United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-5010 

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, 

EDUCATION CABINET, 

DEPARTMENT FOR THE BLIND, 

 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

Christopher Solop, Armstrong Allen, PLLC, of Jackson, Mississippi, for plaintiffappellant. Of counsel was Lynn Hawkins Patton. 

James W. Poirier, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, of 

Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were Peter D. 

Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director and Bryant G. Snee, 

Assistant Director. 

Appealed from: United States Court of Federal Claims 

Judge Lawrence J. Block 
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

05-5010 

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, 

EDUCATION CABINET, 

DEPARTMENT FOR THE BLIND, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

___________________________ 

DECIDED: September 21, 2005 

___________________________ 

Before SCHALL, Circuit Judge, ARCHER, Senior Circuit Judge, and BRYSON, Circuit 

Judge. 

BRYSON, Circuit Judge. 

 In October 2003, the Department of the Army issued a solicitation for bids on a 

contract to provide services for a military cafeteria at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The 

solicitation indicated that the contract was subject to the Randolph-Sheppard Act, 20 

U.S.C. §§ 107 et seq. (“RSA”). Under the RSA, state licensing authorities representing 

the interests of licensed blind vendors are allowed to submit bids on federal contracts 

on behalf of those vendors, and those bids are given special consideration. Id. § 

107(b). Regulations promulgated under the RSA require federal agencies to discuss 

the licensing authority’s bid with the Secretary of Education whenever the bid “is judged 
05-5010 2 

to be within a competitive range and has been ranked among those proposals which 

have a reasonable chance of being selected for final award.” 34 C.F.R. § 395.33(b). 

The Department of Defense has gone even further, mandating that “if the State 

licensing agency submits a proposal and it is within the competitive range established 

by the contracting officer, the contract will be awarded to the State licensing agency.” 

Dep’t of Defense Directive No. 1125.3, § E2.1.3.1.2. In order to facilitate compliance 

with the Department of Defense Directive, the contracting officer in this case 

incorporated two competitive criteria in the cafeteria services solicitation. According to 

the solicitation, the first and more important criterion was the amount of the bid, which 

would be classified as either Satisfactory or Unsatisfactory. The second criterion was 

the bidder’s past performance on other contracts, upon which each bidder would 

receive a rating ranging from Exceptional to Unsatisfactory. 

 The Kentucky Department for the Blind (“KDB”), a state licensing agency under 

the RSA, submitted a bid on the contract. The Army classified KDB’s past performance 

as “Very Good,” the same rating that most of the other bidders received. The Army also 

classified the cost of KDB’s bid as “Satisfactory.” However, three other companies’ bids 

contained a lower price than KDB’s bid. The contracting officer subsequently 

determined that only the three lowest prices fell within the “competitive range.” Because 

KDB’s bid was not one of the three lowest, it was deemed to be outside the competitive 

range. KDB’s bid therefore did not receive preferential treatment, and KDB was not 

awarded the contract. 

 After the contract was awarded, KDB requested a debriefing on the bidding 

process. From the debriefing, KDB learned that it was placed outside the competitive 
05-5010 3 

range even though, like the winning bidder, it received a rating of “Satisfactory” on price 

and a rating of “Very Good” on past performance. KDB then filed a bid protest action in 

the Court of Federal Claims, contending that its bid should have been included within 

the competitive range. KDB argued that it should have been placed in that range 

because its past performance should have been rated “Exceptional,” rather than “Very 

Good,” and because the contracting officer should not have limited the competitive 

range with respect to price to the three lowest bids. 

On the government’s motion, the trial court dismissed KDB’s complaint for lack of 

jurisdiction. Kentucky v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 445 (2004). Because KDB’s 

complaint had a “reasonable nexus” to the RSA, the court held that KDB was required 

to exhaust its administrative remedies under the Act by asking the Secretary of 

Education to convene an arbitration panel to resolve the dispute. KDB appeals that 

dismissal, arguing that its complaint did not raise a claim under the RSA and thus 

arbitration is inappropriate and unavailable. In addition, KDB argues that even if its 

claims fall within the scope of the RSA, arbitration is not mandatory under the RSA, but 

is an optional procedure that state licensing agencies can invoke as an alternative to 

other judicial and administrative remedies. 

I 

 The RSA contains two provisions for arbitration of disputes arising under the Act. 

Section 107d-1(a) provides that any vendor who is dissatisfied with “any action arising 

from the operation or administration of the vending facility program . . . may file a 

complaint with the Secretary who shall convene a panel to arbitrate the dispute” after 

first complaining to the state licensing agency. 20 U.S.C. § 107d-1(a). Section 107d-
05-5010 4 

1(b) provides that when a state licensing agency determines that a federal agency is 

“failing to comply with the provisions of this chapter or any regulations issued 

thereunder . . . such licensing agency may file a complaint with the Secretary who shall 

convene a panel to arbitrate the dispute.” Id. § 107d-1(b). The trial court held that the 

statutory language “encompasses all federal agency actions that have a reasonable 

nexus to the Act, which beyond a doubt would include a challenge to any agency 

decision to reject a proposal in response to a solicitation involving . . . the ‘operation’ of 

a vending facility.” The court further noted that “[i]t is doubtful . . . whether procurement 

award issues exist that are truly independent of the Act.” We do not agree that the 

scope of the arbitration provision of the RSA is so broad. 

 Section 107d-1(b) clearly limits the types of grievances that are subject to the 

RSA arbitration scheme. Only when the state licensing agency determines that the 

federal agency is “failing to comply with the provisions of this chapter or any regulations 

issued thereunder” is arbitration allowable. See 20 U.S.C. § 107d-1(b); see also 34 

C.F.R. § 395.37(a).1

 Section 107d-1(b) provides, as one example of the type of claim 

that is arbitrable, “a limitation on the placement or operation of a vending facility as 

 

 1

 Citing a different regulation, 34 C.F.R. § 395.33(b), the government argues that 

the Department of Education regulations provide for arbitration of any dispute in which 

the state licensing agency “is dissatisfied with an action taken relative to its proposal.” 

Read in context, however, that regulation cannot be interpreted as broadly as the 

government suggests. Section 395.37(a) of the Department of Education regulations 

provides that the state licensing agency may initiate the steps leading to arbitration if a 

federal agency “is failing to comply with the provisions of the [RSA] or of [the 

Department of Education regulations].” Moreover, the Department of Defense 

regulations that applied to the solicitation in this case provided that arbitration was 

available “[w]henever any State Licensing Agency for the blind determines that any 

activity of the Department of Defense is failing to comply with the provisions of the 

[RSA].” 32 C.F.R. § 260.5 (2003). 
05-5010 5 

described in . . . this title.” Section 107d-2 further emphasizes that the arbitration panel 

may act only if it “finds that the acts or practices of any [federal agency] are in violation 

of this chapter, or any regulation issued thereunder.” 20 U.S.C. § 107d-2(b); see also

34 C.F.R. § 395.37(d) (“If the panel finds that the acts or practices of any department 

. . . are in violation of the Act or of this part, the head of any such department . . . shall 

cause such acts or practices to be terminated promptly.”). Accordingly, not every 

complaint that a state licensing agency may have against a federal agency is arbitrable, 

but only those complaints that allege a violation of the RSA or its attendant regulations. 

 The legislative history of the RSA bears out that interpretation of the statute. 

Although the RSA was originally enacted in 1936, see Act of June 20, 1936, ch. 638, 49 

Stat. 1559, the arbitration provisions were not incorporated into the RSA until 1974, see

Randolph-Sheppard Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-516, Title II, § 206, 88 

Stat. 1617, 1626. Congress added the arbitration provisions because it determined that 

“State agencies are still without recourse from decisions of Federal agencies regarding 

blind vendor facilities on property they control.” S. Rep. No. 93-937, at 20 (1974). In 

other words, prior to the amendment blind vendors and state licensing agencies had no 

neutral forum in which to press claims of violations of the RSA that did not involve 

violations of contract rights or federal procurement provisions. See Wilson v. Watson, 

309 F. Supp. 263, 271 (D. Kan. 1968), aff’d, 422 F.2d 866 (10th Cir. 1970). The 

arbitration provisions closed that gap, providing a “means by which aggrieved vendors 

and State agencies may obtain a final and satisfactory resolution of disputes” under the 

RSA. S. Rep. No. 93-937, at 20. 
05-5010 6 

 Arbitration, however, was not meant to cover every complaint by a state licensing 

agency concerning the procurement of vending services. Congress enacted the 

arbitration provisions to fill a gap in the existing statutory scheme, under which vendors 

and state licensing agencies could bring claims based on a breach of contract or a 

violation of other federal procurement provisions, but could not bring a claim arising 

under the RSA. See Wilson, 309 F. Supp. at 271. Congress specifically sought to fill 

that gap in a targeted fashion, covering only claims alleging a failure to comply with the 

RSA. There is no reason to believe that Congress meant to funnel every complaint by a 

state licensing authority against a federal agency into arbitration, thus duplicating 

remedies that the failed bidders already had against the government. The Senate 

report on the arbitration provisions noted that “[i]t is not anticipated that these 

[arbitration] mechanisms will be used with great frequency.” S. Rep. No. 93-937, at 20. 

Congress had that expectation because it intended that the arbitration provisions would 

be triggered only if the state licensing agency alleged a violation of the RSA, and not in 

the case of other, more common allegations such as a breach of contract or a violation 

of government procurement provisions. 

Apart from the purpose and history of the arbitration provision, it would be odd to 

interpret the statute to direct vendors and state licensing agencies into RSA arbitration 

even if their complaints had nothing to do with a federal agency’s violation of the RSA. 

The arbitration system is administered by the Department of Education, which has 

expertise in the RSA, but no special expertise in general matters of federal procurement 

law. For claims relating to procurement disputes not based on the RSA and its 

regulations, there would be no reason to bypass conventional bid protest and federal 
05-5010 7 

contract remedies in favor of arbitration by panels convened by the Secretary of 

Education. 

Decisions from other circuits support the conclusion that the statutory arbitration 

remedy applies only if the state licensing agency claims a violation of the RSA. In 

Maryland State Department of Education v. U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 98 F.3d 

165 (4th Cir. 1996), the Fourth Circuit construed the RSA’s arbitration provisions in a 

case in which the Department of Veteran Affairs refused to comply with the decision of a 

RSA arbitration panel. The Fourth Circuit noted that “the plain language of § 107d2(b)(2) limits the authority of an arbitration panel convened under § 107d-1(b) to a 

determination of whether the acts of the federal entity ‘are in violation’ of the substantive 

provisions of the Act.” Id. at 169. In fact, the court held that determining if there was a 

violation of the RSA was the sole responsibility of the arbitration panel. Id.; see also

Minn. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. v. Riley, 107 F.3d 648, 650 (8th Cir. 1997) (The RSA 

arbitration panel “decided competing VCS vending machines at the VA Medical Center 

would violate the Act. The Panel did exactly what the statute authorizes.”). In sum, it is 

clear that only claims that allege a violation of the RSA fall within the scope of RSAprescribed arbitration. 

 Although we construe the RSA’s arbitration provisions more narrowly than the 

trial court, KDB’s complaint alleges a violation of the RSA even under our narrower 

interpretation. KDB’s complaint hinges on the contracting officer’s exclusion of KDB’s 

bid from the solicitation’s “competitive range.” KDB’s first amended complaint alleges 

that the contracting officer “abused her discretion and eliminated the KDB, knowing that 

if the KDB was included in the competitive range, the KDB was required to receive the 
05-5010 8 

contract award under the Randolph-Sheppard Act and related regulations.” Simply put, 

KDB alleges that the Army thwarted the regulations promulgated under the RSA by 

constructing the competitive range and evaluating KDB’s past performance in a way 

that avoided giving the state licensing agency priority in the bidding process. See 34 

C.F.R. § 395.33(b); Dep’t of Defense Directive No. 1125.3. If there were any doubt as 

to whether KDB’s claim arises under the RSA, the complaint dispels it, as the complaint 

specifically alleges that KDB was entitled to the contract “under the Randolph-Sheppard 

Act and related regulations.” Because KDB’s complaint is premised on a violation of the 

RSA, it falls within the scope of the arbitration provisions of the Act. 

II 

 KDB contends that even if its claims fall under the RSA, the RSA’s arbitration 

scheme is not mandatory. KDB points to the language of section 107d-1, which states 

that a “licensing agency may file a complaint with the Secretary who shall convene a 

panel to arbitrate the dispute.” 20 U.S.C. § 107d-1. KDB argues that this language 

makes clear that arbitration is permissive, because it states that the state licensing 

agency “may” file a complaint for arbitration, whereas it states that if the state licensing 

agency requests arbitration, the Secretary “shall” convene a panel. The government 

responds that the term “may” simply reflects that the state licensing agency has the 

option of challenging the contracting agency’s conduct, but does not suggest that it has 

a choice of remedies if it decides to exercise that option. 

 KDB’s argument is not without some force. The Supreme Court has noted that 

“the word ‘may,’ when used in a statute, usually implies some degree of discretion.” 

United States v. Rodgers, 461 U.S. 677, 706 (1983); see also McBryde v. United 
05-5010 9 

States, 299 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002). That common-sense principle is 

especially applicable “when the same [provision] uses both ‘may’ and ‘shall,’ [because] 

the normal inference is that each is used in its usual sense—the one act being 

permissive, the other mandatory.” Anderson v. Yungkau, 329 U.S. 482, 485 (1947). 

However, Congress’s use of the two terms “may” and “shall” does not end the analysis 

of whether arbitration is mandatory. Instead, the use of the word “may” to denote 

discretion “is by no means invariable, . . . and can be defeated by indications of 

legislative intent to the contrary or by obvious inferences from the structure and purpose 

of the statute.” Rodgers, 461 U.S. at 706. 

 As we noted above, Congress enacted the arbitration provisions to provide state 

licensing agencies and blind vendors a neutral forum in which to bring allegations that 

federal agencies had violated the RSA. Congress intended that arbitration would be 

“the means by which aggrieved vendors and State agencies may obtain a final and 

satisfactory resolution of disputes.” S. Rep. No. 93-937, at 20. The RSA sets out in 

detail how arbitration panels will be chosen, the rules that will govern the arbitration, and 

who shall bear the costs of the arbitration. See 20 U.S.C. § 107d-2. The statute makes 

the decision of the arbitration panel “final and binding on the parties except as otherwise 

provided in this chapter,” id. § 107d-1(b), and it provides that judicial review of the 

panel’s decision “shall be subject to appeal and review as a final agency action,” id. § 

107d-2(a). Those provisions make clear that Congress created a comprehensive 

scheme for the administration of disputes arising from violations of the RSA. In the 

absence of a clear indication to the contrary, Congress’s creation of a comprehensive 

remedial scheme is a strong indication that the scheme prescribed by statute was 
05-5010 10 

intended to be exclusive. See United States v. Babcock, 250 U.S. 328, 331 (1919) 

(“[W]here a statute creates a right and provides a special remedy, that remedy is 

exclusive.”). 

 It is especially noteworthy that Congress stated that the decision of the arbitration 

panel would be the “final and binding” resolution of the state licensing agency’s 

complaint and that the arbitration decision would be reviewable by a court as final 

agency action. Congress provided that arbitration decisions would be reviewed under 

the standards set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act, i.e., that a court would set 

aside the arbitration decision only if it was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, 

or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 20 U.S.C. § 107d-2; 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); 

see also Premo v. Martin, 119 F.3d 764, 768 (9th Cir. 1997). It would be peculiar for 

Congress to require that a reviewing court give the arbitration award such a high level of 

deference if it meant to allow parties to circumvent the entire procedure by bringing 

actions under the RSA directly in court if they so chose, without being subject to a 

deferential standard of review. Thus, we conclude that the use of the term “may” in the 

statute refers only to the initial discretion that the state licensing agency has in electing 

to challenge agency action in the first instance; if the state licensing agency decides to 

complain of a violation of the RSA, however, it must do so through the arbitration 

process. 

Other circuits have agreed that the arbitration of RSA complaints is mandatory. 

In Fillinger v. Cleveland Society for the Blind, 587 F.2d 336 (6th Cir. 1978), the Sixth 

Circuit held that before blind vendors could bring a district court action under the RSA 

against the state licensing agency, the vendors had to exhaust their administrative 
05-5010 11 

remedies by entering into arbitration. The court in Fillinger rested its holding on the fact 

that “Congress’ decision to provide administrative and arbitration remedies for 

aggrieved blind vendors clearly evidences a policy judgment that the federal courts 

should not be the tribunal of first resort for the resolution of such grievances.” Id. at 

338. In Randolph-Sheppard Vendors of America v. Weinberger, 795 F.2d 90, 93 (D.C. 

Cir. 1986), the D.C. Circuit similarly held that blind vendors and state licensing agencies 

had to first pursue their complaints under the RSA in arbitration. The court held that the 

RSA “establishes a clear and explicit system for resolution of disputes arising under the 

Act.” Id. at 102. Therefore, the court reasoned, it is “unlikely, after establishing a 

specific dispute resolution system and conditioning judicial review on a final agency 

action, that Congress contemplated that an aggrieved party could, whenever it chose, 

circumvent the system and seek de novo determination in federal court.” Id. at 103; see 

also Comm. of Blind Vendors of D.C. v. Dist. of Columbia, 28 F.3d 130, 135 (D.C. Cir. 

1994). Those decisions and the reasoning underlying them support our conclusion that 

arbitration is mandatory for claims arising from the RSA. 

Only one court appears to have found that the RSA’s arbitration scheme is 

permissive. In Texas State Commission for the Blind v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. 730, 

735 n.12 (1984), the Claims Court commented that arbitration was permissive under the 

RSA. In that case, however, the parties had already arbitrated the dispute. Id. at 736. 

The court’s statement that the parties were not required to arbitrate was therefore 

dictum. Moreover, that decision is not binding on us, and we find the reasoning of the 

Sixth and D.C. Circuits more persuasive. Accordingly, we hold that for claims brought 

under the RSA, arbitration is mandatory. Because KDB did not exhaust that mandatory 
05-5010 12 

administrative remedy, the Court of Federal Claims correctly held that it lacked 

jurisdiction over KDB’s complaint. See Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 

U.S. 41, 50-51 (1938). 

Each party shall bear its own costs for this appeal. 

AFFIRMED.