Filed 3/1/21 Infinitif Auto Sales v. Irkhin CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

INFINITIF AUTO SALES, INC., et al.,

 Plaintiffs, Cross-defendants and 

Respondents, 

v.

MICHAEL IRKHIN,

 Defendant, Cross-complainant and 

Appellant.

 G056565

 (Super. Ct. No. 30-2017-00959239)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, David R. 

Chaffee, Judge. Reversed.

Marcus Jackson for Defendant, Cross-complainant and Appellant.

Scali Rasmussen, Christian J. Scali, John P. Schaedel and Shayna E. 

Dickstein for Plaintiffs, Cross-defendants and Respondents.
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INTRODUCTION

Michael Irkhin appeals from an order granting an anti-SLAPP motion by

his former employer, Infinitif Auto Sales, Inc., and its general manager, Omar Gulam, 

striking Irkhin’s first cause of action for defamation. Irkhin alleged Infinitif and Gulam 

defamed him by spreading rumors in the local auto industry that Irkhin had embezzled 

money from the dealership and engaged in other dishonest practices. Infinitif based a 

lawsuit on these alleged dishonest practices, and Irkhin cross-complained against Infinitif 

and Gulam for defamation, among other causes of action not involved in this appeal.

Infinitif and Gulam moved to strike the defamation cause of action under 

Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, the anti-SLAPP statute.1 They argued that the 

allegedly defamatory statements were protected conduct because they were made in 

connection with an issue under consideration or review by a judicial body (§ 425.16, 

subd. (e)(2)), i.e., the complaint for embezzlement and fraud by Infinitif against Irkhin. 

The court agreed and granted the motion.

We reverse. Infinitif and Gulam failed to carry their burden to show the 

statements were protected conduct as defined by the anti-SLAPP statute. They failed to 

show that the statements were directed to persons having some interest in the litigation, 

and there is no other connection between the statements and the lawsuit. Neither 

respondent admitted making the statements to anyone. Gulam explicitly denied telling 

anyone that Irkhin was dishonest. The people whom Irkhin alleged heard the defamatory 

statements were outside vendors, not Infinitif employees, and the declarations filed to 

oppose the motion were also from outside vendors. The moving parties supplied no 

evidence that the statements were directed at people with an interest in the litigation

itself; making the statements was therefore not petitioning conduct protected by the antiSLAPP statute.

1

All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise indicated.
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FACTS

Infinitif operates a car dealership in Santa Ana. Irkhin worked for Infinitif 

as a used car buyer. He was fired on December 4, 2017. Infinitif filed suit against him 

on the same day, alleging that he defrauded the company by overpaying for used cars and 

splitting the excess with the seller, by selling vehicles for a higher price than he reported 

and keeping the difference, and by converting cars bought with Infinitif’s money to his 

own use. 

Irkhin cross-complained against Infinitif and Gulam, its general manager,

in February 2018. The first cause action in the cross-complaint alleged that Infinitif and 

Gulam defamed Irkhin by “falsely accus[ing him] of engaging in fraudulent business 

practices including stealing money from the company during the time he worked for 

[Infinitif].” The cross-complaint also alleged that Infinitif’s upper management told 

vendors Irkhin was taking bribes, had inflated vehicle prices, had stolen $800,000 from 

Infinitif, had sold wholesale vehicles for more than the invoice price, and had taken a 

dealership car for his personal use. According to the cross-complaint, the statements 

were made to “vendor representatives,” including the owner of a company that had been 

a buyer for Infinitif since 2014 and “other persons (both inside and outside of 

[Infinitif]).”

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Infinitif and Gulam filed an anti-SLAPP motion, basing their claim of 

protected conduct on section 425.16, subdivision (e), “(2) any written or oral statement or 

writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a . . . judicial 

body . . . .” The record does not contain any declarations filed to support the motion. 

With respect to protected conduct, Infinitif and Gulam argued that Irkhin 

had alleged defamatory statements made to “vendors,” and “[a]s [Infinitif’s] business 

partners, those vendors have great interest in [Infinitif’s] complaint, given that Irkhin 

2

The court misread this portion of the complaint. The person to whom the statements were 

allegedly made was not Infinitif’s owner, but rather the owner of a company that did business with Infinitif. 
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likely participated in dozens (if not hundreds) of transactions with those vendors.” 

Infinitif and Gulam also argued that the statements were made “in anticipation of 

litigation” “genuinely contemplated,” i.e., the complaint for conversion, fraud, and breach 

of fiduciary duty filed in December 2017. The record does not contain any declarations 

to support the motion.

Irkhin opposed the motion, arguing that the specific allegations of 

defamation in the cross-complaint (taking bribes, stealing $800,000, etc.) were not 

alleged in Infinitif’s complaint; therefore, these statements could not have been under 

consideration by a judicial body. He also filed declarations from two non-parties – a 

former employee and the owner of a tire company – who confirmed that rumors were 

circulating regarding Irkhin’s alleged fraud and theft.3 Neither declarant mentioned being 

involved in any investigation or pre-litigation activities on Infinitif’s behalf.

In the reply memorandum, the moving parties refused to concede they had 

made the allegedly defamatory statements. But they argued the statements were 

protected conduct, because they were made in connection with an issue under review by a 

judicial body, i.e., the complaint. 

Three declarations accompanied the reply. The first was from an attorney 

who had taken Irkhin’s deposition. She stated that Irkhin testified he had been convicted 

of felonies in 2006. The second declaration was by Infinitif’s chief financial officer, who 

stated his belief that Irkhin had engaged in “numerous dishonest acts.” The declarant was 

not more precise about the acts, and he did not state he had communicated his belief to 

anyone. Finally, Gulam declared that he never told anyone in the auto industry that 

Irkhin engaged in fraud or was dishonest. He denied making the statements attributed to 

him in the unsigned declaration supporting Irkhin’s opposition. 

3

A third declaration was filed recounting a conversation between the declarant and Gulam in which 

Gulam supposedly voiced the same accusations – stealing money, taking bribes, etc. – that formed the basis of the 

cross-complaint. This declaration was, however, unsigned. 
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The trial court granted the motion. The court reasoned that making the 

statements was protected conduct because they were “made to persons with the 

dealership, who had a legitimate reason to want to know what happened to their used car 

manager. There was much turmoil at the dealership in those days, and lest everyone fear 

a fire sale some explanation was proper.” The court struck the first cause of action for 

defamation. 

DISCUSSION

Analysis of an anti-SLAPP motion involves two steps. First, the court must 

determine whether the defendant’s conduct as alleged in the complaint arises from 

conduct protected by the statute, i.e., petitioning or free speech activity. The defendant 

bears the burden of showing protected conduct. If the defendant makes the required 

showing, then the plaintiff must present evidence of the probability of prevailing, that is, 

a “prima facie factual showing sufficient to sustain a favorable judgment.” (Baral v. 

Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 384-385.) The standard of review for orders granting or 

denying anti-SLAPP motions is de novo, and we engage in the same two-step analysis as 

the trial court. (Computer Xpress, Inc. v. Jackson (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 993, 999.)

The explanation for granting the motion shows a confusion between the 

conduct protected by section 425.16, subdivision (e)(2), and the conditional privilege of 

Civil Code section 47, subdivision (c).4 The two statutes have different goals and 

requirements. 

Civil Code section 47, subdivision (c), is a substantive rule of law codifying 

a venerable common-law privilege based on an acknowledgement that, under some 

circumstances, “free and open communication should transcend concern for reputation.” 

(Smolla, 2 Law of Defamation (2d ed. 2019) § 8:38.) One such privilege applies to

4

Civil Code section 47 provides in pertinent part, “A privileged publication . . . is one made: [¶] . . . 

[¶] (c) In a communication, without malice, to a person interested therein, (1) by one who is also interested, or (2) by 

one who stands in such a relation to the person interested as to afford a reasonable ground for supposing the motive 

for the communication to be innocent, or (3) who is requested by the person interested to give the information.”
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statements made to protect the speaker’s own legitimate interests, analogous to the 

common-law privilege to use self-defense against physical attack or self-help to defend 

property. (Id., § 8.47.) This interest is a specific one – not idle curiosity or an interest in 

gossip – “such as where the parties to the communication share a contractual, business, or 

similar relationship or the defendant is protecting his own pecuniary interest.” (Bikkina 

v. Mahadevan (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 70, 90; see Hawran v. Hixson (2012) 209 

Cal.App.4th 256, 287; 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (11th ed. 2017) § 698, p. 960.) If 

the interested-person privilege applies, a speaker or writer is not liable for a defamatory 

statement. (Civ. Code, § 47, subd. (c).)

By contrast, section 425.16 is a procedural statute. “The purpose of section 

425.16 is to protect the valid exercise of constitutional rights of free speech and petition 

from the abuse of the judicial process [citation], by allowing a defendant to bring a 

motion to strike any action that arises from any activity by the defendant in furtherance of 

those rights.” (Flatley v. Mauro (2006) 39 Cal.4th 299, 322-324 (Flatley).) The statute 

provides a “procedural device for screening out meritless claims.” (Jarrow Formulas, 

Inc. v. LaMarche (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 737; see Garretson v. Post (2007) 156 

Cal.App.4th 1508, 1517 [“[W]e reject the broad conclusion that conduct deemed 

communicative for purposes of Civil Code section 47 automatically qualifies as 

constitutionally protected speech under section 425.16.”].) 

The trial court granted the motion because “persons with the dealership”

who might “fear a fire sale” had a legitimate reason for wanting to know what happened 

to Irkhin. It is not clear whether “persons with the dealership” included outside vendors 

or only Infinitif employees. But regardless of who these “persons” were, it is clear the 

court was applying the interested-person privilege of Civil Code section 47, subdivision 

(c), to determine whether the conduct alleged in Irkhin’s cross-complaint was protected 

under section 425.16, subdivision (e)(2). As the court explained in Flatley, privilege is 
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relevant to the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis – probability of prevailing – but 

not necessarily to the first step. (Flatley, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 323.)

A cause of action must “arise” from an act in furtherance of the right of free 

speech or petition to qualify for anti-SLAPP protection. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) As 

courts have often observed, the fact that a lawsuit followed the alleged conduct does not 

necessarily mean the lawsuit arose from it. (See, e.g., Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer 

Cause, Inc. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 66; City of Cotati v. Cashman (2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 77-

78 [not enough that cause of action triggered by protected conduct].)

The issue to be determined in the first step is whether the alleged 

statements were statements “made in connection with an issue under consideration or 

review by . . . a judicial body.” (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(2).) A statement is made “in 

connection with” an issue under consideration by a judicial body if it relates to 

substantive issues in the judicial proceedings and is directed at persons having some 

interest in the judicial proceedings. For example, in Contemporary Services Corp. v. 

Staff Pro Inc. (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1043, 1055, a “litigation update” email that 

“describe[d] the parties’ contentions and court rulings, and [was] directed to individuals 

who had some involvement in the parties’ litigation” was a protected writing. 

Both the court and respondents relied heavily on Neville v. Chudacoff

(2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1255 (Neville). In that case, an attorney representing a company

embroiled in a dispute with a former employee wrote a letter to the company’s existing 

and former customers, informing them that the former employee had violated his 

employment and confidentiality agreement and was, in effect, about to be sued. The 

letter further warned the recipients that “‘[i]n order to avoid any involvement in litigation 

that my [sic] arise between us and Mr. Neville (as material witness or otherwise), we 

suggest that you have no further dealings with Mr. Neville . . . . You should know that 

any monies paid to him . . . properly belong to [the company], and we shall, if necessary 
8

seek an accounting of all monies paid out.’” (Id. at p. 1260.) The letter was sent out in 

May 2005, and the company filed suit in September. (Ibid.)

The court found that the letter “related directly to [the company’s] claims 

for breach of contract and misappropriation of trade secrets against Neville. Neville was 

alleged to have misappropriated . . . customer lists. The Letter was directed to . . . 

persons whom [the company] reasonably could believe had an interest in the dispute as 

potential witnesses to, or unwitting participants in, Neville’s alleged misconduct. The 

Letter constituted an attempt to prevent further misuse of [the company’s] proprietary 

information, and thereby mitigate [its] potential damage.” (Neville, supra, 160 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1267-1268.) Like the recipients of the communications in the other 

cases cited in Neville, the letter was related “to the substantive issues in the litigation and 

[was] directed to persons having some interest in the litigation.” (Id. at p. 1266; see 

Greco v. Greco (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 810, 825-826 [statements made to beneficiaries of 

trust regarding reasons for trust litigation protected conduct].)

In this case, however, Infinitif and Gulam presented no evidence that the 

persons to whom the allegedly defamatory statements were directed had any interest at all 

in the pending litigation. In fact, Gulam denied ever making the statements to anyone, 

and the moving parties presented no evidence that anyone else made them. So there was 

no evidence that the persons who heard the statements had an interest in the litigation.

Although it is possible to surmise that “persons with the dealership” may have been 

curious to know what happened to Irkhin, their curiosity does not translate into an interest 

in the lawsuit itself, as witnesses, as participants, or in any other capacity. (Cf. Neville, 

supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 1266.) 

Since Infinitif and Gulam did not carry their burden to show that the 

statements were directed at persons having some interest in the litigation between 

appellant and respondents, they did not meet the requirements of the first step of the anti-
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SLAPP analysis. Accordingly, we do not address the second step – Irkhin’s probability 

of prevailing. (See Freeman v. Schack (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 719, 733.)

DISPOSITION

The order granting the anti-SLAPP motion and striking the first cause of 

action is reversed. Appellant is to recover his costs on appeal.

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:

ARONSON, J.

GOETHALS, J.