 1.68 8302 -0.42 1.35 1.78 8302 -0.04 1.28 1.64 8418 4.68 16.18 25 1.57 5690 

20100630 0.57 2.21 2.90 8634 1.79 2.99 3.81 8634 1.45 2.67 3.36 8695 -10.83 13.28 25 -9.93 7146 

20100704 0.10 1.73 2.33 8734 -1.43 2.13 2.76 8734 0.61 1.80 2.30 8823 -37.59 37.88 25 -22.11 6427 
109 

Table A-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_P8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.28 1.48 1.96 608 -0.05 1.79 2.27 608 -4.95 11.07 14.21 608 3.12 3.16 3.53 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.20 442 

20090519 0.72 1.77 2.24 578 -0.63 1.97 2.68 595 -1.24 4.28 5.53 595 -5.79 5.79 5.91 446 

20090626 -0.56 2.16 2.59 593 1.86 2.29 2.83 578 7.12 11.40 13.91 578 -3.70 3.71 4.14 459 

20091103 2.68 3.00 3.74 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.61 7.48 9.12 582 -2.48 2.52 3.04 479 

20091114 1.68 2.03 2.53 558 1.46 2.15 2.63 563 -0.64 8.81 11.08 563 2.14 2.19 2.52 468 

20091116 4.35 4.37 4.94 539 -0.68 2.23 2.69 560 -19.42 19.84 21.93 560 0.31 2.17 2.56 471 

20091222 2.08 2.19 2.61 514 0.58 1.25 1.50 520 -9.33 9.72 12.20 520 3.13 3.28 3.75 378 

20100204 -3.13 3.41 4.02 570 -1.10 1.68 2.06 576 10.47 10.85 14.17 576 5.32 5.32 5.69 425 

20100205 -1.61 2.22 2.84 578 -1.12 1.40 1.70 579 2.39 9.77 12.16 579 0.28 1.99 2.44 424 

20100207 -0.88 1.50 1.77 591 -1.64 1.75 2.15 591 -4.15 7.80 10.24 591 1.46 1.91 2.26 424 

20100304 0.26 1.83 2.33 609 0.25 1.82 2.24 610 0.52 15.87 19.44 610 -0.12 1.22 1.49 480 

20100307 -0.20 1.41 1.75 595 -0.46 1.22 1.53 599 -1.15 9.21 11.43 599 -0.37 1.15 1.41 470 

20100309 -0.81 1.19 1.46 609 -0.95 1.90 2.27 611 -0.24 10.38 12.82 611 -0.20 1.41 1.72 482 

20100413 0.44 1.20 1.60 580 -0.17 1.51 2.05 579 -1.32 8.88 11.98 579 -0.99 1.78 2.19 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.50 3.17 3.67 571 4.47 8.51 10.89 571 -3.97 3.98 4.40 471 

20100621 -0.06 1.45 1.85 577 1.64 1.96 2.64 573 3.31 5.16 7.44 573 -5.19 5.19 5.41 463 

20100627 1.11 1.64 2.26 574 3.93 3.95 4.29 589 5.30 6.30 7.48 589 -8.19 8.84 10.93 435 

20100630 -0.98 1.86 2.25 650 -0.24 2.48 3.23 631 1.08 3.87 5.46 631 -6.72 6.75 6.89 445 

20100704 1.01 1.55 2.10 608 0.15 2.08 2.63 608 -0.99 3.71 5.18 608 -6.79 6.79 6.93 442 
110 

Table A-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 1.01 2.25 2.81 586 -0.88 2.32 2.96 586 1.02 2.21 2.78 586 6.31 11.55 25 6.18 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.65 32.94 25 88.35 502 

20090519 1.02 2.86 3.66 537 0.36 3.25 4.42 537 -0.21 2.67 3.31 537 -1.77 33.92 25 -11.16 518 

20090626 0.05 2.46 3.31 550 -0.69 3.06 4.09 550 0.29 2.40 3.06 550 -2.63 27.90 25 4.51 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.09 1.38 583 -0.09 1.09 1.47 583 -0.87 1.15 1.49 583 -10.77 46.84 25 -94.24 463 

20091114 0.65 1.83 2.35 554 -0.63 2.32 3.23 554 0.28 2.11 2.82 554 -5.51 43.58 25 4.76 487 

20091116 -0.09 1.18 1.46 565 0.50 1.21 1.58 565 -0.46 1.10 1.40 565 -25.95 52.83 25 -15.28 436 

20091222 0.20 1.45 1.90 514 -0.40 2.19 2.82 514 1.55 1.97 2.46 514 22.56 44.58 25 -2.52 403 

20100204 0.20 1.19 1.55 576 -0.79 1.43 1.85 576 -0.60 1.03 1.34 576 60.96 77.21 25 41.02 442 

20100205 -0.09 1.46 1.83 574 2.68 3.16 3.95 574 1.36 2.57 3.24 574 -14.53 48.91 25 -22.87 473 

20100207 -0.01 1.44 1.84 586 0.12 1.54 1.93 586 -0.44 1.53 1.96 586 -0.25 9.73 25 0.56 533 

20100304 2.25 3.98 5.00 595 1.54 3.12 3.90 595 1.27 2.72 3.37 595 -33.71 43.59 25 -32.29 571 

20100307 0.10 1.43 1.85 596 1.32 2.22 2.88 596 -0.23 1.48 1.93 596 21.55 88.02 25 151.84 460 

20100309 1.41 2.24 2.74 578 -0.98 2.25 2.94 578 0.73 2.33 2.98 578 -5.81 12.32 25 9.16 564 

20100413 0.95 2.48 3.36 559 -0.40 2.57 3.46 559 0.15 2.07 2.76 559 -4.64 44.30 25 -31.08 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.68 1.72 2.13 576 -0.83 1.31 1.68 576 13.62 59.06 25 -36.17 539 

20100621 -0.57 1.55 1.93 563 0.80 1.92 2.48 563 -0.89 1.78 2.26 563 1.37 35.45 25 -12.30 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.48 1.82 585 -0.53 1.44 1.84 585 -0.22 1.27 1.58 591 -15.91 31.80 25 -6.07 509 

20100630 0.90 2.10 2.71 606 0.08 2.08 2.74 606 -0.05 2.03 2.67 609 -8.60 11.89 25 -7.60 594 

20100704 0.14 1.73 2.19 607 -1.85 2.61 3.28 607 0.94 2.04 2.65 607 17.07 33.96 25 -4.04 559 
111 

Table A-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_P8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.23 1.43 1.85 608 -0.09 1.79 2.28 608 -4.92 11.13 14.31 608 3.20 3.22 3.61 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.80 3.29 587 -7.34 11.88 16.08 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.70 1.75 2.19 578 -0.64 1.98 2.70 595 -1.20 4.31 5.58 595 -5.71 5.71 5.84 446 

20090626 -0.59 2.13 2.54 593 1.84 2.29 2.82 578 7.20 11.52 14.04 578 -3.47 3.51 3.97 459 

20091103 2.64 3.02 3.76 538 1.46 1.77 2.21 582 -3.54 7.49 9.12 582 -2.38 2.43 2.94 479 

20091114 1.64 1.98 2.49 558 1.43 2.13 2.62 563 -0.54 8.83 11.10 563 2.23 2.27 2.61 468 

20091116 4.32 4.34 4.93 539 -0.70 2.23 2.67 560 -19.39 19.75 21.87 560 0.34 2.17 2.57 471 

20091222 2.00 2.10 2.52 514 0.54 1.22 1.45 520 -9.05 9.41 11.97 520 3.29 3.44 3.92 378 

20100204 -3.37 3.59 4.22 570 -1.34 1.81 2.21 576 10.80 11.17 14.59 576 5.79 5.79 6.12 425 

20100205 -1.72 2.26 2.91 578 -1.14 1.43 1.73 579 2.81 9.73 12.13 579 0.50 2.05 2.51 424 

20100207 -0.99 1.44 1.70 591 -1.66 1.74 2.17 591 -3.66 7.35 9.70 591 1.70 2.06 2.42 424 

20100304 0.16 1.80 2.27 609 0.24 1.77 2.20 610 1.00 15.68 19.30 610 0.00 1.24 1.52 480 

20100307 -0.31 1.42 1.79 595 -0.47 1.18 1.50 599 -0.57 9.14 11.34 599 -0.16 1.11 1.40 470 

20100309 -0.88 1.12 1.41 609 -0.98 1.91 2.29 611 -0.04 10.36 12.72 611 -0.09 1.39 1.69 482 

20100413 0.21 1.13 1.49 580 -0.06 1.48 2.03 579 -0.22 8.90 11.95 579 -0.77 1.74 2.11 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.29 1.61 571 2.52 3.15 3.70 571 4.85 8.69 11.20 571 -3.89 3.92 4.33 471 

20100621 -0.19 1.38 1.77 577 1.69 1.98 2.68 573 3.53 5.24 7.42 573 -4.99 4.99 5.21 463 

20100627 1.10 1.61 2.24 574 3.94 3.96 4.31 589 5.24 6.26 7.38 589 -8.00 8.65 10.80 435 

20100630 -1.01 1.83 2.22 650 -0.21 2.50 3.28 631 1.12 3.94 5.61 631 -6.73 6.76 6.90 445 

20100704 0.96 1.51 2.05 608 0.16 2.10 2.66 608 -0.90 3.74 5.28 608 -6.75 6.75 6.90 442 
112 

Table A-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 1.02 2.29 2.87 586 -0.95 2.37 3.02 586 1.12 2.27 2.86 586 6.36 11.58 25 6.16 580 

20090421 0.35 1.15 1.45 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.89 34.32 25 93.01 502 

20090519 1.06 2.91 3.75 537 0.36 3.26 4.48 537 -0.08 2.70 3.36 537 -1.36 34.09 25 -11.72 518 

20090626 0.08 2.51 3.39 550 -0.63 3.07 4.11 550 0.39 2.45 3.12 550 -3.63 27.48 25 3.38 526 

20091103 -0.27 1.09 1.39 583 -0.09 1.09 1.44 583 -0.81 1.14 1.46 583 -11.85 49.06 25 -104.41 463 

20091114 0.69 1.88 2.40 554 -0.66 2.33 3.26 554 0.38 2.13 2.84 554 -4.54 42.93 25 5.29 487 

20091116 -0.10 1.21 1.50 565 0.53 1.26 1.63 565 -0.38 1.13 1.42 565 -27.66 53.53 25 -16.93 436 

20091222 0.22 1.53 2.04 514 -0.40 2.23 2.89 514 1.62 2.05 2.59 514 23.75 45.58 25 -2.51 403 

20100204 0.28 1.25 1.62 576 -0.81 1.40 1.81 576 -0.59 1.06 1.38 576 60.62 84.87 25 22.88 442 

20100205 -0.14 1.49 1.88 574 2.59 3.09 3.92 574 1.36 2.54 3.23 574 -14.61 49.42 25 -22.33 473 

20100207 0.06 1.40 1.80 586 0.18 1.54 1.93 586 -0.37 1.54 1.97 586 1.11 10.01 25 1.74 533 

20100304 2.31 4.06 5.10 595 1.54 3.11 3.92 595 1.39 2.68 3.36 595 -34.56 44.46 25 -32.93 571 

20100307 0.11 1.48 1.93 596 1.33 2.22 2.87 596 -0.15 1.48 1.94 596 23.15 86.71 25 151.80 460 

20100309 1.41 2.27 2.79 578 -0.94 2.19 2.90 578 0.88 2.32 3.00 578 -5.24 11.97 25 9.55 564 

20100413 0.98 2.51 3.42 559 -0.54 2.51 3.27 559 0.09 2.07 2.71 559 -19.23 46.87 25 -34.21 529 

20100617 0.54 1.53 2.02 576 0.72 1.77 2.19 576 -0.79 1.34 1.70 576 12.30 57.98 25 -38.12 539 

20100621 -0.59 1.62 2.03 563 0.78 2.00 2.57 563 -0.77 1.81 2.32 563 2.39 35.67 25 -12.57 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.52 1.89 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.22 1.27 1.59 591 -14.95 30.81 25 -5.81 509 

20100630 0.84 2.07 2.68 606 0.17 2.09 2.76 606 0.05 2.01 2.67 609 -8.02 11.47 25 -6.89 594 

20100704 0.05 1.78 2.31 607 -1.93 2.69 3.38 607 1.05 2.12 2.79 607 15.83 34.26 25 -5.62 559 
113 

Table A-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 3Second setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_T3_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 -0.03 1.74 2.26 11966 0.71 2.01 2.59 8189 1.81 11.02 14.43 8214 3.20 3.23 3.81 2472 

20090421 -0.35 2.28 2.86 10878 -0.16 2.42 3.04 7778 -2.62 10.04 13.39 7828 -3.02 3.12 3.44 2387 

20090519 0.70 2.12 2.73 9710 -1.06 2.56 3.27 6921 -4.12 8.56 11.91 6968 -5.44 5.49 5.95 2272 

20090626 -0.89 2.48 3.21 11930 1.11 2.22 2.89 8392 8.19 14.97 19.29 8416 -2.67 3.09 3.67 2407 

20091103 0.66 2.49 3.19 11557 -0.31 2.25 2.92 8951 -6.80 12.05 15.96 8947 -2.54 2.63 3.14 2475 

20091114 0.74 1.88 2.40 11717 0.10 1.80 2.32 8497 -4.78 11.65 15.01 8499 1.88 2.16 2.71 2506 

20091116 1.30 2.84 3.53 10991 0.24 2.23 2.82 7939 -7.93 14.56 17.92 7939 0.80 2.70 3.52 2335 

20091222 0.69 2.02 2.63 12520 1.21 1.80 2.32 8975 -0.74 8.92 11.72 8973 1.59 2.15 2.66 2106 

20100204 -1.18 2.85 3.59 12481 1.78 2.42 3.20 9271 12.93 15.39 19.53 9270 3.49 3.70 4.14 2183 

20100205 -1.10 2.10 2.71 13118 0.61 1.61 2.16 9386 7.78 12.55 15.68 9386 0.97 1.80 2.33 2192 

20100207 -1.10 2.00 2.66 13146 -1.18 1.85 2.39 9435 -2.35 10.93 15.01 9436 1.04 1.82 2.35 2216 

20100304 -1.06 2.10 2.66 13089 0.58 1.71 2.17 9359 6.72 14.48 18.45 9358 1.16 1.76 2.22 2497 

20100307 -0.97 2.25 2.93 12027 -0.62 1.87 2.53 8513 0.17 13.76 17.69 8513 0.30 1.39 1.76 2369 

20100309 -1.54 2.35 2.93 12855 -0.15 1.87 2.38 9172 6.79 13.62 17.42 9179 0.66 1.66 2.10 2384 

20100413 -0.75 1.86 2.45 12489 0.39 1.65 2.18 8865 4.14 12.51 16.45 8865 0.92 1.81 2.24 2439 

20100617 -0.41 1.80 2.27 12261 1.02 2.74 3.39 8620 3.02 9.63 12.86 8620 -2.20 2.47 3.08 2454 

20100621 -1.02 2.09 2.64 12155 -0.31 2.51 3.33 8567 1.29 8.28 11.61 8567 -3.26 3.55 4.03 2439 

20100627 0.11 1.98 2.54 10629 1.80 2.75 3.41 7977 2.79 8.21 10.52 7976 -5.98 6.15 7.25 2300 

20100630 -0.09 2.06 2.64 11728 0.11 2.76 3.50 8552 -0.57 8.42 11.80 8552 -5.05 5.43 6.38 2302 

20100704 0.25 1.89 2.42 11806 0.35 2.54 3.28 8545 -0.83 8.35 11.31 8545 -4.64 4.69 5.22 2395 
114 

Table A-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

3Second setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.26 2.34 3.10 7958 -1.76 2.83 3.57 7958 1.51 2.75 3.48 8072 -8.17 8.73 25 -10.55 6759 

20090421 0.17 1.18 1.60 8407 -0.24 1.19 1.58 8407 -0.49 1.24 1.63 8552 -12.19 44.57 25 -46.38 5700 

20090519 0.95 2.27 2.97 7323 1.05 2.64 3.40 7323 1.00 2.42 3.07 7421 -11.78 20.30 25 -10.94 5795 

20090626 0.11 2.09 2.79 8689 0.06 2.19 2.90 8689 0.80 2.05 2.68 8767 -7.33 19.74 25 -1.68 6363 

20091103 0.31 1.29 1.83 9463 0.10 1.13 1.56 9463 -0.14 1.27 1.74 9560 -19.46 27.10 25 -12.11 5421 

20091114 0.79 1.91 2.63 8483 -0.93 2.12 2.80 8483 1.30 2.15 2.81 8572 -16.04 18.79 25 -5.02 5602 

20091116 0.20 1.09 1.54 8106 0.13 1.09 1.56 8106 -0.41 1.13 1.58 8228 -34.25 36.75 25 -29.46 4442 

20091222 0.62 1.78 2.60 8997 0.51 2.88 3.81 8997 1.87 2.60 3.51 9015 -2.98 26.03 25 43.33 5356 

20100204 0.25 1.26 1.77 9616 0.23 1.23 1.68 9616 -0.08 1.29 1.74 9741 -8.90 17.52 25 -7.20 5435 

20100205 0.30 1.59 2.15 9590 1.43 2.16 2.85 9590 1.02 2.00 2.64 9699 -7.61 10.24 25 -7.74 5716 

20100207 -1.19 2.06 2.95 9397 0.14 1.57 2.08 9397 0.63 1.99 2.73 9572 -31.56 31.56 25 -34.90 6182 

20100304 0.52 2.26 3.09 9317 1.28 2.52 3.22 9317 1.11 2.35 3.05 9334 -11.73 16.54 25 -19.64 6950 

20100307 -0.26 1.56 2.09 8691 0.83 1.94 2.57 8691 0.49 1.75 2.32 8716 11.14 18.83 25 -7.78 5497 

20100309 0.72 2.07 2.77 9032 -0.04 2.45 3.22 9032 1.35 2.44 3.20 9067 -5.75 20.86 25 14.92 6682 

20100413 0.63 2.18 2.89 8810 -0.06 2.13 2.80 8810 0.78 2.01 2.57 8909 -19.58 21.09 25 -18.23 6610 

20100617 0.56 1.66 2.28 8952 0.20 1.48 1.94 8952 0.12 1.50 2.00 9003 -17.21 26.68 25 3.86 6557 

20100621 0.22 1.50 2.00 8920 0.10 1.62 2.13 8920 0.07 1.52 1.96 8976 5.91 13.29 25 15.64 6741 

20100627 0.09 1.29 1.69 8302 -0.47 1.35 1.79 8302 -0.02 1.29 1.65 8418 6.31 17.25 25 1.38 5690 

20100630 0.47 2.25 2.97 8634 1.93 3.02 3.84 8634 1.57 2.69 3.37 8695 -9.24 12.11 25 -8.28 7146 

20100704 0.08 1.72 2.29 8734 -1.34 2.06 2.66 8734 0.55 1.76 2.24 8823 -37.01 37.28 25 -21.56 6427 
115 

Table A-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_T3_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.57 1.68 2.10 608 -0.55 1.81 2.39 608 -8.53 11.80 14.96 608 2.76 2.80 3.13 483 

20090421 1.33 2.12 2.66 561 -0.44 2.77 3.27 587 -7.30 11.77 15.90 587 -3.13 3.13 3.30 442 

20090519 0.49 1.60 2.00 578 -0.03 1.71 2.28 595 -0.27 3.76 4.89 595 -5.49 5.49 5.60 446 

20090626 -1.36 2.65 3.24 593 2.55 2.77 3.37 578 11.50 14.82 17.66 578 -3.03 3.09 3.66 459 

20091103 3.20 3.46 4.14 538 1.03 1.66 2.08 582 -6.49 9.71 11.49 582 -3.00 3.01 3.45 479 

20091114 2.12 2.27 2.75 558 1.03 2.46 2.93 563 -4.24 10.63 13.10 563 1.72 1.84 2.17 468 

20091116 4.92 4.93 5.40 539 -0.79 2.26 2.70 560 -21.45 21.78 23.78 560 -0.38 2.40 2.79 471 

20091222 2.17 2.27 2.76 514 0.64 1.39 1.67 520 -9.47 9.75 12.53 520 2.77 2.96 3.43 378 

20100204 -2.30 2.69 3.29 570 -0.39 1.20 1.51 576 10.38 10.61 13.94 576 4.63 4.63 5.04 425 

20100205 -1.57 2.13 2.73 578 -0.85 1.20 1.50 579 3.75 9.99 12.34 579 0.26 1.90 2.30 424 

20100207 -1.14 1.55 1.82 591 -1.58 1.72 2.19 591 -2.35 6.86 9.02 591 1.52 1.89 2.23 424 

20100304 0.63 1.97 2.47 609 -0.16 1.89 2.33 610 -3.51 16.97 20.61 610 -0.59 1.35 1.69 480 

20100307 -0.66 1.61 2.04 595 -0.70 1.28 1.56 599 0.11 10.16 12.33 599 -0.24 1.01 1.29 470 

20100309 -1.28 1.50 1.76 609 -1.09 2.01 2.42 611 1.24 9.30 11.54 611 0.19 1.39 1.73 482 

20100413 0.25 1.38 1.91 580 0.49 1.54 1.99 579 2.00 9.07 11.93 579 -0.93 1.64 2.09 462 

20100617 -0.01 1.25 1.56 571 2.51 3.16 3.66 571 4.38 8.33 10.80 571 -4.03 4.04 4.45 471 

20100621 0.04 1.47 1.87 577 1.59 1.87 2.55 573 3.13 4.95 7.33 573 -5.34 5.34 5.54 463 

20100627 1.17 1.65 2.28 574 3.85 3.88 4.22 589 5.09 6.19 7.38 589 -8.27 8.92 11.00 435 

20100630 -0.96 1.89 2.28 650 1.57 2.91 3.89 631 2.71 4.54 6.08 631 -6.69 6.72 6.88 445 

20100704 1.14 1.60 2.17 608 0.21 2.07 2.63 608 -1.08 3.69 5.15 608 -6.89 6.89 7.02 442 
116 

Table A-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.61 2.19 2.76 586 -1.09 2.43 3.05 586 1.14 2.32 2.88 586 3.68 10.06 25 3.21 580 

20090421 0.35 1.16 1.46 595 -0.25 1.24 1.54 595 -1.13 1.32 1.62 595 4.58 40.53 25 93.71 502 

20090519 0.92 2.61 3.22 537 0.35 3.20 4.18 537 -0.17 2.60 3.25 537 -6.92 30.04 25 -10.07 518 

20090626 -0.87 2.26 3.03 550 -0.06 2.91 3.83 550 0.50 2.54 3.24 550 5.97 18.90 25 11.19 526 

20091103 -0.41 1.15 1.42 583 -0.18 1.12 1.52 583 -0.76 1.14 1.47 583 -2.87 56.88 25 -134.48 463 

20091114 0.64 1.70 2.14 554 -0.83 2.03 2.65 554 0.34 1.88 2.46 554 2.02 36.17 25 3.52 487 

20091116 0.06 1.16 1.42 565 0.46 1.15 1.52 565 -0.56 1.07 1.38 565 -17.40 54.03 25 -21.76 436 

20091222 0.13 1.49 1.94 514 -0.39 2.35 2.98 514 1.63 2.07 2.59 514 24.58 47.45 25 -3.36 403 

20100204 -0.07 1.13 1.47 576 -0.03 1.21 1.52 576 -0.37 1.05 1.36 576 8.23 29.59 25 4.15 442 

20100205 -0.15 1.49 1.86 574 2.77 3.23 4.00 574 1.39 2.63 3.29 574 -12.68 48.36 25 -22.27 473 

20100207 0.08 1.27 1.64 586 0.37 1.56 1.98 586 -0.66 1.51 1.98 586 3.26 10.00 25 3.92 533 

20100304 2.26 4.11 5.10 595 1.87 3.02 3.82 595 1.44 2.74 3.40 595 -32.51 42.72 25 -32.11 571 

20100307 -0.17 1.41 1.82 596 1.52 2.31 2.96 596 -0.23 1.55 2.00 596 10.72 94.58 25 171.20 460 

20100309 1.20 2.23 2.74 578 -0.78 2.29 3.07 578 0.43 2.37 3.05 578 -8.75 13.38 25 8.82 564 

20100413 0.38 2.33 3.19 559 -0.65 2.45 3.21 559 -0.37 1.97 2.54 559 -3.69 46.26 25 -7.43 529 

20100617 0.59 1.50 1.96 576 0.46 1.63 2.04 576 -0.95 1.34 1.70 576 16.72 56.94 25 -23.39 539 

20100621 -0.66 1.54 1.93 563 0.67 1.85 2.40 563 -0.82 1.75 2.23 563 1.88 33.98 25 -13.48 536 

20100627 -0.22 1.46 1.80 585 -0.56 1.46 1.87 585 -0.17 1.27 1.58 591 -15.22 31.24 25 -5.63 509 

20100630 0.05 2.33 3.11 606 0.90 2.24 2.85 606 0.65 2.24 2.86 609 -1.39 13.25 25 0.22 594 

20100704 0.00 1.73 2.22 607 -1.78 2.55 3.21 607 0.84 1.96 2.57 607 16.18 34.81 25 -5.81 559 
117 

Table A-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_T3_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.52 1.62 1.99 608 -0.58 1.80 2.38 608 -8.40 11.70 14.91 608 2.84 2.87 3.21 483 

20090421 1.30 2.11 2.65 561 -0.43 2.77 3.28 587 -7.18 11.77 15.89 587 -3.08 3.08 3.26 442 

20090519 0.45 1.57 1.94 578 -0.05 1.70 2.28 595 -0.25 3.76 4.88 595 -5.40 5.40 5.52 446 

20090626 -1.40 2.64 3.23 593 2.52 2.75 3.36 578 11.59 14.95 17.83 578 -2.79 2.91 3.51 459 

20091103 2.92 3.23 3.90 538 1.10 1.69 2.13 582 -5.36 8.45 9.98 582 -2.73 2.76 3.24 479 

20091114 2.06 2.23 2.71 558 1.01 2.46 2.94 563 -4.04 10.64 13.16 563 1.81 1.92 2.28 468 

20091116 4.89 4.90 5.39 539 -0.81 2.26 2.69 560 -21.42 21.68 23.73 560 -0.34 2.40 2.79 471 

20091222 2.08 2.16 2.63 514 0.63 1.36 1.65 520 -8.94 9.23 11.97 520 2.97 3.13 3.61 378 

20100204 -2.44 2.80 3.41 570 -0.35 1.29 1.60 576 11.48 11.66 15.31 576 4.99 4.99 5.34 425 

20100205 -1.65 2.15 2.75 578 -0.84 1.20 1.50 579 4.22 9.71 12.07 579 0.49 1.98 2.41 424 

20100207 -1.20 1.48 1.77 591 -1.59 1.71 2.20 591 -2.08 6.63 8.87 591 1.74 2.04 2.40 424 

20100304 0.53 1.91 2.39 609 -0.13 1.86 2.31 610 -2.84 16.78 20.49 610 -0.47 1.34 1.67 480 

20100307 -0.68 1.61 2.02 595 -0.71 1.29 1.55 599 0.09 9.69 11.84 599 -0.05 1.01 1.30 470 

20100309 -1.26 1.39 1.67 609 -1.15 2.03 2.44 611 0.83 9.39 11.58 611 0.26 1.38 1.72 482 

20100413 0.12 1.29 1.74 580 0.41 1.49 1.93 579 1.91 8.65 11.48 579 -0.79 1.61 2.04 462 

20100617 -0.10 1.29 1.60 571 2.55 3.19 3.73 571 4.72 8.61 11.21 571 -3.93 3.95 4.35 471 

20100621 -0.11 1.38 1.78 577 1.66 1.92 2.62 573 3.40 5.11 7.33 573 -5.11 5.11 5.32 463 

20100627 1.13 1.62 2.25 574 3.88 3.91 4.26 589 5.13 6.19 7.35 589 -8.06 8.71 10.84 435 

20100630 -1.02 1.89 2.29 650 1.58 2.98 4.01 631 2.80 4.69 6.32 631 -6.64 6.68 6.82 445 

20100704 1.08 1.54 2.10 608 0.22 2.10 2.67 608 -0.96 3.71 5.27 608 -6.83 6.83 6.97 442 
118 

Table A-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.61 2.23 2.82 586 -1.14 2.44 3.08 586 1.21 2.35 2.93 586 3.66 10.09 25 3.17 580 

20090421 0.38 1.17 1.49 595 -0.26 1.23 1.55 595 -1.09 1.31 1.61 595 5.32 42.27 25 97.97 502 

20090519 1.01 2.70 3.35 537 0.37 3.23 4.24 537 -0.03 2.65 3.33 537 -7.61 30.29 25 -10.80 518 

20090626 -0.85 2.29 3.09 550 -0.06 2.93 3.85 550 0.59 2.57 3.27 550 5.71 19.16 25 10.86 526 

20091103 -0.27 1.09 1.38 583 -0.16 1.09 1.46 583 -0.79 1.12 1.42 583 -9.99 50.27 25 -95.63 463 

20091114 0.70 1.75 2.21 554 -0.84 2.05 2.67 554 0.43 1.89 2.48 554 2.46 35.71 25 4.24 487 

20091116 0.05 1.19 1.46 565 0.49 1.20 1.57 565 -0.49 1.09 1.40 565 -18.26 54.65 25 -22.66 436 

20091222 0.13 1.59 2.09 514 -0.42 2.34 2.98 514 1.65 2.13 2.67 514 24.54 47.98 25 -3.92 403 

20100204 0.07 1.16 1.50 576 -0.09 1.18 1.50 576 -0.42 1.08 1.40 576 2.58 34.36 25 -2.20 442 

20100205 -0.22 1.55 1.96 574 2.74 3.21 4.02 574 1.46 2.63 3.33 574 -11.90 48.73 25 -21.41 473 

20100207 0.09 1.30 1.67 586 0.49 1.55 1.99 586 -0.63 1.54 2.00 586 3.89 10.07 25 4.12 533 

20100304 2.25 4.17 5.21 595 1.91 3.03 3.83 595 1.58 2.75 3.43 595 -32.62 43.02 25 -31.97 571 

20100307 -0.12 1.44 1.87 596 1.57 2.35 3.00 596 -0.13 1.61 2.05 596 21.94 95.95 25 169.10 460 

20100309 1.25 2.27 2.83 578 -0.77 2.28 3.08 578 0.62 2.36 3.08 578 -8.30 13.11 25 9.34 564 

20100413 0.61 2.35 3.17 559 -0.72 2.56 3.32 559 -0.28 2.11 2.70 559 -10.45 47.15 25 -18.80 529 

20100617 0.61 1.49 1.98 576 0.48 1.64 2.05 576 -0.92 1.35 1.71 576 15.80 55.37 25 -25.10 539 

20100621 -0.66 1.60 2.03 563 0.65 1.91 2.47 563 -0.69 1.77 2.27 563 2.11 33.75 25 -13.51 536 

20100627 -0.21 1.52 1.87 585 -0.51 1.44 1.85 585 -0.19 1.29 1.60 591 -14.27 30.24 25 -5.49 509 

20100630 0.00 2.31 3.12 606 0.95 2.26 2.87 606 0.72 2.23 2.86 609 -0.89 13.12 25 0.71 594 

20100704 -0.09 1.82 2.39 607 -1.84 2.61 3.32 607 0.97 2.05 2.73 607 14.64 34.64 25 -7.22 559 
119 

Table A-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 40Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_L4_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 0.03 1.78 2.30 11966 0.43 1.94 2.52 8189 -0.10 10.89 14.20 8214 3.35 3.38 3.95 2472 

20090421 -0.18 2.33 2.92 10878 0.03 2.53 3.16 7778 -2.65 10.15 13.47 7828 -2.81 2.93 3.24 2387 

20090519 0.71 2.17 2.77 9710 -1.09 2.61 3.32 6921 -4.27 8.59 11.92 6968 -5.44 5.51 5.97 2272 

20090626 0.12 2.06 2.67 11930 0.86 2.13 2.79 8392 2.57 11.79 15.33 8416 -3.61 3.80 4.26 2407 

20091103 0.58 2.51 3.20 11557 -0.28 2.21 2.88 8951 -6.61 11.89 15.75 8947 -2.19 2.32 2.87 2475 

20091114 0.79 1.90 2.43 11717 -0.04 1.75 2.27 8497 -5.97 11.77 15.14 8499 2.03 2.28 2.83 2506 

20091116 1.13 2.82 3.49 10991 -0.08 2.22 2.79 7939 -8.66 14.46 17.68 7939 1.43 2.78 3.62 2335 

20091222 0.71 2.05 2.66 12520 1.06 1.73 2.25 8975 -1.93 9.05 11.71 8973 1.74 2.29 2.82 2106 

20100204 -1.07 2.77 3.49 12481 1.26 2.13 2.86 9271 8.72 12.60 15.86 9270 2.82 3.06 3.49 2183 

20100205 -1.06 2.12 2.74 13118 0.29 1.63 2.17 9386 5.32 11.21 14.08 9386 0.85 1.79 2.33 2192 

20100207 -1.02 2.07 2.73 13146 -1.50 2.01 2.57 9435 -4.73 11.57 15.69 9436 0.84 1.80 2.33 2216 

20100304 -0.93 2.09 2.64 13089 0.29 1.66 2.11 9359 3.97 14.04 17.62 9358 1.14 1.78 2.23 2497 

20100307 -0.42 2.22 2.89 12027 -0.77 1.94 2.63 8513 -3.79 13.41 17.39 8513 -0.18 1.40 1.75 2369 

20100309 -1.09 2.09 2.64 12855 -0.20 1.77 2.29 9172 3.57 12.55 15.86 9179 0.27 1.62 2.04 2384 

20100413 -0.01 1.73 2.28 12489 0.20 1.63 2.15 8865 -0.72 11.35 14.71 8865 0.31 1.83 2.26 2439 

20100617 0.11 1.76 2.26 12261 1.00 2.81 3.49 8620 1.22 9.32 12.55 8620 -2.33 2.58 3.22 2454 

20100621 -0.55 2.10 2.64 12155 -0.12 2.55 3.39 8567 0.62 8.19 11.57 8567 -3.32 3.59 4.10 2439 

20100627 0.56 2.06 2.67 10629 2.05 2.90 3.59 7977 2.40 8.07 10.45 7976 -6.00 6.17 7.27 2300 

20100630 0.08 2.09 2.69 11728 0.13 2.75 3.49 8552 -0.57 8.40 11.87 8552 -5.16 5.51 6.46 2302 

20100704 0.61 1.99 2.56 11806 0.46 2.61 3.37 8545 -1.30 8.56 11.62 8545 -4.74 4.78 5.31 2395 
120 

Table A-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

40Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.25 2.34 3.11 7958 -1.83 2.84 3.59 7958 1.49 2.77 3.51 8072 -8.64 9.20 25 -10.67 6759 

20090421 0.15 1.16 1.58 8407 -0.20 1.16 1.55 8407 -0.63 1.26 1.65 8552 -2.32 42.06 25 -42.83 5700 

20090519 0.97 2.21 2.92 7323 0.77 2.48 3.26 7323 0.68 2.27 2.89 7421 -15.93 23.60 25 -13.85 5795 

20090626 0.39 2.01 2.73 8689 -0.15 2.16 2.93 8689 0.52 2.03 2.68 8767 -7.86 28.45 25 -20.82 6363 

20091103 0.29 1.25 1.78 9463 0.10 1.12 1.54 9463 -0.29 1.27 1.73 9560 -19.88 30.79 25 -10.39 5421 

20091114 0.81 1.88 2.60 8483 -0.96 2.08 2.76 8483 1.21 2.12 2.79 8572 -16.20 19.63 25 -5.21 5602 

20091116 0.16 1.05 1.51 8106 0.19 1.06 1.51 8106 -0.49 1.11 1.57 8228 -32.05 34.55 25 -28.06 4442 

20091222 0.64 1.71 2.54 8997 0.50 2.77 3.68 8997 1.71 2.48 3.36 9015 -3.57 27.79 25 43.70 5356 

20100204 0.27 1.23 1.74 9616 0.26 1.19 1.62 9616 -0.21 1.28 1.73 9741 -9.54 18.75 25 -7.57 5435 

20100205 0.47 1.56 2.14 9590 1.23 2.02 2.65 9590 0.79 1.87 2.47 9699 -12.17 14.70 25 -12.37 5716 

20100207 -1.24 2.07 2.88 9397 0.24 1.54 2.07 9397 0.46 1.96 2.63 9572 -36.04 36.04 25 -39.15 6182 

20100304 0.67 2.22 3.06 9317 1.21 2.48 3.19 9317 0.97 2.29 2.99 9334 -15.18 18.63 25 -22.75 6950 

20100307 -0.15 1.52 2.05 8691 0.87 1.95 2.59 8691 0.43 1.73 2.31 8716 8.04 17.48 25 -11.81 5497 

20100309 0.80 2.06 2.77 9032 -0.26 2.52 3.34 9032 1.41 2.51 3.28 9067 -10.13 22.59 25 10.29 6682 

20100413 1.16 2.23 2.99 8810 -0.31 2.18 2.92 8810 0.92 2.09 2.69 8909 -31.03 31.62 25 -28.87 6610 

20100617 0.70 1.68 2.31 8952 0.26 1.48 1.95 8952 0.07 1.51 2.01 9003 -14.55 29.97 25 4.89 6557 

20100621 0.22 1.48 1.99 8920 0.16 1.62 2.15 8920 -0.01 1.54 1.98 8976 8.53 14.72 25 19.70 6741 

20100627 0.13 1.26 1.68 8302 -0.43 1.33 1.76 8302 -0.15 1.27 1.64 8418 7.07 16.82 25 3.76 5690 

20100630 0.58 2.31 3.01 8634 1.74 2.97 3.78 8634 1.46 2.66 3.36 8695 -11.07 13.94 25 -10.17 7146 

20100704 0.10 1.72 2.31 8734 -1.41 2.12 2.74 8734 0.55 1.78 2.28 8823 -38.22 38.49 25 -21.74 6427 
121 

Table A-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_L4_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.59 1.70 2.16 608 -0.69 1.87 2.45 608 -9.43 12.60 15.77 608 2.99 3.01 3.33 483 

20090421 1.83 2.39 2.98 561 -0.27 3.05 3.56 587 -7.99 12.43 16.83 587 -2.97 2.97 3.14 442 

20090519 0.68 1.72 2.14 578 -0.13 1.84 2.46 595 -0.57 3.99 5.14 595 -5.53 5.53 5.65 446 

20090626 -0.20 1.93 2.31 593 1.72 2.14 2.76 578 4.62 9.51 11.56 578 -3.92 3.92 4.23 459 

20091103 2.94 3.24 3.96 538 1.26 1.66 2.08 582 -5.29 8.44 10.19 582 -2.52 2.55 3.03 479 

20091114 2.22 2.37 2.86 558 0.89 2.27 2.69 563 -5.53 10.13 12.64 563 1.77 1.88 2.21 468 

20091116 4.76 4.78 5.30 539 -0.75 2.22 2.67 560 -20.99 21.32 23.38 560 0.26 2.14 2.54 471 

20091222 2.22 2.32 2.76 514 0.56 1.31 1.60 520 -10.36 10.60 12.94 520 2.97 3.16 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.07 2.63 3.22 570 -0.58 1.33 1.63 576 5.59 8.61 11.28 576 3.49 3.50 3.96 425 

20100205 -1.47 2.08 2.64 578 -1.41 1.61 1.94 579 0.13 8.50 10.63 579 -0.03 1.94 2.37 424 

20100207 -0.75 1.42 1.69 591 -1.76 1.84 2.32 591 -5.70 8.14 10.74 591 1.26 1.72 2.07 424 

20100304 0.74 2.05 2.57 609 -0.37 1.92 2.39 610 -5.09 17.79 21.37 610 -0.57 1.40 1.75 480 

20100307 0.67 1.54 1.94 595 -0.68 1.43 1.74 599 -7.17 10.26 12.92 599 -0.99 1.44 1.74 470 

20100309 -0.64 1.12 1.39 609 -1.10 1.92 2.38 611 -1.93 10.18 12.33 611 -0.28 1.49 1.81 482 

20100413 1.25 1.65 2.28 580 -0.25 1.54 2.04 579 -5.28 9.68 12.74 579 -1.57 2.18 2.72 462 

20100617 0.75 1.31 1.71 571 2.67 3.39 3.93 571 3.00 7.87 10.27 571 -4.16 4.17 4.65 471 

20100621 0.91 1.96 2.53 577 1.70 2.02 2.71 573 1.98 4.79 7.34 573 -5.50 5.50 5.72 463 

20100627 1.88 2.13 2.77 574 3.88 3.91 4.29 589 4.15 5.43 6.81 589 -8.31 8.95 11.02 435 

20100630 -0.61 1.82 2.25 650 0.35 2.46 3.01 631 1.28 3.76 5.18 631 -6.86 6.88 7.03 445 

20100704 1.49 1.82 2.38 608 0.16 2.11 2.69 608 -1.54 3.94 5.36 608 -6.99 6.99 7.13 442 
122 

Table A-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.50 2.13 2.72 586 -1.12 2.43 3.06 586 1.15 2.33 2.89 586 2.70 9.60 25 2.49 580 

20090421 0.36 1.16 1.45 595 -0.18 1.21 1.51 595 -1.24 1.38 1.68 595 -1.26 34.96 25 94.84 502 

20090519 0.97 2.52 3.14 537 0.24 3.25 4.34 537 -0.34 2.57 3.18 537 -14.81 37.07 25 -12.10 518 

20090626 0.20 2.04 2.70 550 0.24 2.99 3.86 550 -0.13 2.39 3.07 550 -9.80 20.51 25 -3.48 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.10 1.39 583 0.01 1.13 1.51 583 -1.01 1.23 1.58 583 -1.78 51.07 25 68.10 463 

20091114 0.55 1.62 2.09 554 -0.72 1.96 2.62 554 0.15 1.80 2.44 554 0.85 34.93 25 2.99 487 

20091116 -0.08 1.19 1.47 565 0.59 1.23 1.60 565 -0.47 1.10 1.41 565 -27.63 51.91 25 -17.74 436 

20091222 -0.01 1.49 1.93 514 -0.31 2.14 2.73 514 1.35 1.86 2.30 514 20.98 44.14 25 -4.86 403 

20100204 -0.03 1.06 1.38 576 0.20 1.15 1.45 576 -0.36 1.04 1.32 576 1.55 26.93 25 -2.06 442 

20100205 0.09 1.46 1.84 574 2.05 2.78 3.46 574 0.77 2.22 2.81 574 7.41 52.64 25 -24.18 473 

20100207 -0.26 1.36 1.72 586 0.61 1.69 2.15 586 -0.97 1.67 2.18 586 -3.14 10.59 25 -3.33 533 

20100304 2.35 4.16 5.19 595 1.50 3.01 3.87 595 1.26 2.79 3.51 595 -35.41 45.31 25 -33.28 571 

20100307 0.08 1.46 1.88 596 1.79 2.53 3.22 596 0.04 1.54 2.02 596 29.44 88.02 25 156.97 460 

20100309 1.50 2.39 2.91 578 -1.40 2.39 3.22 578 0.61 2.46 3.17 578 -10.14 16.19 25 6.56 564 

20100413 1.47 2.69 3.62 559 -0.84 3.04 3.89 559 0.03 2.26 2.93 559 -22.49 64.14 25 -60.10 529 

20100617 0.66 1.55 2.02 576 0.67 1.73 2.16 576 -0.95 1.34 1.71 576 12.99 60.80 25 -38.95 539 

20100621 -0.72 1.61 2.03 563 0.93 2.01 2.55 563 -1.06 1.89 2.35 563 -1.12 40.44 25 -16.28 536 

20100627 -0.22 1.48 1.81 585 -0.52 1.43 1.82 585 -0.31 1.28 1.59 591 -16.81 30.98 25 -6.19 509 

20100630 1.01 2.16 2.78 606 0.20 2.12 2.71 606 0.08 2.02 2.64 609 -9.02 11.53 25 -8.31 594 

20100704 0.03 1.76 2.24 607 -1.81 2.64 3.29 607 0.86 2.04 2.64 607 16.11 34.89 25 -5.48 559 
123 

Table A-16. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_L4_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.54 1.64 2.03 608 -0.72 1.86 2.45 608 -9.31 12.52 15.73 608 3.07 3.09 3.42 483 

20090421 1.80 2.38 2.95 561 -0.27 3.05 3.59 587 -7.90 12.46 16.84 587 -2.93 2.93 3.10 442 

20090519 0.63 1.68 2.08 578 -0.14 1.85 2.48 595 -0.52 3.98 5.15 595 -5.45 5.45 5.58 446 

20090626 -0.25 1.90 2.27 593 1.68 2.14 2.75 578 4.69 9.65 11.77 578 -3.70 3.71 4.06 459 

20091103 2.90 3.25 3.97 538 1.24 1.65 2.07 582 -5.23 8.41 10.17 582 -2.42 2.46 2.94 479 

20091114 2.18 2.32 2.82 558 0.88 2.27 2.69 563 -5.35 10.08 12.61 563 1.85 1.96 2.30 468 

20091116 4.74 4.76 5.30 539 -0.76 2.22 2.65 560 -20.97 21.26 23.36 560 0.28 2.15 2.55 471 

20091222 2.18 2.26 2.70 514 0.53 1.29 1.57 520 -10.27 10.51 12.84 520 3.11 3.28 3.78 378 

20100204 -2.17 2.75 3.34 570 -0.55 1.33 1.62 576 6.27 8.78 11.52 576 3.85 3.85 4.28 425 

20100205 -1.51 2.07 2.65 578 -1.39 1.59 1.94 579 0.50 8.46 10.65 579 0.12 1.95 2.39 424 

20100207 -0.79 1.33 1.62 591 -1.75 1.82 2.30 591 -5.41 7.90 10.40 591 1.47 1.85 2.22 424 

20100304 0.67 2.03 2.52 609 -0.35 1.90 2.38 610 -4.59 17.77 21.34 610 -0.48 1.40 1.75 480 

20100307 0.60 1.48 1.88 595 -0.71 1.40 1.72 599 -6.92 10.04 12.75 599 -0.82 1.37 1.66 470 

20100309 -0.65 1.02 1.29 609 -1.15 1.94 2.41 611 -2.10 10.23 12.31 611 -0.20 1.48 1.80 482 

20100413 1.16 1.58 2.23 580 -0.17 1.53 2.02 579 -4.72 9.35 12.24 579 -1.38 2.10 2.61 462 

20100617 0.65 1.29 1.70 571 2.67 3.37 3.95 571 3.32 8.07 10.70 571 -4.09 4.11 4.58 471 

20100621 0.76 1.81 2.38 577 1.72 2.03 2.77 573 2.19 4.84 7.35 573 -5.28 5.28 5.50 463 

20100627 1.85 2.10 2.73 574 3.92 3.95 4.34 589 4.22 5.50 6.86 589 -8.12 8.77 10.89 435 

20100630 -0.64 1.77 2.21 650 0.34 2.49 3.02 631 1.30 3.84 5.31 631 -6.87 6.89 7.04 445 

20100704 1.42 1.75 2.31 608 0.15 2.13 2.70 608 -1.47 3.94 5.41 608 -6.96 6.96 7.11 442 
124 

Table A-16. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.51 2.16 2.77 586 -1.18 2.46 3.09 586 1.24 2.36 2.94 586 2.76 9.64 25 2.49 580 

20090421 0.36 1.17 1.46 595 -0.19 1.21 1.51 595 -1.21 1.37 1.67 595 -1.13 35.88 25 97.48 502 

20090519 1.00 2.58 3.22 537 0.22 3.27 4.38 537 -0.28 2.59 3.22 537 -15.25 36.88 25 -12.75 518 

20090626 0.20 2.06 2.76 550 0.30 3.00 3.88 550 -0.01 2.38 3.07 550 -9.89 20.54 25 -3.61 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.09 1.39 583 0.00 1.12 1.48 583 -0.96 1.22 1.53 583 -7.71 49.22 25 81.33 463 

20091114 0.60 1.66 2.14 554 -0.74 1.98 2.65 554 0.24 1.83 2.48 554 -12.25 35.31 25 3.61 487 

20091116 -0.08 1.20 1.49 565 0.63 1.27 1.65 565 -0.40 1.13 1.43 565 -28.96 52.59 25 -19.01 436 

20091222 -0.01 1.59 2.08 514 -0.32 2.19 2.80 514 1.45 1.93 2.41 514 22.00 45.32 25 -5.03 403 

20100204 0.04 1.07 1.39 576 0.18 1.15 1.45 576 -0.37 1.06 1.35 576 -0.89 29.26 25 -5.38 442 

20100205 0.08 1.50 1.94 574 2.04 2.75 3.44 574 0.83 2.21 2.83 574 -3.51 48.12 25 -24.07 473 

20100207 -0.25 1.34 1.68 586 0.69 1.71 2.17 586 -0.94 1.68 2.19 586 -3.07 10.42 25 -3.32 533 

20100304 2.35 4.19 5.23 595 1.52 3.05 3.92 595 1.38 2.81 3.54 595 -35.78 45.75 25 -33.39 571 

20100307 0.05 1.46 1.90 596 1.80 2.54 3.25 596 0.11 1.59 2.07 596 26.90 92.81 25 158.22 460 

20100309 1.54 2.41 2.95 578 -1.41 2.37 3.20 578 0.78 2.49 3.22 578 -9.71 15.77 25 6.88 564 

20100413 1.41 2.58 3.51 559 -0.98 2.95 3.79 559 -0.11 2.17 2.83 559 -23.03 64.79 25 -62.46 529 

20100617 0.64 1.53 2.02 576 0.68 1.77 2.22 576 -0.88 1.33 1.70 576 12.57 59.75 25 -38.72 539 

20100621 -0.73 1.64 2.07 563 0.94 2.06 2.60 563 -0.97 1.89 2.38 563 -3.11 42.15 25 -16.49 536 

20100627 -0.19 1.53 1.88 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.31 1.29 1.61 591 -15.60 29.93 25 -5.36 509 

20100630 0.98 2.15 2.78 606 0.27 2.14 2.75 606 0.17 2.03 2.64 609 -8.65 11.39 25 -7.88 594 

20100704 -0.06 1.83 2.38 607 -1.87 2.68 3.36 607 0.95 2.10 2.74 607 14.98 35.40 25 -6.87 559 
125 

Table A-17. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 80Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_L8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 0.01 1.73 2.25 11966 0.60 1.95 2.53 8189 0.96 10.76 14.08 8214 3.13 3.16 3.76 2472 

20090421 -0.49 2.27 2.84 10878 -0.28 2.39 3.01 7778 -2.49 9.92 13.22 7828 -2.92 3.02 3.34 2387 

20090519 0.80 2.16 2.78 9710 -1.15 2.54 3.25 6921 -4.49 8.55 11.85 6968 -5.53 5.58 6.04 2272 

20090626 -0.19 2.09 2.69 11930 0.86 2.12 2.76 8392 3.92 12.36 16.04 8416 -3.70 3.87 4.33 2407 

20091103 0.38 2.45 3.11 11557 -0.16 2.24 2.89 8951 -5.44 11.60 15.39 8947 -2.22 2.34 2.89 2475 

20091114 0.73 1.86 2.38 11717 0.06 1.77 2.29 8497 -5.03 11.60 14.96 8499 1.82 2.12 2.66 2506 

20091116 0.88 2.69 3.36 10991 0.11 2.20 2.77 7939 -6.80 14.05 17.23 7939 1.37 2.74 3.58 2335 

20091222 0.57 1.99 2.59 12520 1.05 1.72 2.23 8975 -1.05 8.91 11.69 8973 1.73 2.23 2.76 2106 

20100204 -1.31 2.86 3.59 12481 1.44 2.23 2.97 9271 11.57 14.21 18.02 9270 3.28 3.47 4.00 2183 

20100205 -1.18 2.14 2.76 13118 0.36 1.55 2.08 9386 6.42 11.56 14.50 9386 0.86 1.75 2.31 2192 

20100207 -1.15 2.05 2.71 13146 -1.24 1.82 2.31 9435 -2.61 10.79 14.73 9436 0.94 1.77 2.32 2216 

20100304 -0.99 2.10 2.66 13089 0.39 1.68 2.13 9359 5.03 14.32 18.12 9358 0.97 1.69 2.14 2497 

20100307 -1.01 2.27 2.95 12027 -0.84 1.85 2.53 8513 -1.10 13.09 16.82 8513 0.15 1.30 1.64 2369 

20100309 -1.53 2.32 2.90 12855 -0.29 1.81 2.33 9172 5.66 12.90 16.55 9179 0.48 1.65 2.08 2384 

20100413 -0.58 1.76 2.30 12489 0.10 1.55 2.05 8865 1.58 11.32 14.75 8865 0.50 1.76 2.21 2439 

20100617 -0.14 1.73 2.22 12261 0.80 2.64 3.29 8620 1.54 9.25 12.54 8620 -2.54 2.73 3.36 2454 

20100621 -0.81 2.01 2.56 12155 -0.27 2.46 3.30 8567 1.07 8.19 11.49 8567 -3.48 3.71 4.22 2439 

20100627 -0.03 1.99 2.53 10629 1.80 2.70 3.35 7977 3.16 8.26 10.52 7976 -5.96 6.13 7.23 2300 

20100630 -0.05 2.05 2.64 11728 0.04 2.71 3.43 8552 -0.70 8.36 11.74 8552 -5.07 5.44 6.39 2302 

20100704 0.54 1.94 2.50 11806 0.40 2.56 3.31 8545 -1.22 8.42 11.45 8545 -4.89 4.92 5.46 2395 
126 

Table A-17. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

80Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 -0.19 2.35 3.10 7958 -1.88 2.90 3.65 7958 1.65 2.83 3.56 8072 -7.61 8.21 25 -10.07 6759 

20090421 0.15 1.19 1.60 8407 -0.20 1.18 1.57 8407 -0.40 1.22 1.60 8552 -2.28 36.00 25 -43.84 5700 

20090519 0.97 2.29 3.01 7323 1.04 2.59 3.38 7323 1.06 2.40 3.04 7421 -11.77 19.56 25 -11.23 5795 

20090626 0.19 2.05 2.76 8689 0.01 2.18 2.90 8689 0.80 2.06 2.69 8767 -5.98 21.99 25 -6.55 6363 

20091103 0.28 1.27 1.81 9463 0.12 1.16 1.58 9463 -0.09 1.28 1.74 9560 -19.41 27.66 25 -8.84 5421 

20091114 0.78 1.94 2.65 8483 -0.92 2.16 2.84 8483 1.35 2.20 2.87 8572 -14.77 18.16 25 -4.82 5602 

20091116 0.11 1.08 1.52 8106 0.20 1.10 1.56 8106 -0.30 1.12 1.56 8228 -26.72 30.82 25 -22.89 4442 

20091222 0.60 1.77 2.59 8997 0.45 2.90 3.86 8997 1.97 2.64 3.58 9015 -1.99 24.73 25 42.23 5356 

20100204 0.25 1.27 1.79 9616 0.29 1.25 1.71 9616 0.03 1.31 1.77 9741 -7.01 18.18 25 -4.58 5435 

20100205 0.26 1.63 2.21 9590 1.51 2.21 2.94 9590 1.18 2.09 2.77 9699 -6.36 9.34 25 -6.28 5716 

20100207 -1.24 2.13 3.06 9397 0.05 1.56 2.09 9397 0.84 2.04 2.82 9572 -30.74 30.74 25 -33.91 6182 

20100304 0.51 2.26 3.10 9317 1.25 2.56 3.27 9317 1.20 2.39 3.09 9334 -11.58 16.17 25 -19.31 6950 

20100307 -0.22 1.54 2.07 8691 0.81 1.92 2.53 8691 0.51 1.75 2.31 8716 10.57 18.27 25 -8.63 5497 

20100309 0.73 2.07 2.78 9032 -0.12 2.46 3.26 9032 1.40 2.47 3.25 9067 -7.11 20.53 25 13.09 6682 

20100413 0.91 2.20 2.93 8810 -0.15 2.14 2.82 8810 0.92 2.04 2.61 8909 -24.20 24.96 25 -23.42 6610 

20100617 0.68 1.74 2.37 8952 0.29 1.53 2.01 8952 0.32 1.53 2.02 9003 -13.54 26.96 25 5.45 6557 

20100621 0.29 1.54 2.05 8920 0.09 1.68 2.23 8920 0.31 1.57 2.01 8976 8.43 14.01 25 17.85 6741 

20100627 0.06 1.30 1.71 8302 -0.44 1.37 1.81 8302 0.08 1.29 1.65 8418 4.52 16.31 25 0.75 5690 

20100630 0.43 2.28 2.99 8634 2.02 3.12 3.95 8634 1.73 2.80 3.50 8695 -8.94 11.54 25 -7.83 7146 

20100704 0.15 1.77 2.37 8734 -1.53 2.21 2.83 8734 0.80 1.85 2.34 8823 -37.60 37.94 25 -21.66 6427 
127 

Table A-18. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_L8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.56 1.67 2.10 608 -0.51 1.79 2.35 608 -8.46 11.77 14.93 608 2.72 2.76 3.12 483 

20090421 0.99 2.04 2.54 561 -0.68 2.66 3.13 587 -7.19 11.60 15.70 587 -3.05 3.05 3.24 442 

20090519 0.63 1.68 2.10 578 -0.24 1.76 2.35 595 -0.70 3.86 4.99 595 -5.57 5.57 5.68 446 

20090626 -0.22 1.84 2.23 593 1.92 2.31 2.87 578 5.64 10.13 12.09 578 -4.05 4.05 4.34 459 

20091103 2.37 2.76 3.56 538 1.55 1.83 2.28 582 -2.38 7.01 8.59 582 -2.43 2.48 3.02 479 

20091114 2.10 2.24 2.73 558 1.13 2.41 2.86 563 -3.92 10.26 12.79 563 1.65 1.81 2.13 468 

20091116 4.44 4.46 5.05 539 -0.58 2.25 2.74 560 -19.41 19.85 21.97 560 0.14 2.16 2.55 471 

20091222 1.97 2.09 2.56 514 0.47 1.33 1.59 520 -9.23 9.57 12.43 520 3.03 3.18 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.67 2.99 3.61 570 -0.98 1.57 1.96 576 8.71 9.59 12.73 576 4.54 4.54 5.09 425 

20100205 -1.49 2.06 2.61 578 -0.92 1.21 1.48 579 3.02 9.29 11.44 579 0.19 1.86 2.29 424 

20100207 -1.07 1.52 1.80 591 -1.64 1.72 2.11 591 -3.20 7.00 9.06 591 1.42 1.79 2.12 424 

20100304 0.85 2.07 2.59 609 -0.33 1.99 2.46 610 -5.30 17.92 21.68 610 -0.76 1.45 1.81 480 

20100307 -0.58 1.53 1.93 595 -0.89 1.34 1.60 599 -1.57 9.32 11.48 599 -0.41 1.13 1.38 470 

20100309 -1.28 1.50 1.77 609 -1.12 1.95 2.37 611 1.05 8.76 10.91 611 0.10 1.42 1.74 482 

20100413 0.63 1.23 1.67 580 -0.48 1.49 2.00 579 -3.56 8.52 11.62 579 -1.48 2.01 2.51 462 

20100617 0.07 1.24 1.58 571 2.41 3.04 3.58 571 4.16 8.10 10.69 571 -4.35 4.36 4.84 471 

20100621 0.02 1.38 1.76 577 1.43 1.74 2.44 573 2.85 4.81 7.19 573 -5.60 5.60 5.84 463 

20100627 0.84 1.53 2.16 574 3.85 3.87 4.20 589 5.53 6.50 7.61 589 -8.25 8.89 10.98 435 

20100630 -0.88 1.84 2.24 650 1.22 2.81 3.58 631 2.32 4.34 5.85 631 -6.68 6.71 6.86 445 

20100704 1.44 1.76 2.35 608 0.13 2.16 2.72 608 -1.50 3.93 5.30 608 -7.15 7.15 7.30 442 
128 

Table A-18. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.58 2.20 2.78 586 -1.13 2.46 3.08 586 1.19 2.34 2.92 586 3.62 9.80 25 2.96 580 

20090421 0.32 1.12 1.42 595 -0.23 1.20 1.51 595 -1.00 1.25 1.53 595 -1.43 31.56 25 83.49 502 

20090519 1.00 2.60 3.24 537 0.34 3.16 4.17 537 -0.07 2.56 3.19 537 -6.41 30.03 25 -11.28 518 

20090626 -0.10 2.15 2.79 550 -0.06 2.69 3.59 550 0.08 2.21 2.87 550 -5.42 18.13 25 2.30 526 

20091103 -0.22 1.06 1.36 583 -0.11 1.09 1.47 583 -0.81 1.12 1.46 583 -16.20 42.31 25 -72.69 463 

20091114 0.62 1.71 2.19 554 -0.78 2.13 2.84 554 0.37 1.97 2.64 554 3.63 35.83 25 3.67 487 

20091116 -0.12 1.18 1.47 565 0.54 1.25 1.63 565 -0.37 1.09 1.39 565 -25.84 53.13 25 -15.35 436 

20091222 0.27 1.51 1.95 514 -0.43 2.31 2.99 514 1.72 2.09 2.61 514 23.41 45.54 25 -1.88 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.14 1.48 576 0.00 1.21 1.53 576 -0.18 0.96 1.24 576 5.32 32.28 25 2.35 442 

20100205 -0.25 1.50 1.88 574 3.06 3.43 4.24 574 1.73 2.82 3.52 574 -12.21 47.43 25 -21.82 473 

20100207 0.18 1.27 1.67 586 0.23 1.61 2.05 586 -0.47 1.53 1.99 586 5.44 11.21 25 5.33 533 

20100304 2.10 4.08 5.11 595 1.96 3.15 3.95 595 1.61 2.80 3.48 595 -32.08 42.30 25 -30.64 571 

20100307 -0.10 1.44 1.86 596 1.47 2.26 2.87 596 -0.17 1.62 2.06 596 -7.61 86.78 25 167.47 460 

20100309 1.26 2.25 2.77 578 -0.81 2.29 3.06 578 0.56 2.35 3.03 578 -7.78 13.25 25 9.17 564 

20100413 1.27 2.62 3.58 559 -0.74 2.59 3.46 559 -0.07 2.08 2.68 559 -23.51 53.82 25 -50.37 529 

20100617 0.51 1.59 2.08 576 0.74 1.76 2.21 576 -0.65 1.27 1.63 576 11.09 60.66 25 -37.88 539 

20100621 -0.59 1.56 1.98 563 0.63 1.91 2.48 563 -0.56 1.68 2.17 563 10.08 34.81 25 -12.28 536 

20100627 -0.26 1.51 1.86 585 -0.58 1.49 1.89 585 -0.07 1.29 1.60 591 -15.51 31.85 25 -6.80 509 

20100630 0.26 2.14 2.79 606 0.98 2.33 2.94 606 0.73 2.29 2.92 609 -2.79 11.16 25 -1.35 594 

20100704 0.15 1.73 2.21 607 -2.01 2.68 3.35 607 1.15 2.05 2.64 607 17.56 33.87 25 -4.49 559 
129 

Table A-19. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_L8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.51 1.61 1.98 608 -0.53 1.77 2.34 608 -8.32 11.65 14.86 608 2.79 2.84 3.20 483 

20090421 0.96 2.02 2.52 561 -0.67 2.67 3.14 587 -7.07 11.58 15.69 587 -3.00 3.00 3.20 442 

20090519 0.59 1.65 2.05 578 -0.24 1.76 2.36 595 -0.65 3.88 5.00 595 -5.48 5.48 5.60 446 

20090626 -0.27 1.81 2.19 593 1.87 2.30 2.85 578 5.69 10.30 12.29 578 -3.84 3.84 4.16 459 

20091103 2.32 2.79 3.58 538 1.52 1.81 2.27 582 -2.29 6.99 8.58 582 -2.31 2.39 2.92 479 

20091114 2.04 2.19 2.68 558 1.11 2.41 2.87 563 -3.75 10.29 12.84 563 1.74 1.88 2.22 468 

20091116 4.41 4.44 5.05 539 -0.60 2.25 2.73 560 -19.38 19.76 21.92 560 0.17 2.17 2.55 471 

20091222 1.90 2.01 2.47 514 0.45 1.30 1.56 520 -8.96 9.30 12.19 520 3.18 3.31 3.80 378 

20100204 -2.90 3.19 3.81 570 -1.07 1.65 2.07 576 9.78 10.37 13.60 576 4.96 4.96 5.45 425 

20100205 -1.54 2.07 2.61 578 -0.93 1.18 1.46 579 3.30 9.07 11.25 579 0.36 1.91 2.35 424 

20100207 -1.11 1.45 1.73 591 -1.62 1.69 2.10 591 -2.85 6.82 8.81 591 1.63 1.93 2.28 424 

20100304 0.75 2.01 2.52 609 -0.29 1.96 2.44 610 -4.62 17.62 21.47 610 -0.66 1.46 1.81 480 

20100307 -0.65 1.55 1.96 595 -0.88 1.32 1.58 599 -1.12 9.21 11.38 599 -0.20 1.10 1.37 470 

20100309 -1.29 1.41 1.69 609 -1.17 1.99 2.41 611 0.80 8.80 10.86 611 0.18 1.40 1.73 482 

20100413 0.47 1.12 1.48 580 -0.34 1.42 1.91 579 -2.59 8.05 10.96 579 -1.32 1.94 2.42 462 

20100617 -0.03 1.27 1.59 571 2.42 3.02 3.58 571 4.46 8.18 10.90 571 -4.27 4.29 4.76 471 

20100621 -0.09 1.30 1.68 577 1.48 1.77 2.49 573 3.05 4.85 7.12 573 -5.40 5.40 5.64 463 

20100627 0.83 1.50 2.14 574 3.89 3.91 4.25 589 5.57 6.56 7.64 589 -8.06 8.71 10.84 435 

20100630 -0.93 1.84 2.25 650 1.23 2.86 3.65 631 2.41 4.50 6.06 631 -6.65 6.69 6.83 445 

20100704 1.38 1.70 2.27 608 0.12 2.20 2.77 608 -1.37 3.96 5.39 608 -7.10 7.10 7.26 442 
130 

Table A-19. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.59 2.25 2.84 586 -1.18 2.48 3.11 586 1.26 2.38 2.97 586 3.66 9.84 25 2.96 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.45 595 -0.24 1.20 1.52 595 -0.96 1.24 1.53 595 -0.48 33.25 25 89.33 502 

20090519 1.06 2.65 3.31 537 0.34 3.18 4.23 537 0.04 2.57 3.25 537 -7.33 29.90 25 -12.03 518 

20090626 -0.08 2.19 2.86 550 -0.01 2.74 3.64 550 0.19 2.25 2.90 550 -5.87 17.98 25 1.94 526 

20091103 -0.23 1.07 1.38 583 -0.12 1.08 1.44 583 -0.75 1.12 1.42 583 -8.50 44.75 25 -81.95 463 

20091114 0.67 1.75 2.25 554 -0.81 2.13 2.85 554 0.47 1.99 2.66 554 4.28 35.40 25 4.31 487 

20091116 -0.12 1.22 1.52 565 0.59 1.31 1.69 565 -0.27 1.13 1.42 565 -13.42 53.90 25 -17.37 436 

20091222 0.25 1.56 2.06 514 -0.50 2.31 3.02 514 1.76 2.15 2.71 514 23.06 45.02 25 -2.79 403 

20100204 0.03 1.18 1.55 576 -0.06 1.20 1.54 576 -0.20 0.99 1.29 576 2.42 37.77 25 -1.91 442 

20100205 -0.33 1.55 1.98 574 3.03 3.40 4.27 574 1.80 2.84 3.58 574 -11.81 47.61 25 -21.28 473 

20100207 0.22 1.31 1.69 586 0.29 1.59 2.05 586 -0.37 1.53 1.99 586 6.46 11.60 25 6.22 533 

20100304 2.06 4.12 5.18 595 2.01 3.26 4.06 595 1.79 2.86 3.57 595 -32.60 42.83 25 -30.14 571 

20100307 -0.03 1.49 1.91 596 1.47 2.28 2.88 596 -0.06 1.67 2.09 596 -8.16 87.55 25 163.04 460 

20100309 1.29 2.29 2.83 578 -0.82 2.27 3.02 578 0.75 2.36 3.07 578 -7.10 12.68 25 9.41 564 

20100413 1.26 2.55 3.51 559 -0.82 2.69 3.56 559 -0.08 2.17 2.77 559 -9.60 53.67 25 -51.80 529 

20100617 0.52 1.61 2.13 576 0.78 1.80 2.28 576 -0.59 1.28 1.65 576 9.19 59.29 25 -40.50 539 

20100621 -0.65 1.63 2.11 563 0.62 1.96 2.56 563 -0.40 1.73 2.24 563 10.76 37.93 25 -13.23 536 

20100627 -0.27 1.59 1.98 585 -0.55 1.47 1.88 585 -0.06 1.30 1.63 591 -15.06 31.13 25 -6.77 509 

20100630 0.22 2.12 2.75 606 1.09 2.39 2.98 606 0.88 2.30 2.93 609 -2.36 10.47 25 -0.91 594 

20100704 0.10 1.81 2.35 607 -2.06 2.75 3.45 607 1.26 2.15 2.78 607 16.88 33.98 25 -5.28 559 
131 

Table A-20. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, MYJ BL setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o1_B2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 0.37 1.57 2.03 11966 0.50 1.98 2.57 8189 -1.03 10.87 14.15 8214 3.33 3.35 3.94 2472 

20090421 1.57 2.95 3.74 10878 -0.52 2.69 3.33 7778 -8.16 13.01 17.76 7828 -3.00 3.08 3.41 2387 

20090519 1.82 2.56 3.28 9710 -1.51 2.76 3.51 6921 -7.10 9.84 13.81 6968 -5.39 5.44 5.92 2272 

20090626 0.10 2.29 2.96 11930 0.81 2.13 2.78 8392 2.60 13.17 17.01 8416 -3.46 3.68 4.17 2407 

20091103 2.41 3.44 4.38 11557 -0.27 2.26 2.92 8951 -11.60 15.02 19.88 8947 -2.25 2.38 2.93 2475 

20091114 1.11 1.93 2.48 11717 -0.17 1.95 2.48 8497 -7.92 13.27 16.81 8499 2.00 2.26 2.80 2506 

20091116 2.62 3.41 4.18 10991 -0.40 2.31 2.90 7939 -14.60 19.09 23.22 7939 1.36 2.78 3.63 2335 

20091222 0.72 2.00 2.69 12520 0.39 1.54 2.01 8975 -5.43 10.57 13.80 8973 2.15 2.48 2.99 2106 

20100204 0.17 2.46 3.21 12481 0.90 2.02 2.72 9271 1.24 11.85 14.87 9270 2.91 3.10 3.58 2183 

20100205 -0.46 1.85 2.42 13118 -0.18 1.56 2.07 9386 0.13 11.58 14.77 9386 1.09 1.78 2.37 2192 

20100207 -0.39 1.76 2.26 13146 -1.56 2.05 2.60 9435 -6.89 12.87 17.38 9436 1.42 1.92 2.53 2216 

20100304 -0.51 1.92 2.46 13089 0.15 1.68 2.11 9359 1.35 14.20 17.80 9358 1.25 1.83 2.28 2497 

20100307 0.11 2.03 2.63 12027 -1.42 2.22 3.10 8513 -8.38 15.78 20.20 8513 0.31 1.32 1.65 2369 

20100309 -1.15 2.23 2.77 12855 -0.62 1.92 2.48 9172 1.96 12.94 16.32 9179 0.66 1.66 2.10 2384 

20100413 -0.25 1.74 2.29 12489 -0.05 1.63 2.14 8865 -0.60 11.89 15.53 8865 0.75 1.84 2.28 2439 

20100617 0.76 1.90 2.48 12261 0.70 2.83 3.52 8620 -1.20 9.69 13.18 8620 -2.35 2.58 3.23 2454 

20100621 0.17 1.94 2.56 12155 -0.22 2.60 3.50 8567 -1.01 8.71 12.28 8567 -3.19 3.49 3.99 2439 

20100627 1.87 2.64 3.41 10629 1.91 2.78 3.46 7977 -1.30 8.74 11.73 7976 -6.19 6.35 7.43 2300 

20100630 0.88 2.19 2.87 11728 0.20 2.76 3.50 8552 -2.06 8.60 12.53 8552 -5.17 5.49 6.46 2302 

20100704 1.68 2.37 3.01 11806 0.67 2.76 3.51 8545 -3.02 9.12 12.58 8545 -4.85 4.89 5.45 2395 
132 

Table A-20. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 1, 

MYJ BL setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.02 2.52 3.31 7958 -2.13 3.14 3.94 7958 2.28 3.14 3.92 8072 -5.20 5.77 25 -8.34 6759 

20090421 0.11 1.31 1.73 8407 -0.18 1.35 1.76 8407 0.19 1.27 1.62 8552 -5.87 34.40 25 -44.59 5700 

20090519 0.88 2.57 3.38 7323 1.54 2.87 3.69 7323 1.87 2.75 3.48 7421 -4.11 11.85 25 -5.78 5795 

20090626 0.11 2.39 3.19 8689 0.19 2.50 3.28 8689 1.58 2.46 3.15 8767 -5.88 17.75 25 -1.27 6363 

20091103 0.33 1.45 1.98 9463 0.28 1.41 1.88 9463 0.55 1.44 1.90 9560 -17.68 23.92 25 -0.86 5421 

20091114 0.85 2.13 2.87 8483 -0.82 2.35 3.06 8483 1.76 2.46 3.18 8572 -9.90 13.94 25 -2.42 5602 

20091116 0.02 1.23 1.66 8106 0.40 1.33 1.81 8106 0.30 1.24 1.64 8228 -21.61 28.29 25 -19.02 4442 

20091222 0.47 1.93 2.74 8997 0.32 2.89 3.89 8997 2.28 2.78 3.74 9015 2.69 19.90 25 40.66 5356 

20100204 0.24 1.45 1.98 9616 0.62 1.52 1.99 9616 0.71 1.51 1.98 9741 1.96 16.68 25 5.37 5435 

20100205 -0.10 1.80 2.36 9590 1.88 2.51 3.23 9590 1.81 2.40 3.06 9699 0.76 6.11 25 0.83 5716 

20100207 -1.16 2.28 3.32 9397 -0.25 1.72 2.23 9397 1.44 2.26 3.13 9572 -24.17 24.17 25 -27.32 6182 

20100304 0.12 2.46 3.31 9317 1.35 2.77 3.53 9317 1.78 2.68 3.43 9334 -3.84 10.53 25 -11.17 6950 

20100307 -0.47 1.77 2.33 8691 0.96 2.20 2.84 8691 1.21 2.04 2.62 8716 14.81 18.90 25 -3.15 5497 

20100309 0.65 2.27 3.03 9032 -0.09 2.62 3.44 9032 1.90 2.74 3.57 9067 -0.61 14.70 25 12.44 6682 

20100413 0.95 2.42 3.20 8810 0.37 2.37 3.09 8810 1.53 2.37 3.02 8909 -13.45 15.12 25 -13.09 6610 

20100617 0.57 1.86 2.52 8952 0.46 1.69 2.17 8952 0.86 1.70 2.23 9003 -6.50 21.32 25 13.36 6557 

20100621 0.31 1.72 2.27 8920 -0.07 1.83 2.39 8920 0.82 1.75 2.24 8976 5.89 12.73 25 10.33 6741 

20100627 0.01 1.54 2.00 8302 -0.74 1.67 2.15 8302 0.80 1.53 1.92 8418 2.55 19.20 25 -2.98 5690 

20100630 -0.26 2.73 3.54 8634 2.61 3.62 4.56 8634 2.92 3.55 4.38 8695 -0.64 9.39 25 -0.05 7146 

20100704 0.25 1.98 2.64 8734 -1.86 2.55 3.22 8734 1.45 2.16 2.70 8823 -38.07 39.35 25 -22.36 6427 
133 

Table A-21. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_B2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.47 1.61 2.10 608 -0.22 1.74 2.32 608 -6.90 11.17 14.27 608 2.91 2.94 3.31 483 

20090421 2.68 3.14 3.92 561 -0.95 3.31 3.85 587 -11.75 14.58 20.53 587 -3.20 3.20 3.37 442 

20090519 1.14 1.74 2.22 578 -0.35 1.47 1.99 595 -1.82 3.37 4.46 595 -5.42 5.42 5.53 446 

20090626 -0.24 1.94 2.37 593 2.38 2.66 3.17 578 7.51 11.60 13.87 578 -3.89 3.89 4.23 459 

20091103 3.91 4.04 4.97 538 1.34 1.70 2.17 582 -8.89 10.42 13.08 582 -2.54 2.58 3.10 479 

20091114 2.16 2.33 2.88 558 1.08 2.31 2.74 563 -4.58 9.88 12.41 563 1.82 1.94 2.27 468 

20091116 5.37 5.37 5.90 539 -0.76 2.16 2.72 560 -22.72 22.82 25.30 560 0.15 2.25 2.62 471 

20091222 1.82 1.97 2.59 514 0.02 1.37 1.73 520 -11.14 11.27 14.20 520 3.47 3.54 3.96 378 

20100204 -1.50 2.36 2.88 570 -1.15 1.57 1.86 576 1.19 9.39 12.06 576 3.73 3.74 4.27 425 

20100205 -1.24 1.94 2.40 578 -1.08 1.29 1.57 579 1.04 9.67 11.95 579 0.80 1.89 2.31 424 

20100207 -1.53 1.82 2.09 591 -1.63 1.74 2.08 591 -0.36 7.04 9.46 591 2.35 2.44 2.80 424 

20100304 0.96 1.95 2.47 609 -0.08 1.75 2.18 610 -5.05 16.25 19.71 610 -0.47 1.43 1.73 480 

20100307 -0.09 1.65 2.03 595 -1.22 1.52 1.85 599 -5.84 11.10 13.75 599 -0.30 1.13 1.38 470 

20100309 -1.43 1.63 1.87 609 -1.34 2.15 2.71 611 0.67 9.38 11.77 611 0.42 1.46 1.82 482 

20100413 0.64 1.33 1.78 580 0.09 1.37 1.81 579 -1.93 8.17 10.87 579 -1.16 1.84 2.34 462 

20100617 0.66 1.35 1.77 571 2.83 3.58 4.13 571 3.38 8.83 11.21 571 -4.20 4.22 4.69 471 

20100621 0.27 1.55 1.98 577 1.58 2.05 2.76 573 2.72 4.96 7.42 573 -5.29 5.29 5.55 463 

20100627 2.31 2.47 3.14 574 3.68 3.72 4.12 589 2.80 4.79 6.14 589 -8.51 9.15 11.20 435 

20100630 -0.30 1.51 2.03 650 1.42 2.67 3.52 631 2.19 3.85 5.53 631 -6.89 6.90 7.05 445 

20100704 1.91 2.19 2.74 608 0.56 2.13 2.67 608 -1.28 4.28 5.78 608 -7.10 7.10 7.30 442 
134 

Table A-21. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting (continued). 

10-m -ind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.84 2.22 2.88 586 -1.35 2.61 3.27 586 1.62 2.58 3.18 586 5.57 8.50 25 4.40 580 

20090421 0.00 1.15 1.49 595 -0.23 1.28 1.61 595 -0.38 1.09 1.38 595 -9.60 31.20 25 36.48 502 

20090519 1.17 2.81 3.62 537 1.30 3.21 4.23 537 0.94 2.52 3.21 537 2.03 25.11 25 -2.03 518 

20090626 -0.55 2.49 3.36 550 -0.06 3.28 4.26 550 1.00 2.79 3.59 550 3.37 21.22 25 7.82 526 

20091103 -0.30 1.19 1.53 583 -0.22 1.25 1.70 583 -0.13 1.01 1.34 583 -11.37 46.29 25 -99.92 463 

20091114 0.70 2.05 2.57 554 -0.48 2.10 2.88 554 0.51 1.99 2.72 554 16.86 40.30 25 6.68 487 

20091116 -0.39 1.26 1.56 565 0.96 1.46 1.86 565 0.32 1.08 1.37 565 -22.35 51.40 25 -14.83 436 

20091222 0.28 1.58 2.12 514 -0.09 2.19 2.90 514 1.65 2.00 2.57 514 4.06 45.49 25 3.12 403 

20100204 -0.43 1.36 1.77 576 0.79 1.61 2.02 576 0.78 1.32 1.66 576 4.62 30.42 25 2.96 442 

20100205 -0.97 1.82 2.38 574 3.56 3.75 4.52 574 2.50 3.07 3.80 574 -5.04 46.52 25 -14.41 473 

20100207 1.04 1.74 2.20 586 -0.12 1.71 2.10 586 0.23 1.64 2.05 586 18.92 19.83 25 19.50 533 

20100304 1.47 4.00 5.11 595 2.17 3.31 4.14 595 2.03 3.04 3.77 595 -27.75 39.73 25 -24.16 571 

20100307 -0.29 1.59 2.05 596 1.56 2.51 3.15 596 0.42 1.68 2.12 596 -2.97 82.54 25 -179.16 460 

20100309 0.91 2.02 2.58 578 -0.56 2.37 3.05 578 0.85 2.40 3.07 578 -2.11 7.37 25 7.45 564 

20100413 0.92 2.42 3.31 559 -0.60 2.59 3.50 559 0.21 2.00 2.66 559 3.68 45.39 25 -34.81 529 

20100617 0.41 1.63 2.19 576 0.59 1.84 2.31 576 -0.08 1.20 1.55 576 22.16 57.52 25 -27.04 539 

20100621 -0.50 1.82 2.30 563 0.47 1.89 2.47 563 -0.31 1.74 2.29 563 3.12 46.46 25 -9.73 536 

20100627 -0.53 1.64 2.07 585 -0.87 1.63 2.10 585 0.49 1.33 1.71 591 -18.59 27.50 25 -13.24 509 

20100630 -0.07 2.02 2.65 606 1.76 2.73 3.37 606 1.77 2.67 3.37 609 1.29 4.98 25 1.67 594 

20100704 0.51 1.89 2.43 607 -2.24 2.90 3.57 607 1.68 2.34 2.91 607 19.38 28.91 25 -0.98 559 
135 

Table A-22. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_B2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.42 1.55 1.98 608 -0.21 1.75 2.34 608 -6.64 11.09 14.20 608 2.98 3.01 3.39 483 

20090421 2.61 3.07 3.87 561 -0.66 3.18 3.72 587 -11.01 14.25 20.13 587 -3.15 3.15 3.34 442 

20090519 1.10 1.70 2.15 578 -0.35 1.51 2.04 595 -1.74 3.34 4.42 595 -5.35 5.35 5.47 446 

20090626 -0.27 1.89 2.31 593 2.44 2.71 3.24 578 7.84 11.86 14.12 578 -3.63 3.66 4.05 459 

20091103 3.83 4.00 4.94 538 1.46 1.75 2.22 582 -8.28 10.10 12.78 582 -2.43 2.49 3.01 479 

20091114 2.12 2.29 2.84 558 1.08 2.34 2.76 563 -4.29 9.82 12.43 563 1.91 2.02 2.36 468 

20091116 5.32 5.32 5.87 539 -0.65 2.07 2.64 560 -22.26 22.34 24.93 560 0.18 2.26 2.63 471 

20091222 1.66 1.79 2.35 514 0.00 1.34 1.70 520 -10.29 10.43 13.22 520 3.71 3.75 4.15 378 

20100204 -1.86 2.53 3.09 570 -1.19 1.63 1.96 576 2.98 9.17 12.08 576 4.23 4.23 4.71 425 

20100205 -1.37 1.98 2.48 578 -1.16 1.34 1.64 579 1.32 9.36 11.67 579 1.00 1.99 2.43 424 

20100207 -1.58 1.80 2.08 591 -1.59 1.73 2.11 591 0.23 7.07 9.61 591 2.58 2.62 2.98 424 

20100304 0.84 1.89 2.39 609 0.00 1.69 2.09 610 -4.09 15.97 19.38 610 -0.36 1.44 1.74 480 

20100307 -0.17 1.65 2.04 595 -1.12 1.44 1.75 599 -4.90 10.77 13.34 599 -0.10 1.11 1.39 470 

20100309 -1.45 1.55 1.80 609 -1.28 2.08 2.65 611 1.07 9.35 11.77 611 0.49 1.45 1.81 482 

20100413 0.40 1.26 1.68 580 0.26 1.38 1.83 579 -0.55 8.09 10.70 579 -0.92 1.72 2.19 462 

20100617 0.58 1.28 1.72 571 3.03 3.65 4.22 571 4.11 8.97 11.38 571 -4.12 4.14 4.62 471 

20100621 0.20 1.47 1.96 577 1.55 2.10 2.82 573 2.73 5.25 7.77 573 -5.08 5.08 5.34 463 

20100627 2.28 2.44 3.14 574 3.79 3.83 4.24 589 3.04 5.06 6.44 589 -8.33 8.97 11.06 435 

20100630 -0.37 1.49 2.05 650 1.44 2.66 3.55 631 2.28 4.00 5.85 631 -6.90 6.91 7.05 445 

20100704 1.86 2.13 2.67 608 0.57 2.21 2.76 608 -1.16 4.40 5.92 608 -7.05 7.05 7.26 442 
136 

Table A-22. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.85 2.30 2.95 586 -1.39 2.66 3.33 586 1.69 2.63 3.25 586 5.58 8.52 25 4.40 580 

20090421 0.02 1.18 1.52 595 -0.24 1.30 1.64 595 -0.32 1.12 1.40 595 -10.21 33.49 25 39.64 502 

20090519 1.24 2.93 3.78 537 1.32 3.27 4.30 537 1.12 2.61 3.35 537 1.75 25.56 25 -2.63 518 

20090626 -0.53 2.59 3.49 550 -0.07 3.32 4.30 550 1.10 2.87 3.70 550 3.03 21.03 25 7.50 526 

20091103 -0.30 1.23 1.59 583 -0.25 1.25 1.68 583 -0.04 1.02 1.35 583 -18.99 49.96 25 -100.45 463 

20091114 0.76 2.09 2.62 554 -0.50 2.13 2.93 554 0.60 2.04 2.77 554 18.34 41.22 25 7.52 487 

20091116 -0.39 1.31 1.63 565 1.02 1.52 1.94 565 0.41 1.15 1.46 565 -23.97 52.00 25 -16.46 436 

20091222 0.40 1.58 2.16 514 -0.34 2.14 2.85 514 1.68 2.06 2.67 514 -0.64 41.50 25 2.74 403 

20100204 -0.28 1.40 1.84 576 0.70 1.62 2.01 576 0.77 1.34 1.69 576 0.17 32.23 25 -1.89 442 

20100205 -0.87 1.83 2.40 574 3.32 3.58 4.43 574 2.33 2.98 3.74 574 -5.70 47.24 25 -15.08 473 

20100207 1.02 1.78 2.23 586 0.14 1.71 2.16 586 0.19 1.68 2.11 586 20.03 21.00 25 20.61 533 

20100304 1.55 4.02 5.16 595 2.16 3.42 4.24 595 2.13 3.10 3.86 595 -29.05 40.74 25 -24.81 571 

20100307 -0.17 1.63 2.11 596 1.58 2.50 3.14 596 0.50 1.73 2.17 596 -4.58 80.03 25 173.75 460 

20100309 1.01 2.07 2.66 578 -0.63 2.38 3.08 578 1.03 2.46 3.17 578 -1.77 7.29 25 7.72 564 

20100413 0.93 2.50 3.43 559 -0.55 2.54 3.42 559 0.32 2.02 2.76 559 4.63 47.37 25 -35.33 529 

20100617 0.43 1.67 2.22 576 0.63 1.85 2.33 576 -0.03 1.25 1.60 576 20.54 56.03 25 -29.70 539 

20100621 -0.55 1.79 2.35 563 0.44 1.96 2.60 563 -0.17 1.77 2.38 563 1.94 42.12 25 -10.45 536 

20100627 -0.57 1.79 2.27 585 -0.86 1.79 2.26 585 0.65 1.49 1.91 591 -18.99 27.29 25 -14.42 509 

20100630 -0.08 2.13 2.80 606 1.80 2.80 3.48 606 1.86 2.74 3.45 609 1.37 5.61 25 1.87 594 

20100704 0.40 2.06 2.68 607 -2.28 2.99 3.70 607 1.82 2.53 3.14 607 18.24 28.66 25 -2.30 559 
137 

Appendix B. Tabular and Graphical Error Statistics for Surface 

Meteorological Variables for the Three Combinations of WRF Spatial 

Resolution and Domain for both WRF Resolutions. 

Appendix B contains tables and graphs of the error statistics of Bias or ME, MAE, RMSE and 

the total number of matched forecast-observation pairs (TOTAL) used in calculating the statistics 

for the following surface meteorological variables: 

 Air temperature (degrees Kelvin, 2-m level) 

 Dew point temperature (degrees Kelvin, 2-m level) 

 Relative humidity (percent, 2-m level) 

 Mean sea level pressure (HectoPascals, 0-m level) 

 U-component wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 V-component wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 Wind speed (meters/second, 10-m level) 

 Row mean wind direction (degrees, 10-m level) 

 Aggregate wind direction (degrees, 10-m level) 

Note: MET does not calculate RMSE for wind direction. MET does not calculate MAE for 

aggregate wind direction. 

The tables (B-2 through B-15) with their associated figures (B-1 through B-63) are presented in 

the following order in table B-1 by WRF parameter setting. 
138 

Table B-1. Figures and tables of appendix B in the order they appear organized by 

WRF parameter setting. 

Parameter Setting Associated Figures and Tables 

Control (CO) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-2 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table B-3 and figures 

B-1−B-9 

Physics2 (P2) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-4 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table B-5 and figures 

B-10−B-18 

Physics8 (P8) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-6 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table B-7 and figures 

B-19−B-27 

3Second (T3) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-8 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table B-9 and figures 

B-28−B-36 

40Levels (L4) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-10 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)― table B-11 and figures 

B-37−B-45 

80Levels (L8) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)― table B-12 

3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―table B-13 and figures 

B-46−B-54 

MYJ BL (B2) 3-km WRF, Domain 2 (m1o2)―table B-14 

1-km WRF, Domain 2 (m2o2)―B-15 and figures 

B-55−B-63 
139 

Table B-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_CO_sfc

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.57 1.68 2.11 608 -0.57 1.80 2.37 608 -8.80 12.01 15.17 608 2.81 2.85 3.19 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.21 442 

20090519 0.60 1.68 2.10 578 -0.19 1.76 2.38 595 -0.59 3.91 5.07 595 -5.54 5.54 5.66 446 

20090626 -0.19 1.88 2.27 593 1.83 2.21 2.75 578 5.16 9.72 11.65 578 -4.03 4.03 4.32 459 

20091103 2.59 2.93 3.71 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.37 7.38 9.04 582 -2.47 2.51 3.03 479 

20091114 2.12 2.26 2.74 558 1.05 2.35 2.79 563 -4.34 10.21 12.65 563 1.71 1.85 2.17 468 

20091116 4.68 4.70 5.26 539 -0.63 2.28 2.77 560 -20.28 20.83 22.89 560 0.02 2.21 2.59 471 

20091222 2.04 2.15 2.61 514 0.48 1.32 1.58 520 -9.71 9.99 12.68 520 3.01 3.17 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.37 2.77 3.36 570 -0.78 1.42 1.74 576 7.45 8.96 11.96 576 4.07 4.08 4.65 425 

20100205 -1.51 2.08 2.65 578 -1.11 1.36 1.64 579 2.11 9.05 11.15 579 0.10 1.91 2.34 424 

20100207 -0.95 1.49 1.76 591 -1.70 1.78 2.21 591 -4.25 7.49 9.86 591 1.32 1.76 2.09 424 

20100304 0.81 2.07 2.59 609 -0.34 1.98 2.44 610 -5.17 17.98 21.64 610 -0.72 1.44 1.79 480 

20100307 -0.52 1.53 1.92 595 -0.91 1.35 1.61 599 -1.97 9.42 11.64 599 -0.36 1.11 1.36 470 

20100309 -1.25 1.49 1.75 609 -1.20 2.01 2.43 611 0.49 8.84 10.97 611 0.17 1.43 1.77 482 

20100413 0.76 1.35 1.81 580 -0.46 1.49 2.01 579 -4.28 8.87 11.91 579 -1.42 2.00 2.47 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.49 3.16 3.66 571 4.43 8.48 10.86 571 -3.98 3.99 4.41 471 

20100621 -0.02 1.46 1.86 577 1.69 1.97 2.64 573 3.36 5.16 7.45 573 -5.24 5.24 5.45 463 

20100627 1.11 1.65 2.26 574 3.92 3.94 4.28 589 5.28 6.29 7.47 589 -8.19 8.84 10.93 435 

20100630 -0.93 1.87 2.25 650 1.08 2.74 3.46 631 2.21 4.27 5.73 631 -6.66 6.69 6.85 445 

20100704 1.05 1.55 2.10 608 0.23 2.06 2.62 608 -0.96 3.64 5.12 608 -6.80 6.80 6.93 442 
140 

Table B-2. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.56 2.19 2.78 586 -1.12 2.42 3.05 586 1.16 2.32 2.89 586 3.37 9.89 25 2.90 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.70 32.93 25 89.20 502 

20090519 0.97 2.54 3.16 537 0.29 3.19 4.25 537 -0.17 2.57 3.19 537 -4.13 31.92 25 -11.42 518 

20090626 0.13 2.09 2.80 550 0.15 2.74 3.66 550 -0.03 2.24 2.92 550 -7.93 19.11 25 -1.97 526 

20091103 -0.24 1.08 1.37 583 -0.07 1.10 1.48 583 -0.88 1.16 1.50 583 -9.89 46.54 25 -69.22 463 

20091114 0.63 1.68 2.14 554 -0.76 2.09 2.78 554 0.30 1.94 2.58 554 3.80 36.31 25 3.93 487 

20091116 -0.23 1.21 1.51 565 0.61 1.32 1.72 565 -0.30 1.11 1.40 565 -21.24 52.22 25 -11.71 436 

20091222 0.18 1.52 1.96 514 -0.40 2.25 2.90 514 1.60 2.01 2.51 514 22.62 45.11 25 -2.87 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.10 1.44 576 0.19 1.19 1.50 576 -0.20 0.99 1.27 576 3.13 30.27 25 -0.82 442 

20100205 -0.09 1.47 1.85 574 2.67 3.17 3.95 574 1.35 2.58 3.25 574 -14.34 47.95 25 -23.06 473 

20100207 0.00 1.31 1.68 586 0.39 1.62 2.07 586 -0.68 1.58 2.06 586 2.22 10.10 25 2.06 533 

20100304 2.19 4.09 5.11 595 1.74 3.06 3.88 595 1.42 2.75 3.44 595 -33.59 43.71 25 -31.53 571 

20100307 -0.10 1.42 1.83 596 1.43 2.21 2.81 596 -0.27 1.61 2.05 596 4.22 85.46 25 167.08 460 

20100309 1.28 2.27 2.79 578 -0.92 2.32 3.11 578 0.47 2.38 3.06 578 -8.83 14.08 25 8.36 564 

20100413 1.31 2.61 3.50 559 -0.76 2.54 3.35 559 -0.22 2.15 2.75 559 -24.01 55.12 25 -52.30 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.69 1.72 2.14 576 -0.82 1.31 1.68 576 13.24 58.81 25 -36.96 539 

20100621 -0.62 1.57 1.96 563 0.76 1.93 2.47 563 -0.84 1.79 2.26 563 0.56 37.19 25 -13.17 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.48 1.82 585 -0.53 1.44 1.85 585 -0.22 1.27 1.58 591 -16.01 31.85 25 -6.17 509 

20100630 0.42 2.16 2.80 606 0.69 2.23 2.82 606 0.46 2.16 2.77 609 -4.11 11.63 25 -2.83 594 

20100704 0.05 1.72 2.21 607 -1.78 2.55 3.22 607 0.87 1.97 2.59 607 15.63 33.40 25 -5.15 559 
141 

Table B-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_CO_sfc

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.51 1.61 1.99 608 -0.60 1.78 2.35 608 -8.67 11.88 15.09 608 2.89 2.92 3.27 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.79 3.29 587 -7.33 11.88 16.08 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.56 1.65 2.05 578 -0.20 1.76 2.39 595 -0.55 3.93 5.09 595 -5.46 5.46 5.58 446 

20090626 -0.23 1.85 2.23 593 1.79 2.20 2.74 578 5.20 9.91 11.88 578 -3.81 3.81 4.15 459 

20091103 2.56 2.97 3.73 538 1.46 1.76 2.21 582 -3.31 7.40 9.04 582 -2.36 2.42 2.93 479 

20091114 2.06 2.21 2.70 558 1.03 2.35 2.80 563 -4.16 10.21 12.69 563 1.80 1.92 2.27 468 

20091116 4.58 4.60 5.18 539 -0.66 2.26 2.71 560 -20.07 20.38 22.52 560 0.16 2.19 2.59 471 

20091222 1.99 2.09 2.54 514 0.45 1.29 1.55 520 -9.52 9.81 12.49 520 3.15 3.30 3.79 378 

20100204 -2.57 2.94 3.55 570 -0.86 1.49 1.82 576 8.30 9.41 12.52 576 4.49 4.49 5.02 425 

20100205 -1.55 2.09 2.65 578 -1.09 1.32 1.62 579 2.41 8.87 10.97 579 0.29 1.95 2.40 424 

20100207 -0.99 1.41 1.70 591 -1.67 1.74 2.16 591 -3.79 7.14 9.35 591 1.55 1.90 2.25 424 

20100304 0.73 2.03 2.53 609 -0.30 1.95 2.42 610 -4.56 17.77 21.48 610 -0.63 1.44 1.79 480 

20100307 -0.59 1.54 1.95 595 -0.91 1.34 1.60 599 -1.59 9.38 11.61 599 -0.16 1.08 1.36 470 

20100309 -0.69 1.03 1.30 609 -1.08 1.89 2.34 611 -1.52 9.93 12.00 611 -0.37 1.50 1.82 482 

20100413 0.66 1.27 1.73 580 -0.43 1.47 1.97 579 -3.80 8.49 11.62 579 -1.28 1.95 2.41 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.29 1.61 571 2.51 3.15 3.69 571 4.81 8.67 11.18 571 -3.90 3.93 4.34 471 

20100621 -0.15 1.37 1.77 577 1.74 1.99 2.68 573 3.58 5.24 7.43 573 -5.03 5.03 5.24 463 

20100627 1.10 1.61 2.24 574 3.93 3.95 4.30 589 5.23 6.25 7.37 589 -8.00 8.65 10.80 435 

20100630 -0.98 1.87 2.25 650 1.09 2.78 3.51 631 2.29 4.40 5.92 631 -6.64 6.67 6.82 445 

20100704 0.99 1.50 2.04 608 0.24 2.09 2.66 608 -0.84 3.67 5.23 608 -6.75 6.75 6.89 442 
142 

Table B-3. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.57 2.24 2.84 586 -1.17 2.44 3.08 586 1.24 2.36 2.94 586 3.40 9.95 25 2.89 580 

20090421 0.36 1.15 1.44 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.93 34.30 25 93.85 502 

20090519 1.03 2.59 3.24 537 0.26 3.22 4.32 537 -0.06 2.58 3.23 537 -5.02 31.84 25 -12.69 518 

20090626 0.15 2.13 2.87 550 0.20 2.76 3.68 550 0.08 2.26 2.95 550 -8.24 19.40 25 -2.38 526 

20091103 -0.25 1.08 1.38 583 -0.08 1.09 1.44 583 -0.82 1.15 1.46 583 -10.79 47.01 25 -84.29 463 

20091114 0.70 1.72 2.21 554 -0.79 2.09 2.80 554 0.40 1.96 2.61 554 4.55 36.06 25 4.74 487 

20091116 -0.11 1.18 1.47 565 0.62 1.29 1.67 565 -0.32 1.08 1.38 565 -27.96 54.06 25 -18.20 436 

20091222 0.17 1.60 2.09 514 -0.43 2.26 2.94 514 1.66 2.08 2.61 514 22.71 44.70 25 -3.46 403 

20100204 0.00 1.11 1.47 576 0.14 1.15 1.46 576 -0.22 0.99 1.28 576 1.14 34.67 25 -3.01 442 

20100205 -0.13 1.53 1.94 574 2.63 3.15 3.97 574 1.40 2.60 3.30 574 -14.77 48.18 25 -22.61 473 

20100207 0.04 1.29 1.65 586 0.48 1.62 2.08 586 -0.62 1.58 2.06 586 3.36 10.01 25 3.17 533 

20100304 2.13 4.10 5.15 595 1.80 3.20 4.01 595 1.59 2.83 3.54 595 -33.29 43.48 25 -30.79 571 

20100307 -0.04 1.46 1.88 596 1.45 2.24 2.84 596 -0.16 1.66 2.10 596 2.86 90.25 25 163.39 460 

20100309 1.52 2.42 2.97 578 -1.24 2.38 3.17 578 1.02 2.48 3.21 578 -7.99 14.26 25 8.05 564 

20100413 1.37 2.58 3.50 559 -1.04 2.58 3.38 559 -0.25 2.14 2.74 559 -28.31 60.54 25 -63.67 529 

20100617 0.55 1.53 2.02 576 0.74 1.78 2.20 576 -0.79 1.33 1.70 576 11.93 57.80 25 -38.90 539 

20100621 -0.65 1.64 2.07 563 0.73 1.97 2.54 563 -0.70 1.80 2.30 563 -0.87 38.59 25 -13.49 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.53 1.89 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.22 1.28 1.59 591 -15.01 30.77 25 -6.01 509 

20100630 0.39 2.15 2.79 606 0.80 2.28 2.86 606 0.60 2.17 2.78 609 -3.72 11.09 25 -2.42 594 

20100704 -0.03 1.78 2.32 607 -1.86 2.63 3.32 607 1.00 2.06 2.72 607 14.47 33.47 25 -6.46 559 
143 

Figure B-1. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. 
144 

Figure B-2. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. 
145 

Figure B-3. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 
146 

Figure B-4. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Control setting. 
147 

Figure B-5. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

 Control setting. 
148 

Figure B-6. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

 Control setting. 
149 

Figure B-7. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Control setting. 
150 

Figure B-8. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

 Control setting. 
151 

Figure B-9. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

 Control setting. 
152 

Table B-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_P2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.64 1.71 2.13 608 -0.66 1.74 2.34 608 -9.46 11.59 14.80 608 2.64 2.69 3.03 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.21 442 

20090519 0.55 1.68 2.12 578 -0.10 1.90 2.55 595 -0.27 4.17 5.45 595 -5.45 5.45 5.59 446 

20090626 0.41 1.83 2.24 593 1.67 2.14 2.66 578 3.65 8.83 11.04 578 -4.34 4.34 4.57 459 

20091103 2.61 2.95 3.71 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.40 7.38 9.04 582 -2.47 2.51 3.02 479 

20091114 2.23 2.34 2.74 558 0.74 2.62 3.05 563 -5.71 12.66 15.25 563 1.53 1.83 2.14 468 

20091116 4.35 4.37 4.94 539 -0.68 2.23 2.69 560 -19.42 19.84 21.93 560 0.31 2.17 2.56 471 

20091222 2.25 2.39 2.80 514 0.63 1.55 1.81 520 -10.13 10.52 12.88 520 2.84 2.97 3.43 378 

20100204 -2.50 2.96 3.53 570 -0.70 1.33 1.63 576 6.40 8.78 11.50 576 3.55 3.56 4.08 425 

20100205 -1.55 2.10 2.62 578 -0.79 1.14 1.38 579 4.15 9.63 12.07 579 0.14 1.91 2.34 424 

20100207 -0.63 1.29 1.58 591 -1.64 1.68 1.99 591 -5.84 7.70 10.11 591 1.16 1.70 2.03 424 

20100304 0.87 2.18 2.68 609 -0.29 1.91 2.39 610 -5.29 18.10 21.66 610 -0.91 1.64 2.05 480 

20100307 -0.08 1.26 1.57 595 -1.01 1.48 1.75 599 -5.00 8.51 10.99 599 -0.76 1.35 1.64 470 

20100309 -0.86 1.26 1.51 609 -1.04 1.80 2.28 611 -0.71 8.93 11.09 611 -0.46 1.41 1.73 482 

20100413 0.88 1.50 1.95 580 -0.19 1.57 2.08 579 -3.31 9.23 12.33 579 -1.64 2.29 2.81 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.49 3.16 3.67 571 4.44 8.50 10.87 571 -3.97 3.98 4.40 471 

20100621 -0.04 1.45 1.85 577 1.68 1.97 2.64 573 3.36 5.16 7.44 573 -5.20 5.20 5.42 463 

20100627 1.44 1.79 2.44 574 3.76 3.79 4.13 589 4.50 5.70 6.96 589 -8.45 9.10 11.14 435 

20100630 -0.90 1.87 2.25 650 0.02 2.47 3.13 631 1.19 3.88 5.38 631 -6.71 6.74 6.89 445 

20100704 1.00 1.52 2.06 608 0.35 2.11 2.70 608 -0.62 3.76 5.31 608 -6.72 6.72 6.86 442 
153 

Table B-4. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.46 2.13 2.68 586 -1.17 2.54 3.16 586 1.17 2.40 2.96 586 3.09 10.13 25 2.12 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.75 33.00 25 88.54 502 

20090519 0.99 2.66 3.33 537 0.45 3.50 4.79 537 -0.08 2.57 3.18 537 -1.00 39.02 25 -9.27 518 

20090626 0.37 2.27 3.13 550 -0.72 2.76 3.73 550 -0.13 2.39 3.07 550 -10.22 20.18 25 0.21 526 

20091103 -0.25 1.08 1.37 583 -0.07 1.10 1.48 583 -0.88 1.16 1.50 583 -9.78 46.97 25 -74.65 463 

20091114 0.66 1.74 2.22 554 -0.84 2.14 2.86 554 0.31 2.05 2.77 554 -11.83 37.12 25 3.62 487 

20091116 -0.09 1.18 1.46 565 0.50 1.21 1.58 565 -0.46 1.10 1.40 565 -25.96 52.83 25 -15.28 436 

20091222 0.10 1.47 1.92 514 -0.41 2.43 3.11 514 1.70 2.07 2.61 514 21.80 44.58 25 -4.18 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.08 1.42 576 0.20 1.15 1.47 576 -0.29 1.00 1.27 576 3.47 29.56 25 -0.45 442 

20100205 0.01 1.48 1.86 574 2.46 3.02 3.81 574 1.14 2.50 3.15 574 17.54 48.77 25 -23.62 473 

20100207 0.11 1.36 1.75 586 0.31 1.58 2.03 586 -0.58 1.55 2.04 586 4.09 11.72 25 4.08 533 

20100304 2.08 3.94 4.90 595 1.83 2.92 3.75 595 1.37 2.62 3.32 595 -33.16 43.36 25 -30.40 571 

20100307 0.08 1.45 1.86 596 1.40 2.23 2.92 596 -0.16 1.56 2.03 596 27.07 82.26 25 151.78 460 

20100309 1.01 2.07 2.58 578 -0.50 2.04 2.68 578 0.30 2.07 2.66 578 -4.73 11.10 25 9.49 564 

20100413 1.52 2.71 3.58 559 -1.15 2.80 3.68 559 -0.15 2.15 2.69 559 -27.60 64.40 25 -73.27 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.68 1.72 2.13 576 -0.83 1.31 1.68 576 13.68 59.02 25 -36.10 539 

20100621 -0.61 1.57 1.96 563 0.71 1.91 2.45 563 -0.82 1.78 2.25 563 1.78 35.51 25 -12.79 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.49 1.84 585 -0.62 1.47 1.87 585 -0.11 1.26 1.57 591 -15.92 31.00 25 -5.79 509 

20100630 0.87 2.15 2.76 606 0.32 2.00 2.60 606 0.14 2.01 2.63 609 -8.19 12.05 25 -6.87 594 

20100704 -0.04 1.76 2.26 607 -1.66 2.48 3.12 607 0.76 1.90 2.50 607 14.81 33.91 25 -6.00 559 
154 

Table B-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_P2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.58 1.65 2.01 608 -0.68 1.73 2.33 608 -9.33 11.47 14.71 608 2.72 2.77 3.12 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.79 3.29 587 -7.33 11.88 16.07 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.49 1.65 2.07 578 -0.12 1.91 2.56 595 -0.22 4.18 5.47 595 -5.35 5.35 5.50 446 

20090626 0.37 1.80 2.18 593 1.64 2.13 2.65 578 3.66 8.92 11.15 578 -4.11 4.11 4.38 459 

20091103 2.57 2.98 3.73 538 1.46 1.76 2.21 582 -3.34 7.40 9.05 582 -2.36 2.42 2.93 479 

20091114 2.17 2.28 2.67 558 0.73 2.61 3.05 563 -5.47 12.64 15.26 563 1.62 1.91 2.24 468 

20091116 4.32 4.34 4.93 539 -0.70 2.23 2.67 560 -19.39 19.75 21.87 560 0.34 2.17 2.57 471 

20091222 2.20 2.32 2.71 514 0.60 1.50 1.75 520 -9.91 10.29 12.69 520 3.01 3.13 3.59 378 

20100204 -2.64 3.02 3.60 570 -0.72 1.32 1.62 576 6.99 9.17 11.95 576 3.84 3.84 4.34 425 

20100205 -1.53 2.06 2.57 578 -0.78 1.14 1.38 579 4.17 9.20 11.69 579 0.33 1.95 2.40 424 

20100207 -0.75 1.23 1.50 591 -1.63 1.67 2.01 591 -5.10 7.17 9.34 591 1.44 1.83 2.18 424 

20100304 0.79 2.13 2.61 609 -0.27 1.90 2.38 610 -4.77 17.86 21.55 610 -0.80 1.62 2.02 480 

20100307 -0.28 1.32 1.65 595 -1.03 1.48 1.75 599 -4.02 8.35 10.80 599 -0.50 1.26 1.54 470 

20100309 -0.90 1.19 1.46 609 -1.09 1.83 2.31 611 -0.78 8.92 10.99 611 -0.35 1.35 1.68 482 

20100413 0.74 1.43 1.90 580 -0.07 1.54 2.04 579 -2.40 9.01 12.15 579 -1.42 2.20 2.71 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.30 1.61 571 2.52 3.15 3.70 571 4.82 8.69 11.19 571 -3.90 3.92 4.33 471 

20100621 -0.16 1.37 1.77 577 1.73 2.00 2.69 573 3.60 5.26 7.44 573 -5.00 5.00 5.21 463 

20100627 1.42 1.76 2.42 574 3.75 3.78 4.13 589 4.45 5.67 6.88 589 -8.27 8.91 11.00 435 

20100630 -0.96 1.85 2.23 650 0.01 2.49 3.15 631 1.24 3.95 5.49 631 -6.71 6.74 6.89 445 

20100704 0.95 1.48 2.01 608 0.35 2.16 2.75 608 -0.53 3.78 5.42 608 -6.68 6.68 6.83 442 
155 

Table B-5. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.47 2.17 2.73 586 -1.24 2.57 3.19 586 1.26 2.45 3.01 586 3.12 10.18 25 2.12 580 

20090421 0.35 1.15 1.45 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.97 34.39 25 93.12 502 

20090519 1.04 2.69 3.39 537 0.46 3.53 4.89 537 0.03 2.57 3.22 537 -1.54 39.17 25 -9.83 518 

20090626 0.40 2.33 3.24 550 -0.67 2.76 3.77 550 0.01 2.41 3.07 550 -10.77 20.89 25 -0.61 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.08 1.38 583 -0.08 1.09 1.44 583 -0.82 1.15 1.46 583 -11.09 47.11 25 -89.67 463 

20091114 0.69 1.77 2.25 554 -0.85 2.14 2.86 554 0.38 2.07 2.78 554 -12.05 35.51 25 4.04 487 

20091116 -0.10 1.21 1.50 565 0.53 1.26 1.63 565 -0.38 1.13 1.42 565 -27.66 53.53 25 -16.93 436 

20091222 0.09 1.54 2.05 514 -0.44 2.45 3.16 514 1.76 2.14 2.71 514 21.33 43.67 25 -4.46 403 

20100204 -0.03 1.09 1.45 576 0.16 1.12 1.43 576 -0.28 0.99 1.27 576 3.96 31.97 25 -1.09 442 

20100205 -0.05 1.52 1.96 574 2.48 2.99 3.83 574 1.23 2.52 3.20 574 5.87 51.40 25 -23.37 473 

20100207 0.15 1.35 1.73 586 0.46 1.57 2.03 586 -0.54 1.54 2.01 586 5.51 11.65 25 5.35 533 

20100304 2.04 3.94 4.94 595 1.86 3.09 3.91 595 1.51 2.73 3.45 595 -33.19 43.38 25 -29.94 571 

20100307 0.10 1.49 1.90 596 1.34 2.18 2.83 596 -0.15 1.56 2.01 596 28.31 85.55 25 150.58 460 

20100309 1.05 2.11 2.64 578 -0.46 2.05 2.73 578 0.45 2.09 2.72 578 -4.11 10.79 25 10.34 564 

20100413 1.55 2.67 3.54 559 -1.25 2.80 3.73 559 -0.12 2.17 2.69 559 -14.57 64.89 25 -78.85 529 

20100617 0.55 1.53 2.02 576 0.72 1.77 2.19 576 -0.79 1.33 1.69 576 12.43 58.05 25 -38.12 539 

20100621 -0.63 1.64 2.07 563 0.68 1.96 2.53 563 -0.68 1.80 2.30 563 1.49 36.19 25 -13.01 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.54 1.92 585 -0.58 1.47 1.87 585 -0.09 1.28 1.59 591 -14.81 30.12 25 -5.47 509 

20100630 0.84 2.09 2.71 606 0.40 2.05 2.64 606 0.25 2.01 2.62 609 -7.84 11.29 25 -6.46 594 

20100704 -0.11 1.86 2.43 607 -1.73 2.55 3.21 607 0.91 2.00 2.63 607 13.88 34.10 25 -7.08 559 
156 

Figure B-10. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 
157 

Figure B-11. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
158 

Figure B-12. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
159 

Figure B-13. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
160 

Figure B-14. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
161 

Figure B-15. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
162 

Figure B-16. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics2 setting. 
163 

Figure B-17. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
164 

Figure B-18. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics2 setting. 
165 

Table B-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_P8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.28 1.48 1.96 608 -0.05 1.79 2.27 608 -4.95 11.07 14.21 608 3.12 3.16 3.53 483 

20090421 1.29 2.12 2.66 561 -0.52 2.78 3.27 587 -7.46 11.89 16.09 587 -3.03 3.03 3.20 442 

20090519 0.72 1.77 2.24 578 -0.63 1.97 2.68 595 -1.24 4.28 5.53 595 -5.79 5.79 5.91 446 

20090626 -0.56 2.16 2.59 593 1.86 2.29 2.83 578 7.12 11.40 13.91 578 -3.70 3.71 4.14 459 

20091103 2.68 3.00 3.74 538 1.49 1.78 2.22 582 -3.61 7.48 9.12 582 -2.48 2.52 3.04 479 

20091114 1.68 2.03 2.53 558 1.46 2.15 2.63 563 -0.64 8.81 11.08 563 2.14 2.19 2.52 468 

20091116 4.35 4.37 4.94 539 -0.68 2.23 2.69 560 -19.42 19.84 21.93 560 0.31 2.17 2.56 471 

20091222 2.08 2.19 2.61 514 0.58 1.25 1.50 520 -9.33 9.72 12.20 520 3.13 3.28 3.75 378 

20100204 -3.13 3.41 4.02 570 -1.10 1.68 2.06 576 10.47 10.85 14.17 576 5.32 5.32 5.69 425 

20100205 -1.61 2.22 2.84 578 -1.12 1.40 1.70 579 2.39 9.77 12.16 579 0.28 1.99 2.44 424 

20100207 -0.88 1.50 1.77 591 -1.64 1.75 2.15 591 -4.15 7.80 10.24 591 1.46 1.91 2.26 424 

20100304 0.26 1.83 2.33 609 0.25 1.82 2.24 610 0.52 15.87 19.44 610 -0.12 1.22 1.49 480 

20100307 -0.20 1.41 1.75 595 -0.46 1.22 1.53 599 -1.15 9.21 11.43 599 -0.37 1.15 1.41 470 

20100309 -0.81 1.19 1.46 609 -0.95 1.90 2.27 611 -0.24 10.38 12.82 611 -0.20 1.41 1.72 482 

20100413 0.44 1.20 1.60 580 -0.17 1.51 2.05 579 -1.32 8.88 11.98 579 -0.99 1.78 2.19 462 

20100617 -0.11 1.27 1.58 571 2.50 3.17 3.67 571 4.47 8.51 10.89 571 -3.97 3.98 4.40 471 

20100621 -0.06 1.45 1.85 577 1.64 1.96 2.64 573 3.31 5.16 7.44 573 -5.19 5.19 5.41 463 

20100627 1.11 1.64 2.26 574 3.93 3.95 4.29 589 5.30 6.30 7.48 589 -8.19 8.84 10.93 435 

20100630 -0.98 1.86 2.25 650 -0.24 2.48 3.23 631 1.08 3.87 5.46 631 -6.72 6.75 6.89 445 

20100704 1.01 1.55 2.10 608 0.15 2.08 2.63 608 -0.99 3.71 5.18 608 -6.79 6.79 6.93 442 
166 

Table B-6. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 1.01 2.25 2.81 586 -0.88 2.32 2.96 586 1.02 2.21 2.78 586 6.31 11.55 25 6.18 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.43 595 -0.21 1.21 1.51 595 -1.10 1.30 1.59 595 -1.65 32.94 25 88.35 502 

20090519 1.02 2.86 3.66 537 0.36 3.25 4.42 537 -0.21 2.67 3.31 537 -1.77 33.92 25 -11.16 518 

20090626 0.05 2.46 3.31 550 -0.69 3.06 4.09 550 0.29 2.40 3.06 550 -2.63 27.90 25 4.51 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.09 1.38 583 -0.09 1.09 1.47 583 -0.87 1.15 1.49 583 -10.77 46.84 25 -94.24 463 

20091114 0.65 1.83 2.35 554 -0.63 2.32 3.23 554 0.28 2.11 2.82 554 -5.51 43.58 25 4.76 487 

20091116 -0.09 1.18 1.46 565 0.50 1.21 1.58 565 -0.46 1.10 1.40 565 -25.95 52.83 25 -15.28 436 

20091222 0.20 1.45 1.90 514 -0.40 2.19 2.82 514 1.55 1.97 2.46 514 22.56 44.58 25 -2.52 403 

20100204 0.20 1.19 1.55 576 -0.79 1.43 1.85 576 -0.60 1.03 1.34 576 60.96 77.21 25 41.02 442 

20100205 -0.09 1.46 1.83 574 2.68 3.16 3.95 574 1.36 2.57 3.24 574 -14.53 48.91 25 -22.87 473 

20100207 -0.01 1.44 1.84 586 0.12 1.54 1.93 586 -0.44 1.53 1.96 586 -0.25 9.73 25 0.56 533 

20100304 2.25 3.98 5.00 595 1.54 3.12 3.90 595 1.27 2.72 3.37 595 -33.71 43.59 25 -32.29 571 

20100307 0.10 1.43 1.85 596 1.32 2.22 2.88 596 -0.23 1.48 1.93 596 21.55 88.02 25 151.84 460 

20100309 1.41 2.24 2.74 578 -0.98 2.25 2.94 578 0.73 2.33 2.98 578 -5.81 12.32 25 9.16 564 

20100413 0.95 2.48 3.36 559 -0.40 2.57 3.46 559 0.15 2.07 2.76 559 -4.64 44.30 25 -31.08 529 

20100617 0.56 1.55 2.02 576 0.68 1.72 2.13 576 -0.83 1.31 1.68 576 13.62 59.06 25 -36.17 539 

20100621 -0.57 1.55 1.93 563 0.80 1.92 2.48 563 -0.89 1.78 2.26 563 1.37 35.45 25 -12.30 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.48 1.82 585 -0.53 1.44 1.84 585 -0.22 1.27 1.58 591 -15.91 31.80 25 -6.07 509 

20100630 0.90 2.10 2.71 606 0.08 2.08 2.74 606 -0.05 2.03 2.67 609 -8.60 11.89 25 -7.60 594 

20100704 0.14 1.73 2.19 607 -1.85 2.61 3.28 607 0.94 2.04 2.65 607 17.07 33.96 25 -4.04 559 
167 

Table B-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_P8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.23 1.43 1.85 608 -0.09 1.79 2.28 608 -4.92 11.13 14.31 608 3.20 3.22 3.61 483 

20090421 1.26 2.11 2.65 561 -0.50 2.80 3.29 587 -7.34 11.88 16.08 587 -2.98 2.98 3.16 442 

20090519 0.70 1.75 2.19 578 -0.64 1.98 2.70 595 -1.20 4.31 5.58 595 -5.71 5.71 5.84 446 

20090626 -0.59 2.13 2.54 593 1.84 2.29 2.82 578 7.20 11.52 14.04 578 -3.47 3.51 3.97 459 

20091103 2.64 3.02 3.76 538 1.46 1.77 2.21 582 -3.54 7.49 9.12 582 -2.38 2.43 2.94 479 

20091114 1.64 1.98 2.49 558 1.43 2.13 2.62 563 -0.54 8.83 11.10 563 2.23 2.27 2.61 468 

20091116 4.32 4.34 4.93 539 -0.70 2.23 2.67 560 -19.39 19.75 21.87 560 0.34 2.17 2.57 471 

20091222 2.00 2.10 2.52 514 0.54 1.22 1.45 520 -9.05 9.41 11.97 520 3.29 3.44 3.92 378 

20100204 -3.37 3.59 4.22 570 -1.34 1.81 2.21 576 10.80 11.17 14.59 576 5.79 5.79 6.12 425 

20100205 -1.72 2.26 2.91 578 -1.14 1.43 1.73 579 2.81 9.73 12.13 579 0.50 2.05 2.51 424 

20100207 -0.99 1.44 1.70 591 -1.66 1.74 2.17 591 -3.66 7.35 9.70 591 1.70 2.06 2.42 424 

20100304 0.16 1.80 2.27 609 0.24 1.77 2.20 610 1.00 15.68 19.30 610 0.00 1.24 1.52 480 

20100307 -0.31 1.42 1.79 595 -0.47 1.18 1.50 599 -0.57 9.14 11.34 599 -0.16 1.11 1.40 470 

20100309 -0.88 1.12 1.41 609 -0.98 1.91 2.29 611 -0.04 10.36 12.72 611 -0.09 1.39 1.69 482 

20100413 0.21 1.13 1.49 580 -0.06 1.48 2.03 579 -0.22 8.90 11.95 579 -0.77 1.74 2.11 462 

20100617 -0.21 1.29 1.61 571 2.52 3.15 3.70 571 4.85 8.69 11.20 571 -3.89 3.92 4.33 471 

20100621 -0.19 1.38 1.77 577 1.69 1.98 2.68 573 3.53 5.24 7.42 573 -4.99 4.99 5.21 463 

20100627 1.10 1.61 2.24 574 3.94 3.96 4.31 589 5.24 6.26 7.38 589 -8.00 8.65 10.80 435 

20100630 -1.01 1.83 2.22 650 -0.21 2.50 3.28 631 1.12 3.94 5.61 631 -6.73 6.76 6.90 445 

20100704 0.96 1.51 2.05 608 0.16 2.10 2.66 608 -0.90 3.74 5.28 608 -6.75 6.75 6.90 442 
168 

Table B-7. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 1.02 2.29 2.87 586 -0.95 2.37 3.02 586 1.12 2.27 2.86 586 6.36 11.58 25 6.16 580 

20090421 0.35 1.15 1.45 595 -0.22 1.21 1.52 595 -1.06 1.29 1.58 595 -0.89 34.32 25 93.01 502 

20090519 1.06 2.91 3.75 537 0.36 3.26 4.48 537 -0.08 2.70 3.36 537 -1.36 34.09 25 -11.72 518 

20090626 0.08 2.51 3.39 550 -0.63 3.07 4.11 550 0.39 2.45 3.12 550 -3.63 27.48 25 3.38 526 

20091103 -0.27 1.09 1.39 583 -0.09 1.09 1.44 583 -0.81 1.14 1.46 583 -11.85 49.06 25 -104.41 463 

20091114 0.69 1.88 2.40 554 -0.66 2.33 3.26 554 0.38 2.13 2.84 554 -4.54 42.93 25 5.29 487 

20091116 -0.10 1.21 1.50 565 0.53 1.26 1.63 565 -0.38 1.13 1.42 565 -27.66 53.53 25 -16.93 436 

20091222 0.22 1.53 2.04 514 -0.40 2.23 2.89 514 1.62 2.05 2.59 514 23.75 45.58 25 -2.51 403 

20100204 0.28 1.25 1.62 576 -0.81 1.40 1.81 576 -0.59 1.06 1.38 576 60.62 84.87 25 22.88 442 

20100205 -0.14 1.49 1.88 574 2.59 3.09 3.92 574 1.36 2.54 3.23 574 -14.61 49.42 25 -22.33 473 

20100207 0.06 1.40 1.80 586 0.18 1.54 1.93 586 -0.37 1.54 1.97 586 1.11 10.01 25 1.74 533 

20100304 2.31 4.06 5.10 595 1.54 3.11 3.92 595 1.39 2.68 3.36 595 -34.56 44.46 25 -32.93 571 

20100307 0.11 1.48 1.93 596 1.33 2.22 2.87 596 -0.15 1.48 1.94 596 23.15 86.71 25 151.80 460 

20100309 1.41 2.27 2.79 578 -0.94 2.19 2.90 578 0.88 2.32 3.00 578 -5.24 11.97 25 9.55 564 

20100413 0.98 2.51 3.42 559 -0.54 2.51 3.27 559 0.09 2.07 2.71 559 -19.23 46.87 25 -34.21 529 

20100617 0.54 1.53 2.02 576 0.72 1.77 2.19 576 -0.79 1.34 1.70 576 12.30 57.98 25 -38.12 539 

20100621 -0.59 1.62 2.03 563 0.78 2.00 2.57 563 -0.77 1.81 2.32 563 2.39 35.67 25 -12.57 536 

20100627 -0.23 1.52 1.89 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.22 1.27 1.59 591 -14.95 30.81 25 -5.81 509 

20100630 0.84 2.07 2.68 606 0.17 2.09 2.76 606 0.05 2.01 2.67 609 -8.02 11.47 25 -6.89 594 

20100704 0.05 1.78 2.31 607 -1.93 2.69 3.38 607 1.05 2.12 2.79 607 15.83 34.26 25 -5.62 559 
169 

Figure B-19. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
170 

Figure B-20. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. 
171 

Figure B-21. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. 
172 

Figure B-22. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

Physics8 setting. 
173 

Figure B-23. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
174 

Figure B-24. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
175 

Figure B-25. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
176 

Figure B-26. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-km and 1-km 

WRF, Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
177 

Figure B-27. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, Physics8 setting. 
178 

Table B-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_T3_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.57 1.68 2.10 608 -0.55 1.81 2.39 608 -8.53 11.80 14.96 608 2.76 2.80 3.13 483 

20090421 1.33 2.12 2.66 561 -0.44 2.77 3.27 587 -7.30 11.77 15.90 587 -3.13 3.13 3.30 442 

20090519 0.49 1.60 2.00 578 -0.03 1.71 2.28 595 -0.27 3.76 4.89 595 -5.49 5.49 5.60 446 

20090626 -1.36 2.65 3.24 593 2.55 2.77 3.37 578 11.50 14.82 17.66 578 -3.03 3.09 3.66 459 

20091103 3.20 3.46 4.14 538 1.03 1.66 2.08 582 -6.49 9.71 11.49 582 -3.00 3.01 3.45 479 

20091114 2.12 2.27 2.75 558 1.03 2.46 2.93 563 -4.24 10.63 13.10 563 1.72 1.84 2.17 468 

20091116 4.92 4.93 5.40 539 -0.79 2.26 2.70 560 -21.45 21.78 23.78 560 -0.38 2.40 2.79 471 

20091222 2.17 2.27 2.76 514 0.64 1.39 1.67 520 -9.47 9.75 12.53 520 2.77 2.96 3.43 378 

20100204 -2.30 2.69 3.29 570 -0.39 1.20 1.51 576 10.38 10.61 13.94 576 4.63 4.63 5.04 425 

20100205 -1.57 2.13 2.73 578 -0.85 1.20 1.50 579 3.75 9.99 12.34 579 0.26 1.90 2.30 424 

20100207 -1.14 1.55 1.82 591 -1.58 1.72 2.19 591 -2.35 6.86 9.02 591 1.52 1.89 2.23 424 

20100304 0.63 1.97 2.47 609 -0.16 1.89 2.33 610 -3.51 16.97 20.61 610 -0.59 1.35 1.69 480 

20100307 -0.66 1.61 2.04 595 -0.70 1.28 1.56 599 0.11 10.16 12.33 599 -0.24 1.01 1.29 470 

20100309 -1.28 1.50 1.76 609 -1.09 2.01 2.42 611 1.24 9.30 11.54 611 0.19 1.39 1.73 482 

20100413 0.25 1.38 1.91 580 0.49 1.54 1.99 579 2.00 9.07 11.93 579 -0.93 1.64 2.09 462 

20100617 -0.01 1.25 1.56 571 2.51 3.16 3.66 571 4.38 8.33 10.80 571 -4.03 4.04 4.45 471 

20100621 0.04 1.47 1.87 577 1.59 1.87 2.55 573 3.13 4.95 7.33 573 -5.34 5.34 5.54 463 

20100627 1.17 1.65 2.28 574 3.85 3.88 4.22 589 5.09 6.19 7.38 589 -8.27 8.92 11.00 435 

20100630 -0.96 1.89 2.28 650 1.57 2.91 3.89 631 2.71 4.54 6.08 631 -6.69 6.72 6.88 445 

20100704 1.14 1.60 2.17 608 0.21 2.07 2.63 608 -1.08 3.69 5.15 608 -6.89 6.89 7.02 442 
179 

Table B-8. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.61 2.19 2.76 586 -1.09 2.43 3.05 586 1.14 2.32 2.88 586 3.68 10.06 25 3.21 580 

20090421 0.35 1.16 1.46 595 -0.25 1.24 1.54 595 -1.13 1.32 1.62 595 4.58 40.53 25 93.71 502 

20090519 0.92 2.61 3.22 537 0.35 3.20 4.18 537 -0.17 2.60 3.25 537 -6.92 30.04 25 -10.07 518 

20090626 -0.87 2.26 3.03 550 -0.06 2.91 3.83 550 0.50 2.54 3.24 550 5.97 18.90 25 11.19 526 

20091103 -0.41 1.15 1.42 583 -0.18 1.12 1.52 583 -0.76 1.14 1.47 583 -2.87 56.88 25 -134.48 463 

20091114 0.64 1.70 2.14 554 -0.83 2.03 2.65 554 0.34 1.88 2.46 554 2.02 36.17 25 3.52 487 

20091116 0.06 1.16 1.42 565 0.46 1.15 1.52 565 -0.56 1.07 1.38 565 -17.40 54.03 25 -21.76 436 

20091222 0.13 1.49 1.94 514 -0.39 2.35 2.98 514 1.63 2.07 2.59 514 24.58 47.45 25 -3.36 403 

20100204 -0.07 1.13 1.47 576 -0.03 1.21 1.52 576 -0.37 1.05 1.36 576 8.23 29.59 25 4.15 442 

20100205 -0.15 1.49 1.86 574 2.77 3.23 4.00 574 1.39 2.63 3.29 574 -12.68 48.36 25 -22.27 473 

20100207 0.08 1.27 1.64 586 0.37 1.56 1.98 586 -0.66 1.51 1.98 586 3.26 10.00 25 3.92 533 

20100304 2.26 4.11 5.10 595 1.87 3.02 3.82 595 1.44 2.74 3.40 595 -32.51 42.72 25 -32.11 571 

20100307 -0.17 1.41 1.82 596 1.52 2.31 2.96 596 -0.23 1.55 2.00 596 10.72 94.58 25 171.20 460 

20100309 1.20 2.23 2.74 578 -0.78 2.29 3.07 578 0.43 2.37 3.05 578 -8.75 13.38 25 8.82 564 

20100413 0.38 2.33 3.19 559 -0.65 2.45 3.21 559 -0.37 1.97 2.54 559 -3.69 46.26 25 -7.43 529 

20100617 0.59 1.50 1.96 576 0.46 1.63 2.04 576 -0.95 1.34 1.70 576 16.72 56.94 25 -23.39 539 

20100621 -0.66 1.54 1.93 563 0.67 1.85 2.40 563 -0.82 1.75 2.23 563 1.88 33.98 25 -13.48 536 

20100627 -0.22 1.46 1.80 585 -0.56 1.46 1.87 585 -0.17 1.27 1.58 591 -15.22 31.24 25 -5.63 509 

20100630 0.05 2.33 3.11 606 0.90 2.24 2.85 606 0.65 2.24 2.86 609 -1.39 13.25 25 0.22 594 

20100704 0.00 1.73 2.22 607 -1.78 2.55 3.21 607 0.84 1.96 2.57 607 16.18 34.81 25 -5.81 559 
180 

Table B-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_T3_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.52 1.62 1.99 608 -0.58 1.80 2.38 608 -8.40 11.70 14.91 608 2.84 2.87 3.21 483 

20090421 1.30 2.11 2.65 561 -0.43 2.77 3.28 587 -7.18 11.77 15.89 587 -3.08 3.08 3.26 442 

20090519 0.45 1.57 1.94 578 -0.05 1.70 2.28 595 -0.25 3.76 4.88 595 -5.40 5.40 5.52 446 

20090626 -1.40 2.64 3.23 593 2.52 2.75 3.36 578 11.59 14.95 17.83 578 -2.79 2.91 3.51 459 

20091103 2.92 3.23 3.90 538 1.10 1.69 2.13 582 -5.36 8.45 9.98 582 -2.73 2.76 3.24 479 

20091114 2.06 2.23 2.71 558 1.01 2.46 2.94 563 -4.04 10.64 13.16 563 1.81 1.92 2.28 468 

20091116 4.89 4.90 5.39 539 -0.81 2.26 2.69 560 -21.42 21.68 23.73 560 -0.34 2.40 2.79 471 

20091222 2.08 2.16 2.63 514 0.63 1.36 1.65 520 -8.94 9.23 11.97 520 2.97 3.13 3.61 378 

20100204 -2.44 2.80 3.41 570 -0.35 1.29 1.60 576 11.48 11.66 15.31 576 4.99 4.99 5.34 425 

20100205 -1.65 2.15 2.75 578 -0.84 1.20 1.50 579 4.22 9.71 12.07 579 0.49 1.98 2.41 424 

20100207 -1.20 1.48 1.77 591 -1.59 1.71 2.20 591 -2.08 6.63 8.87 591 1.74 2.04 2.40 424 

20100304 0.53 1.91 2.39 609 -0.13 1.86 2.31 610 -2.84 16.78 20.49 610 -0.47 1.34 1.67 480 

20100307 -0.68 1.61 2.02 595 -0.71 1.29 1.55 599 0.09 9.69 11.84 599 -0.05 1.01 1.30 470 

20100309 -1.26 1.39 1.67 609 -1.15 2.03 2.44 611 0.83 9.39 11.58 611 0.26 1.38 1.72 482 

20100413 0.12 1.29 1.74 580 0.41 1.49 1.93 579 1.91 8.65 11.48 579 -0.79 1.61 2.04 462 

20100617 -0.10 1.29 1.60 571 2.55 3.19 3.73 571 4.72 8.61 11.21 571 -3.93 3.95 4.35 471 

20100621 -0.11 1.38 1.78 577 1.66 1.92 2.62 573 3.40 5.11 7.33 573 -5.11 5.11 5.32 463 

20100627 1.13 1.62 2.25 574 3.88 3.91 4.26 589 5.13 6.19 7.35 589 -8.06 8.71 10.84 435 

20100630 -1.02 1.89 2.29 650 1.58 2.98 4.01 631 2.80 4.69 6.32 631 -6.64 6.68 6.82 445 

20100704 1.08 1.54 2.10 608 0.22 2.10 2.67 608 -0.96 3.71 5.27 608 -6.83 6.83 6.97 442 
181 

Table B-9. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.61 2.23 2.82 586 -1.14 2.44 3.08 586 1.21 2.35 2.93 586 3.66 10.09 25 3.17 580 

20090421 0.38 1.17 1.49 595 -0.26 1.23 1.55 595 -1.09 1.31 1.61 595 5.32 42.27 25 97.97 502 

20090519 1.01 2.70 3.35 537 0.37 3.23 4.24 537 -0.03 2.65 3.33 537 -7.61 30.29 25 -10.80 518 

20090626 -0.85 2.29 3.09 550 -0.06 2.93 3.85 550 0.59 2.57 3.27 550 5.71 19.16 25 10.86 526 

20091103 -0.27 1.09 1.38 583 -0.16 1.09 1.46 583 -0.79 1.12 1.42 583 -9.99 50.27 25 -95.63 463 

20091114 0.70 1.75 2.21 554 -0.84 2.05 2.67 554 0.43 1.89 2.48 554 2.46 35.71 25 4.24 487 

20091116 0.05 1.19 1.46 565 0.49 1.20 1.57 565 -0.49 1.09 1.40 565 -18.26 54.65 25 -22.66 436 

20091222 0.13 1.59 2.09 514 -0.42 2.34 2.98 514 1.65 2.13 2.67 514 24.54 47.98 25 -3.92 403 

20100204 0.07 1.16 1.50 576 -0.09 1.18 1.50 576 -0.42 1.08 1.40 576 2.58 34.36 25 -2.20 442 

20100205 -0.22 1.55 1.96 574 2.74 3.21 4.02 574 1.46 2.63 3.33 574 -11.90 48.73 25 -21.41 473 

20100207 0.09 1.30 1.67 586 0.49 1.55 1.99 586 -0.63 1.54 2.00 586 3.89 10.07 25 4.12 533 

20100304 2.25 4.17 5.21 595 1.91 3.03 3.83 595 1.58 2.75 3.43 595 -32.62 43.02 25 -31.97 571 

20100307 -0.12 1.44 1.87 596 1.57 2.35 3.00 596 -0.13 1.61 2.05 596 21.94 95.95 25 169.10 460 

20100309 1.25 2.27 2.83 578 -0.77 2.28 3.08 578 0.62 2.36 3.08 578 -8.30 13.11 25 9.34 564 

20100413 0.61 2.35 3.17 559 -0.72 2.56 3.32 559 -0.28 2.11 2.70 559 -10.45 47.15 25 -18.80 529 

20100617 0.61 1.49 1.98 576 0.48 1.64 2.05 576 -0.92 1.35 1.71 576 15.80 55.37 25 -25.10 539 

20100621 -0.66 1.60 2.03 563 0.65 1.91 2.47 563 -0.69 1.77 2.27 563 2.11 33.75 25 -13.51 536 

20100627 -0.21 1.52 1.87 585 -0.51 1.44 1.85 585 -0.19 1.29 1.60 591 -14.27 30.24 25 -5.49 509 

20100630 0.00 2.31 3.12 606 0.95 2.26 2.87 606 0.72 2.23 2.86 609 -0.89 13.12 25 0.71 594 

20100704 -0.09 1.82 2.39 607 -1.84 2.61 3.32 607 0.97 2.05 2.73 607 14.64 34.64 25 -7.22 559 
182 

Figure B-28. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
183 

Figure B-29. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. 
184 

Figure B-30. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. 
185 

Figure B-31. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

3Second setting. 
186 

Figure B-32. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
187 

Figure B-33. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
188 

Figure B-34. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
189 

Figure B-35. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
190 

Figure B-36. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km and 1-km WRF, 

Domain 2, 3Second setting. 
191 

Table B-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_L4_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.59 1.70 2.16 608 -0.69 1.87 2.45 608 -9.43 12.60 15.77 608 2.99 3.01 3.33 483 

20090421 1.83 2.39 2.98 561 -0.27 3.05 3.56 587 -7.99 12.43 16.83 587 -2.97 2.97 3.14 442 

20090519 0.68 1.72 2.14 578 -0.13 1.84 2.46 595 -0.57 3.99 5.14 595 -5.53 5.53 5.65 446 

20090626 -0.20 1.93 2.31 593 1.72 2.14 2.76 578 4.62 9.51 11.56 578 -3.92 3.92 4.23 459 

20091103 2.94 3.24 3.96 538 1.26 1.66 2.08 582 -5.29 8.44 10.19 582 -2.52 2.55 3.03 479 

20091114 2.22 2.37 2.86 558 0.89 2.27 2.69 563 -5.53 10.13 12.64 563 1.77 1.88 2.21 468 

20091116 4.76 4.78 5.30 539 -0.75 2.22 2.67 560 -20.99 21.32 23.38 560 0.26 2.14 2.54 471 

20091222 2.22 2.32 2.76 514 0.56 1.31 1.60 520 -10.36 10.60 12.94 520 2.97 3.16 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.07 2.63 3.22 570 -0.58 1.33 1.63 576 5.59 8.61 11.28 576 3.49 3.50 3.96 425 

20100205 -1.47 2.08 2.64 578 -1.41 1.61 1.94 579 0.13 8.50 10.63 579 -0.03 1.94 2.37 424 

20100207 -0.75 1.42 1.69 591 -1.76 1.84 2.32 591 -5.70 8.14 10.74 591 1.26 1.72 2.07 424 

20100304 0.74 2.05 2.57 609 -0.37 1.92 2.39 610 -5.09 17.79 21.37 610 -0.57 1.40 1.75 480 

20100307 0.67 1.54 1.94 595 -0.68 1.43 1.74 599 -7.17 10.26 12.92 599 -0.99 1.44 1.74 470 

20100309 -0.64 1.12 1.39 609 -1.10 1.92 2.38 611 -1.93 10.18 12.33 611 -0.28 1.49 1.81 482 

20100413 1.25 1.65 2.28 580 -0.25 1.54 2.04 579 -5.28 9.68 12.74 579 -1.57 2.18 2.72 462 

20100617 0.75 1.31 1.71 571 2.67 3.39 3.93 571 3.00 7.87 10.27 571 -4.16 4.17 4.65 471 

20100621 0.91 1.96 2.53 577 1.70 2.02 2.71 573 1.98 4.79 7.34 573 -5.50 5.50 5.72 463 

20100627 1.88 2.13 2.77 574 3.88 3.91 4.29 589 4.15 5.43 6.81 589 -8.31 8.95 11.02 435 

20100630 -0.61 1.82 2.25 650 0.35 2.46 3.01 631 1.28 3.76 5.18 631 -6.86 6.88 7.03 445 

20100704 1.49 1.82 2.38 608 0.16 2.11 2.69 608 -1.54 3.94 5.36 608 -6.99 6.99 7.13 442 
192 

Table B-10. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.50 2.13 2.72 586 -1.12 2.43 3.06 586 1.15 2.33 2.89 586 2.70 9.60 25 2.49 580 

20090421 0.36 1.16 1.45 595 -0.18 1.21 1.51 595 -1.24 1.38 1.68 595 -1.26 34.96 25 94.84 502 

20090519 0.97 2.52 3.14 537 0.24 3.25 4.34 537 -0.34 2.57 3.18 537 -14.81 37.07 25 -12.10 518 

20090626 0.20 2.04 2.70 550 0.24 2.99 3.86 550 -0.13 2.39 3.07 550 -9.80 20.51 25 -3.48 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.10 1.39 583 0.01 1.13 1.51 583 -1.01 1.23 1.58 583 -1.78 51.07 25 68.10 463 

20091114 0.55 1.62 2.09 554 -0.72 1.96 2.62 554 0.15 1.80 2.44 554 0.85 34.93 25 2.99 487 

20091116 -0.08 1.19 1.47 565 0.59 1.23 1.60 565 -0.47 1.10 1.41 565 -27.63 51.91 25 -17.74 436 

20091222 -0.01 1.49 1.93 514 -0.31 2.14 2.73 514 1.35 1.86 2.30 514 20.98 44.14 25 -4.86 403 

20100204 -0.03 1.06 1.38 576 0.20 1.15 1.45 576 -0.36 1.04 1.32 576 1.55 26.93 25 -2.06 442 

20100205 0.09 1.46 1.84 574 2.05 2.78 3.46 574 0.77 2.22 2.81 574 7.41 52.64 25 -24.18 473 

20100207 -0.26 1.36 1.72 586 0.61 1.69 2.15 586 -0.97 1.67 2.18 586 -3.14 10.59 25 -3.33 533 

20100304 2.35 4.16 5.19 595 1.50 3.01 3.87 595 1.26 2.79 3.51 595 -35.41 45.31 25 -33.28 571 

20100307 0.08 1.46 1.88 596 1.79 2.53 3.22 596 0.04 1.54 2.02 596 29.44 88.02 25 156.97 460 

20100309 1.50 2.39 2.91 578 -1.40 2.39 3.22 578 0.61 2.46 3.17 578 -10.14 16.19 25 6.56 564 

20100413 1.47 2.69 3.62 559 -0.84 3.04 3.89 559 0.03 2.26 2.93 559 -22.49 64.14 25 -60.10 529 

20100617 0.66 1.55 2.02 576 0.67 1.73 2.16 576 -0.95 1.34 1.71 576 12.99 60.80 25 -38.95 539 

20100621 -0.72 1.61 2.03 563 0.93 2.01 2.55 563 -1.06 1.89 2.35 563 -1.12 40.44 25 -16.28 536 

20100627 -0.22 1.48 1.81 585 -0.52 1.43 1.82 585 -0.31 1.28 1.59 591 -16.81 30.98 25 -6.19 509 

20100630 1.01 2.16 2.78 606 0.20 2.12 2.71 606 0.08 2.02 2.64 609 -9.02 11.53 25 -8.31 594 

20100704 0.03 1.76 2.24 607 -1.81 2.64 3.29 607 0.86 2.04 2.64 607 16.11 34.89 25 -5.48 559 
193 

Table B-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_L4_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.54 1.64 2.03 608 -0.72 1.86 2.45 608 -9.31 12.52 15.73 608 3.07 3.09 3.42 483 

20090421 1.80 2.38 2.95 561 -0.27 3.05 3.59 587 -7.90 12.46 16.84 587 -2.93 2.93 3.10 442 

20090519 0.63 1.68 2.08 578 -0.14 1.85 2.48 595 -0.52 3.98 5.15 595 -5.45 5.45 5.58 446 

20090626 -0.25 1.90 2.27 593 1.68 2.14 2.75 578 4.69 9.65 11.77 578 -3.70 3.71 4.06 459 

20091103 2.90 3.25 3.97 538 1.24 1.65 2.07 582 -5.23 8.41 10.17 582 -2.42 2.46 2.94 479 

20091114 2.18 2.32 2.82 558 0.88 2.27 2.69 563 -5.35 10.08 12.61 563 1.85 1.96 2.30 468 

20091116 4.74 4.76 5.30 539 -0.76 2.22 2.65 560 -20.97 21.26 23.36 560 0.28 2.15 2.55 471 

20091222 2.18 2.26 2.70 514 0.53 1.29 1.57 520 -10.27 10.51 12.84 520 3.11 3.28 3.78 378 

20100204 -2.17 2.75 3.34 570 -0.55 1.33 1.62 576 6.27 8.78 11.52 576 3.85 3.85 4.28 425 

20100205 -1.51 2.07 2.65 578 -1.39 1.59 1.94 579 0.50 8.46 10.65 579 0.12 1.95 2.39 424 

20100207 -0.79 1.33 1.62 591 -1.75 1.82 2.30 591 -5.41 7.90 10.40 591 1.47 1.85 2.22 424 

20100304 0.67 2.03 2.52 609 -0.35 1.90 2.38 610 -4.59 17.77 21.34 610 -0.48 1.40 1.75 480 

20100307 0.60 1.48 1.88 595 -0.71 1.40 1.72 599 -6.92 10.04 12.75 599 -0.82 1.37 1.66 470 

20100309 -0.65 1.02 1.29 609 -1.15 1.94 2.41 611 -2.10 10.23 12.31 611 -0.20 1.48 1.80 482 

20100413 1.16 1.58 2.23 580 -0.17 1.53 2.02 579 -4.72 9.35 12.24 579 -1.38 2.10 2.61 462 

20100617 0.65 1.29 1.70 571 2.67 3.37 3.95 571 3.32 8.07 10.70 571 -4.09 4.11 4.58 471 

20100621 0.76 1.81 2.38 577 1.72 2.03 2.77 573 2.19 4.84 7.35 573 -5.28 5.28 5.50 463 

20100627 1.85 2.10 2.73 574 3.92 3.95 4.34 589 4.22 5.50 6.86 589 -8.12 8.77 10.89 435 

20100630 -0.64 1.77 2.21 650 0.34 2.49 3.02 631 1.30 3.84 5.31 631 -6.87 6.89 7.04 445 

20100704 1.42 1.75 2.31 608 0.15 2.13 2.70 608 -1.47 3.94 5.41 608 -6.96 6.96 7.11 442 
194 

Table B-11. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.51 2.16 2.77 586 -1.18 2.46 3.09 586 1.24 2.36 2.94 586 2.76 9.64 25 2.49 580 

20090421 0.36 1.17 1.46 595 -0.19 1.21 1.51 595 -1.21 1.37 1.67 595 -1.13 35.88 25 97.48 502 

20090519 1.00 2.58 3.22 537 0.22 3.27 4.38 537 -0.28 2.59 3.22 537 -15.25 36.88 25 -12.75 518 

20090626 0.20 2.06 2.76 550 0.30 3.00 3.88 550 -0.01 2.38 3.07 550 -9.89 20.54 25 -3.61 526 

20091103 -0.26 1.09 1.39 583 0.00 1.12 1.48 583 -0.96 1.22 1.53 583 -7.71 49.22 25 81.33 463 

20091114 0.60 1.66 2.14 554 -0.74 1.98 2.65 554 0.24 1.83 2.48 554 -12.25 35.31 25 3.61 487 

20091116 -0.08 1.20 1.49 565 0.63 1.27 1.65 565 -0.40 1.13 1.43 565 -28.96 52.59 25 -19.01 436 

20091222 -0.01 1.59 2.08 514 -0.32 2.19 2.80 514 1.45 1.93 2.41 514 22.00 45.32 25 -5.03 403 

20100204 0.04 1.07 1.39 576 0.18 1.15 1.45 576 -0.37 1.06 1.35 576 -0.89 29.26 25 -5.38 442 

20100205 0.08 1.50 1.94 574 2.04 2.75 3.44 574 0.83 2.21 2.83 574 -3.51 48.12 25 -24.07 473 

20100207 -0.25 1.34 1.68 586 0.69 1.71 2.17 586 -0.94 1.68 2.19 586 -3.07 10.42 25 -3.32 533 

20100304 2.35 4.19 5.23 595 1.52 3.05 3.92 595 1.38 2.81 3.54 595 -35.78 45.75 25 -33.39 571 

20100307 0.05 1.46 1.90 596 1.80 2.54 3.25 596 0.11 1.59 2.07 596 26.90 92.81 25 158.22 460 

20100309 1.54 2.41 2.95 578 -1.41 2.37 3.20 578 0.78 2.49 3.22 578 -9.71 15.77 25 6.88 564 

20100413 1.41 2.58 3.51 559 -0.98 2.95 3.79 559 -0.11 2.17 2.83 559 -23.03 64.79 25 -62.46 529 

20100617 0.64 1.53 2.02 576 0.68 1.77 2.22 576 -0.88 1.33 1.70 576 12.57 59.75 25 -38.72 539 

20100621 -0.73 1.64 2.07 563 0.94 2.06 2.60 563 -0.97 1.89 2.38 563 -3.11 42.15 25 -16.49 536 

20100627 -0.19 1.53 1.88 585 -0.48 1.43 1.84 585 -0.31 1.29 1.61 591 -15.60 29.93 25 -5.36 509 

20100630 0.98 2.15 2.78 606 0.27 2.14 2.75 606 0.17 2.03 2.64 609 -8.65 11.39 25 -7.88 594 

20100704 -0.06 1.83 2.38 607 -1.87 2.68 3.36 607 0.95 2.10 2.74 607 14.98 35.40 25 -6.87 559 
195 

Figure B-37. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 
196 

Figure B-38. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. 
197 

Figure B-39. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. 
198 

Figure B-40. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. 
199 

Figure B-41. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. 
200 

Figure B-42. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

40Levels setting. 
201 

Figure B-43. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 
202 

Figure B-44. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 
203 

Figure B-45. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 40Levels setting. 
204 

Table B-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_L8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.56 1.67 2.10 608 -0.51 1.79 2.35 608 -8.46 11.77 14.93 608 2.72 2.76 3.12 483 

20090421 0.99 2.04 2.54 561 -0.68 2.66 3.13 587 -7.19 11.60 15.70 587 -3.05 3.05 3.24 442 

20090519 0.63 1.68 2.10 578 -0.24 1.76 2.35 595 -0.70 3.86 4.99 595 -5.57 5.57 5.68 446 

20090626 -0.22 1.84 2.23 593 1.92 2.31 2.87 578 5.64 10.13 12.09 578 -4.05 4.05 4.34 459 

20091103 2.37 2.76 3.56 538 1.55 1.83 2.28 582 -2.38 7.01 8.59 582 -2.43 2.48 3.02 479 

20091114 2.10 2.24 2.73 558 1.13 2.41 2.86 563 -3.92 10.26 12.79 563 1.65 1.81 2.13 468 

20091116 4.44 4.46 5.05 539 -0.58 2.25 2.74 560 -19.41 19.85 21.97 560 0.14 2.16 2.55 471 

20091222 1.97 2.09 2.56 514 0.47 1.33 1.59 520 -9.23 9.57 12.43 520 3.03 3.18 3.65 378 

20100204 -2.67 2.99 3.61 570 -0.98 1.57 1.96 576 8.71 9.59 12.73 576 4.54 4.54 5.09 425 

20100205 -1.49 2.06 2.61 578 -0.92 1.21 1.48 579 3.02 9.29 11.44 579 0.19 1.86 2.29 424 

20100207 -1.07 1.52 1.80 591 -1.64 1.72 2.11 591 -3.20 7.00 9.06 591 1.42 1.79 2.12 424 

20100304 0.85 2.07 2.59 609 -0.33 1.99 2.46 610 -5.30 17.92 21.68 610 -0.76 1.45 1.81 480 

20100307 -0.58 1.53 1.93 595 -0.89 1.34 1.60 599 -1.57 9.32 11.48 599 -0.41 1.13 1.38 470 

20100309 -1.28 1.50 1.77 609 -1.12 1.95 2.37 611 1.05 8.76 10.91 611 0.10 1.42 1.74 482 

20100413 0.63 1.23 1.67 580 -0.48 1.49 2.00 579 -3.56 8.52 11.62 579 -1.48 2.01 2.51 462 

20100617 0.07 1.24 1.58 571 2.41 3.04 3.58 571 4.16 8.10 10.69 571 -4.35 4.36 4.84 471 

20100621 0.02 1.38 1.76 577 1.43 1.74 2.44 573 2.85 4.81 7.19 573 -5.60 5.60 5.84 463 

20100627 0.84 1.53 2.16 574 3.85 3.87 4.20 589 5.53 6.50 7.61 589 -8.25 8.89 10.98 435 

20100630 -0.88 1.84 2.24 650 1.22 2.81 3.58 631 2.32 4.34 5.85 631 -6.68 6.71 6.86 445 

20100704 1.44 1.76 2.35 608 0.13 2.16 2.72 608 -1.50 3.93 5.30 608 -7.15 7.15 7.30 442 
205 

Table B-12. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.58 2.20 2.78 586 -1.13 2.46 3.08 586 1.19 2.34 2.92 586 3.62 9.80 25 2.96 580 

20090421 0.32 1.12 1.42 595 -0.23 1.20 1.51 595 -1.00 1.25 1.53 595 -1.43 31.56 25 83.49 502 

20090519 1.00 2.60 3.24 537 0.34 3.16 4.17 537 -0.07 2.56 3.19 537 -6.41 30.03 25 -11.28 518 

20090626 -0.10 2.15 2.79 550 -0.06 2.69 3.59 550 0.08 2.21 2.87 550 -5.42 18.13 25 2.30 526 

20091103 -0.22 1.06 1.36 583 -0.11 1.09 1.47 583 -0.81 1.12 1.46 583 -16.20 42.31 25 -72.69 463 

20091114 0.62 1.71 2.19 554 -0.78 2.13 2.84 554 0.37 1.97 2.64 554 3.63 35.83 25 3.67 487 

20091116 -0.12 1.18 1.47 565 0.54 1.25 1.63 565 -0.37 1.09 1.39 565 -25.84 53.13 25 -15.35 436 

20091222 0.27 1.51 1.95 514 -0.43 2.31 2.99 514 1.72 2.09 2.61 514 23.41 45.54 25 -1.88 403 

20100204 -0.06 1.14 1.48 576 0.00 1.21 1.53 576 -0.18 0.96 1.24 576 5.32 32.28 25 2.35 442 

20100205 -0.25 1.50 1.88 574 3.06 3.43 4.24 574 1.73 2.82 3.52 574 -12.21 47.43 25 -21.82 473 

20100207 0.18 1.27 1.67 586 0.23 1.61 2.05 586 -0.47 1.53 1.99 586 5.44 11.21 25 5.33 533 

20100304 2.10 4.08 5.11 595 1.96 3.15 3.95 595 1.61 2.80 3.48 595 -32.08 42.30 25 -30.64 571 

20100307 -0.10 1.44 1.86 596 1.47 2.26 2.87 596 -0.17 1.62 2.06 596 -7.61 86.78 25 167.47 460 

20100309 1.26 2.25 2.77 578 -0.81 2.29 3.06 578 0.56 2.35 3.03 578 -7.78 13.25 25 9.17 564 

20100413 1.27 2.62 3.58 559 -0.74 2.59 3.46 559 -0.07 2.08 2.68 559 -23.51 53.82 25 -50.37 529 

20100617 0.51 1.59 2.08 576 0.74 1.76 2.21 576 -0.65 1.27 1.63 576 11.09 60.66 25 -37.88 539 

20100621 -0.59 1.56 1.98 563 0.63 1.91 2.48 563 -0.56 1.68 2.17 563 10.08 34.81 25 -12.28 536 

20100627 -0.26 1.51 1.86 585 -0.58 1.49 1.89 585 -0.07 1.29 1.60 591 -15.51 31.85 25 -6.80 509 

20100630 0.26 2.14 2.79 606 0.98 2.33 2.94 606 0.73 2.29 2.92 609 -2.79 11.16 25 -1.35 594 

20100704 0.15 1.73 2.21 607 -2.01 2.68 3.35 607 1.15 2.05 2.64 607 17.56 33.87 25 -4.49 559 
206 

Table B-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_L8_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.51 1.61 1.98 608 -0.53 1.77 2.34 608 -8.32 11.65 14.86 608 2.79 2.84 3.20 483 

20090421 0.96 2.02 2.52 561 -0.67 2.67 3.14 587 -7.07 11.58 15.69 587 -3.00 3.00 3.20 442 

20090519 0.59 1.65 2.05 578 -0.24 1.76 2.36 595 -0.65 3.88 5.00 595 -5.48 5.48 5.60 446 

20090626 -0.27 1.81 2.19 593 1.87 2.30 2.85 578 5.69 10.30 12.29 578 -3.84 3.84 4.16 459 

20091103 2.32 2.79 3.58 538 1.52 1.81 2.27 582 -2.29 6.99 8.58 582 -2.31 2.39 2.92 479 

20091114 2.04 2.19 2.68 558 1.11 2.41 2.87 563 -3.75 10.29 12.84 563 1.74 1.88 2.22 468 

20091116 4.41 4.44 5.05 539 -0.60 2.25 2.73 560 -19.38 19.76 21.92 560 0.17 2.17 2.55 471 

20091222 1.90 2.01 2.47 514 0.45 1.30 1.56 520 -8.96 9.30 12.19 520 3.18 3.31 3.80 378 

20100204 -2.90 3.19 3.81 570 -1.07 1.65 2.07 576 9.78 10.37 13.60 576 4.96 4.96 5.45 425 

20100205 -1.54 2.07 2.61 578 -0.93 1.18 1.46 579 3.30 9.07 11.25 579 0.36 1.91 2.35 424 

20100207 -1.11 1.45 1.73 591 -1.62 1.69 2.10 591 -2.85 6.82 8.81 591 1.63 1.93 2.28 424 

20100304 0.75 2.01 2.52 609 -0.29 1.96 2.44 610 -4.62 17.62 21.47 610 -0.66 1.46 1.81 480 

20100307 -0.65 1.55 1.96 595 -0.88 1.32 1.58 599 -1.12 9.21 11.38 599 -0.20 1.10 1.37 470 

20100309 -1.29 1.41 1.69 609 -1.17 1.99 2.41 611 0.80 8.80 10.86 611 0.18 1.40 1.73 482 

20100413 0.47 1.12 1.48 580 -0.34 1.42 1.91 579 -2.59 8.05 10.96 579 -1.32 1.94 2.42 462 

20100617 -0.03 1.27 1.59 571 2.42 3.02 3.58 571 4.46 8.18 10.90 571 -4.27 4.29 4.76 471 

20100621 -0.09 1.30 1.68 577 1.48 1.77 2.49 573 3.05 4.85 7.12 573 -5.40 5.40 5.64 463 

20100627 0.83 1.50 2.14 574 3.89 3.91 4.25 589 5.57 6.56 7.64 589 -8.06 8.71 10.84 435 

20100630 -0.93 1.84 2.25 650 1.23 2.86 3.65 631 2.41 4.50 6.06 631 -6.65 6.69 6.83 445 

20100704 1.38 1.70 2.27 608 0.12 2.20 2.77 608 -1.37 3.96 5.39 608 -7.10 7.10 7.26 442 
207 

Table B-13. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.59 2.25 2.84 586 -1.18 2.48 3.11 586 1.26 2.38 2.97 586 3.66 9.84 25 2.96 580 

20090421 0.34 1.14 1.45 595 -0.24 1.20 1.52 595 -0.96 1.24 1.53 595 -0.48 33.25 25 89.33 502 

20090519 1.06 2.65 3.31 537 0.34 3.18 4.23 537 0.04 2.57 3.25 537 -7.33 29.90 25 -12.03 518 

20090626 -0.08 2.19 2.86 550 -0.01 2.74 3.64 550 0.19 2.25 2.90 550 -5.87 17.98 25 1.94 526 

20091103 -0.23 1.07 1.38 583 -0.12 1.08 1.44 583 -0.75 1.12 1.42 583 -8.50 44.75 25 -81.95 463 

20091114 0.67 1.75 2.25 554 -0.81 2.13 2.85 554 0.47 1.99 2.66 554 4.28 35.40 25 4.31 487 

20091116 -0.12 1.22 1.52 565 0.59 1.31 1.69 565 -0.27 1.13 1.42 565 -13.42 53.90 25 -17.37 436 

20091222 0.25 1.56 2.06 514 -0.50 2.31 3.02 514 1.76 2.15 2.71 514 23.06 45.02 25 -2.79 403 

20100204 0.03 1.18 1.55 576 -0.06 1.20 1.54 576 -0.20 0.99 1.29 576 2.42 37.77 25 -1.91 442 

20100205 -0.33 1.55 1.98 574 3.03 3.40 4.27 574 1.80 2.84 3.58 574 -11.81 47.61 25 -21.28 473 

20100207 0.22 1.31 1.69 586 0.29 1.59 2.05 586 -0.37 1.53 1.99 586 6.46 11.60 25 6.22 533 

20100304 2.06 4.12 5.18 595 2.01 3.26 4.06 595 1.79 2.86 3.57 595 -32.60 42.83 25 -30.14 571 

20100307 -0.03 1.49 1.91 596 1.47 2.28 2.88 596 -0.06 1.67 2.09 596 -8.16 87.55 25 163.04 460 

20100309 1.29 2.29 2.83 578 -0.82 2.27 3.02 578 0.75 2.36 3.07 578 -7.10 12.68 25 9.41 564 

20100413 1.26 2.55 3.51 559 -0.82 2.69 3.56 559 -0.08 2.17 2.77 559 -9.60 53.67 25 -51.80 529 

20100617 0.52 1.61 2.13 576 0.78 1.80 2.28 576 -0.59 1.28 1.65 576 9.19 59.29 25 -40.50 539 

20100621 -0.65 1.63 2.11 563 0.62 1.96 2.56 563 -0.40 1.73 2.24 563 10.76 37.93 25 -13.23 536 

20100627 -0.27 1.59 1.98 585 -0.55 1.47 1.88 585 -0.06 1.30 1.63 591 -15.06 31.13 25 -6.77 509 

20100630 0.22 2.12 2.75 606 1.09 2.39 2.98 606 0.88 2.30 2.93 609 -2.36 10.47 25 -0.91 594 

20100704 0.10 1.81 2.35 607 -2.06 2.75 3.45 607 1.26 2.15 2.78 607 16.88 33.98 25 -5.28 559 
208 

Figure B-46. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 
209 

Figure B-47. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. 
210 

Figure B-48. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. 
211 

Figure B-49. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. 
212 

Figure B-50. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. 
213 

Figure B-51. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

80Levels setting. 
214 

Figure B-52. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 
215 

Figure B-53. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 
216 

Figure B-54. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km 

 and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 80Levels setting. 
217 

Table B-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m1o2_B2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.47 1.61 2.10 608 -0.22 1.74 2.32 608 -6.90 11.17 14.27 608 2.91 2.94 3.31 483 

20090421 2.68 3.14 3.92 561 -0.95 3.31 3.85 587 -11.75 14.58 20.53 587 -3.20 3.20 3.37 442 

20090519 1.14 1.74 2.22 578 -0.35 1.47 1.99 595 -1.82 3.37 4.46 595 -5.42 5.42 5.53 446 

20090626 -0.24 1.94 2.37 593 2.38 2.66 3.17 578 7.51 11.60 13.87 578 -3.89 3.89 4.23 459 

20091103 3.91 4.04 4.97 538 1.34 1.70 2.17 582 -8.89 10.42 13.08 582 -2.54 2.58 3.10 479 

20091114 2.16 2.33 2.88 558 1.08 2.31 2.74 563 -4.58 9.88 12.41 563 1.82 1.94 2.27 468 

20091116 5.37 5.37 5.90 539 -0.76 2.16 2.72 560 -22.72 22.82 25.30 560 0.15 2.25 2.62 471 

20091222 1.82 1.97 2.59 514 0.02 1.37 1.73 520 -11.14 11.27 14.20 520 3.47 3.54 3.96 378 

20100204 -1.50 2.36 2.88 570 -1.15 1.57 1.86 576 1.19 9.39 12.06 576 3.73 3.74 4.27 425 

20100205 -1.24 1.94 2.40 578 -1.08 1.29 1.57 579 1.04 9.67 11.95 579 0.80 1.89 2.31 424 

20100207 -1.53 1.82 2.09 591 -1.63 1.74 2.08 591 -0.36 7.04 9.46 591 2.35 2.44 2.80 424 

20100304 0.96 1.95 2.47 609 -0.08 1.75 2.18 610 -5.05 16.25 19.71 610 -0.47 1.43 1.73 480 

20100307 -0.09 1.65 2.03 595 -1.22 1.52 1.85 599 -5.84 11.10 13.75 599 -0.30 1.13 1.38 470 

20100309 -1.43 1.63 1.87 609 -1.34 2.15 2.71 611 0.67 9.38 11.77 611 0.42 1.46 1.82 482 

20100413 0.64 1.33 1.78 580 0.09 1.37 1.81 579 -1.93 8.17 10.87 579 -1.16 1.84 2.34 462 

20100617 0.66 1.35 1.77 571 2.83 3.58 4.13 571 3.38 8.83 11.21 571 -4.20 4.22 4.69 471 

20100621 0.27 1.55 1.98 577 1.58 2.05 2.76 573 2.72 4.96 7.42 573 -5.29 5.29 5.55 463 

20100627 2.31 2.47 3.14 574 3.68 3.72 4.12 589 2.80 4.79 6.14 589 -8.51 9.15 11.20 435 

20100630 -0.30 1.51 2.03 650 1.42 2.67 3.52 631 2.19 3.85 5.53 631 -6.89 6.90 7.05 445 

20100704 1.91 2.19 2.74 608 0.56 2.13 2.67 608 -1.28 4.28 5.78 608 -7.10 7.10 7.30 442 
218 

Table B-14. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 3-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.84 2.22 2.88 586 -1.35 2.61 3.27 586 1.62 2.58 3.18 586 5.57 8.50 25 4.40 580 

20090421 0.00 1.15 1.49 595 -0.23 1.28 1.61 595 -0.38 1.09 1.38 595 -9.60 31.20 25 36.48 502 

20090519 1.17 2.81 3.62 537 1.30 3.21 4.23 537 0.94 2.52 3.21 537 2.03 25.11 25 -2.03 518 

20090626 -0.55 2.49 3.36 550 -0.06 3.28 4.26 550 1.00 2.79 3.59 550 3.37 21.22 25 7.82 526 

20091103 -0.30 1.19 1.53 583 -0.22 1.25 1.70 583 -0.13 1.01 1.34 583 -11.37 46.29 25 -99.92 463 

20091114 0.70 2.05 2.57 554 -0.48 2.10 2.88 554 0.51 1.99 2.72 554 16.86 40.30 25 6.68 487 

20091116 -0.39 1.26 1.56 565 0.96 1.46 1.86 565 0.32 1.08 1.37 565 -22.35 51.40 25 -14.83 436 

20091222 0.28 1.58 2.12 514 -0.09 2.19 2.90 514 1.65 2.00 2.57 514 4.06 45.49 25 3.12 403 

20100204 -0.43 1.36 1.77 576 0.79 1.61 2.02 576 0.78 1.32 1.66 576 4.62 30.42 25 2.96 442 

20100205 -0.97 1.82 2.38 574 3.56 3.75 4.52 574 2.50 3.07 3.80 574 -5.04 46.52 25 -14.41 473 

20100207 1.04 1.74 2.20 586 -0.12 1.71 2.10 586 0.23 1.64 2.05 586 18.92 19.83 25 19.50 533 

20100304 1.47 4.00 5.11 595 2.17 3.31 4.14 595 2.03 3.04 3.77 595 -27.75 39.73 25 -24.16 571 

20100307 -0.29 1.59 2.05 596 1.56 2.51 3.15 596 0.42 1.68 2.12 596 -2.97 82.54 25 -179.16 460 

20100309 0.91 2.02 2.58 578 -0.56 2.37 3.05 578 0.85 2.40 3.07 578 -2.11 7.37 25 7.45 564 

20100413 0.92 2.42 3.31 559 -0.60 2.59 3.50 559 0.21 2.00 2.66 559 3.68 45.39 25 -34.81 529 

20100617 0.41 1.63 2.19 576 0.59 1.84 2.31 576 -0.08 1.20 1.55 576 22.16 57.52 25 -27.04 539 

20100621 -0.50 1.82 2.30 563 0.47 1.89 2.47 563 -0.31 1.74 2.29 563 3.12 46.46 25 -9.73 536 

20100627 -0.53 1.64 2.07 585 -0.87 1.63 2.10 585 0.49 1.33 1.71 591 -18.59 27.50 25 -13.24 509 

20100630 -0.07 2.02 2.65 606 1.76 2.73 3.37 606 1.77 2.67 3.37 609 1.29 4.98 25 1.67 594 

20100704 0.51 1.89 2.43 607 -2.24 2.90 3.57 607 1.68 2.34 2.91 607 19.38 28.91 25 -0.98 559 
219 

Table B-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 

DATE: 2009, 2010 Model/Domain Set: m2o2_B2_sfc 

2-m Temperature (K) 2-m DewPoint Temp (K) 2-m Rel Humidity (%) 0-m MSL Pressure (hPa) 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL

20090326 1.42 1.55 1.98 608 -0.21 1.75 2.34 608 -6.64 11.09 14.20 608 2.98 3.01 3.39 483 

20090421 2.61 3.07 3.87 561 -0.66 3.18 3.72 587 -11.01 14.25 20.13 587 -3.15 3.15 3.34 442 

20090519 1.10 1.70 2.15 578 -0.35 1.51 2.04 595 -1.74 3.34 4.42 595 -5.35 5.35 5.47 446 

20090626 -0.27 1.89 2.31 593 2.44 2.71 3.24 578 7.84 11.86 14.12 578 -3.63 3.66 4.05 459 

20091103 3.83 4.00 4.94 538 1.46 1.75 2.22 582 -8.28 10.10 12.78 582 -2.43 2.49 3.01 479 

20091114 2.12 2.29 2.84 558 1.08 2.34 2.76 563 -4.29 9.82 12.43 563 1.91 2.02 2.36 468 

20091116 5.32 5.32 5.87 539 -0.65 2.07 2.64 560 -22.26 22.34 24.93 560 0.18 2.26 2.63 471 

20091222 1.66 1.79 2.35 514 0.00 1.34 1.70 520 -10.29 10.43 13.22 520 3.71 3.75 4.15 378 

20100204 -1.86 2.53 3.09 570 -1.19 1.63 1.96 576 2.98 9.17 12.08 576 4.23 4.23 4.71 425 

20100205 -1.37 1.98 2.48 578 -1.16 1.34 1.64 579 1.32 9.36 11.67 579 1.00 1.99 2.43 424 

20100207 -1.58 1.80 2.08 591 -1.59 1.73 2.11 591 0.23 7.07 9.61 591 2.58 2.62 2.98 424 

20100304 0.84 1.89 2.39 609 0.00 1.69 2.09 610 -4.09 15.97 19.38 610 -0.36 1.44 1.74 480 

20100307 -0.17 1.65 2.04 595 -1.12 1.44 1.75 599 -4.90 10.77 13.34 599 -0.10 1.11 1.39 470 

20100309 -1.45 1.55 1.80 609 -1.28 2.08 2.65 611 1.07 9.35 11.77 611 0.49 1.45 1.81 482 

20100413 0.40 1.26 1.68 580 0.26 1.38 1.83 579 -0.55 8.09 10.70 579 -0.92 1.72 2.19 462 

20100617 0.58 1.28 1.72 571 3.03 3.65 4.22 571 4.11 8.97 11.38 571 -4.12 4.14 4.62 471 

20100621 0.20 1.47 1.96 577 1.55 2.10 2.82 573 2.73 5.25 7.77 573 -5.08 5.08 5.34 463 

20100627 2.28 2.44 3.14 574 3.79 3.83 4.24 589 3.04 5.06 6.44 589 -8.33 8.97 11.06 435 

20100630 -0.37 1.49 2.05 650 1.44 2.66 3.55 631 2.28 4.00 5.85 631 -6.90 6.91 7.05 445 

20100704 1.86 2.13 2.67 608 0.57 2.21 2.76 608 -1.16 4.40 5.92 608 -7.05 7.05 7.26 442 
220 

Table B-15. Error statistics for surface meteorological variables for 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting (continued). 

10-m Wind Dir (deg) 

10-m U-comp (m/s) 10-m V-comp (m/s) 10-m Wind Speed (m/s) ROW_MEAN AGGR 

Date ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE RMSE TOTAL ME MAE TOTAL ME TOTAL

20090326 0.85 2.30 2.95 586 -1.39 2.66 3.33 586 1.69 2.63 3.25 586 5.58 8.52 25 4.40 580 

20090421 0.02 1.18 1.52 595 -0.24 1.30 1.64 595 -0.32 1.12 1.40 595 -10.21 33.49 25 39.64 502 

20090519 1.24 2.93 3.78 537 1.32 3.27 4.30 537 1.12 2.61 3.35 537 1.75 25.56 25 -2.63 518 

20090626 -0.53 2.59 3.49 550 -0.07 3.32 4.30 550 1.10 2.87 3.70 550 3.03 21.03 25 7.50 526 

20091103 -0.30 1.23 1.59 583 -0.25 1.25 1.68 583 -0.04 1.02 1.35 583 -18.99 49.96 25 -100.45 463 

20091114 0.76 2.09 2.62 554 -0.50 2.13 2.93 554 0.60 2.04 2.77 554 18.34 41.22 25 7.52 487 

20091116 -0.39 1.31 1.63 565 1.02 1.52 1.94 565 0.41 1.15 1.46 565 -23.97 52.00 25 -16.46 436 

20091222 0.40 1.58 2.16 514 -0.34 2.14 2.85 514 1.68 2.06 2.67 514 -0.64 41.50 25 2.74 403 

20100204 -0.28 1.40 1.84 576 0.70 1.62 2.01 576 0.77 1.34 1.69 576 0.17 32.23 25 -1.89 442 

20100205 -0.87 1.83 2.40 574 3.32 3.58 4.43 574 2.33 2.98 3.74 574 -5.70 47.24 25 -15.08 473 

20100207 1.02 1.78 2.23 586 0.14 1.71 2.16 586 0.19 1.68 2.11 586 20.03 21.00 25 20.61 533 

20100304 1.55 4.02 5.16 595 2.16 3.42 4.24 595 2.13 3.10 3.86 595 -29.05 40.74 25 -24.81 571 

20100307 -0.17 1.63 2.11 596 1.58 2.50 3.14 596 0.50 1.73 2.17 596 -4.58 80.03 25 173.75 460 

20100309 1.01 2.07 2.66 578 -0.63 2.38 3.08 578 1.03 2.46 3.17 578 -1.77 7.29 25 7.72 564 

20100413 0.93 2.50 3.43 559 -0.55 2.54 3.42 559 0.32 2.02 2.76 559 4.63 47.37 25 -35.33 529 

20100617 0.43 1.67 2.22 576 0.63 1.85 2.33 576 -0.03 1.25 1.60 576 20.54 56.03 25 -29.70 539 

20100621 -0.55 1.79 2.35 563 0.44 1.96 2.60 563 -0.17 1.77 2.38 563 1.94 42.12 25 -10.45 536 

20100627 -0.57 1.79 2.27 585 -0.86 1.79 2.26 585 0.65 1.49 1.91 591 -18.99 27.29 25 -14.42 509 

20100630 -0.08 2.13 2.80 606 1.80 2.80 3.48 606 1.86 2.74 3.45 609 1.37 5.61 25 1.87 594 

20100704 0.40 2.06 2.68 607 -2.28 2.99 3.70 607 1.82 2.53 3.14 607 18.24 28.66 25 -2.30 559 
221 

Figure B-55. Comparison of all 2-m air temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
222 

Figure B-56. Comparison of all 2-m dew point temperature statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
223 

Figure B-57. Comparison of all 2-m relative humidity statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
224 

Figure B-58. Comparison of all mean sea level pressure statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
225 

Figure B-59. Comparison of all 10-m U-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
226 

Figure B-60. Comparison of all 10-m V-component wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
227 

Figure B-61. Comparison of all 10-m wind speed statistics for 3-km and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, 

MYJ BL setting. 
228 

Figure B-62. Comparison of all 10-m row mean wind direction statistics (MAE and Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 
229 

Figure B-63. Comparison of all 10-m aggregate wind direction statistics (Bias only) for 3-km 

and 1-km WRF, Domain 2, MYJ BL setting. 
230 

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
231 

Appendix C. Synoptic Weather Charts Showing the General Meteorological 

Situation for Each Case Study Day 

Appendix C contains charts in the following order for each case study day: 

 Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC on case study day 

 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC on case study day 

 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC day after case study day 

 Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for case study day 

The charts appear in the order by case study day as shown in table C-1. 

Table C-1. Figures of appendix C in the order they 

appear organized by case study day. 

Case Study Day Associated Figures 

20090326 Figures C-1−C-4 

20090421 Figures C-5−C-8 

20090519 Figures C-9−C-12 

20090626 Figures C-13−C-16 

20091103 Figures C-17−C-20 

20091114 Figures C-21−C-24 

20091116 Figures C-25−C-28 

20091222 Figures C-29−C-32 

20100204 Figures C-33−C-36 

20100205 Figures C-37−C-40 

20100207 Figures C-41−C-44 

20100304 Figures C-45−C-48 

20100307 Figures C-49−C-52 

20100309 Figures C-53−C-56 

20100413 Figures C-57−C-60 

20100617 Figures C-61−C-64 

20100621 Figures C-65−C-68 

20100627 Figures C-69−C-72 

20100630 Figures C-73−C-76 

20100704 Figures C-77−C-80 
232 

Figure C-1. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090326. 
233 

Figure C-2. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090326. 
234 

Figure C-3. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090327. 
235 

Figure C-4. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090326. 
236 

Figure C-5. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090421. 
237 

Figure C-6. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090421. 
238 

Figure C-7. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090422. 
239 

Figure C-8. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090421. 
240 

Figure C-9. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090519. 
241 

Figure C-10. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090519. 
242 

Figure C-11. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090520. 
243 

Figure C-12. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090519. 
244 

Figure C-13. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090626. 
245 

Figure C-14. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20090626. 
246 

Figure C-15. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20090627. 
247 

Figure C-16. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20090626. 
248 

Figure C-17. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091103. 
249 

Figure C-18. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091103. 
250 

Figure C-19. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091104. 
251 

Figure C-20. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091103. 
252 

Figure C-21. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091114. 
253 

Figure C-22. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091114. 
254 

Figure C-23. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091115. 
255 

Figure C-24. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091114. 
256 

Figure C-25. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091116. 
257 

Figure C-26. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091116. 
258 

Figure C-27. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091117. 
259 

Figure C-28. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091116. 
260 

Figure C-29. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091222. 
261 

Figure C-30. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20091222. 
262 

Figure C-31. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20091223. 
263 

Figure C-32. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20091222. 
264 

Figure C-33. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100204. 
265 

Figure C-34. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100204. 
266 

Figure C-35. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100205. 
267 

Figure C-36. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100204. 
268 

Figure C-37. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100205. 
269 

Figure C-38. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100205. 
270 

Figure C-39. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100206. 
271 

Figure C-40. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100205. 
272 

Figure C-41. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100207. 
273 

Figure C-42. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100207. 
274 

Figure C-43. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100208. 
275 

Figure C-44. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100207. 
276 

Figure C-45. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100304. 
277 

Figure C-46. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100304. 
278 

Figure C-47. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100305. 
279 

Figure C-48. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100304. 
280 

Figure C-49. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100307. 
281 

Figure C-50. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100307. 
282 

Figure C-51. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100308. 
283 

Figure C-52. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100307. 
284 

Figure C-53. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100309. 
285 

Figure C-54. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100309. 
286 

Figure C-55. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100310. 
287 

Figure C-56. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100309. 
288 

Figure C-57. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100413. 
289 

Figure C-58. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100413. 
290 

Figure C-59. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100414. 
291 

Figure C-60. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100413. 
292 

Figure C-61. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100617. 
293 

Figure C-62. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100617. 
294 

Figure C-63. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100618. 
295 

Figure C-64. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100617. 
296 

Figure C-65. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100621. 
297 

Figure C-66. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100621. 
298 

Figure C-67. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100622. 
299 

Figure C-68. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100621. 
300 

Figure C-69. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100627. 
301 

Figure C-70. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100627. 
302 

Figure C-71. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100628. 
303 

Figure C-72. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100627. 
304 

Figure C-73. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100630. 
305 

Figure C-74. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100630. 
306 

Figure C-75. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100701. 
307 

Figure C-76. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100630. 
308 

Figure C-77. Surface weather analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100704. 
309 

Figure C-78. 500-millibar upper air analysis valid time 1200 UTC, 20100704. 
310 

Figure C-79. 24-hour accumulated precipitation for period ending 1200 UTC, 20100705. 
311 

Figure C-80. Maximum and minimum surface temperatures for 20100704. 
312 

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
313 

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 

AFWA Air Force Weather Agency 

ARL U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

ARW Advanced Research WRF 

BED Battlefield Environment Division 

DCGS-A Distributed Common Ground System-Army 

DTC Developmental Testbed Center 

FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

MADIS Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System 

MAE Mean Absolute Error 

ME Mean Error 

MET Model Evaluation Tools 

MYJ Mellor-Yamada-Janic 

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research 

NCEP National Centers for Environmental Protection 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NRL Naval Research Laboratory 

NWP Numerical Weather Prediction 

RMSE Root Mean Square Error 

RTMA Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis 

USAF United States Air Force 

UTC Coordinated Universal Time 

WPPV3 WRF Post Processor Version 3 

WRE-N Weather Running Estimate-Nowcast 

WRF Weather Research Forecasting 

YSU Yonsei State University 
314 

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