T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

T he H on orabl e M ark W . B ennett , D i stri ctJudg e f or the U . S . D i stri ct ** C ourtf orN orthe rn I ow a , s i tt i ng byde s i gna t i on.

NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. AD R I AN Z I T L AL P OP OC AHERNAN DEZ, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 10- 50370 D . C . N o. 3: 08 -c r- 04 30 4-B E N -1 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e S o u th e rn D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia R oge rT . B e ni t e z , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d O c t obe r9, 2012

P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia Be f o r e : PR EGER SON a n d W . FL ET CHER , Ci r c u i tJ u d g e s , a n dBE NN ET T, D i stri ctJudg e. ** A dri an Z i t l alpo po ca -H ernand ez (“ Z i t l alpo po ca ”) , a M exi can ci t i ze n, w as char ged and conv i ct ed of t en cr i m es re l at i ng t o the se x tra ff i cki ng of tw o M exi can 

# FI LED NO V 07 2012 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

w o m e n , A n ab e l a n d F lo r e n c ia : s e x tr a f f ic k in g b yf

o r c e , f r au d , o rc o e r c io n in vi ol at i on of 18 U . S . C . § 1 59 1(a) (C ou nt s 1 and 2 ); pers uasi on or coer ci on t o travel i n fo rei g n co m m erce fo r p ro st i tu t i o n i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U . S . C . § 2 4 2 2 (a) (C o u n t s 3 a nd 4) ; ha rbor i ng a l i e ns f orpurpos e s of

pr os t i tut i on i n vi ol a t i on of 8 U . S . C . § 1328 ( C o u n ts 5 a n d 6 ) ; b r in g in g ille g a l a lie n s in to th e U n ite dS ta te s f o rf in a n c ia l g a in in vi ol at i on of 8 U . S . C . § 1 32 4(a) (2)( B )( i i ) ( C ou nt s 7 and 8 ); and h arbo ri ng i l l egal a lie n s in v io la tio n o f

8 U .S .C . § 1 3 2 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( iii) ( C o u n ts 9 a n d1 0 ) . Z i t l a l popoc aappe a l s hi s c onvi c t i ons unde r§ 1591 r e l a t i ng t o A nabe l a nd F lo r e n c ia( C o u n ts 1 a n d 2 ) , a n d h is c o n v ic tio n u n d e r§ 2 4 2 2 r e la tin g to F lo r e n c ia ( C o u n t4 ) . He a l s o ap p e a l s th e d i s tr i c tc o u rt ’ s r e s t i tu t i o n a war du n d e r§ 1 5 9 1 . As w e ll a s th e d is tr ic t c o u rt’s ap p lic a tio n o f av u ln e r ab le v ic tim e n h a n c e m e n t in d et erm i n i n g Z i t l al p o p o ca’ s co n cu rren tsen t en ces o f 2 9 2 m o n th s u n d er C o u n t s 1 a n d 2 f o rv io la tin g § 1 5 9 1 . W e h a v e ju r is d ic tio n u n d e r2 8 U .S .C . § 1 2 9 1 . T h e p a rtie s a r e f a m ilia rw ith th e f a c ts o f th is c a s e , w h ic h w e r e p e a t h e r e o n lyto th e e x te n t n e c e s s a ryto e x p la in ourde c i s i on. W e r e ve r s e Z i t l a l popoc a ’ s c onvi c t i ons unde rC ount s 1, 2, a nd 4 ( the onl yc ount s on appe a l ) . W e r e m a nd t o the di s tr i c tc ourtf orr e s e nt e nc i ng of

the r e m a in in g c o u n ts o f

c o n v ic tio n s ( C o u n ts 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , a n d1 0 ) .3

Z i t l alpo po cacorr ec t l y argues thatthere i s i nsuffi ci entevi dence t o sup po rt hi s c onvi c t i ons unde rC ount s 1, 2, a nd 4. W e r e vi e w de novo the s uf f i c i e nc yof

the e v id e n c e to s u p p o rt th e c o n v ic tio n s . U ni te d State s v . Sul l i v an , 522 F . 3d 967, 974 ( 9th C i r . 2008) . S uf

f i c i e nte vi de nc e s upport s ac onvi c t i on i f , “ vi e w i ng the e v id e n c e in th e lig h t m o s t f a v o r ab le to th e p r o s e c u tio n , anyra t i on al tri erof fa ct coul d h ave f

ou nd the es se nt i al el em ent s of the cr i m e bey on d a re as on abl e dou bt . ” I d. ( quot i ng J

a c k s o n v . V ir g in ia , 4 4 3 U .S . 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ) . W ith r e s p e c t to C o u n ts 1 a n d2 , § 1 5 9 1 ( a ) ( 1 ) im p o s e s p u n is h m e n t o n , i nter a lia , a n y o n e w h o “k n o w in g lyin o ra f f e c tin g in te r s ta te o rf

o r e ig n c o m m e r c e . . . r e c ru its , e n tic e s , h a rb o r s , tr a n s p o rts , p r o v id e s , o ro b ta in s b ya n ym e a n s ap e r s o n . . . k n o w in g th a t f

o r c e , f r au d , o rc o e r c io n . . . w ill b e u s e dto c au s e th e p e r s o n to engage i n a com m er ci alse x act . ” 18 U . S . C . §1 59 1 (a) (200 6) (a m ended D ec . 2 0 0 8 ) . C ount1 c ha r ge d Z i t l a l popoc aw i th s e x tr a f f i c ki ng i n i nt e r s t a t e c om m e r c e by f o r c e , f r au d , o rc o e r c io n f

r o m A p r il 1 , 2 0 0 8 to N o v e m b e r2 0 , 2 0 0 8 ( A n ab e l) . C ou nt2 charged Z i t l alpo po caw i th sex tra ff i cki ng i n i nt er st at e c om m er ce by forc e, frau d , o r co erci o n fro m Ju l y 1 , 2 0 0 8 t o N o v em b er 2 0 , 2 0 0 8 (F l o ren ci a). T h ese dat es i n the i nd i ctm entencom pass ed Z i t l alpo po ca ’ s c on du cti n the U ni t ed S t at es f r o m A n ab e l’s a n d F lo r e n c ia ’s r e s p e c tiv e a rr iv a ls th r o u g h h is a rr e s t.4

T he go vernm entar gu es thatthe re qu i si t e kno w l edge un der § 15 91 m ay appl yt o a c t s of

f or c e , f r aud, orc oe r c i on tha tt ook pl a c e be f or e the t i m e pe r i od a lle g e d in th e in d ic tm e n t. T h e g o v e rn m e n t is m is ta k e n . W e ha ve i nt e rpr e t e d the know l e dge r e qui r e d unde r§ 1591 t o m e a n tha t“ the de f e nda ntknow [ s ] i n the s e ns e of be i ng a w a r e of

a n e s t abl i s he d m odus ope r a ndi th a t w i l l i n the f uture c au se a per son t o eng age i n p rost i tut i on . ” U ni ted States v. T o dd , 627 F . 3d 329, 334 ( 9th C i r . 2010) ( e m pha s i s a dde d) . S pe c i f i c a l l y , “ i f thi ngs go a s [ the de f

e nda nt ] ha s pl a nne d, f

o r c e , f r au do rc o e r c io n w ill b e e m p lo y e dto cause hi s vi ct i m t o eng age i n a com m er ci al se x transac t i on . ” I d. a t334. T he k n o w le d g e r e q u ir e m e n t e n c o m p a s s e s af in d in g th a t th e o f

f e n s e w a s s u b s e q u e n tly “e f f e c te d b yf

o r c e , f r au d , o rc o e r c io n .” 1 8 U .S .C . § 1 5 9 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) ; T odd , 62 7 F . 3d at 3 3 4 - 3 5 . T h e r e w a s in s u f

f ic ie n t e v id e n c e f

o rth e ju ryto f

in db e y o n dar e a s o n ab le do ub tthatdu ri ng the t i m e per i od s a l l eged i n the i nd i ctm ent , Z i t l alpo po ca kn ow i ng l y r ec rui t ed, ent i ce d, harbored, transpo rt ed, prov i ded o r obt ai ned A nabel an d F l o ren ci a, k n o w i n g th atfo rce, frau d , o r co erci o n w o u l db e u sed t o cau se A nabe l a nd F l or e nc i at o e nga ge i n pr os t i tut i on. 18 U . S . C . § 1591( a ) . T he g o v e rn m e n t c o n c e d e d a s m u c h in its b r ie f b ya r g u in g th a t s u f

f ic ie n t e v id e n c e to s upportC ount s 1 a nd 2 m a ybe f ound byl ooki ng a tZ i t l a l popoc a ’ s pr e - i ndi c tm e nt5

cond ucti n M exi co, ra ther than Z i t l alpo po ca ’ s c on du cti n the U ni t ed S t at es . In M e x ic o , Z itla lp o p o c ap h y s ic a llya s s au lte dth e w o m e n o n n u m e r o u s o c c a s io n s . T h e r e w a s n o e v id e n c e Z itla lp o p o c aa s s au lte dth e w o m e n in th e U n ite dS ta te s . F urtherm ore, the go vernm entconceded atoral ar gu m entthatthere w as no evi dence th a t Z itla lp o p o c ac o e r c e d F lo r e n c iain th e U n ite dS ta te s to s u p p o rt C o u n t 2 . W e there fore re vers e Z i t l alpo po ca ’ s c on vi ct i on s f or C ou nt s 1 and 2 un der § 1 5 9 1 . B ec au se w e r ev er se Z it lalp o p o ca ’s co n v icti o n s u n d er§ 1 5 9 1 , Z it lalp o p o ca ’s c h a lle n g e to th e r e s titu tio n a w a r du n d e r§ 1 5 9 1 is m o o t. T he e vi de nc e w a s a l s o i ns uf f i c i e ntt o s upportZ i t l a l popoc a ’ s c onvi c t i on unde rC ount4. U nde r18 U . S . C § 2422( a ) ( 2006) , ade f e nda nti s gui l tyi f

he “k n o w in g lyp e r s u a d e s , in d u c e s , e n tic e s , o rc o e r c e s a n yin d iv id u a l to tr a v e l in i nt er st at e or f

orei gn com m er ce . . . t o eng age i n p rost i tut i on . ” T he evi dence attri al de m ons tr a t e d tha ti tw a s F l or e nc i aw ho pe r s ua de d Z i t l a l popoc at o br i ng he rt o the U n ite d S ta te s , n o t th e o th e rw a ya r o u n d . C on tra U ni ted States v. R ashkovski , 301 F . 3d 11 33 , 11 35 (9th C i r. 20 02 ) ( suff i ci entevi dence s up po rt ed § 2 42 2(a) c o n v ic tio n w h e r e d e f

e n d a n t tr a v e le dto Ru s s ia , h e ldr e c ru itin g m e e tin g s to p r o m o te p r o s titu tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s , a n da rr a n g e da n dp a idf o rR u s s ia n w o m e n to tr a ve l t o the U ni t e d S t a t e s t o w ork a s pr os t i tut e s ) . T hus , w e r e ve r s e C ount4.6

W he r e , a s he r e , “ ade f

e nda nti s s e nt e nc e d on m ul t i pl e c ount s a nd one of them i s l at ervaca t ed on appeal , the se nt enci ng package com es ‘ un bu nd l ed. ’ ” U ni ted States v. R uiz-A lvarez , 21 1 F . 3d 11 81 , 11 84 (9th C i r. 20 00 ). “ T he di stri ct c ourtthe n ha s the author i ty‘ t o putt oge the rane w [ s e nt e nc i ng] pa c ka ge ’ ” f orthe r e m a in in g c o n v ic tio n s . I d. ( c ita tio n o m itte d ) . G iv e n th a t w e h a v e r e v e r s e dC o u n ts 1 , 2 , a n d 4 , w e r e m a n d C o u n ts 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , a n d1 0 f o rr e s e n te n c in g . W e do notr e a c h Z i t l a l popoc a ’ s a r gum e nttha tthe di s tr i c tc ourte rr e d by appl yi ng a vul nerabl e vi ct i m enhancem entatse nt enci ng because the evi dence f a i l e d t o s how tha tZ i t l a l popoc aw a s m or e bl a m e w orthytha n othe r§ 1591 o ffen d ers. B ec ause w e have re vers ed the § 1 59 1 con vi ct i on s and have remand ed f o rr e s e n te n c in g , Z itla lp o p o c a ’s c h a lle n g e to h is s e n te n c e is m o o t. W e R E V E R S E Z itla lp o p o c a ’s c o n v ic tio n s u n d e rC o u n ts 1 , 2 , a n d4 o f h is i ndi c tm e nta nd R E M A N D C ount s 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a nd 10 f orr e s e nt e nc i ng a c c o r d in g ly .