COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Senior Judge Clements

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

DANIEL JASON GONZIN

v. Record No. 1441-10-2

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

OPINION BY

WALTER COUSINS, JR., S/K/A JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS

 WALTER ANTHONY COUSINS, JR. OCTOBER 25, 2011

v. Record No. 1480-10-2

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPOMATTOX COUNTY

William R. Shelton, Judge Designate

H. Evans Thomas, V (H. Evans Thomas, V, P.C., on brief), for 

appellant Daniel Jason Gonzin.

James E. Ghee (Williams, Luck & Williams, on brief), for appellant 

Walter Cousins Jr., s/k/a Walter Anthony Cousins, Jr.

Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellee.

Walter Cousins, Jr. (“Cousins”) and Daniel Jason Gonzin (“Gonzin”) appeal their 

convictions in the Circuit Court of Appomattox County for aggravated sexual battery.1 Cousins 

and Gonzin both argue on appeal that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient as a matter 

of law to support their convictions.2 Specifically, Cousins and Gonzin assert on the appeal that 

 1 Cousins and Gonzin were tried jointly.

2 Because these cases involve interrelated facts and the same legal issue, we have 

consolidated them for purposes of our decision. See, e.g., Surles v. Mayer, 48 Va. App. 146, 

155, 628 S.E.2d 563, 567 (2006).
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the evidence presented at trial failed to establish they committed the elevated felony offense of 

aggravated sexual battery. We agree with the arguments made by Cousins and Gonzin, reverse 

the judgment of the trial court, and remand the matters for resentencing on the lesser-included 

offense of sexual battery.

I. Background

On April 20, 2008, J.M., who was seventeen years old at the time, was working the night 

shift at the Dairy Queen. Cousins, known to J.M. as T.C., came to the Dairy Queen to get ice 

cream and then returned to talk to J.M. while J.M. was outside smoking. Cousins asked J.M. if 

she would like to “come over later” because he was “having people over.” Throughout the 

evening, the two “were just texting, talking back and forth,” and Cousins continued to inquire if 

J.M. “wanted to come over later.” When she finished her shift, J.M. began driving home. But 

then Cousins called her and “was just like just come over, there’s a couple of people over.” So 

J.M. “went back” to an address Cousins had provided on Plant Drive in Appomattox, which was 

a trailer belonging to Gonzin. 

When she arrived at the trailer, Cousins came out to the car and walked J.M. to the trailer. 

J.M. was at first “kind of hesitant” to stay when she realized there were only two additional men 

besides Cousins in the trailer, namely Gonzin and a man named David. J.M. did not know 

Gonzin or David. The three men encouraged J.M. to “just sit here and watch TV and [to] just 

hang out and talk.” J.M. agreed because she thought Cousins was her friend. She thought she 

could trust him and that it would be okay. The three men offered J.M. liquor and beer, but she 

declined. For a while, J.M. and the three men were “just sitting there watching TV, just talking 

and hanging out.” 

At some point, Cousins told J.M. he wanted to show her something in the back room. As 

J.M. followed Cousins down the hall, she didn’t realize that Gonzin was following along behind 
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her. J.M. followed Cousins into the back bedroom. Gonzin then entered the room, shut off the 

light, and closed the door. Gonzin grabbed J.M.’s arms as Cousins began taking off her pants. 

J.M. was saying “stop, stop,” but they got her pants off, ripping her belt. The two men were 

telling J.M. to “just be quiet, just be quiet.” When Cousins got J.M.’s pants and underwear off, 

he threw them against the wall and the two men put J.M. on the floor. Cousins and Gonzin

pulled up J.M.’s bra and shirt and began kissing her neck and breasts. Gonzin then inserted his 

penis into J.M.’s mouth as Cousins put his fingers in her vagina. J.M. could not move her head,

and Gonzin told her to “be still.” When J.M. bit down lightly on Gonzin’s penis, he removed it, 

but then he re-inserted it and “just kept going back and forth,” until finally “he just got up and 

pulled his pants back up and left.” Meanwhile, Cousins had spread J.M.’s legs and was “doing 

oral sex” on her vagina. After Gonzin left the room, Cousins “tried to insert his penis” into J.M., 

but she pleaded with him to stop.3

 Cousins finally got up, apologized, and left the room. 

J.M. put her clothes on as fast as she could and left the house. Cousins walked her out to 

her car and “was like don’t tell, don’t tell, are you okay, are you okay.” J.M. didn’t respond at 

all, because she was “agitated” and “really upset.” 

Once in her car, J.M. called her best friend “B.” and spoke to her the whole way home. 

When she arrived at home, J.M. put on some pajamas and tried to go to sleep. She then called 

her friend “M.,” and, after leaving a note for her mother to make an appointment with her doctor 

for the next day, J.M. went over to M.’s house, in her pajamas, to speak with M.’s mother, with 

whom she was very close. J.M. wanted to speak to M.’s mother because she “didn’t know what 

to do,” and she “didn’t know how to handle it on her own.” She didn’t know how to tell her own 

 3 We note that although J.M.’s testimony suggests she was the victim of attempted rape, 

sodomy, and animate object sexual penetration, the only charges brought by the Commonwealth 

were abduction and aggravated sexual battery, and the only offense before us to consider for 

legal sufficiency is aggravated sexual battery.
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mother what had happened. After speaking with M.’s mom, J.M. returned home. She was able 

to sleep for about an hour before waking. She then called her mother and inquired about her 

doctor’s appointment. J.M.’s mother had scheduled an appointment for 1:00 p.m. 

M. went with J.M. to her doctor’s appointment. Upon hearing about her ordeal, J.M.’s 

doctor sent M. and J.M. to the emergency room. At the emergency room, J.M. met with a SANE 

nurse and submitted herself to a PERK test. The SANE nurse did not find any bruises or 

lacerations on J.M., but she did notice that J.M. had “redness at six o’clock to the fossa 

navicularis, which is just down below the vaginal opening.” J.M. was then interviewed by 

Investigator Donnie Simpson. 

Cousins and Gonzin were each indicted on one count of aggravated sexual battery and 

abduction. The trial court tried Cousins, along with Gonzin, on March 16, 2010, nearly two 

years after the attack. At trial, as J.M. testified, she became emotionally upset and needed to stop 

her testimony in order to compose herself. Upon the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court 

found both Cousins and Gonzin guilty of aggravated sexual battery.4 

Cousins and Gonzin each timely noted an appeal.

II. Analysis

Cousins and Gonzin contend on appeal that the trial court erred in finding the evidence 

sufficient to convict them of aggravated sexual battery. They specifically argue the 

Commonwealth failed to prove J.M. suffered “serious bodily or mental injury” as a result of the 

attack. 

When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, “we review the evidence in 

the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth.” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 19, 

 4 The trial court dismissed the abduction charge against each defendant upon their 

respective motions to strike.
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21, 660 S.E.2d 687, 688 (2008) (quoting Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 

S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003)). “That principle requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in 

conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to 

the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Id. (quoting Parks v. 

Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980)). We must determine “whether 

the evidence adduced at trial could support any rational determination of guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 (1984). “[T]his inquiry does not 

require a court to ‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (emphasis in 

original) (quoting Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 282 (1966)). “Instead, the relevant question is 

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

at 319 (emphasis in original). 

Cousins and Gonzin were convicted of violating Code § 18.2-67.3, which provides in 

pertinent part, 

A. An accused shall be guilty of aggravated sexual battery if he or 

she sexually abuses the complaining witness, and

* * * * * * *

4. The act is accomplished against the will of the complaining 

witness by force, threat or intimidation, and

a. The complaining witness is at least 13 but less than 15 years of 

age, or

b. The accused causes serious bodily or mental injury to the 

complaining witness, or

c. The accused uses or threatens to use a dangerous weapon.

B. Aggravated sexual battery is a felony punishable by 

confinement in a state correctional facility for a term of not less 
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than one nor more than 20 years and by a fine of not more than 

$100,000.

(Emphasis added).5 Notably, in requiring the Commonwealth to prove “serious bodily or mental 

injury” to the victim, the General Assembly clearly intended that the act of sexual battery by

force, threat, or intimidation is not, in and of itself, a felony. “‘The factors that elevate the 

criminal act from the misdemeanor to the felony are the specific age of the victim, serious bodily 

or mental injury, or the use or threat of use of a dangerous weapon.’” Walker v. Commonwealth, 

12 Va. App. 438, 443, 404 S.E.2d 394, 396 (1991) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 5 

Va. App. 529, 533, 365 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1988)). Cousins and Gonzin do not dispute the fact 

that they sexually abused J.M. against her will by force, threat or intimidation. They merely 

argue the Commonwealth “failed to prove . . . one of the essential element[s] of the offense of 

aggravated sexual battery, namely that of serious physical or mental injury to the victim.” We 

agree.

In enacting Code § 18.2-67.3, the General Assembly did not define what is meant by the 

phrase “serious bodily or mental injury.” In such cases, this Court will normally give a word its 

“‘everyday, ordinary meaning unless the word is a word of art.’” Nolen v. Commonwealth, 53 

Va. App. 593, 598, 673 S.E.2d 920, 922 (2009) (quoting Stein v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 

65, 69, 402 S.E.2d 238, 241 (1991)). The word “bodily” means “of or relating to the body.” 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 245 (1993). The word “mental” means “of or 

relating to mind.” Id. at 1411. An “injury” is “an act that damages, harms or hurts: an unjust or 

undeserved infliction of suffering or harm.” Id. at 1164. “‘Bodily injury comprehends . . . any 

bodily hurt, whatsoever.’” Nolen, 53 Va. App. at 598, 673 S.E.2d at 922 (emphasis in original) 

 5 Because J.M. was seventeen at the time of the offense, Subsection 4(a) is not implicated 

here; nor is there any evidence that the accused used or threatened to use a weapon. Thus, we 

need only consider whether the record supports the court’s factual finding that J.M. suffered 

“serious bodily or mental injury” as a result of the attack.
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(quoting Bryant v. Commonwealth, 189 Va. 310, 316, 53 S.E.2d 54, 57 (1949)). By extension, 

mental injury comprehends any mental injury, whatsoever. Clearly, J.M. sustained some degree 

of bodily and mental injury in this attack.

The word serious, however, “is defined as ‘grave in . . . appearance’ or ‘requiring 

considerable care.’” Nolen, 53 Va. App. at 598, 673 S.E.2d at 922 (quoting Webster’s Third

New International Dictionary 2073 (1981)). The word “considerable” means “rather large in 

extent or degree,” as in “a [considerable] distance,” a “[considerable] number” or “he got in 

[considerable] trouble.” Webster’s, supra, at 483. Thus, in order to obtain a conviction for the 

felony of aggravated sexual battery, the Commonwealth was required to prove that the acts 

committed by Cousins and Gonzin caused any bodily or mental hurt, whatsoever, to J.M. that 

was “grave in . . . appearance” or that “require[ed] considerable care,” or that was “attended 

with danger.” Nolen, 53 Va. App. at 598, 673 S.E.2d at 922 (quoting Webster’s, supra, at 2073). 

It is apparent from the statutory context that the General Assembly intended that the phrases a 

“serious mental injury” and a “serious bodily injury” are analogous to each other.

Although it is clearly within the purview of the fact finder to decide whether or not 

serious bodily or mental injury has occurred to a victim of sexual battery, the fact remains the 

Commonwealth must present sufficient evidence upon which a fact finder could conclude such 

serious bodily or mental injury, in fact, occurred. A thorough review of the record before us 

does not reveal sufficient evidence from which a fact finder could reasonably conclude that 

Cousins’ and Gonzin’s actions resulted in serious bodily or mental injury to J.M.6

 6 That is not to say that a serious mental injury could never occur from a similar factual 

scenario; rather, the result we reach in this case is driven predominantly by the Commonwealth’s 

failure to present sufficient evidence at trial proving any of the additional elements contained in 

Code § 18.2-67.3.
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In fact, the Commonwealth does not argue on appeal that J.M. suffered any bodily injury 

from the attack, arguing solely that, “the evidence presented at trial demonstrated the victim 

suffered serious mental injury.” Indeed, the SANE nurse testified that she noticed no bruises or 

lacerations on J.M. after the attack. The Commonwealth presented no evidence of broken bones, 

stitches, open wounds, scarring, bruising, or maiming. Other than some “redness” just below 

J.M.’s vaginal opening, there is simply no evidence of any bodily injury, much less serious 

bodily injury, to J.M., as a result of the attack. 

However, the record is equally infirm with respect to evidence from which a fact finder 

could conclude that J.M. suffered a serious mental injury. The Commonwealth relies upon the 

following facts to support its contention that the Commonwealth proved, beyond any reasonable 

doubt, this particular element of the offense:

i. As a result of the attack, J.M. was “agitated” and “really upset.”

ii. Upon fleeing the scene, J.M. telephoned “B.” and spoke to her 

the entire trip home.

iii. J.M. was unable to sleep right after the attack, so she went to 

M.’s house to speak to M. and M.’s mother about what had 

happened because she did not know how to handle what had 

happened to her.

iv. J.M. was unable to speak with her own mother about what had 

happened.

v. J.M. left her mother a note and only spoke to her when she 

called from the emergency room and told her mother to come to 

the hospital.

vi. At trial, nearly two years after the attack, J.M. became 

emotionally upset and needed to stop her testimony to compose 

herself.

While these facts clearly support a conclusion that J.M. was understandably very upset by the 

attack, we note that any victim of sexual battery, even in its misdemeanor form, might 

necessarily exhibit such symptoms and behaviors as those presented here. Put another way, the 
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evidence relied upon by the Commonwealth to support a conclusion that J.M. suffered serious 

mental injury as a result of the attack are symptoms that would immediately and inevitably result 

from any sexual battery. The Commonwealth failed to establish at trial that J.M.’s mental injury 

was particularly “grave” or that it was attended or treated with any considerable care. Unlike a 

case in which serious bodily injury may be apparent by the manifestation of visible bruising, 

broken bones, lacerations, stab wounds or even death, a victim’s mental injury may not be 

manifestly evident or plainly obvious to an ordinary observer. Without opining on specific 

factual scenarios that might give rise to the higher level of “serious mental injury” established by 

the General Assembly as a predicate to elevating a sexual battery to the felony offense of 

aggravated sexual battery, some examples of evidence of sufficient gravity which, if traceable to 

the attack, could support a fact finder’s conclusion that a serious mental injury has occurred 

include, but are not limited to, ongoing or recurring nightmares, the existence of a phobia, severe 

depression or other medically recognized psychological disorder, evidence of extensive or 

ongoing treatment or counseling sessions, evidence of extended and unremitting feelings of fear 

or anxiety, resultant difficulty with physical intimacy, or evidence depicting lost self-esteem. 

While J.M. may have, in fact, suffered such injuries, and, indeed, the victim impact statement she 

presented at sentencing suggests that she did,7 the Commonwealth failed in its obligation to 

present any such evidence during the guilt phase of this trial. “‘It is elementary that the burden is 

on the Commonwealth to prove every essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable 

 7 J.M.’s victim impact statement provides that J.M. is now “scared to be alone,” and after 

the attack she felt “stupid . . . worthless, sick, dirty, helpless, used, betrayed, scared and 

confused.” She feels like everyone thinks there is something wrong with her now. After the 

attack, J.M. went to a counselor “for a while,” but then she quit going so she didn’t have to talk 

about it every week. J.M. also couldn’t concentrate on school, so she dropped out. She quit her 

job because Gonzin and Cousins knew where she worked. She wouldn’t leave home alone and 

was afraid to be alone. Two weeks after the attack, J.M. moved to Kentucky to live with her 

brother so she could “get away from them.” She no longer trusts the people she used to, and it 

makes her sick to see sex scenes on television.
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doubt.’” Bishop v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 9, 12, 654 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2008) (quoting Powers 

v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 386, 388, 177 S.E.2d 628, 629 (1970)). That is, the Commonwealth 

must prove the elements of the offense charged at trial in order to obtain a criminal conviction, 

and the fact that sufficient evidence is presented post-trial in the course of a sentencing 

proceeding, while not a case of “too little” evidence, it most certainly comes “too late.”

In short, because the legislature deliberately chose to include the modifier “serious” to the 

required showing of “bodily or mental injury,” and because our obligation is to give that word its 

plain and ordinary meaning, we hold that in order to prove the requisite element of “serious 

mental injury” to sustain a felony conviction for aggravated sexual battery, the record must 

reflect evidence proving a greater injury to the victim’s mental health by way of the frequency, 

degree, duration or after-effects than that which would attend any sexual battery. Any holding to 

the contrary would render the lesser offense of sexual battery a nullity. 

In this case, the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden of proof with respect to whether 

J.M. suffered a serious mental injury as a result of the attack, an essential element of the crime of 

aggravated sexual battery. We, therefore, agree with Cousins and Gonzin that the evidence 

presented at trial was insufficient to prove they committed aggravated sexual battery. 

III. Conclusion

Because the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient factual evidence upon which a 

fact finder could conclude J.M. suffered a serious mental injury, and because Cousins and 

Gonzin both agree that all of the elements of the lesser-included offense of sexual battery were 

proved, we reverse their convictions for aggravated sexual battery, and we remand to the trial 

court with direction that it enter a judgment of conviction for the misdemeanor offense of sexual 
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battery and re-sentence them accordingly. See South v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 1, 630 S.E.2d 

318 (2006).

Reversed and remanded.