[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-12040

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

EDWARD DANE JEFFUS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

JEFFREY F. MAHL, 

Judge, 18th Judicial Circuit Court, 

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 6:21-cv-01393-CEM-LHP

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2 Opinion of the Court 22-12040

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Before WILSON, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Pro se Florida prisoner Edward Dane Jeffus appeals the dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint for failure to state a claim 

and the denial of his motion to alter or amend the judgment and 

amend his complaint pursuant to Rules 59(e) and 15(a).

Where appropriate, we review de novo a district court’s sua 

sponte dismissal of a complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A for failure 

to state a claim. Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 254 F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th 

Cir. 2001). Additionally, we review denials of Rule 59(e) motions 

as well as Rule 15(a) motions to amend a complaint for abuse of 

discretion. Lambert v. Fulton Cnty., Ga., 253 F.3d 588, 598 (11th Cir. 

2001); Bryant v. Dupree, 252 F.3d 1161, 1163 (11th Cir. 2001). We

may affirm a district court’s judgment on any basis supported by 

the record. Big Top Koolers, Inc. v. Circus-Man Snacks, Inc., 528 F.3d 

839, 844 (11th Cir. 2008).

Pursuant to § 1915A, a court shall review, as soon as practicable, a complaint in a civil action in which a prisoner seeks redress 

from an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915A(a). A court shall dismiss the complaint if it fails to state a 

claim. Id. § 1915A(b)(1). The same standards that apply to a dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) apply to dismissals under 

§ 1915A. Leal, 254 F.3d at 1278-79. To prevent dismissal under 

Rule 12(b)(6), the plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to state a 

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22-12040 Opinion of the Court 3

claim for relief that is “plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “[A] claim has facial plausibility 

when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 

draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 

misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 

Filings by pro se litigants, “however inartfully pleaded,” are 

to be liberally construed and must be held to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by attorneys. Erickson v. Pardus, 

551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quotation omitted). Nevertheless, district 

courts may not rewrite deficient pleadings in order to sustain an 

action, and complaints that fail to state a claim upon which relief 

can be granted must still be dismissed. See Campbell v. Air Jamaica 

Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168-69 (11th Cir. 2014). Additionally, even pro 

se litigants will be deemed to have abandoned a claim by: (1) making only passing reference to it, (2) raising it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority, (3) referring to it 

only in the “statement of the case” or “summary of the argument,” 

or (4) the references to the issue are mere background to the appellant’s main arguments. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 

F.3d 678, 681-82 (11th Cir. 2014). Additionally, unpublished opinions are not controlling authority and are persuasive only insofar 

as their legal analysis warrants. Bonilla v. Baker Concrete Const., Inc., 

487 F.3d 1340, 1345 n.7 (11th Cir. 2007).

Further, if the district court’s order rested on two or more 

independent, alternative grounds, the appellant must challenge all 

of the grounds to succeed on appeal. See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 680. 

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When an appellant fails to challenge properly on appeal one of the 

grounds on which the district court based its judgment, he is 

deemed to have abandoned any challenge of that ground, and it 

follows that the judgment is due to be affirmed. See id.

Sua sponte dismissals for failure to state a claim are prohibited when: (1) the defendant has not answered and the plaintiff still 

has the right to amend, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 15; (2) the plaintiff brought his claim in good faith; and (3) the district court failed 

to provide the plaintiff notice of its intent to dismiss the complaint 

or offer the plaintiff an opportunity to respond. Am. United Life Ins. 

Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1056-57 (11th Cir. 2007). However, 

“[t]here is an exception to [the] general rule against dismissal without notice if the complaint is patently frivolous or if reversal . . . 

would be futile.” Tazoe v. Airbus S.A.S., 631 F.3d 1321, 1336 (11th 

Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“Where a more carefully drafted complaint might state a 

claim, a plaintiff must be given at least one chance to amend the 

complaint before the district court dismisses the action with prejudice.” Bank v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991), overruled in 

part by Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d 541 (11th 

Cir. 2002) (en banc); see also Silberman v. Miami Dade Transit, 927 F.3d 

1123, 1132 (11th Cir. 2019). However, the court need not grant a 

plaintiff leave to amend his complaint when further amendment 

would be futile. Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1133. Leave to amend is 

futile when the complaint as amended would still be dismissed. Id. 

The question in such cases is not whether the plaintiff has stated a 

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claim, but instead, “when all is said and done, he can do so.” Id.

(emphasis in original). 

Section 1983 provides a cause of action for private citizens 

against persons acting under color of state law for violating their 

constitutional rights and other federal laws. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. It 

only imposes liability for a defendant’s “own personal actions.” See 

Holloman ex. rel. Holloman v. Harland, 370 F.3d 1252, 1263 (11th Cir. 

2004).

Under Rule 59, a party may ask a district court to reconsider 

an earlier ruling. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). A Rule 59(e) motion 

must be based upon “newly-discovered evidence or manifest errors 

of law or fact.” Arthur v. King, 500 F.3d 1335, 1343 (11th Cir. 2007). 

It may not be used to relitigate old matters or raise arguments or 

present evidence that could have been raised prior to the initial entry of judgment. Id.

“Judges are entitled to absolute judicial immunity from damages for those acts taken while they are acting in their judicial capacity unless they acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” 

Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, state judges are not immune from 

declaratory relief in a § 1983 action. Id. at 1240. To warrant such 

relief, a plaintiff must show: (1) that there was a violation, (2) that 

there is a serious risk of continuing irreparable injury if relief is not 

granted, and (3) the absence of an adequate remedy at law. Id. at 

1242. Appealing a judge’s ruling or seeking the extraordinary writ 

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6 Opinion of the Court 22-12040

of mandamus both constitute adequate remedies at law. Id. at 

1243.

The Rooker-Feldman doctrine provides that “lower federal 

courts are precluded from exercising appellate jurisdiction over final state-court judgments.” Nicholson v. Shafe, 558 F.3d 1266, 1268 

(11th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks omitted). We have cautioned 

against broadly construing Rooker-Feldman and held that the doctrine should be confined only to “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.” Id.

(quotation marks omitted).

Following initial screening under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the district court dismissed Jeffus’s complaint sua sponte for failure to 

state a claim. It framed the “crux” of Jeffus’s claims as being that 

Judge Mahl “ha[d] failed to correct [Jeffus’s] sentence in accordance 

with state law and entered an order prohibiting his pro se filings in 

the state appellate court.” It then determined that Jeffus’s equal 

protection claim challenged the validity of his confinement or its 

duration, as opposed to the circumstances of his confinement, and, 

therefore, the claim could only be raised in a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. It further found that he failed to state a claim 

for a violation of his right to access the courts, because Judge Mahl 

had not entered the order prohibiting further pro se filings in the 

state appellate court. It concluded by noting that Judge Mahl 

would also be entitled to judicial immunity from damages. 

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22-12040 Opinion of the Court 7

Following Jeffus’s Motion to Supplement and Motion to 

Amend, the district court found that he failed to show that newly 

discovered evidence or a manifest error of law or fact rendered the 

dismissal of the complaint improper. As to his claim for denial of 

access to the courts, it explained that the Clerk predicated its refusal 

to open an appeal from Judge Mahl’s orders on the Fifth DCA’s 

Spencer order, as opposed to any action taken by Judge Mahl, and 

the Clerk’s actions could not be imputed to Judge Mahl under § 

1983. It further found that, despite the Fifth DCA’s order prohibiting further pro se filings, he failed to demonstrate that he lacked an 

adequate remedy at law, because he could have appealed the Fifth 

DCA’s order to the Florida Supreme Court or sought a writ of mandamus. 

As to his equal protection claim, the court found that Jeffus 

failed to allege that Judge Mahl discriminated against him based on 

a constitutionally protected interest. It also determined that, to the 

extent that he requested that the court invalidate the Spencer1 orders and consider the claims that he raised in state court challenging his sentence, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine would preclude review of the state court decisions. Therefore, it concluded that Jeffus failed to demonstrate an entitlement to relief under Rule 59(e), 

and amendment of the complaint would be futile.

1 In State v. Spencer, 751 So. 2d 47, 48 (Fla. 1999), the Florida Supreme Court 

determined that courts may restrict pro se filings only after providing the litigant with notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond. 

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Here, Jeffus cites to no binding caselaw or any other support 

for his arguments, alleging broadly that the district court made erroneous findings and ignored and/or overlooked various allegations he made against the defendant. Even construing his arguments liberally, Jeffus also attacks only one of the grounds upon 

which the district court based its findings—the applicability of judicial immunity—and cites only to nonbinding and distinguishable

caselaw in doing so. Without more, Jeffus is entitled to no relief. 

Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681-82. Had he not abandoned his challenge 

to the district court’s finding with respect to the absence of an adequate remedy at law, his appeal still fails because he was still able 

to challenge the Fifth DCA’s 2017 order by appealing to the Florida 

Supreme Court under Spencer or seeking a writ of mandamus. 

Bolin, 225 F.3d at 1242-43. Additionally, the district court properly 

found that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine precluded its own review 

of the state court’s decisions regarding his confinement. Nicholson, 

558 F.3d at 1270. 

Because Jeffus’s § 1983 complaint was properly dismissed for 

failure to state a claim and his motion to amend properly denied

for failure to identify any newly-discovered evidence or manifest 

errors of law or fact or show that amendment would not be futile, 

we therefore affirm. 

AFFIRMED.

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